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Please send the DLF Executive Director your comments or suggestions.
Wednesday June 2-Thursday June 3, 2004 Washington, DC
Attendees | Findings | Bibliography
The impulse driving this meeting was in a large part a desire to learn from working scholars what they value and what they need from our digital library services -- to test and temper our sense of what library users want against the expressed needs of scholars. Everyone attending is deeply engaged in creating and using digital library content, often in partnership with an academic library.
In addition, the following digital library specialists were in attendance:
College and university librarians have a long tradition of listening to their users, and of adjusting our services and collections according to the articulated needs of our faculty and students. This is nowhere more important that in our emerging digital library endeavors, where much is still unfamiliar to patrons and where new products, aggregations, tools, and services come (and often go) with confounding frequency. Across the many initiatives, benchmarks, and standards undertaken by the Digital Library Federation (DLF) is an overarching desire to build library services and online holdings that result in richer scholarship and more effective pedagogy.
To help inform this end, and to test our own assumptions about developing needs in digital scholarship, the DLF convened in the summer of 2004 in Washington, DC, a group of humanities and social science practitioners, all of whom are actively building digital archives, online editions, and electronic scholarship to further their academic and teaching interests, and who are working with their library colleagues and digital collections in innovative ways. Over two days of lively and free-flowing discussion in June, the scholars provided feedback on how libraries could partner with them to serve their particular digital scholarship needs.
Follow-up discussions with several participants have further fleshed out the themes and observations detailed below.
We turned our attention early to the hurdles that face this first wave of scholars undertaking serious digital scholarship, in order to understand which of these barriers can be overcome by emerging digital library research. There was speedy and widespread agreement that an overarching problem was the lack of persistent identifiers -- permanent and trusted internet addresses -- for online objects. How can you invest in rich, hyperlinked scholarly writing or scholar-driven archives if the material not under your immediate control keeps moving from web address to web address, or disappearing altogether (an irritation commonly known as "link rot")? It is a waste of time to have to monitor and fix broken links, and a disincentive to undertaking further work. This is a problem they look to libraries and publishers to solve, and to solve quickly ("aren't you guys supposed to be good at this sort of standardization" one participant said). As a positive example of persistent identification in the scholarly journals industry we looked at Crossref and the Crossref/Google article search service, which have grown up around the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) persistent ID that is commonly used in the STM scholarly journal arena.
The other main thread of this conversation about hindrances to digital scholarship -- which came up in discussions of institutional repositories too -- was the failure of departmental promotion and rewards structures to recognize and accommodate the shift from a print-based to a digital world of scholarly publishing and communications. It is no accident that most active humanists and social scientists working with digital media are post-tenure, one participant observed, and I suspect that even then they are not all immune from the career-depressing effects of being seen to be "too digital" or "only digital."
The group was clear that there is a severe need for tools customized for a range of scholarly inquiry needs:
However, so unfamiliar is this area that we heard from several individuals that they had a hard time articulating precisely what they required from such tools, or what level of software creation skills or consultancy is available to them, and where. We are still in a stage where it is easier to react to an example of an existing tool than to dream them up ex nihilo, and with that in mind we discussed and demonstrated a variety of software packages that allowed scholars to gather, search, annotate, and re-package digital objects from library collections, including New Zealand's impressive Greenstone (referred to in this context as a personal library organizer), the suite of tools from UC Berkeley's Scholar's Box initiative, and Michigan State's Matrix annotation software that is aimed at various streaming media. Clearly a first-order need for this group was simply to know how to discover that these sorts of products exist (let alone the range of locally created but re-usable software custom-built for various initiatives), and what their characteristics are.
There has been a rapid growth in the ambitions of universities to build systems to safeguard and re-use the full range of scholarly and pedagogical output -- the institutional repository movement. Opinions about this phenomena may well differ across disciplines; for this group there was a decidedly cool reception to the notion of turning over their scholarship, datasets, and archives to their institution for exploitation as institutional assets (the language of the institutional repository discussions may well be to its detriment -- faculty do not necessarily take kindly to being cast as asset workers producing exploitable product for their institutions, even if only at the level of language). While the ability to have a long-term safe-haven for their digital content found some real favor, especially as it was curated by the library, there was a range of concerns beyond this -- questions of ownership, permissions, load (how much work is it to prepare a body of material for a repository?) and again the observation that there was no link between the re-use of a scholarly asset and the current faculty rewards system.
Much more positive was the reaction to sharable and harvestable metadata -- not a concept that was very clear to the group prior to the meeting. We used the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) as an example of simple metadata records for digital objects that are put on the web and harvested by software, in order to build services that include records from many sites all arranged in one service of portal. There was a good deal of interest in this mechanism both as a way to help make their own scholarship more visible, and as a way of gathering up references to related material to which they may want to refer.
Given the active involvement these scholars have in building and contextualizing content -- in engaging actively in the creation of digital archives that they then manipulate -- and given the concern with link rot -- it was no surprise to learn that a behavior they wanted from collections of digital objects was the ability to capture and re-use that material in their own local contexts. There was firm agreement that it is not always enough to link to a resource in someone else's system, even if the link is persistent. The need for a local copy may be aesthetic integration into an archive; offline use; incorporation into a desktop tool of some sort (data visualizer; annotation tool; courseware package; textual analysis software); data enrichment with terminology of the scholar's choosing; or even the simple need to search a body of material all at once -- impossible when the books are in different systems with different search tools. Equally clear is how difficult it is to get permission from data holders to satisfy this common need, even when the material in question is freely available on the internet in archives and libraries. Typically the institutions who digitized and who host the material do not have policies in place, or rights expressions, to allow that content to have a secondary life in an online project at another institution. "Just link to it" is not the answer often for this group of scholars, but absent a mechanism to explicitly accommodate the desire to bring digital objects into a local scholar's archive, they are left with a frustrating and time-consuming series of conversations, favors, and personal pleas in order to engage deeply and actively with the material in digital library collections.
Work with this group has been lively and enlightening -- for individual projects and in an ad hoc manner for the organization as a whole. Such scholarly users make for very effective reaction and review panels. After the event, several members articulated a need for help in acquiring either digital copies of items as yet undigitized or the permission to move digital items held elsewhere into their own archives and tools. The latter may well give us a clearer sense of how and when simple access is not enough, and close engagement with and enrichment of a file in another library's collection is what is needed to fulfill a scholarly or pedagogic need. In addition, one specific opportunity for partnership was put forward, by the Virtual Jamestown group; I enclose this as an Appendix in case it touches a nerve with any DLF library.
The following topics, complete with web addresses and annotations, are culled from -- and act as references to -- our free-ranging conversations during the June 2004 DLF Scholars' Panel meeting.
1) Federated searching between Google and Amazon, Google and university repositories, and Google and OCLC
Marriage of Amazon and Google which is analogous of any single search that links online and print materials.
Read an article about how this consortium plans to use Google to search the contents of institutional repositories.
http://www.oclc.org; http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/pilot/
Read about their experiment to add 2 million WorldCat records into Yahoo! And Google with zip code lookup of the nearest place they know about that holds the book.
2) Mass Digitizing Efforts and Ambitions
Digital Promise / Digital Opportunity Investment Trust (DO IT)
A proposed $20 billion trust fund from the sale of Federal airwaves, to be held by the U.S. Treasury, the interest from which (circa $1 billion per annum) would drive massive digitizing for the public good, tools building for teaching and using digital content, assessment of digital learning, etc.
Government Printing Office (GPO) http://www.gpoaccess.gov/about/speeches/04232004_IST.pdf
This agency plans to digitize all non-digital Government Documents and make them electronically available.
3) Institutional Repositories and Digital Library Repositories
DSpace Federation
The best-known of the "institutional repositories" -- an open source digital library system to capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute the intellectual output of a university's research faculty in digital formats, developed jointly by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard.
Fedora Project
An Open-Source Digital Repository Management System, used currently to manage local digital library content, and with growing ambitions to operate as the underpinning for institutional repositories and content management systems. Developed by Cornell University and the University of Virginia.
4) Digital Library and Scholarly tools
Greenstone Digital Library Software
A free "digital-library-in-a-box" delivery program, written in New Zealand specifically for use by libraries and scholars online, on a PC, or on a CD. Ongoing development -- METS and OAI abilities being added (see Shareable Metadata, below, for a sense of OAI and METS), as well as richer XML import capabilities. To see an example of Greenstone being used on-line in a DLF library, see Chopin Early Editions: "A collection of digital images of early printed editions of musical compositions by Frédéric Chopin. This collection was created by the University of Chicago Library and, once completed, will include its entire collection of over 400 Chopin early editions." http://chopin.lib.uchicago.edu/
Scholar's Box [David Greenbaum, UC Berkeley Interactive University] http://iu.berkeley.edu/IU/SB/
Demonstrated at the meeting.
Media Matrix [Mark Kornbluh, Michigan State University] http://www.matrix.msu.edu/digital.php Demonstrated at the meeting.
Center for History and New Media tools [Roy Rosenzweig, George Mason University] http://chnm.gmu.edu/tools
Discussed at the meeting. More recently, Roy has announced the Echo Tools Center: "The number of historians interested in using digital tools to facilitate their work has been rapidly expanding, as has the number of researchers developing online tools for the humanities. In order to facilitate contact between these two groups, Echo would like to announce the beta launch of its new Tools Center, an experimental, comprehensive resource for scholars interested in the nuts and bolts of online history. Just as Echo's Research Center offers a guide to thousands of history websites, the Tools Center is envisioned as a central directory of the myriad pieces of software and other tools available to contemporary historians. Built using the same open-source software that powers sites like Wikipedia, the Tools Center is a specifically collaborative resource, enabling developers to post descriptions of their products, and users to apply their own expertise to build and expand its entries. Though still in beta form, we invite both historians and software developers to visit the Tools Center at http://echo.gmu.edu/toolcenter-wiki/ and contribute their knowledge to this growing asset to the online history community."
5) Data Sharing (datasets)
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/access/deposit/guidelines.html
For 40 years, an increasingly vast archive of social science data for research and instruction. "ICPSR preserves data, migrating them to new storage media as changes in technology warrant. In addition, ICPSR provides user support to assist researchers in identifying relevant data for analysis and in conducting their research projects."
6) Shareable Metadata
Open Archives Initiative (OAI) http://www.openarchives.org/
This allows one to create a metadata record for an object, and "publish" that catalog record in a space on a web server that allows others to "harvest" it; having gathered up lots of records from lots of locations, one can use them to create a service -- a one-stop-shop for a topic or discipline, for example (see NSDL below). Typically, the records contain information about the object's date, author, title, genre, subject, etc. potentially allowing a rich service to be created (although the service is only as good as the metadata it aggregates, which can vary wildly in accuracy and completeness from site to site, complicating the creation of a robust and trusted service).
National Science Digital Library (NSDL)
This is a subject-focused OAI service -- "a digital library of exemplary resource collections and services, organized in support of science education at all levels." The content resides on many different sites, but OAI records are harvested from them to a central location to build the NSDL "portal".
OAIster [University of Michigan Digital Library Production Services]
A collection of all OAI records that have online publicly accessible content. Searchable by author, date, subject, etc.
7) Courseware
The Sakai Project is a $6.8M software development project founded by The University of Michigan, Indiana University, MIT, Stanford, the uPortal Consortium, and the Open Knowledge Initiative (OKI) with the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The project is producing open source Collaboration and Learning Environment (CLE) software.
Open Courseware Initiative
700 online university courses from MIT, which are free on the Web. For a full list of courses, visit http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Global/all-courses.htm .
8) Persistent Identifiers
Note: These variously work by having the user point not to a file on a website but to a
unique ID number in a web-based service that matches the unique ID with a web address. As long as you update the central registry, you can move files from web address to web address without any links breaking. Enter the following URL into the address bar of your Web browser -- or press Ctrl + click with your pointer over the UR -- to see how this works, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.29.
This service is free and used by some libraries. It works only for web-based information.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Used by many scholarly publishers, DOIs can be assigned to anything. It costs money to use.
See also DOI FAQs at http://www.tsoid.co.uk/FAQ.aspx?PageID=FAQ&category=general ;
DOI and Google at http://www.crossref.org/01company/pr/press20040428.html
Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags
9) Scholarly Publishers and Archiving
http://www.elsevier.com/ ; www.icsti.org/forum/46/Joep_Verheggen.ppt
Read about their relationship with the Dutch Royal Library (Koninklijke Bibliotheek).
Elsevier now allows all its authors to publish their Elsevier-published articles for free on the web. Read the article about Elsevier's open access self-archiving at: http://www.infotoday.com/newsbreaks/nb040607-2.shtml
See also "Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek Sign Archiving Agreement," http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/press/pressitem.asp?ref=83&site=1
10) Digital Preservation
National Digital Information Infrastructure for Preservation (NDIIPP) [US] http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/
A federally-funded project, administered by the Library of Congress, to explore and design a distributed infrastructure for preserving "born digital" materials.
See also:
Digital Curation Centre (DCC) [UK]
Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) [UK]
Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) [Australia]
11) Online Communities
Mark Kornbluh and colleagues, at The Center for Humane Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences Online, Michigan State University: 100 free electronic, edited, interactive newsletters; over 100,000 subscribers in more than 90 countries.
12) Legislation
Public Access to Science Act (HR 2613) -- The Sabo Bill
SPONSOR: Representative Martin Olav Sabo D-MN
STATUS: Introduced in the House, 06/26/03
Amends Federal copyright law to declare copyright protection unavailable to any work produced pursuant to scientific research substantially funded by the Federal Government.
Requires any Federal department or agency that enters into a funding agreement with any person for the performance of scientific research to include in the agreement a statement that copyright protection is not available for any work produced pursuant to such research under the agreement. Expresses the sense of Congress that any Federal department or agency that enters into such funding agreements should make every effort to develop and support mechanisms for making the published results of the research conducted pursuant to the agreements freely and easily available to the scientific community, the private sector, physicians, and the public.
13) Articles that Exemplify Types of "New Scholarship".
Thomas III, William G., Edward L. Ayers. "The Difference Slavery Made: A Close
Analysis of Two American Communities." University of Virginia.
http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/AHR/ (accessed June 10, 2004).
return to top >>
Copyright © 2005 Digital Library Federation. All rights reserved.
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What is the font family and the sizes used in Stackexchange Math content and headings?
I think it is a readable font. It would be nice if we use it also in web pages involving mathjax. If it is not free, is there a similar font family which is free to use on webpages?

subset: commoncrawl


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REDFORD, Mich. (AP) — President Barack Obama says right-to-work legislation in Michigan is more about politics than economics. He is criticizing a measure that would prevent requiring non-union employees to financially support unions at their workplace.
Obama received loud applause at a Michigan engine plant when he said we shouldn't be "taking away your rights to bargain for better wages and working conditions."
The president says that the right-to-work bills are more about "giving you the right to work for less money."
The Michigan House and Senate approved the legislation last week. Democrats have urged Republican Gov. Rick Snyder to veto the measure that he has pledged to sign.
The Republican-controlled Legislature is expected to take final action on the bills as early as Tuesday.


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On Tuesday, the EU's General Court ruled that, in the case of Bank Saderat, there was insufficient evidence demonstrating that the bank was involved in Iran's nuclear program. Last week, the court issued a similar ruling in the case of Bank Mellat, the largest private sector lender in Iran. Boycotted by the EU since July 2010 and blocked out of Swift since March 2012, the two banks had filed suit with the European court to challenge those sanctions. EU governments now have two months to appeal the recent decisions.
The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, or Swift, is a worldwide financial messaging network to facilitate the interbank transfer of funds. Speaking after a news conference in Dubai, Swift's chief executive Gottfried Leibbrandt indicated that talks are continuing with European regulators about the appropriateness of requiring Swift to impose sanctions on countries such as Iran.
A global network for the transfer of funds loses some of its effectiveness once its neutrality becomes tarnished, because any member of the network could be similarly targeted without recourse.
Leibbrandt said, "There is a dialogue going on around the trade-off between using us as a sanctions tool for other countries and impeding our role as really serving as a global infrastructure mechanism." He added that "there are lots of alternatives to Swift" and international transactions can still be executed by sending instructions via telephone or email, but such alternatives are "not as secure as Swift and [lack] the convenience factor."
One such alternative is the gold bullion trade. Buyers of Iranian oil and gas must deposit payment in a local bank account and it cannot be transferred abroad. Iran sells natural gas to Turkey and receives payment in Turkish lira, which are then used to purchase gold bars in Turkey. Couriers using hand luggage carry the bullion to Dubai, where it is sold for foreign currency or shipped to Iran.
Turkish Economy Minister Zafer Caglayan said, "We will continue to make our gold exports this year to whoever seeks them. We have no restrictions and are not bound by restrictions imposed by others." Turkey was granted a six-month U.S. waiver that exempted it from financial sanctions against Iran but the waiver is due to expire in July. Also in December, the U.S. Senate passed expanded sanctions on trade with Iran which included restricting trade in precious metals.
Caglayan maintained that Turkey's state-owned Halkbank will continue its existing transactions with Iran but some other banks had pulled back in response to U.S. pressure since those private banks had activities in the U.S.
Also, Washington has warned Moscow on the implications for Russian banks and has sanctioned the parent company of Russia's Mir Business Bank, state-owned Bank Melli Iran, claiming that the Moscow-based bank has become a conduit for Iranian's seeking to keep trade flowing. "Only problem is Russians don't care what we think," according to Jim Rickards, author of Currency Wars: The Making of the Next Crisis.
In the meantime, over 30 cases are still pending at the EU General Court, including cases filed by the Central Bank of Iran and the National Iranian Oil Company.
Follow author on Twitter.


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Barbra Streisand is set to return to the Tony Awards stage for the first time since 1970! The legendary EGOT and show business icon will present at the 2016 Tony Awards on June 12.
As previously announced, Broadway's biggest night will also feature appearances by Oprah Winfrey, Cate Blanchett, 2016 Tony Nominees Steve Martin and Edie Brickell, Carole King, Audra McDonald, Saoirse Ronan, Patina Miller and Nathan Lane, among others. Additional presenters will be announced soon.
While Streisand hasn't appeared on the Tony Awards since 1970, Broadway has never left her. Streisand next releases Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway, her third Great White Way album, later in 2016. Streisand's The Broadway Album and Back to Broadway released in 1985 and 1993, respectfully, both went multi-platinum. Streisand's appearance at the Tony Awards precedes the legendary recording artist's nine-city August North American concert tour: The Music...The Mem'ries...The Magic! She made her Main Stem debut in 1962's I Can Get It for You Wholesale, before two years later going on to headline Funny Girl.
Hosted by Tony winner James Corden, the event will take place at the Beacon Theatre and air on CBS.


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Top 7 Human Evolution Discoveries From South Africa
The search for humans' most ancient ancestors began in South Africa, where some of paleoanthropology's most iconic fossils have been found
South Africa plays a central role in the history of paleoanthropology. Anthropologists and other scientists of the 19th and early 20th century balked at the possibility that Africa was humankind's homeland—until an ancient hominid was unearthed in South Africa in 1924. Since then, Africa has become the center of human evolution fieldwork, and South Africa has produced a number of iconic hominid fossils and artifacts. Here is a totally subjective list of the country's most important hominid discoveries.
Taung Child: In 1924, anatomist Raymond Dart pried a tiny fossilized partial skull and brain from a lump of rock. The bones were the remains of a child. The youngster looked like an ape, but Dart also recognized some human qualities. He decided he had found a human ancestor that was so ancient it was still ape-like in many ways. (Later, scientists would determine the bones were nearly three million years old). Dart named the hominid Australopithecus africanus. The Taung Child, known by the name of the place where the fossils came from, was the first australopithecine ever discovered—and the first early hominid found in Africa. After the discovery, anthropologists who were searching for humanity's origins in Europe and Asia switched their attention to Africa.
Mrs. Ples: Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, paleontologist Robert Broom led the efforts to find hominids in South Africa. He scoured the region's limestone caves and quarries—the Taung Child came from a quarry—and was well rewarded for his efforts. Of the numerous fossils he uncovered (sometimes with the help of dynamite), his most influential find was a roughly 2.5-million-year-old skull of an adult female hominid now known as Mrs. Ples. Unearthed in 1947 at a site called Sterkfontein, the skull was well preserved and displayed the same mix of ape and human features seen in the Taung Child. Finding an adult version of A. africanus helped convince skeptics that the species was an ancient human ancestor. Some anatomists had thought Taung was just an ape and would have developed more pronounced ape-like features, and lost its human-like traits, as it grew up. Instead, Mrs. Ples showed that the species retained its mix of human and ape traits throughout life.
STS 14: Another one of Broom's key finds is a set of well-preserved post-cranial bones that includes a pelvis, partial spine, ribs and upper thigh. Like Mrs. Ples, these fossils were found in 1947 at Sterkfontein and date to about 2.5 million years ago. The bones are officially known as STS 14 (STS refers to Sterkfontein) and presumably belonged to an A. africanus individual. The shape of the pelvis and spine are remarkably modern, and the find was some of the first evidence that early human ancestors walked upright on two legs.
SK 48: In addition to finding a trove of A. africanus specimens, Broom, along with his many assistants, discovered a new hominid species: Paranthropus robustus. The first hints of the species came in 1938 when Broom acquired a jaw fragment and molar that were much larger and thicker than any fossils belonging to A. africanus. Broom collected more of the unusual fossils and then hit the jackpot in 1950. A quarry worker found a nearly complete skull of an adult hominid that had giant teeth and a flat face. The fossil is officially called SK 48 (SK refers to the cave of Swartkrans where the skull was found). The collection of fossils with big chompers, which the hominids used to chew tough foods, was given the name P. robustus, which lived in South Africa about 1.8 million to 1.2 million years ago.
Little Foot: In the early 1990s, anthropologist Ron Clarke of South Africa's University of the Witwatersrand found four small australopithecine foot bones at Sterkfontein. Later, Clarke and his colleagues discovered a nearly complete skeleton embedded in limestone that belonged to the foot. The researchers are still carefully chipping away at the rock to release the skeleton, dubbed Little Foot, but they have already noted that the individual has some characteristics not seen in any other known species of Australopithecus. But since the bones haven't been fully studied and shared with other scientists, it's hard to know where the hominid sits in the family tree, Science reported last year. It's also hard to know exactly how old it is. Clarke's team places the fossils at 3.3 million years old while other groups using different dating methods say Little Foot is more like 2.2 million years old. Science reported that Little Foot was expected to be fully liberated from its rocky enclosure sometime this year. As far as I know, that hasn't happened yet.
Australopithecus sediba: The most recent major hominid fossil discovery in South Africa occurred in 2010. Lee Berger of the University of the Witwatersrand led a team that found two partial hominid skeletons at Malapa Cave. Dating to nearly two million years ago, the skeletons indicate that these hominids had their own unique style of walking and spent time both on the ground and in trees. X-ray scans of one of the skulls reveals that some aspects of the brain were more modern than in previous species. Berger and his colleagues therefore think the species, which they named A. sediba, could have given rise to the genus Homo.
Origins of Modern Behavior: Fossils aren't the only major human evolution discoveries from South Africa. Several coastal cave sites have been treasure troves of artifacts that reveal when and how sophisticated behavior and culture emerged in early populations of Homo sapiens. There have been too many of these discoveries to single any one out. Some of these finds—such as red pigments used 164,000 years ago and shell beads dating to 77,000 years ago—are among the earliest evidence for symbolic thinking in our ancestors. Other artifacts, like 71,000-year-old projectile weapons, indicate early humans could construct complicated, multipart tools that require a lot of planning and foresight to make.


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Tax Foundation
The Tax Foundation is the oldest non-profit tax think tank in the country, founded in 1937. Its stated mission is "to educate taxpayers about sound tax policy and the size of the tax burden borne by Americans at all levels of government." It also argues for a tax system characterized by "simplicity", "neutrality", "stability", "transparency" and "growth-promotion".[1] Tax Foundation is an "associate" member of the State Policy Network, a web of right-wing "think tanks" in every state across the country.[2]
It was founded at the University Club in New York. Founding members included:
- Alfred P. Sloan, General Motors Corporation, chairman
- Donaldson Brown, General Motors Corporation financial vice president
- William S. Farish, Standard Oil Company, President
- Lewis H. Brown, President of the Johns-Manville Corporation
Its first chairman was Lewis H. Brown.
The Tax Foundation publishes studies on state on federal tax burdens, costs of tax compliance, and others like the impact of cigarette taxes on smuggling. The major public campaign of the Tax Foundation is its annual Tax Freedom Day, which calculates the total state and federal tax burden of the nation as a percentage of national income, and converts that into the portion of the year taxpayers must "work to pay taxes".
Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council
The Tax Foundation's President, Scott A. Hodge, participated in the 2011 American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) Annual Meeting, speaking on the "Corporate Taxes and International Competitiveness Panel" in front of the Tax and Fiscal Policy Task Force, and the Foundation's Vice President of Legal and State Projects, Joe Henchman, introduced the "Resolution Urging Congress to Cut the Federal Corporate Tax Rate" model policy at the same meeting.[3]
About ALEC |
ALEC is a corporate bill mill. It is not just a lobby or a front group; it is much more powerful than that. Through ALEC, corporations hand state legislators their wishlists to benefit their bottom line. Corporations fund almost all of ALEC's operations. They pay for a seat on ALEC task forces where corporate lobbyists and special interest reps vote with elected officials to approve "model" bills. Learn more at the Center for Media and Democracy's ALECexposed.org, and check out breaking news on our ExposedbyCMD.org site.
The Tax Foundation is funded by private donations from members, corporate donations, and donations from charitable foundation such as the Koch Foundation, Earhart Foundation, etc.
Board of Directors
On its website the Tax Foundation lists its board of directors, as of March 2009, as being:[4]
- Dr. Wayne Gable (Chairman), Koch Charitable Foundations
- James W. Lintott (Treasurer), Sterling Foundation Management LLC
- The Honorable Bill Archer, PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP
- Dr. R. Glenn Hubbard, Columbia Business School
- David P. Lewis, Eli Lilly and Company
- Scott A. Hodge (Secretary, Ex-Officio), Tax Foundation
- Scott A. Hodge, President
- William Ahern, Director of Communications
Former personnel
- Julie Burden, Director of Development
Contact Details
Tax Foundation
2001 L Street NW, Suite 1050
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 464-6200
Fax: (202) 464-6201
Website: http://www.taxfoundation.org
External Resources
- GradingTheStates.org provides critical analysis of the Tax Foundation's State Business Tax Climate Index and other "business rankings." Grading the States is a project of the Iowa Policy Project, overseen by economist Peter Fisher, professor emeritus at the University of Iowa.
- ↑ "About the Tax Foundation", accessed March 2009.
- ↑ State Policy Network, Directory, State Policy Network, 2016.
- ↑ American Legislative Exchange Council, "Tax and Fiscal Policy Task Force Meeting," agenda and meeting materials, August 4, 2011, on file with CMD
- ↑ "Tax Foundation Board of Directors", Tax Foundation website, accessed March 2009.
For more information
- Scott A. Hodge, Celebrating Our 65th Year, Tax Features (Tax Foundation newsletter), September 2002


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I get back from leading a study tour in Israel next week, but until then we are wrapping up part three of a series called Jesus, the Conquering Messiah.
My good friend and mentor Dr. Stephen Manley preaches from Matthew 27 and focuses upon the trials and death of Jesus Christ.
Interestingly, Matthew gives three key witnesses to the Messiahship of Jesus Christ—all of whom are the enemies of Jesus.
Listen to and Download the Episode
Show Notes / Additional Resources
- Learn more about Stephen Manley
Join the Conversation
Leave a response or ask a question and we will try to address it in a future episode.
The difficulty with podcasts is that they are one-sided—so each week I ask one question for you to participate in the conversation. Head over to the deeperChristian Facebook page to leave a comment and join in the conversation.
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About NRJohnson & the Deeper Christian Podcast
NRJohnson (Nathan Johnson) is a Christian who has an overwhelming passion for Jesus, the Gospel, and Studying God's Word. He is a writer, teacher, and communicator who helps other believers understand and apply the Bible as they grow and mature in their faith—desiring that they gain greater intimacy with Christ, experience the victorious Christian life, and transform the world through the power of the indwelling Holy Spirit. Read more about him here.
The Deeper Christian Podcast is the podcast to help you study God's Word, know Jesus intimately, and discover how you can build your life around Jesus Christ. This weekly audio program, hosted by NRJohnson, dives into Scripture and encourages Christians to keep their focus upon Jesus Christ—equipping believers in how to study the Bible and know God's Word, grow in their spiritual lives, and change the world. Main discussion topics center around practical advice on Christian living, Bible study, prayer, the Gospel, freedom from sin, evangelism and how to share your faith, the Christian disciplines, and the lives and messages from the Christian heroes from yesteryear such as A.W. Tozer, Charles Spurgeon, Major Ian Thomas, Oswald Chambers, Hudson Taylor, Amy Carmichael, Corrie Ten Boom, C.T. Studd, George Müller, Andrew Murray, Leonard Ravenhill, E.M. Bounds, and others. Learn more about the deeper Christian life.


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To install solar panels at your home or business you must fill apply for a residential or commercial building permit. View the "Additional Requirements" section on the building permit page for solar panel guidelines and checklists.
Show All Answers
The City licenses companies to collect garbage and recycling for residents; the City itself does not pick up trash and recycling. Residents are responsible for contacting haulers and setting up their own recycling and garbage services.


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Naomi Watts as Princess Diana: How Does She Look?
Naomi Watts is starring as Princess Diana in the upcoming biopic 'Caught in Flight' and recently stepped out for the first time in character to film a scene from the movie. Now that we see what she looks like, is she right for the role?
Watts signed on for the role after Jessica Chastain ('The Help') was forced to drop out. The film, directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel ('Downfall'), takes place largely during the last two years of Diana's life, though this particular scene Watts was filming, was a fundraiser for the Royal Opera House, which was her first public appearance in England.
When she signed on for the part, Watts had this to say on playing Lady Di:
It is such an honor to be able to play this iconic role – Princess Diana was loved across the world, and I look forward to rising to the challenge of playing her on screen.
'Caught in Flight' is scheduled to hit theaters in 2013. What do you think of Naomi Watts as Princess Di? Does she have the look down?


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Professional baseball pitchers are able to make a baseball move left, right, down, and even up (sort of) to get it by the opposing batter. The physics behind this can be explained by the Magnus effect.
It's All in the Spin
After leaving a pitcher's hand, a baseball pitch is influenced by three forces: gravity, drag, and the Magnus force. Gravity pulls the ball downwards, drag slows the ball down, and the Magnus force… Well, that depends on the pitch. As the ball spins in its flight path, pressure variations form on it and the Magnus effect generates a force perpendicular to the motion of the ball in the direction of the spin. For a more detailed explanation of how the Magnus effect works, check out my colleague Ed Fontes' great explanation in a related blog post on curving a soccer ball.
In baseball, a pitcher has more control over the spin of the ball than in any other sport. A pitcher can spin the ball to add topspin, backspin, or sidespin depending on the pitch they want to throw. The degree of difficulty in throwing each pitch varies based on the spin. The margin of error is lower as the difficulty rises.
Breaking Down the Pitches
Fastballs are the easiest pitches to throw as they are only slightly affected by the Magnus force. A four-seam fastball is a pitcher's main pitch, thrown the most often. There is a natural tendency to add backspin to the ball as it is released. The backspin points the Magnus force up, causing the ball to fall slower than other pitches, imparting the illusion that the ball is rising. Other fastballs, such as the two-seam and cutter, are thrown with spin, but are moving too fast for the Magnus effect to change their position drastically.
Fastball. Thrown by a right-handed pitcher, as seen by the batter. Baseball geometry created using COMSOL Multiphysics.
Breaking Balls
Breaking balls are the pitches that most rely on the Magnus force to be effective. The curveball is the most important breaking ball and almost all starting pitchers in Major League Baseball (MLB) must have one in their arsenal. As the pitcher releases the ball, he snaps his wrist over the ball, putting immense amounts of spin on it. This causes the ball to break down and left diagonally (for a right-handed pitcher). If thrown correctly, the curveball can be devastatingly effective, causing the batters to look silly, either by making them swing at pitches in the dirt or even duck out of the way of pitches that end up in the strike zone.
Curveball. Starts outside and then curves in for a strike.
A slider is thrown with horizontal spin, causing the ball to break laterally (right to left for a right-handed pitcher). A screwball is thrown with similar spin to a curveball, except it breaks down and right instead of left (for a right-handed pitcher). There are other types of breaking balls that pitchers employ, but they are mainly variations of the pitches described here. For example, a 12-6 curveball breaks straight down, without any lateral movement.
Slider. Looks like a fastball before sliding away out of the strike zone.
Screwball. Looks like a fastball before curving down and out of the strike zone.
The Knuckleball
The knuckleball is the most majestic pitch of all and the Magnus effect is actually its enemy. A knuckleball is ideally thrown to rotate just once on its way to the catcher. The lack of spin causes a Karman vortex street to be formed behind the ball, as explained by Ed in the World Cup™ blog post. The Karman vortex street causes tiny fluctuations in the ball's movement, enough to throw off a hitter. In fact, with a great knuckleball, not even the pitcher can know where it will end up. If a knuckleball is thrown with too much spin, it will be easier to hit because the Magnus effect causes both uniformity in the ball's movement and a straight ball path. When thrown correctly, the ball dances from side-to-side, as seen in this GIF.
The Key to Effective Baseball Pitches
The key to effective pitching is mixing the different types of pitches together to keep the batter guessing and off balance. A pitcher also has to mask the pitches as they are thrown, in order to not tip the batter off to where the ball is going.
Take a Closer Look at the Physics Behind Additional Sports
- Here on the COMSOL Blog, we feature a number of posts relating to the physics of sports. Browse them here.


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Black Duck Software CEO Tim Yeaton Rejoins Red Hat To Lead Newly-Formed Infrastructure Group
-- Red Hat realigns Products and Technologies organization to capitalize on open hybrid cloud, next-generation technologies
-- Longtime Red Hat executive Craig Muzilla to lead newly-formed Applications Platform Group
RALEIGH, N.C.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Red Hat, Inc. (NYSE: RHT), the world's leading provider of open source solutions, today announced that Tim Yeaton, former chief executive officer of Black Duck Software and a onetime Red Hat executive, has rejoined Red Hat in the newly-created position of senior vice president, Infrastructure Group. In this capacity, Yeaton will oversee the products and programs that are driving Red Hat's infrastructure and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) business, including the Platform, Virtualization and OpenStack businesses, and Red Hat's Cloud Management product line. Yeaton joins Red Hat as the company realigns its existing Products and Technologies organization to take advantage of technology convergence – from Linux and OpenStack to middleware and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) – and capitalize on growing interest in open hybrid cloud.
In addition to the Infrastructure Group led by Yeaton, Red Hat also today appointed its longtime Middleware general manager, Craig Muzilla, as senior vice president of the company's newly-formed Applications Platform Group. In his new role, Muzilla will be responsible for Red Hat's developer-focused products and programs, including Red Hat JBoss Middleware and OpenShift by Red Hat, the company's PaaS offering. As head of Red Hat's Middleware business, Muzilla has been instrumental in helping to drive Red Hat's multi-product strategy and diverse portfolio, establish Red Hat as one of the industry's top middleware providers, greatly expand the company's middleware offerings, and increase its presence among developers. Red Hat's Storage and Big Data team will continue to operate as a separate business, led by Sarangan Rangachari.
Yeaton brings more than 30 years of software and technology management experience to his new role at Red Hat. Under Yeaton's leadership as its CEO, Black Duck has experienced more than 30 percent annualized year-over-year growth, completed three major acquisitions, created a joint venture in greater China, and built a worldwide operation with a presence in 23 countries. Prior to joining Black Duck, Yeaton was chief marketing officer at EqualLogic until its acquisition by Dell in 2008, and as Dell's Vice President of the Nashua (N.H.) Design Center, he led the integration of the two companies and managed Dell's operations in the region.
Prior to EqualLogic, Yeaton spent several years at Red Hat as senior vice president of Worldwide Marketing and general manager of Enterprise Solutions. During his first tenure at Red Hat, Yeaton was instrumental in expanding the company's business into the developer and middleware markets with acquisitions of JBoss and MetaMatrix, and built go-to-market partnerships with companies including IBM, HP, Dell, Oracle, and several others.
Earlier in his career, Yeaton was president, CEO and director of Avaki Corporation, a venture-backed data management software company acquired by Sybase (now part of SAP). Before Avaki he was senior vice president and general manager of the Server Products Division at Macromedia (now part of Adobe), via its acquisition of Allaire where he served as senior vice president of Products. Tim spent the early part of his career at Compaq and Digital Equipment Corporation, including a role as vice president and general manager of Compaq's UNIX/Linux and Middleware Software Division, where he drove Compaq's pre-IPO investment in Red Hat.
In 2009 Yeaton was named one of the Most Influential People in the Open Source Software Industry, in a survey by Mindtouch. In 2010 he was named a COPU Think Tank Advisor, which recognizes the key global thought leaders in open source software. Also in 2010, the Mass. Technology Leadership Council named Yeaton a finalist for CEO of the Year.
Supporting Quotes
Paul Cormier, president, Products and Technologies, Red Hat
"Over the last decade, open source and Linux have moved from a pure commodity play in the enterprise to the defining software development model in the industry. The cloud, and cloud-style computing, would simply not exist as we know them today without Linux and open source. Red Hat is in the unique position of driving many of the significant open source community projects that are driving next-generation enterprise technologies, and also bringing them to market. By realigning our Products and Technologies organization, we're well-positioned for success in driving these next-gen infrastructure, IaaS, and developer offerings. I'm thrilled to welcome Tim back to Red Hat at this exciting time to lead our Infrastructure Group, and to congratulate Craig as he steps into a new role leading our Applications Platform Group."
Tim Yeaton, senior vice president, Infrastructure Group, Red Hat
"The IT industry is at its most dramatic architectural inflection point since the advent of client-server computing two decades ago – the emergence of cloud-based computing. Most of the innovation happening in cloud infrastructure, as well as in cloud enablement such as big data, mobility, cloud management, etc., is being catalyzed by open source technologies and community-driven development. Red Hat has an incredible opportunity to lead these shifts in IT, and its open hybrid cloud vision resonates strongly with many enterprise IT customers I've worked with over the last five years while at Black Duck. For me, the opportunity to rejoin Red Hat and lead the Group at the core of these industry changes is a once-in-a-lifetime one, and I'm very excited to be back at Red Hat and helping to drive the realization of the open hybrid cloud vision."
Connect with Red Hat
- Learn more about Red Hat
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About Red Hat, Inc.
Red Hat is the world's leading provider of open source software solutions, taking a community-powered approach to reliable and high-performing cloud, Linux, middleware, storage and virtualization technologies. Red Hat also offers award-winning support, training, and consulting services. As the connective hub in a global network of enterprises, partners, and open source communities, Red Hat helps create relevant, innovative technologies that liberate resources for growth and prepare customers for the future of IT. Learn more at http://www.redhat.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements contained in this press release may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including: risks related to delays or reductions in information technology spending; the effects of industry consolidation; the ability of the Company to compete effectively; the integration of acquisitions and the ability to market successfully acquired technologies and products; uncertainty and adverse results in litigation and related settlements; the inability to adequately protect Company intellectual property and the potential for infringement or breach of license claims of or relating to third party intellectual property; the ability to deliver and stimulate demand for new products and technological innovations on a timely basis; risks related to data and information security vulnerabilities; ineffective management of, and control over, the Company's growth and international operations; fluctuations in exchange rates; and changes in and a dependence on key personnel, as well as other factors contained in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K (copies of which may be accessed through the Securities and Exchange Commission's website at http://www.sec.gov), including those found therein under the captions "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations". In addition to these factors, actual future performance, outcomes, and results may differ materially because of more general factors including (without limitation) general industry and market conditions and growth rates, economic and political conditions, governmental and public policy changes and the impact of natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. The forward-looking statements included in this press release represent the Company's views as of the date of this press release and these views could change. However, while the Company may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, the Company specifically disclaims any obligation to do so. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing the Company's views as of any date subsequent to the date of this press release.
Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, and JBoss are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries. The OpenStack mark is either a registered trademark/service mark or trademark/service mark of the OpenStack Foundation, in the United States and other countries, and is used with the OpenStack Foundation's permission. We are not affiliated with, endorsed or sponsored by the OpenStack Foundation, or the OpenStack community.
Red Hat, Inc.
Stephanie Wonderlick, 571-421-8169
[email protected]
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Blog Marketing for Business
- Why Blogs are Important to Web Marketers
- Courting Third-Party Blog Placements
- Running a Company or Product Blog
Blogs are an important part of the social media universe, and a key component in web marketing strategy of many businesses. How can you incorporate blogs into your web marketing mix? There are two key waysyou can run your own blog, or you target third-party blogs for your public relations efforts. Or, better yet, you can do both.
Why Blogs are Important to Web Marketers
Blogs have been around for a number of years now, long enough for there to have been a generational change in the blogosphere. Many early blogs were personal diaries, hosted by individuals sharing their thoughts and opinions. These personal blogs are in decline, with individuals gravitating to Facebook and other social networks to post their musings.
In their wake, the blogosphere has turned more professionaland, in many cases, commercial. The most popular blogs today are those that disseminate professional news and opinions, across a range of topics. Many of these blogs offer independent news and reviews; other blogs are run by companies promoting and supporting their brands and products.
As such, consumers have come to rely on the blogosphere as a primary source of product information, both pre- and post-purchase. They read "news and reviews" blogs to learn more about and compare products they're thinking about purchasing, and visit company blogs to pick up more detailed brand and product information.
For this reason, smart marketers incorporate both types of blogging activities into their web marketing plans. Third-party blogs are targeted as part of the company's online PR efforts, while in-house blogs are created to support the company's brands and products. The combination of third-party and in-house blog exposure reaches the largest potential audience with, if done properly, a unified marketing message.


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Please Note: The Archdiocesan Archives, as a repository for historical texts and ephemera, serves the professional, academic, and theological community. The Archives do not contain sacramental records (such as marriage and baptism certificates), and cannot provide such documents, nor does the archives provide genealogical services. Please visit the Registry Department for such matters.
Contact Information
8 East 79th Street, New York, NY 10075-0106
Tel.: (212) 570-3517
Email: [email protected]
Web: archives.goarch.org
The mission of the Department of Archives & Resource Center is to systematically collect, organize, catalogue, and maintain the documents relating to the history of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America and the Greek-American Community. As a repository of select resources, the department's goal is to preserve our indelible past, chronicle our present and to provide a valuable resource center for future generations interested in the unique history of our Holy Archdiocese, the vast richness of our Greek Orthodox Faith and Hellenism in America.
The Department of Archives is one of the most important ministries of our Holy Archdiocese. It is and has great potential of becoming a repository of select resources that bear witness to the unique history of our Holy Archdiocese and the vast richness of our Greek Orthodox Faith in the Americas. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America has amassed a unique and valuable collection of materials relating to the history of the Greek people, their culture and religion in the Americas. This material continues to be an important linchpin to the present-day life of the Community.
Historical Development
Since the establishment of the first Greek Orthodox Church in 1892, the evolution of the Greek American community has become a primary concern of the Church and her leadership. Thus, through the work of this vital department, the preservation of historical documents of the Greek Orthodox Church and Hellenism in the Americas has become a priority. Established more than thirty years ago, the Department of Archives has undertaken the task of systematically evaluating, organizing and classifying voluminous files, dating as far back as 1905. These documents, which preceded the formal establishment of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America, record the history, progress and growth of the Church and her institutions, the Greek American community and numerous fraternal, social, cultural and educational organizations. The Department of Archives, once envisioned only as a dream, has now become a reality. After many years of work, the records of our history represent a professional approach to the preservation of our Greek Orthodox heritage in the Americas. The Department of Archives has undertaken a long-term project to digitize documents, photographs, artwork and objects that reflect the history of the Archdiocese and its members. The digital preservation of the Archives has been made possible through generous grants from the Niarchos Foundation, the Stephan and Catherine Pappas Foundation and the Archbishop Iakovos Leadership 100 Endowment Fund.
Saint Athanasios Theological School,1922, Astoria, NY


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Aeternum Plaid in pure Cashmere
Aeternum Plaid in pure Cashmere
Regular price
Regular price
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Single blanket in pure cashmere. This elegant plaid with fringes is characterized by its softness and pleasant touch sensation. Perfect for relaxing moments on the bed or sofa.
Composition: 100% Cashmere
Dimension: 150 x 180
Made in Italy
Made in Italy
I nostri prodotti "Made in Italy" riflettono l'eleganza senza tempo e l'artigianato di alta qualità.
Worldwide Express Delivery
Worldwide Express Delivery
The sending of all our garments is always free. Express Worldwide Delivery carried out from Monday to Friday.
Always Free Returns
Always Free Returns
We always guarantee 30 days to return or exchange. We are happy to offer this option to all our customers.
Exclusive Packaging
Exclusive Packaging
An emotional moment, the special packaging by Piacenza Cashmere.


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Very high-temperature properties of materials are a vital concern in many applications such as power generation, aerospace and automotive. Our standard range of furnaces covers temperatures up to +1600 °C in air, with engineered solutions available to cater for height and width variants.
These three zone resistance wire wound furnaces are of split construction to facilitate fast and easy loading of a pre-assembled specimen train. The case is constructed from stainless steel with aluminium and hardened insulation board end plates. The optional front cut-out allows the use of side-entry high-temperature extensometry. Adjustable stainless steel latches keep the furnace halves locked together during use, but are then easily opened once testing is complete. The furnace is available with optional heavy duty brackets or mountings, which attach to a wide range of testing systems. An extensive range of standard controllers is available to suit most test regimes. Custom variants can be specified should the standard range not include a suitable unit.