text:
[Rev. 1/24/2023 4:17:03 PM--2022R1]
Effective November 1, 1959
and Including
Amendments Through December 23, 2021
Inherent Rulemaking Power of the District Courts and Legislative Recognition Thereof
One of the inherent powers of a district court, existing independently of statute, is the right to control its order of business and to prescribe rules, not inconsistent with law, for its own government and the government of its officers.
Notwithstanding this inherent power of a district court, the rule-making power has been, and now is, expressly conferred or recognized by statutory enactment.
In 1861, after the creation by congressional act of the supreme court and three district courts of the Territory of Nevada, the territorial legislature enacted "An Act to regulate Proceedings in Civil Cases in the Courts of Justice of the Territory of Nevada." (See ch. 103, Laws of the Territory of Nevada 1861; repealed by ch. 112, Statutes of Nevada 1869.) Section 574 of that act read:
"The supreme court may make rules not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the territory, for its own government, and the government of the district courts; but such rules shall not be in force until thirty days after their adoption and publication."
Section 604 of the 1861 act read:
"Each district court shall have power to make rules, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of this territory, for its own government and the government of its officers, but such rules shall not be in force until thirty days after their adoption and publication, and no rule shall be made imposing any tax or charge upon any legal proceeding, or making an allowance to any officer for services."
After Nevada became a state, the legislature in 1865 enacted "An Act concerning the Courts of Justice of this State, and Judicial Officers." (See ch. 19, Statutes of Nevada 1865.) Section 22 of this act read:
"Each District Court shall have power to make rules not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of this State, for its own government and the government of its officers, but such rules shall not be in force until thirty days after their adoption and publication, except for the first terms held under the constitution of the State, and no rule shall be made imposing any tax or charge upon any legal proceeding, except as a penalty upon overruling a demurrer, or making an allowance to any officer for services."
Section 22 of the 1865 statute was superseded by N.R.C.P. 83, and subsequently was repealed by the legislature. In 1913, section 8 of the 1865 act was amended to provide that the "supreme court may make rules not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the state for its own government and the government of the district courts; but such rules shall not be enforced until thirty days after their adoption and publication." This section, as amended, has become NRS 2.120.
In 1869 the legislature enacted "An Act to regulate proceedings in civil cases in the Courts of Justice of this State, and to repeal all other Acts in relation thereto." (See ch. 112, Statutes of Nevada 1869; repealed by the adoption of the 1911 Civil Practice Act.) Section 590 of the 1869 act read:
"The Supreme Court may make rules not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the State, for its own government and the government of the District Courts; but such rules shall not be in force until thirty days after their adoption and publication."
From the above discussion it appears that the district courts were given express statutory authority in 1865 to make rules. The act of 1861 governing territorial courts and providing authority for rulemaking power of the supreme court was still then effective, not being repealed expressly until 1869. Then in 1869, the supreme court was given rulemaking power again. To add to the confusion, the 1865 act was amended in 1913 to add rulemaking power for the supreme court.
Despite the legislative inconsistencies, it can be safely said that from the organization of the territory to the present time the supreme court and the district courts have been given by express legislative enactment the power to make supplementary rules.
Rules of 1887
Rules of the district courts were first approved in 1887 by all of the district judges and by the supreme court when the state was but one judicial district, under the provisions of "An Act to redistrict the State of Nevada, prescribe the number and salaries of District Judges, and fix the places of holding courts." (See ch. 56, Statutes of Nevada 1885.)
Forty-five rules were originally adopted in 1887. Two additional rules were added at a later date. Rule I was amended in 1889, 1911 and 1929. Rules III and IV were amended in 1911. Rule V was amended in 1911 and 1946; and Rule VIII in 1911. Rule XI was amended in 1889 and 1911, and Rules XIII, XV, XXIV, XXXVI, XL, XLI and XLIII were amended in 1911. Rule XLV was amended in 1911 and 1949, and Rules XLVI and XLVII were amended in 1933.
Rules of 1959
In 1953 the adoption of Nevada Rules of Civil Procedure regulating original and appellate civil practice and procedure in judicial proceedings in the district courts created conflicts with the then existing 1887 supplemental rules of the district courts. Rules of court adopted for the dispatch of business and the impartial administration of justice have the effect of positive law and not only ought to be formally promulgated, but they should be definitely stated, published and made known in some permanent form. The district judges undertook a comprehensive revision of the rules of the district courts which resulted in the elimination of inoperative or obsolete rules and parts of rules, the addition of new rules, and the improvement of the grammatical structure and physical form of the rules. These rules became effective November 1, 1959.
Rules of 1979
By order dated October 17, 1979, the supreme court repealed Rules 4 to 40, inclusive, of the 1959 rules. In their place, it adopted new rules numbered 4 to 25, inclusive, to become effective January 1, 1980. Index entries for all the District Court Rules made or continued in effect are integrated with the General Index of Nevada Revised Statutes.
Frank W. Daykin,
Legislative Counsel.
October 22, 1979.
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, pursuant to the provisions of NRS 2.120, that the annexed rules be and the same hereby are adopted for the government of the district courts of Nevada; that the same shall be effective on November 1, 1959; that publication thereof be made by the mailing of a printed copy by the clerk of this court to each member of the State Bar of Nevada according to the clerk's official list of membership of such Bar (which will include all district judges and district attorneys), and that the certificate of the clerk of this court as to such mailing, not less than thirty days prior to November 1, 1959, shall be conclusive evidence of the adoption and publication of such rules in accordance with the provisions of NRS 2.120.
IT IS HEREBY FURTHER ORDERED that copies be provided by the clerk of this court to each county clerk in the state.
Dated: July 23, 1959.
By the Court
Charles M. Merrill,
Chief Justice.
Milton B. Badt,
Associate Justice.
Rule 1. Title. These rules may be known and cited as the District Court Rules, or may be abbreviated D.C.R.
Rule 2. Definitions of words and terms. In these rules, unless the context or subject matter otherwise requires:
1. "Case" shall include and apply to any and all actions, proceedings and other court matters, however designated.
2. "Clerk" means the clerk of the district court.
3. "Court" means the district court.
4. "Party," "petitioner," "applicant," "claimant," "plaintiff," "defendant," or any other designation of a party to any action or proceeding, case or other court matter shall include and apply to such party's attorney of record.
5. "Person" shall include and apply to corporations, firms, associations and all other entities, as well as natural persons.
6. "Shall" is mandatory and "may" is permissive.
7. The past, present and future tenses shall each include the others; the masculine, feminine and neuter genders shall each include the others; and the singular and plural numbers shall each include the other.
Rule 3. Effect of rule and subdivision headings. Rule and subdivision headings set forth in these rules shall not in any manner affect the scope, meaning or intent of any of the provisions of these rules.
Rule 4. Nonjudicial days. If any day on which an act required to be done by any one of these rules falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday the act may be performed on the next succeeding judicial day.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 5. Scope, construction, and application of rules. These rules shall be liberally construed to secure the proper and efficient administration of the business and affairs of the court and to promote and facilitate the administration of justice by the court.
These rules cover the practice and procedure in all actions in the district courts of all districts where no local rule covering the same subject has been approved by the supreme court. Local rules which are approved for a particular judicial district shall be applied in each instance whether they are the same as or inconsistent with these rules.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 6. Reports of clerk to judge. The chief judge or presiding judge may require the clerk to periodically provide a full statement of all matters filed in that county.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 7. Setting of cases for trial; pretrial conferences.
1. Each judge shall fix at least one law day in each month for the setting of cases for trial on issues of fact, unless the business of the judicial district or of any county thereof requires a different arrangement.
2. Civil cases at issue upon questions of fact may be set for trial on the issues of fact on any law day, 7 days' previous written notice of such motion having been given by the moving party to the opposite party or parties or, on the court's own initiative, after 7 days' notice to all counsel.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 8. Notice to clerk, attorneys when court will sit in county where court not in continuous session.
1. The judge who is to hold court in any county where court is not held continuously shall give the clerk of such county notice of the date and time when court will sit.
2. Immediately upon receiving such notice, the clerk shall give all the attorneys having business in the court, as shown by the calendar, and also all attorneys practicing in the county, notice in writing of the date and time when court will be held.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 9. Law days: Precedence of law questions; notice; continuances.
1. Each district court shall designate a day or days on which law questions shall take precedence, when at issue, and be heard without previous setting or notice, unless the court, for good cause, continues the consideration thereof.
2. The absence of an attorney or a party shall not in itself be sufficient ground for a continuance, where the opposing attorney or party, whether the moving party or not, has given at least 7 days' written notice that the opposing attorney or party will call up the law question sought to be determined on a law day specified in the notice.
3. When it appears to the court that such written notice has been given, the court shall not, unless the other business of the court requires such action, further continue the matter specified in the notice except upon a showing by motion supported by affidavit or oral testimony that such continuance is in good faith reasonably necessary and is not sought merely for delay or by reason of neglect.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 10. Duties of bailiff, sheriff. During the time the court remains in session, the bailiff, if there is one, or the sheriff or the sheriff's deputy in attendance pursuant to law if there is no bailiff, shall:
1. Prevent all persons from coming within the bar except officers of the court, attorneys and parties to, or jurors or witnesses in, the cause or matter being tried or heard.
2. Keep the passageway to the bar clear for ingress or egress.
3. Preserve order in the court and within the hearing of the court.
4. Attend the needs of the jury.
5. Open and close court.
6. Perform such other duties as are required by the district court judge.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 11. Custody and withdrawal of papers, records and exhibits.
1. The clerk shall have custody to the records and papers of the court. The clerk shall not permit any original record, paper or exhibit to be taken from the courtroom, judge's chambers or from the clerk's office, except at the direction of the court or as provided by statute or these rules.
2. Papers, records or exhibits belonging to the files of the court may be temporarily withdrawn from the office and custody of the clerk for a limited time upon the special order of the judge in writing, specifying the record, paper or exhibit, and limiting the time the same may be retained. A receipt shall be given for any paper, record or exhibit so withdrawn from the files.
3. Models, diagrams and exhibits of material forming part of the evidence taken in a case may be withdrawn by order of the court in the following manner:
(a) By stipulation of the parties.
(b) By motion made after notice to the adverse party.
(c) After a judgment is final, by the party introducing the same in evidence, unless the model, diagram or exhibit is obtained from the adverse party. If any model, diagram or exhibit is withdrawn under this paragraph (c), the party or attorney who withdraws the same shall file an affidavit with the clerk to the effect that the person who withdraws it is the owner of or lawfully entitled to the possession of the model, diagram or exhibit.
Withdrawal of any model, diagram or exhibit shall be on court order on such terms and conditions as the court may impose, and a receipt therefor shall be filed with the clerk.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 12. Form of papers presented for filing; exhibits; documents; legal citations.
1. All pleadings and papers presented for filing shall be flat, unfolded, firmly bound together at the top, on white paper of standard quality, not less than 16-lb. weight and 8 1/2 by 11 inches in size. All papers shall be typewritten or prepared by some other duplication process that will produce clear and permanent copies equally legible to printing. Type may not be smaller than pica size, and may be either 10-or 12-point type. Carbon or photocopies may not be filed, except as provided in subsection 6 of this rule. Only one side of the paper may be used. The lines on each page shall be double-spaced, except that descriptions of real property may be single-spaced. All quotations of more than 50 words shall be indented. Pages shall be numbered consecutively at the bottom.
2. No original pleading or paper shall be amended by making erasures or interlineations thereon, or by attaching slips thereto, except by leave of court.
3. The first page of every pleading or paper presented for filing shall contain:
(a) The case number on line 1 at the left side of the page,
(b) The number of the department if any, to which the case is assigned on line 2, immediately under the case number,
(c) The space to the right of lines 1 through 5 shall be reserved for the clerk's file stamp,
(d) The title of the court in the center of the page on lines 6 and 7,
(e) The name of the action or proceeding, single-spaced, below the title of the court and to the left of center of the page, e.g.:
(f) To the right of center, directly opposite the name of the action or proceeding, the name of the pleading, motion, or other document, sufficient in description to apprise the respondent and clerk of the nature of the document filed or the relief sought, e.g.: Plaintiff's Motion to Compel Answers to Interrogatories; Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment Against Plaintiff John Doe; Plaintiff Doe's Interrogatories to Defendant Roe; Order Granting Plaintiff Doe's Motion for Summary Judgment Against Defendant Roe.
For the convenience of the court and the parties, the same description on the motion papers shall appear on all posted calendars at the time of the hearing.
4. All exhibits attached to pleadings or papers shall clearly show the exhibit number at the bottom or on the right side thereof. Copies of exhibits must be clearly legible and not unnecessarily voluminous, and must be reduced to 8 1/2 inches by 11 inches, or conveniently folded to that size. Original documents shall be retained by counsel for introduction as exhibits at the time of a hearing or at the time of trial rather than attached to pleadings.
5. When a decision of the supreme court of the State of Nevada is cited, the citation to Nevada Reports shall be given with the year of the decision. Whenever a decision of an appellate court of any other state is cited, the citation to West's National Reporter System shall be given together with the state and year of decision. When a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States is cited, at least one parallel citation and the year of decision shall be given. When a decision of the court of appeals or of a district court or other court of the United States has been reported in the Federal Reporter System, that citation, court and year of decision shall be given.
6. The clerk shall not accept for filing any pleadings or documents which are not properly signed or do not comply with this rule, but for good cause shown, the court may permit the filing of noncomplying pleadings and documents. Paragraph 1, except as to the size of paper, and Paragraph 3 of this rule do not apply to printed forms furnished by the clerk, the district attorney, the public defender, or the court.
7. All transcripts of evidence and proceedings prepared and filed by official court reporters shall be prepared on pages which shall be 8 1/2 inches x 11 inches in size. The left margin shall not be more than 1 1/2 inches from the left edge of the paper and the right margin shall not be more then 3/4 inch from the right edge of the paper. Each page shall be pre-numbered on the left margin and shall contain a minimum of 24 lines of type. The first line of any question or of any answer may be indented not more than 5 spaces from the left margin; the first line of any paragraph or other material may be indented not more than 10 spaces from the left margin. There shall not be more than one space between each word, nor more than 2 spaces between each sentence. Type pitch shall be not less than 10 characters per inch, and may be double spaced or 1 1/2 spaced.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective December 3, 1985.]
Rule 13. Motions: Procedure for making motions; affidavits; renewal, rehearing of motions.
1. All motions shall contain a notice of motion, with due proof of the service of the same, setting the matter on the court's law day or at some other time fixed by the court or clerk.
2. A party filing a motion shall also serve and file with it a memorandum of points and authorities in support of each ground thereof. The absence of such memorandum may be construed as an admission that the motion is not meritorious and cause for its denial or as a waiver of all grounds not so supported.
3. Within 14 days after the service of the motion, the opposing party shall serve and file a written opposition thereto, together with a memorandum of points and authorities and supporting affidavits, if any, stating facts showing why the motion should be denied. Failure of the opposing party to serve and file a written opposition may be construed as an admission that the motion is meritorious and a consent to granting the same.
4. The moving party may serve and file reply points and authorities within 7 days after service of the answering points and authorities. Upon the expiration of the 7-day period, either party may notify the calendar clerk to submit the matter for decision by filing and serving all parties with a written request for submission of the motion on a form supplied by the calendar clerk. A copy of the form shall be delivered to the calendar clerk, and proof of service shall be filed in the action.
5. The affidavits to be used by either party shall identify the affiant, the party on whose behalf it is submitted, and the motion or application to which it pertains and shall be served and filed with the motion, or opposition to which it relates.
Affidavits shall contain only factual, evidentiary matter, shall conform with the requirements of NRCP 56(c)(4), and shall avoid mere general conclusions or argument. Affidavits substantially defective in these respects may be stricken, wholly or in part.
6. Factual contentions involved in any pre-trial or post-trial motion shall be initially presented and heard upon affidavits. Oral testimony may be received at the hearing with the approval of the court, or the court may set the matter for a hearing at a time in the future and allow oral examination of the affiants to resolve factual issues shown by the affidavits to be in dispute.
7. No motion once heard and disposed of shall be renewed in the same cause, nor shall the same matters therein embraced be reheard, unless by leave of the court granted upon motion therefor, after notice of such motion to the adverse parties.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective December 23, 2021.]
Rule 14. Motions for continuance: Contents, service of affidavits; counter-affidavits; argument.
1. All motions for the continuance of cases shall be made on affidavit except where it shall appear to the court that the moving party did not have time to prepare an affidavit, in which case counsel for the moving party need only be sworn and orally testify to the same factual matters as hereinafter required for an affidavit.
2. When a motion for the continuance of a cause is made on the ground of absence of witnesses, the affidavit shall state:
(a) The names of the absent witnesses and their present residences, if known.
(b) What diligence has been used to procure their attendance or their depositions, and the causes of a failure to procure the same.
(c) What the affiant has been informed and believes will be the testimony of each of such absent witnesses, and whether or not the same facts can be proven by other witnesses than parties to the suit whose attendance or depositions might have been obtained.
(d) At what time the applicant first learned that the attendance or depositions of such absent witnesses could not be obtained.
(e) That the application is made in good faith and not merely for delay.
3. No continuance will be granted unless the affidavit upon which it is applied for conforms to this rule, except where the continuance is applied for in a mining case upon the special ground provided by NRS 16.020.
4. Copies of the affidavits upon which a motion for a continuance is made shall be served upon the opposing party as soon as practicable after the cause for the continuance shall be known to the moving party.
5. Counter-affidavits may be used in opposition to the motion.
6. No amendments or additions to affidavits for continuance will be allowed at the hearing on the motion and the court may grant or deny the motion without further argument.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 15. Motions, issues of law: Oral hearings or submission on briefs; notice of and compliance with decisions.
1. If the court and the parties agree any issue of law and any motion of any nature or kind may be considered in chambers at any time or place in the state; or such question of law or motion may be submitted on briefs to such judge, and the decision may be filed thereafter at any time. Any proceeding which requires evidence, testimony, or fact finding must be heard in open court within the district that the case is filed and where court is regularly held, except as provided by NRS 1.050(4).
2. The decision shall fix the time when the decision of the court is to be complied with. In all such cases the party who is required to act by such decision shall receive due written notice thereof from the opposite party.
3. Time for complying with such decision shall commence to run from the time when service is made in the manner required by N.R.C.P. for service of pleadings in a case, but when the parties are present by their respective attorneys when the decision is rendered no notice shall be required.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 16. Stipulations to be in writing or to be entered in court minutes. No agreement or stipulation between the parties in a cause or their attorneys, in respect to proceedings therein, will be regarded unless the same shall, by consent, be entered in the minutes in the form of an order, or unless the same shall be in writing subscribed by the party against whom the same shall be alleged, or by the party's attorney.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 17. Orders extending time; notice to opposing party.
1. No order, made on ex parte application and in the absence of the opposing party, provided he has appeared, granting or extending the time to file any paper or do any act shall be valid for any purpose in case of objection, unless written notice thereof is given to such opposing party not later than the end of the next judicial day.
2. Such notice shall be given as other notices are given, or may be given by registered mail sent to the last-known address of the attorney for such party, or, if he has no attorney, to such party himself. If the address of such attorney or party is not known, then the notice may be addressed to such attorney or party in care of the clerk.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 18. Trial, hearing of cause, proceeding, motion entered into by one judge prevents action by another judge unless requested; only judge having charge of cause may grant further time to plead, act, unless the judge's inability shown by affidavit; modification of rule in judicial districts having more than one judge, another judge requested, or another judge assigned.
1. When any district judge shall have entered upon the trial or hearing of any cause, proceeding or motion, or made any ruling, order or decision therein, no other judge shall do any act or thing in or about such cause, proceeding or motion, unless upon the written request of the judge who shall have first entered upon the trial or hearing of such cause, proceeding or motion.
2. No judge except a judge of the district where the cause or proceeding is pending shall grant further time to plead, move or do any act or thing required to be done in any cause or proceeding unless:
(a) The judge is absent from the state or from other cause is unavailable to act; or
(b) Another judge has been requested to act by the judge having charge of the cause; or
(c) Another judge is assigned to the court by the chief justice in which case the judge may hear any matter coming before the court during the period of assignment.
3. In the event that a district court judge intends to recuse from participation in a case based upon actual or implied bias toward an attorney at law or law firm for one of the parties, the district court judge shall set forth the basis for recusal in an order filed with the clerk of the court that contains specific findings of fact and citations to the Nevada Code of Judicial Conduct.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 19. Application for writ, order to another judge prohibited when same application pending before different judge or previously denied; exception. When an application or petition for any writ or order shall have been made to a district judge and is pending or has been denied by such judge, the same application or motion shall not again be made to the same or another district judge, except upon the consent in writing of the judge to whom the application or motion was first made.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 20. Appearances in proper person: Entry of appearance, initial pleading to be acknowledged. Unless appearing by an attorney regularly admitted to practice law in Nevada and in good standing, no entry of appearance or initial pleading purporting to be signed by any party to an action shall be recognized or given any force or effect by any district court unless the same shall be acknowledged by the party signing the same before a notary public or some other officer having a seal and authorized by law to administer oaths, or the truth of the matter is established by an unsworn declaration signed by the party under penalty of perjury, and dated, in substantially the following form: "I declare under penalty of perjury under the law of the State of Nevada that the foregoing is true and correct."
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; As amended; effective January 11, 2010.]
Rule 21. Preparation of order, judgment or decree. The counsel obtaining any order, judgment or decree shall furnish the form of the same to the clerk or judge in charge of the court.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 22. Transfer of certain cases to district court from justice court under NRS 66.070: Grounds for dismissal of action.
1. The plaintiff shall cause the papers in a case certified to this court under the provisions of NRS 66.070 to be filed in the office of the clerk of this court within 14 days from the day upon which the order of the justice of the peace is made directing the transfer of the case.
2. If the papers are not so filed, the case shall be dismissed:
(a) Upon filing a certificate from the justice of the peace to the effect that the justice of the peace has certified the papers as required by NRS 66.070, but that the same have not been ordered up, or the proper costs paid; or
(b) If it shall appear that such papers are not filed in this court by reason of the neglect of the plaintiff to pay the fees of the clerk for filing the same.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980; amended effective February 22, 2021.]
Rule 23. Responding to discovery requests. Answers to interrogatories shall set forth each question in full before each answer. Each objection to an interrogatory, a request for admission, or a demand for production of documents and each application for a protective order shall include a verbatim statement of the interrogatory, question, request or demand together with the basis for the objection. A demand to compel further answer to any interrogatory shall set forth in full the interrogatory and the answer or answers thereto.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 24. Filing orders. Any order, judgment or decree which has been signed by a judge must be filed with the clerk of the court promptly. No attorney shall withhold or delay the filing of any such order, judgment or decree for any reason, including the nonpayment of attorney's fees.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]
Rule 25. Effective date. These rules shall become effective January 1, 1980, but this shall not affect any proper action taken under the rules in effect prior to these rules before said date.
[Added; effective January 1, 1980.]


text:
Export 83 results:
Filters: Author is Nikos Karacapilidis [Clear All Filters]
"An agent-based simulation model for energy saving in large passenger and cruise ships", in CRC Press, 2021.
, "A Novel Approach to Energy Management in Large Passenger and Cruise Ships: Integrating Simulation and Machine Learning Models", in Springer Book of SIMULTECH 2020, 2021.
, "Blending simulation and Machine Learning models to advance energy management in large ships", in 10th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications (SIMULTECH 2020), 2020, pp. 101-109.
, "A Novel Approach for Handling Diverse Energy Consumption Issues in Large Passenger and Cruise Ships", in 7th International Conference on Energy, Substainability and Climate Change (ESCC 2020), Skiathos, Greece, 2020.
, "Towards an informative simulation-based application for energy saving in large passenger and cruise ships", in 6th IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCon 2020), Gammarth, Tunisia, 2020.
, "A Mobile Learning Application for Self-Management of Health and Disease", in 2015 International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2015, pp. 101-105.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Magnetophone is the latest electro-acoustic instrument from [Aaron Sherwood]. This tower contains 14 strings, and 14 hand-wound electromagnets. By energizing each electromagnet with a square wave, the strings can be vibrated to create music.
The brains of the device consist of an Arduino Mega attached to the top of the tower. The microcontroller has 6 timers, which allows for 6 notes to play at the same time. An open source tone library was used to generate square waves at the correct frequencies. These square waves are amplified by LM386 based circuits, which provide enough power to the coil to oscillate the string. By using square waves at specific frequencies, overtones of strings can be created.
This isn't the first time we've seen [Aaron] combine strings and electronics. His Glockentar used solenoids to strike strings. However, this project provides new possibilities by allowing the rate of oscillation to be controlled precisely. You can see the instrument in action after the break.


text:
Pluto's Orbit
Pluto has the strangest orbit of all the planets in the solar system. The orbit comes inside the orbit of Neptune. This means Pluto is the 8th planet rather than the 9th planet for about 20 years at a time. Pluto was the 8th planet from January 1979 to February 1999. Neptune is now the 9th planet for over 200 years!
It takes 248 years for Pluto to complete its orbit. This means that a single Pluto year is 248 earth years long!


text:
LaDainian Tomlinson joined the cast of NFL Network's "Total Access" on Monday and kicked around some predictions for the upcoming season. Training camp is just around the corner, and it's never too early to make some predictions (which you all can use to rub in my face later, though New York Giants fans would never do anything like that).
In fact, I'm brimming with so many prognostications, I'm going to spread them over two posts, one covering the NFC on Tuesday and another covering the AFC on Wednesday. That's 12 times to tell me how wrong I am, question how I even got a job here at NFL.com and help me try to get that job at Entertainment Weekly that you seem to so desperately want me to get.
And without further ado ...
Jay Cutler will have a monster year
Only one Chicago Bears receiver has topped 100 receptions in a season during the club's nearly 100 years of existence. Brandon Marshall did it twice with Cutler in Denver. Now that Mike Martz's failed experiment is safely in the past, the Bears can join the rest of the leaders in the NFC North with a prodigious passing attack. (Sorry, the word "prodigious" has stuck with me after I heard Chris Berman utter it 239 times during the Home Run Derby on Monday night).
The 49ers will start the season 0-2
The San Francisco 49ers have added a lot of aging talent (Randy Moss, Brandon Jacobs, et al.), making their roster resemble the cast of one of those Garry Marshall flicks ("New Year's Eve" or "Valentine's Day"), but that won't be enough to prevent San Francisco from starting 0-2 against the Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions. Best-case scenario is 1-1. Let's face it, a plus-28 turnover differential will be nearly impossible to duplicate and the NFC West will be much more competitive. However, the 49ers will still win the division.
Many figure the Philadelphia Eagles have learned their lesson from the previous season and will finally reveal themselves as a true "Dream Team." Not happening. Just look at the schedule. The Eagles open with the Cleveland Browns (win), but have the Baltimore Ravens, Arizona Cardinals, New York Giants, Pittsburgh Steelers and Detroit Lions. After that, it's the Atlanta Falcons, New Orleans Saints, Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins. The Eagles should be improved this year, but the brutal schedule could derail their season. But don't worry, Andy Reid's job is safe.
The Panthers will win the NFC South
Division champs just don't repeat in the NFC South, so don't expect the New Orleans Saints (with all of their troubles) to come out on top. This year, it will be the Carolina Panthers (as I told Steve Smith during his visit to the Dave Dameshek Football Program). Scoff all you want right now, but remember me when the Panthers knock off the Giants in Week 3 on NFL Network.
Giants will improve their record, but won't make the playoffs
The New York Giants finished with a 9-7 mark in 2011 but reached the playoffs after winning the NFC East. It was a fitting development, because Giants fans moaned after their 10-6 club missed the playoffs in favor of the 7-9 Saints Seahawks in 2010. Look for history to repeat itself this year as the Giants improve their win total but just miss the playoffs.
The Cowboys will win the NFC East
The Dallas Cowboys would have won the NFC East last season if Miles Austin and Tony Romo could have connected on a critical third-down play late in the fourth quarter of a Week 14 home loss to the Giants. That game was part of a 1-5 fade down the stretch. This year, though, the team will close with five home games out of the final seven, a favorable set-up that should help propel the Cowboys to the postseason. No wild card for the Giants, though, as three teams from the NFC North will make it.
Hit up Rank with your predictions via Twitter or via Facebook Also be sure to catch the latest on the Dave Dameshek Football Program.


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Do you realize that Purim will be here in just two weeks on Saturday night February 23rd? Now is your chance to try all those cookie recipes and hamentashen recipes you have collected all year. Guilt free baking, i.e. bake it; taste it; and give it away.
This afternoon I went up to my big storage armoire full of ribbons, boxes, table decorations and odds and ends, to see what boxes I would like to pack my Mishloach Manot or Purim Platicos in this year. I started off baking four batches of Jazzy Oatmeal Cookies and freezing them. Don't forget to clean out and turn on your extra refrigerator/ freezer. Second, I baked four recipes of Yummy Banana Bread.
Last year one day while baking with my friend Suzette I had the idea of taking Suzette's crostata dough, a rich buttery cookie like dough that must be cold to work with, and using it in roll cookies. I rolled out the dough and spread it with a thin layer of Nutella, orange marmalade, and a sprinkle of toasted pecans. Wow, try this. One recipe makes quite a few so I made two batches of dough.
Yield 40 cookies
3 cups plus 2 tablespoons flour
1/4 teaspoon salt
1 cup unsalted chilled butter
3 extra large egg yolks
1 extra large egg
1 teaspoon vanilla
1 cup plus 1 tablespoon sugar
zest of one lemon
1/2 cup Nutella
1/3 to 1/2 cup orange marmalade
1/3 cup lightly toasted pecans, chopped
Measure flour and salt into a medium bowl and stir. Add butter to flour and break up butter until small pea size. Place sugar and eggs with vanilla and lemon zest in a medium bowl. Beat with a whisk until very thick and light. Combine eggs and flour using your cool hands to gently form a ball of dough. Wrap dough in plastic wrap, flatten into a disc, and refrigerate for at least two hours.
When ready to bake, take dough out of refrigerator. Heat oven to 350°F. Line a rimmed baking half sheet with parchment paper or silpat. Slice dough into two equal halves. Roll dough into a 8 inch by 14 inch rectangle on a generously floured work surface. Lately, I am enjoying the ease of handling dough on a very large size silpat that covers the whole counter.
Next, carefully spread Nutella, using a small spatula over dough, leaving 1 inch at top and bottom while getting very close to the sides. Drop and spread orange marmalade as best you can. Finally sprinkle filling with chopped toasted pecans. Roll cookie up tight with cool hands working quickly as dough becomes room temperature. Transfer log of dough to prepared baking sheet seam side down, and place in oven. Repeat rolling out and filling second piece of dough. Roll bakes between 20 to 25 minutes. Check for a pale gold beginning on roll before removing. Let cookies cool for ten minutes. Slice cookies in 1/2 to 3/4 inch slices with a very sharp knife. When cookies are completely cooled you may freeze them or store them in an air tight container in the refrigerator. I freeze mine.


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Missouri University of Science and Technology is once again one of the nation's top public universities, according to Kiplinger's Personal Finance.
Missouri S&T is one of three Missouri universities to make Kiplinger's list of Best Values in Public Colleges, which is published in the February issue of Kiplinger's. The report, available online now and on newsstands Jan. 1, 2013, ranks Missouri S&T 96th for out-of-state students and 100th for in-state students. The list ranks public institutions that "combine outstanding education with economic value."
"We applaud this year's top 100 schools for their efforts to maintain academic standards while meeting the financial needs of their students," says Janet Bodnar, editor of Kiplinger's Personal Finance.
"There is a need to keep excellent universities affordable and accessible, and Missouri S&T is doing just that," says Missouri S&T Chancellor Cheryl B. Schrader. "The Kiplinger's ranking reflects the quality and value of a Missouri S&T education and reinforces our message that investing in an S&T education will pay great dividends in the future."
Kiplinger's assesses quality according to a number of measurable standards, including the admission rate, the percentage of freshman students who return for their sophomore year, the student-faculty ratio and the four-year graduation rate. Cost criteria include low sticker prices, abundant financial aid and low average debt at graduation.
This latest ranking comes on the heels of other national recognition for S&T's value and return on investment.
In August, Missouri S&T was ranked eighth in a Newsweek magazine listing of the 25 Most Affordable Schools for in-state students. Newsweek ranked S&T 24th in affordability for out-of-state students. Among public institutions, Missouri S&T topped the list for out-of-state students and ranked third for affordability for in-state students.
In September, U.S. News & World Report ranked Missouri S&T 46th on its "Great Schools, Great Prices" listing of best deals in the nation for a college education. Among public universities, S&T is seventh in the nation, based on the U.S. News ranking.


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Facebook F8: One graph to rule them all
The social network's big announcement at its F8 developer conference is what CEO Mark Zuckerberg calls the "Open Graph."
SAN FRANCISCO--Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg took the stage at the company's F8 developer conference on Wednesday to unveil what he said is "the most transformative thing we've ever done for the Web." It's called the Open Graph.
There was no introduction: Zuckerberg just walked onstage in jeans, sneakers, and a black hoodie and started talking about Facebook's past F8 launches. In 2007, it was the original Facebook Platform. In 2008, it was Facebook Connect.
There are now more than 400 million people on Facebook, four times as many as there were the last time Facebook held an F8 event. It took Facebook only a year for Facebook Connect to have 100 million users on both mobile devices and Web sites.
Zuckerberg's first announcement was "a couple of important policy changes" to Facebook's platform, which first combine all of the various permissions a user must grant a third-party app or Connect partner into a single one-click process.
Next, those permissions will also be more permanent. "We've had this policy where you can't store and cache any data for more than 24 hours, and we're going to go ahead and we're going to get rid of that policy," Zuckerberg said. The audience cheered. "We think that this step is going to make building with Facebook Platform a lot simpler."
Zuckerberg also talked about Facebook's Credits virtual currency, which turns out to have a smaller presence at F8 than many expected. It's still in closed beta with only about 100 partners, but the company is accepting more. "We're building this quickly and we're working on scaling it out to the whole ecosystem," Zuckerberg said.
The bigger announcement was what Facebook calls the "Open Graph," and how Facebook plans to connect disparate corners of the Web that other social sites are building. "Yelp is mapping out the part of the graph that relates to small businesses. Pandora is mapping out the part of the graph that relates to music," Zuckerberg said. "If we can take these separate maps of the graph and pull them all together, then we can create a Web that's smarter, more social, more personalized, and more semantically aware."
"These connections aren't just happening on Facebook, they're happening all over the Web, and today with the Open Graph we're bringing all these things together," Zuckerberg said.
This is something that will go far beyond the "news feed" structure that Facebook pioneered several years ago.
"The stream is ephemeral. You post something to the stream and people see it for a few hours and then it mostly floats away," Zuckerberg said of the current craze in real-time streaming information--a possible dig at Twitter, the company that ignited it all and has been encroaching upon Facebook territory with its own "@Anywhere" product.
"We're going to make it possible to make those connections," Zuckerberg said. For example, a "news feed" item about a Yelp review of a restaurant could bring up more information about the restaurant and which of a user's Facebook friends have been there.
"We're going to connect all of those different graphs together to form the Open Graph, and when we connect all of those graphs together, the Web is going to get a whole lot better," Zuckerberg said.
Facebook Director of Platform Product Bret Taylor came onstage to unveil three product announcements that make up the Open Graph unveiling. He demonstrated "social plugins" for partner sites, one of which is CNN. These show a given user's Facebook friends' activity reading and commenting on the partner site. The biggest of these is the much-talked about "like" button that can be installed on partner sites and instantly be used to voice a Facebook member's approval of a given item.
"Once you put these 'like' buttons all around your site, the like buttons power a whole suite of social plugins," said Taylor, who joined Facebook when it acquired FriendFeed. An "activity streams" plugin will show all activities from the Facebook user's friend list on that third-party site. A "recommendations" plugin will provide suggested content to users. "It's not just 10 most e-mailed articles, this is truly powerful recommendations," Taylor said.
There's also a "social bar," which can provide "an all-in-one social experience" with a "like" button, Facebook chat, and friends list information that seems to be very much in the league of Google Friend Connect or the Meebo chat toolbar.
The second product announcement was the Open Graph protocol itself, which Taylor calls "a specification for a set of metatags which you can use to mark up your pages to tell us what type of real-world object your page represents." One partner site, the Amazon-owned Internet Movie Database, is using the Open Graph Protocol to mark up pages for each individual movie. Hitting the "like" button on an IMDb movie page will automatically add that movie to the "Favorite Movies" section of a Facebook user's profile.
Facebook is launching the Open Graph protocol with 30 partners.
"This is a really significant step for Facebook. For years we've been saying that FB is an open platform, but now for the first time, the likes and interests of my Facebook profile link to places that are not Facebook.com...My identity is not just definied by things on Facebook, it's defined by things all over the Web."
The third announcement from Taylor was the "Graph API," an overhaul of Facebook's platform code in which "every object in Facebook has a unique ID." There are a handful of new features, like a juiced-up search feature that will now make it possible for developers to search all public data on Facebook. The audience began to applaud when he announced that Facebook had partnered with Yahoo and Twitter to adopt the OAuth 2.0 authentication standard. For Facebook, which has been hesitant to adopt open standards, this is a big step.
"It's just objectively so much more awesome than our current system," Taylor said.
Zuckerberg came back onstage to conclude the big announcement. "We expect that in the first 24 hours alone we're going to serve one billion 'like' buttons on the Web," he said.
"The Web is at a really important turning point right now," Zuckerberg said. "Up until recently, the default on the Web has been that most things aren't social and most things don't use your real identity." Facebook, now, is forging its way across the Web and staking a claim to its infrastructure. Zuckerberg called the demonstrations at F8 "a taste of the future where everything can be more personalized." And, it seems, one where Facebook is the center of it all.
This post was last updated at 10:50 a.m. PDT.


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A Bonus For Online Poker Enthusiasts
Poker has been played for almost tow centuries but its Internet version is a recent craze. Sportsbooks preceded online poker sites, as they went online during the mid-90s.
Planet Poker has the distinction of being first poker gambling room online launching its operations in 1998. Paradise Poker was created a year after and was followed shortly by Poker Spot. The first online poker tournaments were ran by Poker Spot. However, Poker Spot was involved in a scandal, which eventually resulted in its demise. The company failed to award the winning of its players when its credit system became faulty.
Party Poker and Poker Stars burst into the scene on 2001. Party Poker is behind the hugely successful Party Million Poker and the World Poker Tour.
However, online poker was never the same after Chris Moneymaker won the World Series of Poker. Mr Moneymaker paid a entrance fee to a satellite tournament of Poker Stars. He eventually qualified for the World Series and bested 839 other online poker hustlers and took home the top prize of .5m. The "Moneymaker Effect" was a bonus for an industry that was already starting to gain momentum.
Poker tutorial sites are now available to help new players sharpen then poker skills. Some of the recommended training books about online poker gambling are Texas Holdem by Ken Warren, Holdem Poker for Advanced Players by Sklansky, and Killer Poker by John Vorhaus. Learning the basic poker skills and theory from the experts is an ideal way to start in the sport.
Online poker training site that has features a vast selection of poker related articles, bonus news and various guides written by Omaha-based poker celebrity Steve Badger. Also includes daily updates of "Poker News" from various mainstream media outlets.
Low Limit Omaha
Online tutorial for Omaha Strategy that is specially made for new and intermediate players. Teaches various strategies for different situations and bonus articles. A partner of UltimateBet. Issues a monthly newsletter and unique and detailed information about the game.
Poker School Online
PokerSchool Online offers its training for free. Bonus features include multi-table and free-roll tournaments. The site charges .95 monthly or 9.95 annually. Training includes advice sourced from poker experts, audio lessons, tests, reference articles, hand analyses, practice play and league tournaments. The site also has qualifying contests to enter major international tournaments.
Low Limit Holdem
Online poker training site that focuses on Limit Holdem strategy. A good source of articles and guides with bonus features. Ideal resource for beginners and intermediate players that want to sharpen basic skills. Has detailed instructions and strategy on various playing situations. A partner of UltimateBet.
Poker Pages
Online poker training site that has news, guides, links, complete tournament, a poker school and other bonus features. Site traffic is high as it is a popular destination for online poker players.
Poker Performance Psychology
A online poker training site that concentrates on the mental aspect of the game and training to hone poker skills. Also feature bonus articles about poker.
So You Wanna Learn Poker
A highly advisable site for new poker players. Offers tips on the basics of poker such as betting strategies, the value of a hand and poker variations.
Poker Pro Association
This online site provides advanced studies on poker tactics and strategy. The Poker Professionals Association charges a yearly membership fee of 0.
The Gamblers Edge
Online poker site that focuses on how the game should be played in the professional level. Bonus features include the Gamblers Edge video poker quiz and video poker.
A good online poker site for seven-car stud. Features tips and for beginners and advanced players of 7 card stud-hi, hi- low and tournament play. Also has links to other recommended sites and other stud poker information destinations.
A recently introduced online poker tutorial site boasting of eye-catching graphics and impressive content. Offers useful tips on playing 7-card stud and Hold'em. Bonus features include an interactive forum to communicate with other poker enthusiasts.


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Ask a film director what's most important to the success of a picture, and one commonly gets the answer "Casting, casting, casting." And indeed casting proves the key to director Anand Tucker adapting Blake Morrison's memoir of life with father into a leading British film, When Did You Last See Your Father? A drama of father and son rediscovering each other under the worst circumstances—and after years of testiness—requires a credible family pairing, and Tucker delivers a stroke of casting so perfect it might seem obvious: Oscar winner Jim Broadbent as the father and Colin Firth as the son.
Firth stars as Morrison, whose gregarious father Arthur—bedridden with terminal cancer in 1989—has been a lifelong source of mixed feelings. As per David Nicholls script, flashbacks to the '60s reveal how Blake's boyhood idolatry soured into simmering anger as he became more conscious of his father's failings. Morrison is played first by young Bradley Johnson as an admiring squire to his father's ability to "talk his way into and out of anything," and then by Matthew Beard as a perpetually embarrassed teen. Beard's Morrison can no longer ignore his father's neglect of his long-suffering wife: Juliet Stevenson imbues the small role with emotional layering. Meanwhile, the teen Morrison is tentatively setting out to sow his own wild oats, but finds himself repeatedly blocked and mocked by his irrepressible dad.
As an adult, the son's emotions are further complicated by his difficulty expressing his love for his father, even as he lies dying, and the growing realization that the son may be, in some ways, turning into his father. "Funny thing, the universe," Arthur muses. "Sort of scares the shit out of you, doesn't it?" To Nicholls and Tucker's credit, the film later literalizes the comment when Arthur contends with fecal vomiting. No soft-focus Camille, here—and the reality shores up what could slide into the overly sentimental or Oprah-atic melodrama.
Firth is spot-on in an emotionally tricky role, delineating each conflicting emotion with precise clarity and, in the home stretch, a crucial warmth that never gets sticky. Broadbent delivers another fine performance—both in his chatty text and his volumes of subtext. The veteran actor handily condenses the elder Morrison's public and private selves: the charmer around friends, neighbors, and strangers, and who he is when he's at home: pulling a disappearing act to serve himself, calling Blake "Fathead" or, later, "Moneybags," and just when he seems to have pushed it to the limit, redeeming himself with a moment of grace, like an impromptu driving lesson Blake will never forget. Even when Tucker's pace is somewhat listless, and he overdoes it with the imagery of multi-paned mirrors (as a reflection of the many angles he takes on his father), he's always got that cast.


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Of all the scandals that have been pinned to Benedict XVI's papacy, perhaps none has been more divisive than the so-called clampdown on American nuns last April. Its no wonder, then, that sisters across America are hoping that the next pope gives them a fairer shake. In an exclusive interview with The Daily Beast, the head of the largest group of American nuns shares what she is looking for in a new leader.
The American nun scandal came to a head last spring when the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued an eight-page doctrinal assessment of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious (LCWR), an umbrella group with more than 1,500 members representing 80 percent of American nuns. In it, they chastised the American sisters for "pushing radical feminist themes incompatible with the Catholic faith." They also accused the sisters of staying silent on a number of the church's teachings on sensitive topics like euthanasia, women's ordination, and same-sex marriage. A fierce backlash ensued when Father James Martin, a Jesuit priest and author of several faith-based books, called on the Twitterverse to start tweeting support for nuns under #whatsistersmeantome. More than a million tweets supporting the sisters followed. "There is a danger of backlash because of the esteem [in which] so many Catholics hold nuns," Martin told The Daily Beast at the height of the scandal. "For many Catholics, sisters are the glue that holds the church together."
Now the leadership of the LCWR hopes to start fresh with a new pope. "There were two investigations of Catholic sisters undertaken during Pope Benedict's era," Sister Florence Deacon, the current president of the LCWR, told The Daily Beast after Pope Benedict's resignation announcement. One damning report quoted Pope John Paul II's gratitude for the sisters' "deep love of the church and generous service to God's people" but then lashed out at the sisters for not toeing the Vatican's party line. "While we appreciate this expression of gratitude, we found the whole process of the investigation flawed and question the findings and the mandate given to LCWR," Deacon says. "We hope a new pope would be open to dialogue with the U.S. Catholic sisters and work with us to support our mission."
Deacon says she was not surprised by Benedict XVI's resignation. She said there had been rumors swirling around recently that he was ailing quickly. "I had heard from people in Rome over the past few months that he was visibly slowing down and that he was only working a few hours a day," she says. "Putting those two facts together I was not surprised by his decision to resign."
Nuns have no voting power in any church matter, especially when it comes to electing the next pope. But Deacon does have her own hopes for the future of the Catholic Church under a new leader. "I would like a pope who has had direct experience working with a diversity of people and who understands the joys and challenges of ordinary Catholics trying to live the Gospel in the midst of chaotic family lives and stressful job situations," she says. She would also like a pope with an open mind. "I'd like one who is able to integrate church teaching and advances in science, psychology, anthropology … and who strives for understanding and acceptance of all persons."
She would also like to see a pope who understands how detrimental it is to the future of the Church that women are walking away. "I'd like someone attuned to the voices of young people, especially young women who are leaving the church in the U.S. in large numbers because they don't feel valued."
One of the greatest dividing lines between the male hierarchy in Rome and the American nuns has been the interpretation of the Second Vatican Council, which, 50 years ago, loosened the rules for religious women. It was then that some religious orders stopped making the habit a mandatory dress and let sisters have more individual freedom in their lives. That freedom has been a thorn in the side of many cardinals who feel the sisters should be more conservative. Sister Deacon wants the new pope to remember that those decisions that came out of the Second Vatican Council were made in the spirit of renewal. "On this 50th anniversary of the Second Vatican Council it is important that we have a leader who is imbued in the spirit of the council, who appreciates the roles of the laity and of women religious who have accepted its call to renewal and who are committed to building a more just and peaceful world," she says.
Kenneth Briggs, author of Double Crossed: Uncovering the Catholic Church's Betrayal of American Nuns is doubtful that the Vatican will alter its official judgment against the nuns, but he says a new pope might change the church's attempt to reform the nuns in light of that judgment.
"The Vatican and the LCWR are tiptoeing around each other for now; the sisters don't acknowledge the charges, the three bishops don't make preemptory efforts to enforce particular discipline," he told The Daily Beast. "It's shadow boxing of a sort. The reason for the bishops' reluctance to be more aggressive, I believe, is that the groundswell of support for the sisters by the Catholic laity has provided a kind of political obstacle to Rome's designs. Further alienating the laity during a time when the church in America is in crisis would likely deepen that tension."
Sister Deacon won't be in Rome when the conclave meets, but she does have a word of advice for the members of the College of Cardinals who will go into the Sistine Chapel in March to elect the next leader of the Catholic Church. "Recall the sense of excitement with which each session of the Second Vatican Council was received," she says. "Vote for someone who can capture that spirit, who sees the church as being more than its leadership, but includes the whole body of its members."


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Text by Candace Kanes
Images from Bowdoin College Library, Camden Public Library, Norridgewock Historical Society, Pejepscot Historical Society, Sanford Historical Committee, Skowhegan History House, United Society of Shakers, and Maine Historical Society
From writers and books familiar to most people -- Sarah Orne Jewett, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and Edna St. Vincent Millay -- to notable, but perhaps less known, authors and books, Maine has been home to a large number of literary women.
Maine's first novel was written by a woman. A Mainer was the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize in Poetry. A novel written in Maine is credited with helping to start the Civil War.
Featured here are only a few of Maine's women writers. They represent different regions of the state and different types of literature, some aimed at children, some adults. Some poetry, some prose.
Maine has a strong tradition of noted writers of fiction and non-fiction. Many Maine natives or later residents who took up writing used the state's culture, geography, and peoples as inspiration for their works. Their works can help the reader understand more about the history of the state.


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-By Rich Miller
It seems like every year when the opener of turkey season rolls around Mother Nature decides to give us all of the rain that we can stand. This past Saturday morning was our youth turkey hunt day and it was no exception. I was taking my seven-year-old nephew Porter on his first turkey hunt. I had told him several weeks ago that if he practiced shooting his shotgun everyday and got to where he was hitting the target every time, I would take him on the youth hunt this year.
We had the perfect place to take him to get his first turkey too. This place has always been automatic for us on opening day and this year was looking no different. Between seeing birds while we had been there working on the property and getting plenty of pictures of them on our game cameras, we had determined that there were at least nine different gobblers not counting the jakes on the property. So we were really confident about getting Porter on a big longbeard.
Well as hunting goes whenever you think you have something that looks to be foolproof there is always something that can go wrong. The last couple of years the thing has been Mother Nature. Whether it is the youth hunt or opening day it always seems to be raining. Well this past Saturday was no exception for Porters hunt. Porter had held up his end of the bargain so there was no way we could back out of taking him whether it was raining or not. Porter was bright eyed and bushy tailed when I met him at 6:30 Saturday morning. The rain had stopped overnight and we were supposed to have a two or three hour window before the heavy storms got here. We got the blind in place, the turkey decoys up, and settled in the blind well before daylight. It seemed like it took forever before the skies started to lighten up due to all of the cloud cover we had. We had set our blind up in a food plot in between a creek bottom and a pasture where the turkeys usually roost. Being in this position is usually a perfect place to find a lonely gobbler looking for a hen. As it got more daylight we did have a couple of birds gobbling toward the pasture but they didn't gobble very much at all. Porter was very anxious and wondering when the turkeys were going to show up. After we heard the turkeys gobble we also heard some hens calling. After that it was dead we never heard another peep. We called and waited and waited all to no avail. By this time the rain had started back and it was getting harder and steadier by the minute. We stuck it out until about 9:30 and never saw or heard another bird. No matter how bad Porter wanted to get a bird or how bad we wanted him to get a bird, it just didn't work out for him. I guess the birds were smarter than we were. While we were out in the wet and nasty weather they stayed in.


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There's nothing harder to plan for than unexpected events that impact your life and finances. Yet loss of a job, the death of a loved one, illness or other unexpected occurrences happen at one point or another in most of our lives. The key to successfully surviving these life-changing events from a financial perspective is to anticipate hard times. Shore up your financial situation before you are hit with an unexpected expense, so you will be covered in the event something happens.
The importance of an emergency fund
Because we cannot predict when life will throw us an unexpected challenge, it is important for everyone to build and maintain an emergency fund with three to six months' worth of living expenses. The key to building an emergency fund is to set money aside every month, no matter how small the amount. This Emergency Fund calculator can help you get started.
Financial experts recommend that, unlike retirement funds, emergency savings should be kept fairly liquid, in a savings account or a money market fund. Hopefully you will never need it. But if you do, you'll be glad it's there.
A new financial picture
Once the immediate financial matters are taken care of after an unexpected life event, it will be time to take stock of your new financial situation and create a plan for yourself moving forward. Whether you have faced job loss, divorce, illness or another event, you should create a new budget reflecting your situation. This is the first step towards financial security and rebuilding your emergency fund, which you may have tapped into to manage a financial crisis.
To develop a budget, write down your current expenses, indicating whether each expense is a necessity or a luxury. Pulling out recent credit card bills and bank statements can help with this process. Next, estimate your monthly income, including only income that you are certain you will receive. Then compare your income to expenses. If your expenses are higher, you will need to trim your expenses until your income is higher than your expenditures.


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It's nice to get away for a while; a difference of perspective does a world of good for your clarity of thought, and often even your basic happiness. You don't get a much bigger difference of perspective as between Oxford and the San Joaquin Valley (pictured right), or between sitting in front of a screen all day and spending time in the outside world.
The danger with creating a community online is that people will spend too much time in that community. It seems like a funny thing to be worried about when we're largely involved with promoting engagement and creating systems that people will want to use. But it seems to me that if someone is too involved in a learning environment, they're liable to not spend enough time actually learning.
Of course, this is true of all educational facilities – the danger of creating a really cool student bar is that students will spend all their time in it drinking beer. It's important to promote a balanced learner lifestyle containing all kinds of helpful elements, rather than the use of one tool or other. I don't buy the idea that we should just let people get on with it, and students don't want any kind of involvement from the institutions in their lives – they come to an institution, and often pay tens of thousands of dollars, so that they will come out at the other side with a good degree and a great deal more knowledge and skills than they came in with. Sure, these things perhaps shouldn't be mandatory, but this kind of lifestyle help should be out there and very visible. I would hate to think that someone might be spending twelve hours a day on Elgg when they could be out there taking advantage of everything on offer to them.
You might scoff – nobody would spend hours in front of a website! – but this is, I'm afraid, naïve. Hang around community sites like Myspace if you don't believe me, or check out the frequency of posts in some LiveJournal communities. A growing number of people are beginning to recognise the seriousness of Internet addiction. Of course, as the programmer and vendor of an online learning system, I'm not about to say that learners should avoid such systems – the bottom line is that an institution's role includes both gentle guidance towards the knowedge and skills that a learner seeks, as well as how to use them in a rich and balanced way.


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- Home
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The Deer Park Fire Marshal's Office (DPFMO) is a principal component in the effort to protect against loss of life and property in our city. The DPFMO focuses its efforts by proactively enforcing the city's Fire Code to ensure that existing commercial buildings remain fire-safe, by educating both the business community as well as the community at large in fire safety procedures and practices, and by providing technical expertise to the city's Building Department and Building Inspections Division on life-safety systems installed in new and remodeled buildings. More text here to delete later...
Our responsibilities also include responding to fires to identify the origin and cause of accidental and intentionally set fires in order to prevent future fires. To determine fire origin and cause an examination and excavation of the fire scene is conducted. The fire scene is documented, evidence is collected, and interviews of owners, occupants, bystanders, witnesses, victims, and informants are conducted. We design fire safety education around the fire origin and cause that we obtain.
We are a team of Fire Prevention Professionals dedicated to protecting the lives of the citizens and the visitors to the City of Deer Park by providing the highest quality of fire prevention, fire prevention education, fire investigations through the enforcement of the current adopted fire code.


text: Rivas' Human Parasitology This is the first work on this subject by an American author. An im- The discussion is complete, beginning with the history of parasitology and By DAMASO RIVAS, M.D., PH.D., Assistant Professor of Parasitology and Assistant Director of the Course in Mallory and Wright's Pathologic Technic This work gives the technic of bacteriologic methods, bacteriology of Octavo of 555 pages, with 181 illustrations. By FRANK BURR MALLORY, M.D., Pathologist to the Boston McJunkin's Clinical Microscopy and Chemistry This work is really a clinical pathology, omitting no step from obtaining the Octavo of 470 pages, illustrated. By F. A. McJUNKIN, M.D., Professor of Pathology at Marquette Uni- Todd's Clinical Diagnosis Dr. Todd's work is more than a clinical diagnosis-it is a complete clinical 12mo of 687 pages, with 262 illustrations, several in colors. By JAMES CAMPBELL TODD, M.D., Professor W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY Philadelphia and London |


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World Map Wallpaper
The world map has become a favorite interior decor in homes nowadays, as well as to have it as a wall mural. The world map could, with luck, be a little old and worn – like the map just arrived back home after an adventurous journey around the globe or a world map that is all covered in colorful watercolors. Give your room a more sophisticated look with a world map and in combination with white furnishing, it will pop out and illuminate beautifully as a wall mural. Do you want to have the whole world in your home?
Have the Whole World on Your Wall
Our wall murals with the world map can also be used in a fun and creative way for the adventurous person to put a needle on the countries they visited, and even those countries they would like to visit in the future. "This is where we live, this is where we have been, and this is where we would like to travel".
Whether you want a modern world map for educational purposes or a worn vintage map to give character to your home, we have many different styles and variations imaginable – all designed for you and your home.


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this is not one of those "is programming art or science" questions, because I think we can all agree that programming is science, but is it also art?
inspiration from this story found on /.
discuss. vote.
btw, I program and think like Paul Graham. I always thought that was very wrong... until I read that article... so to the rest of you


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Tanjore Bouquet Fabric - Reposeful Green Cotton
Signature Print
Colour: Reposeful Green
Material: Upholstery Weight Cotton
Weight & Durability: 335 gsm. 25,000 rubs
Width: 137cm
All approx. Images are indicative only.
A profusion of flowers to delight the eye and bring the bounty of nature indoors.
In 1664 the French East India Company brought the first of the colourfully printed cotton cloths known as indiennes, from India into France. These printed cotton fabrics with their lush and intricate botanicals were so popular that the word indiennes entered the French language.
Our collection of exquisite botanicals draws inspiration from across India. Printed on upholstery weight cotton offering spectacular touch and drape.
- Eco friendly: Printing dyes are GOTS certified and meet Inditex 'Clear to Wear' criteria.
- Original design created in our studio.
Rub test: All of our upholstery fabrics are tested as per the Martindale Rub test which is a measure of the durability and suitability of a fabric for various uses – i.e. frequently used sofas, decorative accent chairs or commercial heavy-duty use.
British Standard 2543 specifies the following rub counts for end-use applications:
Light domestic – 15,000 rubs
General domestic – 20,000 rubs
Heavy domestic – 25,000 rubs
Severe domestic/general contract – 30,000 rubs
Care: Dry Clean. Keep away from direct sunlight.
Return and Refunds: We take responsibility for free replacement or refund of defective or wrong items sent, as per our T&C's.
India Sales: Includes shipping and applicable taxes.
International Sales: Shipping, Customs duties, and taxes are extra. See Terms and Conditions.


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[Dustin Evans] wanted to used his original NES controllers to play emulated games. The problem is he didn't want to alter the classic hardware. His solution was to use the connectors and enclosure from a dead NES to build a Bluetooth translator that works with any NES controller.
Here he's showing the gutted half of an original NES. Although the motherboard is missing, the connectors for the controllers are still there. They've been rewired to an Arduino board which has a BlueSMiRF modem. The controller commands are harvested by the Arduino and sent to whatever is listening on the other end of the Bluetooth connection. He also has plans to add a couple of SNES ports to the enclosure so that those unaltered controllers may also be used.
In the video after the break [Dustin] walks us through the hardware setup. He then demonstrates pairing the device with an Android phone and playing some emulators with the pictured controllers.


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Robert Scoble, made quasi-famous for blogging early and often while an employee at Microsoft, now rarely revisits topics that revolve around enterprise computing. But this weekend, in reaction to comments recently made by Bill Gates, Scoble opines about why enterprise software isn't sexy or more specifically why it doesn't garner the attention that consumer-centric software does.
He comes to the following conclusions:
- Bill Gates is right, bloggers and journalists DO prefer to talk about consumer technologies
- The buyers of enterprise software are a minority that doesn't consult with the majority of the users before making decisions
- Media are paid to deliver eyeballs; and talking about consumer topics generates a lot more of them
He concludes his missive with a question:
Any of you have any ideas on how to make business software sexy?
Finally, he asks for we Enterprise Irregulars to weigh in on the topic:
I wonder what the Enterprise Irregulars think about this? (They are a group of bloggers who cover business software).
Scoble asked what we Irregulars thought, and boy did he get some answers:
- Michael Krigsman, one of the newest Irregulars, offers a passioned response and suggests that Scoble is asking the wrong question
- Dennis Howlett reminds Scoble that sexy is far, far different from influential
- Vinnie Mirchandani is "damn proud to be unsexy"
- Anshu Sharma offers five types of software that turn CIOs on
- Sadagopan also emphasizes that that blog traffic in no way equates to influence in the real sense
- Dan Farber explains that enterprise topics are worth blogging about, quality of readership trumps quantity
- Ross Mayfield thinks enterprise software developers can/must and will do better
- Craig Cmehil reminds us that those consumer technologies everyone gushes about are provided to us by enterprises
- Phil Wainewright reminds us that software is boring, and always will be, for most of the population
I am really proud of the diversity and thoughtfulness that many of my fellow Irregulars brought to bear on this topic over the last 48 hours.
At the end of the day, beauty really is in the eye of the beholder.
<=== I'm no George Clooney, but my wife finds me sexy (I hope!). Heck, even Bea Arthur managed to get married...TWICE!
The consumerization of software is underway; but it's absolutely a SLOW GOING process within large enterprises. I think it's vitally important to keep perspective.
Good software, whether it's sold for millions of dollars to a Fortune 500 CIO or distributed freely to millions of users directly and paid for by advertising, is only as good as the processes it enables.
It can't be said enough...it's not about the code, it's about the PROCESS!
Make users lives easier. Sounds simple, but it's really not.


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From small start-ups and independent restaurants to nonprofits and powerhouses in the healthcare, real estate, legal, corporate, and commercial sectors, we manage branding engagements in a spirited yet strategic way. Key to each endeavor: Distilling the singular brand promise. From there—and through a uniquely collaborative process—we deliver what clients need to establish their identity and reinforce their relevance.
With much competition for cultural and consumer attention, it's crucial to clearly communicate capabilities and mission, to tell stories that matter, and to make a case that resonates. Clients turn to Delevante for tools that work. Tools that inform. That inspire. That prompt action. All achieved with the right mix of elements—including photography, design, copywriting, print and delivery methods—that serve each client's purpose and make an impact on the intended audiences.
We often ask, "How would we communicate this on a billboard?" It's a question that gets to the essential words and imagery that translate in the blink of an eye. Delevante designs outdoor advertising to reinforce a key message within a comprehensive campaign, always aiming to rise above the many messages, pleas, charges, and invitations lining streets and interstates, on buses and benches, and in airport corridors and more.
Print is dead? Don't believe it. At Delevante, we approach print advertising with a fresh perspective. We appreciate the tangible, tactile experience and strive to make the most out of that interaction. Our team manages local campaigns, industry trade placements, and regional and national magazine advertising for a variety of clients, with strategic collaboration and thoughtful messaging and graphics driving the creative.
It should go without saying: The design demands and the functional capabilities of web-based communications are constantly evolving. And so, Delevante's team is constantly learning and responding. We excel at creating clients' online identity, presence, and power. And we strive to create intuitive experiences for their users – to satisfy their needs and curiosities and to compel them to act.
Delevante leverages partnerships with production companies to ensure consistency of a client's brand narrative across all platforms, including TV and video. We concept and storyboard. We write scripts and produce. We provide creative direction and assets for television commercials, web content, special event videos, fundraising support, and sales force tools.
– Kerry Price, Vice-President, Marketing and Communications Bass, Berry & Sims PLC


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Many of you may be aware of the proposal to create 'Growth Zones' in Powys – at Brecon, Llandrindod Wells and Newtown – roughly equivalent to the new Enterprise Zones created by the government elsewhere in the UK. My opinion is that these are a good idea. The Welsh Government has put out a call for evidence on the proposal and information can be found on its website here.
Unfortunately, the deadline for entries is June 1. I'm writing this on May 28 so, if you want to make a submission, you need to act fast!
What follows is my own submission. I want people to see what I've put forward because I think it might help them in shaping their own thoughts. I'm not saying it's perfect because I hope others will have different or better ideas; I'm putting it up in the hope that it will stimulate your imagination, and the Welsh Government will get better submissions as a result.
I would also appreciate your comments and suggestions – just use the form at the bottom.
Here's my submission:
All three possible locations must be able to compete with the Enterprise Zones that have already been announced, therefore the features common to all of those should be included here. These include: Government support to ensure super-fast broadband, achieved through guaranteeing the most supportive environment and, if necessary, public funding; low levels of regulation and planning controls; a 100 per cent business rate discount over a five year period for businesses that move into a Growth Zone during the course of this Parliament (although I recommend a graded scheme to reintroduce business rates thereafter, alongside a graded penalty scheme for businesses that choose to move away once the discount is removed); all business rates growth within the zone for a period of at least 25 years will be retained and shared by the local authority to support its economic priorities; and Government and local authority help to develop radically simplified planning approaches.
I believe funding should be provided for an office that would help film makers (cinema or television) find locations within Powys. Llandrindod Wells would be the best location (as it is in the centre of the county). Powys has breathtaking natural beauty that has gone unused by film makers, simply because nobody knows about it. A film locations office would bring income to landowners whose land would be used, and to residents who could be hired as 'extras' during filming.
Material I have read on Enterprise Zones has categorised them in certain ways, stating what tax breaks, planning controls and broadband levels might be possible, along with a line called 'Sector Focus', declaring what businesses should be encouraged into the zone. I would recommend:
Tax break: Save businesses money in foregone business rates.
Planning: Simplified regime permitted the change of use of existing buildings.
Broadband: Explore delivery of superfast broadband with suppliers.
This leaves the 'Sector Focus'. I would like to propose several possibilities as follows, based on my knowledge of local industry and the possibilities that could be accommodated here in Powys:
Sector focus: Green technologies; Advanced technologies; Movable skills (small businesses that could benefit from working in a rural setting); sustainable agriculture (farming techniques that are beneficial to the environment); creative industries; energy sector (carbon-free/green).


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MTW Milling Machine
This MTW series milling machine is designed by our experts, according to collected advices from customers' long-term experiences. It takes the most advanced patent technology from European and the supply the customers with outstanding performance at low costs.
- Cone gear whole transmission-compact conformation, convenient installation, reducing dissipation of energy.
- Optimization design for grinding roller grinding ring of main-spring pressurization, high-wearing feature.
- High-performance powder concentrator design-accurate and quick selection of powder.
- Unique wear proof perching knife design- fission type, convenient for maintenance, wear resistant material, long life.
The MTW series milling machine is ideal machine for grinding barite, limestone, mica, talcum, quartz, calcite, granite, porcelain clay, basalt, gypsum, gold, iron ore, bauxite, copper, cement, coal etc. So it has wide application in powder making industry of construction, mining and paper-making and so on.


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Annual Spring Cleanup Delayed Again in Brookings
BROOKINGS - The city of Brookings has again had to postpone its annual "Dump Day" event because of wintry weather.
Residents wanting to leave items on city curbs as part of a citywide spring cleanup have to wait until Sunday.
The Brookings Register reports that the date has been postponed twice because of snow (http://bit.ly/11ly5cM ). It originally had been scheduled for April 15, but that was the day the state was slammed with an ice storm.
The newspaper reports that all items should be on the curb by Sunday. City crews will start collecting on Monday.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Bring Cyclocross to the Olympics!
Cyclocross is growing rapidly in popularity in the US and elsewhere. Meanwhile its core followers are passionate, bordering on rabidity. Obscure sports (curling) and spectator unfriendly events (luge) abide at the Olympics; let's bring in a sport that's growing in popularity and is a blast to watch! Here's the fun part: we'll add it to the WINTER Games. The Winter Olympics lately have been held in cities with temperate climates, but near mountains (e.g., Vancouver and, yes, 2014's Sochi, Russia). Think: 45 degrees, rain...MUD. Then think about Danish, Dutch, Belgian, French and Italian -- and American, Russian, Chinese and Australian fans standing elbow-to-elbow under the Olympic rings, beers and cowbells in hand, heckling in their native tongues...it's really the Olympic dream, isn't it? We'll figure out where actually to send this petition; for now, please sign it and send it on!


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This section is informative.
XHTML 2 is a general purpose markup language designed to represent documents for a wide range of purposes across the World Wide Web. To this end it does not attempt to be all things to all people, supplying every possible markup idiom, but to supply a generally useful set of elements, with the possibility of extension using the @class and @role attributes on the span and div elements in combination with style sheets, and attributes from the metadata attributes collection.
In designing XHTML 2, a number of design aims were kept in mind to help direct the design. These included:
Because earlier versions of HTML were special-purpose languages, it was necessary to ensure a level of backwards compatibility with new versions so that new documents would still be usable in older browsers. However, thanks to XML and style sheets, such strict element-wise backwards compatibility is no longer necessary, since an XML-based browser, of which at the time of writing means more than 95% of browsers in use, can process new markup languages without having to be updated. Much of XHTML 2 works already in existing browsers; much, but not all: just as when forms and tables were added to HTML, and people had to wait for new version of browsers before being able to use the new facilities, some parts of XHTML 2, principally XForms and XML Events, still require user agents that understand that functionality.
The very first version of HTML was designed to represent the structure of a document, not its presentation. Even though presentation-oriented elements were later added to the language by browser manufacturers, HTML is at heart a document structuring language. XHTML 2 takes HTML back to these roots, by removing all presentation elements, and subordinating all presentation to style sheets. This gives greater flexibility, greater accessibility, more device independence, and more powerful presentation possibilities, since style sheets can do more than the presentational elements of HTML ever did.
The original versions of HTML relied upon built-in knowledge on the part of User Agents and other document processors. While much of this knowledge had to do with presentation (see above), the bulk of the remainder had to do with the relationships between documents — so called "linking".
A variety of W3C and other efforts, most notably [XLINK], attempted to create a grammar for defining the characteristings of linking. Unfortunately, these grammars all fall short of the requirements of XHTML. The community is continuing in its efforts to create a comprehensive grammar that describes link characteristics.
The HTML Working Group has determined that such a grammar, while generally useful, is not required for the definition of XHTML 2. Instead, this document is explicit in the characteristics of the elements and attributes that are used to connect to other resources. The Working Group has taken this course because 1) the problem with XHTML 2 is well bounded, 2) the general solution is slow in coming, and 3) it will be easier for implementors to support and users to rely upon.
XHTML 2 is designed to be recognizable to the HTML and XHTML 1 author, while correcting errors and insufficiencies identified in earlier versions of the HTML family, and taking the opportunity to make improvements.
The most visible changes are the following:
element was used to separate sections of a text from each other. In retrospect, the name hr
(for horizontal rule) was misleading, because an hr
was neither necessarily horizontal (in vertical text it was vertical), nor necessarily a rule (books often use other typographical methods such as a line of three asterisks to represent separators, and style sheets can be used to give you this freedom). In order to emphasize its structuring nature, to make it more widely usable, and to make it clearer that it has no essential directionality, hr
has been renamed
element was used to add micro-structure to text, essentially breaking a piece of text into several 'lines'. This micro-structure is now made explicit in XHTML 2 with the
l element, which encloses the text to be broken. Amongst other advantages, this gives more presentational opportunities, such as the ability to automatically number lines, or to color alternate lines differently.img
element has many shortcomings:
it only allows you to specify a single resource for an image, rather
than offering the fallback opportunities of the
object element; the only fallback option it
gives is the alt
text, which can only be plain text, and
not marked up in any way; the longdesc
attribute which
allows you to provide a long description of the image is difficult to
author and seldom supported.
XHTML 2 takes a completely different approach, by taking the premise that all images have a long description and treating the image and the text as equivalents. In XHTML 2 any element may have a
@src attribute, which specifies a resource (such as an image) to load instead of the element. If the resource is unavailable (because of network failure, because it is of a type that the browser can't handle, or because images have been turned off) then the element is used instead. Essentially the longdesc
has been moved into the document, though this behavior also mimicks the fallback behavior of the
object element.
(To achieve the tooltip effect that some browsers gave with the alt
attribute, as in HTML 4 you use the
@title attribute).
and del
elements to mark changes in a document, an attribute
@edit may be used on any element for the same purpose.
Home

, you can now write
Home

. Even though this means that the
a element is now strictly-speaking unnecessary, it has been retained.

.Events: event handling in HTML was restricted in several ways: since the event names were hard-wired in the language (such as onclick
), the only way to add new events was to change the language; many of the events (such as click
) were device-specific, rather than referring to the intent of the event (such as activating a link); you could only handle an event in one scripting language — it was not possible to supply event handlers in the same document for several different scripting languages.
XHTML 2 uses XML Events [XMLEVENTS] to specify event handling, giving greater freedom in the ability to handle events. Along with this, the script
element has been renamed handler
to indicate its different semantics.
The Frames model is no longer defined in XHTML. Instead, it is defined through the separate [XFRAMES]
XHTML 2 is a member of the XHTML Family of markup languages. It is an XHTML Host Language as defined in XHTML Modularization. As such, it is made up of a set of XHTML Modules that together describe the elements and attributes of the language, and their content model. XHTML 2 updates many of the modules defined in XHTML Modularization 1.1 [XHTMLMOD], and includes the updated versions of all those modules and their semantics. XHTML 2 also uses modules from XHTML Access [XHTMLACCESS], XHTML Role [XHTMLROLE], RDFa Syntax [RDFASYNTAX], Ruby [RUBY], XML Events [XMLEVENTS], and XForms [XFORMS].
The modules defined in this specification are largely extensions of the modules defined in XHTML Modularization 1.1. This specification also defines the semantics of the modules it includes. So, that means that unlike earlier versions of XHTML that relied upon the semantics defined in HTML 4 [HTML4], all of the semantics for XHTML 2 are defined either in this specification or in the specifications that it normatively references.
Even though the XHTML 2 modules are defined in this specification, they are available for use in other XHTML family markup languages. Over time, it is possible that the modules defined in this specification will migrate into an update of the XHTML Modularization specification.


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Cairo is one of the centres of the Arab world and has countless historical buildings, universities and museums.
The size of a city can make a big difference on your study experience. Some students prefer the feel and pace of larger busy cities, while some may prefer a smaller and calmer feel. Whatever your preference, U-Multirank has you covered. Cairo averages a population of about 9100000 residents and covers some 606 km2.
U-Multirank includes 2 colleges and universities in or near the Cairo area. To explore some of the colleges and universities in Cairo, click on the university names below, or visit our Study in Egypt page.
One of the first questions students wonder when deciding to study abroad, is 'do I need to speak the local language to study there?' Every country and sometimes even universities themselves have their own requirements for the language of instruction. Students should contact the university to see if a language certificate is necessary to study there. Some countries offer inernational courses and study programmes in English as well, but you will most likely need to show proof of English proficiency. To receive an English language certificate like the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) and TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), four parts of the language are tested, including: reading, listening, speaking and writing. For more information on IELTS, or TOEFL, click here.
Safety is an important point to consider when studying abroad. According to the current Numbeo Safety Index, Cairo has a score of 50.65 – ranking it at number 292 of 461 cities globally for safety.
The cost of living can play a major factor in deciding where to study. Aside from tuition fees, students should consider the local cost of living – including items like housing, food, and social life. According to the current Numbeo Cost of Living Index, Cairo has a score of 28.37 – ranking it at number 487 of 515 cities globally for the cost of living (the higher the ranking, the more expensive the cost of living is).
If you're considering pursuing a degree abroad, then let us help you find the best university for you. U-Multirank's For students track offers personalised university comparisons, so you can find the university that best matches you. Create your own personalised university rankings today, and compare universities according to what matters most to you. To start, make sure to select your desired study destination and we'll help guide you through the rest.