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And now we have the marvelous joy of opening the Scripture. And I want you to turn in your Bible to the twenty-second chapter of Luke, Luke chapter 22, and we're going to be looking at verses 54 through 62, which is the section in which we find Peter's famous denial of our Lord Jesus.
There's no story of our Lord's dealings with His disciples that is as low and high as this one. There is no story that is as dark and light, as tragic and hopeful, as distressing and encouraging. This is the worst failure and the best recovery. Let's begin looking at this story at verse 54.
Luke 22:54, "And having arrested Him, they led Him away and brought Him to the house of the high priest; but Peter was following at a distance. And after they had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard and had sat down together, Peter was sitting among them.
"And a certain servant girl, seeing him, as he sat I the firelight, and looking intently at him, said, 'This man was with Him, too.'
"But he denied it, saying, 'Woman, I do not know Him.'
"A little later, another saw him and said, 'You are one of them, too!'
"But Peter said, 'Man, I am not!'
"And after about an hour had passed, another man began to insist, saying, 'Certainly this man also was with Him, for he is a Galilean, too.'
"But Peter said, 'Man, I do not know what you are talking about.' And immediately, while he was still speaking, a cock crowed.
"And the Lord turned and looked at Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how He had told him, 'Before a cock crows today, you will deny Me three times.' And he went out and wept bitterly."
The story of Pete's denial reveals certainly the weakness of Peter, but it also reveals the strength of Christ. It is Peter at his greatest moment of failure – failure in his confessed love for Christ. It is also Christ at His greatest moment of triumph in His confessed love for Peter.
In reality, I guess you could say Peter's story is our story - all of us who have come to know Christ, all of us who belong to Christ understand what it is to stumble, understand what it is to trip up, understand what it is to be overcome by temptation, understand what it is to fall. It's a story of devastation. It's a story of disappointment. It's a humbling story. It's a sad story. And yet, by the time you get to your ending, it's is a thrilling story. It is a strengthening story. It is a hopeful story, because devastation turns to restoration.
In fact, this is an example of the very familiar stories in all of our lives of sin and restoration. We are not unlike Peter at all. But when you look at the story, what is the large lesson that we draw from this story? And I think it's easy to answer. The large lesson to draw from this story is the danger of spiritual overconfidence. The danger of spiritual overconfidence.
Those of us who love the Lord Jesus Christ, those of us who belong to the Lord, those of us who follow the Lord, are always in danger of feeling a little too confident about our devotion. You do remember that the apostle Paul said, "Let him who thinks he stands take heed lest He fall," 1 Corinthians 10:12. Never are you in a more vulnerable position when you think you are not at all in a vulnerable position. Any kind of presumptuous hubris that may convince you that you can withstand any temptation that might come along will soon prove you wrong.
So, as we read Luke's account of Peter's denial, I want us to read it, looking at the lesson of the danger of spiritual overconfidence.
Now, Luke's account of Peter's denial, which I just read to you, is all in one paragraph. And if all you had was Luke, you might think that all of this happened just almost immediately and sequentially in a few minutes. However, that's not the case. Luke shrinks down the three denials of Peter, which actually took over a period of two hours, into just a few moments and a few words. But when you look into the account of Matthew which is recorded in Matthew 26, and the account of Mark which is recorded in Mark 14, and the account of John which is recorded in John 18, and you put all of that together, and you blend all of those threads, they weave a tapestry that gives you a magnificent, full picture of how this denial unfolded.
The other three writers show us that Peter's three denials were stretched out. And while they happened in generally the same place – the courtyard of the high priest – they happened at three different locations.
Another interesting thing about it is they are woven through the trials of Jesus. During the middle of the night, the leaders of Israel, with the Roman soldiers, had come to the garden, of course, and arrested Jesus. That's how verse 54 begins. They tied Him up and led Him away. The first stop is the House of Annas. And at the house of Annas, there will be an attempt made to come up with an indictment that will stick, some crime that He has committed that can justify His execution.
Following that, there will be a trial before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin. And then finally, after dawn, there will be a third trial, in the daylight, which is the only time you could have a legal trial, according to Jewish law, so that they can make their trumped up, unjust actions look legal on the surface.
It is between those first two trials, in the middle of the night, that Peter's denials are woven. In fact, it's almost as if the trial of Jesus is the main story, and the second line or the subplot is Peter's denials going on at the very same time so that you have the failure of Peter juxtaposed with the triumph of Christ.
You have Peter in front of his enemies collapsing in cowardice. You have Jesus in front of His enemies standing majestic, and magnificent, and bold, and courageous. Vivid, vivid contrast. And really the way to understand Peter's denials is to see them woven into the fabric of the trials. It might help you to get the book The Murder of Jesus. And I've spent a lot of time in that book doing just that.
The storyline doesn't begin in verse 54. If we start in verse 54, we're not going to understand what happened. We're not going to understand why this denial came about. There has to be a context. And so, in order for us to understand what's going on with Peter here and with Jesus, and for us to understand the danger of spiritual overconfidence, we've got to back up to where this story, this subplot, this second line really begins. And it begins back in verse 31 - back in verse 31.
That takes us back to Thursday night. These trials are Friday morning, after midnight, from about 1:00 to 3:00 in the morning. But we want to go back to Thursday night after sundown to the upper room. To the Passover feast that Jesus had with His apostles and instituted the Lord's Supper and taught them warned them. That's where we have to start.
It is on that Thursday night Jesus says in verse 31, "'Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has demanded permission to sift you like wheat; but I have prayed for you, that your faith may not fail; and you, once you're converted, strengthen your brother.'" Jesus says, "Satan is coming after you; he's coming after you powerfully; he's going to sift you, shake you to the core, agitate you. Your faith, however, will not fail, and you will be restored. That's a promise."
Verse 33, "Peter says to Jesus, 'Lord, with You'" – that's the operative prepositional phrase - "'With You I am ready to go both to prison and to death.'
"'I say to you, Peter, the cock will not crow today until you have denied three times that you know Me.'" Here is Jesus' prophesy of Peter's terrible, terrible fall. And at this point, we begin to see what we'll call the way down.
Point one, the way down. The path to failure, the path to sin, is the path of spiritual overconfidence. And there's actually a sequence here. First you see Peter's impudent confidence. Peter's impudent confidence.
In verse 33, "'Lord, with You I am ready to go both to prison and to death!" As if to say, "I'll hand Satan. I'll handle Satan's sifting; I'll handle whatever Satan brings along. I'm ready to go both to prison and to death." This is boldness; this is self-assurance; this is great trust in Peter's own strength. It's impudent. "I'm ready to die before I would deny." He cannot imagine such behavior.
After the evening was over in the upper room, they left. Let's go to Matthew 26 and pick up the story there. They left the upper room. Matthew 26, verse 30, "After singing a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives. On the way, Jesus said to them, 'You will all fall away because of Me this night'" – all of you; not just Peter, all of you – "'for it is written'" – Zechariah 13:7, a prophesy - "'"I will strike down the Shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered." But after I have been raised, I will go before you to Galilee.'"
In other words, "You will all fall away, but you will all be regathered." The same kind of prophecy He gave specifically regarding Peter without the very specific indication of three denials.
But Peter speaks up, in verse 33, "Answered and said to Him, 'Even though all may fall away'" – all the rest of these guys - "'because of You, I will never fall away.'
"Jesus said to Him, 'Truly I say to you that this very night, before a cock crows, you shall deny Me three times.'"
With that, impudent confidence becomes insistent confidence, "I'll say it again, Lord – I said it in the upper room, I'll say it again – I'm not going to fail You."
"Jesus says, 'Everybody's going to fail.'"
"They might all fail; I will not fail."
And according to Mark chapter 14 and verse 31, he spoke more vehemently. He was getting irritated at the Lord. This is an impudent and insistent kind of confidence. It is so insistent that he is saying to the Lord, "I know myself better than You know me." Wow.
And by the way, he'd been with Jesus three years, and Jesus had never been wrong about anything. By the way, Jesus had said that you're going to deny Me three times before the cock crows. Mark actually says, adding a little detail, Mark 14:30, "You're going to deny Me three times before the cock crows twice." Twice. Just keep that in mind.
So, Peter's confidence is an impudent kind of confidence. It is an insistent kind of confidence, and that leads to what I call Peter's indolent confidence. While you're in Matthew 26, you might as well look at verse 40, "He came to the disciples" – Jesus did, after He'd gone to pray in the garden – "and he found them sleeping. And He said to Peter, 'So, you men couldn't keep watch with Me for one hour. Keep watching and praying that you may not enter into temptation; the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.'"
Peter was in touch with his nobler side. Peter was in touch with his spirit, that which in him loved Christ. But Peter had way, way over judged his ability to cope with his flesh. Peter slept when he should have been praying. That's indolent confidence. Peter wasn't alone; they all slept. They didn't need divine help; they were going to be fine. Peter was going to be great. But when they arrested Jesus later that night, they all ran in fear. They all virtually denied Christ. They all failed – failed disastrously at the most critical hour – Jesus says because they slept instead of praying.
So, Peter boasted too much and prayed too little. And then he acted too fast. We'll call this Peter's impulsive confidence. Look at Luke 22 again. You know the story. His impulsive confidence. They came to arrest Jesus. Verse 50, Luke 22, "A certain one of them" – namely Peter other writers tell us – "Peter struck the slave of the high priest and cut off his right ear. And Jesus answered and said, 'Stop! No more of this.' And He touched his ear and healed him."
This is courageous, wouldn't you think? Peter did this because He was trying to prove to the Lord that the Lord was wrong. Now remember, he's been told twice that he's going to deny Christ three times. He was told it in the upper room. He was told it on the walk to the garden. He has been very vocal and very vehement and vociferous in pledging his loyalty to Christ. He will go to prison, which means he will be willingly submissive to those who take him into custody. He will die; he will never deny the Lord, and he's going to show the Lord that his confession is no mere shallow boast.
So, he grabs one of the two swords they had in their possession and starts to hack his way through the crowd that could have numbered as many as a thousand people. Where did this courage come from? Well, you remember when that whole entourage came into the garden? "Jesus said to them, 'Who do you seek' - according to John 18.
"They said, 'Jesus of Nazareth.'
"And He said, 'I am He' and they all went down like dead men to the ground."
Well, Peter took a look at that and thought, "Whoo, if I get in any trouble, He'll knock them down again." Buoyed up by Christ's miracle show of power knocking flat the whole mob, he saw the opportunity. It was a perfect opportunity to prove himself and to prove that his confession of loyalty to Christ was valid. He acted to verify his claims to loyalty, to verify his claims to courage, to verify his willingness to stand with the Lord for arrest or prison or death.
And this is an impulsive confidence. Proverbs 16:18 says, "Pride goes before destruction and a haughty spirit before a fall." And so, we go from impudent, insistent, indolent, impulsive confidence to what we'll call Peter's imploded confidence and the way down.
And we pick it up in verse 54, "Having arrested Him, they led Him away" – that is Jesus – "and brought Him to the house of the high priest."
Let me give you the scene. Jesus is tied up as a prisoner, led away to the house of the high priest, because they need to come up with some kind of accusation that's going to produce some validity in a trumped up court to pronounce upon Him execution. They need a charge.
Only legal trials – legal trials only occurred in daylight. So, they're completely above, if you will, or below or beside the law. They're not obedient to it. And there's a plot already long, long in its planning to have Him dead. Bu they can't go to that mourning trial without an accusation, and so that's what they want to work on during the night.
Phase one takes place before Annas, who is the real power. He's the former high priest who's the power behind the scenes. Caiaphas is the current high priest who is the son-in-law of Annas. There will be, then, a trial of an indictment before Annas. Then there will be an indictment or an attempt at an indictment before Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin with him. And then the third phase will come after dawn in the morning to legitimize the trumped up court.
Now having arrested Jesus and tied Him up, they brought Him to the house of the high priest. The house of Annas or the house of Caiaphas? Both. In the palace that would belong to the family of the high priest there would be quarters for Annas, the older, and quarters for Caiaphas his son-in-law. Families often built houses like this – wealthy families – around a courtyard.
The street, all you had was buildings and a narrow entry through a gate. You came in and the courtyard was in the center. One section of this great palatial estate would belong to Caiaphas; one section would belong to his father-in-law Annas. They were both extremely rich because they had been distorted money out of people in the temple enterprises for many, many years.
You remember Jesus cleansed the temple twice; threw out the moneychangers and the buyers and sellers – you know the corruption that was going on there that had made them very, very wealthy.
So, when you put together the pieces of these trials, you look at Matthew, you look at Mark, you look at Luke, you look at John. Matthew has Jesus taken to Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin and says nothing about the preliminary meeting with Annas. However, John, in chapter 18, talks about the meeting before Annas.
The way it goes, He went to Annas first, couldn't come up with anything. Sent him to Caiaphas across the courtyard, meeting with the Sanhedrin and ruling elders of Israel to come up with an indictment. It was during these two phases of the trial, which went on for a couple of hours, that Peter's denials take place. And the triumph of Christ, in the face of His enemies, is, as I said, juxtaposed to the failure of Peter before his enemies.
All three denials occur in the same place. They occur in and around the courtyard of the house of Annas and Caiaphas. John, in John 18, sets the first denial while Jesus is before Annas. So, Jesus goes into Annas' quarters, and perhaps in an upstairs, and meets with Annas as they endeavor to come up with some excuse for killing Him.
Matthew simply says all three denials take place in that courtyard. So, the first one in front of Annas; the next two in the courtyard or while Jesus is being confronted by Caiaphas. And again I say that's not a problem because they both had the same house.
Peter clearly made His first denial while Jesus was before Annas. That we can establish. After that, the Lord would be sent across the courtyard to the chambers of Caiaphas, and Peter's next two denials would take place sometime in that transition.
The gate would be attended b a porter. At the street there would be just a gate down the courtyard and all – or down the corridor, and it would open to the courtyard between these great houses.
The gate is attended by a porter or a portress who opened to allow people in and out. She usually was quartered in that location so she could be attending to that gate at all times. Portions of the great house, of course, were protected from enemies. These men had many, many enemies. So, there would be, soon after somebody opened the gate, plenty of people there to defend the security of that place. But there was a girl who was assigned the gate.
Our Lord was taken through that gate no doubt by the Jewish temple police, the priests and others pushing their way down that narrow corridor. Perhaps the Roman soldiers who had come from Fort Antonia went back to Fort Antonia, their work being done for the night.
Peter, who had likely fled with the rest, when they all scattered at the time of the arrest, had managed to circle back around again, and he shows up at the house of Annas. "But he's" - verse 54 - "following at a distance." So, Peter boasted too much, prayed too little, acted too fast, and followed too far. Maybe if he'd had the courage and the boldness to stand with Christ, to go in with Christ, to stand beside Christ, this might not have happened.
Matthew adds, "He followed afar off into the high priest's court" - Matthew 26:58. By the way, he wasn't alone. He didn't sneak in there by himself, because I don't think he could get in. He had to have somebody who could get him through the gate. And he did. A most interesting person. John 18:15 says, "Another disciple" – who is that? John – "who was known to the high priest." Wow.
We don't know how the high priest and the high priest's family knew John. But they must have known him well enough that John could get Peter through the gate. And so, there they were, John and Peter, arriving at the gate. And apparently John was known well enough to be able to get access for Peter. Peter is trapped somewhere between fear and love. He can't let go of the Lord. He can't expose himself by getting close to the Lord. He follows afar off, but he's got to be there to see what they're going to do to the Lord he loves.
And so, he comes in. Once inside, he stays far away. It is after midnight. He finds a place probably among the temple police warming themselves around a fire in the very cool air of that altitude at that time of year. And it says in verse 55, "After they had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard and had sat down together, Peter was sitting among them."
Sat down by the fire to take the chill off the cold night. Probably couldn't match the chill that was in his heart as he thought about what they might be doing to the Lord. He was there to see the end, to see the outcome, to see what happens, to see what happened. Afraid, panicked, his heart beating, but he had to be there. He had to be there to try to prove that he wasn't a betrayer. He had to be there to prove that he wasn't a denier.
He had to be there to prove that he wasn't wrong, that the Lord had misjudged him, the Lord had underestimated him. He needed to be there to make his boast valid. So, the Lord is on the inside with Annas. Peter's below and on the outside, sitting with the guards by the fire, perhaps with some priests and Sanhedrin members coming in to gather for the second phase of the trial a little bit later, servants of this large house.
He's in the dark. He's in the flickering firelight, seeking anonymity, trying to blend in. And he's keeping himself warm by the fire. And then it happens out of nowhere. "And a certain servant girl, seeing him as he sat in the firelight and looking intently at him, said, 'This man was with Him, too.'" A certain servant girl? Yeah, Matthew says a maid. Mark says one of the maids of the high priest. But John says the maid who had let him in the door. Oh. She knew. She must have known John, who came to give access to Peter. She knew Peter was a follower of Jesus. She let Peter in at the request of John. And now she comes in to show her loyalty to the high priest whom she serves. She wants to impress the men around the fire with her knowledge, her insight. She has the secret information on this stranger at the fire.
"Seeing him in the firelight, looking intently, staring at him, she says, 'This man was with Him, too.'" And his worst fears have come true. He's exposed. Now, I want you to understand that if you read Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, you're going to see different expressions, "This man was with Him, too." Matthew says, "You, too, were with Him." Mark says, "You were with Jesus the Nazarene of Galilee."
But those are not troubling, because this is a very natural scene. She would have seen several things several ways to this collection of people sitting around the fire, making her accusation clear to everybody. And at the moment she started unleashing this accusation with distain and derogation, she literally pulled the trigger and shot the bullet into Peter's self-confidence.
His reply is immediate, verse 57, "But he denied it, saying, 'Woman, I do not know Him.'" That is a lie; that is an act of cowardice; that is a flat denial. He's caught off guard. Oh, maybe he would have been ready for a prepared defense alongside the Lord if he had been in there standing beside the Lord in the presence of Annas. Maybe he would have been prepared. Maybe he had thought through what he would say if he was called before the Sanhedrin or Caiaphas.
But in the most unexpected way, when an insignificant nobody, a servant girl walks up out of nowhere and fires a shot at him, it fells him to the ground. He's far from the Lord; there's not going to be any miracles now to deliver him. And when left on his own, he is a coward. Maybe he was ready for the big thing, but he wasn't ready for the little one; a little, unexpected thing that brought him down. And his denial was immediate. He denied it before all of them. This indicates, too, that once the girl had thrown the accusation at him, the rest chimed in. "Oh, really? So, he's one of..." And he was denying it before everybody.
Here we see Peter caught off guard. All his supposed strength is so much idle boasting. He's unmasked. He's weak and cowardly. Sure his spirit was willing, but his flesh was weak. How fast he has gone from being willing to take his sword and fight everybody to denying that he even knows Jesus before a girl. Mark said, "I don't know what you're talking about." Matthew says, "I don't know Him." John, "I am not His follower." And no sooner did he make that first denial than Mark 14:68 says this, "And he went out into the porch, and the cock crowed."
Now remember, Mark 14:30 said there'd be two cock crowings. The first one came after the first denial. He probably didn't hear it. Excited, scared, guilty, pained, he leaves the flickering light of the fire where he can be recognized, and he slides back toward the porch or the vestibule which is most likely that long corridor that went back toward the gate. He's moving away. It dawned on him that the prophecy was coming true.
He heads for the exit. On the way, he's confronted again. "A little later" - according to verse 58 – "another saw him and said, 'You're one of them, too!'
"But Peter said, 'Man, I am not!'" "Another" here in the masculine form. Matthew says another maid, though. Mark says servant girl. And Peter answers with a masculine "man." It could be generic, but it now is escalating to the point where you've got probably the original servant girl keeping her accusation up. Now you've got another servant girl jumping in, and now you've got men adding their accusations. And this thing is mounting. And while there are many accusers now, there are three denials as our Lord said.
And it comes out of his mouth almost automatically. Matthew says he denied it before all. Says it emphatically. Mark says, "I do not know what you are talking about. Listen, his confidence is imploding. He is collapsing in on himself. This is the second denial seen, including probably the first girl, another girl, men, part of the crowd. They're all coming after him now.
Matthew says his accuser pointed him out again with words of derision, "This fellow was also with Jesus of Nazareth." And Matthew says in Matthew 26:72, "Peter denied it with an oath." Denied it with an oath. His second denial is stronger than his first denial. As the accusers mount and escalate, his denials escalate. But he still can't leave. For some reason, though the fear is palpable, he can't leave. And so, he lingers, still in the courtyard area.
Verse 59, "After about an hour had passed" – he must have found some dark corner for a while – "another man began to insist, saying, 'Certainly this man also was with Him, for he's a Galilean, too.'" Still milling in the shadows in the courtyard area, wanting to see what happens to the Lord. Maybe he heard the screams that were coming from the false trials. There were screams coming, you know, from the false trial of Jesus. Screams against Jesus, calling Him a blasphemer. They would have been readily heard in the night.
And at some point, another man steps up and makes another accusation. By the way, we know who this man is, this man. John 18:26 says he's a relative of Malchus, the servant of the high priest who lost his ear in the garden that night. And according to Matthew 26:73, they said, "We know you're a Galilean follower of Jesus, because you have a Galilean accent. Your speech betrays you. He can't get away.
His response is even more heated, verse 60, "Peter said, 'Man, I do not know what you are talking about.'" Listen to what Matthew adds – Matthew 26:74, "Then he began to curse and swear." Peter? Peter out of whose mouth came, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God," and of whom Jesus said, "Flesh and blood didn't reveal that to you but My Father who is in heaven"? Out of his mouth came cursing and swearing? What do you mean by that?
He pronounced curses on himself if he was lying. It's as if he was saying, "Damn me if I lie. May God damn me if I like." That's how vehement he was in his denials. Curses are the negative things. He pronounced divine judgment on his own head if he was lying. Swearing is the positive side. He was pledging truthfulness in the name of God.
So, on the one hand, he's pledging truthfulness on the name of God and asking God to verify his truthfulness. On the other hand, he's saying, "If I'm a liar, let God judge me." Wow. What started out as a single lie to a single girl has now escalated into a flurry of lies with cursing and swearing. We just can't quite understand this. This is the braggadocio; this is the bravado; this is the bravery that he claimed completely collapsed in on itself.
And at that very moment, verse 60, "Immediately, while he was still speaking, a cock crowed" – for the second time. Right on schedule. There were plenty of chickens, and plenty of crowing going on, but there were two crows from one or two chickens that had phenomenal significance. All that the Lord had told him had come true. His brash overconfidence was unable to give him strength required to meet this temptation. He had boasted too much, prayed too little, acted too fast, and followed too far.
And then the most compelling sentence in the story is written by Luke, verse 61, "And the Lord turned and looked at Peter." Boy, that must have been some moment. Think of Jesus as the vision of Revelation 1. It portrays Him with laser eyes penetrating everything.
Perhaps Jesus' trial had ended before Annas, before Caiaphas. He was coming back out from Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin, across the courtyard, and looked right into Peter's eyes. His face would have been covered with spit because they'd been spitting on Him. His face would have been battered and puffy and bruised because they had been punching Him in the face. And through those swollen eyes and the spit on His face, He looked into the eyes of His fallen leader. This look was not hate; it was love, but it was sad; it was lonely. It was disappointing for Jesus, but how much more for Peter? The pain must have been shattering to him. Total collapse – crystallized, captured, frozen in that moment as their eyes meet.
And verse 61 says, "And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how He had told him, 'Before a cock crows today, you'll deny Me three times.' And he went out and wept bitterly." And that is exactly what he should have done.
What is going on here is so instructive. Peter's footprints are left in the sand for us. Self-confidence, warm feelings of affection toward Jesus Peter thought were enough for him to be able to handle any temptation. It was his self-confidence that led to his insubordination.
He refused to accept and yield to the warning words of Christ. He didn't take the word of his Lord seriously. He rejected reproof; he ignored the voice of God. And that led to prayerlessness. He slept because he didn't need to pray. He omitted spiritual duty. And that led to independence. He reacted by taking out a sword and charting his own course without ever considering the will of the Lord. And that led to compromise. He wound up far off, sitting with the enemies of the Lord. A compromising course that led him to mingle with the enemy and brought him all the way down to defeat.
Sure, this was the darkest hour in human history. This was hell's hour; this was Satan's hour. And Peter fell victim to it. He was no match. He underestimated the power of evil in his own flesh.
He had reached the top. He'd been called by Christ, loved by Christ, received the keys to the kingdom, sharing in miracle power, leader of the Twelve, privileged preacher of good news, fallen to the pit of falsehood and profanity, denying his Lord. And we really shutter at this. It's just an unbelievable thing.
And we wouldn't be surprised if Peter was another Judas and went out and hanged himself. But this is no Judas. This is Peter, and his faith will not fail. The true Peter is seen not in his fall but in is recovery. For this is not a story of final failure like Judas; this is a story of restoration.
It was his love for Christ that broke his heart. It was his love for Christ that made him weep bitterly. It was his love for Christ that made him contrite, penitent, broken. The coward is broken by love for Christ.
And so, that's not the end of the story. That's the end of Luke's record in verse 62, but that is not the end of the story. He way down is not the end of the story. Let me take you to the second point, the way up. The way up. Here's the way up. Peter remembered – remembered what the Lord had said, went out – second verb – left the high priest's house for a solitary place to contemplate the greatness of his sin and the horror of what he had done, and he wept bitterly. The Greek is sobbed out loud. He faces the corruption of his own flesh. He faces his own weakness. He feels the pain he has brought on the Lord. He cries for pardon, and he cries for forgiveness.
You see, Satan would want to bring a soul to the point of despair so that he plunges himself into hell, as Judas did, without repentance. But our Lord seeks to bring his soul to the point of despair so that he cries for forgiveness and mercy, and by repentance finds heaven. This is true repentance.
It's not really our sins that make us weep; they have a part in it. But for Peter, it wasn't just his sin that made him weep; it is when we see the kind of Savior we have sinned against that really makes us weep. And so, he wept. But that was not the end.
John tells us the end. John 21. Turn to John 21. After the Lord's resurrection, He met His disciples in Galilee. It was time now for the full restoration of the disciples, and in particular, the full restoration of Peter. Verse 15, "When they had finished breakfast, Jesus said to Simon Peter, 'Simon, son of John, do you love Me more than these?'
"He said to Him, 'Yes, Lord; You know that I love You.'
"He said to him, 'Tend My lambs.' He said to him a second time, 'Simon, son of John, do you love Me?'
"He said to Him, 'Yes, Lord; You know that I love You.'
"He said to him, 'Shepherd My sheep.' He said to him the third time, 'Simon, son of John, do you love Me?'
"Peter was grieved because He said to him the third time, 'Do you love Me?' And he said to Him, 'Lord, You know all things; You know that I love You.'
"Jesus said to him, 'Tend My sheep.'"
How many times did Jesus give Peter an opportunity to say he loved Him? Three – one for each denial. One for each denial. And then He called him to the ministry, "Tend My lambs, shepherd My sheep, tend My sheep." If the Lord didn't use failing people, He wouldn't use anybody.
But Peter, Jesus had said in Luke 22:32, "Your faith will not fail; your faith will not fail." His faith did not fail; he repented; he was restored and was used monumentally in the book of Acts, which immediately follows the book of John. Peter preaches on Pentecost 1 sermon; 3,000 are saved. Preaches again, 5,000 more or converted to Christ. And he has a marvelous ministry, gospel ministry. And eventually the day comes when he is crucified, tied up, bound to a cross. And tradition says he wouldn't die the way his Lord died; he wasn't worthy. So, he asked to be crucified upside down. And upside down on a cross, he gave his life for Christ.
Peter is a great teacher for us to help us understand how to face temptation and not be overconfident, but also how to face temptation with hope. Let me turn Peter into a teacher for you. Listen to his words, 2 Peter 1:1, "Simon Peter, a slave and apostle of Jesus Christ, to those" – listen – "who have received a faith of the same kind as ours." What kind of faith had he received? A faith that does not – what? – fail. This never left him. From the human viewpoint, that was a failing faith. And when he introduces himself for the first time in his first epistle and in his second epistle, at the very beginning of that second epistle, it is about the faith that will not fail. This is what he clings to.
In 2 Peter, you have received a faith of the same kind as ours. Go back to 1 Peter 1, verse 6, "In this you greatly rejoice, even though now for a little while, if necessary, you have been distressed by various trials, that the proof of your faith, being more precious than gold which is perishable, even though tested by fire, may be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ." That's the kind of faith you have.
You have the kind of faith that can be tested. It can be tested in the fire, and it will not perish. In verse 9 he says, "You have the kind of faith the outcome of which is the salvation of your souls." Peter never got over this faith that cannot fail, that will not fail.
His final words are in 2 Peter 3:17. The last thing he wrote, "You therefore, beloved, knowing this beforehand, be on your guard" – huh, he's a good one to teach us, isn't he? – "be on your guard lest being carried away by the error of unprincipled men you fall from your own steadfastness." He knew you have a faith that cannot fail, but he also knew you can fall from being steadfast. He couldn't write these letters without writing himself and his lessons into them.
Be on guard. Don't engage in spiritual overconfidence so that you fall from your own steadfastness, but grow in grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, to Him be the glory both now and to the day of eternity, Amen.
This article is also available and sold as a booklet.


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This article is more than 1 year old
That AMAZING Windows comeback: Wow – 0.5% growth in 2015
Whoooah, my face is going all floppy with the speed
With new Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella keen to cram Windows into ever more devices, the operating system behemoth is now forecast to swell by no less than HALF a percentage point.
Folks at Gartner told us Windows accounted for 13.96 per cent of the 2.33 billion devices shipped globally in 2013, and that they expect a dip this year to 13.7 per cent of the 2.43 billion units that will find a home. The analyst house added that the operating system is projected to climb to 14.4 per cent of the 2.59 billion PCs, smartphones, tabs and Ultrabooks estimated to be flogged in 2015.
"Microsoft is still trying to transition beyond PCs into ultra mobile and phones," said research director Ranjit Atwal. "They are not making inroads, the volumes are still pretty small relative to the overall market."
The Surface slab has hardly set the cash tills ringing, the push with Nokia is in the early stages, and the PC market is in decline and will remain so, according to the view Gartner sees in its crystal ball.
Sales of classic PCs into the channel shrank 9.5 per cent in 2013 to 296 million units, is predicted to fall again to 276 million this year and to 261.6 million next. When Ultrabook shipments are factored, the decline is less marked (304 million units for '14 and 209 million for '15).
Obviously the XP factor gave PC makers more reasons to smile in recent months as customers ran to refresh ageing estates when Microsoft pulled support for the greying OS.
"This will lessen the downward trend [for this year]" said Atwal. Gartner is forecasting some 60 million professional PC sales in 2014 due to the XP refresh. "The PC market has shrunk, not disappeared."
In contrast, tab sales into retailers and tech distributors are forecast to continue climbing, albeit at a less dramatic double digit pace. Projections are that slablets will grow to 260 million this year, up from 209 million last and reach 328.4 million next.
Around 1.86 billion smartphones are expected to be welcomed by owners in the current calendar year and 1.94 billion by the end of 2015.
In contrast to Windows, Gartner told us Google's Android OS is expected to stretch its lead at the top of the global device arena, from 898 million last year to 1.16 billion in 2014 and 1.37 billion by the end of the forecast period.
"You'll continue to see replacements in emerging markets and with larger screen sizes," said Atwal. He reckons a launch of $100 smartphones will help Google outpace rivals.
Apple's iOS is to be installed on 271 million devices in calendar '14 and 301 million in calendar '15.
Microsoft told us it does not comment on 'third party resources". ®

subset: commoncrawl


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Top Secret V-12 Toyota Supra Twin Turbo
Twice the Cylinders, Twice the Power.
Right when you assumed every possible engine swap and conversion have already been done, Top Secret comes by and stuns everyone. While it's difficult to come up with unique, never before attempted projects, Top Secret's Nagata-san manages to do it year in and year out. Last year it was the VQ35DE powered BNR32 Skyline GT-R and before that it was the twin-turbo V-8 powered V35 Skyline 350GT. For 2007, they've gone one better - if that's even possible. Behold the Top Secret V-12 Supra!
In 2006, when thinking about his next Tokyo Auto Salon (TAS) project, the tricky part for Nagata-san, aka Smoky, was making sure this particular car would top all of his past creations. And, to make things even harder, his choice of base cars was sort of restricted, seeing as how slow Japanese manufacturers are handling the development of their next batch of high-performance sports cars. As such he resorted to a car he knows very well, the JZA80 Toyota Supra. The Supra's large-engine bay opens up a lot of possibilities when it comes to engine tuning and engine swaps, and Top Secret has done everything from a T88 powered, 2.2L, four-cylinder, 720ps 3S-GTE to a 1,000ps RB26. But Nagata-san wanted to go one better by doing something completely crazy on the engine front and nothing really beats shoehorning a V-12 into the engine mounts!
The only Japanese-produced V-12 engine, the 1GZ-FE from the Toyota Century, fitted the bill perfectly even if it wasn't very easy, or cheap, to source. Of course it didn't end there, after all this is Top Secret we're talking about. Smoky wanted to go all out so he threw two HKS GT-RS turbines into the equation in the pursuit of a little more performance, since Toyota's 4,996cc V-12 is somewhat lethargic with a maximum output of only 280 ps at 5,200 rpm. It isn't even too impressive on the torque side of things, with only 46.9kgm developed at 4,000 rpm. So with the engine in hand the work began with laying out the twin-turbo system and the endless modifications required on engine swaps of this nature.
With considerable time constraints to get the car ready for TAS, Smoky decided to keep the 1GZ in standard tune and see what could be achieved by force-feeding it a low amount of boost. The engine was mounted as low as possible in order to allow enough space for the custom inlet plenums to be fitted on top of the two banks. This created a few problems with the sump, which had to be scrapped. So Top Secret swapped a very thin custom aluminum sump, which ended up considerably cutting the sump's oil capacity. To fix this problem, Top Secret created a one-off semi-dry sump setup. Ogura Clutch helped by building an external oil pump which was mounted low-down and belt-driven directly from the crank pulley. Large diameter oil lines help to distribute the oil where needed, keeping the engine's internals nice and happy.
Then, a set of exhaust manifolds were made to fit the GT-RS turbines. From this point on it became a bit of a piping nightmare, but the result is nothing short of exceptional. Once the compressed charge leaves the front-mounted intercoolers it's fed to opposite banks of six-cylinders via custom manifolds. The electrical throttle system of the stock 1GZ was dropped in favor of two N15 Pulsar mechanical throttles. In typical Top Secret style everything, including the engine covers, was polished to a mirror finish.
Even if the engine was positioned as far back as possible there's still a hefty weight hanging over the front end so they decided to shift the radiator all the way to the back of the car. Bespoke piping was laid underneath to take the hot coolant to the radiator, while a return pipe takes it right back into the engine. Two oil coolers were thrown in for good measure and positioned in a V-mount layout with the intercoolers. With a few modifications, the stock JZA80 six-speed Getrag transmission was fitted and mated to an ORC twin-plate clutch.
Even in this configuration the numbers are astonishing. The boosted 1GZ churns out 650 ps, thanks in part to the custom engine management system made up of two HKS F-Con V Pro ECUs and a set of Neko AF700 oxygen sensors. Nagata has big plans for this engine and work has already began in the development of custom engine internals to allow the 1GZ to rev up to 7,000 rpm (1,000 rpm up from stock) and take significantly more boost. The target was set at over 800 ps, not a very precise number but with hardware like this it wouldn't be surprising if the final figure reached the magical 1,000ps benchmark.
This Supra was built to be a comfortable yet fast road car and there will no doubt be a few high-speed trials to see if it can beat the 341km/h that the V35 GT-R project achieved at the German Autobahn in 2005.
The V-12 Supra project was also undertaken to take the Supra model aesthetically to a new level. As a final goodbye to the JZA80, Top Secret designed and built a complete widebody kit called "Final Evolution." The 600,000 Yen kit has already captured the imagination of many Supra owners and Top Secret is overwhelmed with orders from both Japan and overseas. The kit was designed with a very angular feel, much like modern-day Lexus models and concept cars. The factory headlight clusters were binned and replaced with original Top Secret projector-type items, completely altering the front-end look. A long-snout front bumper with a large central opening joins the lights together with the aggressively flared arches to create a totally bespoke look. A vented bonnet helps extract air from the engine bay or, in this case, the V-mounted intercooler and oil coolers. The angular-design is carried on to the side via the deep skirts and is joined with the flared overfenders.
Also part of the kit is the rear bumper, which completes the Top Secret conversion with an abundance of air outlets to keep the radiator happy. The main radiator air intakes are located near the B-pillars where the small side window used to reside. A Carbon rear wing joins the Ganador mirrors to complement the "Final Evolution" JZA80 look.Shot with Bridgestone RE-01R rubber, Volk Racing GT-F 19-inch wheels were painted with gold highlights to match the Top Secret color scheme. Making it hard to miss is a huge GReddy 8-pot brake kit up front and 4-pot kit at the back with matching gold calipers and center bells. The V-12 Supra has been lowered thanks to a set of Top Secret Aragosta adjustable suspension.
Keeping with the idea behind this project, the interior hasn't been stripped out but dressed up to make it a comfortable place to be. A Pioneer double-DIN HDD navigation unit and full speaker system takes care of the entertainment, while occupants are cosseted in lightweight, carbon-shell leather Bride bucket seats. Other toys include the new-generation HKS EVC boost controller and Defi Super Sports Cluster dash unit - both integrated seamlessly into the dashboard. Opening the glovebox you'll find two HKS F-Con V Pro computers and AF-700 lambda displays, while the Top Secret steering wheel and gear knob finish things off.
We're eager to see how this V-12 Supra project develops and if Smoky can turn it into his fastest road project ever. With Smoky's track record it is only a matter of time before that happens.
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I love wrapping gifts — figuring out the right paper, choosing a ribbon — but often skip the card. Terrible, right? Well these simple gift tags from Patricia at A Little Hut might be the nudge I need to avoid the last-minute panic when I can't remember which present is which! This is the first in a series of how-tos; each subsequent one will add a different element, material or technique. Best of all, there's a video!
Join Make: Community Today


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The International Space Station received its first shipment from a private, Virginia-based company in more than two years Sunday following a sensational nighttime launch observed 250 miles up and down the East Coast.
Orbital ATK's cargo ship pulled up at the space station bearing 5,000 pounds of food, equipment and research.
"What a beautiful vehicle," said Japanese astronaut Takuya Onishi, who used the station's big robot arm to grab the vessel. The capture occurred as the spacecraft soared 250 miles above Kyrgyzstan; Onishi likened it to the last 195 meters of a marathon.
Last Monday's liftoff from Wallops Island was the first by an Antares rocket since a 2014 launch explosion. Orbital ATK redesigned its Antares rocket and rebuilt the pad. While the Antares was grounded, Virginia-based Orbital ATK kept the NASA supply chain open with deliveries from Cape Canaveral, Florida, using another company's rocket.
NASA is paying Orbital ATK and SpaceX to stock the station, but now SpaceX is grounded. The California company is investigating why one of its Falcon rockets exploded in a massive fireball during launch pad testing on Sept. 1.
Following liftoff, Orbital ATK's Cygnus capsule orbited solo for twice the usual amount of time. NASA wanted the Cygnus — named after the swan constellation — to wait for three astronauts to launch from Kazakhstan. They arrived Friday, doubling the size of the crew. Besides Onishi, the crew includes two Americans and three Russians.
Helping Onishi with the Cygnus on Sunday morning was NASA astronaut Kate Rubins. Their four-month mission will end next weekend.
This particular Cygnus, meanwhile, is officially known as the S.S. Alan Poindexter. Orbital ATK named it after a former space shuttle commander who helped to build the station. He was killed in a jet ski accident in 2012.
Once the Cygnus is unloaded, it will be filled with trash and set loose to burn up in the atmosphere in mid-November.
Credit : Associated Press (AP) | Photo Credit : (AP)


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You can read hundreds of news stories and dozens of books about Brazil's global rise as an economic powerhouse, but I've read few books that come close to putting in such sharp perspective how far the country has come as with Saga brasileira, by one of Brazil's most famous economy reporters, Miriam Leitão. There's a possibility you have opinions on Leitão, but either way, it's worth putting them aside for the sake of the book. While I think it could potentially be interesting for Brazilians, especially for econ nerds and those who were born after the worst of the economic crises, it may not be that much of a revelation. But for foreigners who work with Brazil, live in Brazil, or have any sort of interest or stake in Brazil, you really should read this book.
First, just be warned that it is heavy on lots of economic nitty gritty details, though fortunately there are interesting narratives in between. The other thing to know is that there were occasionally times where on one shoulder, there was a little Alex Castro, rolling his eyes and muttering "Classe média sofre," and on the other, a little Reinaldo Azevedo, yelling in all caps "QUE PAÍS É ESSE?!" Because there are some parts where, for example, the author tells anecdotes about families who suffered from the country's economic woes that you don't feel terribly sympathetic to, such as a couple who couldn't take their honeymoon in Bariloche and instead had to take it in Brazil--a story she mentions not once, but twice. This is a book written by someone of privilege for people of privilege, and that's very clear, so you just have to take it in stride. But there are also some shocking tales, such as grocery stores running out of stock during they hyperinflation years, or of just how disorganized the country's federal financial institutions used to be, that are quite eye-opening. And the last thing to keep in mind is that as far as non-fiction goes it's not the greatest; the narrative doesn't always seem to be coherent and sometimes skips around a bit, but this is the type of book you can read gradually in little chunks. (Also, it's in Portuguese, and I don't think there's an English translation available.)
The moral of the story is that Brazil's economic rise stems from finally succeeding in creating a stable currency, a long-fought battle after years of hyperinflation and 8 different currencies since the 1940s, as well as the battle for economic coherence and reforms in the federal government. Leitão touches on other important factors as well, including a drop in fertility and the creation of key social programs. She also puts Brazil's rise in historic perspective, demonstrating that it was a much longer process than commonly belived and that the country experienced other consumer booms in the recent past. But it really is worth dedicating a book to the fight for a country's currency, a fascinating and sobering tale that really is foreign to those of us who haven't experienced hyperinflation.
For Americans in particular, the concept of money is something practically sacred; despite the 2008 crisis and other economic busts, it's pretty much unthinkable to imagine using anything else other than the dollar. But in my lifetime, Brazil has gone through six currencies, from the cruzeiro (1970-1986), to the cruzado (1986-1989), to the cruzado novo (1989-1990), back to the cruzeiro (1990-1993), to the cruzeiro real (1993-1994), and finally, to the real. The story of how Brazil "won" its currency and beat hyperinflation, as well as the brilliant plan to make the switch to the real, really is an incredible saga.
It's hard to imagine what it was like during the time of triple-digit inflation, but Leitão gives you a pretty good perspective. Housewives would have to use price tables to figure out the values of food at the supermarket, which during some periods changed daily. In 1993, the minimum wage was initially set at 4,693,800 in cruzeiro real, but was the equivalent of US$64. Because inflation rose so quickly, "people lost the notion of the connection between the value and the price," Leitão explains. She recalls buying a VCR for 470,000 cruzados in 1988 and buying another VCR for 18,000 cruzeiro real in 1993, and of having credit card bills of over 1 million in 1985. "We lived in the Middle Ages," one businessman remembers. Meanwhile, a bank manager who was arrested when her branch ran out of cash in 1990 commented to Leitão, "Brazil hasn't had a war? It has, yes--a psychological war. We all participated in the war of the economy."
Leitão closes the book quite beautifully, explaining that it's not only important to remember and reflect on Brazil's economic past, but to learn from how Brazil treats its history. "Brazil has a strange tendency to erase the brightest colors of its history, as if it needed sepia tones to recognize itself as [having] a cordial people. But our merit is another: to overcome our traumas, even when they are difficult and painful." She warns that one of the real enemies is complacency, and that it was a mistake to accept rising levels of inflation, just as it is a mistake to accept corruption today. "We lost the notion of value and price in the economy during hyperinflation, like today we are losing the notion of values and preserving the quality of our democracy. We are not condemned to clientelism...nor to corruption."
Because there's so much to discuss from the book beyond hyperinflation, I'll come back to it later in separate posts about specific topics about Brazil's transformation.


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Nyaya is a Scala/Scala.JS library to:
- Test properties using random data.
- Prove properties with (reasonably-sized) finite domains.
- Assert properties in real data.
- Generate random data.
- Ensure uniqueness in random data.
It is:
- Fast. Probably the fastest Scala random data gen / prop tester. (Benchmarks coming soon…)
- Has a nice, fluent API for generating random data. (examples)
scala> import nyaya.gen._
import nyaya.gen._
scala> val g = Gen.int mapTo Gen.boolean.option
g: nyaya.gen.Gen[Map[Int,Option[Boolean]]] = Gen(<function1>)
scala> g.samples().take(1).foreach(println)
Map(609117252 -> None, -339 -> Some(true), 1684851879 -> Some(false), 78379 -> None)
ver nyayaVer = "1.1.0"
// Property expression, evaluation, assertion.
libraryDependencies += "com.github.japgolly.nyaya" %%% "nyaya-prop" % nyayaVer
// Random data generation.
libraryDependencies += "com.github.japgolly.nyaya" %%% "nyaya-gen" % nyayaVer
// Random JSON generation
libraryDependencies += "com.github.japgolly.nyaya" %%% "nyaya-gen-circe" % nyayaVer
// Property testing with random data.
// Property proving.
libraryDependencies += "com.github.japgolly.nyaya" %%% "nyaya-test" % nyayaVer % Test
- Scala 2.13+
- Scala.JS 1.10+ (optional)
If you like what I do —my OSS libraries, my contributions to other OSS libs, my programming blog— and you'd like to support me, more content, more lib maintenance, please become a patron! I do all my OSS work unpaid so showing your support will make a big difference.
Copyright (C) 2014-2022 David Barri
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.


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Heroes of indie cinema Robert M. Young and Michael Roemer approached ¡Alambrista! with their customary blend of ambition and humility. Though they had already made something of a socially conscious splash with their 1964 drama of African-American life Nothing But a Man (Roemer directing, co-producing and co-writing, Young co-writing and co-producing), in 1977 the two remained largely ensconced in documentary work. Young's 1973 documentary short for television Children of the Fields put him determinedly on the path to write and direct ¡Alambrista!, a historic early depiction, in narrative film, of the undocumented migrant experience of crossing the Mexican-American border in the hope of a better life.
With Roemer at his side as a trusty producer, co-producer Young literally picked up a camera to serve as director of photography on ¡Alambrista!. The resulting simple but quietly thoughtful neorealist picaresque benefits enormously from the fast and dirty documentary approach. The story concerns Roberto Ramírez (Domingo Ambriz), who leaves his wife and newborn child in Michoacán, Mexico to cross the border into America and earn a nest egg for his family. His odyssey takes him through California, Arizona and Texas: he eludes La Migra on foot, rides the rails, and travels under the sketchy auspices of coyotes (one played by Ned Beatty, in sweaty, slippery mode). In short, it's the archetypal migrant narrative, later repeated in films like El Norte and Sin Nombre.
¡Alambrista! has languished in relative obscurity, debuting in PBS, winning the inaugural Caméra D'Or award at Cannes, then all but disappearing for two decades. Never on VHS and only hitting DVD in 2004 (packaged with a book), the film is poised for rediscovery in a Criterion Collection Blu-ray/DVD rerelease based on Young's 1999 director's cut. The director's cut adds footage of the late Trinidad Silva (as Joe, Roberto's upbeat guide to migrant life), trims elsewhere for a more compact narrative, and, most prominently, adds an improved soundtrack by Jose B. Cuellar. Now the film can be more fully appreciated for what it is: an influential inspiration to Latino filmmakers and a powerful, non-politicized depiction of the wages of American immigration policy.
Though there are fleeting appearances by professional actors Beatty, Edward James Olmos, Jerry Hardin (The X-Files) and Julius Harris, the film belongs mostly to nonprofessionals. In concert, Young and Ambriz effectively convey Roberto's inner life, never more apparent than in moments of confusion or quiet terrors, as Roberto's eyes shift in apprehension at situations as seemingly unthreatening as ordering "ham, eggs, coffee" from a waitress (Linda Gillin) who will obligingly make him her project or as immediately dangerous as sitting, at the same café counter, beside a policeman as a gadfly (Hardin) blithely yammers on. Perhaps precisely because the story is never insistent, the genuinely surprising twists of fate near its conclusion have a powerful impact, undimmed by the decades.
Criterion delivers an impressive special edition of ¡Alambrista! that showcases a beautifully clean and stable picture of Young's 1999 director's cut. With an image blown up to 35mm from 16mm film, the hi-def transfer retains a pleasing grain structure and surprising detail, with strong contrast, color that appears to be entirely true, and a happy absence of digital noise. Sound is clean and clear LPCM stereo, with the Spanish dialogue subtitled (but no subtitles for the hard-of-hearing for those passages in English).
The feature comes with the viewing option of a terrific 2010 audio commentary by writer/director Robert M. Young and co-producer/assistant director Michael Hausman. The old friends share a palpable rapport as they discuss their symbiotic partnership, the project's origins, the various production challenges and approaches, the cast, the film's themes, and the nature of the director's cut, among other topics.
A 2010 interview with "Edward James Olmos" (11:53, HD) might seem a bit odd, given the actor's very limited screen time in the feature, but Olmos has collaborated with Young closely and often, and Olmos recounts his first meeting with the director at the audition for ¡Alambrista!, as well as what it was like to film his scene, Young's filmmaking style, and the ongoing importance of Young as a filmmaker.
Lastly, Criterion includes the 1973 documentary short "Children of the Fields" (26:36, HD) produced for the Xerox Corporation's TV series Come Over to My House. This is the short film that largely informed Young on the subject of migrant workers and led him to create ¡Alambrista!.
Included in the keepcase is a gatefold booklet with credits, tech specs, and an essay by film professor and author Charles Ramírez Berg.
Review gear: |
Panasonic Viera TC-P55VT30 55" Plasma 1080p 3D HDTV
Oppo BDP-93 Universal Network 3D Blu-ray Disc Player
Denon AVR2112CI Integrated Network A/V Surround Receiver
Pioneer SP-BS41-LR Bookshelf Speaker (2)
Pioneer SP-C21 Center Speaker
Pioneer SW-8 Subwoofer


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By: Devvy
March 16, 2013
Once again, the Democratic/Communist Party USA, headed up by an impostor playing president, are pushing hard to reward individuals who sneak into OUR house. As we did the last time a few years ago, we MUST stop it from happening.
Ronald Reagan, darling of the GOP, signed a so-called immigration reform bill in 1986 that is the direct cause of the massive invasion of illegal aliens for the past 27 years. If this one goes through, it will be hell for all of us. It will be no different this time around only on a larger scale. Realistic estimates put the number of liars and thieves who smuggled themselves across our borders at around 38 million. The millions who received amnesty, thanks to Ronnie, had children; the numbers simply continued to multiply. Children born of illegal aliens are NOT U.S. citizens:
States must fight legal fiction called 'anchor babies'
Birthright Citizenship and Dual Citizenship: Harbingers of Administrative Tyranny
"In sum, this legacy of feudalism—which we today call birthright citizenship—was decisively rejected as the ground of American citizenship by the Fourteenth Amendment and the Expatriation Act of 1868. It is absurd, then, to believe that the Fourteenth Amendment confers the boon of American citizenship on the children of illegal aliens. Nor does the denial of birthright citizenship visit the sins of the parents on the children, as is often claimed, since the children of illegal aliens born in the U.S. are not being denied anything to which they have a right. Their allegiance should follow that of their parents during their minority. Furthermore, it is difficult to fathom how those who defy American law can derive benefits for their children by their defiance—or that any sovereign nation would allow such a thing."
"He further points out: "But in any case, to say that children of legal aliens are entitled to citizenship is one thing; after all, their parents are in the country with the permission of the U.S. It is entirely different with illegal aliens, who are here without permission. Thus repeal of the current policy of birthright citizenship for the children of illegal aliens would not require a constitutional amendment."
"Prof. Erler hit it out of the ball park: Children born on US soil of an illegal alien parent (or two parents) regardless of country of origin have no "right" to U.S. citizenship.
'Anchor Baby' Constitutional Amendment to Face Scrutiny in Congress - December 26, 2010 (FOX News)
"In a matter of weeks, Congress will go from trying to help young, illegal immigrants become legal to debating whether children born to parents who are in the country illegally should continue to enjoy automatic U.S. citizenship. Such a hardened approach -- and the rhetoric certain to accompany it -- should resonate with the GOP faithful who helped swing the House in Republicans' favor. But it also could further hurt the GOP in its endeavor to grab a large enough share of the growing Latino vote to win the White House and the Senate majority in 2012. Legislation to test interpretations of the 14th Amendment as granting citizenship to the children of illegal immigrants will emerge early next session."
'Maternity hotel' for Chinese women to give birth to U.S. citizens is 'found in the back of California motel'. Where is ICE? They know they're there.
Illegal aliens, regardless of country of origin, sneak across our borders. They lie and cheat their way into our house. You don't reward criminals, you deport them.
Illegal aliens steal jobs that belong to Americans; 11.5 MILLION jobs are held by individuals who have no right to be on U.S. soil, much less jobs. You don't reward them, you deport them.
Illegal aliens steal the identity of millions of Americans so they can lie and cheat their way to employment and federal and state welfare. They don't care whose lives they destroy:
During this segment on illegals stealing YOUR social security number to gain access to jobs that belong to Americans, this is what one man said during a live interview: "Hector Angel, Relative of Swift Employee: Everybody has to do what they have to do to make a living. I agree with that, that it's wrong. But at the same time, it's not, because, you know, we are human beings." Tell that to the person whose life and credit history was made hell by stealing their identity.
Woman whose entire LIFE was stolen: Illegal immigrant 'used teacher's private details to get a job, a mortgage and medical care for her own two children'. 2012. "Identity theft up from 251,100 reported cases in 2010 to 279,000 instances last year." Will you be the next victim? The odds are not in your favor.
Illegal aliens steal the resources of our states for which they have no legal right. Some of them for decades bankrupting hospitals, clogging up the criminal court system and draining the coffers of public schools - paid for with the sweat off your back in tax dollars. Here in Texas there are about 400,000 illegal aliens enrolled in public schools. Cost to me and other Texans per year: $3.5 BILLION dollars for students in this country illegally.
Illegal (Aliens) Immigrant Gangs Commit Most U.S. Crime. Wait until they come roaming your community. It's just a matter of time as their numbers grow. And, of course, we have activist judges who dump in our faces with this type of sickening ruling:
Court Says Kidnapping Not Serious Enough to Warrant Deportation
"In what may seem like a bad joke, a U.S. federal appellate court has spared an illegal immigrant convicted of kidnapping from deportation ruling that it's not necessarily a crime of moral turpitude. The decision, issued this week by the famously liberal 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, rambles on for 27 pages and is almost comical. "This undoubtedly appears to be a difficult question at first glance," it reads. "Kidnapping is a serious crime, and our instincts may be that it would meet the moral turpitude definition. Even for serious offenses, we must look to the specific elements of the statute of conviction and compare them to the definition of crimes involving moral turpitude."
"The case involves a Mexican man named Javier Castrijon-Garcia who entered the United States illegally in 1989 and incidentally has three American-born anchor babies. He has twice been convicted for driving with a suspended license (yes, California gives illegal aliens driver's licenses) and in 1992 pleaded guilty to attempted kidnapping. He received a suspended sentence of 300 days in jail and 36 months of probation. Years after the kidnapping case, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) finally earmarked Castrijon-Garcia for removal. He appealed but an immigration judge found that he was deportable because the kidnapping conviction is a categorical crime of moral turpitude."
Yet, Americans reelected 96% of the same damn incumbents back to the Outlaw Congress in 2012 who allow the death and destruction to continue. The Ninth Silly Circuit again. Those judges should have been impeached. Who will be Castrijon-Garcia's next victim? Pray it's not you or a loved one.
School Dist. Spends $200k to Comply With Obama Amnesty. September 2012. For students who have no legal right to be on U.S. soil. And, you wonder why school districts need to bleed you dry in more taxes?
My daughter will graduate with her undergraduate degree in May. She lives and teaches school in Colorado. She's a natural born citizen, yet there was no tuition break for her, only illegal aliens: "The cheers of immigrant students echoed through the Colorado Capitol on Friday after the House passed a bill allowing students who entered the U.S. illegally to pay lower college tuition, a measure that will soon become law." ICE should have been there, rounded them up and deported all who are determined to be illegally in the U.S. Instead, the lunatics in the Democratic/Communist Party USA that now controls Colorado are rewarding them.
Since illegal students have no right to be in this country, why should you and I be raped in taxes to pay for an education they have no legal right to get in this country while our kids have to pay full tuitiion? The same leftist crap we hear about educating illegals so they can get jobs and do well! Absolute imbiciles. Those illegal students have no right to jobs in this country to begin with, much less educating them by stealing the fruits of our labor.
In 2011, a measly 400,000 liar and thieves were deported: "Of the convicted criminals deported last year, 1,119 were convicted of homicide, 5,848 of sexual offenses, 44,653 of drug-related offenses and 35,927 of driving under the influence, according to the Homeland Security figures." Those are just the ones caught. How many more haven't been caught that have murdered Americans, violence from drugs, drunk drivers and sex crimes against minors and even infants?
alien charged with sexually assaulting an infant in Pennslyvania
- a six month old baby
• Illegal
alien raped stepdaughter, age 9, in front of 7-year-old in South Dakota
• Illegal
alien found guilty of horrific child sexual assault - "A
violent assault in July 2008 in which Perez used a toy light saber
to sodomize a 9-year-old boy and forced another child to sexually
assault the victim."
• Recent
border arrests show problem of child molesters entering from Mexico
- "In a little more than a week, U.S. Border Patrol agents working
out of the El Centro station in California arrested six illegal alien
sex offenders. Five of them are convicted child molesters." Those
animals are on the prowl. Will your little one be the next victim?
Illegal aliens steal $1 BILLION dollars a year from natural born citizens and naturalized citizens in the State of Michigan.
Lunatics in state capitols have given driver's licenses to illegal aliens instead of deporting them. Roughly 400,000 of them in Washington State alone. Illinois approves driver's license for illegals.
Laws in SF and LA protect unlicensed drivers who kill people
"On Nov. 16, 2010, an unlicensed driver named Roberto Galo took a left turn at Harrison and 16th streets in San Francisco and hit motorcyclist Drew Rosenberg. After Galo backed over Rosenberg's body, the law-school student died. A jury convicted Galo for manslaughter and driving without a license. After serving 43 days in jail, he was released on home detention.
"Don Rosenberg of Westlake Village blames San Francisco politics for his son's death. He also fears that the like-minded Obama administration will shield unlicensed drivers to the detriment of public safety -- and Washington isn't giving him reason to believe otherwise. The sanctuary city has been so eager to protect illegal immigrants who cannot obtain California drivers' licenses that in 2009, then-Mayor Gavin Newsom announced that the city no longer would impound the cars of unlicensed drivers automatically. In 2008, the AAA Foundation for Public Safety reported that 29 percent of fatal car crashes in California involved a driver without a valid license. No worries, San Francisco sent a message to folks who haven't even passed a driver's test: You can drive here and get away with it."
Wonder why insurance premiums are so high? Illegals get away with murder while we pay and pay and pay. Think I would drive within 50 miles of San Francisco or LA? When pig's fly:
Mayor Villaraigosa's policy to end seizure of vehicles of unlicensed drivers panned
"Last weekend, an unlicensed driver ran down a 60-year-old woman trying to cross the street in Panorama City, killing her. The death renewed calls Monday to reverse a pending city policy to go easy on unlicensed drivers - many of them illegal immigrants - by not immediately impounding their cars. "The tragic accident in Panorama City shows how the mayor's new policy can result in innocent people being injured or killed," said Paul M. Weber, president of the Los Angeles Police Protective League, in a statement. "The mayor's directive puts politics above public safety and should be rescinded."
Of course it does. Villaraigosa is Mexican. LA is infested with millions of illegals from Mexico. Villaraigosa supports liars and thieves who smuggle themselves across our border, but he is not immune from the law. He's an enabler and any victim of a crime by an illegal alien should go after him personally.
Those states and others use the excuse illegal aliens need driver's licenses to get to work. Those illegal aliens have absolutely no right to work in this country so they don't need a state driver's license. Instead, mad men and women in those state capitols reward them, screwing Americans out of jobs. Just remember: If you are a victim of an illegal alien, go after the enablers - including lawmakers - because they are not above the law. Work to get any incumbents who voted to reward illegals thrown out of office in 2014:
Illegal aliens: declaring war on the enablers
is National Remembrance Day for Americans Killed by Illegal Aliens
- "More than 50,000 Americans have been killed by illegal aliens
since 9/11." Where is your outrage, America?
Alien Who Killed Nun Was on Obama's Supervised Release.
"The deadly results of President Obama's "supervised
release" program for illegal immigrants were exposed long ago
by a Judicial Watch investigation of a Bolivian national (Carlos Martinelly-Montano)
who killed a Virginia nun in a drunk-driving accident."
How many more tears? How many more funerals?
Kudos to Gov. Susana Martinez. She knows what illegal means: New Mexico gov says committed to repeal of illegal aliens license law
Employers across this country continue to knowingly employ illegal aliens:
They Died For "Cheap"
• 90%
of state's dairy workers illegal in Idaho - shame on all of them
for contributing to death and lawlessness in this country. ICE should
be there rounding them up and deporting as many as they can catch.
Nearly 1 million illegals ignore deportation orders, stay in U.S. Will your family be a victim of robbery or your minor children raped and murdered? The statistics don't lie about violent criminals who are here in this country illegally. Think it can't happen to you? When my daughter lived in California, she was hit twice by illegal aliens. One was an illegal alien attending UCLA paid for with your money. The other was a female driving with phony Michigan plates and driver's license who skipped back across the border. Ten years later, my daughter still lives with debilitating clinical migraines from her injuries. If you think it can't happen to you or your loved ones, think again.
The usurper playing president, Barry Soetoro aka Barack Obama, in cohoots with Butch Napolitano, head of the Department of Fatherland Security, has unleashed more liars, thieves and criminals back onto the streets:
Releases "Waves" of Illegal Immigrants from Custody
• Napolitano
resists calls for border security
Scraps 287(g) Program That Allowed Local Police to Enforce Immigration
• Obama
Using Illegal Immigrants As Form of Terrorism Against Americans:
"Americans for Legal Immigration PAC's spokesman is accusing
the Obama administration of engaging in a form of terroristic threats
by unlawfully releasing 10,000 illegal immigrants from detention centers,
threatening to facilitate a new mass influx of illegal aliens, while
at the same time demanding more money and power and amnesty for illegals."
Oh, this one is a gem - do check out the photo: Border crossing operates on honor system, Border Patrol hundreds of miles away. Border security is a farce and we're paying dearly with the blood of our fellow Americans as well as financial rape. How many more Middle Eastern terrorists are going to slip across the border? Feel safe walking into big buildings?
If this amnesty goes through those 11 MILLION will turn into 20 or 30 MILLION. We will all be raped to reward liars and cheats in more taxes under the unconstitutional Obamacare. Drop tens of millions more into Medicare which is already $77 TRILLION in unfunded mandates.
Cost of Illegal Immigration at the State Level
"Wondering how illegal immigration is affecting your pocket book? While the fiscal burden of illegal immigration on the United States taxpayers was estimated at $113 billion in 2010, below you will find links to cost summaries for each separate state so that you can see specifically how this is impacting your state."
Hundreds of BILLIONS of dollars for individuals who have no legal right to be on U.S. soil. More debt heaped on our backs at both the state and federal level.
The states of the Union already drowning in debt, primarily because of pension obligations, will get hit hard for Medicaid. We will be raped in more and more state taxes. You think I'm kidding? This is another major disaster orchestrated by the Democratic/Communist Party USA for votes to stay in power.
There is no way to do background checks on 11-30 MILLION liars and cheats. No way to verify if the name they are giving is even their own whether from communist China, Mexico, Guatemala, Ireland or some Middle Eastern Country.
There is no way to verify virtually any information for 11-30 MILLION liars and cheats simply because there isn't enough money. We the people should not be fleeced to reward individuals who break our laws to smuggle themselves into our country by giving them amnesty and and then forced with a gun to our head to pay billions and billions more in borrowed money to try to do background checks. Aren't you tired of getting screwed to reward lawbreakers?
I believe it's safe to say 90% of them will register with the Democratic/Communist Party USA. Republican incumbents should think about that.
Give them amnesty and it could take years to track down information on that individual - as in a criminal record. In the meantime, how many more Americans will die from criminal activities committed by illegals?
Americans who need jobs are denied jobs because 11.5 MILLION liars and cheats have them and the U.S. Congress doesn't care. It's not just the Democrats. The Republicans had control of Congress for almost 12 years; eight under a Republican president. They did NOTHING to shut down our borders and start deporting illegals. We have all paid for it dearly. Scum like Harry Reid fully supports liars and thieves. He didn't use to, but now it's all about votes to stay in power:
On April 5, 2006, Drudge had an interesting flashback from 1993: "Dem. Senate Leader Harry Reid: 'Our Federal Wallet Stretched To Limit By Illegal Aliens Getting Welfare' 'Even worse, Americans have seen heinous crimes committed by individuals who are here illegally'
Who are the RINOs pushing to further destroy our republic for votes today? The smarmy, slimy Republicans below try to use "compassionate" as justification for rewarding liars and cheats. Do they do the same for bank robbers? Same thing. A thief is a thief.
Conservative Union Chairman: Legalize Illegal Aliens. A stinking
lobbyist and big shot in the Republican Party. Conservative? He's
pushing to reward the liars and thieves who have been bankrupting
this country for decades.
• McCain
defends immigration plan to angry residents
• Marco
Rubio who turns my stomach
• Lindsay
The Immigration Factor: If We Do Nothing Individual Consequences. Is this what YOU want for our country?
Have YOU had enough of all of the above?
Believe me, the links above are just a minuscule number I have saved for research and to provide you with the truth.
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Please get this information out on Facebook, to family, friends and anyone else who still cares about this country. Mark your calendar for Monday and start calling your member of Congress, both house and senate. This may be our last chance to stop the destruction to our country, our families and our economy caused by the tens of millions of illegals. Make that call at lunch time, before you go to work if you live on the West coast and keep calling.
Let's melt the phone lines in Washington, DC and your congress critters district offices. Don't let up until we defeat not just Comrade Soetoro and the Democratic/Communist Party USA, but also RINOs like Marco Rubio.
Obama's Deferred Action on Illegal Immigration Violates the Constitution,
Rewarding liars, cheats and thieves:
2- More
than 10,000 illegal aliens (not immigrants) in Georgia apply for reprieve
from deportation
3- 3000
Apply Daily for New Obama Immigration Policy
4- Illegals
tab $1 billion in just Oregon
5- Food
Stamps for Illegal Immigrants from Mexico: Their Sacred Right
6- Amnesty:
Nail in the coffin for black America
7- "We
Have Got to Eliminate The Gringo"
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Devvy Kidd authored the booklets, Why A Bankrupt America and Blind Loyalty; 2 million copies sold. Devvy appears on radio shows all over the country. She left the Republican Party in 1996 and has been an independent voter ever since. Devvy isn't left, right or in the middle; she is a constitutionalist who believes in the supreme law of the land, not some political party.
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text:
On behalf of our team at Tailwaters Fly Fishing Company in Dallas, the owners, guides, and staff at the Palometa Club in Punta Allen, Mexico, we are happy to formally announce the 1st Annual Palometa Club Permit Tournament, May 17-24, 2013 presented by Howler Brothers.
The Palometa Club is located on Ascension Bay – arguably the best permit fishery in the world. A proper fishing tournament orchestrated and guided by the best guides in the region is long overdue. Ten two-man teams will compete in three competitive permit fishing days during the week. All non-tournament days will also feature individual competitions targeting Ascension Bay's abundance of other species.
We are pleased to team up with Howler Brothers as a presenting sponsor of the tournament and the week. Howler Brothers – an apparel company based in Austin, Texas – is even endorsing the event as it's first "Howler Pilgrimage" and will no doubt bring along special elements to ensure that the experience goes well beyond just the competition on the water.
In addition to competing anglers and guests of the Club, also in attendance will be several fly-fishing industry friends and partners. Jamie Howard from Howard Films and Matt Jones from The Fly Photo will be on hand in a chase boat documenting the trip and tournament. All participants and winners will earn sweet gifts donated by Howler Brothers and additional sponsors like Hatch Outdoors, TFO, Yeti Coolers, Umpqua, The Drake, Costa del Mar, Smartshield and Fishpond. The big winners of the permit tournament also win a gratis trip back to the Palometa Club to defend their title in 2014.
Proceeds from the tournament entry fees, calcutta, and donations will benefit the Jon Ain Memorial Fund for the Bonefish Tarpon Trust as well as the schoolchildren of Punta Allen. Join us at this festive week of fishing with a great group of anglers and friends – and a really good party!


text:
President of the African Development Bank, Akinwumi Adesina |
The projects form part of a development finance compact between the Bank, the government of Portugal, and the six Portuguese-speaking countries of Africa – Angola, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and Sao Tomé and Principe, also known as PALOPs.
The compact, signed at the African Investment Forum in Johannesburg on Tuesday, stems from efforts by the African Development Bank to bring more focus on the private sector in the PALOPs.
Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank started the process nearly a year ago during an official visit to Portugal.
"Today is a day of delight, when we shine the light on a part of Africa that doesn't always get the attention it deserves," Adesina said at the signing, attended by representatives from Angola, Cabo Verde, Mozambique and Sao Tomé and Principe.
He added: "Lusophone countries, home to 267 million people worldwide, possess a wealth of natural assets. "Lusophone countries in Africa have huge resources like oil and gas, yet human development is low, and infrastructure development is low."
Adesina said while the compact focused on private sector investment, government support is vital. "Of course, nothing gets done without political leadership. I was very delighted when we had a meeting in Cabo Verde and the heads of state all supported that this compact should go ahead."
Adesina said the African Development Bank would provide guarantees and financing to support Compact projects that are also supported by Portugal.
At the session, SOFID – SOFID – the Portuguese Development Finance Institution, pledged an additional envelope of EUROS 20 million on credit lines for these projects.
The objectives of the compact include accelerating inclusive sustainable and diversified private sector growth in PALOPs and also leveraging the tools the African Development Bank, Portugal and the PALOPS have at their disposal.
These tools are: risk mitigation for private sector and PPP investments, direct financing for investments, and technical assistance to enhance private sector development


text:
My name is Yvonne. I'm 21 and live in a snowy Canadian wasteland known as Manitoba.
I'm relatively new to the loose tea world, although I used to drink generic Red Rose tea constantly. A friend introduced me to a Teavana tea one chilly winter and I got myself slightly intrigued. Went to purchase it myself, used shoddy equipment to prepare it, and was discouraged.
Christmas 2013 rolled around, and despite having an awful holiday for other reasons, I received some of Teavana's Cha Yen Thai as a gift after asking for chai tea. I went out and bought a proper infuser cup and was instantly hooked. Now my tea collection is steadily growing! I'm obsessed!
I like:
Dessert teas, black teas, oolong, rooibos, pu'erh, mate, chai, chamomile, chocolate, coconut, cinnamon, pineapple, tropical mixes, nutty, sweet, complex flavours, indulgent flavours
I do NOT like:
Green teas, herbal teas, white teas, teas too overbearing with fruit, pure tisane, cloyingly sweet teas, hibiscus, peanuts, burning my mouth
I am lactose intolerant (pretty severely, actually – I do not consume any dairy product) but I find that the miniscule amounts of dairy found in some teas don't bother me for the most part.
100 – My absolute favourite teas. Without them, I will cry salty tears of despair.
99 – 95 – Cream of the crop, although missing SOMETHING to make them a perfect favourite. Not something I couldn't possibly live without, but pretty darn close. Lots of teas in this category tend to reach 100 eventually.
95 – 75 – Yummy, but if it disappeared tomorrow I'd quietly mourn it for about 15 minutes and move on to a favourite. Leaves something to be desired.
75 – 50 – Passable, but not by much. Something I'd really have to be in the mood for to drink.
50 and lower – Nope nope nope. Not for me. Probably couldn't or had a hard time finishing the cuppa. Doooown the sink.


text:
By: Richard Gottheil, S. Kahn
French town, in the department of Seine-et-Marne. Jews were settled there as early as the twelfth century. Thibaut, Count of Champagne, made an agreement with Provins in 1230 in which he reserved to himself all rights over the Jews of the town. In 1298 or 1299 Hagin, a Jewish resident of the town, was commissioned to deposit in the hands of the royal officials the proceeds of the taxes paid by his coreligionists of the bailiwick of Troyes. In 1301 Simonnet and Vivant, sons of Simon the Jew, sold to Perronelle, widow of Jean de Joy, goldsmith, for the sum of 21 livres of the currency of Tours, one-half of a piece of land situated in the Jewish quarter of Provins, above the Porte Neuve, and bordering on an estate belonging to the Jew Hagin Dalie. A document of 1313 mentions the sale by Maitre Pierre d'Argemont, clerk, for the sum of 400 livres (Tours currency), of a house which had belonged to the Jews Josson de Coulommiers and his son Croissant, adjoining the enclosure of the chateau and surrounding the Jewish school. The following are noteworthy among the names of Jews of Provins: Abraham, Molin, Haquin, Samuel Courtoiz, Judas, the Jewess Bonne, and the scholars Jacob ben Meïr (13th cent.), Meïr ben Elijah (Zunz, "Literaturgesch." p. 328), and Isaac Cohen of = (lived at Paris in 1217).
- Gross, Gallia Judaica, pp. 495, 515-516;
- Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xxi. 107;
- R. E. J. ii. 29, 69; xv. 240, 247, 251; xix. 253-255;
- Teulet, Layettes du Trésor des Chartes. i. 186, No. 2075.


text:
Course Reserves Guidelines for Students
Odum Library supports instruction with reserve service for two collection types, traditional and electronic. The 'traditional' reserve collection has physical items available for check-out at the Circulation desk. Traditional course reserves are designed to provide a high level of access to materials that are in demand by a large number of students, i.e. an entire class. The 'electronic' reserve collection are links to online full text files. Both traditional and electronic reserves items are found on Course Reserves in the GIL@VSU Library catalog as first located by instructor name and/or course number and then by author and title. The primary function of library reserve services is to assure that students and teachers will have timely access to course-related library resources.
Traditional Reserves: Library collection materials are removed from the open shelves (or from an instructor's personal collection), placed on closed reserve shelves in the Circulation department, and given short loan periods to maximize access. Loan periods for traditional reserve materials vary from 1 hour to 7 days. You must have a current University ID card to check out reserves. Only one reserve item may be checked out at a time. Reserves are not renewable. Students should return reserve materials directly to the Circulation Desk to avoid fines. If reserves are left on study tables, the student will be responsible for all fines incurred before the reserves are discharged from their record. Reserve fines are set at a higher level to motivate borrowers to return material on time for use by the next student.
Electronic Reserves: Students can access electronic reserve items through the GIL@VSU Library Catalog Course Reserves link 24 hours/day, 7 days/week from any Internet connected computer. Copyrighted or licensed electronic reserve items are only available via a password, i.e. a course password as assigned and disseminated by the instructor, the GALILEO password, or via your VSU BlazeVIEW username and password.
Copyright Compliance: The University System of Georgia Board of Regents Policy on the Use of Copyrighted Works in Education and Researchexplains in detail the rights of copyright holders, which are balanced by limitations on those rights under federal copyright law. The University System of Georgia also provides tools to be used to determine whether an intended educational use of copyrighted material is covered by fair use tenets. The Valdosta State University Library Course Reserves system follows the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Policy on the Use of Copyrighted Works in Education and Research. See also the Warning Concerning Copyright Restrictions
Lending Services
- 1500 N. Patterson St. Valdosta, Georgia 31698
Mailing Address
1500 N. Patterson St.
Valdosta, GA 31698 - Phone
- Phone: 229.333.5869
- Circ II
- Phone: 229.259.7750
Sun: 12 pm - 10 pm
Mon-Thu: 7 am - 10 pm
Fri: 7 am - 8 pm
Sat: CLOSED