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Montana State Junior Nathan Phillips has embedded himself in EuroCrossCamp to document the inner workings of the camp that has had a pivotal role in developing American cyclocross talent. Nathan's second entry, explores the chaos of a cyclocross-race-laden week in Belgium and gives a taste of life in the pits. Missed day two? Read about Euro 'cross chaos and Diegem.
The day begins with a calm breakfast as riders and present staff chat about the day before. People filter in and out of the kitchen finding what they wish to eat from the house's large stock of goods and foods. The Camp's Soigneur, Chris De Vos, aka "Fox," tells a few tales of past road riders who have stayed at the house over the years. "If only these walls could talk," he laughs along with Elite racer Troy Wells, Geoff Proctor and U23 Zach McDonald.
Behind the table is a well-kept living area with couches, a small library and a television. U23 Danny Summerhill sits, reflecting on something, while fellow U23 rider Josh Berry occupies the opposite couch, taking in both the television and the conversation at the table. As I sit down beside Josh Berry, several riders pass between the dining and living areas to grab their bikes for the morning ride. I ask Josh if we can do a short Q&A, and he agrees, citing the slower day as a good time to have an interview.
I ask Berry how the experience at the Camp changes the way he races in other disciplines. "I think it helps with strength, cornering, and all those skills. Racing in Europe has been mentally huge from the first day of camp." He also mentions the few worries he has about his teammates back home racking up the base miles for road season while he charges through the mud in Europe. Although he expresses concern, his demeanor suggests he is not too worried about it.
My next question is one that all high level cyclocross racers face; is or will cyclocross be your main discipline? "My focus is going to the Olympics… If cyclocross were an Olympic sport, I'd be focused on cyclocross." The time trial is Berry's strengh on the road, and until cyclocross moves into the Olympic games, he believes that road will be his primary focus.
Pairing the next two questions together, I ask, "Is success in Europe only measured by results, and if so, is a podium in the United States or a top-twenty in Europe better?" Berry thinks carefully over his answer. "Success is definitely measured in results, but here it's different… just being over here is a success." The second part of the question comes with a bit more difficulty, but his answer is short and to the point, "Top-twenty!"
I move to the last few questions for a bit of fun, and so Berry can begin the rest of his day. Quickly we rattle off: favorite pre-race music, "Miley Cyrus mixed with Lady Gaga," favorite part of the camp so far, "Troy Wells, the most entertaining," and his favorite rider, "Lars Boom."
Before lunch, each rider has his own agenda. Troy Wells and Brian Matter do the math for the divided start money, as McDonald laughingly questions them when his cut isn't big enough. McDonald discusses "shrowping" with Berry at the table-essentially, "really shredding the corners." I ask if McDonald was implementing this technique while racing in Diegem yesterday.
A few more riders head out for their rides, as Proctor and Summerhill meet in the large mechanic's shop to have a meeting out on the road, occasionally the best way to find peace as everyone works to keep the house running smoothly. A mechanic heads out the door with one of Jeff Bahnson's bikes to give it some personal attention over the lunch hour. It is truly a dedicated staff that the Camp calls on to keep everything in order.
I sneak in to the dining and living area before dinner to catch the last twenty minutes of the team meeting for the day. Snapping a few photos, I stand in the corner listening to the issues brought up by the riders. The majority of the conversation centers on the race tomorrow in Loenhout. A lot of attention is placed on fighting for positions in Europe. Proctor tactfully suggests ways for the riders to not give up room to the European racers, "A lot of us have problems not being the nice guy." The riders share each other's experiences, and the meeting is concluded with a viewing of last year's race in Loenhout.
The evening finishes up with the team dinner. Mechanics work into the evening finishing bikes and gluing tubulars. They will have a short night before the commute early tomorrow morning, and it all begins again.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Canine Color Genetics
Dogs have a wide variety of genes that influence color. Further, the same genes may give a very different effect on different types and lengths of coats. While this site is primarily concerned with Shetland Sheepdog colors and a long, working-type (double) coat, I will use comparisons from other breeds and even other species whenever it seems useful. References, including other mammalian color genetics, are on a separate page.
One of the biggest problems people have with genetics is the assumption that a defined trait - size, ear type, color, yappiness - is due to a single gene. In fact, genes code for two types of things. One, which is relatively well understood, is the structure of a particular protein. The normal equivalent of the albino gene, for instance, codes for tyrosinase, an enzyme which breaks up the amino acid tyrosine as a first step in producing melanin, the major pigment in mammalian skin and hair. In an albino, this enzyme cannot be produced, and as a result melanin cannot be produced. A second type of gene controls when and where other genes are turned on or off. These genes are the subject of vigorous ongoing study, and probably have a major impact on such things on the number of vertebrae in the spine or the age at which growth is complete. I've included a page which defines some of the terms used in genetics, as well as explaining dominant, recessive and incompletely dominant genes. Right now, let's look at some of the gene series (loci) known to influence canine color, and try to get a feel for what they do.
Before starting our list, we need to know that mammals have two forms of melanin in their coats. One, eumelanin, is dark, though it can vary somewhat in color due to variations in the protein that forms the framework of the pigment granule. The base form of melanin is black. Melanin can also appear brown (often called liver, chocolat or red in dogs) or blue-gray. The second pigment, which varies from pale cream through shades of yellow, tan and red to mahogany (as in the Irish Setter), is called phaeomelanin. There are at least three and possibly as many as four gene series that determine where, on the dog and along the length of the hair, eumelanin and phaeomelanin appear.
The generally recognised color series (loci) in dogs are called A (agouti), B (brown), C (albino series which may not be in dogs at all), D (blue dilution) E (extension), G (graying), K (dominant black or brindle), M (merle), R (roaning), S (white spotting) and T (ticking.) Some of these gene series are controversial; others have been confimed to correspond to particular stretches of DNA. There may be more, unrecognised gene series, and in a given breed modifying factors may drastically affect the actual appearance. Thus one school of thought holds that the round spots on a Dalmation are due to the same gene that produces the roaned areas on a German Shorthair Pointer, but with vastly different modifiers.
A, the agouti series. The standard assumption, based on Little's research, was that this series contained four alleles (different forms of the gene). One of these, dominant black, has now been shown not to be at the A locus at all, but at the new locus K (for the last letter in black.) A fifth allele has now been shown to exist in Shetland Sheepdogs, German Shepherd dogs, and several other breeds, and a sixthmay exist in certain "saddle-tan" breeds.
- According to Little, As produced black without any tan on the dog. (White markings are due to a different gene, and there are other genes that can modify the black to brown or blue dilute. Note that the agouti series is known in a number of mammals, and dominant black is almost always found in a different series. Dominant black has now been removed from the A locus
- Ay produces a dog which is predominantly tan (phaeomelanin) sometimes with black tipped hairs or interspersed black hairs. The usual term for this color in dogs is "sable." In examining dogs from Ay breeds, I have generally found that even if there is no other black on the coat, the whiskers (the course, stiff vibrissae on the muzzle and over the eyes, not the "beard" seen with some terrier coats) are black if they originate in a pigmented area. Examples of Ay dogs include Collies, fawn Boxers and Great Danes, and some reds (Basenji red is thought to be Ay, for instance.) Ay is incompletely dominant to at. That is, an Ayat dog is on average darker (more black hairs) than an AyAy dog, but the difference is generally within the range of color for AyAy within the breed.
- at, present in double dose, produces a dog which is predominantly black, with tan markings on the muzzle, over the eyes, on the chest, legs, and under the tail. A Dobermann or Rottweiler is a good example of the classic black and tan pattern. The Bernese Mountain Dog shows the effect of black and tan combined with white markings, often called tricolor.
- aw is the fourth allele considered by Little. This is the wild "wolf-color" seen in Norwegian Elkhounds and possibly in some salt-and pepper breeds. It differs from sable in two ways. First, the tan is replaced by a pale cream to pale gray color. Second, the hairs are normally banded - not just the scattering of black-tipped hairs sometimes seen in a sable, but several bands of alternating light and black pigment along the length of the hair. Little was unable to determine the dominance relationship of this gene, or even to say with certainty that the banding and the reduction of tan pigment were due to the same gene.
Although Little did not make any distinction between the Dobermann black and tan and the "saddle tan" seen in many terrier breeds (black "saddle" but extensive tan on legs and head), it seems possible that a fifth gene exists in the A series. For the moment I'll call it "saddle tan," asa. It seems recessive to Ay sable, but other dominance relationships in the series need more investigation. This would be the gene responsible for the "red-headed tri" seem in Welsh Corgis, and in that breed the dominance relationship appears to be Ay dominant to asa dominant to at.
Finally, at least two breeds (Shetland Sheepdog and German Shepherd) have a fully recessive black as the only black. Since black is the bottom recessive of the A series in many other mammals, it seems logical to assign this color to recessive black, a, and state that recessive black is caused by aa at the agouti locus. This has in fact now been confirmed by DNA analysis. The gene a has also been found in other breeds in which most blacks are due to the K locus. At the present time, it is known to occur mostly in herding and Spitz breeds. Sheila Schmutz summarizes the DNA studies.
An interesting possibility is that aa may actually prevent the formation of phaeomelanin pigment. If this is the case, aaee dogs should be white--and this combination has actually been found in some Samoyeds.
B, the brown series. This series is relatively simple. B, in single or double dose, allows the production of black pigment. A bb dog produces brown pigment wherever the dog would otherwise have produced black. The gene apparently codes for one of the proteins that makes up the eumelanin pigment granule, so the bb granules are smaller and rounder in shape as well as appearing a lighter color than those of a dog carrying B. This gene is responsible for a number of liver and chocolate colors, especially in the sporting breeds. The same gene produces some "reds" (in Australian Shepherds, Border Collies, and Dobermanns, for example), and probably the bronze Newfoundland. It has some effect on the iris of the eye and on the skin color, including the eye rims and the nose leather. Phaeomelanin (tan) is very little affected, so the color of the tan points on a red Dobermann (atatbb), for instance, is little affected. I have seen little discussion of the effect of brown on a sable dog, but I would expect a brown nose leather and eye rims, with the coat shaded brown rather than black. Probably the dog would closely resemble a sable, perhaps with an orangey cast and a light nose. Note that some shades of liver, though a eumelanin pigment, overlap some shades of tan, a phaeomelanin pigment. In particular the deadgrass color (bbcchcch) can overlap recessive yellow (ee)
C, the albino series. This again is a fairly complex locus, especially in other mammals. The top dominant, C, allows full color to develop, and is probably the structural gene for tyrosinase. The bottom recessive, c, does not appear to occur in dogs, but in other mammals it completely prevents the formation of any melenin in the coat or the irises of the eyes, giving a pink-eyed or red-eyed white. It is worth pointing out that human albinos from dark-skinned parents often show some yellowish or reddish hair and even skin color, but it seems this is not due to granular melenin. c, therefore, is a form of tyrosinase which cannot act as it is intended to in the formation of melanin. Since c is simply a non-working form, there may be more than one form of c gene (lots of ways to get something not to work), and there is some evidence that when two different forms are mated, colored offspring may result.
There are a number of intermediate genes where the mutation apparently produces a partly active form of tyrosinase. Some C alleles known in other mammals are:
- C full color, allows full expression of whatever pigment is prescribed by other genes. Most dogs are CC.
- cch, chinchilla or silver, when present in double dose removes most or all of the phaeomelanin pigment with only a slight effect on black pigment. This is named after a small fur-bearing South American rodent called the chinchilla.
- ce, extreme dilution, has also been proposed for the dog, but without evidence.
- ch, Himalyan, is not known to occur in the dog. In homozygous form, it makes the formation of eumelanin dependant on the temperature of the skin. Thus a genetically solid black animal will have reduced black on the extremities (seal brown) and an almost white color on the body. The effect on tan/orange pigment is confusing - the tan in agouti hairs is removed, but that resulting from the orange gene in cats (not in dogs) remains intense on the extremities. There is reason to suspect that this gene, as well as some forms of chinchilla, also affects the organization of the brain, particularly in the neural pathways from the eyes to the brain. There may be a reason for Siamese cats to be cross-eyed. Eyes are normally blue or pink.
- cp, platinum, is optically similar to albino but retains very slight tysonase activity and in the mouse is described as retaining some luster in the coat as opposed to the pure white seen in albino. At one time I hypothesized that the white Doberman, with pale blue eyes and pink nose, was due to a homologous gene, but there is no evidence that white in this breed is due to abnormal tyrosinase.
- c, albino, is not known to occur in the dog as a regular part of any breed color, though possible candidates for mutations to c have been recorded. As mentioned above, the c gene cannot produce working tyrosinase, and a cc individual cannot produce melanin pigment.
As seen from the above, C is known to have a number of different forms and effects. Dogs do have genes that lighten phaeomelanin more than eumelanin, but they are apparently not at the C locus. They are sumtimes lumped as rufous genes, making phaeomelanin more or less intense, as is seen in the variation in color between the Irish Setter and a very light yellow lab.
The usual assumption is that dogs have at least one mutant allele, cch which when homozygous lightens phaeomelanin (yellow) pigment to cream and more weakly affects liver and longhaired black. A second proposed allele, ce may be responsible for further reduction of cream to white in some breeds, or modifying alleles may be responsible for the further lightening in these cases. Although it is now fairly certain that these are not at the C locus, something does affect phaeomelanin pigment, and for the moment I will keep the c nomenclature.
Although C in other mammals appears to be fully dominant over any of the other alleles, the dominance relationship between the others generally goes in the direction of more color incompletely dominant over less color, the heterozygote generally resembling but not necessarily identical to the homozygote with more pigment
D, the dilution series. This, again, is a relatively simple series, containing D (dominant, full pigmentation) and d (recessive, dilute pigment). In contrast to C, which has its strongest effect on phaeomelanin, or B, which effects only eumelanin, D affects both eumelanin and phaeomelanin pigment. It is thought to act by causing the clumping of pigment granules in the hair. Like B, it often affects skin and eye color, and in some breeds dd has been associated with skin problems. "Blue" is the term most often used to describe dd blacks. If a solid liver dog also is dd, the result is the silvery color seen in Weimararners and known as "fawn" in Dobermans. (In most breeds, fawn refers to Ay yellows.)
While dd acting on black or liver is a part of the genotype of several breeds, dd acting on sable is relatively rare. For one thing, the action of dd on phaeomelanin has been described as a flattening or dulling of color. The cinnamon color in Chows is probably due to an AyAydd genotype, but otherwise the combination of dd with phaeomelanin coat color seems limited to breeds in which color is of little importance (e.g., blue brindle in Whippets.)
Although D is usually described as completely dominant to d, I have seen one blue merle Sheltie bitch who suggested that this may not always be the case. The black merling patches in this bitch were actually an extremely dark blue-gray. Other than this she was an excellently colored blue merle. The owner insisted that she was not a blue, but that she had relatives who were. I suspect that this bitch may have been Dd, with the additional diluting effect of the merle gene allowing the normally hidden effect of a single dose of d to show through.
E, the extension series. This series, like A, has undergone considerable modification from Little's description. In most mammals, the E series includes Ed (dominant black), E (normal extension) and e (recessive red or yellow, and sometimes some intermediate alleles called Japanese brindles. In dogs, this is clearly not the case; breeding experiments have conclusively proven that dominant black and recessive red are not in the same series. This has led to dominant black being thrust into the A series, which as already mentioned conflicts with results in other mammals, and has since been resolved by putting dominant black into a new locus, K, not recognized by Little.
In this summary, I will give the genes as postulated by Little, followed by a brief discussion of what DNA studies have shown. Note that the question was never whether the genes occur, but whether they were in fact alleles in the same gene series. With regard to e and E, recent sequencing of the e and E genes in dogs show definite homology with those in other species.
- Em, mask factor. This gene replaces phaeomelanin (tan) with eumelanin (black) over part of the dog. There is considerable variation in the area of replacement, probably affected by modifiers but possibly involving more than one form of Em. At its weakest the mask factor may produce black hair fringing the mouth, or a slightly smutty muzzle. At its strongest (Belgian Tervuren) most of the head is black, and there is considerable blackening of chest and legs. The effect of Em shows to its fullest extent on clear sable dogs (AyAy), but is visible on the tan points of black and tan dogs (atat) as well. In its strongest version, it can change a black and tan to a pseudo-black, with tan so restricted in its distribution that it may not be immediately apparent that the dog is not black. The occasional "black" puppy produced by two Tervuren parents may be this type of black, with two AyatEmEm parents producing an atatEmEm puppy, but aa can also occur in this breed. A similar but not quite as strong blackening of the head of a genetic black and tan occurs in German Shepherds.
- Ebr, brindle. This gene probably got into the E series by mistaken homology with Japanese brindle, which behaves quite differently from brindle in the dog. In Japanese brindle, the patchy color is believed to be due to two alleles of the E series side by side on the same chromosome. Only one can be expressed, and different parts of the animal will show the expression of different genes. The result is a coat made up of random small patches of tan and black pigment, rather like a tortoiseshell cat. If a Japanese brindle animal also has the genes for extensive white spotting, the tan and black pigmented areas tend to become larger and more compact, similar to what one sees in a calico cat (genetically, a tortoiseshell with white markings.) There is a canid which might be Japanese brindle with white spotting, the Cape hunting dog, Lycaon pictus. This animal has a coat which is a rather random patchwork of black, yellow and white. The color has very little similarity to brindle in the dog.
Brindle in dogs consists of black, vertical stripes on a sable/fawn background, usually rather soft-edged, but much more regular that a typical Japanese brindle, and showing no tendency for the tan and black patches to become more distinct in the presense of white spotting genes. Genes that affect eumelanin will affect the dark stripes, so a bb brindle, for instance, will have brown rather than black stripes. Brindle on a black and tan will show only in the tan areas, while brindle on a black cannot be distinguished at all. DNA testing has confirmed that brindle in the dog is in fact not at the E locus, but rather an allele of the K locus, unrecognized by Little.- E, normal extension of black, allows the A-series alleles to show through with no masking or brindling. It is apparently recessive to Em.
- e, recessive red, overrides whatever genes is present at the A or K loci to produce a dog which shows only phaeomelanin pigment in the coat. Skin and eye color show apparently normal eumelanin, although some ee dogs appear to show reduced pigment on the nose, especially in winter (snow nose.) A number of breeds show recessive red as a normal or even breed-wide characteristic - Irish Setters, Golden Retrievers, yellow Labradors. In a few breeds such as the Cocker Spaniel "reds" may be either AyAy or ee, and crossing the two can produce unexpected blacks. I believe there may be a key in the color of the whiskers, which on my observations seem to be black in AyAy breeds and straw to cream (dilute red) in ee breeds, always assuming the whisker base sprouts from a pigmented area. Little hypothesized that dogs with both forms of red (Ay-ee) were not viable and would be lost before birth.
G, the graying series. Although only two genes were recognised in this series by Little, this may be a more complex locus, or genes that affect graying may reside at more than one locus. The effect of G, in single or double dose, is the replacement of colored by uncolored hairs as the animal ages, very much like premature graying in human beings. This gene should be suspected in any breed where a dark puppy pales and washes out with age, and the paling is due to interspersed white hairs. The gene is almost certainly present in some Poodles, Old English Sheepdogs, and terriers. The fading may start immediately after birth or after a period of weeks to months has elapsed, and may go as far as it is going to by the first adult coat or may continue through the animal's lifetime. G may or may not be the gene involved in the graying of muzzle and over the eyes in aged dogs, or in the lightening of black to steel blue without interspersed white hairs. This is a series that definitely needs more work.
K, named for the last letter of blacK. This series is a new one as far as the genetic literature is concerned, but is now well confirmed by DNA analysis. It includes three members: Dominant black KB, mask kbr, and "yellow" ky, in that order of dominance. The actual color of the dog will depend also on the genes carried at the A and E loci.
- KB, dominant black. If this gene is present and the dog is capable of getting eumelanin into the coat, the dog will be black. As only ee appears capable of keeping eumalanin out of the coat, this means that a dominant black dog must have either E or Em in its genetic makeup. Most black dogs are of this type, as a is rare in most breeds. KB will hide whatever is present at the A locus.
- kbr, brindle. If this gene is present along with E or Em but KB is not, whatever parts of the coat that would otherwise be tan will show soft-edged eumelanin stripes on the phaeomelanin areas. At one extreme the pattern may consit of a few dark hairs in vertical lines on an otherwise tan background, at the other the dog may be almost all eumelanin with faint tan stripes. The A locus will still determine the overall position of eumelanin and phaeomelanin in the coat, but the phaeomelanin areas will now be striped with eumelanin. If aa or ee are present kbr cannot be detected even if it is present.
- ky, yellow. If only this gene is present at the K locus (kyky) the color of the dog will be determined by the genes at other loci.
M, merle. This is another dilution gene, but instead of diluting the whole coat it causes a patchy dilution, with a black coat becoming gray patched with black. Liver becomes dilute red patched with liver, while sable merles can be distinguished from sables with varying amounts of difficulty. The merling is reportedly clearly visible at birth, but may fade to little more than a possible slight mottling of ear tips as an adult. Merling on the tan points of a merled black and tan is not immediately obvious, either, though it does show if mask factor is present, and may be discernable under a microscope. Eyes of an Mm dog are sometimes blue or merled (brown and blue segments in the eye.)
Although merle is generally treated as a dominant gene, it is in fact an incomplete dominant or a gene with intermediate expression. An mm dog is normal color (no merling). A Mm dog is merled. But an MM dog has much more white than is normal for the breed (almost all white in Shelties) and may have hearing loss, vision problems including small or missing eyes, and possible infertility (Little). The health effects seem worse if a gene for white markings is also present. Thus the dachsund, which is normally lacking white markings, has dapples (Mm) and double dapples (MM) the latter often having considerable white, but according to Little other effects are limited to smaller than normal eyes. In Shelties, Collies, Border Collies, and Australian Shepherds, all of which normally have fairly extensive white markings, the MM white has a strong probability of being deaf or blind. The same is probably true with double merle Foxhounds and double merles from Harlequin Great Danes with the desired white chest. A few double merles of good quality have been kept and bred from, as a MM double merle to mm black breeding is the only one that will produce 100% merles.
It is possible that merle is a "fragile" gene, with M having a relatively high probability of mutating back to m. The observed pattern would then be the result of some clones of melanocytes having suffered such a back mutaion to mm while they are migrating to their final site in the skin, producing the black patches, while others remained Mm. This hypothesis also explains why a double merle to black breeding occasionally produces a black puppy, the proposed back mutation in this case occurring in a germ cell. On the other hand, the observed blacks from this ype of breeding may actually be cryptic merles - genetically Mm, but with the random black patches covering virtually all of the coat.
The merle gene has now been sequenced, though no commercial test is available.
Merle is a part of the pattern of ragged black spots seen in the harlequin Great Dane. There appears to be an additional gene which removes the dilute pigment, leaving the "blue" area clear white. The fact that harlequins continue to produce merles argues that animals pure for this proposed extra factor may not exist, and one possibility is that a homozygote for this whitening factor is an embryonic lethal. Interestingly, there are recent reports of Shelties born with a harlequin pattern, but in this case the "blue" area actually develops color with time, winding up a light silvery blue. These dogs appear to have larger than normal black areas, at the extreme being so-called cryptic merles, that is, no blue is visible without an extensive search. Other shelties born harlequin or "domino" retain the white body color.
Although Danes are usually solid color, the harlequin color description includes a preference for a white neck and front. Since the black patching is as apt to be on neck and front as anywhere else, this requires incorporation of a gene for white spotting (probably irish spotting, si si). Given that SS double merles seem to fare better than their si si counterparts, I would expect that double merles from harlequin Danes with patched fronts and necks might be healthier than from those that fit the standard better. The harlequin description also faults black hairs in the white area. The harlequin - silver blue pattern in Shelties could be an extreme case of black hairs in the white area. Both harlequins and the silver-blue merle Shelties have occasional patches of gray (merle?) as well as black, though this is not considered desirable.
It should be emphasized that merle cannot be detected on an ee yellow. In breeds which have both colors (Pomeranians and Chihuahuas come to mind) merles should never be bred to yellows, as the yellow may be carrying the merle gene invisibly.
R, roan. This may or may not be a true series. Both Little and Searle suggest that roan may simply be a very fine ticking, with dark hairs growing in an initially white area of the coat. A second type of roan, in which white hairs develop in an initially dark coat, could be due to gray or could be a type of roaning different from the progressive development of dark hair in a light area. In any event, roan (R) appears to be dominant to non-roan (rr). It is not clear whether this is full dominance or incomplete dominance. I will here treat roan as being at the ticking locus.
S, white spotting. This is another somewhat unsatisfactory series, and one in which modifying genes appear to have a very large effect. Certainly there are genes for solid color, for a more regular white spotting, and for basically white with some colored markings. But the variability within each type makes it unclear how many alleles actually occur at this locus or even whether more than one loci are involved. In general dominance is incomplete, with more color being dominant over less color. Heterozygotes commonly resemble the more-pigmented homozygote, but with somewhat more white. I will give the usual outline below, but recognize that this is subject to change.
- S, solid color. This is the normal gene in breeds without white markings. An SS dog can completely lack white, but it can also express very minor white markings - white toes, white tail tip, or a star or streak on the chest. SS breeds generally fault these markings.
- si, irish spotting. Irish spotting is generally confined to the neck, the chest, the underbody, the legs and the tail tip. White does not cross the back between the withers and the tail, though it may appear on the back of the neck. Breeds with "Collie markings" which breed true for the markings are generally si si.
- sp, piebald. This is a more difficult gene to identify. Certainly some breeds, such as parti-color Cockers, seem to breed true for piebald. Crosses of parti-color and solid in Cockers, however, often have minor white marking. Piebald and irish spotting seem to overlap in phenotype in one direction, while piebald and extreme white overlap in the other. In general, it seems a piebald has more than 50% white, white often crosses the back, and the pattern gives the impression of fairly large colored spots on a white ground.
- sw, extreme white piebald. Extreme white piebalds range from the color-headed whites (Collies, Shelties) which may also have a few colored spots on the body, especially near the tail, through dogs with color confined to the area around the ear or eye (Sealyham, White Bull Terrier, Great Pynenees) to some pure whites (Dalmation ideal). There is some anecdotal evidence that swsw dogs without color on or near the ear have a higher probability of deafness than dogs with color on the ears, but this varies with breed and it is not known whether a separate allele of S might be involved. In Boxers, some whites are produced from show-marked parents. Little believed that the Boxer lacked the gene for si, the irish-type spotting desired in the show ring being produced by heterozygosity for S and sw. Since the Boxer club is adamantly opposed to any breeding of whites, even test breeding, this has not been independantly confirmed.
All of the spotting genes are assumed to be affected by the action of modifiers, with + (plus) modifiers being generally understood to increase the amount of pigment (decrease white) while - (minus) modifiers being assumed to decrease the amount of pigment (increase white.) Merle appears to act as a minus modifier, in addition to its effects on coat color.
It is not clear to what extent the S series affects head pigment. Color-headed white shelties, for instance (swsw), can have completely colored heads - not even a forehead star or white nose. On the other hand, relatively conservatively marked dogs can appear with half white or all white heads. There is probably at least one other gene series that affects head markings. It is at least possible that the plus and minus modifiers affect head and body markings simultaneously.
T, ticking. Some dogs develop flecks of color in areas left white by genes in the S series. The clearest and most obvious ticking is seen in Dalmations, where additional modifier genes have enlarged and rounded the ticks. A large number of irish, piebald and extreme white breeds also have variable ticking, though not often as obvious as the Dalmation. The color of the ticking seems to be the color the coat would be in that area if the white spotting genes were not present. Thus a genetically black and tan Dalmation (a fault) will have tan spots where a black and tan would have tan markings. A ticked sable, ayayTT or ayayTt, may not have obvious ticking, becasue there is not much contrast between the tan and the white. Careful examination, however, will often show tan flecks on the legs. Ticking on a long-haired dog is also difficult to discern. The Border Collie on the front page of my site is ticked and probably sisw, as well as having the gene(?) for half white head. The tick marks in her ruff are not visible in the photo, but they are present (if difficult to find) on the living dog.
The usual dominance relationship given is that T (ticking) is dominant over t (lack of ticking.) Some breed-specific sources suggest that ticking acts as a recessive. I am inclined to suspect incomplete dominance of T. In Border Collies, for instance, a color called blue mottle is in fact a very heavily ticked piebald. The dam of the Border Collie mentioned above was such a blue mottle, presumably TT, while Dot is apparently Tt.
Ticking is also very much affected by genes which modify the size, shape and density of tick marks. In fact roan, which can develop by the gradual growth of pigmented hair in white areas of the coat, may simply be a form of ticking.
last updated April 7, 2010


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If you are determined ineligible for financial aid, you are responsible for the payment of any University obligations you may have, including fees.
Students who are receiving financial aid funds and completely withdraw from all of their classes, may have to repay all or part of the award they received. Students should check with the financial aid office to find out if they will owe a repayment, before withdrawing from all of their classes.


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Recently I went to dinner in West Village with fashion designer Rebecca Minkoff who, to me, is the queen of "cool"… like hippie chic meets Coachella and collided with an artist who loves Frida kind of vibe. My favorite moment of the conversation was when Rebecca recounted the time she first saw someone carrying a bag she designed – she ran up to her and said, "That's my bag!" in which the stranger replied "NO, that's MY bag!"
We talked about babies (hers) and how she gets such cool artists to perform at her NYFW runway shows. After a few minutes I noticed her jewelry, which turned out to be samples from her new jewelry line she was testing out in the wild. Well, that's cool… but of course it is. It's Rebecca Minkoff after all.
PS- The first time I met Rebecca Minkoff for a shoot she was pregnant in heels! Whoa mama! x


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Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (January 12 1746 – February 17 1827) was a Swiss educational reformer.
- Lead your child by the hand to the great scenes of nature; teach him on the mountain and in the valley. There he will listen better to your teaching; the liberty will give him greater force to surmount difficulties. But in these hours of liberty it should be nature that teaches rather than you. Do not allow yourself to prevail for the pleasure of success in your teaching; or to desire in the least to proceed when nature diverts him; do not take away in the least the pleasure which she offers him. Let him completely realize that it is nature that teaches, and that you, with your art, do nothing more than walk quietly at her side. When he hears a bird warble or an insect hum on a leaf, then cease your talk; the bird and the insect are teaching; your business is then to be silent.
- Diary entry (1774-02-15)
- The circle of knowledge commences close round a man and thence stretches out concentrically.
- Evening Hour of a Hermit (1780)
- I would take school instruction out of the hands of the old order of decrepit, stammering, journeymen-teachers as well as from the new weak ones, who are generally no better for popular instruction, and entrust it to the undivided powers of Nature herself, to the light that God kindles and ever keeps alive in the hearts of fathers and mothers, to the interest of parents who desire that their children should grow up in favour with God and man.
- How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801), ed. Ebenezer Cooke, trans. Lucy E. Holland and Frances C. Turner (Syracuse, NY, 1894), letter VII, p. 97 [1]
- The ultimate end of education is not a perfection in the accomplishments of the school, but fitness for life; not the acquirement of habits of blind obedience, and of prescribed diligence, but a preparation for independent action. We must bear in mind that whatever class of society a pupil may belong to, whatever calling he may be intended for, there are certain faculties in human nature common to all, which constitute the stock of the fundamental energies of man. We have no right to withhold from any one the opportunities for developing all their faculties. It may be judicious to treat some of them with marked attention, and to give up the idea of bringing others to high perfection. The diversity of talent and inclination, of plans and pursuits, is a sufficient proof of the necessity for such a distinction. But I repeat that we have no right to shut out the child from the development of those faculties also, which we may not for the present conceive to be very essential for his future calling or station in life.
- Letters on Infants' Education (1819)
- Each of our moral, mental, and bodily powers must have its development based upon its own nature, and not based upon artificial and outside influences.
Faith must be developed by exercises in believing and cannot be developed from the knowledge and understanding, only, of what is to be believed; thought must grow from thinking, for it cannot come simply from the knowledge and understanding of what is to be thought, or the laws of thought; love must be developed by loving, for it does not arise merely from a knowledge and understanding of what love is and of what ought to be loved; art, also, can only be cultivated through doing artistic work and acquiring skill, for unending discussion of art and skill will not develop them. Such a return to the true method of Nature in the method of the development of our powers necessitates the subordination of education to the knowledge of the various laws which govern those powers.
- Address to his household, Yverdon, Switzerland, on his seventy-second birthday (1818-01-12)
- Das Leben bildet.
- It is life itself that educates.
- Schwanengesang [Swan Song] (1826)


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Air Arabia launches service from Sharjah to Baghdad
Air Arabia, the first and largest low-cost carrier (LCC) in the Middle East and North Africa, announced the launch of non-stop services to Baghdad, its fourth destination in Iraq and 83rd worldwide. The inaugural flight G90361 will take off to the Capital city on March 11, 2013.
The low-cost pioneer will start three weekly services between Sharjah and Baghdad to be increased to five weekly services in the coming weeks. Flights depart from Sharjah International Airport at 14:30 and arrives Baghdad International Airport at 16:10. Return flights on the same days will depart Baghdad at 16:50 and arrive in Sharjah at 20:05 (local time). Full schedule is available on www.airarabia.com.
"Three months since we launched our last destination in Iraq, we are delighted to spread our wings further into the country, with the launch of services to the Capital city, said, Adel Ali, Group Chief Executive Officer, Air Arabia. "Iraq is a market of focus for Air Arabia and today's announcement further reiterates the commitment that we place on serving the Iraqi market."
With an approximate population of 7.3 million, Baghdad remains an important city to connect to from Sharjah. With the launch of the new service, Air Arabia will now operate 23 weekly services to Iraq, making it one of the growing markets for the carrier. In addition to Baghdad, Air Arabia currently offers non-stop services to Basra, Erbil, and Najaf.


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Starbucks is 2012 Mobile Marketer of the Year
Starbucks Corp. is 2012 Mobile Marketer of the Year, the highest accolade in mobile advertising, marketing and media. The honor tops the Mobile Marketer Awards handed out each year for outstanding work that moved the mobile needle for brands and marketers.
There is no doubt Starbucks is a leader and one to watch out for in the mobile space. Instead of following in the steps of competitors, the coffee giant has implemented its own mobile-first strategy that is unlike any other and features the latest technology such as QR codes and augmented reality, as well as traditional channels including SMS, mobile advertising and applications.
?One word sums up Starbucks? work in mobile: sophistication,? said Mickey Alam Khan, editor in chief of Mobile Marketer, New York.
?For Starbucks to be named Mobile Marketer of the Year twice in three years is no mean feat,? he said.
?It shows Starbucks? understanding that mobile is not just the future of marketing, but also retail.?
The Mobile Marketer of the Year award is the most prestigious honor for smart, strategic and creative mobile marketing. Team Obama won the honor in 2008, Polo Ralph Lauren Corp. in 2009, Starbucks Coffee Co. in 2010 and Macy?s in 2011.
What makes Starbucks a clear winner is the company?s comprehensive, 360-degree mobile marketing strategy that offers a number of different functions and creates an ongoing relationship between the brand and its customers.
Instead of putting its focus on one single channel, Starbucks makes sure it has a presence on each and every one.
Take SMS, for example, which is arguably one of the most effective channels marketers can use to build an ongoing dialogue with consumers and drive brand engagement.
Over the past year, Starbucks has used SMS quite a bit, not only to build its My Starbucks Rewards program, but also to keep opted-in consumers in-the-know about the latest offers and discounts.
SMS is at the heart of the coffee giant?s My Starbucks Rewards. To participate, consumers are encouraged to text the keyword GOLD to the short code 697289.
Furthermore, to drive as many opt-ins as possible, Starbucks has relied on in-store signage and email to help ramp up its SMS program efforts.
Through the My Starbucks Rewards program, consumers can earn rewards when they pay with their Starbucks Card. Free drinks and refills are one of the perks of the program.
In addition to SMS, Starbucks has used QR codes heavily.
The company?s approach to QR codes is quite different than other marketers. Instead of placing them on anything and everything, Starbucks strategically positioned the mobile bar codes where they would be visible to consumers.
To promote its Blonde, Medium and Dark roasts earlier this year, Starbucks placed QR codes on bookmark fliers that were handed out to consumers.
When scanned, the mobile bar codes took coffee lovers to the company?s mobile-optimized site where they were able to watch a video and learn more about the company?s coffee.
Most recently, Starbucks used QR codes to help spread the word out about its Verismo products, as well as let consumers buy the products via their smartphones after they scanned the mobile bar code.
Instead of simply using one interactive technology, such as QR codes, to drive consumer engagement, Starbucks also dipped its toes in augmented reality.
Last year, Starbucks introduced an augmented reality app to bring its holiday red cups to life.
The company continued its push on Valentine?s Day to once again, bring its limited-edition hot cups to life.
The initiative was a smart move on Starbucks? part because it let consumers interact with their coffee cups in a new and interesting way.
Another factor that sets Starbucks apart from other marketers is the company?s involvement in mobile payments. The coffee giant is one of the biggest players in mobile commerce.
Starbucks unveiled its mobile payments and loyalty application in 2010.
Using the Starbucks Card mobile app, consumers can check their balance, reload their card and view transactions.
Initially, the program started with 16 select Starbucks stores in Silicon Valley and Seattle and at any U.S. Target Starbucks store and expanded to 6,800 company-operated stores a year later.
As of November, Howard Schultz, president/CEO of Starbucks, announced the company is seeing more than 2 million mobile payment transactions occur every week.
With its integration in Apple?s Passbook, Starbucks has no doubt proved that it is a leader in the mobile payments space and competitors such as Dunkin? Donuts are following in its footsteps and rolling out their own mobile payments app.
Mobile advertising and mobile apps round out the company?s comprehensive, 360-degree strategy.
For every holiday, occasion and new product, Starbucks uses mobile advertising.
The coffee shop chain realizes the potential of the channel and continues to turn to it to drive in-store traffic, sales and awareness of new products.
Moreover, the Starbucks has mobile apps on a variety of platforms such as iPhone, iPad and Google Play, which are continuously refreshed to keep consumers up-to-date.
Mobile Advertiser of the Year: McDonald?s
When it comes to mobile advertising, no one does it better than McDonald?s.
While many marketers think static banner ads, which lack in creative, make a mobile advertising campaign effective, McDonald?s thinks outside the box.
What makes the fast food giant stand out is its ongoing drive to offer consumers something new.
To date, McDonald?s has run six iAd campaigns, as well as several rich media and interactive initiatives.
McDonald?s is a clear winner because it is not afraid to try its hand at something new.
Take its iAd campaigns, for example.
While many marketers test out Apple?s iAd only once, McDonald?s has continually tapped the ad network to promote its products and taken advantage of the device?s capabilities to offer a more interactive experience.
McDonald?s has used mobile advertising to promote a variety of products including its CBO sandwiches, extra-value menu items, McRib sandwich, chicken nuggets and blueberry banana nut oatmeal.
Each mobile advertising campaign was better than the other.
Many times marketers run the same mobile advertising campaigns, which feature the same creative. But that is what sets McDonald?s apart.
When consumers tap on a McDonald?s mobile ad, the experience is like no other.
Earlier this year, the marketer ran a mobile ad campaign that enticed users to try the company?s dollar menu items by playing a word scramble game.
Consumers were encouraged to unscramble words by dragging their fingers across the screen. Each word was associated with an item off of the McDonald?s dollar menu.
In October, McDonald?s incorporated video into its mobile ad initiative, which promoted its 20th Edition Monopoly campaign.
Most recently, McDonald?s dipped its toes in rich media to help spread the word out about its 20-piece chicken nuggets.
When users tapped on the mobile ad they were redirected to a mobile landing page that featured a football field, the company?s chicken nuggets, as well as a screen that continually blasted different messages including ?Grab It,? ?Dunk It? and ?Score.?
From there, consumers were able to learn more about the company?s products, check out current promotions and browse the McDonald?s menu to check out sandwich, salad, snack and beverage items.
It is evident that McDonald?s understands mobile and by constantly running mobile ads, the fast feeder is showing that it is always one step ahead of the game.
Mobile Publisher of the Year: USA Today
USA Today is Mobile Publisher of the Year due to the company?s ongoing investment in the digital and mobile space, as well as a rounded content and media strategy.
Marketers are continually rolling out mobile sites and apps. However, the mobile strategy stops right there.
It is critical that marketers, especially publishers, continue to refresh content and keep readers on their toes.
This year, USA Today gave its Web site and mobile apps a fresh new look as part of the company?s ongoing effort to make digital and mobile a bigger focus and further solidify its commitment to visual storytelling.
USA Today is Mobile Publisher of the Year because it takes its readers into consideration.
It is important that marketers see what their users are doing on mobile and go from there. And that is exactly what USA Today did.
The publisher redesigned its digital and mobile efforts to include increased color, photos and infographics, as well as new features such as deeper coverage and increased original reporting and video.
Furthermore, USA Today?s Web and tablet products also feature live video coverage, up-to-the second headlines, interactive weather mapping, commentary and user-controls that will let the audience see stories and follow the news the way they want to consume it.
Most recently, the company took its first steps towards building a universal Android app that includes a layout aimed at bolstering readership and increasing engagement.
Moreover, advertiser support is critical for publishers and with the new redesign, USA Today is offering more options for its advertisers.
It is not easy being a publisher in mobile. However, USA Today tackles that gracefully and proves that it is important for publishers to stay up-to-date and constantly refresh content.
Mobile Agency of the Year: R/GA
R/GA is Mobile Agency of the Year due to the creative, strategy and marketing results it brings to clients such as Nike, Grey Goose, Johnson & Johnson, Google Wallet and MasterCard.
The ad agency has helped its clients strengthen their mobile campaigns.
Take Grey Goose for example. The company drove awareness for its Cherry Noir vodka by incorporating Instagram and Pinterest.
With the help of R/GA, Grey Goose launched the Hotel Noir campaign, which featured content that spanned across all of its digital channels.
R/GA also helped L?Oréal Paris develop its Colorist app which takes the guesswork out of choosing the right hair color shade.
The ad agency worked with Johnson & Johnson to help the company celebrate its 10-Year anniversary of the Campaign for Nursing?s Future, a critical initiative for helping to recruit and retain more nurses and nurse educators.
R/GA understands mobile and continues to look at new and innovative ways to help its clients branch out and better target new and existing users.
Mobile Researcher of the Year: Forrester Research
Forrester Research is Mobile Researcher of the Year for the second year in a row.
What sets Forrester apart from others is the company?s nonstop drive to offer strategic insight on the latest mobile marketing data.
The Cambridge, MA-based market researcher focuses on mobile advertising, marketing, mobile commerce, tablets and social media.
The company?s reports are well-versed and highlight the current state of the mobile space, strides that have been made and what lies ahead.
Instead of simply stating facts and numbers, Forrester focuses on best practice and offers solutions to obstacles marketers may face and how to best solve them.
Mobile Program of the Year: Starbucks My Rewards Program
The Starbucks My Rewards Program is clearly at the heart of its mobile strategy.
Starbucks is all about loyalty and the My Rewards Program takes that to a whole other level.
The coffee shop chain has enlisted in SMS, email, mobile advertising and in-store signage to get consumers to sign-up for its program.
The initiative is the ideal way for the company to build its database and continue an ongoing dialogue with customers.
The Starbucks My Rewards Program is part of the company?s constant effort to drive consumer engagement.
To sign-up for the program, consumers can either text the keyword GOLD to the short code 697289 or go to the company?s mobile site to sign-in or create an account.
When users register their card they can protect their balance in case their card is stolen, earn rewards with each transaction, set up Auto-Reload for their card, view transaction history and transfer balances between their cards.
Furthermore, consumers can also download the My Rewards iPhone and Android application to keep up with their account.
Mobile Campaign of the Year: Taco Bell ?Doritos Locos Tacos?
Taco Bell went all out to promote its Doritos Locos Tacos products.
Simply using one channel was not enough for the Yum Brands-owned fast food giant. Taco Bell used mobile advertising, QR codes, augmented reality and Instagram to help spread the word out.
Taco Bell used augmented reality within its mobile app to promote the company?s Doritos Locos Tacos and elevate the user experience through technology.
Consumers were able to connect with the brand through the app?s Buzz Finder.
Consumers were encouraged to hold their mobile device to Taco Bell's soda cups or the Doritos Locos Tacos box and the products were brought to life.
The fast feeder also placed QR codes on its packaging to offer exclusive content from artists that performed at the Hype Hotel.
Those not attending were still able to view performances by scanning the mobile bar codes featured on the Doritos Locos Tacos holsters, which led users to exclusive video content showcasing performances from the Hype Hotel.
Furthermore, Taco Bell used Apple?s iAd network to roll out a campaign that incorporated social media and location-based technology to drive consumer engagement.
The Taco Bell iAd featured several messages including, ?A base was stolen in the World Series, so America Gets,? ?Stolen=Free Tacos? and ?#FreeDoritosTacos.?
When users tapped on the mobile ad, they were encouraged to get a free taco.
Additionally, the ad let consumers set a reminder by adding the event to their device?s calendar.
Finally, Taco Bell ran an Instagram campaign that let users win prizes by snapping pictures of their favorite meals.
The Taco Bell Instagram campaign was the last piece of its Doritos Locos Tacos piece.
The campaign encouraged consumers to tag their Taco Bell meals with the hashtag, #livemascontest.
To participate in the campaign, users had to register to enter on Taco Bell?s Web or mobile site by filling out contact information and their Instagram username.
Once registering and submitting a tagged photo, consumers were entered to win grand prizes including a trip to the Taco Bell test kitchen, a $5,000 scholarship towards college or trips to either Pacifica, CA, for surfing lessons or Seoul to visit Taco Bell's South Korea location. Daily prizes include a year?s worth of Doritos Locos Tacos, gift cards and T-shirts.
Mobile Web Site of the Year: USA Today
A mobile site is everything for marketers, especially publishers such as USA Today.
The first step is making sure content is optimized for all devices to provide a better reading experience for users.
As part of its ongoing digital push, USA Today redesigned its mobile site, which definitely takes the user experience into consideration.
The mobile site prominently features several key categories such as News, Money, Sports, Life, Tech, Travel, Photos, Video and Weather, with top headlines underneath.
The optimized site offers readers a seamless experience and uses photos, videos and editorial content efficiently.
In addition, the mobile site incorporates social features such as Facebook and Twitter that lets readers share their favorite articles and other content.
USA Today is smart to redesign its content and try to garner new readership through it.
Mobile Application of the Year: Twitter
As of June, 60 percent of Twitter?s 140 million active users accessed the service through mobile.
Consumers are increasingly accessing their favorite social networks through mobile and Twitter is rapidly becoming a go-to for many.
Twitter?s mobile app is essential for brands, marketers and consumers.
The app features an organized stream of tweets that deliver content to users on media, news and events.
Over the past year, Twitter has been ramping up its mobile apps to better service its ever-growing user base.
When Apple rolled out its iPhone 5, Twitter upgraded its application to make the user interface friendlier.
Social and mobile inherently complement each other and Twitter is constantly looking at ways to incorporate new features into its apps to better accommodate users.
Mobile Evangelist of the Year: Mondel?z International?s B. Bonin Bough
There are many industry experts who have had an impact in the emerging mobile space authoring books and reports, and logging frequent flier miles to tout mobile?s virtues at events worldwide.
Mr. Bough has taken huge strides to cement Mondel?z International?s position in mobile and expand the company?s reach in the space. His commitment to mobile: put money where his mouth is.
The executive recently announced the company?s Mobile Futures program that aims to collaborate with mobile startups.
Mr. Bough, a former Pepsi Co. executive, is making a commitment to transform Mondel?z International into an innovator in the mobile space.
Furthermore, Mr. Bough has helped in allocating 10 percent of Mondel?z International?s global marketing budget to mobile activations and channels across the entire consumer journey.
Mr. Bough has spoken at many industry events and is continuing to show marketers that mobile is no longer an add-on, but a necessity.
The Mobile Marketer Awards were judged by the Mobile Marketer editorial team for overall excellence in mobile advertising, marketing and media from a strategic, creative, tactical, executional and results standpoint. All work considered had to be published in Mobile Marketer in 2012. All judging was based purely on merit.
Final Take
Rimma Kats is associate editor on Mobile Marketer, New York


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This article is more than 1 year old
Murky world of recruitment gets DoJ probe
Anti-compete clauses anti-competitive
The US Justice Department is investigating Google, Yahoo!, Apple and Genentech to see if their employment practices break US competition laws.
The investigation is believed to be industry-wide. Tech firms are infamous for tying senior staff to contracts that preclude them from working for competitors for set periods of time. Sometimes this results in legal action: Microsoft and Google ended up in court fighting over Kai-Fu Lee, an ex-Microsoftie who wanted to join Google.
The usual deal is to send staff on "gardening leave" where they are paid to sit at home. But this investigation will also look at "no-poaching" agreements made between firms which could also be anti-competitive, the Washington Post reports.
US competition authorities are taking a more active and interventionist role under Obama than they ever did under Bush, bringing them more into line with European thinking on many competition issues.
The Federal Trade Commission is already investigating board members with potential conflicts of interest - like Google's boss Eric Schmidt who also sits on the board of Apple. ®


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Jason Schwartzman
Jason Schwartzman was 18 years old when he made his first foray into acting. The film was 1998'sRushmore—Wes Anderson's hipster-revered breakout project—and Schwartzman played the lead, Max Fischer, a charmingly awkward misfit teen with an unfortunate beret habit. It was a telling start.
In the years since this debut, Schwartzman has built a résumé that looks like it's borrowedheavily from the "Likes" section of an impassioned film geek's MySpace page: After Rushmore came Schwartzman's cameo on Judd Apatow's beloved television series, Freaks and Geeks. Then there was David O. Russell's I Heart Huckabees (2004), Steve Martin's Shopgirl (2005), his cousin Sofia -Coppola's Marie Antoinette (2006), and another Wes Anderson film—which Schwartzman actually co-wrote—The Darjeeling Limited (2007).
The 29-year-old Los Angeles native spends the majority of his time onscreen, acting . . . well, pretty tragic. This fall, the actor continues his examination of the psychology of the unfortunately weird takes a new turn. He's starring in HBO's newest original series, Bored to Death, based on a short story by Brooklyn writer Jonathan Ames. He also found the time to reunite with both Apatow, for Funny People, and Anderson, for the upcoming stop-motion adaptation of Fantastic Mr. Fox. Aziz Ansari, who appears alongside Schwartzman in Funny People, agreed to wake up in time for a 10:30 a.m. phone interview with the actor. It took place on Schwartzman's 29th birthday.
Watch first trailer for Bored to Death
JASON SCHWARTZMAN: Hey man, how are you?
AZIZ ANSARI: I'm good.
SCHWARTZMAN: Dude, where are you?
ANSARI: I'm in Los Angeles right now. You're in New York?
SCHWARTZMAN: Toronto.
ANSARI: Oh. All right—wait, so are we starting now, or do we start like now?
SCHWARTZMAN: Now, we'll start now!
ANSARI: Okay, we'll start now. Interview: Aziz Ansari, Jason Schwartzman, and go. So Jason . . .
SCHWARTZMAN: Yes?
ANSARI: I'm very excited about your new HBO show, Bored to Death. Can you tell the readers about it?
SCHWARTZMAN: Um, can you hold on for one second, Aziz? There's someone knocking on my door . . .
ANSARI: Oh my god, this is very, very unprofessional. Oh my god.
SCHWARTZMAN: [laughing] Hold on, hold on, hold on! [to person at door] Coming! Oh great. Come in.
ANSARI: So transcribe this, yo. Everyone says Jason Schwartzman is a nice guy. You know, he says, "Hey do this interview thing. Block out 10:30 a.m. Friday morning. Block that time out of your day to do an interview with me." I do that. I go, "Hey, tell me about your new show." First question, and what's the response? "Oh, someone's at my door."
SCHWARTZMAN: Sorry about that. Are you ready?
ANSARI: Yeah. Did you have fun with the person at your door?
SCHWARTZMAN: Sorry, that was unprofessional.
ANSARI: You wanna go make a sandwich?
SCHWARTZMAN: [laughs] Look, I'm sorry man. I'm sorry, I apologize. Will you forgive me?
ANSARI: Yeah, okay, we'll move on.
SCHWARTZMAN: Okay.
ANSARI: So, tell us about Bored to Death.
SCHWARTZMAN: Okay. Well, it was created by this writer named Jonathan Ames, who's a great novelist, and it's about a young writer whose girlfriend leaves him. She leaves him because, you know, he's struggling to write a book, but ends up just sitting around playing Internet backgammon all day. She also thinks that he's an alcoholic, but he really only drinks a glass of white wine at night. But she thinks he's addicted to white wine, and she leaves him. He's very sad, and so he starts rearranging his apartment—which is why he rediscovers all of these old detective novels that he used to read by Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammett. He starts reading them again, and he decides on a whim, out of depression and heartbrokenness, to put himself up as a private detective for hire on Craigslist. Just to see what happens. And he actually isn't a bad private detective. He's actually pretty good. He's a little rough around the edges, though, and gets sucked into the world of drugs, sex, and, um, skateboards. All kinds of wild things.
ANSARI: Yeah, yeah. Now, I didn't hear any of that because I went to my kitchen to go eat a banana but I'm sure it's a great show. [Schwartzman laughs] Have you done much TV before? The only thing I could think of is your great cameo in Freaks and Geeks.
SCHWARTZMAN: I did an episode of Freaks and Geeks, and then I did a show that was created by Mike White, but it was short-lived. It ended before it fully, uh, ripened. But this is my first HBO show. It's so exciting. Did you get to see it, Aziz?
ANSARI: Yeah, yeah. They sent me the pilot.
SCHWARTZMAN: So did I do an all right job? You're the first person I've talked to about the show, so if I left anything out will you be like, another me?
ANSARI: Well, we should talk about the other people in the show, because it's got a cool cast. There's Zach Galifianakis, who's hilarious, and Ted Danson as well.
SCHWARTZMAN: Yup. I got to work with all these people who are on sort of a wish list of actors and directors that I'd always wanted to work with. Parker Posey being one. I mean, even before I was a professional actor, I'd always loved Parker Posey and wanted to meet her, just as a fan. Another person is Jim Jarmusch. He plays himself in one of the episodes, but I got to act with him for like, three days—so in a sense, I got to work with Jim Jarmusch. He's also someone whose work I really love and who I kind of follow. Like, if there is ever an interview with Jim Jarmusch, I'll read it. There was a great one in this magazine, in Interview. In fact, I was in a place where they had the magazine and I ripped it out and kept it in my pocket and would just unfold this, like, disgusting piece of paper over the next two weeks and read it whenever I was waiting some place. So, Jarmusch is in the show. Kristen Wiig from Saturday Night Live, who as far as I'm concerned is one of the funniest women in the world. Aubrey Plaza is not in the show. [Ansari laughs] She's in a new show.
ANSARI: We kind of all met together on Funny People. How did you get involved in that movie?
SCHWARTZMAN: I got an e-mail from Judd Apatow that said, "Call me now." But it was a loving "now," it wasn't a demanding "now." It felt exciting. So I called him, and he explained that he was working on this movie, Funny People, and he said that there was a part in it that he thought we could talk about. It was just bizarre—like, Whoa! Just an incredible phone call. And an unusual phone call. I didn't quite know how to handle it. It was very exciting.
ANSARI: You know, when I read about you on the Internet, it's clear that you're a ladies man. Well, now you're married—so you're a former ladies man. But let's just say I was a girl and we're going out on a date this Saturday in L.A.
SCHWARTZMAN: Yeah . . .
ANSARI: Where would you take me? What would our date be like?
SCHWARTZMAN: Well, that's a good question, Aziza. Would your name be Aziza?
ANSARI: I think it would probably be Jennifer.
SCHWARTZMAN: Okay, Jennifer. Where did I meet you? How did we meet?
ANSARI: We have mutual friends.
SCHWARTZMAN: Is this a blind thing? How is it?
ANSARI: We have a couple of mutual friends and, you know, we kind of flirted and I asked for your phone number and now you have to take me out.
SCHWARTZMAN: Wow—so you're a bold woman. You got my number, you asked me to call you, and you're saying we're going out?
ANSARI: Yeah.
SCHWARTZMAN: Okay. Gosh, I don't really have a go-to date. Do you have a go-to date?
ANSARI: No, not really. I guess I usually go to a nice restaurant, and then maybe a bar. Nothing too, uh . . .
SCHWARTZMAN: I mean, I would think if we were going on a date, maybe we would go to a place where we could have a drink, and if it seemed like it was going well, maybe they'll put out a menu and we could order some food. Maybe the place is a bar first but it's also known for its delicious tapas.
ANSARI: Ah . . .
SCHWARTZMAN: So if it's going all right, then maybe I would be like, "Are you hungry? Did you want something to eat? Let's get some food." But I would not be so presumptuous to think I'm gonna take you to dinner and you're gonna wanna talk to me for two hours . . .
ANSARI: I guess I'm a little bit more presumptuous. I'm like, "All right, you're in it for six hours!" [laughs]
SCHWARTZMAN: Have you been on a lot of dates?
ANSARI: No, not really.
SCHWARTZMAN: I'm sorry to let you down.
ANSARI: You didn't let me down at all. One of the first times we met was when you and our mutual friend Jonah Hill were guest-hosting on the radio -station Indie 103. You have such a deep well of music that you listen to. Where do you hear about new bands and stuff?
SCHWARTZMAN: I basically read a lot and keep lists. For instance, if I'm reading a review of a record, and they describe the record with reference to other records, then I'll write down not only the name of the record that is being reviewed, but I'll also write down the references. I'll keep these lists. Also, you know, I count on my friends.
ANSARI: What are the last five albums you had in heavy rotation?
SCHWARTZMAN: Well, no big news, but, the Animal Collective album. John Cale. The new Dirty Projectors album. What else have I been liking? Um, let me see. Can I open my computer?
ANSARI: Sure, whatever you wanna do.
SCHWARTZMAN: Okay. What've you been listening to?
ANSARI: I've been listening to a lot of older stuff. Some Velvet Underground, some Dylan stuff. Kinda going through a classic-rock phase.
SCHWARTZMAN: Yep.
ANSARI: I'll open my iTunes as well.
SCHWARTZMAN: Do you ever have this happen, where you go through periods when you listen to and watch stuff, and it goes right through you? It doesn't seem to really dent you in any way. You watch stuff and it's like, "Oh, that's funny," but you don't laugh and you don't feel anything? I've been having the reverse of that. When I put on the new Phoenix album or the Animal Collective album, I get so excited. Like, "Yes, this is amazing!"
ANSARI: Darjeeling Limited was your first foray into screenwriting, and it's a film which I've Netflixed but have yet to watch. What was the writing process like? Any plans to write anything in the future? And why do you think I haven't gotten around to watching the movie, even though I've Netflixed it?
SCHWARTZMAN: [laughs] The writing process was incredible. I wrote it with Wes Anderson and Roman Coppola, and it took about two years. We ended up finishing the script in the Himalayas.
ANSARI: Wow! Geez. That's awesome.
SCHWARTZMAN: Yeah, it was fun. And then we came back and had to rewrite it all in New York. [laughs] It sounds so romantic—and it was romantic, because I was with my two great friends and we really were working on something very personal—but it wasn't romantically beautiful all the time. It was quite rough at times. But the real romance is being young and writing with your friends.
ANSARI: Do you have any advice for young actors, such as myself?
SCHWARTZMAN: You don't need any advice from me, man. You're incredible! You're like the funniest motherfucker in the world.
ANSARI: Aw, come on.
SCHWARTZMAN: I'm serious. But let's see. I'm not really one for advice other than, if you can write, write. If you have the ability to write, then you should write. Be diligent about it.
ANSARI: That's probably a good call. Is there anything else you'd like to talk about in particular? I've finished all of my questions.
SCHWARTZMAN: You ask good questions.
ANSARI: Oh good, thank you. You had very interesting answers. We did our jobs!
SCHWARTZMAN: We did our jobs.
Aziz Ansari is a Los Angeles–based actor and comedian who's appearing in the new NBC series Parks and Recreation and was in last summer's Judd Apatow film Funny People.
Photo: Coat: Opening Ceremony. Jeans and Shoes: Schwartzman's own. Hair products: ION Studio. Fragrance: Bvlgari pour Homme. Styling: Vanessa Chow/Creative Exchange Agency. Hair: Leonardo Manetti/Community NYC. Special Thanks: Fast Ashleys.


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That's just not good enough given that your tick delivery system isn't guaranteed to give clients ticks in order, and on the US exchanges you get updates on certain rapidly ticking instruments (like SPY and QQQQ) many times a second. So you decide to add an extra millisecond-precision field to the tick to indicate the millisecond for the tick. This seems like a great idea, so you do it.
Only, unlike every rational human being who would give you an absolute time from Unix epoch as an integer, you don't, because you're special. Like an olympian.
Rather, you provide a double precision floating point number of milliseconds since midnight, and don't actually document that in any way.
Let's cover why the double precision bit is so retarded, shall we?
- I need milliseconds becuase I want more precision. That means that the least significant digits are actually the most important to me, not the least, because I already have other representations for the most significant digits. You're putting them in a data structure that strips away that precision.
- It's not an unexact value. It's an exact value. Floating point representation implies a loss of precision by its very nature.
- Nobody expects it. Milliseconds are integers. Always.
But here's the kicker: because they're actually milliseconds since midnight, there are only 86,400,000 possible values. Therefore, you can cleanly put them into a 32-bit integer, which your data structure supports.
Meaning, you're doing this because you suck and you want to make my life miserable.
By the way, so that this is better googleable, the actual fields are
, and TIMCOR_MS


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The NFL Annual Meeting wrapped up Wednesday, and there wasn't a hint of a rumor regarding Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Mike Wallace. That surely pleases Steelers coach Mike Tomlin, who isn't thinking about what would happen if another team signed Wallace.
"We'll cross that bridge when we come to it -- if we come to it," Tomlin said.
At this stage, there is no indication that any team will sign Wallace to an offer sheet. Here are the best reasons we can come up with:
It's too early
Teams have until April 20 to sign restricted free agents to an offer sheet. Unrestricted free agents get the most attention early in the process, and teams then start looking closer at restricted players. Perhaps a team is out there biding its time.
He's too expensive
There have been reports Wallace wants more than $100 million in a contract. He wants Larry Fitzgerald money. If that's true, the cost of the contract, plus a first-round draft pick, could make him too expensive.
He's not versatile
Wallace doesn't fit every offense. He doesn't go over the middle or help you on special teams like DeSean Jackson. There is some question about his ability to transfer to many offensive systems. Antonio Brown is the far more versatile receiver. Wallace, you could argue, is a one-trick pony. Of course, it's a pretty nifty trick.
The logical teams don't need him
The San Francisco 49ers and New England Patriots were rumored to be two possible fits for Wallace, but both teams signed multiple free-agent wide receivers and no longer appear to have a need. The Chicago Bears traded for Brandon Marshall. The Jacksonville Jaguars pick too high. The Cincinnati Bengals have two first-round picks, but perhaps they don't see A.J. Green and Wallace fitting together on the field. Or under the salary cap.
Where there's no smoke, there's probably a lack of fire. We think Wallace would be well worth a mid-to-late first-round pick and a handsome contract, but it looks unlikely to happen. That's exactly what Tomlin expects.
"Business will take care of itself, but Mike will report and be the guy that he's always been in my mind, and that's a guy that has a desire to be the best and a guy that's willing to work daily to be the best," Tomlin said Tuesday.
For at least one more year, it appears Wallace will be working in Pittsburgh.


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We've been recommending Microsoft Security Essentials for quite a while now. Last week we were besieged by folks who'd read an article in another newsletter which bashed MSE – basically saying it offered very poor protection. By the number of emails we received, it appeared that this article got a lot of attention. We mention this because the article's purpose was more about getting your attention than providing you with factual information. And it's too bad that some newsletters are more concerned with writing sensationalistic articles, the purpose of which is not very well veiled. This kind of knee-jerk journalism isn't written to inform you or keep you safe – it's written to drive people to a Web site to read the article. Traffic equals money. The more people who ventured to the site -the more chance the newsletter had to gain more subscribers, and more traffic equals more clicks on advertisements. Money makes people do things they wouldn't ordinarily do.
It's nothing new. Have you ever been in a line at the supermarket and read the headlines on the tabloids?
"92 year-old Nebraska woman gives birth to alien twins"
"Elvis Presley sited in Starbuck's in Memphis: Exclusive interview inside"
"Doctor teaches cucumber to talk in Toledo"
It's too bad that sensationalism sells. But it does and we all have to deal with it. Since many of you are concerned we've been lax and haven't done our homework regarding Microsoft Security Essentials, we wanted to ease your mind with facts.
There are two sites which are traditionally regarded as the best source of information regarding anti-virus and security programs: AV Comparatives and AV Bulletin. Neither was the source of the MSE-bashing article which appeared in several geeky newsletters last week. The testing that rated MSE "mediocre" was done by a German company, AV Test, which we've never heard of. What better way to get your name out there than to bash Microsoft and have all the geeks who search for anti-Microsoft information in order to write sensational articles and drive more traffic to their sites. We're not pro-Microsoft by any means. We see the end of Windows coming within the next ten years. We think Microsoft's greed is leading to its demise. But Microsoft Security Essentials is not one of Microsoft's mistakes. It's a great free antivirus that runs quietly and doesn't drain your system resources. It's an effective free antivirus and you can trust your computer to it.
And there's the truth. MSE isn't the best antivirus you can install. There are better. It's the best free antivirus you can install – and it will protect your computer as well as McAfee or Norton and better than some commercial antivirus programs. And we're going to prove it to you – not with a lot of arcane test results, just summaries.
The German company's methodology is unclear, but there's no doubt that your computer will never have to deal with thousands of viruses at one time – no matter how careless you are – you can't possibly be so careless as to encounter thousands of viruses, Trojans, worms, and other malware in a lifetime – let alone in a few days.
So when you view the summaries below, keep in mind that MSE did very well in real tests by respectable and well-known independent testing labs which have been around for a long time.. Also keep in mind when you see Avast and AVG listed in these tests, these are not the free versions which were tested, they are the paid (commercial) versions. MSE does not offer a paid version.
MSE rates better than Norton and slightly less effective than McAfee.
MSE achieves the same "Advanced" security rating as Symantec (Norton), Trend Micro, Panda. and Sophos. It beats PC Tools AV+Spyware Doctor and others. Keep in mind that none of the others are free.
The above image speaks for itself. Right?
You are not likely to encounter 400,000 viruses, Trojans, worms and botnets in your lifetime. But this is the kind of vigorous testing that was done.
MSE ranked #2 in false positives. False positives are an indicator of how accurate an antivirus is. Again, MSE is the only free antivirus in the list.
Microsoft Security Essentials does well.
All of the above were taken from AV Comparatives Web site. The tests were conducted February 2011 by AV Comparatives – generally regarded as the most reliable independent AV testing lab in the world.
More about AV Comparatives from their Web site: "AV-Comparatives.org is an independent, nonprofit organization that tests antivirus software in conjunction with the University of Innsbruck in Austria. The organization only evaluates the effectiveness of programs at detecting viruses and malware, but the test report is very thorough and detailed. AV-Comparatives.org conducts many types of tests, but this one — the proactive/retrospective test — is considered the most demanding. Fifteen antivirus programs are evaluated, and nine earn the highest Advanced+ certification. AV-Comparatives.org also publishes standard detection tests and a whole-product summary, which is helpful for evaluating Internet security suites."
AV Comparatives does complete testing every three months. The May test results will be available in June 2011. If there's any major change, we will let you know.
The other respected testing lab is called AV-Bulletin – and as you can see (below) from the results of their tests, MSE did well there too.
We stand by our recommendation of Microsoft Security Essentials. Sensationalism sells but it also bends the truth. There is no other free AV that will protect your computer better than MSE. Not one. And if you want to spend $40 or $50 on antivirus, don't spend it on McAfee or Norton. They are clearly not the best. We use MSE on all our computers. It runs well, it protects our computers and unless we encounter a real threat we don't even know it's running. That's exactly what we want – great free protection that runs silently in the background keeping our computers safe.
The next time you see geeky newsletters using sensationalistic headlines, don't fall for it. Do your own research and find the facts. They're out there, but sometimes facts are not easy to find. And always remember that safety and security don't start with a software program – they start with you.


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On the Record AGCO WIP Orders Up 5.5% in 2Q 2022 By Kim Schmidt and Ben Thorpe posted on August 5, 2022 In this episode of On the Record, we take a closer look on AGCO's unfinished inventory, which is the highest it's been in 2 years. In the technology corner, we take a look at Precision Planting's new tools for automating soil sampling. Also in this episode, the results of a Farm Equipment poll on OEM new equipment lead times and an update on the UAW-CNH strike.Read More
Ag Equipment IntelligenceEach monthly issue of Ag Equipment Intelligence is like getting one-on-one personal advice from the world's most trusted ag equipment industry experts. Advice that hasn't been watered down or distorted by outside influence, providing the latest and most insightful farm equipment analysis. AEI explores where the ag equipment industry is going — not just where it's been. No filler. No bias. No conflict of interest. You can access the PDF issue archive by clicking here.
Deutz-Fahr Grows High Horsepower Tractor Business, Dealer NetworkIn this episode of On the Record, brought to you by Associated Equipment Distributors, PFG America CEO Daniel Cook discusses the company's goals for expanding Deutz-Fahr's North American presence. In the Technology Corner, Noah Newman hits the technology highlights of the 2024 National Farm Machinery Show. Also in this episode, CNH Industrial reports $18.1 billion in 2023 ag sales, fewer dealers plan to build brand new dealerships and Deere dealers' inventory levels are rising.


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SEATTLE (AP) — Authorities say two people are reported dead and as many as eight more are missing after an avalanche near a Washington state ski resort.
King County sheriff's Sgt. Cindi West says her office began receiving word about the avalanche near Stevens Pass, in the Cascade Mountains northeast of Seattle, just after noon Sunday.
She says the deaths occurred in an out-of-bounds area near the local ski resort.
West says rescue crews are in route.
The Northwest Weather and Avalanche Center on Sunday issued a warning for high avalanche danger for areas above 5,000 feet.
The elevation of the avalanche wasn't immediately clear.
West also says a snowboarder has been killed in a separate incident at the Alpental ski area east of Seattle. The snowboarder went over a cliff.


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The newest endeavor of David Cortina, owner of a number of restaurants in San Diego, Lure is artfully managed and nuanced by front of house executive, Stephen Schmidt, who can be found browsing the restaurant, greeting customers, making wine recommendations, and pretty much working the room with finesse.
The interior of the restaurant, which you would never guess was formally a Coco's, is all about attention to detail: over-sized sculptural light fixtures, small blown glass pendants, an oyster bar which offers a front row seat of the kitchen, a three-sided cocktail bar, deep booths, an extensive beer, wine, cocktail list, and a well-crafted modern feel. The service during our meal was impeccable- from the hostess opening the door for everyone entering the restaurant to the guy behind the oyster bar shucking oysters and rolling out both conversation and ceviche cocktails.
Now to the food. We sampled oyster's on the half-shell with spicy horseradish and cups of piping hot New England clam chowder (the recipe borrowed from a friend of Cortina's in Scituate, Massachusetts), alongside a Camarillo strawberry cocktail and icy cold Fat Tire Ale. For entrées we enjoyed the mesquite charbroiled halibut (light and simple fish with a vibrant kick) with a side of crispy shoestring potatoes and comforting creamed corn, and the seared ahi tuna (so perfectly cooked, it melts in the mouth). We rounded out the evening with a trio of sorbets in an icy cold cocktail glass - a surprisingly refreshing finish to a decadent evening.
Though they've only been open since last week, this is a restaurant with an old soul and a bright future. All of their seafood complies with the Monterey Bay Aquarium seafood watch standards, and all of their prices remain under $20. Lunch service starts next week and starting tomorrow, customers will be able to order live dungeness crab (prepared to order) from their front row seat at the oyster bar.


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We have Mr. F to thank for reminding me about the return of SoSG's favorite French girlfriend, Laure Boulleau.
Laure, an obsession here at SoSG Headquarters, had been an obsession for us during the 2011 Women's World Cup. Alas, Laure had fallen a little Boulleau the radar of late.
But here come the 2012 Olympic Games (complete with potential strikes!), which means here comes Women's Soccer! And Laure is back in the news!
Yesterday, France took a 2-0 lead on the US by the 14th minute before the US stormed back to tie the game before halftime and score two more goals after half for the 4-2 win. Boulleau started, but did not score.
The US now leads Group G along with Korea, with all four teams having played one game. France's next game is against Korea at 7.45p London Time on Saturday, July 28. We'll be ready!


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10+ year member
i am going to buy the subs in my sig. and make a box for them also how it shows in my sig. but i was thinking if i ever happen to run into a competition or something i could make a huge ass box with like 9 cubic ft. and a HUGE slot port, but i dont kno how big i should make it, i want it to be huge and be able to hit high db's how big should it be if i am thinking of competing