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Waterbody Lookup
Displaying 1 - 5 of 5
Pomme de Terre Lake
Length limits:
Black bass: minimum 13"
Crappie: minimum 9"
Daily limit:
Crappie: 15
Roaring River
The use of porous-soled waders is prohibited.
While on any waters with length limits, all trout you possess must be kept with head, tail, and skin intact.
From the lower boundary of Roaring River State Park to Table Rock Lake - 4 miles:
White Ribbon Trout Area, see restrictions below.
White Ribbon Trout Area
Coldwater streams capable of supporting trout populations year-round. All receive periodic stockings of rainbow trout, and some also receive brown trout. They provide great opportunities for catching and harvesting trout and the occasional chance to harvest a large trout.
Length Limit: Rainbows -- none; Browns -- at least 15"
Daily Limit: 4
Authorized Lures: All
Roaring River State Park
Unless exempt, you need fishing permit as well as a daily trout tag from March 1 to October 31. The daily trout tag is $5 for adults and $3 for youth 15 and younger. Trout tags and permits can be purchased at the park.
During the November through February catch-and-release season the annual trout permit replaces the daily trout tag.
November 10, 2023 - February 12, 2024
Trout fishing is allowed from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM Fridays through Mondays.
Catch-and-release fishing only. (Fishing permit and annual trout permit required.)
Allowed lures: flies only
March 1 - October 31
Daily limit: 4 of all species combined. You must stop fishing after have 8 trout in your possession.
Month | Begin | End |
March | 6:30 am CST 7:30 am CDT | 6:00 pm CST 7:00 pm CDT |
April | 7:00 am | 7:30 pm |
May | 6:30 am | 8:15 pm |
June/July | 6:30 am | 8:30 pm |
August | 7:00 am | 8:00 pm |
September | 7:30 am | 7:15 pm |
October | 7:30 am | 6:30 pm |
- Not more than one pole and line may be used by one person at any time.
- Gigging, snaring, snagging, and the taking of live bait are prohibited.
- Some waters are posted as restricted to specific baits or lures.
- The use of any foods to attract fish, except when placed on a hook, is prohibited.
At Roaring River State Park, a daily tag or a trout permit may be used for fishing from the first bridge below the old dam in Zone 3 to the downstream park boundary.
Fishing zones, allowed methods, and regulations vary. Ask for additional information when you purchase your tag.
Trout Parks
Several of the onsite fish hatcheries offer visitor centers and displays and tours.
Table Rock Lake
Daily limit:
Do not continue to snag, snare or grab for any species after taking a daily limit of 2 paddlefish.
Catfish (channel, blue and flathead): 10, combined total of these species
Crappie: 15
Size limit:
Black bass: minimum 15"
Crappie: minimum 10"
Walleye and sauger: minimum 18"
On the lake and its tributaries:
Size limit: Paddlefish: 34" minimum body length, measured from eye to fork of tail
Truman Lake
Daily limit:
Crappie: 15
Size limit:
Black bass: minimum 15" length limit on largemouth and smallmouth bass; minimum 12" length limit on spotted bass.
Crappie: minimum 9"
Allowed methods:
Nongame fish: Snagging, snaring and grabbing are allowed from March 15 through April 30 only.
On the lake and its tributaries
Daily limit:
Blue catfish: 10 fish daily and possession limit, with not more than 2 blue catfish more than 34".
Size limit:
Paddlefish: minimum 34" body length, measured from eye to fork of tail
Blue catfish: 26" to 34" protected slot length limit; the daily limit may not contain more than 2 blue catfish more than 34".
Prohibited Methods: No person shall continue to snag, snare or grab for any species after taking a daily limit of 2 paddlefish.


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This article was first published in Newsletter 122, April 2014.
Early life and the British Medical Association
Charles Hill was born in Islington in 1904. He said that his father, who died when he was two years old, had worked as a piano tuner in the family business of Dunmow, Ellis and Hill making pianos.
Such was the educational system at the time, he was able to benefit from a scholarship to grammar school and then to Trinity College, Cambridge. He was, he would say, lazy at school but was inspired to apply himself in the sixth form by his then Headmaster, W.G Rushbrooke. While at Cambridge reading medicine he met Marion Wallace, who read botany at Newnham College. They married several years later, and died within weeks of one another in 1989, having been married for 60 years.
Charles left the practice of medicine to join the British Medical Association in 1932, initially as Assistant to the Secretary. In time he himself became Secretary. It was at this time that he moved with his growing family to Harpenden. Their home was a rambling Victorian house, in Milton Road*, a short walk from the station. The garden, stocked with hens as pets and rabbits for the pot, was on two levels, sloping down to the railway track along the bottom.
Charles was very much part of the local community. He played golf at Hammonds End, drank beer at the Cock, and played poker on Sunday afternoons with a gathering of friends including Percy Claridge and E.C. Jarvis, whose businesses both continue to flourish in Harpenden today.
As Secretary of the BMA, it fell to him to fight hard on behalf of the doctors at the time of the introduction of the National Health Service. Aneurin Bevan was his main protagonist and he always spoke of him with great respect. In 1948 he and a group of local residents formed the Harpenden Trust. Despite the introduction of the welfare state and the NHS, it was felt that there would always be a need to take care of people who 'fell through the net'. It was the case then and remains so today. To this day the Trust helps the less fortunate in our community in a variety of ways.
The 'radio doctor'
During the war Charles was invited to give occasional radio broadcasts about healthy eating under rationing. These proved popular and became more frequent, eventually becoming a regular Friday morning broadcast. Medical etiquette was such that doctors were not allowed to 'advertise themselves', and his rich and earthy advice was simply known as that of the 'Radio Doctor'. This is how he is widely remembered today. The broadcasts were live, and so he always stayed in London on Thursday evening.
Parliamentary career
In the next stage of his varied career, in 1950 he became Member of Parliament for Luton, standing as a National Liberal, taking the Conservative whip. It was never a safe seat. He scraped in with a majority of just over 1,000. His opponent, William Warbey, said 'I have been beaten by a Voice'.
His broadcasting skills came into their own when he made a famous speech remembered particularly for the phrase 'Chuck it, Priestley'. This referred to an election broadcast made by J. B. Priestley. Winston Churchill was impressed and sent a telegram of congratulations which was on display along with other items for members to view.
Marion, as an MP's wife, was never completely happy in the role. She was a quiet, retiring and unfailingly supportive woman who did not find their public life easy. They remained to the end a devoted couple.
Charles' talents were quickly recognised and he held a number of junior ministerial posts in the 1950s. He was determined not to accept a post on the Ministry of Health. However, as Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Food, he played a role in the ending of rationing in 1953. When elevated to the Cabinet as Postmaster General he introduced Premium Bonds. His final Cabinet post was as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in Harold Macmillan's government. With responsibility for all aspects of government publicity, an important aspect of his work was to maintain a good relationship with the press lobby. He knew that he could talk to the Press 'off the record' and it would not be published. How different things are today! Sadly his political career ended suddenly in 1962 with only four hours' notice. Harold Macmillan rushed through a major reshuffle in what became known as the 'night of the long knives'.
ITA and BBC
For many that would have signalled the end of their professional career. It was not so for Charles Hill, now created a life peer. He became chairman of the Independent Television Authority in 1963. His work involved improving programmes. That brought him into contact with Mary Whitehouse. He enjoyed his four years with the ITA immensely. Amidst some surprise, and some criticism, he was appointed by Harold Wilson as Chairman of the BBC in 1967. It was felt that he might introduce advertising in the BBC, which he did not, or that he might yield to governmental pressure, which he did not. He proved a stout defender of the independence of the BBC and an adroit administrator.
Charles finally retired in 1972. He did, however, continue to be active in the business world as Chairman of the Abbey National Building Society and of Laporte. He enjoyed fishing. Marion would accompany him and would be painting while he fished. His 'local' became the Three Horseshoes on East Common, where he regularly lifted an elbow with Reg Pearson, the retired Chairman of Vauxhall Motors. In his final years his 'local' was the Cross Keys in the centre of Harpenden.
He died in 1989 and was commemorated in a service in Westminster Abbey in November of that year. In subsequent questions and anecdotes by the members it transpired that his career and life in Harpenden was well remembered by many.
* Brooklands, 26 Milton Road. This was demolished in the 1970s and Heathview and Lindon Court stand on the site of the house and garden

subset: commoncrawl


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Tor: Onion Service Protocol
Tor makes it possible for users to hide their locations while offering various kinds of services, such as web publishing or an instant messaging server. Using Tor "rendezvous points," other Tor users can connect to these onion services, formerly known as hidden services, each without knowing the other's network identity. This page describes the technical details of how this rendezvous protocol works. For a more direct how-to, see our configuring onion services page.
An onion service needs to advertise its existence in the Tor network before clients will be able to contact it. Therefore, the service randomly picks some relays, builds circuits to them, and asks them to act as introduction points by telling them its public key. Note that in the following figures the green links are circuits rather than direct connections. By using a full Tor circuit, it's hard for anyone to associate an introduction point with the onion server's IP address. While the introduction points and others are told the onion service's identity (public key), we don't want them to learn about the onion server's location (IP address).
# maybe add a speech bubble containing "PK" to Bob, because that's what # Bob tells to his introduction pointsStep two: the onion service assembles an onion service descriptor, containing its public key and a summary of each introduction point, and signs this descriptor with its private key. It uploads that descriptor to a distributed hash table. The descriptor will be found by clients requesting XYZ.onion where XYZ is a 16 character name derived from the service's public key. After this step, the onion service is set up.
Although it might seem impractical to use an automatically-generated service name, it serves an important goal: Everyone – including the introduction points, the distributed hash table directory, and of course the clients – can verify that they are talking to the right onion service. See also Zooko's conjecture that out of Decentralized, Secure, and Human-Meaningful, you can achieve at most two. Perhaps one day somebody will implement a Petname design for onion service names?
# maybe replace "database" with "DHT"; further: how incorrect # is it to *not* add DB to the Tor cloud, now that begin dir cells are in # use?Step three: A client that wants to contact an onion service needs to learn about its onion address first. After that, the client can initiate connection establishment by downloading the descriptor from the distributed hash table. If there is a descriptor for XYZ.onion (the onion service could also be offline or have left long ago, or there could be a typo in the onion address), the client now knows the set of introduction points and the right public key to use. Around this time, the client also creates a circuit to another randomly picked relay and asks it to act as rendezvous point by telling it a one-time secret.
# maybe add "cookie" to speech bubble, separated from the surrounded # "IP1-3" and "PK"Step four: When the descriptor is present and the rendezvous point is ready, the client assembles an introduce message (encrypted to the onion service's public key) including the address of the rendezvous point and the one-time secret. The client sends this message to one of the introduction points, requesting it be delivered to the onion service. Again, communication takes place via a Tor circuit: nobody can relate sending the introduce message to the client's IP address, so the client remains anonymous.
Step five: The onion service decrypts the client's introduce message and finds the address of the rendezvous point and the one-time secret in it. The service creates a circuit to the rendezvous point and sends the one-time secret to it in a rendezvous message.
At this point it is of special importance that the onion service sticks to the same set of entry guards when creating new circuits. Otherwise an attacker could run their own relay and force an onion service to create an arbitrary number of circuits in the hope that the corrupt relay is picked as entry node and they learn the onion server's IP address via timing analysis. This attack was described by Øverlier and Syverson in their paper titled Locating Hidden Servers.
# it should say "Bob connects to Alice's ..."In the last step, the rendezvous point notifies the client about successful connection establishment. After that, both client and onion service can use their circuits to the rendezvous point for communicating with each other. The rendezvous point simply relays (end-to-end encrypted) messages from client to service and vice versa.
One of the reasons for not using the introduction circuit for actual communication is that no single relay should appear to be responsible for a given onion service. This is why the rendezvous point never learns about the onion service's identity.
In general, the complete connection between client and onion service consists of 6 relays: 3 of them were picked by the client with the third being the rendezvous point and the other 3 were picked by the onion service.
There are more detailed descriptions about the onion service protocol than this one. See the Tor design paper for an in-depth design description and the rendezvous specification for the message formats.


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Appreciating life: The birth of Austin
Written by: Christa August 19 2012 After three easy and […]
After three easy and healthy pregnancies, I expected the same for baby number four. At about 30 weeks pregnant I started to become very itchy. I asked my Doctor and he said it was normal. To help though he said to take some benadryl and avoid hot baths. A couple of weeks later my husband and I went out to dinner. Afterwards, the itching became unbearable. I was itchy from head to toe—especially my feet at night. I couldn't sleep. I searched the internet and came upon a disease called Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy, which is a liver disorder that occurs during pregnancy. This condition affects the normal flow of bile. It sounded exactly what I had. I called the doctors office and headed in for tests. A few days later the results came back and I was diagnosed with the disease. ICP poses several risks that are of great concern. ICP is associated with an increased risk of stillbirth, premature labor, fetal distress, maternal hemorrhaging, and meconium passage in utero. I was scared.
I was put on medication to help the disease and was scheduled for an early induction, but at 35 weeks my contractions started. They tried to stop them, but I still kept having them. I was moved over to Labor and Delivery, and asked for the epidural immediately. Not only to control the pain but also the itching. After two days of labor Austin was born. They placed him on the table to clean him off and he stopped breathing.
They had to call a code blue. Immediately there were a lot of people in the room. They called a life flight helicopter team to transport him to a high level NICU and placed him on a breathing machine called an oscillator. I was wheeled into a recovery room and watched my baby fly away.
A few hours later I was able to be released from the hospital (I begged and pleaded) and was able to go visit him. He spent five days being sedated and on a ventilator. He was born with an infection that required antibiotic treatment and medication to help his blood pressure. It was very hard not having a normal birth experience.
It was tough learning how to adjust to the NICU life. I think you go a little crazy not being able to hold your baby. I had a lot of support from the nurses, family, and friends. After a week he started learning how to breath and eat on is own and after 14 long days he was able to come home.
Austin was born a fighter, he is such an amazing little boy and now is completely healthy. Although being in the NICU and having such a traumatic experience was the hardest thing I have ever been through, I wouldn't change a thing. I have learned to appreciate life, and I have learned to be a better mother.
I have sat in the NICU and waited.
I have cried and prayed.
I have endured.
Like most things in life, the people who truly have appreciation are those who have struggled to attain their dreams.
I will notice everything about my child.
I will take time to watch my child sleep, explore and discover.
I will marvel at my surviving miracle every day for the rest of my life.
I will be happy when I wake in the middle of the night to the sound of my child, knowing that I can comfort, hold and feed him and that I am not waking to a nurse taking another temperature, an alarm going off, another round of meds or because I am crying tears for fear of the unknown.
I will be happy because my baby is alive and crying out for me.
I count myself lucky in this sense; that God has given me this insight, this special vision with which I will look upon my child that my friends will not see.
Whether I parent a preemie with physical challleges or medical issues, I will not be careless with my love.
I will be a better mother for all that I have endured. I am a better wife, a better aunt, a better daughter, neighbor, friend and sister because I have known pain.
I know disillusionment as I have been betrayed by my own body.
I have been tried by fire and hell many never face, yet given time, I stood tall.
I have prevailed.
I have succeeded.
I have won.
So now, when others hurt around me, I do not run from their pain in order to save myself discomfort. I see it, mourn it, and join them in theirs.
I listen.
And even though I cannot make it better, I can make it less lonely. I have learned the immense power of another hand holding tight to mine, of other eyes that moisten as they learn to accept the harsh truth and when life is beyond hard. I have learned a compassion that only comes with walking in those shoes.
I have learned to appreciate life.
Yes I will be a wonderful mother.


text:
Columbia Rose Eau de Parfum
Product Description
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Eau de Parfum is a stronger concentration of your favourite fragrance. For those who apply their perfume less frequently, but want greater longevity. -
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text:
Prokofiev Was Stalin's Final Victim
Version française...
There has been no hour like it in history. On the evening of March 5, 1953, between nine and ten p.m. in a dacha on the edge of Moscow, Joseph Stalin died from the effects of a cerebral haemorrhage. Fifty minutes earlier, in a communal Moscow apartment, Serge Prokofiev died after suffering a stroke. The congruity is unparalleled - indeed, it could only have been matched had Shakespeare died within an hour of Elizabeth I or Goethe on the night Napoleon expired. Potentate and artist, tyrant and victim, were uniquely linked by the accident of death. They have remained conjoined ever since.
At Prokofiev's funeral there were no flowers: Stalin's men had rounded up all winter blooms. There were few mourners, barely 40, because all attention was directed to the national loss.
Three days passed before news of Prokofiev's death leaked to the West, three days more before it appeared in Pravda; still, some got wind of it. The string quartet who played beside Stalin's open coffin wept openly-- for Prokofiev.
Within three years, Stalin's crimes were denounced by Nikita Khrushchev at the 20th party congress and the Great Leader and Teacher was consigned to perdition. A slow thaw set in. Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote about the Gulag; Dmitri Shostakovich codified the Great Terror in his symphonies. Artists who outlived Stalin erased his stain from their work. Prokofiev, who died with him, remains half-damned by association.
He is one of the most familiar composers of the modern era. Peter and the Wolf is performed in kindergartens and Romeo and Juliet is not only danced by ballet companies but blared forth in football stadia as an aggressive combat anthem. A composer as popular as Prokofiev cannot reasonably be considered the victim of prejudice.
However, these two hits apart, the rest of his output, some 135 works, receives patchy recognition. It is clouded by the unease that we might feel when entering a mediaeval torture chamber, a mixture of faint curiosity and crawling fear.
Of Prokofiev's seven important symphonies, only the first and fifth are performed with any regularity; of his five piano concertos, only the third and fifth. How many of us can name, let alone claim to have seen, more than three of his ten operas? How few living pianists play the nine sonatas as a life-work?
There is no contention about Prokofiev as there is about Shostakovich (or even Tchaikovsky); no secret messages encrypted in the music, nothing but fertile melody and crackling originality. Nor is there any dispute over his stature. Prokofiev is universally acknowledged as one of the foremost composers of the twentieth century, albeit the least explored. The root of that paradox lies in his frozen embrace with Stalin.
Prokofiev, having left Russia after the revolution, returned in 1933 and resettled in 1936, the only genius who was fool enough to believe Stalin's promises of haven. He found creative stimulus in Moscow's theatrical life and intuitive interpreters in David Oistrakh, for whom he wrote two concertos, and the pianists Sviatoslav Richter and Emil Gilels. He enjoyed privileged social status, a comfortable apartment and a country dacha.
But in Stalin's first purge, seeing friends disappear, Prokofiev offered a craven cantata for the 20th anniversary of the revolution, a 60th birthday ode, Zdravitsa, to Stalin and sundry hymns to dam projects. Abroad, he was recast as an official propagandist. Time magazine captioned its 1945 cover story: "He keeps time with the Marxian metronome."
Foreigners were unaware that his first wife, Lina, and their two sons were being held in Siberia as hostages for his compliance.
In Stalin's second purge he was publicly excoriated, deprived of work and reduced to near-starvation while writing the last sonatas about, as Richter said, "a world which had lost its balance".
His larder was restocked by the young cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, who barged into the office of Prokofiev's chief tormentor, the Composers Union secretary Tikhon Khrennikov, and warned that he would be held personally responsible if Prokofiev died of want. Khrennikov coughed up 5,000 roubles.
When Stalin died, Shostakovich managed to obliterate his forced obeisances in the bitingly laconic Tenth Symphony. Prokofiev, in his grave, could not cleanse himself of compromise. He appears, to the eyes of history, a weak man, over-fond of comfort and lacking in moral courage. Stalin's grin continues to blight a damaged reputation.
Attempts in the current fiftieth anniversary year to find merit in his propaganda are misguided. Shouts of "Zdravitsa" (Cheers!) to Stalin at the South Bank and Carnegie Hall will only reinforce the existing linkage and give us an excuse to postpone the hour of our reckoning with Prokofiev.
There is something profoundly suspect about Western attitudes to this composer. Instead of subjecting him to continuous critical assessment, we repeat favourite works and shun the rest. Prokofiev makes us uneasy in ways that Ravel does not. He reminds us of things we would prefer to forget - first and foremost of our obeisance to Stalin. Yes, ours, not his.
I have on my desk the programme for a Sunday afternoon concert given by the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Sir Adrian Boult "in honour of Stalin's birthday". The date is 21 December, 1941, and the main item on the menu is Prokofiev. I have other papers of that period in which Walton, Bliss and Malcolm Sargent are cheerily serenading Stalin.
The whole of Western civilisation went doolally for a smile from Uncle Joe and, as Martin Amis justly contends, has never admitted its guilt in inflating the monster's megalomania. Prokofiev, by dying with Stalin, is buried with him in our collective subsconscious. We avoid most of his music because of the associations it evokes, and the Russians treat it circumspectly because the evil is still alive.
Half a century on, it ought to be possible to detach Prokofiev from his times but history is a fluid topic, rewritten day by day. Tikhon Khrennikov, 90 years old this summer, is going around Moscow denying that he persecuted composers for anything other than financial crimes.
Prokofiev, he insists, never suffered at his hands. In February 2003, Vladimir Putin awarded Khrennikov the presidential prize, the state's highest honour. Prokofiev's silence speaks volumes.


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WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama is calling for international investigators to have "immediate and full access" to the site in eastern Ukraine, where a passenger jet was shot down last week.
Obama accused pro-Russian separatists in the area of removing evidence and bodies from the crash site. He says that raising the question of "what exactly are they trying to hide?"
The president says the burden is on Russia and President Vladimir Putin to compel the separatists to cooperate with the investigation. Obama says that if Russia continues to violate Ukraine's sovereignty, Moscow "will only further isolate itself" and the economic costs will continue to increase.
The White House says the missile that brought down the Malaysia Airlines plane was fired from an area controlled by the separatists.


text:
Live Music: David Attelan
Event Details
The longest running live music series on Miami Beach, with Latin Jazz on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sundays. Listen along while dining in LT Steak & Seafood or enjoying a refreshing libation at the Bar.
6PM to 11PM
David ATTELAN – Piano - is an award-winning pianist and composer who has composed, arranged and produced music for films, TV shows, fashion shows, brands and artists (hip hop, pop, electro), and produced dance-floor remixes. Brand partners include Renault, L'Oréal, La Fnac, EMI, Sony BMG, Eric Toledano and Olivier Nakache (Tellement Proches), Alexandre Arcady (Mariage Mixte) Diane Kurys (L'Anniversaire) Stéphane Guenin (L'Engagement - Killing Uncle Roman), Philippe Poulard (Warcraft), TF1, France TV, M6, W9, MTV, ARTE, His publishing label has produced, composed or arranged for musicals such as "Le Sel et le Miel", "Fiddler on The Roof", "Piaf", "Grease", "Salt & Honey" and he performed for ten years throughout Europe as conductor and musical director of the dance and song company ADAMA. @davidspianosound


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But now, even withjust aminimal amount of gameplay detail on show, this trailer has my interest legitimately piqued. Why? Watch it, and then we'll discuss.
First up, holy crap, would you look at those people. It might seema strange thing to get excited about, but with developer Team Bondi's new performance capture and facial animation tech at play here, it feels like we really could be looking at a genuine revolution in realistic, believable human characters in games. It already feels likethis could be as big a deal as when Euphoria character physics turned up in GTA IV.
And secondly, as far as authentic film noir ambience goes, this trailer is perfect. Everything from the writing to the soundtrack to the lighting to the pacing is just utterly spot-on. We expect canny cinematic purism from Rockstar games, but even in that context, the potential for L.A. Noire's overall experience has me very very excited. The Irish guy even reminds us of James Cromwell in L. A Confidential.
Now all we need is some proper gameplay details, but having heard talkof a brutalcrimeplot and cerebral sleuthing in a vibrant period open-world, I'm really hoping that this could be the first detective game that actually allows me to be a proper detective. I love Max Payne and all, butI can't help being enticed byL.A. Noire's promise to let me solve a crime with brains rather than bullets.
What do you think? Pumped for the drama of it all, or were you just hoping for GTA: 1940s edition?


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Rev. Dr. Fred M. Bruner
BERLIN — The Rev. Dr. Fred M. Bruner, 79, of Berlin, died Dec. 22, 2011, at Coastal Hospice on the Lake after a courageous battle with cancer.
Fred was born July 10, 1932 in Healdsburg, Calif. to the late Wilmer Paul Bruner and Marion Bruner, who will be celebrating her 100th birthday in April 2012.
Throughout his life, Fred held many jobs (teacher, lumberjack) before graduating from The Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary (PA) and entering the ministry full-time. In addition, he received a Doctorate of Theology from the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia).
Fred founded and developed the Asbury Child Development Center (Salisbury, Md.), The Community Church of Ocean Pines (Md.) and St. Paul's Church (Warrington, Pa.). He also served as a counselor and therapist with local clinics, community organizations and in private practice.
Later in life, Fred's passion was gardening, a skill he learned as a young boy working in his father's nursery. For many years, Fred was the caretaker of The Whaley Family Cemetery (Whaleyville, Md.).
A creative thinker, Fred was involved with numerous organizations centering on helping others. Special areas of interest were ADD, Lyme disease, organic gardening and holistic medicine. Music was a special love for Fred. He was a gifted trumpeter and singer, even recording a 45 record with his late brother Don.
In addition to his mother, Fred is survived by his wife, Theresa Gumm Bruner; son, Stephen Bruner and his wife Mindy of Glen Rock Pa.; daughters, Cora Bruner of Arnold, Laurie Jones and her husband Doug of Salisbury, Marilyn Williams of Hebron and Theresa Plack of Annapolis; sisters, Marilyn Howell and her husband Art of Kansas City, Ida May Abed and her husband Musa of Seattle and Barbara Salvadori of Healdsburg; grandchildren Jennifer Truckey of Alabama, Sarah Fisher of Salisbury, Michelle Bruner of Arizona, Griffin Jones of Silver Spring, Ali Jones of Salisbury, Tyler and Caleigh Plack of Annapolis; great-grandchildren Amber and Katlynn Cassels of Alabama; and numerous beloved nieces, nephews and cousins.
Fred was preceded in death by his brother and sister-in-law, Donald and Wanda Bruner of Lancaster Pa., and brother-in-law Rick Salvadori of Healdsburg.
A brief service of committal will be held at 11 a.m. on Friday at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Berlin. Fr. Michael Moyer will officiate. A memorial service will be held at 2 p.m. Friday at The Community Church of Ocean Pines. The Rev. Bill Sterling will officiate.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made in his memory to Historic St. Martin's Church (PO Box 590, Berlin, Md. 21811), Coastal Hospice (PO Box 1733, Salisbury, Md. 21802), and The Lyme Disease Association of the Eastern Shore of Maryland (P.O. Box 5360, Salisbury, Md. 21802).
Funeral arrangements are being handled by Burbage Funeral Home in Berlin.
Lynn Michael Engh
ROXANA, Del. — Lynn Michael Engh of Roxana, Del. and former long-time resident of Ocean City, died peacefully in his home Dec. 21, 2011 surrounded by the love of his family.
Engh, a retired United States Postal worker, was well known in the area as a musician playing piano in several local music groups including The Lynn Engh Trio and The Red Notes. Mr. Engh also owned and operated several businesses in Ocean City dating back to the 1950s including Beach Boy Beach Stands and the Shamrock and Englander Apartments on 17th Street.
Mr. Engh was a life member of both the Roxana and Ocean City Volunteer Fire Companies.
Lynn was preceded in death by his parents, Lynn Anderson Engh and Rose Alma Harrigan Engh; a brother, Denis Engh; and a daughter, Dobby Engh.
He is survived and missed by his wife of 56 years, Nancy Wilson Engh; as well as five children, Michael Engh of Frankford, Del. Cheri Engh Porcelli of Frankford, Del., Tracy Engh Meredith of Annapolis, Andy Engh of Dagsboro, Del., and Joe Engh of Ocean City.
In addition, he is survived and missed by 13 grandchildren; three great grandchildren; two brothers, Fred Engh of West Palm Beach, Fla. and Rohn Engh of Star Prairie, Wis.; and two sisters, Dona Yates of Salisbury and Mary Joel Davis of Ocean City.
A funeral Mass will be held at St Luke's Catholic Church, 9903 Coastal Hwy, Ocean City, on Friday evening Dec. 30 at 5 p.m. followed by food, fellowship and a celebration of his life at the Roxana Volunteer Fire Company on Route 20 in Roxana, Del.
In lieu of flowers donations may be made to the Roxana Volunteer Fire Company, 35943 Zion Church Rd, Frankford, Del. 19945.
Online condolences may be sent by visiting www.melsonfuneralservices.com.


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Snowden leaks furor still spilling over into courts
Even as intelligence officials, the FBI and Congress worry about the rise of terrorists using encryption to communicate, legal experts are concerned that the enormous volume of data still being collected and stored by the National Security Agency and other intelligence agencies will pose legal concerns based on the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures without a judge's warrant supported by probable cause.
Since Snowden's first leaks in June 2013, hundreds of formerly covert programs have been revealed, all of which have contributed to an enormous storage trove of data. At least one ongoing lawsuit seeks to delete much of that data. Recently, an appendix of Snowden's revelations from June 2013 to January 2015 was compiled by Margaret Hu, an assistant professor at Washington and Lee University School of Law, with assistance from her students.
Hu is also author of an academic article, Big Data Blacklisting, published last month, that describes a process of finding individuals "guilty until proven innocent" based on suspicious digital data and database screening results.
"This is absolutely a critical time to really examine these programs before they are normalized and integrated into the system of governance and the way we live our lives," Hu said last week in a Madison Vision Series lecture at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Va. Madison is widely hailed as the father of the U.S. Constitution.
Decisions expected by the U.S. Supreme Court in the next two years could expand the rights protected under the Fourth Amendment, she said.
"The Supreme Court could say we're going to reach farther and read more protections in order to safeguard the Fourth Amendment. Or, the second choice is [for the Supreme Court] to say to government to make technology smaller," Hu said. "The democratic experiment will fail unless we find a way to make the Constitution bigger or technology smaller."
Hu has joined a growing number of legal scholars concerned with the rise of what they term the "National Surveillance State." In 2008, well before Snowden's revelations, Yale University law professor Jack Balkin outlined that concern in an academic paper, The Constitution in the National Surveillance State. Back in 2006, University of Texas law professor Sanford Levinson had joined Balkin to write, The Process of Constitutional Change: From Partisan Entrenchment to the National Surveillance State.
Hu titled her JMU lecture The Rise of the Cybersurveillance State. Using the term "cybersurveillance," she said, emphasizes the use of big data and its connections to the Internet and data mining in surveillance.
"Under this theory, nothing the government is doing is necessarily oppressive," Hu asserted. But she also described how U.S. passports embedded with RFID chips and driver's licenses with digital photos that can be recognizable in a police department database transform the way that government surveillance functions.
Essentially, she said, the government is now targeting suspicious data and not suspicious people. "As we create a more digital footprint, there's a way to look for the hologram of a person, but not the actual person," she said.
As an example, she said, in the vast majority of drone strikes, the attacks are not on individuals, but on the phones that are used — tracked by surveillance of the phone's metadata after multiple times of use.
A potential problem with a digital footprint can arise when a name appears on the increasingly expanding no-fly list, Hu said. "Many on the no-fly list have very limited due process and some are told they will never be able to be removed," she said. "Even if they might be allowed to fly, they won't be told the evidence that led to the nomination of being on there."
In her recent blacklisting article, Hu noted that before people are allowed to fly, work, drive or vote, they might be subjected to mass data collection and automated database screening by intelligence officials.
"Are we using more identity management to infer risk" Hu asked the JMU audience. "Are we creating more pre-crime systems to keep us safe Right now, when cases are litigated in court, those unable to exercise their rights are basically told they are collateral damage to keep us safe in this war on terror. What is the reliability of this and the efficacy of this Going back to Snowden: Do these systems work and are they constitutional"
Civil rights lawyers and legal experts are tracking at least two big court cases involving cybersurveillance.
The case of ACLU v. Clapper still continues before U.S. District Court Judge William Pauley after the American Civil Liberties Union first filed a lawsuit in June 2013 challenging, on First and Fourth Amendment grounds, the legality of the NSA's mass collection of Americans' phone records.
After an initial ruling by Pauley that ruled the NSA's phone record program was legal and threw out the ACLU's suit, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned part of his ruling in May 2015, saying that the metadata collection program violated Section 215 of the Patriot Act. In June 2015, Congress passed the USA Freedom Act, which amended Section 215 to prohibit bulk collection of call records.
Since that time, the secretive Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court has allowed the NSA to continue bulk collection during a 180-day transition period in the Freedom Act, and the ACLU has asked a judge to halt the continued collection. In addition, the ACLU has asked that billions of NSA call records collected going back to at least 2008 (and possibly back to 2001) be destroyed, but a decision hasn't been reached as Pauley awaits on declassification of a related ruling by the FISC regarding the NSA.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation also raised a concern recently that if bulk records are destroyed, it will erase the ability to bring two pending cases against the NSA over bulk collection of records.
In another case, the ACLU challenged the NSA's searches of international communications under the 2008 FISA Amendments, which a U.S. district court dismissed in October 2015. The challenge is now on appeal in the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, and attorneys are expected to file briefs later in February. FISA, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, was first created in 1978 to improve the ability of courts to oversee foreign intelligence surveillance activities and was amended in 2008.
The NSA claims that the FISA amendments allow "upstream" surveillance of virtually any international communications by Americans, including emails, Web content and even search inquiries. U.S. wireless carriers have cooperated in the surveillance with devices installed on the Internet backbone, according to the ACLU.
Given the nature of some surveillance of communications metadata by the NSA without a court warrant, some civil rights lawyers believe there are fairly good chances the Supreme Court will push further to protect privacy rights.
These attorneys, who asked that they not be identified, said that metadata can be too invasive, even though the government defends the use of metadata as not prying into actual content in calls and messages. For example, knowledge of a phone's location — often considered metadata — on a repeated basis can give invasive clues about places a person has visited and his or her lifestlyle, potentially violating Fourth Amendment rights.
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts may have tipped his hand, one legal expert said, in favor of civil liberties and protections of personal privacy under the Fourth Amendment in his comments in a landmark case, Riley v. California, decided unanimously in June 2014. The ruling held that police may not search digital information on a cell phone without a warrant, even if the phone was seized from an arrested person.
In that decision, Robert wrote: "The United States asserts that a search of all data stored on a cell phone is 'materially indistinguishable' from searches of these sorts of physical items… That is like saying a ride on horseback is materially indistinguishable from a flight to the moon. Both are ways of getting from point A to point B, but little else justifies lumping them together. Modern cell phones, as a category, implicate privacy concerns far beyond those implicated by the search of a cigarette pack, a wallet, or a purse. A conclusion that inspecting the contents of an arrestee's pockets works no substantial additional intrusion on privacy beyond the arrest itself may make sense as applied to physical items, but any extension of that reasoning to digital data has to rest on its own bottom."


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Since he lives and breathes this stuff, we asked Rick Matthews, CEO of Fractional Assets, Inc., to explain fractional ownership to us. Rick gave us the following inside scoop:
Our business model is not to be confused with any of the various clubs, as fractional ownership is not renting or leasing, but as the name implies, it is a specific share of a specific boat. Instead of owning a boat alone and dealing with all the associated hassles, fractional ownership is basically a managed partnership, usually handled by a professional management company on behalf of the partners.Rick told us that he believes fractional ownership is an emerging common-sense approach to owning and enjoying a boat. He stated, "Previously a factor only in the yachting industry, there is a mass-market fractional ownership model now sweeping through the Southeast."
Indeed, fractional ownership programs are easier to find for yachts and megayachts than they are for boats under 40 feet long. Companies such as Fort Lauderdale-based Monocle and London-based YachtPlus, as well as manufacturers such as Beneteau and Sunseeker offer fractional ownership programs.
Perhaps possessing the same foresight as Rick Matthews, blogger Alan Sorum wrote about fractional boat ownership a few years ago and predicted the model could spread to smaller boats. Alan stated, "As the fractional boat ownership market matures, potential timeshare owners should see more options become available. Purchasing a share of boat may be a great way for the neophyte boater to get started in the vocation and relieve the burdens of boat ownership faced by more experienced hands."
Maybe Alan and Rick are onto something and we'll soon see fractional ownership opportunities on boats that don't require a crew bigger than your family to operate them. We're looking forward to any model of boat ownership that helps more people get into boating. Please share your ideas and thoughts on this business model below.
On the web: Fractional Assets, Inc. | Renting a Boat | Fractional Membership


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Make it Happen Monday: Reality
Back when I was working in the tourism industry of St. Kitts, I would hear the same thing over and over from tourists about a day or so before they left the island…."It's time for us to go back to reality". The reply that my boss, X (yeah, that was his name), and I used to say was "this is reality". A few years later when my Wife and I were working the Caribbean tourist scene together, we continued with the same comical response.
As I think about it now, the Caribbean life we were living was actually as real as life can get. Maybe this wasn't the case for the tourists who would escape their reality for one to two weeks on their vacation, but for us it was our reality. More of a reality, in fact, than the reality I've re-associated myself with in North America.
I find that it's in North America where people have a harder time being themselves because of the conveniences, distractions, and persuasions. Where materialism is used to fill voids and put up facades. Where sometimes the news isn't exactly as it appears to be. If this is reality, it is no wonder tourism is on the rise worldwide.
Now I'm not being overly fair here. Your reality is what you want and what you make it. All I'm saying is that you should look inwards to see if you're living the reality you really want to live, or if you're simply giving in.
Once again I feel like an anarchist….like how come you can't see all this as clearly as I can? What I do know is that living simply. Living pure. Living naturally….is total reality. Real food. Real people. Real life.
Look inside and find your reality…then dare to follow it.


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Some folks noticed that as of Wednesday's release, we went from 7.4 -> 7.7 and are a bit confused about what's going on, as well as why these releases happened in such rapid succession, so soon after the 7.4 release. Here's the skinny:
- As of Drupal 7.1/Drupal 6.21, Drupal core does monthly releases. This was a new policy the core team discussed and implemented back in May, which lays out a schedule of the last Wednesday of the month for new core releases.
This policy change has helped tremendously to provide predicability for Drupal site maintainers so they don't need to fret every Wednesday about "what if" a new core release comes out, it's helped to ensure timely fixing of security issues, and also has encouraged a general "swarming" around bug fixes in a timely manner to ensure they make the next release deadline.
The monthly rate will likely slow down as D7 continues to mature, but for now it's really helping to provide focus on working through some of the backlog and getting contributed module blockers unstuck.
- When security releases are required, we create two releases. One which has only the security patches, and one that has the security patches, plus all the bug fixes to date.
Why do such a silly thing, you might ask? Because it's *really* important that security fixes get rolled out pronto, whereas the bug fix releases might conceivably need more testing to make sure they don't create any adverse effects in your environment. So we offer Drupal 7.5 for those who want only the quick fix, and Drupal 7.6 for the whole shebang.
This graphic by Gábor Hojtsy, included on all release announcements, lays it out rather simply in flowchart form.
- Drupal 7.6 was accidentally rolled incorrectly, hence 7.7. The only difference between 7.7 and 7.6 is literally a one line fix to the VERSION number in bootstrap.inc (ok, fine, technically 3 lines because of CHANGELOG.txt ;P). I blame being holed up sick in a hotel room with a stomach flu for missing the
git commit
betweenvi bootstrap.inc
andgit tag
. Sorry about that. :(Thankfully, some helpful friends are helping to work on some automation tools for the process so that doesn't happen again. :)
Hope that helps clarify things!
Rethink version numbers
Current version number system was not meant for security releases at the same time as regular updates.
It's time to add a third digit for security releases and glitches.
We should have moved from 7.4 to:
7.4.1 -> security fix.
7.5 -> bug fix (including security fix).
7.5.1 -> glitch fix.
and in the future, 7.5.2 for any a new security fix.
There's a discussion about
There's a discussion about this at http://groups.drupal.org/node/152484
Short version is "it's complicated."
Was just going to suggest
Was just going to suggest that too. It would defuse a lot of the confusion and I would be able to tell directly from the version number what kind of update/fix it is.
Not sure about the glitch fix though. Probably better to reserve the Z part (X.Y.Z) only for security fixes...
I replied to your comment on CMS Critic.com as well but thought I'd cross post so you could see my reply.
Hi Angie,
Thanks for commenting. I think the primary issue is that the wording in the release announcements make it sound like you are confused with your version numbers or are reusing an old post template (not trying to be mean, just honest). I read some of the comments and would have to agree with this one:
Current version number system was not meant for security releases at the same time as regular updates.
It's time to add a third digit for security releases and glitches.We should have moved from 7.4 to:
7.4.1 -> security fix.
7.5 -> bug fix (including security fix).
7.5.1 -> glitch fix.and in the future, 7.5.2 for any a new security fix.
I can understand the need to have multiple releases at times, but I think, as you've discovered, that sometimes it can lead to confusion.
The good part to all of this is that you are getting the feedback you need to prevent future confusion, so that's always a good thing!
What's complicated? Don't get
What's complicated? Don't get me wrong but it's obviously that this is heading the wrong way. Drupal 7 was released in januari, it's now july 7 months later and we are on version 7.7 of drupal that's madness! Drupal 7 is supposed to be avaible (at least) the next two years (as Dries mentioned) with this version numbering you will get into trouble in already the first year!!!
A solution could be a third digit, in the mean while you can debat if those releases are really needed on the way they are handed out now.
And this: "The only difference between 7.7 and 7.6 is literally a one line fix to the VERSION number in bootstrap.inc", should have been version 7.6.1 as you stated a minor change due a mistake (which can happen of course - we are humans).
Trouble in first year
Trouble in first year how?
Drupal already had 3 digit version prior to Drupal 5.x and there was confusion for many with it as well.
Thats my point there is
Thats my point there is currently no usage of several digits. This seems to be the new style. I pointed out the possible problems with it. No need to tell me about D5 or D6 ;)
Trouble in first year how?
Trouble in first year how? was left unanswered. ;)
thus it sounds more like chicken little hollering that the sky is about to fall without any evidence as such ;)
Depends on your definition of
Depends on your definition of 'problem' I rather see a logical version numbering then having version 7.27 after one year and 7.54 after two. While when you just keep 7.2 for bug fixes and 7.2.1 for security updates it will be much more clear.
Version numbering should be logical to keep things clear.
Thus it's more about personal
Thus it's more about personal preference IMO as the actual # of updates wouldn't change at all regardless of the versioning system in place.
Trouble in the first year?
Trouble in the first year? Are we running short on integers?
So, you are new comer right?
Drupal can go beyond 7.9, see Drupal 6.22 for example.
Actually, we can go with 7.2147483647 before integer run out ;)
To me, X.X is great. I'm not sure X.X.X fitted Drupal, we don't have that much release ie. chrome.
We could always change the name if we need to to Drupal 98 or Drupal XP or Drupal 2000 if we do run out of integers.
Not the chrome version thing again...
When people start pointing at Chrome for short release cycles, they often forget the Chrome team didn't just start using short period between releases, but they also implemented *silent* autoupdates. This is why the short release cycle works for Chrome, but in a far lesser extend to Firefox.
Since we're far from ready to do (silent) autoupdates for Drupal, I don't think I am happy with short release-cycles. I don't want to update X installs of Drupal for Y number of client every month! For me it would actually be a reason to stick with Drupal 6.
This has nothing to do with
This has nothing to do with Chrome, really.
This has more to do with making sure we get security fixes and other critical bug fixes out with a minimal wait, because there's a steady, predictable opportunity for release every month. As I noted above, the monthly frequency of actual releases will likely slow down after we've had a few releases of Drupal 7 and Drupal 8 starts gathering steam.
And although it's not quite silent auto-updates for core (see http://drupal.org/node/606592 if you want to help with that), drush up
does get the job done in about 3 seconds. :)
short release cycle
I am not trying to be argumentative, nor criticizing your awesome work on D7. It is just that 7 updates for critical issues in about half a year gives the appearance (from the outside) that D7 wasn't ready when it was released. With all the work that's gone into how Drupal is perceived (site redesign and all), this may be something to mull over. But then again, you (and other minds smarter than I) probably already did.
And yeah, I probably should have given drush more than a once-over when I last tried it.
cool, as long as I can still
cool, as long as I can still 'drush up'


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According to new research from universities in Sweden, drained wetlands are capable of producing as much greenhouse gas emissions as Swedish industry.
In a summary of research from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, it is shown that drained wetlands in Sweden account for the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions as Swedish industry. Forests and agricultural fields on drained wetlands make up five to 10 percent of the surface area in Sweden.
Once wetlands are drained, the area becomes a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing emissions from the drained wetlands is possible, but that would involve rewetting the land, which would have a negative impact on forestry production. In order for emissions to be controlled, the researchers say that a compromise may be necessary.
"As long as wetlands remain wet, only methane is given off," says Åsa Kasimir Klemedtsson from the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Gothenburg. "However, for more than a hundred years land has been drained for agriculture and forestry, producing large quantities of both carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide."
Together with researcher Örjan Berglund from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dr. Kasimir Klemedtsson was commissioned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to compile information about greenhouse gases from drained wetlands during the summer and autumn months in 2012.
New rules were introduced at last year's Durban Climate Change Conference with the second Kyoto Protocol phase. These rules include the possibility of reporting wetland drainage or rewetting of drained wetlands. Sweden now has the choice of whether to include these ahead of the second Kyoto Protocol phase.
This free educational webinar will provide a detailed process for climate-driven "pre-response" in a variety of key areas including: Supply Chain Disruptions, Employee Safety and Productivity, Regulatory and Compliance Risks …and many more areas.


text:
Another unsubstantiated claim we should all just ignore:
A professional escort who travels the East Coast seeing clients in cities from Miami to Boston has identified a photo of Senator Bob Menendez as a man who paid her for sex. The woman, in her late 30s, told The Daily Caller prior to seeing Menendez's photo that she had been paid to provide sexual favors to several U.S. senators, including a New Jersey Democrat and other politicians who are no longer living.
I keep hearing that the FBI is closing in. For what it's worth.


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Koopa Krush
(Revision History)
TYPE: Trap.
TURF: Industrial Areas.
AFFILIATIONS: None.
CLOSE RELATIVES: None.
SKILLS AND ATTACKS: Roll.
STRENGTHS: They can't be jumped on.
WEAKNESSES: Can be smashed with mallet.
Cranky Kong was always trouble for Mario back in the old days. To keep him from saving his
girlfriend, he would throw huge barrels at the plumber. The barrels would roll down the construction site and had a huge chance of hitting Mario. But Mario wasn't going to give up a fight! He used his mallet and slammed the barrels open.
Barrels later became helpful items for Donkey Kong and friends on their adventures.


text:
Services on Demand
Related links
- Cited by Google
- Similars in Google
SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
On-line version ISSN 2078-5135
Print version ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.100 n.4 Pretoria Apr. 2010
Community health care workers in South Africa are at increased risk for tuberculosis
K KranzerI; L-G BekkerII; N van SchaikIII; L ThebusIV; M DawsonV; J CaldwellVI; H HauslerVII; R GrantVIII; R WoodIX
IMB BS, MSc, MSc, MRCP. The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town. Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
IIMB ChB, FCP, PhD. The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
IIIMB ChB. The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
IVRN, RM, CNP. The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
VRN, RM. The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
VIRN, RM, B Cur. Department of Health, City of Cape Town
VIIMD, MPH, PhD. School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville. TB/HIV Care Association, Cape Town
VIIIRN, RM. TB/HIV Care Association, Cape Town
IXMB BCh, FCP MMed. The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
To the Editor: High rates of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa pose a serious threat to health care systems and health care workers (HCWs). Studies in South Africa1 and Ethiopia2 have indicated that HCWs have an increased risk of TB disease compared with the general population. The risk for TB disease is even higher among HCWs co-infected with HIV. Studies from South Africa found an HIV prevalence among HCWs of 15.7% in 4 provinces in 20023 and of 11.5% in 2 hospitals in Gauteng in 2005.4
Many sub-Saharan African countries face a severe shortage of qualified HCWs as a result of the dual HIV/TB epidemic, which has triggered task shifting to a range of lay community health care workers (CHWs) - for example, home-based care workers, lay counsellors and adherence supporters, for both TB and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). CHWs may experience a considerable occupational TB risk; however, their risk of TB disease and HIV prevalence has never been documented.
The TB/HIV Care Association is a non-governmental organisation that employs CHWs to provide adherence support to both TB patients and patients taking HAART. The Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation partnered with the TB/HIV Care Association to provide HIV and TB testing to their CHWs, and subsequently determined the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed TB and HIV among them.
Between October 2008 and February 2009, our mobile HIV testing unit (the TUTU tester) provided HIV testing, CD4 counts and TB screening to TB and antiretroviral adherence supporters employed by the TB/HIV Care Association in Cape Town on 8 days in 8 venues. All CHWs were asked about any previous HIV testing, history of TB treatment, hypertension, diabetes, and their most recent Pap smear. Verbal consent for HIV testing was obtained. HIV testing was performed according to the Western Cape guidelines. All CHWs were offered post-test counselling. Individuals who tested HIV-positive were offered a CD4 count test. Individuals who needed treatment or follow-up were referred to clinics.
Individuals who were HIV-positive and those with symptoms of TB were offered to undergo sputum induction. Smears and cultures were performed on 47 out of 62 sputum samples, and the remaining 15 sputum samples were only examined for acid-fast bacteria (AFBs) with light and fluorescence microscopy.
A total of 215 female CHWs were offered HIV and TB testing; the most common age group was 40 - 49 years old (N=72, 33%); 58 (27%) had never had a previous HIV test, and only 57 (27%) had had an HIV test within the last 12 months (Table I). Older CHWs were significantly more likely to have never tested before (p<0.01).
A total of 42 CHWs (20%) were HIV-positive, 11 were newly diagnosed, and 31 already knew their status. Among the 31 known HIV-positive CHWs, 17 were on HAART, and 11 were not yet eligible for HAART. Of 26 CHWs who knew their most recent CD4 count, 6 had a CD4 count <350 cells/µl. Eight of those who were newly diagnosed as HIV-positive had had a CD4 count at the time of diagnosis, and 5 (63%) had a CD4 count <350 cells/µl. HIV prevalence (23%) and prevalence of newly diagnosed HIV (9%) was highest among the 30 - 39-year-old age group.
Sputum induction was offered to 80 CHWs; 38 were HIV-positive, and 42 reported TB symptoms. A total of 62 sputum samples were obtained - 29 from HIV-positive individuals and 33 from HIV-negative symptomatic individuals. Twelve CHWs were unable to produce sputum, and 6 refused sputum induction.
The overall TB prevalence was 5% (10/215); 6 (3%) were on TB treatment at the time of the study; 4 (2%) were newly diagnosed with TB, one was smear- and culture-positive, and 3 were smear-negative and culture-positive. Two of the newly diagnosed TB cases were HIV-negative and symptomatic, 1 was known HIV-positive and not yet on HAART, and 1 was on HAART.
This is the first report of HIV and TB prevalence among CHWs in South Africa. The observed HIV prevalence of 20% is higher than the HIV prevalence of 17.9% among antenatal women in the Western Cape Metropolitan area in 2008.5
Only 27% of CHWs had an HIV test within the last 12 months; more importantly, 27% had never had an HIV test. A total of 11 new HIV diagnoses were established. At least half of the newly diagnosed HIV-infected CHWs would be eligible for HAART according to the WHO ART guidelines and the proposed new South African guidelines for implementation in the near future.
Only 5 CHWs did not consent to HIV testing, suggesting that HIV testing uptake is improved when access is facilitated. An obstacle to access may be concerns with confidentiality, and CHWs may not feel comfortable about testing in the health care facilities where they work.
TB prevalence among CHWs was 5%, with 4 out of 10 TB cases (40%) only identified through active case finding. A recent population-based prevalence survey in a township near Cape Town found a TB prevalence of 3% with a similar proportion of undiagnosed TB (48%).6 However, the population-based survey included men and women, with men having a higher risk of TB disease, whereas the CHWs screened in this study were all women; this finding suggests that CHWs are at higher risk of TB disease than the communities they live in.
Limitations of this report include relatively small sample size and that the sample was not representative of all CHWs working in Cape Town. TB screening included only one induced sputum sample per person, and some of the sputum samples were not cultured.
We conclude that CHWs are at high risk for HIV and TB. HIV testing should be actively facilitated, CHWs should be screened regularly for TB, and more emphasis should be placed on effective infection control measures.
1. Naidoo S, Jinabhai CC. TB in health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10(6): 676-682. [ Links ]
2. Eyob G, Gebeyhu M, Goshu S, Girma M, Lemma E, Fontanet A. Increase in tuberculosis incidence among the staff working at the Tuberculosis Demonstration and Training Centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study (1989-1998). Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6(1): 85-88. [ Links ]
3. Shisana O, Hall EJ, Maluleke R, Chauveau J, Schwabe C. HIV/AIDS prevalence among South African health workers. S Afr Med J 2004; 94(10): 846-850. [ Links ]
4. Connelly D, Veriava Y, Roberts S, et al. Prevalence of HIV infection and median CD4 counts among health care workers in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2007; 97(2): 115-120. [ Links ]
5. 2008 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV & Syphilis Prevalence Survey, South Africa Report. Pretoria: National Department of Health, 2009. http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=109007 (accessed 30 October 2009). [ Links ]
6. Wood R, Middelkoop K, Myer L, et al. Undiagnosed tuberculosis in a community with high HIV prevalence: implications for tuberculosis control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175(1): 87-93. [ Links ]
Accepted 27 November 2009.
Corresponding author: K Kranzer (email@example.com)


text:
An Unplanned Sabbatical Was a Very Good Thing
I just wanted to let you all know I'm sorry about the unplanned sabbatical... well, I'm sorry I didn't update you all sooner, but I'm not sorry about the sabbatical!
I've been in Mozambique visiting my brother, sister-in-law, and darling niece and nephew!
My parents, very generously, and very last minute, were able to buy me a ticket to join them on a visit. All we can say really is that God is gracious in His timing and His gifts, and all worked together to get me there in time for Christmas.
As my last Christmas before my wedding in 6 weeks and four days (ARGHHHHHH - so much to do!), it truly was a blessing to be able to spend that time with my only sibling and his family (as well as my parents and friends).
I did a few exciting things while I was there, including a visit to the maternity hospital to hand out baby bundles. I brushed off my very limited Portuguese so I could go capulana (a length of material used for skirts, wraps, baby carrying, etc etc) shopping in the market (I am really good at asking how much -
qanto custa
- but not so good at understanding the answer), and played with my niece and nephew until I was exhausted (a daily occurrence - how is it that toddlers have SO much energy?). I also learnt how to sew, thanks to my very talented and patient quilter sister-in-law and an awesome skirt pattern that was in my Mum's head. We also ate dinner in a village where we spoke English, my brother translated to Portuguese and then his language helper translated to Chiyao (Yao tribal language) for his mother (our hostess), and then back again. Despite the language barrier, we discussed some pretty amazing things.
All the capulanas I came home with! Well, I had to fill my suitcase with something once I'd given the kids their Christmas presents and re-stocked my brother's supply of Mint Slice biscuits and Dairy Milk!


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This article is more than 1 year old
Google boss claims no sting from Bing - yet
No strip search required
Google CEO Eric Schmidt insisted yesterday that Mountain View wasn't concerned about the arrival of Bing, even as stats for Microsoft's revamped search engine made a healthy upward swing following its launch last week.
"It's not the first entry for Microsoft. They do this about once a year," said Schmidt in an interview with Fox Business Network on Tuesday.
"I don't think Bing's arrival has changed what we're doing. We are about search, we're about making things enormously successful, by virtue of innovation."
He also mulled over the different search offerings users can access via the interwebs. "Google is about getting all the information and organising it. Yahoo has a different strategy. We think ultimately Bing will evolve to a different strategy as well," he said.
However, in the week following Microsoft's launch of Bing, Comscore results showed the software giant's share of US web searches climbed above 10 per cent for the first time since 2007.
If Schimdt has it right those figures will, over the coming months, be seen as something of an anomaly with stats swelled simply by web surfers curious to take a look at Google and Yahoo!'s search rival.
Microsoft unveiled Bing early last week. Since then the company has pulled in 11.1 per cent of US searches from 2 June to 6 June, according to the latest Comscore stats.
In comparison, during the final week of May Microsoft grabbed a 9.1 per cent share of the search market.
But Redmond still trails a distant third place behind Google's mammoth share of over 60 per cent of all searches in April, while Yahoo! racked up more than 20 per cent last month.
Schimdt added yesterday that Google, like Microsoft, was keen to scoop up smaller tech firms to beef up its tech portfolio. The company will be eyeing up cloud, mobile and open source distribution software outfits over the next year, he said.
"We have been wandering around looking at all of the different companies," he said. "With the big ones we haven't come across anything we've particularly liked. We are definitely talking to a number of smaller companies but we've done that routinely." ®


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By Steve Huffman / Times-News
Published: Thursday, March 7, 2013 at 16:58 PM.
Upon returning to Alamance County on Wednesday night, Mary Jo Collins and her husband, Bruce, did what any self-respecting couple would do to celebrate.
They went out with friends and had themselves a steak dinner.
"It was a very emotional day," Mary Jo said. "It was a very rewarding day."
Members of the N.C. Senate on Wednesday passed Senate Bill 11, an act to designate every April as organ donation awareness/donate life month. The bill is known as "Duffy's Law" in tribute to the Collinses' son, Duffy, who died in 2005.
Duffy suffered from an auto-immune disease that destroyed his kidneys. He died at the age of 28 for the lack of a kidney transplant.
Mary Jo Collins said all that awaits for the bill to be enacted as law is its passage in the N.C. House and signing by Gov. Pat McCrory. She said these two steps are formalities.
"All the red tape is done," Collins said.
She said it's hoped the bill will be enacted by April 1 because April is Organ Donation Awareness/Donate Life Month in North Carolina. Regardless of the exact date at which the bill is enacted, Collins said she's happy it has moved as far as it has.
"I've worked seven long years to get this done," she said.
Collins credited N.C. Sen. Rick Gunn (R-Alamance) for his sponsorship of the bill. The bill states that 116,000 people are waiting for organ transplants nationally, and 3,500 of those are residents of North Carolina. It states that 18 people die each day while waiting for transplants and one organ donor might save as many as eight lives and improve the lives of 50 people.
Sharon Hirsch, executive director of Donate Life North Carolina, said Collins was the driving force behind the bill's passage.
"It wouldn't have happened without her," Hirsch said. "She and her husband, they're the reason this law passed. Their courage after a terrible tragedy resulted in such a positive end," she said.
Hirsch agreed with the Collinses that she'd like to see the law enacted to coincide with National Organ Donation Month, though she also noted, "We can't predict the legislature."
While North Carolina has the nation's sixth-largest donor registry with 4.3 million participants, Hirsch said fewer than 50 percent of the state's drivers have designated themselves as organ donors on their licenses.
"Our goal is to have everyone become a donor," she said.
The majority of those who register as organ donors do so while getting their driver's licenses or state identification cards.
Donate Life North Carolina is a collaborative group of organizations that promote organ, eye and tissue donation.


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TASMANIA is my favourite place in the world.
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It's easy to lose sight of why we live in Tasmania and why we love the place when some parts of the local economy are doing it tough and there is the perception of abundance in other states.
We need to punch above our weight as a state. We need to keep our people here.
We need to create opportunity for our young people to stay here and we need to develop and educate our young people into people who LIVE LOCALLY, BUT COMPETE GLOBALLY.
My vision for Tasmania includes finding ways to keep our young people - the entrepreneurs, the creative people, the business people and, most importantly, families - in our state and passionate about our state.
I believe this is fundamental in creating a vibrant future for Tasmania.
This happens when we create a place where people believe they can do the things they aspire to with their career, lifestyle, social and family lives, etc, etc.
A place of abundance.
I love the fact that we are a small population, it's one of our greatest assets. The open space, fresh air, country town feel but only an hour from a major city (Melbourne).
We need our people to believe they can achieve their aspirations from Tasmania.
I think Tasmania has every opportunity to be the forefront of Live Local, Compete Global.
We are the most privileged generation in history.
No other time in history has had the privilege of connectivity with the whole world at the same time as living in a state that has some of the greatest natural assets on the planet; from the natural beauties like the Bay of Fires and endless amounts of unpopulated beaches, to the open spaces, the natural bushland, and our waterways that allow us to fish or enjoy watersports, and everything else we sometimes take for granted as Tasmanians.
Where else would you want to live?
Live Local Compete Global embraces creativity, opportunity, entrepreneurialism and growth.
I am the first to say we need to keep Tasmania clean and green, but we need entrepreneurial and political alignment to keep the state vibrant and growing to utilise our natural resources.
If we are going to compete, to grow and to thrive, we need to align. We need our 29 councils to act as one or become one.
We need the people who are passionate about creating sustainability and growth in our economy to be embraced by the people who are passionate about protecting the sustainability of our natural resources.
Together these parties can create the outcome of a clean, green and vibrant state.
You shouldn't have to leave Tasmania.
Everything we need and want is here including being only one hour from Melbourne, three hours from the Gold Coast, etc.
We are well situated, but I think we need to embrace technology so people can do business, learn, teach, grow, contribute and add value by connecting with the rest of the world.
We need to remember there has been no other time in history where you can live an awesome and abundant lifestyle from a peaceful, clean and natural place like Tassie, at the same time as being able to do business, or learn, teach, connect with and engage the rest of the world.
My vision for Tasmania is that we embrace technology like this and connect with the rest of the world, we enjoy what we have here.
We have snow, sun, beaches and bush. We have the city and the country.
We have contrast and variety and a community that is proud to be Tasmanian.
That's my vision and a glimpse of why I love Tasmania.
But if all else fails, let's turn all our golf courses into motocross tracks and go ride.
Brad Smith established the motorcycle business Braaap. He has won awards for Young Australian of the Year, Young Entrepreneur of the Year and was runner- up for International Young Entrepreneur of the Year.


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Happy Tuesday and yes it's time for this week's new Cue Card at CASology!
This week's cue word is near and dear to my heart:
Pulled out an older PTI set Foodie Fun and I clear heat embossed the chocolate bar then popped both the bar at the sentiment up with foam tape on a Vintage Cream card base.
Head on over to CASology today to learn what the 'cue card' means to you, how you can play along and see the all the cards created by the Design Team to inspire you. I can't wait to see what you do!


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Peter Mayhew, the towering actor who donned a huge, furry costume to give life to the rugged-and-beloved character of Chewbacca in the original "Star Wars" trilogy and two other films, has died.
Mayhew died at his home in north Texas on Tuesday, according to a family statement. He was 74. No cause was given.
READ MORE: New Disney Star Wars theme park lands set opening dates
As Chewbacca, known to his friends as Chewie, the 7-foot-3 Mayhew was a fierce warrior with a soft heart, loyal sidekick to Harrison Ford's Han Solo, and co-pilot of the Millennium Falcon.
Mayhew went on to appear as the Wookiee in the 2005 prequel "Revenge of the Sith" and shared the part in 2015's "The Force Awakens" with actor Joonas Suotamo, who took over the role in subsequent films.
He defined the incredibly well-known Wookiee and became a world-famous actor for most of his life without speaking a word or even making a sound — Chewbacca's famous roar was the creation of sound designers.
"He put his heart and soul into the role of Chewbacca and it showed in every frame of the films," the family statement said. "But, to him, the 'Star Wars' family meant so much more to him than a role in a film."
"Peter Mayhew was a kind and gentle man, possessed of great dignity and noble character. These aspects of his own personality, plus his wit and grace, he brought to Chewbacca. We were partners in film and friends in life for over 30 years and I loved him. He invested his soul in the character and brought great pleasure to the Star Wars audience." — Harrison Ford, who starred opposite Mayhew in four "Star Wars" films, in a statement.
"He was the gentlest of giants – A big man with an even bigger heart who never failed to make me smile & a loyal friend who I loved dearly-I'm grateful for the memories we shared & I'm a better man for just having known him." — Mark Hamill, who starred opposite Mayhew in the original "Star Wars" trilogy, via Twitter.
"Peter was a wonderful man. He was the closest any human being could be to a Wookiee: big heart, gentle nature.and I learned to always let him win. He was a good friend and I'm saddened by his passing." — "Star Wars" creator George Lucas, in a statement.
"Studying the character he helped create was always a daunting task, but one that was made easier by his tutelage and kindness as we sought to bring Chewbacca to life for a new generation. He was an absolutely one-of-kind gentleman and a legend of unrivaled class and I will miss him." — Joonas Suotamo, who now plays Chewbacca after serving as his double on "Star Wars: The Force Awakens," via Twitter.
"RIP Peter Mayhew. To create a beloved character with warmth and humour is a testament to any actor's spirit. To do it under a half ton of yak hair takes a true legend." — Rian Johnson, who directed "Star Wars: The Last Jedi," via Twitter.
— JJ Abrams (@jjabrams) May 3, 2019
The Associated Press


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A women's movement is brewing in America's heartland, and it's not about the glass ceiling, equal pay or sexual harassment. It's about the survival of local communities, the health of their citizens, and ultimately, the planet.
The battle is taking place in Appalachia, where much of our coal is mined, shipped and burned, and where the collateral damage is the most severe. Coal provides almost half of America's electricity, one-third of our mercury emissions, and half of our greenhouse gases. We've been mining and burning it for centuries, but our voracious appetite for this artificially cheap source of electricity has tripled in the last decade and coal's toxic residue has crossed a dangerous tipping point.
This movement's Selma and Montgomery are the coalfields of West Virginia and Eastern Kentucky. Five hundred mountains there have already been destroyed by mountaintop removal mining, whereby peaks are pulverized by explosives and the debris is shoved into valleys clogging thousands of miles of streams, leaving behind poisoned water and barren moonscapes. More than two hundred people were arrested in 2010 and 2011 in civil disobedience protests as they fight to save the last great mountain in the region, Coal River Mountain.
At the heart of this protest is a gutsy group of women grassroots environmental activists who have put their lives on the line in the name of environmental justice. Many of them are featured in the documentary I produced, The Last Mountain, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January and will be in theaters in 25 cities in June and July. These women all have two things in common: courage and a gut sense of right and wrong. They are fierce voices fighting corrupt and powerful corporations and government officials. They are mothers, homemakers and local workers who came to activism because of what happened to their own backyards, their children and their neighbors.
Take Maria Gunnoe, who lives in the mouth of a narrow hollow in Boone County, West Virginia. Her densely wooded 20-acre property was first settled in the 1840s, when her Cherokee ancestors found refuge there during the Trail of Tears, Andrew Jackson's forced evacuation of Native Americans from the Deep South. In 2000, the 1,200-acre Jupiter mine started removing a nearby mountain ridge and dumping its debris into the valley above Gunnoe's home. Soon after, severe flooding began on her property, the stream next to her house intermittently becoming a raging river. In 2004, her home was almost destroyed by a massive and dangerous flash flood and her property buried in thick, toxic coal sludge. Gunnoe knew then that her family's safety and heritage depended on stopping the mine. A waiter and mother of two, Gunnoe sued the mine company, and the day after she won her lawsuit in 2007, "Wanted" posters with pictures of her face were posted on telephone booths and store fronts all over Boone County. Her phone rang off the hook with menacing crank calls and death threats.
The daughter, granddaughter and sister of coal miners, Maria Gunnoe now works for the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition (OVEC) and has become one of Appalachia's most potent spokespeople and persuasive community activists. In 2009 she was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize, the Nobel Prize of grassroots environmental activism. Maria believes that the flattening of 500 mountains in Appalachia is destroying not just the mountains, but also Appalachia's rich heritage. "The coal company's ultimate goal is to depopulate these valleys and turn them into wastelands," she told me. "And, quite honestly, they've got a good start. I can recall, right off the top of my head, 25 communities that have been depopulated."
Jennifer Hall-Massey lives in Prenter, West Virginia and commutes the 17 miles to her job in Charleston, West Virginia. Her small town has lost six neighbors to brain tumors, including Hall-Massey's 29-year-old brother. Prenter's residents report that their well water has come out of the tap looking gray and tests show the water contained toxic amounts of lead, manganese, barium and other metals that can contribute to organ failure or developmental problems. Since 2004, 1.9 billion gallons of toxic coal waste been released into the ground by coal companies within an eight-mile radius of Prenter—sludge which contains many of these same toxins. Hall-Massey has organized 264 neighbors to sue nine nearby coal companies, accusing them of putting dangerous waste into local water supplies and she fought successfully to bring in municipal water to replace their tainted well-water for many of the residents.
Lorelei Scarbro, the granddaughter, daughter and widow of West Virginia coal miners, lives in the shadow of Coal River Mountain, where Massey Energy owns four permits to mine over 10 square miles of the mountain. Scarbro and her fellow community organizers at OVEC and Coal River Mountain Watch have proposed an alternative to mining: a 440-megawatt wind farm on the high ridges of the mountain that would generate more long-term jobs and revenue than mountaintop removal and provide electricity to 70,000 homes.
The grandmother of this movement is a woman named Judy Bonds, who died of cancer at the age of 58 in January. Bonds, a former Pizza Hut manager and a coalminer's daughter, founded Coal River Mountain Watch and dedicated 90 hours a week of her life to stop what she called, "strip mining on steroids." Bonds threw herself into the battle when she witnessed her grandson pull handfuls of dead fish out of a stream her family had fished in for six generations. "What's wrong with these fish?" he asked. "That day I knew that if I didn't do something," said Bonds, "that would be the future of our children."
You can raise your voice against mountaintop removal mining by signing here:
[iframe http://dev-msmag.pantheonsite.io_care2_coalmining.asp 240]
The Last Mountain opened in theaters in New York and Washington, D.C. this week and will be in 25 cities in June and July.
Photo of Maria Gunnoe by Vivian Stockman. All rights reserved.


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P&G adding child-resistant closure to Tide Pods packaging
March 11, 2015
1 Min Read
P&G Tide Pods
P&G Tide Pods
Proctor & Gamble says it will change the design of packaging for its miniature laundry detergent product to deter children from eating the brightly colored packets that look like candy.
Procter & Gamble spokesman Paul Fox says the Cincinnati-based company plans to create a new double latch lid on tubs of Tide Pods "in the next couple of weeks."
Doctors say children sometimes swallow the pods thinking they are edible. Nearly 250 cases have been reported to poison control centers this year - a fraction of the thousands of poisoning calls received every year. No deaths have been reported.
Fox says to reduce the risk of poisoning, household cleaners and laundry detergents should be kept out of children's reach.
Source: Associated Press
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Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the Nigerian accused of trying to ignite explosives aboard a Northwest Airlines jet as it was coming in for a landing in Detroit, did not go through such a scan where his flight began, at Amsterdam's Schipol airport.
The full-body scanner "could have been helpful in this case, absolutely," said Evert van Zwol, head of the Dutch Pilots Association.
But the technology has raised significant concerns among privacy watchdogs because it can show the body's contours with embarrassing clarity. Those fears have slowed the introduction of the machines.
Jay Stanley, public education director for the American Civil Liberties Union's Technology and Liberty Program, said the machines essentially perform "virtual strip searches that see through your clothing and reveal the size and shape of your body."
Abdulmutallab passed through a routine security check at the gate in Amsterdam before boarding, officials said. He is believed to have tucked into his trousers or underwear a small bag holding PETN explosive powder, and possibly a liquid detonator.
Because such items won't set off metal detectors, the U.S. Transportation Security Administration, part of the Department of Homeland Security, has begun installing two types of advanced scanning machines that provide a more detailed picture.
These machines, which cost six figures each, screen airline passengers without physical contact. They can reveal plastic or chemical explosives and non-metallic weapons.
Such scanners "provide the best protection for the widest range of threats," said Joe Reiss, vice president of marketing for American Science & Engineering Inc. The company makes machines for prisons, military agencies, foreign customs patrols and other customers but does not have a contract with TSA.
TSA has deployed 40 "millimeter wave" machines, which use radio waves to produce a three-dimensional image based on energy reflected back from the body.
Six of those machines, which are made by L-3 Communications Holdings Inc., are being used for what TSA calls "primary screenings" at six U.S. airports: Albuquerque, N.M.; Las Vegas; Miami; San Francisco; Salt Lake City; and Tulsa, Okla.
This means passengers go through the scans instead of a metal detector, although they can elect to receive a pat-down search from a security officer instead.
The remainder of the machines are being used at 13 U.S. airports for secondary screening of passengers who set off a metal detector: Atlanta; Baltimore/Washington; Denver; Dallas/Fort Worth; Indianapolis; Jacksonville and Tampa, Fla.; Los Angeles; Phoenix; Raleigh-Durham, N.C.; Richmond, Va.; Ronald Reagan Washington National; and Detroit. Travelers can opt for a pat-down instead in those instances as well.
The agency also has announced plans to buy150 "backscatter" machines, which use low-level X-rays to create a two-dimensional image of the body, from Rapiscan Systems, a unit of OSI Systems Inc. Those machines, which cost $190,000 each, are being deployed in U.S. airports now.
"The machine gives a very accurate and very precise image of things on the body that are not the body," said Peter Kant, executive vice president of global government affairs for Rapiscan.
Last June, however, because of privacy concerns, the House voted 310-118 to prohibit the use of whole-body imaging for primary screening. The measure, still pending in the Senate, would limit the use of the devices to secondary screening.
"As a society, we're going to have to figure out the balance between personal privacy and the need to secure an aircraft," said Rep. Jason Chaffetz, R-Utah, who sponsored the measure. "And there is no easy answer."
Executives at the companies that make the machines insist there are ways to strike that balance.
Kant said the technology has evolved enough to produce body images that look like chalk outlines. In addition, privacy filters can blur faces, noted Colin McSeveny, communications manager for Smiths Detection, a British company that makes millimeter wave machines that are being tested in Europe and the U.S.
For its part, TSA said it safeguards privacy by ensuring that all full-body images are viewed in a walled-off location not visible to the public. In addition, the security officer assisting the passenger cannot view the image and the officer who views the image never sees the passenger. Also, the machines cannot store, print or transmit any images they produce.
After all, McSeveny said, "all they are looking for is something that shouldn't be there."
Because of the privacy questions, the European Union Parliament voted in October 2008 for more study before authorizing the machines' full deployment in European airports.
Amsterdam's airport has been running a test project with full-body scanners for three years, mainly for a few European flights. One machine being tested there for the past five weeks, made by L-3, is designed to enhance passengers' privacy by having software, rather than a human, analyze the image generated by the scanner. If the software detects an anomaly - something strapped to a leg, for instance - it alerts a human screener to look at the person's leg directly.
"So nobody sees any images," said Ron Louwerse, the airport's chief of security. "The results are very, very good. I'm very confident about it."
In May, TSA abandoned "puffer machines" made by General Electric Co. and Smiths Detection, which blew air onto passengers to dislodge trace amounts of explosives. The government said the machines cost too much to maintain and regularly broke down when exposed to dirt or humidity. There are still 18 puffer machines deployed at U.S. airports.
--- Arthur Max reported from Amsterdam. Associated Press writer Natasha T. Metzler and AP Television Producer Faryl Ury in Washington contributed to this report.