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Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1857. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838 and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in Northern England, the East Midlands, the Staffordshire Potteries, the Black Country, and the South Wales Valleys. Support for the movement was at its highest in 1816, 1822, and 1848, when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to the House of Commons. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede manhood suffrage. Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though there were some who became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in south Wales , Yorkshire.
The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic:
- A vote for every man twenty-one years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for a crime.
- The secret ballot to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote.
- No property qualification for Members of Parliament in order to allow the constituencies to return the man of their choice.
- Payment of Members, enabling tradesmen, working men, or other persons of modest means to leave or interrupt their livelihood to attend to the interests of the nation.
- Equal constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing less populous constituencies to have as much or more weight than larger ones.
- Annual Parliamentary elections, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since no purse could buy a constituency under a system of universal manhood suffrage in each twelve-month period.
Chartists saw themselves fighting against political corruption and for democracy in an industrial society, but attracted support beyond the radical political groups for economic reasons, such as opposing wage cuts and unemployment.[1][2]
After the passing of the Reform Act 1832, which failed to extend the vote beyond those owning property, the political leaders of the working class made speeches claiming that there had been a great act of betrayal. This sense that the working class had been betrayed by the middle class was strengthened by the actions of the Whig governments of the 1830s. Notably, the hated new Poor Law Amendment was passed in 1834, depriving working people of outdoor relief and driving the poor into workhouses, where families were separated. It was the massive wave of opposition to this measure in the north of England in the late 1830s that gave Chartism the numbers that made it a mass movement. It seemed that only securing the vote for working men would change things, and indeed Dorothy Thompson, the pre-eminent historian of Chartism, defined the movement as the time when "thousands of working people considered that their problems could be solved by the political organization of the country."[3]:1 In 1836 the London Working Men's Association was founded by William Lovett and Henry Hetherington,[4] providing a platform for Chartists in the south east. The origins of Chartism in Wales can be traced to the foundation in the autumn of 1836 of Carmarthen Working Men's Association.[5]
Both nationally and locally a Chartist press thrived in the form of periodicals, which were important to the movement for their news, editorials, poetry and (especially in 1848) reports on international developments. They reached a huge audience.[6] The Poor Man's Guardian in the 1830s, edited by Henry Hetherington, dealt with questions of class solidarity, manhood suffrage, property, and temperance; and condemned the Reform Act of 1832. The paper explored the rhetoric of violence versus non-violence, or what its writers referred to as moral versus physical force.[7] It was succeeded as the voice of radicalism by an even more famous paper: the Northern Star. The Star was published between 1837 and 1852, and in 1839 was the best-selling provincial newspaper in Britain, with a circulation of 50,000 copies. Like other Chartist papers it was often read aloud in coffee houses, workplaces and the open air.[8] Other Chartist periodicals included the Northern Liberator (1837–40), English Chartist Circular (1841–3), and the Midland Counties' Illuminator (1841). The papers gave justifications for the demands of the People's Charter, accounts of local meetings, commentaries on education and temperance and a great deal of poetry. Readers also found denunciations of imperialism—the First Opium War (1839–42) was condemned—and of the arguments of free traders about the civilizing and pacifying influences of free trade.[9]
People's Charter of 1838
In 1837, six Members of Parliament and six working men, including William Lovett (from the London Working Men's Association, set up in 1836) formed a committee, which in 1838 published the People's Charter. This set out the six main aims of the movement.[10] The achievement of these aims would give working men a say in law-making: they would be able to vote, and their vote would be protected by a secret ballot; and they would be able to stand for election to the House of Commons as a result of the removal of property qualifications and the introduction of payment for MPs. None of these demands were new, but the People's Charter was to become one of the most famous political manifestos of 19th century Britain.
Chartism was launched in 1838 by a series of enormous meetings in Birmingham, Glasgow and the north of England. A huge meeting was held on Kersal Moor, Kersal near Salford, Lancashire on 24 September 1838 with speakers from all over the country. Speaking in favour of manhood suffrage, Joseph Rayner Stephens declared that Chartism was a "knife and fork, a bread and cheese question".[11] These words indicate the importance of economic factors in the launch of Chartism. If, as the movement came together, there were different priorities amongst local leaders, the Charter and the Star soon created a national, and largely united, campaign of national protest. John Bates, an activist, recalled:
There were [radical] associations all over the county, but there was a great lack of cohesion. One wanted the ballot, another manhood suffrage and so on ... The radicals were without unity of aim and method, and there was but little hope of accomplishing anything. When, however, the People's Charter was drawn up ... clearly defining the urgent demands of the working class, we felt we had a real bond of union; and so transformed our Radical Association into local Chartist centres ...[3]:60
The movement organised a National Convention in London in early 1839 to facilitate the presentation of the first petition. Delegates used the term MC, Member of Convention, to identify themselves; the convention undoubtedly saw itself as an alternative parliament.[12]:19 In June 1839, the petition, signed by 1.3 million working people, was presented to the House of Commons, but MPs voted, by a large majority, not to hear the petitioners. At the Convention, there was talk of a general strike or "sacred month". In the West Riding of Yorkshire and in south Wales, anger went even deeper, and underground preparations for a rising were undoubtedly made.
Newport Rising
Several outbreaks of violence ensued, leading to arrests and trials. One of the leaders of the movement, John Frost, on trial for treason, claimed in his defence that he had toured his territory of industrial Wales urging people not to break the law, although he was himself guilty of using language that some might interpret as a call to arms. Dr William Price of Llantrisant—more of a maverick than a mainstream Chartist—described Frost as putting "a sword in my hand and a rope around my neck".[13] Hardly surprisingly, there are no surviving letters outlining plans for insurrection, but physical force Chartists had undoubtedly started organising. By early autumn men were being drilled and armed in south Wales, and also in the West Riding. Secret cells were set up, covert meetings were held in the Chartist Caves at Llangynidr and weapons were manufactured as the Chartists armed themselves. Behind closed doors and in pub back rooms, plans were drawn up for a mass protest.
On the night of 3–4 November 1839 Frost led several thousand marchers through South Wales to the Westgate Hotel, Newport, Monmouthshire, where there was a confrontation. It seems that Frost and other local leaders were expecting to seize the town and trigger a national uprising. The result of the Newport Rising was a disaster for Chartism. The hotel was occupied by armed soldiers. A brief, violent, and bloody battle ensued. Shots were fired by both sides, although most contemporaries agree that the soldiers holding the building had vastly superior firepower. The Chartists were forced to retreat in disarray: more than twenty were killed, at least another fifty wounded.
Testimonies exist from contemporaries, such as the Yorkshire Chartist Ben Wilson, that Newport was to have been the signal for a national uprising. Despite this significant setback the movement remained remarkably buoyant, and remained so until late 1842. Whilst the majority of Chartists, under the leadership of Feargus O'Connor, concentrated on petitioning for Frost, Williams and William Jones to be pardoned, significant minorities in Sheffield and Bradford planned their own risings in response. Samuel Holberry led an abortive rising in Sheffield on 12 January; and on 26 January Robert Peddie attempted similar action in Bradford. In both Sheffield and Bradford spies had kept magistrates aware of the conspirators' plans, and these attempted risings were easily quashed. Frost and two other Newport leaders, Jones and Williams, were transported. Holberry and Peddie received long prison sentences with hard labour; Holberry died in prison and became a Chartist martyr.[1]:135–8,152–7
"1842 was the year in which more energy was hurled against the authorities than in any other of the 19th century".[3]:295 In early May 1842, a second petition, of over three million signatures, was submitted, and was yet again rejected by Parliament. The Northern Star commented on the rejection:
Three and half millions have quietly, orderly, soberly, peaceably but firmly asked of their rulers to do justice; and their rulers have turned a deaf ear to that protest. Three and a half millions of people have asked permission to detail their wrongs, and enforce their claims for RIGHT, and the 'House' has resolved they should not be heard! Three and a half millions of the slave-class have holden out the olive branch of peace to the enfranchised and privileged classes and sought for a firm and compact union, on the principle of EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW; and the enfranchised and privileged have refused to enter into a treaty! The same class is to be a slave class still. The mark and brand of inferiority is not to be removed. The assumption of inferiority is still to be maintained. The people are not to be free.[12]:34
The depression of 1842 led to a wave of strikes, as workers responded to the wage cuts imposed by employers. Calls for the implementation of the Charter were soon included alongside demands for the restoration of wages to previous levels. Working people went on strike in 14 English and 8 Scottish counties, principally in the Midlands, Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, and the Strathclyde region of Scotland. Typically, strikers resolved to cease work until wages were increased "until the People's charter becomes the Law of the Land". How far these strikes were directly Chartist in inspiration "was then, as now, a subject of much controversy".[14] The Leeds Mercury headlined them "The Chartist Insurrection", but suspicion also hung over the Anti-Corn Law League that manufacturers among its members deliberately closed mills to stir-up unrest. At the time, these disputes were collectively known as the Plug Plot as, in many cases, protesters removed the plugs from steam boilers powering industry to prevent their use. Amongst historians writing in the 20th century, the term General Strike was increasingly used.[15][16] Some modern historians prefer the description "strike wave".[1][12] In contrast, Mick Jenkins in his The General Strike of 1842[15] offers a Marxist interpretation, showing the strikes as highly organized with sophisticated political intentions. Unrest began in the Potteries of Staffordshire in early August, spreading north to Cheshire and Lancashire (where at Manchester a meeting of the Chartist national executive endorsed the strikes on the 16th). The strikes had begun spreading in Scotland and West Yorkshire from the 13th. There were outbreaks of serious violence, including property destruction and the ambushing of police convoys, in the Potteries and the West Riding. Though the government deployed soldiers to suppress violence, it was the practical problems in sustaining an indefinite stoppage that ultimately defeated the strikers. The drift back to work began on 19 August. Only Lancashire and Cheshire were still strike-bound by September, the Manchester powerloom weavers being the last to return to work on 26 September.[1]:223
The state hit back. Several Chartist leaders, including O'Connor, George Julian Harney, and Thomas Cooper were arrested. During the late summer of 1842 hundreds were incarcerated – in the Potteries alone 116 men and women went to prison. A smaller number, but still amounting to many dozens – such as William Ellis, who was convicted on perjured evidence – were transported. However, the government's most ambitious prosecution, personally led by the Attorney General, of O'Connor and 57 others (including almost all Chartism's national executive) failed: none were convicted of the serious charges, and those found guilty of minor offences were never actually sentenced. Cooper alone of the national Chartist leadership was convicted (at a different trial), having spoken at strike meetings in the Potteries. He was to write a long, and now unreadable, poem in prison called the Purgatory of Suicides.
Despite this second set of arrests, Chartist activity continued. Beginning in 1843, O'Connor suggested that the land contained the solution to workers' problems. This idea evolved into the Chartist Co-operative Land Company, later called the National Land Company. Workers would buy shares in the company, and the company would use those funds to purchase estates that would be subdivided into 2, 3, and 4 acre (8,000, 12,400 and 16,000 m²) lots. Between 1844 and 1848, five estates were purchased, subdivided, and built on, and then settled by lucky shareholders, who were chosen by lot. Unfortunately for O'Connor, in 1848 a Select Committee was appointed by Parliament to investigate the financial viability of the scheme, and it was ordered that it be shut down. Cottages built by the Chartist Land Company are still standing and inhabited today in Oxfordshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire[17] and on the outskirts of London. Rosedene, a Chartist cottage in Dodford, Worcestershire, is owned and maintained by the National Trust, and is open to visitors by appointment.[18]
Candidates embracing Chartism also stood on numerous occasions in general elections. There were concerted campaigns in the election of 1841 and election of 1847, when O'Connor was elected for Nottingham. Feargus became the only Chartist to be elected an MP; it was a remarkable victory for the movement. More commonly, Chartist candidates participated in the open meetings, called hustings, that were the first stage of an election. They frequently won the show of hands at the hustings, but then withdrew from the poll to expose the deeply undemocratic nature of the electoral system. This is what Harney did in a widely reported challenge against Lord Palmerston in Tiverton, Devon in 1847. The last Chartist challenge at a parliamentary poll took place at Ripon in 1859.[1]:178–83,279–86,339–40
1848 Petition
With O'Connor elected an MP and Europe swept by revolution, it was hardly surprising that Chartism re-emerged as a powerful force in 1848. On 10 April 1848, a new Chartist Convention organised a mass meeting on Kennington Common, which would form a procession to present a third petition to Parliament. The estimate of the number of attendees varies depending on the sources (O'Connor said 300,000; the government, 15,000; The Observer newspaper suggested 50,000). Historians say 150,000.[19]:129–42 The authorities were well aware that the Chartists had no intention of staging an uprising, but were still intent on a large-scale display of force to counter the challenge. 100,000 special constables were recruited to bolster the police force.[20] In any case, the meeting was peaceful. The military had threatened to intervene if working people made any attempt to cross the Thames, and the petition was delivered to Parliament by a small group of Chartist leaders. The Chartists declared that their petition was signed by 6 million people, but House of Commons clerks announced that it was a lesser figure of 1.9 million. In truth, the clerks could not have done their work in the time allocated to them; but their figure was widely reported, along with some of the pseudonyms appended to the petition such as "Punch" and "Sibthorp" (an ultra-Tory MP), and the credibility of Chartism was undermined.
After the defeat of April 1848, there was an increase rather than a decline in Chartist activity. In Bingley, Yorkshire, a group of "physical force" Chartists led by Isaac Ickeringill were involved in a huge fracas at the local magistrates' court and later were prosecuted for rescuing two of their compatriots from the police.[21] The high-point of the Chartist threat to the establishment in 1848 came not in on 10 April but in June, when there was widespread drilling and arming in the West Riding the devising of plots in London.[19]:116–22[22] The banning of public meetings, and new legislation on sedition and treason (rushed through Parliament immediately after 10 April), drove a significant number of Chartists (including the black Londoner William Cuffay) into the planning of insurrection. Cuffay was to be transported, dying in Australia.
O'Connor's egotism and vanity have been identified as causes in the failure of Chartism. This was a common theme in histories of the movement until the 1970s.[23] However, since the 1980s, historians (notably Dorothy Thompson) have emphasised the indispensable contribution O'Connor made to Chartism. Further, she argues that the causes of the movement's decline are too complex to be blamed on one man.[3][24] Historians have recently shown interest in Chartism after 1848. The final National Convention—attended by only a handful—was held in 1858. Throughout the 1850s, there remained pockets of strong support for the Chartist cause in places such as the Black Country.[1]:312–47[25]
Ernest Charles Jones became a leading figure in the National Charter Association during its years of decline, together with George Julian Harney, and helped to give the Chartist movement a clearer socialist direction.[26] Jones and Harney knew Karl Marx[27] and Friedrich Engels[28] personally. Marx and Engels at the same time commented on the Chartist movement and Jones' work in their letters and articles.[29][30]
During this period, the Christian churches in Britain held "that it was 'wrong for a Christian to meddle in political matters ... All of the denominations were particularly careful to disavow any political affiliation and he who was the least concerned with the 'affairs of this world' was considered the most saintly and worthy of emulation."[31]:24 This was at odds with many Christian Chartists for whom Christianity was "above all practical, something that must be carried into every walk of life. Furthermore there was no possibility of divorcing it from political science."[31]:26 Rev. William Hill, a Swedenborgian minister, wrote in the Northern Star: "We are commanded ... to love our neighbors as ourselves ... this command is universal in its application, whether as friend, Christian or citizen. A man may be devout as a Christian ... but if as a citizen he claims rights for himself he refuses to confer upon others, he fails to fulfill the precept of Christ".[31]:26 The conflicts between these two views led many like Rev. Joseph Barker to see Britain's churches as pointless. "I have no faith in church organizations," he explained. "I believe it my duty to be a man; to live and move in the world at large; to battle with evil wherever I see it, and to aim at the annihilation of all corrupt institutions and at the establishment of all good, and generous, and useful institutions in their places."[32] To further this idea, some Christian Chartist Churches were formed where Christianity and radical politics were combined and considered inseparable. Pamphlets made the point and vast audiences came to hear lectures upon the same themes by the likes of Rev. J.R. Stephens, who was highly influential in the movement. Political preachers thus came into prominence.[31]:27–8
Between late 1844 and November 1845, subscriptions were raised for the publication of a hymn book[33] which was apparently printed as a 64-page pamphlet and distributed for a nominal fee, although no known copy is thought to remain. In 2011, a previously unknown and uncatalogued smaller pamphlet of 16 hymns was discovered in Todmorden Library in the North of England.[34] This is believed to be the only Chartist Hymnal in existence. Heavily influenced by dissenting Christians, the hymns are about social justice, "striking down evil doers", and blessing Chartist enterprises, rather than the conventional themes of crucifixion, heaven, and family. Rather than the crucifixion or Christ's glory, the focus of the hymns is a cry for liberty. Some of the hymns protested against the exploitation of child labour and slavery. Another of the hymns proclaimed: "Men of wealth and men of power/ Like locusts all thy gifts devour". Two of the hymns celebrate the martyrs of the movement. "Great God! Is this the Patriot's Doom?" was composed for the funeral of Samuel Holberry, the Sheffield Chartist leader, who died in prison in 1843, while another honours John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, and William Jones, the Chartist leaders transported to Tasmania in the aftermath of the Newport rising of 1839.
The Chartists were especially harsh on the Church of England for unequal distribution of the state funds it received resulting in some bishops and higher dignitaries having grossly larger incomes than other clergy. This state of affairs led some Chartists to question the very idea of a state sponsored church, leading them to call for an absolute separation of church and state.[31]:59
Facing severe persecution in 1839, Chartists took to attending services at churches they held in contempt to display their numerical strength and express their dissatisfaction. Often, they would forewarn the preacher and demand that he preach from texts they believed supported their cause, such as 2 Thessalonians 3:10, 2 Timothy 2:6, Matthew 19:23[35] and James 5:1-6.[36] In response, the set-upon ministers would often preach the need to focus on things spiritual and not material, and of meekness and obedience to authority, citing such works as Romans 13:1–7 and 1 Peter 2:13–17.[31]:38
Eventual reforms
Chartism did not directly generate any reforms. It was not until 1867 that urban working men were admitted to the franchise under the Reform Act 1867, and not until 1918 that full manhood suffrage was achieved. Slowly the other points of the People's Charter were granted: secret voting was introduced in 1872 and the payment of MPs under the Parliament Act of 1911.[37] Annual elections remain the only Chartist demand not to be implemented. Participation in the Chartist Movement filled some working men with self-confidence: they learned to speak publicly, to send their poems and other writings off for publication, to be able, in short, to confidently articulate the feelings of working people. Many former Chartists went on to become journalists, poets, ministers, and councillors.[38]
Political elites feared the Chartists in the 1830s and 1840s as a dangerous threat to national stability.[39] In the Chartist stronghold of Manchester, the reform movement undermined the political power of the old Tory-Anglican elite that had controlled civic affairs. However, the reformers of Manchester were themselves factionalized.[40]
After 1848, as the movement faded, its demands appeared less threatening and were gradually enacted by other reformers.[41] After 1848, middle class parliamentary Radicals continued to press for an extension of the franchise in such organisations as the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association and the Reform Union. By the late 1850s, the celebrated John Bright was agitating in the country for franchise reform. However, working class radicals had not gone away. The Reform League campaigned for manhood suffrage in the 1860s, and included former Chartists amongst its ranks.
Chartism was also an important influence in some British colonies. Some leaders had been transported to Australia, where they spread their beliefs. In 1854, Chartist demands were put forward by the miners at the Eureka Stockade on the gold fields at Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Within two years of the military suppression of the Eureka revolt, the first elections of the Victorian parliament were held, with near-universal male suffrage and by secret ballot.[42] In the African colonies after 1920, there were occasional appearances of a "colonial chartism" which called for improved welfare, upgraded education, freedom of speech, and greater political representation for natives.[43]
The Chartist movement was criticised by Thomas Carlyle in his book "Chartism".[44]
See also
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Malcolm Chase, Chartism: A New History (Manchester UP, 2007)
- ↑ Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846 (2006) pp 612–21
- 1 2 3 4 Dorothy Thompson, The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution (1984)
- ↑ Minute Book of the London Working Men's Association. British Library 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ↑ Williams, David (1939). John Frost: A study in Chartism. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board. pp. 100, 104, 107.
- ↑ Joan Allen and Owen R. Ashton, Papers for the People: A Study of the Chartist Press (2005)
- ↑ Bob Breton, "Violence and the Radical Imagination", Victorian Periodicals Review, Spring 2011, 44#1 pp 24–41
- ↑ Cris Yelland, "Speech and Writing in the Northern Star", Labour History Review, Spring 2000, 65#1 pp 22–40
- ↑ Shijie Guan, "Chartism and the First Opium War", History Workshop, (Oct 1987), Issue 24, pp 17–31
- ↑ http://www.chartists.net/The-six-points.htm
- ↑ Victorianweb.org Archived February 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Retrieved on 2008-02-07
- 1 2 3 Charlton, John, The Chartists: The First National Workers' Movement (1997)
- ↑ David Williams, John Frost: a study in Chartism (1969) p 193
- ↑ Edward Royle, Chartism (1996), p. 30.
- 1 2 Jenkins, Mick (1980). The General Strike of 1842. London: Lawrence and Wishart. ISBN 978-0853155300.
- ↑ F.C. Mather, "The General Strike of 1842", in John Stevenson R. Quinault (eds), Popular Protest and Public Order (1974).
- ↑ Lowbands now in Gloucestershire
- ↑ Rosedene Cottage, National Trust
- 1 2 David Goodway, London Chartism: 1838–1848 (1982).
- ↑ Rapport, Michael (2005), Nineteenth Century Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-65246-6
- ↑ Chartists.net
- ↑ John Saville, 1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement (1987), pp. 130–99.
- ↑ See especially R.G.Gammage, History of the Chartist movement (1854); J.T.Ward, Chartism (1973).
- ↑ See also James Epstein, Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement (1982); Malcolm Chase, Chartism: A New History (2007); Paul Pickering, Feargus O'Connor: A Political Life (2008).
- ↑ Keith Flett, Chartism after 1848 (2006).
- ↑ George Douglas Howard Cole: Ernest Jones, in: G. D. H. Cole: Chartist portraits, Macmillan, London 1941
- ↑ There are 52 letters from Ernest Jones to Marx between 1851 and 1868 kept.
- ↑ There are eight letter from Ernest Jones to Engels between 1852 and 1867 kept.
- ↑ Marx-Engels-Werke, Berlin (DDR) 1960/61, vol. 8, 9, 10, 27.
- ↑ Ingolf Neunübel: Zu einigen ausgewählten Fragen und Problemen der Zusammenarbeit von Marx und Engels mit dem Führer der revolutionären Chartisten, Ernest Jones, im Jahre 1854, in: Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung 22. 1987, pp. 208–217.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harold Underwood Faulkner, Chartism and the churches: a study in democracy (1916)
- ↑ David Hempton, Methodism and politics in British society, 1750–1850 (1984) p 213
- ↑ http://richardjohnbr.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/hymns-and-chartists-revisited.html
- ↑ http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/wtw/search/controlservlet?PageId=Detail&DocId=102253&PageNo=1
- ↑ Edward Stanley, 1839, "A Sermon Preached in Norwich Cathedral, on Sunday, August 18th, 1839, by the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Norwich, before an assemblage of a body of mechanics termed Chartists"
- ↑ Manchester and Salford Advertiser, 17/8/1839
- ↑ Frequently Asked Questions, Parliament.UK
- ↑ Emma Griffin, "The making of the Chartists: popular politics and working-class autobiography in early Victorian Britain," English Historical Review, 538, June 2014 in EHR
- ↑ Robert Saunders, "Chartism from above: British elites and the interpretation of Chartism", Historical Research, (2008) 81#213 pp 463–484
- ↑ Michael J. Turner, "Local Politics and the Nature of Chartism: The Case of Manchester", Northern History, (2008), 45#2 pp 323–345
- ↑ Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874 (2004)
- ↑ Geoffrey Serle, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria (1963) ch 9
- ↑ Barbara Bush, Imperialism, race, and resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919–1945 (1999) p. 261
- ↑ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chartism
Further reading
- Ashton, Owen, Fyson, Robert, and Roberts, Stephen, The Chartist Legacy (1999) ESSAYS
- Briggs, Asa, 'Chartist Studies' (1959)
- Brown, Richard, Chartism (1998)
- Carver, Stephen, Shark Alley: The Memoirs of a Penny-a-Liner (2016), creative non-fiction account of the life of a Chartist journalist.
- Chase, Malcolm. Chartism: A New History (Manchester University Press, 2007), A standard scholarly history of the entire movement
- Chase, Malcolm. "'Labour's Candidates': Chartist Challenges at the Parliamentary Polls, 1839–1860." Labour History Review (Maney Publishing) 74, no. 1 (April 2009): 64-89.
- Epstein, James and Thompson, Dorothy, 'The Chartist Experience' (1982) ESSAYS
- Fraser, W. Hamish, Chartism in Scotland (2010)
- Gammage, R. G. "History of the Chartist Movement 1837-1854"
- Hall, Robert, Voices of the People: Democracy and Chartist Political Identity (The Merlin Press, 2007) stresses the importance of regional loyalties and associations.
- Jones, David J. V., Chartism and the Chartists (1975).
- Jones, David J., The Last Rising; The Newport Insurrection 1839 (1985)
- Pickering, Paul, Chartism and the Chartists in Manchester and Salford (1995)
- Roberts, Stephen, Radical Politicians and Poets in Early Victorian Britain: The Voices of Six Chartist Leaders (1993)
- Roberts Stephen and Thompson, Dorothy, 'Images of Chartism' (1998) Contemporary illustrations
- Roberts, Stephen, 'The People's Charter: Democratic Agitation in Early Victorian Britain' (2003) ESSAYS
- Roberts, Stephen, The Chartist Prisoners: The Radical Lives of Thomas Cooper and Arthur O'Neill (2008)
- Schwarzkopf, Jutta, Women in the Chartist Movement (1991)
- Taylor, Miles, Ernest Jones, Chartism and the Romance of Politics (2003)
- Thompson, Dorothy. The Dignity of Chartism (Verso Books, 2015), Essays by a leading specialists.
- Claeys, Gregory. "The Triumph of Class-Conscious Reformism in British Radicalism, 1790–1860" Historical Journal (1983) 26#4 pp. 969–985 in JSTOR
- Griffin, Emma, "The making of the Chartists: popular politics and working-class autobiography in early Victorian Britain," English Historical Review, 538, June 2014 in EHR
- Saunders, Robert. "Chartism from Above: British Elites and the Interpretation of Chartism", Historical Research 81:213 (August 2008): 463-484.
- Taylor, Miles. "Rethinking the chartists: Searching for synthesis in the historiography of chartism", Historical Journal, (1996), 39#2 pp 479–95 in JSTOR
Primary sources
- The Chartist Movement in Britain, ed. Gregory Claeys (6 vols, Pickering and Chatto, 2001)
- §, Thomas, ed. (1880). Forty Years' Recollections: Literary and Political, Samson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington
- Mather, Frederick C. ed. (1980) Chartism and society: an anthology of documents 319pp
- Scheckner, Peter, ed. (1989). An Anthology of Chartist Poetry. Poetry of the British Working Class, 1830s–1850s, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-3345-5 (online preview)
- Kovalev, Yu. V. ed. (1956). "Antologiya Chartistskoy Literatury" [Anthology of Chartist Literature], Izd. Lit. na Inostr. Yazykakh, Moscow, 413 pp. (Russian introduction, with original Chartist texts in English).
External links
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Chartism |
- Chartist Ancestors
- The People's Charter
- British Library page including an image of the original charter
- Punch Series on "Great Chartist Demonstrations"
- Spartacus index on Chartism
- Victorian Web – The Chartists
- Ursula Stange: Annotated Bibliography on Chartism
- Illustrated London News, 15 April 1848
- Left-wing atmosphere article about the Chartist armed uprising in Newport in 1839
- How the police foiled a planned armed Chartist uprising, 1848


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PRS shakes up online music fees
New rates for hobbyists, small 'casters
The UK performing rights society, the PRS, has published a new schedule of royalty rates that cover everyone from internet radio hobbyists, to blogs, to major music services. The headline rate is unchanged at 8 per cent of gross revenue max, while the minima can be negotiated.
The fees will replace the JOL (Joint Online License) finally settled, after much expensive legal wrangling at the Copyright Tribunal, in 2007. The old JOL expires on 30 June.
Small operators and enthusiasts, whose revenues are less than £6,250 a year, can qualify for the Limited Online Exploitation License" (and isn't it a good job the 'E' is there). Fees here start at £107 per year for sites that transmit less than 180,000 streams a year, or distribute less than 68,000 music podcasts, or 2,500 MP3s for download, for example, rising to £536.
For the big boys, operators are classed as - now take a deep breath - either download services, music on demand services, interactive webcasts, non-interactive webcasts, or single-artist webcasts. These are then further divided into subscription or non-subscription, making nine in all. Not all the schedules have yet been published, the ones that have are here. The Online Music License doesn't cover TV or radio simulcasts or ringtones.
PRS for Music, as it's now called, said digital revenue had almost doubled in the past year to £17.6m.
The PRS, a member society owned by publishers and composers, takes about 12 per cent commission. ®

subset: commoncrawl


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Swelling after COVID-19 shots may cause cancer false alarms
Getting a mammogram or other cancer check soon after a COVID-19 vaccination?
Be sure to tell the doctor about the shot to avoid false alarm over a temporary side effect.
That's the advice from cancer experts and radiologists. Sometimes lymph nodes, especially in the armpit, swell after the vaccinations. It's a normal reaction by the immune system but one that might be mistaken for cancer if it shows up on a mammogram or other scan.
"We need to get the word out," said Dr. Melissa Chen, a radiologist at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston who recently had to reassure a frightened patient who sought cancer testing because of an enlarged lymph node.
MORE: Thousands of COVID-19 vaccine doses lost to spoilage or discarded across US
An expert panel from three cancer centers -- MD Anderson, New York's Memorial Sloan Kettering and Boston's Dana-Farber -- published recommendations in the journal Radiology last week on how to handle scans complicated by the side effect.
The main message: "This should not prevent patients from getting the vaccine," stressed Chen, one of the coauthors.
Lymph nodes are part of the immune system where infection-fighting white blood cells gather, spots usually too small to feel.
But they can swell during illness and after other types of vaccines. And with the anticipated jump in COVID-19 vaccinations, doctors should "prepare to see large volumes" of imaging exams -- including chest CTs, PET scans and mammograms -- that show swollen lymph nodes, according to similar recommendations in the Journal of the American College of Radiology this week.
The nodes most commonly affected are in the armpit and near the collarbone, on the same side as the vaccination, Chen said.
The Food and Drug Administration lists the swelling along with other injection-related reactions commonly reported in studies of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, although not for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.
It's not clear how often it happens. The FDA found 16% of participants in the Moderna study reported some underarm swelling after their second dose. But if the lymph nodes are only slightly enlarged, they may show up on a medical scan without people noticing any bumps.
The consumer advice still is evolving. Where experts agree: If you've recently been vaccinated, tell the radiologist before any scan. That will help them evaluate if an enlarged lymph node is probably vaccine-related and can simply be monitored, or if it's worrisome enough for a biopsy or other test.
And try to schedule an upcoming screening or other cancer-related scan ahead of vaccination if it's possible without losing your place in the vaccine line, the Radiology panel said.
People with active cancer that's on one side of the body can choose vaccination on the opposite side to minimize confusion.
Don't delay any urgent exams, radiologists stress. But there's some disagreement about non-urgent scans. The Radiology panel said to consider scheduling purely routine screenings six weeks after vaccination. In contrast, recommendations from Massachusetts General Hospital urge handling the side effect with good communication rather than delayed screening.


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With all the gadgets and appliances that are in our homes these days is it any wonder that our utility bills are skyrocketing? Even when we turn off lights in the rooms we don't use and keep that air temp maybe not as cool or warm as we want--and at this time of year there is the extra expense of brightly lit Christmas trees and all those outside decorations. BUT--what about your hot water heater, refrigerator, dishwasher and does your stove use gas or electric? Do you really know how much and where you are using the most electricity or other utilities? Now there is a free app that you can download that will help you find out for sure.
"Homeselfe is a patent pending technology from Energy Datametrics, one the leading, cutting-edge providers of energy efficient software and technology services. Energy Datametrics works with over 140 power companies all over the world to help manage large scale energy efficiency programs. With Homeselfe, we bring the power of going energy efficient directly to you, the consumer.
We've worked in partnership with local, state, and the nation's largest public utilities to develop a tool that is easy to use and gets results for your home—and your wallet."
This is really quite remarkable. Homeselfe free app creates a digital mock up of your home and then you answer questions. This does not have to be all at once thankfully! Once totally completed a report will be sent to you making recommendations on what needs improvement. Want to read more about Homeselfe-then click here.
Here is a video for you to view which may explain it a bit more.
As I have said this is a free app so what are you waiting for? We all want to save some money and while you are at it why don't you fill out the giveaway form below--Homeselfe is giving one lucky US resident a $250.00 Visa GC (who doesn't need that at this time of year!!!)
This giveaway was brought to you by Advertise with Bloggers and Homeselfe


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This article is more than 1 year old
Acer Iconia A1-810: The Android tab longing for eight-inch Apple action
iPad Mini? We've heard of it
Review The Iconia A1-810 is, of course, an iPad Mini clone. How else could Acer, after years of offering slates with 16:9 widescreen panels, have suddenly hit on the idea that punters want a 4:3 tablet - "the right aspect ratio", an Acer exec eagerly told me - without being inspired by Cupertino's latest?
Mini me-too: Acer's Iconia A1
Nothing wrong with that, though. There's a long, well-established tradition in the technology business of spotting a popular design and improving upon it. And, having suffered somewhat over the last year or so, the now-reviving Acer perhaps shouldn't be overly criticised for wanting a piece of Apple's eight-inch action.
And why not offer another alternative to the standard seven-inch Android tablet? There is no "right" size of tablet, after all. Case in point: I have two, a 9.7-inch iPad for enjoying movies, mags and comics when I'm lounging around at home, and a handy pocket-sized Nexus 7 for reading on the Tube. Both devices were chosen because their respective form-factors are appropriate to where they get used. I don't see any good reason to put up with compromised portability or reduced screen size and resolution when a second tablet means I don't have to. Especially when you can buy one for 160 quid or less.
My rejection of the "one size fits all" approach doesn't suit everyone, of course, as the success of the iPad Mini would seem to suggest. Some folk clearly do want a tablet that has a bigger screen than a seven-incher but is still relatively easy to carry around, and so can be used anywhere they might take it.
A bit of a handful?
But it remains the case that the A1 mirrors almost exactly the Mini's key attribute. The A1 has a 1024 x 768 resolution screen, and so does the the Mini. Both screens are LCD panels that are 7.9 inches in the diagonal and are built using IPS technology. But they're not equal. The A1's display is much darker. Even on maximum brightness, it's not up there with the Mini - or, I might add, my Nexus 7. That, plus a slightly yellow cast, gives the A1's screen a murkier look than I like.
It's not unpleasant to use, unless perhaps you're obsessive about calibrated colour reproduction. But every so often you watch something and want to up the brightness a bit but can't because you're already at the limit.
The A1's screen particularly struggles somewhat as the brightness of ambient light increases into sunshine. This is a common fault with LCD screens, but the A1 fared a little worse than others I've tried.
Not a 'retina' display
And Acer hasn't fitted an ambient light sensor, so there's no automatic brightness adjustment. Acer claims the display has a wide viewing angle, thanks to the IPS technology, but the screen appears darker as soon as you turn it from the perpendicular, possibly due to an extra filter integrated into the display. Not that the glossy screen makes glancing over at an adjacent A1 easy, in any case.
The A1's panel, then, feels low-cost in comparison to others of its kind. The ten-point touch sensor likewise. While either of my own devices will sense even a gentle, quick tap, I often had to go back and tap again on the A1's screen, this time with a little more vigour, to get it to register a touch. Not enough to make me wonder if I'd been sent a device with a resistive touchscreen, but almost. Sometimes it stopped registering taps at all.
The A1 is more than a centimetre thick - 11.1mm to be precise - which is fractionally more than the front-to-back dimension of the Nexus 7 but appreciably chunkier than the Mini's svelte 7.2mm. It's heavier too: 410g to the Mini's 308g and the Nexus' 340g, despite its plastic construction - which, incidentally, proved sufficiently robust when I accidentally dropped the thing onto a tile floor; it managed to stay together undamaged.
The camera is average, the speaker tinny
It's easy to talk numbers, but the extra weight makes a difference. I found myself putting down the A1, or swapping hands, more often than I do with my Nexus 7. I can comfortably grip my Nexus 7 in one hand, thumb supporting one side, fingertips the other. I can hold the A1 that way, but not comfortably, though folk with bigger hands will be less stretched than me. Hold the A1 thumb on the face, fingers supporting the back - the traditional way to hold a tablet - and the weight eventually begins to tell. And with smooth surfaces front and back, the A1 is easy to drop.


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Streaming live on FOX Sports GO
FOX Sports Arizona Plus channel finder
PHOENIX -- The Suns' 2-4 record on a season-high, six-game road trip is the least of the team's worries as Phoenix returns home to face the Washington Wizards on Thursday.
Star shooting guard Devin Booker, who is 10th in the NBA with a 24.3 scoring average, strained a left adductor muscle late in the Suns' 126-113 loss to the Raptors on Tuesday. The injury is expected to keep him out for two to three weeks, the team announced after Booker's MRI was read Wednesday.
While covering Raptors guard Fred VanVleet, Booker pulled up in obvious pain at midcourt, and teammates carried him off the floor with 2:40 remaining. He declined comment after the game and was seen being pushed through the Toronto airport in a wheelchair as the Suns boarded the plane home.
"I think he slid and got hit maybe, bumped, I'm not sure," Suns interim coach Jay Triano said after the game.
Booker scored a season-high 46 points in a 115-101 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers on Monday, the Suns' third game in four nights. He has 10 30-point games this season.
The Suns do not have an obvious replacement at off guard but are likely to give more time to some combination of Troy Daniels, Mike James and perhaps top draft pick Josh Jackson, nominally a small forward. James, too, is more of a scoring point guard. Used sparingly earlier in the season, Daniels had 13 points against Toronto and is averaging 8.5 points a game in his last 11.
James, who is on a split contract, on Wednesday had spent 45 days with the Suns, the maximum amount of time a player with such a contract can spend with an NBA team. The Suns can sign him and add him to their roster, but they would have to make another player move to create room. Booker's injury does not count.
Washington (13-11) has won three of its last five games and is the only team in the Southeast Division with a winning record. The Wizards split the first two games of their current five-game road trip, earning a 106-92 victory at Portland on Tuesday.
Guard Bradley Beal had a career-high 51 points and made a career-high 21 field goals against the Trail Blazers. The victory came a day after the Wizards opened the trip with 116-69 loss at Utah, the second-largest margin of defeat in franchise history.
"I came into the game with the mindset of being aggressive, especially coming off the game last night and the way I played the last four or five games," Beal said after his 51-point outburst. "I was just playing freely and having fun. I've been thinking way too much."
Beal leads the Wizards with a 23.3-point scoring average but was 16-for-49 from the floor in his previous four games, which included an eight-point game at Minnesota on Nov. 28.
Point guard John Wall is second on the Wizards in scoring at 20.3 points a game, but he has missed six games and remains sidelined because of left knee inflammation that was treated with a platelet-rich plasma injection. The Wizards are 3-3 with Tim Frazier starting in Wall's place.
The Suns (9-17) were called for four technical fouls in the loss to Toronto, and forward TJ Warren was ejected after picking up two in the third quarter. Warren is the Suns's second-leading scorer, averaging 18.4 points a game, and had 40 points in a victory over the Wizards in Washington on Nov. 1. He had two 25-point games on the recently completed road trip.
"I don't think we stayed mentally locked in," Triano said. "We let the officiating get to us. We get technical fouls. That's part of our maturity. We are going to have to overcome that. I think when things don't go right, we look for an excuse, the referees, whatever."


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Tarot of the Master by Giovanni Vacchetta | , Lo Scarabeo 2002 |
So often we think the power lies "out there" and it's all a matter of what other people and forces do that affect us, but we're the ones that create and shape our world. Justice always seems like an "other" type of force, something outside of us that decides for or against us. Thing is, we are the ones that set Justice in motion. Even if one views her as a kind of karmic balancer, rather than an internal virtue, then she is still profoundly influenced by our actions: past, present, and future. St. Thomas Aquinas defined justice as the constant and perpetual will to render to everyone his due. Injustice, then, occurs when a person or group receives either less or more than what is due to them. The problem, as Lennon observed, is in the lack of awareness that most people possess, either because of apathy or ignorance. People who are educated, informed, and aware of injustice react to it, almost instinctively, and seek to set things to right again. The only way a small, albeit powerful, group could have succeeded in tipping the scales so profoundly in their favor and against the majority without Justice intervening is because the majority wasn't looking or they thought Justice is something done by others and not something they themselves produce by their own decisions and actions.
Ancient Minchiate Etruria by Pietro Alligo, Lo Scarabeo 1996 |
Among the opponents of the recent protests are those who think the people who are protesting are just pissed off that other people are wealthy and have made something of themselves and that the protests are nothing more than folks with a bad case of sour grapes. What I see instead is the awakening of many people to the reality that we, both individually and collectively, wield Justice's sword. While it is true that Justice represents the decisions made by the "powers that be," what is often overlooked is that we are the creators of those offices, those powers, and it isn't by divine right that those in power maintain their positions. It is all of human artifice and design and therefore can be balanced only by human influence.
Because Justice is a Major Arcana card in the tarot deck, the idea that its power is "fated" or "destined" and is somehow outside of one's control comes into play in many tarot readings. It isn't entirely untrue, that interpretation. As a society, we do vest power in our legal institutions to decide for us, on our behalf. Therefore, when we find ourselves in a situation in which our "fate" must be decided by they who are granted those powers, we can feel quite powerless in the court of Justice. And while our power may be limited in its influence in that moment, we are not powerless. Sometimes Justice rules in our favor and sometimes she doesn't, but nevertheless when Justice is served we know it. It's when we see the scales of Justice totally off kilter that something within rises up, attempts to seize the sword from her hand and start hacking away at whatever resides on the weighty side, and yes, that is our right and duty. It is at Justice's invitation and and plea that we act upon that inner sense of hers inside of us that ultimately determines her final decree.
The problem with human justice is that it is limited by our perceptions. All the checks and balances placed within the system can be circumvented and corrupted by the very people who rely on it to serve them. There is a well-known story in the Gospel of John called the "Pericope de Adultera" about Jesus and the woman taken in adultery. The governing authorities brought a woman who had been caught "in the very act" (ahem) of adultery to Jesus for dispensing of justice. The story illustrates something very important about not only Justice, but who should, and more importantly, who should not wield her sword. Adultery was a capital offense in ancient Jewish society and the sentence was to be carried out by stoning the offender. When the officials brought the woman to be judged, the crowd gathered with stones in their hands in order to, they thought and believed, exact justice. All too often, this is how most of us respond to the call to justice. We follow what we have been taught and so believe to be right. Our inner scales are already weighted with our customs, our upbringing, our cultural mores. With one sentence, Jesus strips the blindfold off Justice by saying, "He who is without sin, cast the first stone." The statement blatantly reveals that not one of us is unbiased, impartial, nor unstained with personal opinion that renders the human being incapable and indeed unworthy of passing such a serious judgement upon another.
All we can do is strive to balance the scales, but we must do so in the understanding that our perceptions are probably skewed and that perfect human justice is probably unattainable. No social movement will ultimately "fix things." However, that should never stop us from trying. The next time Justice appears in a reading, consider where balance ought to be restored and how one might contribute to that effort. If it indicates you are in the position to "render judgement" then consider carefully that you, too, carry the human flaw of bias. If you are the defendant in Justice's court, don't lose heart or feel powerless, but seek to understand your own influence in the events. In human affairs, Justice is something we all work to achieve, but never quite possess.


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On this page:
Oldsmobile VINOldsmobile ColorsOldsmobile RPO Codes
Oldsmobile VIN
The VIN on your car is a series of numbers and letters that can tell you a lot about your car.
It tells you the style of body, the model year of the car, where it was built, and in some cases the particular engine installed in the car. These GM VIN cards can help you learn a lot of the basics about your Olds.
Oldsmobile Colors
Oldsmobile RPO Codes
Regular Production Option (RPO) is a General Motors standard coding for vehicle configuration options. These codes are a combination of 3 alphanumeric characters and refer to a specific option or modification to the vehicle.
W codes were usually reserved for Oldsmobile's performance options. Similar to Chevy's "Z" options.
F codes were used for suspension packages/upgrades.


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DescriptionIn James Cameron's Avatar: The Game you travel deep into the heart of Pandora, an alien planet that is beyond imagination. Gamers will encounter the Na'vi, Pandora's indigenous people and discover creatures and other wildlife the likes of which have never been seen in the world of video games before. When conflict erupts between the RDA Corporation, a space-faring consortium in search of valuable resources, and the Na'vi, players will find themselves thrust into a fight for the heart of a planet and the fate of a civilization. |
Product DetailsUPC: 008888175438Genre: Action, Adventure Platform: Nintendo Wii Region: NTSC (N. America) Rating: Teen |


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Alabama woman's body removed from front yard grave
Nov 15, 2013, 8:01 PM
STEVENSON, Ala. (AP) – Weeping relatives watched as the body of an Alabama woman was exhumed from her front yard Friday, a bitter end for her husband who fought to keep her remains buried there.
With husband James Davis, his five children and some grandchildren standing by the log home, a crew unearthed the body of Patsy Davis from beside the front porch. Flowers still sat atop her tombstone.
Workers used a loud winch to lift a concrete vault containing the casket and body out of the ground. Daughter Rita Webb burst into tears as a cable slipped with a loud clang.
It was all over in about an hour, a contrast to the four years of court hearings, orders and appeals.
"She would not believe that they did what they did to her, because she never deserved this," said Davis, 74.
James and Patsy Davis were married for 48 years, but she died in 2009 after years of health problems. Davis said it was his wife's dying wish to remain at their house, located on one of the busiest streets in tiny Stevenson, an old railroad town in Alabama's northeastern corner with about 2,600 residents.
The city refused permission for Davis to bury his wife in the yard, but he did it anyway. The city sued to remove the grave and a county judge agreed. The Alabama Supreme Court effectively ended the case last month by refusing to overturn the decision.
Davis _ who previously vowed his wife's remains would never be removed while he was alive _ said he didn't think he would live to see them unearthed.
The remains are being cremated and placed in an urn, which Davis said he will keep at home.
"I'm adjusting to what's going on," said Davis. "I've come to the realization that in the end Mama winds up ashes anyway `cause we all go back to dust."
Neighbor Phyllis Matthews watched as the vault containing the casket was raised from the ground.
"I'm sorry for the family, what they're going through," Matthews said. "I lost my mother back in April. I'd hate to think it was my mother they were digging up. But she's buried in a cemetery."
City attorney Parker Edmiston did not attend the exhumation, but he said during a hearing earlier in the week that Davis buried the woman at home despite the city's opposition.
"He said it was easier to ask for forgiveness than permission, and that's what he did," Edmiston said.
The sheriff and a deputy were on hand to make sure there weren't any problems, and there weren't.
While Davis called the exhumation "a travesty," Jackson County Circuit Judge Jenifer Holt ruled that state law gives cities the right to regulate and prohibit private burials.
Davis disagreed.
"This never should have happened," he said. "I broke no laws."
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Written by Michael, and originally scheduled to appear on the expanded, special edition reissue of Off The Wall in 2001, but withdrawn.
This demo version was recorded in 1982.
Sunset Driver - Lyrics
Written & Composed by Michael Jackson
All alone
She's in the ego zone
The word is out that you're doin' wrong
On the move
Got fire in your shoes
By word of mouth you are on the news
You're livin' in sunset times (Livin' in sunset times)
Feelin' bad
You're livin' much too fast
The truth, the truth that you're on the pass
In the raw
They don't know what you saw
By word of mouth you're breakin' every law
Sunset driver
Midnight rider
Friday's brighter
Morning rider
You're a Saturday-nighter, aow!
On the go
Got fever in your soul
You better not shout where you gonna go
Livin' hot
Doin' what you should not
The break's on me, then what do you got
You're livin' on sunset times (Livin' on sunset times)
Want that dime
Shoot the breeze
You feel that she's a tease
Your night is free, what you wanna be
Who's to trust
When livin' dangerous
Tonight's your night, but this is what you loose
Sunset driver
Midnight rider
Friday's brighter
Gettin' higher
You're a Saturday-nighter, aow!
You are there when the night's in town
Standin' there with the top of the round
They don't care about the things you wished you saw
You're like the cinema
You think that nothin's wrong
Doin' town
You do it every time
The word's got out that you're on the line
On the move
Got fever in your shoes
The night's on you, what are you gonna do?
Sunset driver
Midnight rider
Friday's brighter
Just to reach that driver
The Saturday-nighter, aow!
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#hertoo "I Got Myself Raped"
I know I was at fault. I shouldn't have left my friends. I should have made sure they were safe. There's no excuse for being young and dumb and naïve. The memory of what happened to Rose, of losing her friendship, doesn't seem like punishment enough for what I did. Which is probably why I buried the memory as long as I did.


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I often am asked which CMS a client should use, and while I'm not a developer I know plenty of developers and somehow have been given the status of "objective recommender." This morning I woke to find just such an email request:
Paul, If you woke up this morning and you Boss said lets blow up the website, start over will all things new and I want it done in 2 months, besides the panic, which CMS would you choose? WordPress versus Drupal verus Joomla versus EE? Or something else for a 2000 Page site… [Read more…] about WordPress vs Drupal vs Joomla vs Expression Engine


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Holiday spending got off to a strong start this weekend, but could looming tax hikes cause consumers to cut back on shopping?
The White House certainly thinks so.
President Obama's top economic advisers released a report early Monday, warning that if Congress doesn't prevent tax hikes on middle class families, consumer confidence could decline, retailers could be hurt and jobs may be cut.
"And as we approach the holiday season, which accounts for close to one-fifth of industry sales, retailers can't afford the threat of tax increases on middle-class families," the report said.
The report comes as the president and Congress remain at an impasse over the fiscal cliff, a set of tax increases and spending cuts set to begin in January.
President Obama is pushing to raise income taxes on the wealthiest 2% of Americans, while keeping the Bush tax cuts in place for those earning under $200,000 a year. The White House also wants to pass a patch to the Alternative Minimum Tax by the end of the year.
Without those two measures, the White House predicts consumers will cut their spending by nearly $200 billion in 2013 -- a worrisome sign given consumer spending accounts for more than two-thirds of the U.S. economy.
Related: What's in the fiscal cliff?
But if fears about these tax hikes are holding shoppers back, they certainly haven't shown it yet. Spending over the Thanksgiving weekend hit a new high of $59.1 billion, a 13% increase over last year, according to the National Retail Federation.
The NRF, along with CEOs of major retailers like Wal-Mart (WMT), Costco (COST), and Macy's (M), are among the influential groups urging lawmakers to act now to avoid the fiscal cliff.
"Our customers are working hard to adapt to the 'new normal,' but their confidence is still very fragile," Wal-Mart CEO Mike Duke said in a statement after meeting with Obama two weeks ago. "They are shopping for Christmas now and they don't need uncertainty over a tax increase."
Even with uncertainty hanging over consumers, the NRF still predicts holiday sales will increase 4.1% this year.
So far, consumer sentiment, while strong, still seems shaky.
Consumer confidence, as measured by the Conference Board, rose to a four-year high in October, as job growth and rising home prices lifted spirits. Economists expect new data, released Tuesday morning, will show the index rose even further in November.
But other recent reports by the University of Michigan and Rasmussen Reports, both show consumer confidence fell slightly after the presidential election renewed some fiscal cliff fears.
"While consumers had anticipated a last minute settlement, some consumers are beginning to doubt whether that will happen before higher tax rates take effect at the start of the next year," said Richard Curtin, director of the University of Michigan survey. "While a successful resolution before year-end could reverse any declines, it would nonetheless diminish holiday spending."
Related: Black Friday shopping hits a new record
Other experts say most consumers are still largely unaware of how the fiscal cliff will hit their wallets, but it may become more of a reality if high-income households start cashing in on their investments in anticipation of higher capital gains taxes.
Consumer confidence is heavily influenced by the stock market, and a December sell-off could weigh on spending.
"Business and market confidence have already taken a blow and had an effect on the economy," said Diane Swonk, chief economist for Mesirow Financial. "The extent to which the cliff becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy is largely dependent on how much those two areas react and have spillover effects for the consumer."
Economists agree, even if President Obama gets what he wants on the Bush tax cuts and the AMT patch, consumer spending will still take a hit from the end of the payroll tax holiday in January.
Although it will raise taxes on most workers, neither party is talking about extending it right now. Effectively, someone making about $50,000 a year will pay another $1,000 in payroll taxes next year.
If consumers don't realize that now, they certainly will when they receive their first paychecks in 2013, said Ellen Zentner, senior U.S. economist for Nomura.
"The expiration of the payroll tax holiday will immediately affect personal income and spending in January, regardless of how it affects consumer confidence," she said. "All workers will see their take-home pay decline on Jan 1 and it's simple math -- that means that's less aggregate income and therefore less aggregate spending to start off the year."


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The U.S. Army discovers Africa
On the list of U.S. military priorities, Africa has always ranked right smack at the bottom. Now that appears to be changing. As Eric Schmitt recently reported in the New York Times, "thousands of soldiers once bound for Iraq or Afghanistan are now gearing up for missions in Africa." Before the gearing up proceeds much further, Americans might want to ask a few questions. Chief among them are these: Why the sudden shift in priorities? What's the aim? Who stands to benefit? What risks does the militarization of U.S. policy in Africa entail?
Among the various services, the U.S. Army in particular finds the prospect of an expanded Africa presence appealing. As Schmitt observed, with U.S. forces out of Iraq and soon scheduled to leave Afghanistan, "the Army is looking for new missions around the world." For Army leaders, Africa spells opportunity, a chance to demonstrate continuing relevance at a time when the nation's appetite for sending U.S. troops to invade and occupy countries has pretty much evaporated.
Thus, we have U.S. Army Africa, or USARAF, the latest in the Pentagon's ever-growing roster of military headquarters. The mission of this command, which describes itself as "America's premier Army team dedicated to positive change in Africa," manages to be at once reassuringly bland and ominously ambitious. On the one hand, USARAF "strengthens the land force capabilities of African states and regional organizations." On the other, it "conducts decisive action in order to establish a secure environment and protect the national security interests of the United States."
One might hope that successfully accomplishing the first half of that mission — U.S. troops training and equipping African counterparts — will preclude the second. More likely, however, such efforts will pave the way for "decisive action," a euphemism for war.
Let's discard the euphemisms. Here is a classic example of bureaucratic interests displacing strategic calculation, not to mention common sense, as a basis for policy. For the Navy and Air Force, the Obama administration's much-ballyhooed "pivot" toward East Asia has come as something of a godsend. Addressing the putative threat posed by a rising China promises to keep those services busy (and flush with cash) for decades to come. Yet apart from a possible resumption of the long-dormant Korean War, Asian scenarios involving a large-scale commitment of Army forces are difficult to conjure up. So expanding the "global war on terrorism" into the heart of Africa allows the Army to make its own pivot.
Initially, only small contingents of American soldiers will be venturing into Africa, consistent with the Army's recently discovered affinity for what it calls a "light footprint." Although these will be combat troops, their purpose will be not to fight but to coach, helping to create competent and politically reliable local forces. U.S. efforts to upgrade African military capabilities will no doubt create opportunities to market American-manufactured arms, a secondary benefit not lost on U.S. defense contractors.
There are at least a couple of problems here. The first is that when it comes to building foreign forces, the U.S. military's track record is mixed at best.
Take Iraq as an example. After foolishly dismantling Iraq's army in 2003, the Pentagon toiled for years to rebuild it. That effort eventually allowed U.S. forces to quit the country. Yet as indicated by the daily insurgent attacks wreaking havoc in Baghdad and other cities, "our" Iraqi army is manifestly unable to maintain even minimally adequate internal security. If that's success, it's hard to imagine what failure looks like.
Imagine hard enough, however, and you get Egypt. For decades, the United States worked to inculcate in Egypt's army respect for the principle of civilian control. Yet this year when Egyptian senior officers contemplated a democratically elected government behaving in ways not to their liking, they promptly mounted a coup and overthrew it. Egyptian soldiers then brutally suppressed citizens who had the temerity to object. Meanwhile, Pentagon influence on Egyptian generals turned out to be nil.
Perhaps worse from a U.S. perspective, modest troop commitments have a way of morphing into larger ones. When things don't go right, Washington's reflexive inclination is to up the ante. To sustain a few casualties is to create the impression of big stakes, with U.S. credibility ostensibly on the line and hawks insisting that turning things around will require "boots on the ground."
Lest that sound like some hoary reference to the escalatory actions that produced the Vietnam War, consider the words of then-Maj. Gen. Burke Garrett, who was USARAF's commander until 2010. Taken alone, he remarked, USARAF might be small, but "we represent a million-person army — active, Guard and reserve — that we can … bring to bear in Africa."
Africa has many needs. Whether it needs the United States bringing to bear a million American soldiers is doubtful. If Washington wants to encourage "positive change" in Africa, training a million African schoolteachers or a million doctors might be more useful.
Efforts to build foreign armies are implicitly based on the assumption that "backward" peoples want and will surely benefit from American tutoring. That paternalistic assumption, amounting to little more than a politically correct updating of the white man's burden, deserves critical examination. Indeed, it should be abandoned as both false and pernicious — bad for Africans and bad for us. In the meantime, an army looking for new missions just might look closer to home.
Andrew J. Bacevich is a professor of history and international relations at Boston University. His new book is "Breach of Trust: How Americans Failed Their Soldiers and Their Country."
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Willa Hinshaw is the new associate pastor at First United Methodist Church in Liverpool, North Carolina. She's expecting that her job will involve sermons, Bible study sessions, and counseling. She's not expecting kidnapping and murders, but that's just what she encounters in this, the first novel in the Reverend Willa Hinshaw Mysteries series.
Lee Ann Poole, a lovely young woman from one of the town's best families, is someone who Willa has meet only briefly after a church service. Despite that, Willa is called in by her boss, the Reverend Philip Gallaway, to deal with the crisis when Lee Ann elopes on her wedding day, leaving her parents and her fiance bewildered. Willa handles the immediate crisis beautifully–sending the flowers to a nursing home, the fancy food to a soup kitchen, and turning away the wedding guests in a dignified manner. At home that night, Willa is exhausted and more than a little shocked when Lee Ann calls in a panic, saying she is in danger and begging Willa to come to Statesville to get her. Soon Willa is deep into the mystery of Lee Ann's disappearance–consoling her mother, gently questioning the young man's family, working with the retired policeman who is investigating the case. Eventually Willa herself is in danger as the kidnapper spins a web of deceit and murder.
Check this title's availability in the UNC-Chapel Hill Library catalog.


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The law firm of Mayer Brown announced via a press release that Michael P. Lennon Jr. will join the Houston office as a partner in the Litigation & Dispute Resolution practice. He will also work in the International Arbitration practice. He comes to the firm from Baker Botts and their office in Houston.
According to the release, Houston senior partner Bill Knull, said the following: "Mike is an experienced arbitration practitioner and trial lawyer with an outstanding track record for handling a wide variety of arbitration and litigation matters, particularly in the energy, natural resources and construction sectors. We are delighted to welcome him to Mayer Brown."
The co-leader of the firm's global International Arbitration practice, Raid Abu-Manneh, said, "Arbitration is the preferred mechanism for resolving transnational disputes in many parts of the world, and Mike's extensive experience in high profile cases will further enhance our ability to act for clients with international arbitration matters around the globe."
Lennon represents clients in front of courts, juries, arbitral tribunals, appellate proceedings, annulment proceedings and enforcement proceedings.
Lennon said the following in the release: "Mayer Brown's International Arbitration group has the geographic reach, proven experience and bench strength needed to successfully handle clients' most significant arbitration matters. Also important in my decision to join Mayer Brown were the firm's strong capabilities in the energy and construction industries and other complementary practice areas. I look forward to collaborating with colleagues across the firm's vast global network in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Europe to serve clients on a broad range of cases."
Lennon earned his law degree from the University of Iowa College of Law and his BS from the University of Iowa.
Neil Wasserstrom is the partner-in-charge for the Houston office. He said, "Mike's arrival further underscores Mayer Brown's strong commitment to serving the energy industry in Houston and around the world while continuing the firm's positive momentum in the international arbitration space."
Looking for law firm attorney jobs in Houston then click here to apply now.


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Hawaiʻi Police Department
Vice Section, Area II
Lieutenant Sherry Bird
Phone: 326-4646, Ext. 226
Report No. C13001573
Media Release
A West Hawaiʻi man and woman have been charged with numerous drug offenses after their arrest in Waimea last week.
On Thursday (January 17), South Kohala officers responded to a disturbance at a motel on Lindsey Road in Waimea. Police found 20-year-old Robert Reed, who has no permanent address, unresponsive and in a room with 22-year-old Jessie Bitton of Kailua-Kona. Narcotics were visible in the room.
Reed was taken to North Hawaiʻi Community Hospital, where he was treated and later released.
During the execution of a search warrant, Vice Section officers recovered 166.5 grams of cocaine, 7 ounces of marijuana, paraphernalia associated with the use and distribution of illegal drugs, and $8,900 in cash from the motel room, as well as a small quantity of cocaine residue and 12.1 grams of marijuana from Reed's vehicle.
Reed and Bitton were arrested Thursday. On Friday (January 18), they were each charged with 10 counts of promoting a dangerous drug, six counts of promoting a detrimental drug, seven counts of possessing drug paraphernalia and one count of promoting a controlled substance near a school. Their bail was set at $313,000 each.
They were held at the Kona police cellblock pending their initial court appearance Tuesday (January 22).


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Show All Answers
The City requires that a completed application for employment be submitted in order to be considered for a position. You may include a resume with your application; however, a resume alone will not be accepted.
Yes, however, you will not be required to complete the entire application as the personal information, certifications and education information are saved from the first application you submitted.
All applications for employment must be received or postmarked by the advertised closing date, no exceptions. The City of Oviedo reserves the right to fill a vacancy prior to the published closing date.
For positions which state "valid driver license" required, "valid" is defined as an issued license which is not expired nor has, within the past three (3) years, been denied, restricted, revoked, or suspended. Further, a conviction within the last three (3) years for driving while intoxicated, under the influence of narcotics, and/or any serious violation, to include, but not limited to, reckless driving, endangering the lives of others, or racing, are grounds for disqualification in compliance with the requirements of the City's insurer. Suspensions for non-moving violations will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Driver license checks will be conducted for verification of status.
Some positions may require a job-related test be administered as part of the selection process.
Your signature on the employment application authorizes the City of Oviedo to request criminal conviction records from State and Federal agencies, and employment and educational information/verification from your existing/previous employers and educational institutions, and credit history check (where applicable). The City requires that you disclose whether you have ever been convicted, pled guilty, pled nolo contendere to any criminal offense. If you have ever been convicted, pled guilty or pled nolo contendere to any criminal offense, you will need to attach a separate sheet giving offense, date, county, state and disposition for each offense. If applying online, fax criminal history information to 407-971-5802, attention Human Resources, or email us your criminal history information. By placing your signature on the application and not submitting a separate sheet explaining the criminal history, you are stating that you have never been convicted, pled guilty or pled nolo contendere to any criminal offense. A criminal record does not constitute an automatic bar to employment and will be considered only as it relates to the job in question.
Answer all questions on the application, giving complete answers to all questions. It is important that you include your salary history as well as the month and date in your employment history. Failure to do so may cause disqualification of your application. Please provide information on all positions held for the last fifteen (15) years (where applicable). The City of Oviedo reserves the right to conduct a background search at any time to verify all answers on the application; falsification of any item is cause for disqualification of application and/or termination. If you wish to submit a resume with your application, please list all information in the "Employment Experience" section of the application. Under the "Work Performed" section, you may insert the words "see resume." Finally, it is your responsibility to clearly indicate on the application or resume if you possess any of the special requirements listed in the job announcement and to present copies of special certificates of licenses at the time of application.
Applications are not normally forwarded to the hiring department/division prior to the closing date. An exception to this would be if the posting contains the statement "Position is open until filled" or in an unusual or emergency situation. After the position has closed, the Human Resources Department will screen the applications to determine if they meet the minimum qualifications as posted for the position. The most qualified applications will be forwarded to the hiring department. The hiring department will contact the selected applicants for interview and make the selection decision. The Human Resources Department will notify all applicants not selected for the position by mail or email at the end of the hiring process. This may take several weeks, so please be patient. If you claim a disability under the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and need an accommodation for the interview, please advise a member of the Human Resources Department staff at 407-971-5525.
Information on Unemployment Compensation can be found at online. You may complete your claim online or by visiting:Workforce Central Florida5166 E Colonial DriveOrlando, FL 32803Phone: 407-531-1227, ext. 4400Open Monday to Thursday, 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., and Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Applications/resumes, and additional support documents may be submitted prior to 5 p.m. on the closing date of the vacancy and are accepted at:
City Hall
Human Resources
400 Alexandria Boulevard
Oviedo, FL 32765
Human Resources is open between the hours of 8 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except on observed holidays.
Applications are accepted only when there is a position vacancy and an announcement is posted.
The State of Florida Agency for Workforce Innovation has a list of available positions within the State. View a list of vacancies.
Applicants selected to fill a vacancy will be subject to a drug screen as a condition of employment. Some positions may require that the applicant submit to a physical examination and / or fitness evaluation.


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About This Quiz
Owning your own home can be a little stressful, but you love the thought of having a piece of land and a structure to call your own. Unlike renting (even renting a home), there are many elements of owning a home that you have to be prepared for before you dive in. Even if you think you are ready for all of the bills that need to be paid and the repairs that need to be done, there may be many things you aren't taking into consideration. With the thought of all the major elements of your home that you have to maintain as well as the costly repairs that are incorporated into home ownership, you may be feeling that owning your own home isn't nearly as wonderful as it sounds.
However, home ownership is a great way to build your credit, root your family, and even make money, even if there are things for which you need to be prepared. There are many pros and cons to owning a home, and after weighing them out, you have decided that owning is right for you and your family. If you think you're ready to own your own home, take this home ownership quiz to see if you have what it takes.
The three most common heat sources for homes are gas, electric, and propane. The majority of communal homes (condos) will use electric heat sources to avoid issues with carbon monoxide and fire.
Generally, the buyer is responsible for the down payment. The down payment is paid to the lending company for the loan.
The first thing you should do if you notice your water heater leaking is turn off the water source. Next, assess the damage, and call your insurance company if there is extensive water damage. If you have a home warranty company, make sure you contact them to see if they cover repairs or replacements.
In general, if your furnace makes a sound when it kicks on, this is normal. The fan motor is working to distribute the warm air. However, if the flames of your furnace are yellow or orange, it isn't burning hot enough, and you should have it serviced or inspected.
If your home is at risk of freezing pipes, be sure to insulate the exposed pipes in the colder areas of your home. Additionally, if your home is prone to freezing pipes, you can keep a running drip of hot water in the sinks throughout your home to ensure they remain thawed.
If you have pressed wood counter tops that are a little older, you may notice areas that are swelling. This means that it is taking on water. Be sure to clean the area thoroughly to avoid mold damage, and consider sealing it or replacing it.
It is important to detach your hose from the spigot in the winter and put it in a place that is less likely to freeze. Keeping your hose attached to the spigot can lead to frozen water expanding into the spigot, freezing, and bursting the pipe.
If your outlet isn't holding plugs, it is imperative that you change the outlet. If you are uncomfortable with electricity, contact a professional right away and inspect the rest of the outlets in your home.
Settling cracks are common in new and old houses. The ground under your home is sturdy, but it still shifts. As your home settles, it does so unevenly, and this can cause cracks. Keep an eye on the crack and test the floor above the crack (if possible). If you have major concerns, contact a professional.
Light bulbs go out all the time, no matter how expensive they are. Make sure you have spare light bulbs on hand at all times, just in case one goes out when you need it the most.
Many bathrooms and kitchens have tile floors and walls. Ceramic tile is easy to clean, but grout isn't as easy to keep clean and it is prone to mold damage. However, grout is the best way to keep tiles in place.
Home warranty companies cover a lot of different aspects of your home, including major appliances. It is always smart to get a warranty when you purchase a home.
Your insurance company should cover any damage to your roof that is not considered normal wear and tear. Most good home warranty companies will cover all of the major appliances in your home.
Depending on what area of the country you live in, replacing your home's air filter is necessary. Make sure you purchase quality filters, because they will last longer and keep your home cleaner.
Your air filter can generally be found near an air source. This means your furnace (which blows air around your home) and air conditioners are the most common places to find air filters, but you can also find them near air ducts.
Water softeners use salt to help remove calcium and magnesium ions from your water. These ions make your water hard and can cause buildup in your sinks, showers, and toilets.
It is important to clean all areas of your home. You may find that some areas don't need to be cleaned as frequently as others, but all of them should be cleaned at least once every six months. During flue season, it is important to clean your doorknobs; however, you may find that you only need to clean your oven as often.
While it may seem silly to clean something that cleans other things, cleaning your washing machine is important for maintenance. At least once a month, run an empty cycle, or set your washing machine to the self-cleaning setting.
It is important to pay your mortgage every month. Even if you go paperless, your online account with your lender should have a mortgage statement for you monthly.
In general, homeowners don't have to pay for parking permits for their residences. However, there are some cities that require parking permits for street parking to reduce space issues.
The foundation is an essential part of your home. If you notice cracks in your foundation, contact a professional for an inspection. You may find that you also have water damage or structural issues.
When water starts seeping through your drywall and paint, you have a major problem. This can come from any number of places, including leaking pipes or a hole in your roof. Call a professional immediately to find the source of the water, and repair the problem.
Your furnace collects dust when it isn't being used. The first time you use your furnace, this dust will burn off and make your house smell a little weird. Check your vents for black smoke and keep an eye on your furnace. If the smell goes away, you're fine. If the smell persists, consider calling an HVAC company for service.
If your backyard slants toward your foundation, you should consider building it up or evening it out. Improper surface grading can lead to many problems with your foundation. Water damage to areas of your home can be a costly repair.
Blowing a fuse isn't a very big deal. It simply means that too much energy was being used on the same fuse. Consider plugging your appliances in different areas of the home to ensure you don't over run your electrical currents.
Your breaker box can generally be found in one of the many utility areas of your home. The most common places where you may find it are in the basement or the garage.
Finding the right homeowner's insurance for your home can be difficult. However, when you call for quotes, make sure you ask about all of the possible discounts they may offer for which you qualify.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a program that began in the 1930s and has helped millions of home buyers secure loans for new homes. While many FHA loans go to first-time homeowners, they are also available to veterans, the disabled, the elderly, and low-income families.
FHA, VA, and Conventional loans are great ways for those who cannot afford to purchase a home outright to get started. VA loans are generally for veterans. FHA loans are reserved for first-time homeowners and low-income families, while conventional loans require a higher credit score.
While dryer fires are a common cause of house fires, cleaning your dryer vent at least once a year is a great way to prevent them. Additionally, in winter, always inspect the dryer exhaust on the exterior of your home to ensure that it isn't blocked by snow.
The buyer is responsible for turning on his or her own utilities, unless otherwise stated in the contract. Once they go to closing, it is important for the buyer to call all the utility companies right away to start service.
Crawl spaces are generally used to help homeowners and utility workers access the inner workings of their homes. While basements do offer this, a basement is considerably larger and offers the homeowner additional storage or the opportunity to finish the basement into a living area.
While bread machines can be rather large, they are not considered large appliances. Large appliances are generally items that have stationary settings in your home and cannot be re-positioned without changing electrical wiring or cabinet placement.
Good fences make good neighbors, but when it comes to costly repairs of a fence, your neighbor may not be so good to you anymore. If this happens, look up state laws regarding fencing and learn more about what rights you have.
Your zip code helps the USPS and other package delivery services identify where to send your package. In general, this is the first part of the address they look at to figure out where the envelope or package is going.


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Last Thursday, Condé Nast announced that it planned to reduce W magazine's publishing frequency from twelve to ten issues annually. The publishing magnate told WWD that the move was part of "a strategic brand expansion," and that it would "allow the brand to bolster its focus on key issues."
The 10-issue standard is not new amongst fashion-geared publications. The US's oldest fashion title, Harper's Bazaar (owned by Hearst publications) received the same reduction in September 2011. In W's case, the move was not solely based on advertising (WWD reports that the title's ad pages jumped 10 percent in 2012), however that isn't the case for the Condé's newest victim. Wednesday afternoon, WWD's media reporter Erik Maza tweeted that the publishing house's struggling title, Lucky, is also axing two of its issues. "Condé finally makes a decision on Lucky Magazine: Like W, it's scaling back from 12 to ten issues a year," Maza dispatched on Twitter on Wednesday afternoon. (Update: see WWD's full story here.)
W's news may have come as a surprise to media enthusiasts, especially considering its positive advertising ranks, but Lucky has long been said to be flailing in the market. Last year it was reported that the magazine might even move entirely online. Official details of the new configuration are yet to come through, but if they're anything like W's recent changes, Lucky will likely publish a December/January issue, followed by a similarly consolidated model for June/July, effectively merging the slowest-performing months on the publishing calendar. Two representatives for Lucky didn't respond to e-mails asking for comment.


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Chag Sameach
Readings on freedom - four readings on different aspects of liberty - one from Tommy Lapid (in the words of his son Yair), two from Amos Oz, and one from Barack Obama. What different (or similar) aspects of freedom do they emphasize? Click here for the source sheet.
Dayenu. Would it really have been 'enough'? Would it really have been enough for us if some parts of the liberation experience would have happenned but others would not have (the song Dayenu)? Sources from the Talmud, Jonathan Sacks, Amos Oz and others look at the issue of showing gratitude over partial redemption.
In addition, a New York Times piece touches on the challenges of freedom in the form of a North Korean who escaped a concentration camp to flee to the South who sometimes wishes he was back in the camp.
If each of us needs to see ourselves as leaving Egypt, then each of us also need to deal with the challenges that being free poses. How should we do this? I think it begins with eating Matza - that food which is 'on its way' to becoming bread but isnt yet. We deal with the challenges of freedom by celebrating the current partialness of redemption and showing gratitude for it (while still remembering what the end of the story - full redemption - should look like) Click here for the source sheet.
Does our 'victimhood complex' stop us from being free? One idea of full liberating ourselves from slavery is letting go of hate (if we hate our enemies for what they did to us, we cant be fully free). But might the fact that our tradition often reminds us of the past (in every generation they rise up to destroy u) make it harder for us to fully liberate ourselves? Do we focus too much on the negative parts of our history? Do we facilitate a victim complex? (Etgar Keret once said that he left high school knowing all the places in Europe where pogroms happened but without realizing that Kafka was Jewish). And to what extent, might this prevent us from fully being free? Click here for the source sheet.
Rejoicing in our enemies' downfall (The Plagues and the Price of Freedom) - To what extent can we / should we rejoice in the downfall of our enemies? 3 different stories from the Midrash / Talmud which emphasise different viewpoints.
Writing in the new American Hagaddah, Jeffrey Goldberg has an interesting reading on the plagues. "There is no such thing as an immaculate liberation. From time to time, in the Velvet revolution of the former Czechoslovakia for example – the liberation has been achieved without the shedding of blood. But it is naïve to think that the defeat of evil comes without cost. The Exodus story ends in freedom for Jews; the Civil War ended with freedom for African Americans; World War 2 ended with fascism utterly vanquished; and the death camps liberated. Can we say that the ends don't justify the means?" Click here for the source sheet.
Pour out your wrath? How can we understand the 'pour out your wrath on the nations' part of the hagaddah. And how should we relate to the 'other' in general? Sources from Deborah Lipstadt (who says its his favourite part of the Hagaddah) and from Jonathan Sacks on the 'transference' of violence from humans onto God.
Perhaps we're left with the question of how to best channel our (often justified anger). Goldberg argues that "Anger channelled destructively, can lead to vindictiveness, to a kind of constricting tribalism that sees everyone on the other side of our circles wagons as an enemy. Destructive anger is one of the great dangers of our age…
But isn't anger also a useful motivator? Isn't there such a thing as righteous anger? The abolitionists were angry; the suffragists were angry; Herzl was angry; Gandhi was angry. But they poured their wrath not into vengeful violence but into new foundations of justice...
how do we know when our constructive anger becomes dangerous?" Click here for the source sheet