text:
I was sent a Cricut Expressions machineto try out! So
many possibilities, so littletime! One of the first things
I did was make scallop trim for my plain white shelves...
then I used the new Winter Wonderland cartridge to make this
little house and 3d trees! There are several different houseand
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There are several contests going on so you can have a chance
to win a Cricut, thefour newest cartridges, Provo Craft's latest
design device, the Gypsy, and more! See all the
details at The Crafty Crow.


text:
The global automotive industry and enhanced regulations: a very steep path ahead
Hit by increasingly stringent regulations, particularly for environmental purposes, the global automotive industry is facing a downturn and is being forced to reinvent itself.
In a gloomy global economic context, the automotive sector faces several very specific challenges, including stronger and stricter environmental regulations. As a result, car sales are experiencing negative growth not seen since the Great Recession of 2008 and there is an uncertainty prevail in the sector.
A decline in profitability
Forced to comply with this new technological situation and consumers' desires, car manufacturers are investing massively in redesigning their vehicles, subsequently increasing their production costs.
Furthermore, the arrival of many new players – such as Google Waymo, Tesla, Arcfox or Aiways – adds an additional degree of uncertainty to a market that was used to a certain stability, or even had a tendency for concentration via mergers, acquisitions, and co-investments.
A global phenomenon
In September 2018, the European Union (EU) was significantly affected by the implementation of stringent certification rules for new car models, the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP).
These stricter rules have notably led to bottlenecks for car manufacturers, with delayed approvals leading to a shortage of models available at dealerships. Customers were therefore forced to delay their purchases, directly impacting the number of new registrations (-23.5% in September 2018).
In addition to these technical and administrative barriers, there has been a negative trend in consumer sentiment in the eurozone since the beginning of 2018. This is discouraging consumers from buying new vehicles, especially as incentives to switch to greener energies dry up.
The US market is also affected by lower demand (-1.1% at the end of October 2019, over 10 months, particularly for sedans and other cars, although surprisingly stable for SUVs, pick-ups and other light trucks). This trend continues to affect car manufacturers' activities, with the closure of several factories in the country.
Finally, the Chinese market is severely affected by the drop-in demand (-4% in October 2019) partly due to a certain wait-and-see attitude from consumers, who are waiting for the tax incentives announced by the government. This is in addition to the effects of the trade war between China and the United States.
In addition, large municipalities such as Beijing, Shanghai and other similar cities impose strict license plate limits for new cars every year. Chinese households are therefore turning massively to the sale of second-hand cars.
Difficulties that affect the entire ecosystem
Naturally, the growth and revenues of automotive suppliers are severely impacted by this slowdown. The rationalization of production costs and technological developments linked to the environmental constraints imposed on car manufacturers subsequently have repercussions on the entire supply chain. This is particularly true for R&D expenditure. This may lead to mergers and acquisitions in order to rationalize these costs, which are necessary to bring decisive technologies to market – again leading to a redesign of the automotive industry landscape.
Download the publication:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Developing a MVC Component/Adding a view to the site part
From Joomla! Documentation
< Archived:Developing a MVC Component
This page has been archived. This page contains information for an unsupported Joomla! version or is no longer relevant. It exists only as a historical reference, it will not be improved and its content may be incomplete and/or contain broken links.
Articles in this Series
- Introduction
- Developing a Basic Component
- Adding a view to the site part
- Adding a menu type to the site part
- Adding a model to the site part
- Adding a variable request in the menu type
- Using the database
- Basic backend
- Adding language management
- Adding backend actions
- Adding decorations to the backend
- Adding verifications
- Adding categories
- Adding configuration
- Adding ACL
- Adding an install/uninstall/update script file
- Using the language filter facility
- Adding an update server
- Example of a Frontend Update Function
- Example of Menu Parameters & Stylesheets
This tutorial is part of the Developing a Model-View-Controller (MVC) Component for Joomla!2.5 tutorial. You are encouraged to read the previous parts of the tutorial before reading this.
In the Joomla!2.5 framework, third party component authors divide their code into three main parts:
- models They manage the data
- controllers They perform tasks, set and get the states of the models and ask the views to display
- views They display the content according to the type (error, feed, html, json, raw, xml) and the layout chosen by the controllers
Setting the controller[edit]
In the core code of Joomla, there is a class able to manage controllers: JController. This class has to be extended to be used in our component. In the file site/helloworld.php (entry point of our Hello World component), put these lines
// No direct access to this file
defined('_JEXEC') or die('Restricted access');
// import joomla controller library
// Get an instance of the controller prefixed by HelloWorld
$controller = JController::getInstance('HelloWorld');
// Perform the Request task
$input = JFactory::getApplication()->input;
// Redirect if set by the controller
The getInstance static method of the JController class will create a controller. In the code above, it will instantiate a controller object of a class named HelloWorldController. Joomla will look for the declaration of that class in an aptly named file called controller.php (it's a default behavior).
Now, controller.php needs to be created and HelloWorldController needs to be declared and defined. So with your favorite file manager and editor, create a site/controller.php file containing
// No direct access to this file
defined('_JEXEC') or die('Restricted access');
// import Joomla controller library
* Hello World Component Controller
class HelloWorldController extends JController
When no task is given in the request variables, the default task will be executed. It's the display task by default. The JController class has such a task. In our example, it will display a view named HelloWorld.
So with task simply a public function display() of JController is refered to.
Just a side note for completion, you could call another function aside from display() by using an URL like this one:
http://localhost/index.php?option=com_helloworld&task=insertThis would try to call a function insert() of our controller (which we would actually have to implement in HelloWorldController ).
Setting the view[edit]
When JController wants to display a view, it will look for certain files in the component/com_[component_name]/views/[name of view]/ folder.
The name of the folder of the default view is the name of the component itself. In our case the path is component/com_helloworld/views/helloworld/.
The file that will contain the code of the view is called view.[view_mode].php. The default view mode, and probably the only view a component might need is the html mode. So this give us our file name which is view.html.php.
With your favorite file manager and editor, create a file site/views/helloworld/view.html.php able to display the default view and containing
// No direct access to this file
defined('_JEXEC') or die('Restricted access');
// import Joomla view library
* HTML View class for the HelloWorld Component
class HelloWorldViewHelloWorld extends JView
// Overwriting JView display method
function display($tpl = null)
// Assign data to the view
$this->msg = 'Hello World';
// Display the view
The display method of the JView class is called with the display task of the JController class. In our case, this method will display data using the tmpl/default.php file. With your favorite file manager and editor, create a file site/views/helloworld/tmpl/default.php able to display the default view and containing
// No direct access to this file
defined('_JEXEC') or die('Restricted access');

<?php echo $this->msg; ?>

This template file will be included by the JView class. Therefore, here, $this refers to the HelloWorldViewHelloWorld class.
So to give an example, one could call the view inside the component/com_[component_name]/views/[name of view]/ folder by calling:
(this would default to the component/com_helloworld/views/helloworld/ folder) or we could explicitly call the folder by calling
if we change &view=helloworld to something else, e.g. &view=fluffy we would have to create a folder:
Copy the contents of views/helloworld to views/fluffy
The classname of the file view.html.php of the fluffy folder would be HelloWorldViewFluffy. Afterwards you can customize the contents of default.php of the fluffy subfolder for custom output and see the output by calling:
Packaging the component[edit]
Content of your code directory
- helloworld.xml
- site/index.html
- site/helloworld.php
- site/controller.php
- site/views/index.html
- site/views/helloworld/index.html
- site/views/helloworld/view.html.php
- site/views/helloworld/tmpl/index.html
- site/views/helloworld/tmpl/default.php
- admin/index.html
- admin/helloworld.php
- admin/sql/index.html
- admin/sql/updates/index.html
- admin/sql/updates/mysql/index.html
- admin/sql/updates/mysql/0.0.1.sql
Create a compressed file of this directory or directly download the archive and install it using the extension manager of Joomla. You can test this basic component by putting index.php?option=com_helloworld in your browser address.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<extension type="component" version="2.5.0" method="upgrade">
<name>Hello World!</name>

<creationDate>November 2009</creationDate>
<author>John Doe</author>
<copyright>Copyright Info</copyright>
<license>License Info</license>

<description>Description of the Hello World component ...</description>
<update>
<schemapath type="mysql">sql/updates/mysql</schemapath>

<files folder="site">

<menu>Hello World!</menu>

<files folder="admin">

Result: You will see by default the message contained in the variable $this->msg in the view.html.php file.
Prev: Developing a Basic Component Next: Adding a menu type to the site part


text:
THE NEWARK, N.J., Stan Austin remembers from his boyhood was a compact city of concrete. Streets full of tenement buildings sagged and slumped like beaten-down shoulders. Homes were so close to each other, you could look out your window and directly into your neighbor's living room. Bus, motor and factory fumes rode on the air, and blaring taxi horns formed the rhythm of each day.
To escape it all, 7-year-old Stan would head behind his home to the small garden that his mom, dad and uncle lovingly filled with roses and peonies. Crouching on the knees of his grass-stained jeans, Austin would poke at the plot of dirt. He would sit there for hours with his uncle, who lived in the same house, and watch earthworms wriggle in the dirt. "The backyard was my oasis," Austin says.
And for years, that square of land was as close as Austin had ever come to wilderness. That was until the summer his family took a vacation to Acadia National Park in Maine. Located on one of the state's offshore islands, the vast park contains mountains, lakes, forests and stretches of rocky shoreline within its borders.
There, Austin first saw miles upon miles of rolling green grass and marveled at the thin, graceful trees with ballerina-arm branches reaching skyward. He wandered through the park in amazement. The fresh air, sea and space overwhelmed him.
"It was my first experience with rocks and oceans and different landscapes," Austin recalls. "Feeling the ocean breeze on my face and the grass under my feet felt like freedom."
It was at Acadia National Park that Austin first encountered the biological complexities and enormous scale of the natural world — an understanding and respect that has fueled his 33-year career protecting and promoting our nation's natural spaces. All of it can be traced back to the first day of that family vacation in Maine.
"Looking at these great hills and mountains, I thought, Even if you don't believe in a God, you have to believe in a power greater than yourself because no human could make such a place," he says.
Austin is a missionary of sorts, helping others find the same sanctity and beauty in nature that he first felt as a boy. During his career, he has traveled from the majestic peaks of Colorado's Rocky Mountains to the vast deserts of Arizona's Glen Canyon National Recreation Area to the sparkling falls of California's Yosemite National Park.
Last year, he became superintendent of Cuyahoga Valley National Park: 33,000 acres that straddle the river and stretch from Cleveland to Akron.
The federally protected land has a complicated history and multiple identities. It touches 15 municipalities and has a passionate web of groups supporting it, even if some have competing visions of what the park should be. What's clear is Ohio's only national park could use a boost in funding and visibility. These are all issues Austin faces as he works to implement his own vision for protecting and promoting Cuyahoga Valley National Park. It won't be easy.
"We have a Yellowstone in our backyard, and people don't event realize it. I'm here to let Northeast Ohioans know how great they are."
Austin pauses for a beat. "I really believe this is my calling."
THE CUYAHOGA VALLEY National Park headquarters is located in one of five yellow houses at the intersection of Riverview and Vaughn roads. The homes once belonged to the Jaite Paper Mill, which built them in the early 1900s to house workers. A rusted 1928 paper press still sits alongside the Towpath Trail, an indelible reminder that industry was once part of the Cuyahoga Valley's identity.
Inside his bare offices (Austin says he's had no time to decorate in the past 10 months), the park's newest superintendent sits at a long wooden desk and wears an olive green zip-up jacket, shiny gold National Park Service badge and matching olive green pants. The man looks like an overgrown boy scout. And just like a young scout, Austin is brimming with enthusiasm, energy and ideas.
"I'm soooo happy to be here," Austin says. His friendly and magnetic mannerisms recall those of Bill Cosby during The Cosby Show years. "I feel lucky that I get to come here for work every day. There's so much I want to accomplish."
There's also a lot expected of him. The mix of trails, woods and streams that make up Cuyahoga Valley National Park is consistently one of the Top 10 most-visited national parks, with almost 2.5 million visitors last year alone. Yet many Greater Clevelanders still aren't aware the land is a national park.
"Everyone confuses us with the Metroparks," Austin says of the Cleveland Metroparks and the Metro Parks Serving Summit County, which both have land that ties into and intermingles with national park property.
Cuyahoga Valley National Park is a complex piece of real estate. Along with the 15 municipalities, it touches five congressional districts and two counties.
"That means you're dealing with 15 sets of elected officials who all have their own flavor, interests and plans for their community," explains former Cuyahoga Valley National Park superintendent John Debo. Parts of the park meander through the edges of urban neighborhoods; other parts center the suburbs. And though there are more than 200 miles of trails within the park, some of them are not connected. They just end, like a sentence without a point.
Contained within the park is a mishmash of Depression-era Civilian Conservation Corps buildings, the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad, a stretch of the Ohio & Erie Canal and active organic farms that are leased by Cuyahoga Valley National Park to farmers as a way of showcasing and preserving the land's agricultural history.
"The park has a different meaning for every person in the area," says Ivan Kassovic, a field operation supervisor. Which is a great idea, but it also makes the park hard to market. For most of the 20th century, the Cuyahoga Valley was just a collection of local plots and farms with no federal oversight. But in 1974, U.S. Rep. Ralph Regula slipped a small, one-line item in an appropriations bill that would designate the Cuyahoga Valley as a national recreation area. The bill was approved, and the Cuyahoga Valley suddenly came under the control of the federal parks service.
As part of the federal oversight of the park, administrators took possession of some local farms adjacent to and located inside the park.
"There's still a lot of people who are unhappy about it," Austin admits. "But in the past year, people have started to see the benefits of us leasing out farmland. They're slowly seeing the benefits of preservation. And time, I think, has healed a lot of wounds."
In 2000, hoping for more national attention, local park supporters petitioned the government to promote the Cuyahoga Valley from a national recreational area to a national park, which would immediately prohibit all hunting and mining activities. They succeeded, making Cuyahoga Valley one of only 58 national parks.
But people still remained unhappy. When you start to pull apart the layers, it's easy to see why. Name just about any issue — water quality, off-road mountain biking, historic preservation — and you'll find a gathering of people who are very passionate about the issue. None of them, Austin says, are shy about voicing their opinions. Other issues that immediately concern park officials include wildlife management and land encroachment.
But if anyone possesses the natural panache and charm necessary to balance all of the competing interests for the common good, those who know Stan Austin say he is the sort of person who can do it.
"I really think he has superpowers," says Chris Hughes, chief of resource management at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, where Austin used to work. "Stan has the special ability to bring out the best in people and unite them all in his vision."
WHEN AUSTIN was 20 years old, he started his first park job at Sandy Hook in New Jersey, showing inner-city school groups around the state's salt marshes and explaining how the water was affected by the tides. Austin enjoyed the science part of the job, but what he loved more was watching people's reactions to his words.
"The black kids were so fascinated that I was their tour guide," says Austin, who still retains traces of his Jersey accent. "I saw their faces light up. It was the first time they saw all this open land — and it was a black person showing it to them. I felt a responsibility then."
To him, this responsibility is multifaceted. He feels the need to introduce children to a world that exists outside their TVs. He wants to promote the "sacredness" of nature. And he has a responsibility to African-Americans, who he says "don't generally go to the parks for some reason."
But first, he took a position that, to many, seemed odd for a man so happy in the outdoors. After graduating from Rutgers University with a degree in environmental sciences, he accepted a desk job at the Environmental Protection Agency in Washington, D.C.
"[The agency] gets such a bad name, even from park people who think that regulations prevent growth," Austin says. "But the EPA's job is to do what's right to protect the health of the environment."
During his nearly two decades at the EPA, Austin worked mostly on oceans, watersheds and wetlands water programs, which took him to Japan and Nicaragua. But through the years, "I yearned to go back to the parks," Austin says. "It was in my blood."
He got his chance in 2003. That year, The Grand River Ditch, one of Colorado's oldest water-diversion canals, breached its banks. Thousands of gallons of water gushed from the ditch, ripping out more than 10,000 trees in Rocky Mountain National Park and sending vast amounts of pristine wetlands into the Colorado River. More than 50 different plant species were impacted. "It was devastating," Austin says. "How do you put a price tag on trees and wetlands and clean water?"
In 2005, the National Park Service asked Austin to take over the role of deputy superintendent at Rocky Mountain National Park. He became part of the team that recovered $9 million in damages — the amount park scientists agreed was required to restore the park's natural spaces — from the Water Storage and Supply Co., the owners of the Grand Ditch.
"I tend to worry about anyone who spends that much time in D.C.," jokes Vaughn Baker, the superintendent of Rocky Mountain National Park. "But his familiarity and connection with the agency was actually a great asset. He understood many of the issues we were dealing with."
But perhaps Austin's main talent was starting over and feeling completely comfortable in the place he had landed.
ON A RECENT MONDAY, a jovial Austin jumps in a black Ford Explorer, eager to show off his favorite spots in the Cuyahoga Valley. "The best part about being here," he says, "is there's so much to explore."
A few minutes later, Austin pulls into the parking lot at Brandywine Falls. When he first accepted the job here, this was one of the first places he visited. "I fell in love with the spot," Austin says. "It's our own Yosemite Falls."
Two hundred years ago, the falls were viewed not just as an object of beauty but also as a source of power. In the 1800s, locals built saw, grist and woolen mills at the top of the falls. The Village of Brandywine grew around them, but the community was later destroyed by the construction of Interstate 271.
Today, walking down the wooden path toward the falls, Austin smiles at the children squished into puffy ski jackets and nods at the red-cheeked parents watching them. Stopping at the overlook, Austin breathes deeply. Behind him the falls gurgle and roar with life. The water rushes over rocks, ending in a pool of bubbles.
"If we do our job right," Austin says, "in 100 years, our great-grandchildren can stand in the exact same place we're standing and see the exact same vision we're seeing right now."
Austin's ultimate goal is to make the Cuyahoga Valley more of a destination, with better marketing, central entry points and easy-to-navigate directions. All of this, he says, will in turn raise the park's profile locally. He knows this because he's done it before.
After three years as deputy superintendent at Rocky Mountain National Park, Austin was looking to move up in the ranks. The person in charge of hiring for the national parks asked Austin whether he'd prefer a move to Glacier National Park in Montana or to Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in Arizona. "I told him I had no interest in going to the desert," Austin says. The regional director ignored Austin and put him in Arizona anyway.
"He probably knew better than I did," Austin says now with a laugh.
Glen Canyon's headquarters were in Page, Ariz., an isolated community bordering Utah with a population of about 6,000. When Austin arrived there, the townspeople, mostly farmers, were in the midst of a long feud with the government. The farmers felt the park rangers were not respecting their rights, their land and their cattle. And the park rangers didn't understand why the farmers refused to follow the park's laws.
"My first town meeting was very awkward," Austin recalls. "Here I was, this guy from Jersey, who still had an accent and was black on top of that. And I'm asking everyone in the room, most of whom were Mormon and had lived there their whole lives, to be my partner. I believed they laughed."
But Austin kept prodding, and he eventually earned the respect of everyone in the community. "Stan was really good about listening," says Lyle Dimbatt, the mayor of Page. "Working for the federal government, he had the ability to stand on a podium, declare what he wanted to do, and say, 'If you don't like it, too bad.' But that wasn't his way. He believed in sitting down one on one with you and asking what you thought, even if he didn't agree with it. He was always bringing people together."
Ultimately, Austin found commonality between the two divided groups. "He brought the cattle ranchers and us together and turned each of our world views 180 degrees to a place where we could meet each other," says Rosemary Sucec, the cultural program manager at Glen Canyon. "That was his special talent."
The other big problem at Glen Canyon was low staff morale. Situated between Canyonlands National Park and Zion National Park, Glen Canyon has "always been the stepchild," Austin explains. So he took it upon himself to raise the staff and the park's profile. Through a partnership with the National Park Service headquarters, he brought in a team of marketing interns from Harvard and Georgetown universities to help publicize the park. In association with the city of Page, he also drew attention and press to Glen Canyon through a stream of innovative ideas, including a hot air balloon regatta and music festivals.
"Stan didn't believe there was such a thing as over-advertising or over-marketing," Dimbatt says. "He was always trying to find new, outside-the-fringe avenues to draw attention to us."
When Austin decided it was time to move on, after two years, the town threw him a block party that raged well into the night.
AUSTIN FIRST stepped foot in the Cuyahoga Valley in June 2010. At the time, he was weighing a promotion to deputy superintendent at Yosemite National Park, where he was serving as acting deputy superintendent. Then he came to Ohio for a visit.
"What overwhelmed me was how green and wet everything was," he says. "I saw a heron's nest and eagles flying by. It was just beautiful."
On the way home, Austin called his regional director and said he wanted the Cuyahoga Valley job. A few months later, he moved to Northeast Ohio.
"I kind of feel that Yosemite's already been done," Austin explains. "People know what it is. What else can you do there but continue to manage the park? In [the Cuyahoga Valley], we have the potential to develop the park into something that's bigger than all of us."
Austin has lists of things he wants to start with. Right now, he says the park is too insular. There is no large central visitor center. When travelers get off the highway, there are few signs announcing the presence of — or how to get to — Ohio's only national park. In Austin's eyes, the park is too modest and hides some of its true beauty. Take Brandywine Falls, for example. You can't see the water from the trails that currently run along Brandywine Road. Austin is currently working with the Metro Parks Serving Summit County to redirect bicycle and walking trails to circle around the falls. Austin also hopes to put in accessible ramps so handicapped patrons can experience the view too.
Also underdeveloped, in Austin's view, are the park's overnight accommodations. "People who travel here to experience the park are not just looking for a two-hour experience," he says.
Yet few lodging or camping options exist: the Inn at Brandywine Falls, which has just six overnight rooms; the 11-room Stanford House Hostel; and about 10 or so primitive campsites that have not been updated in years. Austin hopes to break ground on new campsites soon.
The problem, of course, is that these visions require financial backing, and the government budget provides little for park renovation.
"We have to think outside the box," Austin says. "There are possible opportunities to partner with corporate America. And we're working with our friends and volunteer groups to raise money creatively."
Austin wants local governments to realize that the national park can be an economic driver for their communities so they'll work together with Austin's team to better market it.
"Northeast Ohio has a great economic asset here," he says. "It's time people start recognizing it."
Austin is selling this idea, one mayoral visit at a time. "Stan saw the benefits to the whole Rocky Mountain National Park region by having gateway communities that spent millions of dollars telling people about the park," says Kyle Patterson, the public information officer for Rocky Mountain National Park.
In the eight months since he's been superintendent, Austin has visited the leaders of every community that surrounds the park, and he's gotten positive responses from everyone.
"Democrat, Republican, everyone loves the park," he says.
"The way Stan has already connected with a variety of park organizations is very impressive," says Deb Yandala, the CEO of the Conservancy for Cuyahoga Valley National Park. "He's great about getting into the community and listening to what people have to say. I love watching him in action."
But Austin knows that honeymoons are short, and there is much work to be done. So at 5 p.m., he says goodbye and heads back into his office for another five or so hours, content to have found his place in the world once again.


text:
Vitamin D Prevents Fractures, But Role in Cancer Remains Unclear
Taking vitamin D, along with calcium supplements, may reduce your risk of breaking a bone, but there's not yet enough evidence to say whether it may lower your risk of cancer, a new analysis concludes.
People who were taking vitamin D and calcium supplements were 11 percent less likely to fracture a bone than people not taking the supplements, according to the study.
There was an even larger reduction in fractures — about 30 percent — among elderly people living in institutions who were taking vitamin D, said study researcher Mei Chung, a nutritional epidemiologist and assistant director of the evidence-based-practice center at Tufts Medical Center.
Chung's analysis was requested by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and was the only study the group requested be done in advance of their draft statement on recommendations for vitamin D intake, set to be issued in January, she said.
As to the studies examining the vitamin's role in cancer prevention, "We just don't have good enough information," Chung said, and factors such as how much vitamin D people were getting in their diets, and how much sun exposure they got were not well-controlled in the previous studies she reviewed for her analysis.
The results of the new study are published online today (Dec. 19) in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine.
Vitamin D in the body
Vitamin D is present in very few foods, though some foods are fortified with it, according to the National institutes of Health. Fish such as salmon and tuna and egg yolks are good sources of it. It's also synthesized by the skin when we're exposed to ultraviolet rays in sunlight.
Research has shown that vitamin D is involved with the depositing of mineral in bone, Chung said, but its potential role in cancer is less clear. Some research has suggested it may promote cell division and other processes that may lead to cancer, but other work has shown it may have the opposite effect, she said. The vitamin's effects may vary across different parts of the body — it could promote some cancers, but inhibit the development of others.
Chung's analysis included 19 studies examining the effects of vitamin D on bone fractures, and 28 studies of its effects on cancer.
In terms of reducing fractures, vitamin D only reduced the risk when taken in conjunction with calcium, the study showed. The benefit was seen among people taking from 300 International Units (IU) to 1,100 IU daily, according to the study.
The studies she examined conflicted in their findings about whether vitamin D might prevent cancer, Chung said. Three of the studies were prospective randomized controlled trials — considered the strongest type of scientific evidence, in which participants are divided into two groups at the study's start and asked to either take vitamin D or a placebo — and these studies suggested that high doses of vitamin D (1,000 IU a day) may reduce cancer.
However, the levels of vitamin D in the blood of participants in those studies were not measured, Chung said, and without such measurements, conclusions cannot be drawn. Some people in the placebo group may have in fact been taking vitamin D supplements, perhaps as part of a multivitamin, and study participants could vary greatly in terms of the levels of vitamin D in their diets, and their sun exposure.
Some of the prospective, observational studies Chung analyzed — in which researchers did measure blood levels of vitamin D, and tracked those levels with cancer cases — suggested that people with higher levels may have a lower risk of colorectal cancer, but the data for breast cancer and prostate cancer were mixed, and higher vitamin D levels brought an increased risk of having any type of cancer in general. Therefore, a general conclusion about vitamin D and cancer risk could not be made, she said.
More studies needed
To better determine whether vitamin D lowers cancer risk, controlled trials are needed in which participants' blood levels are measured, and other data on diet and supplements are collected, Chung said.
Taking vitamin D along with calcium has been associated with an increased risk of kidney stones, she noted.
In the body, almost every organ has receptors for the active form of vitamin D found in our blood, Chung said, which is known to affect many cellular processes. Better understanding of the vitamin's role in all such processes would be helpful in assessing the vitamin's potential in preventing diseases, she said.
This story was provided by MyHealthNewsDaily, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @MyHealth_MHND. Find us on Facebook.
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text:
We invite you to ask a specific question about OFRI or its educational programs by emailing us at email@example.com.
Board of Directors (Effective January 1, 2024)
OFRI is governed by a board of directors made up of 11 voting members appointed by the state forester, plus two non-voting members.
Voting board members include nine representatives of timber producer classes, with three each from small (Class 1), medium (Class 2) and large (Class 3) producers; one member representing small woodland owners; and one representative for forest industry employees.
Non-voting members required by statute include the dean of the Oregon State University College of Forestry and a public member appointed jointly by the president of the Oregon Senate and the speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives.
An Oregon Department of Forestry liaison assists the board.
Board members appointed by the state forester serve three-year terms and represent the following timber producer classes:
- Class 1: producers of 20 million board feet per year or less
- Class 2: producers of at least 20 million per year, but less than 100 million board feet
- Class 3: producers of 100 million board feet per year or more
- Small woodland owners: forest landowners who own between 100 and 2,000 acres of forestland and who have no direct financial interest in any forest products processing activity


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Some recorded documents require approvals and payments to other county offices prior to recording. Documents such as deeds require conveyance and transfer fees. For more information on what is required for different documents you may check with the Auditor's office. It might be beneficial to check with the Engineer's office to determine if the document you want recorded requires their information.


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Il New York Times chiede scusa per gli articoli apparsi sul giornale riguardo le armi di distruzione di massa e risultati non veritieri
The Times and Iraq
Published: May 26, 2004
ver the last year this newspaper has shone the bright light of hindsight on decisions that led the United States into Iraq. We have examined the failings of American and allied intelligence, especially on the issue of Iraq's weapons and possible Iraqi connections to international terrorists. We have studied the allegations of official gullibility and hype. It is past time we turned the same light on ourselves.
In doing so — reviewing hundreds of articles written during the prelude to war and into the early stages of the occupation — we found an enormous amount of journalism that we are proud of. In most cases, what we reported was an accurate reflection of the state of our knowledge at the time, much of it painstakingly extracted from intelligence agencies that were themselves dependent on sketchy information. And where those articles included incomplete information or pointed in a wrong direction, they were later overtaken by more and stronger information. That is how news coverage normally unfolds.
But we have found a number of instances of coverage that was not as rigorous as it should have been. In some cases, information that was controversial then, and seems questionable now, was insufficiently qualified or allowed to stand unchallenged. Looking back, we wish we had been more aggressive in re-examining the claims as new evidence emerged — or failed to emerge.
The problematic articles varied in authorship and subject matter, but many shared a common feature. They depended at least in part on information from a circle of Iraqi informants, defectors and exiles bent on "regime change" in Iraq, people whose credibility has come under increasing public debate in recent weeks. (The most prominent of the anti-Saddam campaigners, Ahmad Chalabi, has been named as an occasional source in Times articles since at least 1991, and has introduced reporters to other exiles. He became a favorite of hard-liners within the Bush administration and a paid broker of information from Iraqi exiles, until his payments were cut off last week.) Complicating matters for journalists, the accounts of these exiles were often eagerly confirmed by United States officials convinced of the need to intervene in Iraq. Administration officials now acknowledge that they sometimes fell for misinformation from these exile sources. So did many news organizations — in particular, this one.
Some critics of our coverage during that time have focused blame on individual reporters. Our examination, however, indicates that the problem was more complicated. Editors at several levels who should have been challenging reporters and pressing for more skepticism were perhaps too intent on rushing scoops into the paper. Accounts of Iraqi defectors were not always weighed against their strong desire to have Saddam Hussein ousted. Articles based on dire claims about Iraq tended to get prominent display, while follow-up articles that called the original ones into question were sometimes buried. In some cases, there was no follow-up at all.
On Oct. 26 and Nov. 8, 2001, for example, Page 1 articles cited Iraqi defectors who described a secret Iraqi camp where Islamic terrorists were trained and biological weapons produced. These accounts have never been independently verified.
On Dec. 20, 2001, another front-page article began, "An Iraqi defector who described himself as a civil engineer said he personally worked on renovations of secret facilities for biological, chemical and nuclear weapons in underground wells, private villas and under the Saddam Hussein Hospital in Baghdad as recently as a year ago." Knight Ridder Newspapers reported last week that American officials took that defector — his name is Adnan Ihsan Saeed al-Haideri — to Iraq earlier this year to point out the sites where he claimed to have worked, and that the officials failed to find evidence of their use for weapons programs. It is still possible that chemical or biological weapons will be unearthed in Iraq, but in this case it looks as if we, along with the administration, were taken in. And until now we have not reported that to our readers.
On Sept. 8, 2002, the lead article of the paper was headlined "U.S. Says Hussein Intensified Quest for A-Bomb Parts." That report concerned the aluminum tubes that the administration advertised insistently as components for the manufacture of nuclear weapons fuel. The claim came not from defectors but from the best American intelligence sources available at the time. Still, it should have been presented more cautiously. There were hints that the usefulness of the tubes in making nuclear fuel was not a sure thing, but the hints were buried deep, 1,700 words into a 3,600-word article. Administration officials were allowed to hold forth at length on why this evidence of Iraq's nuclear intentions demanded that Saddam Hussein be dislodged from power: "The first sign of a `smoking gun,' they argue, may be a mushroom cloud."
Five days later, The Times reporters learned that the tubes were in fact a subject of debate among intelligence agencies. The misgivings appeared deep in an article on Page A13, under a headline that gave no inkling that we were revising our earlier view ("White House Lists Iraq Steps to Build Banned Weapons"). The Times gave voice to skeptics of the tubes on Jan. 9, when the key piece of evidence was challenged by the International Atomic Energy Agency. That challenge was reported on Page A10; it might well have belonged on Page A1.
On April 21, 2003, as American weapons-hunters followed American troops into Iraq, another front-page article declared, "Illicit Arms Kept Till Eve of War, an Iraqi Scientist Is Said to Assert." It began this way: "A scientist who claims to have worked in Iraq's chemical weapons program for more than a decade has told an American military team that Iraq destroyed chemical weapons and biological warfare equipment only days before the war began, members of the team said."
The informant also claimed that Iraq had sent unconventional weapons to Syria and had been cooperating with Al Qaeda — two claims that were then, and remain, highly controversial. But the tone of the article suggested that this Iraqi "scientist" — who in a later article described himself as an official of military intelligence — had provided the justification the Americans had been seeking for the invasion.
The Times never followed up on the veracity of this source or the attempts to verify his claims.
A sample of the coverage, including the articles mentioned here, is online at nytimes.com/critique. Readers will also find there a detailed discussion written for The New York Review of Books last month by Michael Gordon, military affairs correspondent of The Times, about the aluminum tubes report. Responding to the review's critique of Iraq coverage, his statement could serve as a primer on the complexities of such intelligence reporting.
We consider the story of Iraq's weapons, and of the pattern of misinformation, to be unfinished business. And we fully intend to continue aggressive reporting aimed at setting the record straight.


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Back in October, Olly Cromwell sent what he thought was a pair of throwaway tweets. Half a year later, Cromwell faces up to six months in prison for those Twitter remarks.
Cromwell, real name John Graham Kerlen, was found guilty on Friday of sending what the law calls "grossly offensive" and "menacing" communications on Twitter to a council member in Bexley, a suburb of London.
The tweets in question use the c-word, yet Kerlen claims the saga is about more than using that word in a tweet—rather, he says it's a "politically motivated prosecution" related to his citizen journalism efforts.
In October, Kerlen tweeted a photo of a home alleged to be that of Bexley Councillor Melvin Seymour, along with the text: "Which c— lives in a house like this. Answers on a postcard to #bexleycouncil. (ignore my reflection)"
This was followed by another tweet reading, "It's silly posting a picture of a house on Twitter without an address, that will come later. Please feel free to post actual shit."
In that second tweet, Kerlen was urging his followers to send "dog feces" to his mailbox, claimed the victim, Seymour—though he admitted that he had not seen the tweet in question himself and he had not received any such packages.
This is the latest episode in a series of run ins with local authorities over Kerlen's amateur reporting. Kerlen's blog has accused Bexley Council of alleged corruption.
The combat began in at least March of 2011, when Kerlen was refused access to a council meeting after filming proceedings at a previous meeting. He was later banned from the meeting for six months.
He was arrested for the above tweets in October and charged with harassment and "incitement to commit criminal damage." The former charge was dropped at a pre-trial hearing in December, due to a lack of evidence, and instead Kerlen was charged with "grossly offensive malicious communications."
At that point, he was given a restraining order, which among other things ordered him "not to own, operate or write on a website or social media any criticisms of Bexley Council" or "not to write directly or indirectly about Bexley Councillors on any site."
Kerlen claims, "these are all elected representatives that means the state is restricting my access to the democratic process." Kerlen says his free speech has been limited for seven months as a result of his bail conditions.
Kerlen's conviction gained attention on Friday, when blogger Max Farquar wrote about it. Among the high-profile U.K. Twitter users weighing in with criticism of Kerlen's conviction are Stephen Fry, actor Simon Pegg, and comedy writer Graham Linehan.
Chris Mills, a councillor in Petersfield, Hampshire, supported Kerlen's right to freedom of speech.
"I am an elected councillor. As long as I'm not being harassed, residents can call me names if they want. #FreeTheBexleyOne," he wrote.
Kerlen weighed on with his own post on the matter Sunday, where he wrote,
"At the end of October I was arrested for nonviolent harassment and was subsequently found not guilty because the prosecution could not find evidence that I was guilty. I was placed under bail conditions that severely restricted my freedom of speech before that trial and I am still under those bail conditions."
"I was found guilty of sending said communication, and the judge in her ruling (paraphrasing) that she found the wording of my tweet grossly offensive and menacing. So yes I was convicted of using the word c— and I was convicted for a throwaway remark on Twitter."
This wasn't the first time Kerlen had used the offending word to describe an elected official. In a post from last April, he noted that a member of parliament had told him off in person for "calling another MP a c— one night on Twitter."
Under Section 127 of the Communications Act 2003, under which Kerlen was found guilty, he faces up to six months in prison. He's scheduled to be sentenced on May 9.
Despite facing up to half a year in prison, Kerlen is unrepentant in his mission to hold Bexley Council accountable for alleged corruption.
"Would I do it all again? You bet your fucking arse I would."
Photo via Twitter


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David Friedman has recently refuted some fantastic claims on behalf of Murray Rothbard. (See also Friedman on Rothbard's willingness to advocate lying.)
For me, two names pop to mind - Israel Kirzner and Ludwig Lachmann. I don't think of Murray Rothbard as somebody that academics need pay any attention to, other than historians studying the American right during the second half of the twentieth century. I think one can draw many analytical parallels between Lachmann and Robinson's views on capital. I'm also interested, with Lachmann, in G. L. S. Shackle, a Post Keynesian economist. I don't find Kirzner's views on entrepreneurship as of as much interest. I like Kirzner better on the history of the Austrian school and in his attempts to differentiate Mises from Robbins in their views on methodology. What did Rothbard contribute, other than political polemics and rants for 'zines read by only a handful of true believers? I know some will cite his books. But I don't find much in Man, Economy, and State other than repetition of Mises, including Mises' unwillingness or inability to accurately state the views of his contemporaries.
Although I am quite aware of the difficulties of this metric, I looked to see who among these three managed to publish, after the Austrian-school revival, in economic journals I find of interest and that cannot be perceived as a ghetto for the Austrian school. I have handy what purports to be a complete bibliography for Lachmann, a couple of Kirzner collections, and google searches for Rothbard. I think impressive Lachmann's 1976 survey in the Journal of Economic Literature. I expected to find Kirzner had more impressive outlets for a few of his papers. Since I note that Kirzner contributed the survey article on the Austrian school for the first edition of The New Palgrave, I suppose I should also note his New Palgrave articles on "Economic harmony" and (with Roger Garrison) on Hayek, as well as Murray Rothbard's New Plagrave articles on "Catallactics", "Frank Fetter", "Imputation", Mises, and "Time Preference". I'm not sure this evidence leads to my conclusion.
- Edwin G. Dolan (editor) (1976). The Foundations of Modern Austrian Economics, Sheed and Ward.
- Israel Kirzner (). "Entrepreneurship, Entitlement, and Economic Justice", Eastern Economic Journal.
- Israel Kirzner (). "Menger, Classical Liberalism, and the Austrian School of Economics", History of Political Economy.
- Israel Kirzner (1987). "The Austrian School of Economics", in The New Palgrave: Dictionary of Economics (Ed. by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and Peter Newman), Macmillan.
- Hansjörg Klausinger (2006). "'In the Wilderness': Emigration and the Decline of the Austrian School", History of Political Economy, V. 38, N. 4: 617-664.
- Ludwig Lachman (Mar. 1976) "From Mises to Shackle: An Essay on Austrian Economics and the Kaleidic Society", Journal of Economic Literature: 54-62.
- Ludwig Lachmann (1980). "Review of Hayek's Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Vol. III", Journal of Economic Literature, V. 18: 1079-1080.
- Louis M. Spadaro (1978).New Directions in Austrian Economics, Sheed Andrews and McMeel.


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Members of the SIFE team
Exeter entrepreneurial students impress SIFE UK
The University of Exeter's Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) team has successfully competed in the regional competition and been selected to take part in the opening round of the 2012 SIFE UK National Competition.
SIFE Exeter operates across all three University campuses and, set up less than a year ago, has already got 119 members working on 11 community and commercial projects. The three campuses are working together to make a positive difference in their local communities of Devon and Cornwall; at the same as harnessing students' entrepreneurial and volunteering spirit and improving their employability skills. Some of the projects that Exeter SIFE students are working on include empowering homeless people and helping them develop skills for living an improved life, and generating biodiesel from waste vegetable oil to use in Student Union vehicles to reduce environmental impact and generate a cash flow to finance future social enterprise projects.
The team has raised more than £6,000 in their first six months and received grants from the University Annual Fund, Wilkinson, Centrica and Enterprise Rent-A-Car who commended the team's work and achievements in bringing together students and their immediate communities.
Laura Bonner, SIFE University Advisor at the Exeter Campuses, said: "During the regional competition, we felt so proud of the SIFE Exeter team. It's fantastic news for them to be competing in the opening round of the National finals and a great achievement for such a young team. They are highly motivated and talented, and have the enterprising attitudes that we are keen for all our students to develop. They set themselves tough challenges and are working really hard to achieve them. We are thrilled with their progress so far."
SIFE University Advisers at the Cornwall Campus, Professor Alan Booth and Antonia Coppen have been stanch supporters of the cross campus collaboration. Alan Booth said: "This is an outstanding example of teamwork and cooperation across the campuses. The Exeter team really caught the imagination of the assessors at the regional competition. Their annual report won plaudits for its ability to transmit key information with clarity and impact and their presentation belied the difficulties of co-ordinating two separate groups that are one hundred miles apart. The mix of student cultures - business studies from Streatham, and humanities, life sciences and renewable energy from Cornwall - gave our team a range and freshness in their projects and presentation that will set them apart in the national competition. We have high expectations of them for this, their first year at the SIFE Nationals. But next year, with this very positive experience behind them, who knows?"
The national competition takes place on the 18 and 19 April and will involve the SIFE Exeter team having to deliver a presentation which outlines their achievements to a panel of leading business people and graduate recruiters.
Paul Blackmore, Head of Employability and Graduate Development said "SIFE is a great initiative that helps support extremely worthy social causes whilst enabling students to develop key employability skills, commercial awareness and ultimately enhance their career prospects. It is also a popular and well established global organisation well-respected by all major employers and subsequently engages extremely talented students. It is therefore an even more remarkable achievement for our students to be selected to progress from the regional heats into the national stages of the competition in its first year of operation at Exeter!"
Rishit Radia, SIFE Exeter co-president said "I wanted to take this opportunity, to work with a group and create something big; something that would change the world's view of social entrepreneurs. The SIFE platform was the best route for this. SIFE has incorporated a proper structure to help students make a change. It also, at the same time, gives students a chance to develop skills to become socially responsible business leaders. It is a great platform to turn something you are really passionate about into an actual project."
Jess Drew, SIFE Exeter co-president concluded "I'm so proud of our team for what we have all achieved this year - and getting to the national competition is so exciting and a huge achievement! Rishit and I attended the nationals as observers last year and it really showed us what an amazing and unique thing it is to be part of a SIFE team at university. This year we can't wait to be competing there - the atmosphere is electric and it is fantastic to see what students alone can achieve in their communities! A brilliant end to a brilliant year."
Date: 11 April 2012


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Republican presidential hopeful Newt Gingrich is rising in the polls, but Rick Perry is back in the spotlight after some proposals he made in Iowa yesterday. The Texas governor wants Congress to take a 50 percent pay cut, as part of a sweeping plan to overhaul the government.
NPR's Scott Horsley reports.
SCOTT HORSLEY, BYLINE: Speaking at a factory in Bettendorf, Iowa, Texas Governor Rick Perry likened the federal government to a rundown house, with crumbling walls, faulty wiring and a leaky roof. Washington needs more than a new coat of paint, he said. It needs to be rebuilt from the ground up.
GOVERNOR RICK PERRY: Americans know that there is a season for everything under the sun. And this is the season for tearing down and rebuilding again, for uprooting the broken branches of government in Washington.
HORSLEY: Perry's overhaul plan covers all three branches of the government, beginning with the federal courts. He'd do away with lifetime appointments, so judges, including those on the Supreme Court, would serve for a maximum of 18 years.
PERRY: Too many federal judges rule with impunity from the bench, and those who legislate from the bench shouldn't be entitled to a lifetime appointment to the judiciary.
HORSLEY: Never mind that ending lifetime tenure would require an amendment to the constitution. In the executive branch, Perry wants to eliminate whole departments, re-privatize airport security workers, and roll back regulations that he says cost jobs. The bulk of Perry's plan to rebuild Washington is aimed at Congress. He wants to re-shape the legislature as a part-time body. Law makers would be paid only half as much, in hopes they'd spend less time in Washington.
PERRY: Congress is out of touch, because Congressmen are overpaid, they're over-staffed, and they're away from home way too much. America has had enough of that.
HORSLEY: Legislative expert Norm Ornstein, of the conservative American Enterprise Institute, agrees that Congress is broken. But he doesn't think Perry has the right fix.
NORM ORNSTEIN: The big problem is that members of Congress aren't spending enough time in Washington. And this current House has the smallest number of days in session in modern memory, and they've pretty much pushed a lot of urgent matters, including many of these budgetary matters, off the table.
HORSLEY: Ornstein warns that a weaker, part-time Congress would leave a vacuum, that's sure to be filled by a more powerful President or by lobbyists. Still, with Perry's poll numbers in Iowa sliding into the single digits, Ornstein says it's no wonder the Texas governor - and for that matter President Obama - are taking aim at Congress.
ORNSTEIN: Looking at one of the cable television networks, they had a crawl over the bottom of the screen: CBS News New York Times Poll: Communism more popular than Congress. Anything that kicks at them more, that talks about cutting their pay, punishing them, moving them away from anything close to decision-making, is going to be popular out there.
HORSLEY: Perry also won applause, yesterday, for his promise to cut federal spending and balance the budget. Other Republicans have made similar pledges. Mitt Romney, for example, would cap federal spending at 20 percent of the overall economy. But Perry wants to go further.
PERRY: I want to bring spending down to 18 percent of our gross domestic product. That is the average. That's the average that we've had for the last 50 years in this country.
HORSLEY: Actually, that's the average of tax collections for the last 50 years. The average federal spending during that period has topped 20 percent. That might sound like a small difference. But budget expert Stan Collender says whittling federal spending down to 18 percent of GDP would require hundreds of billions of dollars a year in additional cuts.
STAN COLLENDER: We haven't been at 18 percent for a long time, and the likelihood of getting there is extremely, extremely small, without incredible political changes in the United States. It makes for a good slogan in a political campaign. It makes for terrible governing.
HORSLEY: After a series of disappointing debate performances, though, Perry may need more than a good slogan to revive his sputtering campaign.
Scott Horsley, NPR News.
MONTAGNE: You're listening to MORNING EDITION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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World Bank Opens Access to Data
As part of a strategic effort to respond to demand from developing countries for greater participation and transparency, the World Bank, at it's Spring meeting, resolved to make formerly subscription data available free of charge. This is great news for researchers around the globe including at Villanova University!
The savings realized on our subscription to World Development Indicators can be applied to other resources. Additionally we will now have access to Global Development Finance, African Development Indicators via WorldDatabank and Global Economic Monitor statistics. The World Bank will shortly be announcing incentives for the creation of open source applications and mashups (such as Geo.Worldbank.org) based on these datasets. Books, working papers and journal articles published by the World Bank are sadly not included in this change to open access but are discoverable via the library catalog or indices such as EconLit.
Both free and subscription statistical resources likely to be used by economists are listed on the Economics Subject Guide on Falvey Memorial Library.
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Timothy Spangler advises on the structuring and operation of a wide variety of investment funds, including hedge funds, private equity funds, venture capital funds, mezzanine funds, film funds and funds of funds. He has experience forming and structuring funds in numerous jurisdictions, including the United States, the United Kingdom, the Cayman Islands, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Bermuda, Mauritius, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany and Ireland. He also advises regularly on the ongoing compliance obligations of investment management firms under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and the U.K. Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.
Mr. Spangler is the author of The Law of Private Investment Funds (Oxford University Press 2008) and the editor of Investment Management: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press 2010). He is a member of the Private Investment Fund Committee of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York.


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The tree species that produced amber are now extinct. They included cedars and other conifers and broadleaved trees. The most famous source of the world's amber is the Baltic coast of Germany. Amber is also found off the coasts of Sicily and England and in Lebanon and Jordan and Myanmar (Burma). In the Western Hemisphere, there are rich deposits in the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the state of New Jersey.
Amber is of interest both for its decorative value and for the ancient, once-living inclusions that it preserves. Capable of being highly polished, it is the oldest decorative substance known. It was familiar to Paleolithic peoples and to the Greeks and Romans, who used it extensively in jewelry. Pliny recounts several instances of its artistic uses. Amber is used in the manufacture of beads, amulets, mouthpieces, cigar and cigarette holders, pipes, and other small ornamental objects.
When rubbed with a cloth, amber becomes charged with static electricity; Thales was familiar with its electrical properties. When destructively distilled, amber yields acetic, butyric, valeric, and other acids; water; and hydrocarbons. Baltic amber also contains succinic acid and is often called succinite. An essential oil (amber oil) is obtained from amber.
Leaves, flowers, insects, and small animals are frequently found in amber. Older fossils trapped in this way often represent the sole specimen of an extinct species. The oldest known fossils of arthropods (see Arthropoda) are entombed in amber that dates from the Triassic period (230 million years ago). Especially rich beds of amber in Lebanon and New Jersey have yielded many Cretaceous species dating back as much as 135 million years. Because of amber's preservative qualities, the DNA of the specimens trapped inside is intact, affording scientists a unique opportunity to study the DNA of extinct species.
See D. Grimaldi,
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2024, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Mineralogy and Crystallography


text: You probably don't give much thought to your backpack. It gets used, it gets abused, and it gets shoved in the bottom of your locker or the corner of your room. But can your backpack abuse you? The answer is yes. When a backpack isn't used properly, it can cause back problems or even injury. Backpacks Are Best Backpacks can't be beat for helping you to stay organized. Multiple compartments keep all your supplies and notes close at hand. Backpacks are a better option than shoulder or messenger bags for carrying books and supplies. That's because the weight of the pack is evenly distributed across your body. The strongest muscles in the body — the back and the abdominal muscles — support the pack. But backpacks that are overloaded or not used properly can make for some heavy health problems. How Can Backpacks Cause Problems? Your spine is made of 33 bones called vertebrae. Between the vertebrae are disks that act as natural shock absorbers. When you put a heavy weight on your shoulders in the wrong way, the weight's force can pull you backward. To compensate, you may bend forward at the hips or arch your back. This can cause your spine to compress unnaturally. People who carry heavy backpacks sometimes lean forward. Over time this can cause the shoulders to become rounded and the upper back to become curved. Because of the heavy weight, there's a chance of developing shoulder, neck, and back pain. If you wear your backpack over just one shoulder, or carry your books in a messenger bag, you may end up leaning to one side to offset the extra weight. You might develop lower and upper back pain and strain your shoulders and neck. Not using a backpack properly can lead to bad posture. Is your backpack getting on your nerves? It might be. Tight, narrow straps that dig into your shoulders can pinch nerves and interfere with circulation, and you might develop tingling, numbness, and weakness in your arms and hands. Carrying a heavy pack increases the risk of falling, particularly on stairs or other places where the backpack puts the wearer off balance. People who carry large packs often aren't aware of how much space the packs take up and can hit others with their packs when turning around or moving through tight spaces, such as the aisles of the school bus. Students also can be injured when they trip over large packs or the packs fall on them. Is My Backpack a Problem? You may need to put less in your pack or carry it differently if: you have to struggle to get your backpack on or off you have to lean forward to carry your pack you have back pain If you adjust the weight or the way you carry your pack but still have back pain or numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, talk to your doctor. Tips for Choosing and Using Backpacks Here are a few tips that will help make your backpack work for you, not against you: Consider the construction. Before you grab that new bag off the rack, make sure it's got two padded straps that go over your shoulders. The wider the straps, the better. A backpack with a metal frame like the ones hikers use may give you more support (although many lockers aren't big enough to hold this kind of pack). Make use of another hiking tip: Look for a backpack with a waist belt, which helps to distribute the weight more evenly across the body. Backpacks with multiple compartments can also help distribute the weight more evenly. Carry it well. Before you load your backpack, adjust the straps so the pack sits close to your back. If the pack bumps against your lower back or your butt when you walk, the straps are probably too long. Always pack your backpack with the heaviest items closest to your back. Don't drop all your stuff in the main compartment (using the side pockets will distribute the weight more evenly). Wear both straps over your shoulders. If your pack is really heavy and you can't get around the number of books you need, take some of the books out of your pack and carry them in your hands. Try a pack with wheels. Lots of kids use these as an alternative to backpacks, but there are guidelines and considerations to keep in mind with this kind of pack, too. Many schools don't allow rolling packs because people can trip over them in the halls. Use your locker. Try not to load up on the textbooks for a full day's classes. Make frequent locker trips to drop off heavy textbooks or extra stuff, like gym clothes or project materials. An added benefit is that you'll get more exercise going back and forth to your locker. Figure out the nonessentials, too. If you don't need an item until the afternoon, why carry it around all morning? Plan your homework. Plan ahead and spread your homework out over the course of the week so you won't have to tote all your books home on the weekend. Get two sets of books. If your school has extra copies of some of your books, ask if you can borrow them so you can keep a set at home. Limit your load. Doctors and physical therapists recommend that people carry no more than 10% to 15% of their body weight in their packs. This means that if you weigh 120 pounds, your backpack should weigh no more than 12 to 18 pounds. Choosing a lightweight backpack can get you off to a good start. Use your bathroom scale to weigh your backpack and get an idea of what the proper weight for you feels like. Pick it up properly. As with any heavy weight, you should bend at the knees when lifting a backpack to your shoulders. Strengthen your core. A great way to prevent back injury is to strengthen the stabilizing muscles of your torso, including your lower back and abdominal muscles. Weight training, pilates, and yoga are all activities that can be effective in strengthening these core muscles. Following these tips is the best way to avoid back pain and other problems. Back to Articles Related Articles Back to School Dread it or love it, you gotta go to school. Looking for ways to make the first day a little less painful? Here are some tips. Read More Bones, Muscles, and Joints Our bones, muscles, and joints form our musculoskeletal system and enable us to do everyday physical activities. Read More Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995-2021 KidsHealth®. All rights reserved. Images provided by The Nemours Foundation, iStock, Getty Images, Veer, Shutterstock, and Clipart.com.


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SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro announced yesterday that she would be stepping down from her role in December, marking the end of one of the most eventful four-year periods in the SEC's history.
When she assumed the Chairmanship of the SEC in January of 2009, the reputation of America's financial regulatory apparatus was at its nadir. For more than a decade, regulators had failed to react to a growing real estate bubble, the bursting of which precipitated the worst financial crisis the country had seen in generations. Then, in December 2008, Bernie Madoff was arrested and charged with criminal securities fraud related to a decades-old ponzi scheme that he had operated right under the noses of the SEC, the most powerful and prominent securities regulator in the country. Meanwhile, large financial institutions were being bailed out with taxpayer money because the regulatory system had failed to require those firms to hold enough rainy-day capital.
Schapiro, in other words, came to Washington needing to not only help guide the country through the financial crisis, but justify the SEC's very existence in light of its past failures.
Indeed, Schapiro's central victory as SEC Chair may be that she protected her organization's role in the regulatory process during the Dodd-Frank overhaul. The SEC's reputation was damaged by the Madoff affair in particular, given that whistleblowers had repeatedly warned the regulator about the ponzi scheme over several years before Madoff's machinations were finally exposed. As Huffington Post's Mark Gongloff writes:
"Before Schapiro took office, there was talk in Washington that maybe the SEC, which had completely failed to notice Bernie Madoff openly ripping people off for years, should be abolished. Schapiro helped end that talk by showing that the agency could occasionally still take stabs at setting rules and enforcing laws on Wall Street."
The SEC did emerge from the Dodd-Frank regulatory overhaul with its power mostly in tact. But if the successful waging of a regulatory turf war is one of Schapiro's primary successes, that's not much to write home about. After all, before Schapiro got the role of SEC chair, she was CEO of FINRA, the self-regulatory organization to which the SEC delegates much of its responsibility. FINRA and its predecessor organization, the NASD, did nothing to clamp down on the Madoff fraud during her years there. So the better question is whether Schapiro learned lessons from decades of failed regulation and was able to overhaul the culture that overlooked a $50 billion ponzi scheme.
(MORE: High-Frequency Trading: Wall Street's Doomsday Machine?)
The record here is mixed and difficult to evaluate. The SEC, anticipating her departure, recently released a list of Schapiro's accomplishments as Chairman. Among them are that the SEC brought a record number of enforcement actions — 735 in 2011 and 734 in 2012. In addition, the SEC says that it has brought 129 separate enforcement actions against individuals and entities whose actions directly led to the financial crisis, and that these fines totaled $2.6 billion.
Critics like Firedoglake's David Dayen argue that bringing a record number of regulatory actions following a financial crisis marked by so much fraud should be a matter of course, not an accomplishment. Dayen also criticizes the SEC's general approach to enforcement actions under Schapiro:
"In the aftermath of the financial crisis, which involved a high degree of securities fraud, no major executive or Wall Street figure has gone to jail for anything other than insider trading, mostly prosecuted out of the US Attorney's office in Manhattan. The SEC pioneered a settlement strategy on various bad securities deals where they would pick one deal rather than make a platform case about a general pattern of conduct by fraudulent Wall Street firms, and then settle on that individual deal, allowing the securities issuer to neither have to admit or deny wrongdoing. After that, the SEC would never go back to the bank, as if they all only did one bad deal during the financial crisis."
In Shapiro's defense, it's worth pointing out that the SEC doesn't have the power to prosecute criminal acts — that responsibility lies with the Justice Department. In addition, Schapiro has petitioned Congress to increase the maximum fines the regulator can impose on individuals and firms per violation, a move that would bolster the SEC's ability to deter future violations. If Congress were willing to increase the maximum fines the SEC can impose — and increase it's paltry $1.3 billion budget — the SEC would surely be more effective on the enforcement front.
(PHOTOS: The Recession in Pictures: America Copes with a Stagnant Economy)
One widely recognized success during Schapiro's tenure is the enforcement division's crack-down on insider trading. Schapiro and her enforcement chief Robert Khuzami had several high-profile successes on this front, including winning a $92.8 million fine in a case against Galleon hedge fund CEO Raj Rajaratnam. The parallel criminal investigation led to an 11-year prison sentence for Rajaratnam himself and to pleas or convictions for more than fifty other members of the conspiracy. Since 2009, the SEC has brought more insider trading cases than it did during any other three-year period in its history.
In addition to bolstering the SEC's enforcement mechanism, Schapiro oversaw one of the most rapid periods of evolution of the nation's financial markets in generations. The 2010 Dodd-Frank financial reform law gave the SEC and other regulators hundreds of new rules to implement, a process that was supposed to be finished more than a year and half ago, but that isn't even half complete. Whether Mary Schaprio is to blame for the plodding pace of implementation is up for debate. Lawmakers' expectations for rule making may have been too high given the complexity of the undertaking.
But Schapiro had one clear and high-profile failure when it came to implementing reform of the money market fund industry. The money market fund industry played a big role in the 2008 financial crisis when the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy triggered a run on these funds. In order to promote financial stability, Schapiro hoped to require money market funds either to hold more capital in reserve against losses, or for those funds to disclose their share prices like mutual funds, which would make it more clear to investors that money market funds are not guaranteed investments like bank deposits. But Schapiro couldn't muster the three commission votes necessary to move forward with reform, and the fight to fix the problem has since moved the the Financial Stability Oversight Council.
Another area where critics found Schapiro's performance lacking is high-frequency trading. The 2010 flash crash, the bungled Facebook IPO, and the Knight Capital Partners trading debacle earlier this year are all evidence of the risks posed by an increasingly fragmented market dominated by computerized traders. Schapiro has taken some measures to curb these risks, like the implementation of so-called circuit breakers, which halt trading on stocks showing movement that may be caused by glitches in high-frequency trading software. In addition, this summer Schapiro successfully implemented a rule requiring exchanges to establish a market-wide audit trail that will enable regulators to better monitor trading activity and understand the effects high-frequency trading is having on the market.
(VIDEO: TIME Explains: The Fiscal Cliff )
But there are still many unanswered questions regarding high-frequency trading like whether exchanges are giving unfair advantage to high-speed trading firms in order to garner their lucrative business; and whether having a highly fragmented stock market with many trading venues poses a systemic risk to the financial system. It may be too much to expect Schapiro to have dealt completely with this contentious issue in her one term as SEC Chair, but it is fair to say that much more needs to be done to regulate this new and growing force in the industry.
The most difficult part of judging any public official's legacy is seperating that which she is responsible for from that which is out of her control. Dodd-Frank implimentation has been painfully slow, weighing the economy down with regulatory uncertainty. But to what extent is this the fault of regulators and to what extent the fault of law makers and lobbyists who made the law needlessly convoluted? Can Mary Schapiro really be blamed for the fact that three of her fellow commissioners refused to vote for money market fund reform? These sorts of questions are unanswerable to anybody who wasn't in on every meeting, negotiation, and phone call of Schapiro's since 2009. But looking back on her record, despite her successes, one is struck by how much work there is left to do.


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The carts, by ordinance, may be placed for pickup no earlier than 6:00 pm on the day prior to your refuse pickup day. The cart must be removed by 8:00 pm on your scheduled pickup day.
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Beginning January 1, 2021 the charge will be $10 per stop for 10 or less items. Over 10 items it will be $20 per stop. Large item pickup is available and scheduled on your refuse collection day for residents with an active Cedar Falls refuse account. To schedule a pick-up, call the Public Works Department at (319) 273-8629 between 7 am–4 pm, Monday–Friday. The large items must be placed curbside after 8:00 pm the night before your scheduled collection. This service is limited to large items only and is not intended to be a service for garbage.
The 32 gallon cart rate is $9.46 per month; the 68 gallon cart rate is $17.86 per month and the 95 gallon cart rate is $27.84 per month. Please call (319)273-8629 if you would like to exchange your refuse cart. You can exchange the refuse cart for free once a year. If more than once a year their will be a $20 exchange fee. Carts will not be exchanged if they are dirty, smell bad, etc. It is the homeowner's responsibility to care for their refuse container. Homeowners can wash their containers and bag their garbage to help alleviate the smell in their carts.
The time limits, for leaving the carts out, are established by City Code. Letters are sent out to those citizens who do not comply with the code. Non-compliance with this code is a municipal infraction and a fine may be assessed. The letters from the Director of Public Works are used for the purpose of informing citizens of their non-compliance. Continued disregard of the code will incur a fine.
Clean trees do not have ornaments, tinsel, flocking, or attached tree stands. These are considered yard waste and may be brought to the transfer station on Mondays for a $.75 disposal fee. Or you may cut the tree into 4 feet lengths and attach a Cedar Falls Christmas tree tag to the tree. Cost of the tree tag is $1.25. Place the tree at curbside and call (319) 273-8629 for a Monday pickup. All plastic bags must be removed.
The automated cans should be placed at the usual collection location, however, be sure the can is not set out into the street.
Diabetic needles, syringes, and other medical sharps are very hazardous to garbage and recycling haulers as well as landfill workers.
Some healthcare providers offer sharps containers for individuals to take home and return when filled. Check with your healthcare provider or pharmacy for more information on disposing of medical sharps. Most do NOT accept medical sharps from businesses.
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To dispose of medical sharps in the landfill, place needles in hard plastic containers such as laundry detergent bottles (do not use milk jugs).


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Amy Prior with her take on this month's inspiration. If ever there was a Queen of backgrounds Amy is that special person. Her detail and colour combination is truly astonishing and this layout is no exception. We asked for backgrounds that stand out and this one fits that brief in spades!
Where you can find Amy -
Website is www.amyprior.com
Facebook is www.fb.com/amypriorcom
and here are some more examples of her work ...
Thank you for joining us this month Amy. We have loved having you inspire us.
Remember ....
You still have time until the end of the month to upload your own take on this challenge. All details are on the blog sidebar. We'd love to see what you can do with our inspiration this month.


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[what follows is taken entirely from the Rule of St. Benedict and from the Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, respectively]
Saturday, July 2, 2011
To be "humble of heart", The 12 degrees of humility according to St. Benedict and St. Thomas Aquinas
[what follows is taken entirely from the Rule of St. Benedict and from the Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, respectively]
13 comments:
- Phil Friedl said...
Saint Bernard goes into the twelve degrees of humility I believe as well.
Saint Bernard The Twelve Degrees Of Humility And Pride By Barton Mills M.A.
http://www.amazon.com/Saint-Bernard-Twelve-Degrees-Humility/dp/1456342355/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1309612463&sr=8-1-fkmr0 - July 2, 2011 at 6:16 AM
It should be of note that St. Thomas' citations are in the opposite order, so when he cites the twelfth degree he is referring to the first degree, the eleventh the second, etc. According to this (fantastic) article anyway.
- July 2, 2011 at 10:10 AM
I even have further to go than I thought and am in worse shape that I realized. God reward you for posting this, Father Reginaldus! What a grace from Our Lady!
Blessed feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary to you!
Veronica - July 2, 2011 at 10:16 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Carter Lowman,
Yes! You are correct ... when I posted St. Thomas' article, I failed to include the citation (in the Benz. Bro. edition) of the fact that the degrees are in reverse order in the Summa.
Thanks for pointing that out more explicitly! - July 2, 2011 at 10:35 AM
- Reverend Mother said...
As someone said "the way to humility is paved with humiliations". God loves those who take humiliations as part of the human condition, and who don't try to fight it when they are humiliated. They gravitate toward the lowliest of others, and do not try to glorify themselves. However, they know who they are, and so to tell the truth about themselves is not wrong. Humility make us aware of the vast grandeur of God. We can only understand it a little at a time, because we are so limited. The humble accept humiliation because all that comes from his brothers comes from God in a way, especially if the result is to make the humble truly humble.
- July 2, 2011 at 3:37 PM
- Chatto said...
Did anyone else read degrees 3 & 4 (in the Rule) and think of a certain famous now-ex-priest who could do with reading this article, as well?
- July 2, 2011 at 3:56 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
St. Escriva' -- "You're not humble when you humble yourself, but when you are humbled by others and you bear it for Christ." (The Way, 594)
@Chatto ... quite right ... and I would do much worse than he, but for God's grace.
Peace! + - July 2, 2011 at 4:32 PM
- Magnus said...
Phil Friedl said...
Saint Bernard goes into the twelve degrees of humility I believe as well.
That's because St. Bernard, as a Cistercian, followed the Rule of St. Benedict. His treatise was meant as an extrapolation of the twelve in the RB - July 2, 2011 at 7:54 PM
- Diane Korzeniewski said...
This was very good.
- July 4, 2011 at 6:08 AM
- christicrux said...
Here's something that has helped my growth in humility:
~Walt near Scranton - July 4, 2011 at 9:45 AM
- gsk said...
Am I the only one who struggles with the part about mirth and laughter? We have a reasonably large family, and there's a lot of both most times. There's the usual kid silliness, but also the effort not to take ourselves too seriously, which is the cause of much good cheer. I think the kids are far more drawn to the love of God in this way than by uber-seriousness, thus I struggle as an Oblate in how to mix a joy-filled home with Benedict's admonitions about laughter.
- July 10, 2011 at 7:46 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Many of the 13th century Benedictine's questioned St. Dominic and his followers for being too given to laughter.
In this regard, I think we can see that there is room for diversity within the Church.
Laughter and mirth in true joy over God's grace, mixed with tear and sorrow in true contrition for sin.
Certainly, St. Albert the Great was a man filled with good cheer!
St. Thomas Aquinas, on the other hand, seems to have been a bit more serious.
Children are certainly a great help in learning to delight in the goodness of creation -- since they delight in the simple goods.
Peace! + - July 10, 2011 at 9:13 PM
- Jeanie said...
Thank you for sharing.
- July 25, 2016 at 3:14 PM
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Two Step
Kicked out of college, James visits Grams, his only remaining family, who dies shortly after his arrival. He finds consolation in the company of Grams' neighbor, Dot, a dance teacher, as he figures out his next move. While settling Grams' affairs, James learns she's been the victim of the "grandparent scam" in which someone posing as James has been slowly bilking her out of thousands. But before James can go looking for the culprit, he shows up at the front door, desperate for money. The culprit, Webb, has his own problems in the form of Duane, who has ordered Webb to pay an old debt or else. And if Webb can't get it from Grams, James will have to do - no matter who stands in his way.
Director: Alex R. Johnson
Producer: Paul Biedrzycki, Pat Cassidy, Charles Mulford
Screenwriter: Alex R. Johnson
Cinematographer: Andy Lilien
Editor: Benjamin Moses Smith
Production Designer: Claire White
Sound Designer: Chris Terhune
Music: Andrew Kenny
Additional Credits: Digital Intermediate Colorist: Sean Dunckley, Opening Title Sequence: Teddy Blanks, Post Supervisor: Mishka Brown
Principal Cast: Beth Broderick, James Landry Hébert, Skyy Moore, Jason Douglas, Ashley Rae Spillers, Barry Tubb, Brady Coleman, Jesse Dayton, Dale Watson, Laurie Gallardo
Director Bio
Johnson is an Austin, TX based filmmaker. He's had screenplays in both The Hamptons International Film Festival Screenwriter's Lab as well as IFP's Emerging Narrative Program. Having directed narrative shorts ("Pickup and Return," "Thanksgiving") and music videos (The Wooden Birds and Goldmund), "Two Step" is his feature length debut.
Public Film Contact
Paul Biedrzycki


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HASSALL, THOMAS, Chipewyan interpreter, guide, Methodist lay preacher, and teacher; b. c. 1811; m. 13 Feb. 1841 Elizabeth —,and they had a number of children; d. 11 Sept. 1844.
In 1823, at Fort Churchill (Churchill, Man.), the Reverend John West persuaded the subject's father, a hunter, to send the boy to the Red River settlement (Man.) to be educated by David Thomas Jones at the Anglican mission. He attended the mission school for eight years; on 24 June 1827 he was baptized by Jones and named after Thomas Hassall of Lampeter, Wales, who had recommended Jones for a missionary posting. In 1831 young Thomas entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Two years later he was engaged as interpreter for the Arctic expedition of Commander George Back*. Hassall travelled with the expedition as far as Lake Athabasca, where Back reported that "being unaccustomed to speak his native tongue, he was not altogether adapted for the first introduction of a party amongst the Indians." Hassall remained at Fort Resolution (N.W.T.) and Fort Reliance and rejoined the expedition in the spring of 1834 for its return to Norway House (Man.).
Hassall remained with the HBC until the coming of Methodist missionaries to the northwest in 1840. Robert Terrill Rundle* arrived at Norway House in June of that year and James Evans followed in August. Hassall immediately associated himself with the new mission. On 20 August he was chosen to be a witness at the marriage of Benjamin and Margaret Sinclair, and in September 1841 the Hassalls' daughter, Margaret, was baptized by Evans at Cumberland House (Sask.). Evans made Hassall the interpreter and schoolmaster at Norway House, and as a result of his care the school was "in a prosperous state," Evans reported to the London Missionary Society in July 1844. "He is indeed an indefatigable and useful auxiliary to the Missionary, and deserves my highest commendation. His qualifications, piety, and unremitting labours and anxiety to promote the interests of the cause of God, and to instruct the natives, together with the fact that he speaks English well, French tolerably well, Cree fluently, and Chippewayan, (not Ojibaway, but an entirely different language,) to which nation he belongs, and amongst whom he has been already very useful, – have induced me to grant him a licence as a Local Preacher in this Territory." Although it was not uncommon for natives to be made class leaders, few were licensed by the Methodists as lay preachers, in part because of a shortage of funds to pay them. Hassall was the only one so named in the northwest at the time; Henry Bird Steinhauer* and Benjamin Sinclair were licensed later.
On 1 Aug. 1844 Evans, Hassall, and three others left Norway House in an urgent effort to reach the Athabasca country before a Roman Catholic priest, Jean-Baptiste Thibault*, disturbed the loyalties Evans had established among the Indians. On 11 September, when they were within three days of Île-à-la-Crosse (Sask.), Evans was preparing to shoot some ducks from their canoe. "The piece went off and Alas! lodged its contents under poor Thomas' left shoulder. He looked around, sunk down, and was no more."
PABC, Add. mss 635. PAM, HBCA, D.5/12; E.4/1a: f.64. SOAS, Methodist Missionary Soc. Arch., Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Soc., corr., North America, Hudson's Bay territories, William Mason to secretaries, 20 Aug. 1844. UWOL, Regional Coll., James Evans papers, box 4734, items 115, 189–91, 213. George Back, Narrative of the Arctic land expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River, and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the years 1833, 1834, and 1835 (London, 1836), 56, 89, 281, 465. James Evans, "Extract of a letter from the Rev. James Evans, general superintendent of the Wesleyan missions in the Hudson's-Bay territories, dated July, 1844," Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, 68 (1845): 414. R. T. Rundle, The Rundle journals, 1840–1848, intro. and notes G. M. Hutchinson, ed. H. A. Dempsey (Calgary, 1977). Boon, Anglican Church. G. [M.] Hutchinson, "British Methodists and the Hudson's Bay Company, 1840–1854," Prairie spirit: perspectives on the heritage of the United Church of Canada in the west, ed. D. L. Butcher et al. (Winnipeg, 1985), 28–43. Nan Shipley, The James Evans story (Toronto, 1966).
© 1988–2024 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
Gerald M. Hutchinson, "HASSALL, THOMAS," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 7, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed February 25, 2024, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hassall_thomas_7E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
Permalink: | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hassall_thomas_7E.html |
Author of Article: | Gerald M. Hutchinson |
Title of Article: | HASSALL, THOMAS |
Publication Name: | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 7 |
Publisher: | University of Toronto/Université Laval |
Year of publication: | 1988 |
Year of revision: | 1988 |
Access Date: | February 25, 2024 |