text: Hello,This document has already been picked up by some Linux news sites, but it really belongs here. This is my list of new features since Linux 2.2, gathered by reading this list, playing with patches, and getting input from people. Parts of it are non-technical, but there is some good info here.I hope that someone out there finds this list useful.Joe--Wonderful World of Linux 2.4Joe Pranevich In the beginning, there was Linus and his 386. For reasons far too complicated to be discussed here, he decided not to use the commonly available operating system of the time and instead decided to write his own. Several years and many thousands of lines of code later, Linux 2.2was released. Linux 2.2 was a milestone in and of itself and I wrote an article about it, which I am quite happy with. Unfortunately for me however (and fortunately for the rest of the world), Linus and company continued to hack away at the Linux OS and the 2.4 release of the Linux kernel is nearing completion. This document describes some of the new features in Linux 2.4. Linux 2.4.0 was released without much fanfare on January 4^th, 2001. Although it has often been criticized for tardiness, the Linux kernel adheres to the Open Source philosophy of releasing code when it is ready. (Development snapshots have been made available weekly for interested parties.) As the kernel is generally only a small piece of a much larger Linux Operating System, the major distribution vendors will likely not be packaging it standard for several months yes. In this document, I have attempted to bring attention to areas where Linux 2.4 is not compatible with Linux 2.2. As this is a major release, the developers have taken this time to refine existing APIs (application programming interfaces) and other structures to make the system more cohesive. This process will almost definitely break any program that relies on an intimate knowledge of the kernel (such as the PPP daemon) but many other programs may be affected. One special item of note is that devfs, the Device Filesystem, will change the names of all device nodes on the system. (A compatibility layer for the old names has been provided.) It will be up to the individual distributions to determine whether or not to implement devfs and to what extent to patch the existing packages. If you would like to experiment with the Linux 2.4 kernel before it is released by a major distribution, please be sure to read the CHANGES document with the kernel and manually upgrade any necessary packages.Joe - firstname.lastname@example.com (Home) firstname.lastname@example.com (Work) < This work has absolutely nothing to do with Lycos, my employer. The views here are all mine and this article does not constitute an endorsement from Lycos or anything of the sort. Reproduction or translation of this article is fine, with permission. Email me. It's fun.> --The Many Flavors of Linux In terms of sheer volume of code, the Linux kernel is predominantly made up of drivers. In fact, the size of the Linux core has not increased much over the last several revisions. Some of these drivers are architecture independent, such as the IDE driver. That is, these drivers have been written to work on multiple platforms. Other drivers are dependent on a particular architecture. For example, the ADB (Apple Desktop Bus) mouse driver isn't really applicable on the i386 port and so isn't supported. Linux kernel developers strive to make drivers as general as possible, so as to allow a driver to be reused with relatively little effort on a different platform if a device becomes available. It is convenient to think of the Linux kernel as a single entity, but some features may vary from platform to platform. In order to narrow the scope a bit, this document will mostly stick to Intel hardware as that is the hardware that I use most often at home. While I won't go into the specifics of each individual port, it should be mentioned that Linux 2.4 adds support for three new architectures: ia64 (Itanium, the successor to i386), S/390 (an IBM mainframe), and SuperH (Windows CE hardware). Linux 2.4 also includes support for the newer 64-bit MIPS processors. Of course, some platforms will be more mature than others. In terms of Intel-like hardware, Linux 2.4 is very similar in support to Linux 2.2. All Intel chips since the 386 are still supported, up to the Pentium III. Unlike Linux 2.2 however, Linux 2.4 includes direct support for the newest Pentium IV processors. (Older processors will probably never be supported.) MMX and MMX2 are also supported. Optimizations have been added to speed up Linux on all processors, but especially on the newer processors, such as the Pentium III. Compatible chips, such as those produced by AMD and Cyrix, are also supported. Additionally, Linux 2.4 will include support for other hardware often present on newer chips including non-Intel varieties of the MTRRs/MCRs, which will improve performance on some high bandwidth devices. While Linux 2.2 included support for the IO-APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller) on multi-processor systems, Linux 2.4 will support these on uni-processor systems and also support machines with multiple IO-APICs. The support for multiple IO-APICs will allow Linux 2.4 to scale much better than previous incarnations of Linux on high-end hardware. As modern day processors continue to get more and more powerful, the Linux kernel needs to be able to keep up with developments. One additional feature of the 2.4 kernel is support for processors faster than 2 gigahertz. Although no such processors exist today, it is quite likely that processors this fast (or faster) will be available to general consumers within the next several years.Linux 2.4 and ia64 (Itanium) While not yet delivered to the starving masses, Intel's 64-bit replacement to the x86 line is almost here. While real hardware is not yet readily available, patches that include support for this chip and its successors have already been included in the mainstream kernel release. This porting process was no doubt simplified by Linux's existing support for 64-bit processors (including Compaq's Alpha chips and the Sun's Sparc64) which were already merged into the main Linux tree.Linux Internals Linux 2.2 was a major improvement over Linux 2.0 and the Linux 1.x series. It supported many new filesystems, a new system of file caching, and it was much more scalable. (If you want a list of features new to Linux 2.2, you can read my article about it.) Linux 2.4 builds on these things and more to be the best darned Linux kernel yet in a variety of situations. The Linux kernel is an assortment of modular components and subsystems including device drivers, protocols, and other component types. APIs, programming interfaces that provide a standard method by which the Linux kernel can be expanded, glues these to the core of the Linux kernel. Most of this document will focus on these components of the Linux OS as these are the components that seem to do the most work: drive your disks, read your files, and do all of the obvious and physical things. Linux 2.4 is however much more than just these components. These assorted drivers and APIs all revolve around a common center of the Linux kernel. This center includes such fundamental features as the scheduler, the memory manager, the virtual filesystem, and the resource allocator. Linux 2.4 is the first release of the Linux kernel that will include a full-featured resource management subsystem. Previous incarnations of Linux included some vestiges of support, but it was considered kludgy and did not provide the functionality needed for the "Plug and Play" world that we live in today. Unlike many of the other internal changes, many users will be able to directly experience this change as it impacts the way resources are allocated and reported in the kernel. As part of this change, the PCI card database deprecated in Linux 2.2 has been un-deprecated so that all resources can have an associated device name, rather than just an associated driver. The new release of the Linux kernel also fixes some problems with the way the VFS (virtual filesystem) layer and the file caches were handled. In previous versions of Linux, file caching was dependent on a dual-buffer system, which simplified some issues, but caused many headaches for kernel developers who had to make sure that it was not possible for these buffers to be out of synch. Additionally, the presence of the redundant buffer increased memory use and slowed down the system as the kernel would have to do extra work to keep things in synch. Linux 2.4 solves these problems by moving to a simpler single-buffer system. A number of changes in Linux 2.4 can be described as "enterprise level." That is, they may not be immediately useful to many desktop users but work to strengthen Linux as a whole. For the most part, the addition of these features does not degrade Linux in more "normal" environments. First, Linux 2.4 can handle many more simultaneous processes by being more scalable on multiprocessor systems and also by providing a configurable process limit. Second, the scheduler has been revised somewhat to be more efficient on systems with a larger number of concurrent processes. Third, the revised Linux kernel can now handle an amazing number of users and groups-- about 4.2 billion. (And that's a lot of users!) In addition, support for more powerful hardware is provided in the new kernel, which now supports up to 64 gigabytes of RAM on Intel hardware, up to 16 Ethernet cards, 10 IDE controllers, multiple IO-APICs, and other pointless abuses of good hardware. The 2-gigabyte file size restriction has also been lifted. With these changes and others, the Linux kernel development team is proving that Linux can be an option in many new environments. The way Linux handles shared memory has also been changed in Linux 2.4 to be more standards compliant. One side effect of this set of changes is that Linux 2.4 will require a special "shared memory" filesystem to be mounted in order for (POSIX-style) shared memory segments to work. SysV-style shared memory will continue to work without the additional filesystem. The mounting of this filesystem should be handled by the distributions when they become ready for Linux 2.4. Another "odd" change included in this new revision of the Linux kernel involves the VFS layer. In previous versions of Linux, indeed most every version of UNIX, you can only mount a filesystem once. Linux 2.4 has decided to turn this on its ear by allowing any filesystem to be mounted as many times as desired (with all changes appearing immediately on the other mount points). This is especially useful for filesystems like /proc that need to be mounted in an initrd and then mounted again. Additionally, the infrastructure is there to eventually allow even odder things: union mounts which contain files from multiple filesystems together, etc. In this respect, Linux is either cutting edge or crazy. I'm betting on the former. :) Linux 2.4 also includes a much larger assortment of device drivers and supported hardware than any other Linux revision and any particular device you care to name has a decent shot at working under Linux 2.4. (Of course, you should consult the documentation before you go out and buy any new hardware, just in case. New hardware especially may not be supported yet.) One frequently asked question about Linux 2.4 is how much memory it will require. Many operating systems seem to require more and more memory and resources as they mature, but Linux 2.4 will largely buck that trend by actually requiring less memory in certain situations. Of course, Linux 2.4 includes much more functionality than does Linux 2.2and many of these features do take up space so your mileage may vary. (Remember that most kernel components can be disabled at compile-time, unlike the bloat of many other operating systems.)UNIX Devices - /dev/* Although taking place largely under the hood, there is one major change that will have a drastic effect on the way Linux 2.4 handles devices. Incidentally, it is also one of the new kernel's most debated features: DevFS, the Device Filesystem. Although currently optional, when enabled the new Device Filesystem will have two very major effects on the way users and programs interact with hardware and other devices. First and most obvious, nearly every "standard" device name has changed. Instead of putting all devices essentially in the root directory of the /dev tree, Linux 2.4's /dev tree leans towards having a large number of directories corresponding to controllers or general groupings with individual disks and other devices in those directories. For example, what was "/dev/hda" is now likely to appear somewhere under "/dev/ide0" This change dramatically increases the available namespace for devices and allows for easier integration of USB and similar device systems. The second major effect of the new system is that device nodes will no longer be created by a user and stored on a local disk. Instead, device nodes are created by the drivers that use them, as they are loaded. This not only makes the /dev directory cleaner, but it also allows Linux to use a root filesystem that may not understand all UNIX semantics (such as a DOS filesystem.) An additional userspace daemon, devfsd, will be recommended so that the old style names will continue to work. For the most part, this change should only affect bleeding edge users and distribution maintainers. (It remains to be seen what work distributions decide to do in this area before release.) Unfortunately, there are some drawbacks to this system for power users. For example, it is more difficult in this new system to custom name your devices or assign non-standard permissions to them. It is commonly believed however that these issues can be solved using user-level scripting.System Buses - ISA, PCI, USB, MCA, etc. Processors are just one small part of the nifty world that exists inside your computer. Equally important is the computer's bus architecture, the component(s) of the system that is often responsible for internal and external devices. Some bus architectures, such as the original ISA, are more irresponsible towards their hardware than anything else-- they don't provide any resource management functionality,just a place to put in cards. Others, such as PCI, support much more advanced levels of configuration and allow for devices to be relocated in memory and other things. As of Linux 2.2, all major buses used on Intel hardware are supported including (E)ISA, VLB, PCI, and the newest addition(an older bus only popular on IBM hardware), MCA. Linux 2.4 expands on this support by including direct support for ISA Plug-and-Play devices (a scheme to make ISA devices almost as intelligent as PCI ones) and I2O devices. But perhaps most importantly, Linux 2.4 is the first version of the Linux kernel to provide a robust system for resource management. During the development of Linux 2.4, it became apparent that such a system would be a requirement if Linux were to ever completely support USB, PC cards, or any number of other modern hardware advances and take its rightful place as a "modern" operating system. ISAPnP has long been a major issue for Linux users. Although support for ISA hardware has dwindled in favor of more robust PCI hardware, many budget devices are still sold that use ISAPnP. Previously, Linux users could get ISAPnP hardware working by using often frustrating pnp utilities that could require hours of tweaking to get quite right. Some distributions attempted to automate this process, but none met with any great level of success. As the Linux 2.4 development progressed, it became apparent that it would be easy and beneficial to integrate ISAPnP support into the resource manager.(Although as of this writing, not all drivers have been recoded to take advantage of its features.) Sadly however, Linux 2.4's support for ISAPnP at the kernel level comes at a time when actual PnP hardware is relatively uncommon Had this functionality been available earlier, more users could have benefited. In contrast, Linux is right on the bleeding edge with its support for I2O devices, a new more "intelligent" superset of PCI. Relatively revolutionary in its day, PCI was a great improvement as it provided for centralized management of devices' memory ranges, registers, etc. I2O devices go the next level by providing an API at the device level that will allow OS independent drivers to be provided for devices. The underlying OS then need only understand the "generic" I2O APIs to use the device instead of the hardware-specific ones. As this technology is relatively new, not many devices have been manufactured to take advantage of this yet, but Linux will be ready if and when they show up in the marketplace. Much of the major work with devices recently has not been with the internal busses, but rather with external ones such as the PC Card bus, and the various serial busses. The most common variety of external device is the PC Card (formerly known as a PCMCIA card). Linux 2.4 includes, at long last, support for these devices in a stock kernel. (Previously, it was possible to download a driver from an external source; nearly every distribution actually chose to do this.) Of course, an external daemon and other components will still be required to make the most out of these devices. Perhaps the most exciting news on this front is the Universal Serial Bus (USB), an external bus that is coming into prominence for devices such as keyboards, mice, sound systems, scanners, and printers. USB is a popular option on many new pieces of hardware, including non-Intel hardware. Linux's support for these devices is still in early stages but a large percentage of common USB hardware (including keyboards, mice, speakers, etc.) is already supported in the kernel. And even more recently, Firewire (IEE1394) support has been added into the Linux kernel. Firewire is a popular option for many high-bandwidth devices. Not many drivers (or devices) exist for this hardware architecture yet, but this support is likely to improve over time, as the architecture matures.Block Devices - LVM, Disk Drives, etc. In its simplest form, a block device is a device, which can be expressed as an array of bytes that can be accessed non-sequentially. This would include devices such as disks (where you can read any sector you want) but not serial ports (because you can only read what is at the end of the wire.) Extensions to this concept (such as ejecting a disk, etc.) are handled in Linux through ioctls (I/O Controls). The concept of block devices hasn't changed in quite a while and support for things such as IDE and SCSI disk drives has been present since the first revisions of the Linux kernel. In Linux 2.4, all the block device drivers have been rewritten somewhat as the block device API has been changed to remove legacy garbage from the interface and to completely separate the block API from the file API at the kernel level. The changes required for this API rewrite have not been major. However, module maintainers who have modules outside the main tree may need to update their code. (One should never assume full API compatibility for kernel modules between major revisions.) On the desktop at least, disk devices that use the IDE bus are most prevalent. Linux has supported IDE since the earliest kernels, but Linux 2.4 has improved support for these devices in a number of ways. First off, high-end systems that have multiple IDE controllers may benefit as the number of supported IDE controllers has been increased from 4 to 10. As most motherboards are shipped with a maximum of two, this is not likely to impact many desktop users. Secondly, there have been changes in the IDE driver, which will improve Linux 2.4's support for PCI and PnP IDE controllers, IDE floppies and tapes, DVDs and CD-ROM changers. And finally, Linux 2.4 includes driver updates, which should work around bugs present in some IDE chip sets and better support the advanced features of others, such as ATA66. While it would seem that the SCSI subsystem has not changed as much as the IDE subsystem, the SCSI subsystem has been largely rewritten "under the hood." Additionally, a number of new SCSI controllers are supported in this release. A further SCSI cleanup is expected sometime during the2.5 development cycle. One completely new feature in the Linux 2.4 kernel is the implementation of a "raw" I/O device. A raw device is one whose accesses are not handled through the caching layer, instead going right to the low-level device itself. A raw device could be used in cases where a sophisticated application wants complete control over how it does data caching and the expense of the usual cache is not wanted. Alternatively, a raw device could be used in data critical situations where we want to ensure that the data gets written to the disk immediately so that, in the event of a system failure, minimum data will be lost. Previous incarnations of this support were not fit for inclusion as they required literally doubling the number of device nodes so that every block device would also have a raw device node.(This is the implementation that many commercial UNIXes use.) The current implementation uses a pool of device nodes which can be associated with arbitrary block devices. One huge area of improvement for Linux 2.4 has been the inclusion of the LVM (Logical Volume Manager) subsystem into the mainstream kernel. This is a system, standard in Enterprise-class UNIXes such as HP-UXandTru64 UNIX (formerly Digital UNIX), that completely rethinks the way filesystems and volumes are managed. Without going into detail, the LVM allows filesystems to span disks, be resized, and be managed in a more flexible way. Some of the features of the LVM subsystem can be replicated with the md (multiple device) driver or some userspace tools. However, the LVM subsystem offers this support in a (de facto) standards-compliant manner that will also be at least somewhat familiar to users of commercial UNIXes. Another huge area of improvement for Linux 2.4 will be in its support for RAID devices, multiple disks working together to provide redundant storage or speedier read accesses. In the new kernel, nearly the entire RAID subsystem has been rewritten. Performance, probably the most important facet of a complete RAID implementation, has been improved on both SMP and uniprocessor systems. (On SMP, it's now better threaded.)Additionally, the code has been made much more robust with the ability to make RAID arrays recursive and be able to mount sets for a root disk without the use of a ramdisk image. As more enterprise-level users approach Linux, features like a robust RAID subsystem become gating factors between acceptance and non-acceptance. Linux 2.4 again raises the bar.Filesystems and Partition TablesLocal Filesystems Block devices can be used in a number of ways. The most common way to use a block device is to make a filesystem out of it. (Internally, the filesystem code is like an overlay on the block device driver.) Other ways that a block device can be used include partitioning (which is a lot like a filesystem, just handled in a completely different way), and using it raw. Linux 2.4 includes all of the filesystems present in Linux 2.2. Those filesystems include FAT (for the assorted DOSes), NTFS (for Windows NT-- Windows 2000 support is spotty), VFAT and FAT32 (for Windows9x/ME), HFS (for MacOS), HPFS (for OS/2), and a variety of others. (BeOS support is not yet present but is expected sometime in 2.4.x.) New filesystems have been added, most notably the UDF filesystem used on DVD disks and the EFS filesystem used by older versions of IRIX. All filesystems have been rewritten to some extent to support the new page caching system and will be more efficient because of this change. There are a number of improvements, which will improve compatibility with other systems. OS/2 users will finally be able to write to their filesystems from within Linux. NT users do not have this luxury yet as their driver is still in the experimental stage. NextStep users will be able to mount their CD-ROMs under Linux as we now support an extension to the UFS filesystem that NextStep uses. It should be noted that Linux does not yet support HFS+, the new Macintosh filesystem. Linux 2.4 does not yet include a general-use journaling filesystem, although several projects are close to providing this functionality. The largest advantage to journaling filesystems is their fault-tolerances. A well-designed journaling fileystem can be more easily restored after a crash than a traditional one resulting in much, much shorter fsck times and a faster return to service. ReiserFS, arguably the most mature of the current options, will likely go into the kernel sometime shortly after the release of Linux 2.4. (And possibly as early as version 2.4.1.) Ext3, an extension of the ext2 filesystem that includes journaling support, will also likely be ready sometime during the Linux 2.4.x development cycle. (But late enough that I'll have to talk about them in the Wonderful World of Linux 2.6...) For embedded devices, Linux 2.4 has added support for JFFS, the Journaling Flash Filesystem, and RamFS, an in-memory filesystem that is capable of resizing itself on the fly by being smart about the VFS layer. Both of these filesystems already have a devoted following in their respective circles of users.Network Filesystems Not all filesystems are mounted over block devices. Some, like the proc, shared memory, and devfs filesystems, are completely virtual. Others are "mounted" over the network. Unfortunately, most modern OSes choose to go about sharing their filesystems over a network in completely dissimilar (and incompatible) ways. Luckily for us, Linux is able to understand many of the most common varieties of network filesystems. In the Windows world, Server Message Block (SMB) is the protocol of choice for their network filesystems. However, this protocol has been extended so many times that even different Microsoft OSes have incompatible features! The new version of the Linux kernel is now able to better recognize what kind of server is being used and to enable bug fixes as necessary. This feature will allow Linux users to seamlessly operate in hybrid environments. On the other hand, the UNIX world has standardized on (the aptly named) Network Filesystem (NFS). Linux 2.4 will markedly improve the stability of NFS mounted directories while also providing support for NFSv3, the most recent production version of the NFS protocol. NFSv3 provides much better support for filesystem synchronization, file locks, and other concepts important to enterprise environments. (Down the road, support for NFSv4 has been announced to be under development.)Partition Tables Linux has often been considered the Rosetta stone of operating systems. It should not some as a surprise then that Linux 2.4 will include much improved support for "foreign" partition tables on devices. Linux 2.2 and earlier editions of Linux allowed, for example, Macintosh partition tables to be read in the PPC or m68k ports, as they would be most likely to come across them. On Intel hardware, it was possible for the kernel to understand the "standard" IBM format, BSD disk labels, and some other common extensions. In Linux 2.4 however, the walls between ports have come tumbling down and it will now be possible to seamlessly use an external Macintosh harddrive attached to an Intel Linux box. Essentially, Linux will be able to read any partition table format it understands on any port -- if the drivers are loaded in at compile time.Character Devices - Keyboards, Mice, Consoles, and Ports The class of devices that can only be accessed sequentially is the character device. These are devices, such as serial devices, which allow you to read from a stream or push data onto it, but not to "skip" ahead or behind. This includes serial and parallel ports, keyboards, mice, and terminal devices. There have been several major improvements in this area for the latest incarnation of the Linux kernel. One of the largest improvements in this area is in regards to Linux 2.4's support for keyboards and mice. Previous incarnations of Linux included support for serial and PS/2 mice and keyboards (and ADB, for instance, on the Macintosh.) Linux 2.4 also supports using keyboards and mice attached to the USB ports. Additionally, Linux 2.4 also supports keyboards on some systems where the keyboard is not initialized by the BIOS and systems that have trouble determining whether a keyboard is attached or not. And finally, Linux 2.4 includes expanded support for digitizer pads and features an emulation option to allow them to be used as normal mice, even when this is not directly supported in hardware. Linux's support for serial ports has not changed much since the days of Linux 2.2. Linux 2.4 (and some later versions of Linux 2.2) supports sharing IRQs on PCI serial boards; previously, this feature was limited to ISA and on-board serial ports. Additionally, Linux 2.4 has added a number of new drivers for multi-port serial cards. It is hoped that these changes and others will make using your serial ports under Linux2.4 easier than before. In a separate department, there has been some work since 2.2 on supporting so-called "WinModems" (or "soft modems"). These are modems which exist largely in software and whose drivers are often only provided by the manufacturer for Windows. (Often the DSP or other parts of the hardware must be implemented in software rather than on the board.) While no code has been submitted to Linus for the support of these beasts, several independent driver projects have been working to get some support for these beasts in and the first fruits of these labors are becoming usable outside the main tree. While it will be a long time before we see most of these devices supported under Linux, for the first time it actually appears that the Open Source snowball is beginning to roll in this direction. Linux 2.4 also includes a largely rewritten parallel port subsystem. One of the major changes in this area is support for so-called "generic" parallel devices. Programs which access the parallel ports in unusual ways or, more likely, just want to probe the port for PnP information can use this functionality. Additionally, this rewrite allows Linux 2.4 users to access all the enhanced modes of their parallel ports, including using UDMA (for faster I/O) if supported by the hardware. Under the new Linux kernel, it is also possible to direct all console messages to a parallel port device such as a printer. This allows Linux to match the functionality of many commercial UNIXes by being able to put kernel and debug messages on a line printer.Multimedia: Sound, TV, Radio, etc. On the complicated side of the character device list, we have some of the less essential devices to be supported by Linux. Linux, in its emerging role as a desktop platform, tries very hard to support sound cards, TV and radio tuners, and other sound and video output devices. To be honest, Linux 2.4 does not include as many groundbreaking changes as Linux 2.2 did in this respect. Linux 2.4 does, however, include updates and new drivers for a variety of sound and video cards, including adding full duplex support. Linux 2.4 and some later versions of Linux 2.2 also include code that will allow some sound devices to more easily allocate memory in required ranges; this should make the configuration and use of some cards much easier. Work is in progress on a completely rewritten sound subsystem, which will support many of the more advanced features of today's sound cards. This support will not be present in Linux 2.4, but may make it into the kernel for Linux 2.6.Video Cards Another more complicated variety of device is the frame-buffer, a way of looking at many video cards. A frame-buffer is simply a section of memory that represents (or is) video memory to such an extent that writing to this memory affects the colors of the pixels on a screen. This is more complicated than most other devices because it requires ioctls to change the palette and to perform other video-related functions. Linux 2.4 includes a number of new drivers and improvements to old drivers. Especially important here is Linux's support for many more "standard" VGA cards and configurations, at least in some modes. (Even if the mode is only 16 colors-- at least it works.) Please remember that this feature can be bypassed and (on i386) is only necessary for people with certain systems, which cannot be supported in any other way. At this time,the XFree project provides many more drivers to many more video cards than the kernel can support so it is not necessary to use this feature to get support for the X Window System. (SVGAlib and other libraries also allow you to do direct video manipulation on supported hardware, however the use of these libraries must be done carefully as there are some security concerns and race conditions.) One of the biggest changes in this respect is the addition of the Direct Rendering Manager to the Linux kernel. The DRM cleans up access to the graphics hardware and eliminates many ways in which multiple processes that write to your video cards at once could cause a crash. This should improve stability in many situations. The DRM also works as an entry point for DMA accesses for video cards. In total, these changes will allow Linux 2.4 (in conjunction with Xfree4.x and other compatible programs) to be more stable and more secure when doing some types of graphics-intensive work. These changes should also make some kinds of television tuner cards more workable under Linux.Networking and Protocols Networking and network hardware is one of the major areas where Linux has always excelled. These devices are neither "character" nor "block" but inhabit a special space free of the need for device nodes. Linux 2.4 will include many improvements to this layer including new drivers, bug fixes, and new functionality added on to existing drivers. The Linux model of network sockets is one, which is standard across most UNIX variants. Unfortunately however, the standard does have some correctable deficiencies. Under Linux 2.2 and previous versions, if you have a number of processes all waiting on an event from a network socket (a web server, for instance), they will all be woken up when activity is detected. So, for every web page request received, Linux would wake up a number of processes, which would each, try and get at the request. As it does not make sense for multiple processes to serve the same request, only one will get to the data; the remainder will discover nothing to process and fall back asleep. Linux is quite efficient at making this all happen as quickly as possible, however it could still be made more efficient by removing the redundant wakeups. Linux 2.4 includes changes, which implement "wake one" under Linux that will allow us to completely remove this "stampede effect" of multiple processes. In short, "wake one" does exactly as its name indicates: wakes up only one process in the case of activity. This will allow applications such as Apache to be even more efficient and make Linux an even better choice as a web server. Linux 2.4 also includes a completely rewritten networking layer. In fact, it has been made as unserialized as possible so that it will scale far better than any previous version of Linux. Additionally, the entire subsystem has been redesigned to be as stable as possible on multiprocessor systems and many possible crashes have been eliminated. In addition, it contains optimizations to allow it to work with the particular quirks of the networking stacks in use in many common operating systems, including Windows. It should also be mentioned at this point that Linux is still the only operating system completely compatible with the letter of the IPv4 specification (Yes, IPv4; the one we've been using all this time) and Linux 2.4 boasts an IPv4 implementation that is much more scalable than its predecessor. As part of this major rewrite, the firewall and IP masquerading functionality of the kernel has been completely rewritten again. (Older users may remember that these same components were largely rewritten for Linux 2.2 also.) The new subsystem has been split into two parts: a packet filtering layer and a network address translation (NAT) layer. These new subsystems are considerably more generic than their predecessors, and it is now possible to do most types of sophisticated (level 3) routing through any Linux box. Previously, this kind of functionality was largely only available with dedicated and proprietary routing hardware. Unfortunately, this major rewrite also includes yet another new userspace tool to manage the available functionality. For compatibility, modules exist which will allow you to use either the Linux 2.0 (ipfwadm) or Linux 2.2 (ipchains) tools without a major loss of functionality. This will make the upgrade from either of these kernel versions relatively seamless. One major new extension that has now been added to Linux's networking stack is ECN, Explicit Congestion Notification. In a nutshell, ENC allows compliant routers to notify a Linux box that a route is congested. Linux will then respond by reducing the speed at which packets are being sent. In the long run, this will allow Linux boxes to drop less packets over the congested routes and not spend as much time or bandwidth with dropped packets and retransmits. For Enterprise-level users, there are a number of features that will better enable Linux to integrate into older and newer components of existing network infrastructures. One important addition in this respect is Linux 2.4's new (partial) support for the DECNet and ARCNet protocols and hardware. This allows for better interoperation with specialized systems, including older Digital/Compaq ones. Also of special interest to this class of users, Linux 2.4 will include support for ATM network adapters for high-speed networking. For the low-end desktop users, PPP is an important part of day-to-day life. Linux 2.4 includes some major rewrites and modularization of much of the code, including a long awaited combination of the PPP layers from the ISDN layer and the serial device PPP layer, such as for dial-up connections with modems. In addition to the modularity, ISDN has been updated to support many new cards. The PLIP (PPP over parallel ports) layer has also been improved and uses the new parallel port abstraction layer. And finally, PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE, used by some DSL providers) support has been added to the kernel. Although not present in Linux 2.4, there is work now on supporting the NetBEUI protocol used by MS operating systems. While Microsoft will be moving away from this protocol in its products and towards TCP/IP, this protocol is still important for a number of Windows-based network environments.(Previously, kernel developers had commented that the protocol is too convoluted and buggy to be supported in the kernel. Now that an implementation has surfaced, it remains to be seen whether it will be stable enough to ever be in an official kernel.)Other ChangesThe Program Loader One often-overlooked portion of the Linux kernel is the program loader; the bit that takes your programs, loads them properly, and runs them. Many people are not aware however that Linux 2.2 added support for a "miscellaneous" binary loader, a flexible module designed to allow you to associate binary types (based on extension or file header information) with "helper" applications in much the same way as Windows or a comparable operating system would. This would, for example, allow you to associate all Windows applications on your machine with WINE (Windows Emulator) so that when you typed "./notepad.exe" the right thing would happen. (However it is generally not a good idea to take this concept to the extreme at the kernel level. Many of the "associations" provided by Windows would best be handled by your file manager or desktop environment. It would be a bad idea, for example, to be able to run "/etc/passwd" and have it come up in a text editor. My personal recommendation is to use this functionality only when the file type is best imagined as "executable.") This was considered a big win by many because it allowed many different groups, such as the WINE (Windows non-Emulator) and Dosemu (DOS Emulator) groups, to publish instructions for making their programs run "native" by the kernel. Linux 2.2 and Linux 2.0 included built-in support for starting a Java interpreter (if present) whenever a Java application was executed. (It was one of the first OSes to do this at the kernel level.)Linux 2.4 still includes support for loading Java interpreters as necessary, but the specific Java driver has been removed and users will need to upgrade their configurations to use the "Misc." driver.The Kernel Web Daemon One of the most striking features in the Linux 2.4 kernel is the kernel web daemon, or khttpd. It's true; Linux actually supports a kernel module that can process HTTP requests without having to communicate with any user space servers (such as Apache.) This feature is often misunderstood-- it is not designed to replace Apache or any other web server and it can be used only when serving raw files (no CGI.) If it receives a request for something that it cannot handle, it will "pass through" the request to user space where a web server can snatch it up and process it without ever being able to know the difference. This feature will make Linux an even better choice for rapid-fire web serving of static content, such as dedicated image servers.Accessibility When thinking of Linux, the words "user friendly" do not generally come immediately to mind. Therefore, one might be surprised to learn that Linux 2.4 (and some later editions of the Linux 2.2 kernel) supports speech synthesizer cards. This driver and the appropriate hardware will allow vision-impaired Linux users to hear all Linux output, including kernel messages very early in the boot process. Very few operating systems can boast such low level support for these devices. (There will be other patches and utilities that will be required for full use of these devices; this kernel driver is only a component of the system.)Documentation In addition to many, many feature changes, Linux 2.4 also includes a much more expansive set of documentation included with the kernel. Included in the set is, for the first time, documentation in the DocBook documentation format, a format similar to HTML that has been embraced by GNOME and other GNU projects.About this Document Reproduction and translation are permitted (and encouraged) provided that the entire text remains intact. As this document changes frequently, please email me if you would like to mirror this document on a website to ensure that you have the most recent revision. If you'd like to reprint the article in any other medium, please let me know. All other rights are reserved, of course. Trademarked names belong to whoever it is trademarked them.Get FREE Email/Voicemail with 15MB at Lycos Communications at http://comm.lycos.com-To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to email@example.com read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


text:
If you've given any thought to home security you've probably considered a closed circuit television monitoring system (better known as CCTV.)
What you'll have with your CCTV system is at least one surveillance camera, a variety of lenses (pan, zoom and infrared for night vision) to focus on particular areas of your grounds and home, and a VCR (video cassette recorder) that will make a permanent record of what the camera is seeing.
If you should decide you want to provide CCTV security in your home you'll need to do at least one slow walk around your home, making notes as you go, about where you need surveillance, and what areas are the most vulnerable, and in need of protection. While you certainly want to focus on your house – the place where your family's safety is the primary concern – don't neglect to include garage, breezeway, in-law quarters, front and back yard, driveway, alleyway, or any outside fence or gate entrance.
You may want more than one camera in your home. This could be important if your home is large, for instance, and you're regularly in one section of the home while a babysitter watches your children, or a housekeeper performs his or her duties. With the prevalence of home offices this may be especially important, if you're in your office all day with the door shut. Having a separate camera watching that home office may also reduce your insurance bill as well.
Once you've determined what areas on which you need to focus you'll have to measure the areas. The range of area needing monitoring is important to the size of camera or cameras you purchase.
While you can choose five sizes of camera – ranging in size from one quarter to two thirds of an inch, the wisest choices are to go no larger than one half an inch. With a camera one half inch or smaller you'll have a more extensive choice of lenses that will work with it.
There are four different versions of CCTV camera lenses from which you can choose. They are fixed aperture, manual or auto iris and zoom. An auto iris lens is ideal for outside viewing, as it adjusts itself to accommodate changes in lighting. In places where the amount of lighting stays fairly stagnant a manual iris will do. This type of lens requires that you actually make the lighting adjustments by hand. Zoom lenses, just as with any camera, allow you to bring a viewed situation closer to your eye for improved visibility. Some zoom lenses offer a motorized option.
Once you know the number of cameras you're going to need you'll know whether you're going to have to have more than one monitor or whether you can make do with a switcher (one monitor, alternating location views) or a multi-plexer (several locations showing in boxes on one monitor at the same time).
Decide how long you are going to need to record prior to being able to remove and replace the VCR film. If the time you're going to be absent from the home, i.e., unable to remove and replace the VCR tape, is going to exceed 4-6 hours (depending on the VCR) you may not be able to use your household VCR. You may need to upgrade to a commercial quality recorder.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Evolve to design
1 July 2004
Design, like many things, relies more on history than you might expect. The well worn path created by the footfalls of those before you represents the evolution of years of experience. For every web site that has worked, many more have followed. For every web site that has failed, a few short, shuffling steps peter off into the woods.
Every time you visit Zeldman's site, or Bowman's site, or Cederholm's site, history is seeping further into your brain – the influences from their lives affect the way they design; the way they design influences your life. Presumably, you're reading their writing because they design well – their influences and practices are good design. All this is design evolution.
Are there, then, some designs which can evolve no further? All the weblogs you read have two columns: content and interesting side bits, and this seems to work pretty well – you're there to read, so a design should give plenty of space to the writing, but once you've finished reading you might find you're interested in what the writer's interested in, so you'd like to explore – hence the interesting side bits.
As a rather immature medium, the Internet hasn't had much time to evolve. Printed materials have been popular since Gutenburg found an easy way to make them in 1440, but monks had been going crazy with parchment centuries before that. As a primarily visual medium, it is natural that the Internet has borrowed much of its design from printed materials, but it is slowly making its own way. I think that the weblog is probably the highest evolved species of web site currently on the Internet. Fervent proliferation and intensive use has subjected the design to a good deal of testing and it seems to have suffered punishment thusfar with no glaring faults.
Good designers have an understanding of when to follow the path and when to be different. Paperback books all come in pretty much the same shape: a vaguely vertical rectangle that fits in both hands. If you were designing the latest tome from Stephen King's factory, what shape would it be? A vaguely vertical rectangle that fits in both hands? People have tried it, and it works.
I'm not saying that all weblogs should look exactly the same, but a designer has to have strong reasons to go against the two column convention; and has all the reason to go with it. People read a novel for the content, not because the cover folds out in a really cool way. (We're talking novels, not coffee table books) To write off a weblog because you're bored with the "blog look" merely means that you don't understand what design is meant to achieve.
Go crazy with the font, choose whacky colours, filter the hell out of curious photos – make the site your own – but the underlying structure is something that you probably can't beat. As with any design, it's not how you break something, but how you work within it that shows your true skill.
Rob Mientjes commented on 1 July 2004 @ 04:38
That's how you can separate the great designers from the... less great ones.
Rob Cameron commented on 1 July 2004 @ 06:43
"As with any design, it's not how you break something, but how you work within it that shows your true skill."
Great quote dude!
Matt commented on 1 July 2004 @ 12:09
By the way, clicking on the months in your sidebar seem to take you to random entries, rather than the archives for that month like I would have expected.
Matt commented on 1 July 2004 @ 12:10
By the way, it seems like clicking on the months in your sidebar takes you to random entries, rather than monthly archives like I would have expected.
Jeff Minard commented on 1 July 2004 @ 12:55
(Or how over you spell that. *snicker*)
The Man in Blue commented on 1 July 2004 @ 13:57
Matt: really? When I click it takes me to the latest entry for that month.
Matt commented on 2 July 2004 @ 06:12
You're right. I suppose it's consistent but not what I was expecting. I see now that the monthly archives are in the sidebar. Sorry for the confusion.
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text:
USD Aeon Cuff Screw Set - Black (4 Pack)
Sold in sets of 4.
Enough for a pair of skates.
This cuff screw set is specifically for the USD Aeon skates and comes in two sizes.
Shipping within Canada
We offer free shipping for orders over $200.00 CAD (before taxes).
Standard shipping is $17.99 CAD and Express shipping is $49.99 CAD.
Shipping to the USA
We offer free shipping for orders over $299.00 USD.
Standard shipping is $17.99 USD and Express shipping is $49.99 USD.
International Shipping
Offered to select countries. Rates displayed at checkout.
Local Pickup
Available at our retail store in Canada:
101-1029 View St, Victoria BC
We have a 14-day return policy, which means you have 14 days after receiving your item to request a return.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging. You'll also need the receipt or proof of purchase.
Please note that any items marked as on sale are considered final sale.
See a better price at one of our competitors? We'll do our best to match it. We'd rather you shopped with us than buy your skates from another store.
You can request a price match before your purchase or within 14 days after you placed your order.
- must be an identical product (size, model, colour, etc...)
- in-stock, products that are sold out are not valid prices
- if the store is located outside Canada we may factor in shipping and importing fees
- cannot be combined with any other offer or sale
- price reductions equal to 25% of the price or more will result in a final sale and cannot be returned or exchanged


text:
LOS ANGELES – The U.S. Navy is nearing a first-time agreement to curb electricity use at its sprawling San Diego-area bases if power runs short in Southern California this summer, a deal intended to diminish the threat of blackouts while the troubled San Onofre nuclear plant remains offline.
The Navy is San Diego Gas & Electric's largest customer, and the utility has been working on an agreement under which the Navy would temporarily reduce its energy consumption if regional supplies get scarce. In exchange, the Navy would receive a break on electricity rates.
The company has similar agreements with large industrial customers, which can slash the demand for power at critical times and keep the lights burning.
State energy officials say Southern California could be hit by rotating blackouts this summer if a heat wave hits while San Onofre's twin reactors remain dark, though some activists insist adequate reserves are on hand.
The plant, which can crank out enough electricity for 1.4 million homes, has been shut down for nearly three months while investigators try to determine the cause of excessive wear on hundreds of alloy tubes that carries radioactive water in its massive steam generators.
The loss of the nuclear plant also makes it harder to import power into the San Diego area, where reliable energy transmission has long been a thorny issue.
"If the (San Onofre) units remain down, you obviously have less power supply down there. If you have a transmission line go down, or another generator go down, you are in a very tight situation," said Bruce Kaneshiro, a supervisor at the state Public Utilities Commission.
Capt. Dora Lockwood, a Navy spokeswoman, said the company is working on a target for power reductions, if needed, at the numerous Navy installations in San Diego County, which include Naval Base San Diego, the Naval Air Station North Island in Coronado and Miramar Marine Corps Air Station.
"We will do our best, while preserving our capability to carry out our mission responsibilities, to support their request," Lockwood said.
SDG&E spokeswoman Jennifer Ramp said a deal could be finalized shortly.
"The military is aware of the challenges this summer," Ramp said.
State energy planners have been working on a strategy to find replacement power in the region and reduce demand if hot weather hits while the nuclear plant is sidelined. Those plans include restarting two retired power plants in Huntington Beach, urging conservation, such as using air conditioners sparingly, and seeking temporary power cutbacks, if needed, from the military and public agencies.
On Friday, Southern California Edison, which operates San Onofre, asked state regulators to approve a plan to promote conservation among its commercial customers in Orange County — they can earn a 10 percent rebate by cutting consumption by 10 percent during the summer, when demand is high.
No date has been set to restart either reactor, which are located between San Diego and Los Angeles.
It takes power to move power, and the restart of the Huntington Beach plants will allow increased transmission into the region, said Stephanie McCorkle, a spokeswoman for the agency that operates the state's wholesale power system, the California Independent System Operator.
The loss of the nuclear plant can restrict power imports into San Diego area by up to 30 percent. The San Diego utility hopes a new, $1.8 billion transmission line will be completed by summer, which would help fill any shortages.
The twin, natural gas-fired plants in Huntington Beach were retired earlier this year. The gas line feeding the plants was severed and 3-foot holes were cut in the boilers, a requirement after taking them out of service.
Eric Pendergraft, president of AES Southland, which operates the Huntington Beach plants, said Thursday that repairs to the boilers and other equipment would begin shortly. He predicted the plants would be ready to restart in mid-May.
The company has to strike agreements with the state wholesale power system before returning to service.
Some officials in nearby communities have been calling for San Onofre to shut down permanently, and last week the Irvine City Council urged the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to thoroughly review safety conditions at the plant before it is considered for relicensing in 2022. The city requested in a letter that the evacuation zone be expanded to 50 miles, from 10 miles.
The trouble at San Onofre began to unfold in late January, when the Unit 3 reactor was shut down as a precaution after a tube break. Traces of radiation escaped, but officials said there was no danger to workers or neighbors. Unit 2 had been taken offline earlier in January for routine maintenance and refueling, but investigators later found unusual wear on tubing in both units.
The excessive tube wear has raised questions about the integrity and safety of replacement generators the company installed in a multimillion-dollar makeover in 2009 and 2010.
The plant's four steam generators each contain nearly 10,000 tubes that carry hot, pressurized water from the reactors. The tubes are a critical safety barrier — if one or more break, there is the potential that radioactivity could escape into the atmosphere. Also, serious leaks can drain cooling water from a reactor.
Test results show that two types of wear have occurred at both units — tubes are rubbing and vibrating against adjacent tubes, as well as against support structures inside the generators.
Federal and company investigators are trying to determine why that is happening.
An environmental group, Friends of the Earth, has claimed SCE misled the NRC about design changes that it said are the likely culprit in excessive tube wear and has urged more detailed study before the reactors are restarted.
S. David Freeman, an adviser to the group, said last month that warnings about blackouts are unnecessary, since power can be managed to avoid any customer outages, even without San Onofre.
"California is not and cannot be one power plant away from rolling blackouts," Freeman, a former general manager at the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, wrote to the Independent System Operator.
He said it was disturbing that state energy officials are "warning of a return of blackouts unless a very troubled nuclear plant is rushed back into operation."
SCE has said safety remains its priority.
The plant is owned by Edison, SDG&E and the City of Riverside. The Unit 1 reactor operated from 1968 to 1992, when it was shut down and dismantled.


text:
Exhaust Tip Detailing
by Todd CooperiderSometimes it's the small things that make a big difference between a good looking car, and a great looking one. Your paint can look fantastic, but if you haven't taken the time to properly detail areas such as the wheels, wheel wells, glass, or the exhaust tips, then the job simply isn't complete.
Perhaps the most frequently overlooked area is the exhaust tips. Although it can be a bit of a messy job if they're neglected, it's actually quite simple and doesn't require a tremendous amount of time to do it right.
Not only does it make the car look much better when the exhaust tips are detailed, but it also prolongs the life of the finish, which is usually stainless steel or chrome. Similar to wheel care, if neglected the finish on your exhaust tips will start to corrode, pit, or discolor. With regular maintenance however, they will stay looking nice for a very long time.
First let's take a look at the exhaust tips on this 2005 BMW M3. As you can see, they're in need of some serious work! Upon my initial inspection, I could tell that they were showing signs of pitting on the outside, and permanent etching on the inside towards the end of the tips.
I'll work on the wheels and exhaust tips first before washing the car so that I don't get any residue/overspray from them onto a freshly cleaned painted surface.
I've got my buckets ready and supplies staged, so let's get busy! Once again, here are the exhaust tips before I got started.
First I start by spraying down the inside and outside of the tips with Chemical Guys Grime Reaper APC at a 5:1 ratio. It's shipped as a concentrate, so you'll want to get a DI Trigger Spray Bottle to mix your solution in.
After letting the APC dwell for a minute to start breaking down the grime, I'll clean the outside part of the exhaust using either a Mini E-Z Detail brush (they are perfect for cleaning the areas between a dual-tip setup like this one), or an old microfiber towel that I strictly use for dirty jobs.
Now it's time to use some 0000 steel wool (very fine grade) with the CG Grime Reaper to clean out the insides of the exhaust tips.
Take a look at the dramatic difference between the two sides…and this is even before polishing!
After I cleaned all 4 tips in the same manner, I washed and dried the M3 (and polished it), and am now putting all of the finishing touches on the car.
Your exhaust tips are now clean, but if you want to take them to the next level, I recommend polishing them up a bit both inside and out. Here I am using Optimum Metal Polish and 0000 steel wool on the insides of the tips.
Now I'm moving on to the outside of the tips once again with Optimum Metal Polish and an older microfiber towel that I no longer use for the painted surfaces. If there's a grain in the finish, then be sure to polish with the grain. Another product that I like to use on the outside of exhaust tips is Klasse All-In-One.
All finished! As you can see, the insides of the exhaust tips have a bit of permanent etching from infrequent cleaning, but they look much better, and will remain that way with simple cleaning during each wash.
The M3 looks great, and the bright exhaust tips add a professional finishing touch!
Here are a few other examples of finely finished exhaust tips:
Z06 Corvette:
GT500 Shelby Mustang:
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Purchase the products used in this article individually or in one convenient package here!


text:
Terry Smith Jr.: Missing Menifee, Calif. Boy's Half-Brother Charged With Murder
Terry Smith Jr., 11, was found in a shallow grave behind his home July 10.
July 13, 2013— -- The 16-year-old half-brother of a Menifee, Calif., boy whose body was found in a shallow grave behind his house has been charged with the boy's murder, officials said.
The Riverside County District Attorney's Office charged the 16-year-old with the murder of his 11-year-old half-brother, Terry Smith Jr., on Friday, according to a news release.
ABCNews.com is not releasing the name of the teenager because he is a juvenile.
Body of Missing Menifee, Calif., Boy Found; Teenage Relative Arrested
Investigators originally said Terry was last seen from his family's Menifee home around 9 p.m. on July 6 and was gone the next morning, according to ABC News' Los Angeles station KABC-TV.
But the story changed on Wednesday when the brother allegedly told officials that Terry had followed him on the way to a friend's house the night he disappeared, and when he realized Terry was following him, he told him to go home, KABC-TV reported.
At around 1 a.m. on Wednesday, someone from the Smith home called police to report possible remains in the backyard, according to KABC. Police found a shallow grave about 75 feet from the house when they arrived.
A woman named Pam Ragland led investigators to Terry's body, a Riverside County sheriff's spokeswoman told The Associated Press. Ragland reportedly called in a tip on Tuesday after she was watching a TV report about the search for Terry and had visions of him lying on his side with his eyes closed, the AP reported.
"I've heard all the comments and people will say I'm crazy," she told the AP. "At this point, all I can do is hope that this has brought the family closure and kept people from searching needlessly."
Woman: 'Visions' Led Her to Dead California Boy
While Shawna Smith, the mother of both Terry and his half-brother declined to comment to KABC-TV, Terry's aunt, Tracy Armato, called the boy's death "a double tragedy for our family."
"While we are in the process of putting Juju to rest, we are also trying to have an understanding of what occurred," Armato told KABC-TV.
Meanwhile, Terry's father, Terry Smith Sr., characterized the relationship between the teenager and his younger siblings as troubled.
"Shawna knew [the half-brother's] disposition, she knew that he did get violent with his brothers and sisters, and I begged her to get him the right kind of help," he told KABC-TV.
The 16-year-old is due in juvenile court at the Southwest Justice Center in Murrieta, Calif., Monday afternoon. The Riverside County District Attorney's Office has also filed a request for a hearing to decide whether he should be tried as an adult, a news release said.
ABC News' Christina Ng contributed to this report.


text: Hi, Wes, Yes, they will pick up bad habits if not shown the other side from time to time. It's definitely necessary to do so. As to your latter paragraph, it sounds like you are thinking of a Comparative Languages course. Certainly desirable. ---------------------------------- Richard Conn, ASE and PAL Manager http://xenadu.home.mindspring.com/ > -----Original Message----- > From: Team Ada: Ada Advocacy Issues (83 & 95) > [mailto:[log in to unmask]]On Behalf Of W. Wesley Groleau x4923 > Sent: Wednesday, December 01, 1999 4:25 PM > To: [log in to unmask] > Subject: Teaching methods (was: What the competition looks like) > > > > I really have to disagree with your statement about VB. We are talking > > about teaching Freshmen, not Juniors or Seniors. .... > > But what about the bad habits they pick up? I see Ada written by former > C people with no range constraints. They've learned that when you need a > number, you say int, float, or double. So they will never use > "... is range 1 .. 100;" unless the instructor forces them to. > Similarly, > I've debugged Pascal written by Fortran folks that said > > CONST > Depth_Mode = 1; > Distance_Mode = 2; > ... > if Mode = Depth_Mode ... > (or even 'if Mode = 1 ...') > ... > > > about teaching Freshmen, not Juniors or Seniors. In a very practical > > sense, if you try to tell Freshmen how great generics, > inheritance, etc., > > are, it's likely that those who don't quit after the first two > weeks ..... > > Sure. But you start out with the easy stuff and add to it as you go > along. > > On the other hand, if you teach VB (or even C) first, and constantly point > out its deficiencies as you go along, maybe that's not so bad. If the > student learns what's great about a range constraint WHILE learning how to > declare a C int .... > > But what if you taught both together? A little Ada, and the corresponding > features of (language X) at the same time, with a brief discussion of the > pros and cons of each might help avoid the tendency to always want to > write in your first language (and to act like it when writing in other > languages).


text:
Adult Female
Name: unnamed
Species: Taijitu Beetle
Birthday: Monday, February 12, 2024
Owner: The49thAlias
Element: Life
Taijitu beetles don't grow much as they age, but their appearances do change. Hatchlings are smaller and less vibrantly colored than adults, lacking their hard shells. As these companions age and change, so do their powers. While hatchlings only have power over sleep, adult taijitu beetles possess many different skills. Everyone knows these beetles are famous for helping people to relax, but they offer their help for other reasons, too. Those who are angry will find themselves not only soothed, but figuring out how to solve their problems. People worried about gold or not having enough time will find themselves understanding how to attain their goals. Magi who have one of these beetles as a companion are generally more happy and carefree than others. They are wonderful creatures, as long as one can make it through the perpetual drowsy feeling the hatchlings cause. These companions also become slightly less sleepy as they age, and more likely to make their way up a tree rather than falling asleep under any leaf. It's easy enough to tell the gender of a beetle, as their colors vary. Female taijitu beetles are mostly black, with vibrant silver markings. Males are the opposite, with mostly silver coloring and black designs. These markings are considered to be very beautiful, and have been replicated in artwork throughout the world.
The castle is a busy place, inside and out. It's full of rushing people and creatures, hatchlings playing, and the occasional market stall. In the uproar, smaller animals can sometimes be overlooked, like the taijitu beetles. These little companions make sure to stay out of the way, and are usually found in quiet places, like the libraries or gardens. Though they are not usually seen, taijitu beetles are still powerful companions, and many seek them out. They are peaceful bugs, conducting their lives without worry. They are well known to be the most serene companions, and it seems at times that nothing can bother them. If a magi is feeling particularly stressed, one of these beetles will go to them and offer their company. Taijitu beetles have a calming presence, and before long those nearby feel soothed. This power works not only on people, but on other animals as well. These beetles are able to control how they make others feel, and can use it as a weapon if need be. Because of their magic, taijitu beetles have no fear of being attacked, despite being so small. Any creature that attacks one of these beetles instantly become quite lazy and drowsy, unable to do harm. Although it is thought that these companions could easily kill their enemies, they abhor violence and are very peaceful. Their way of life is greatly admired, and many people have actually dedicated their lives to trying to be more like these beetles.
Sprite art: Cassowary | Description: Damien


text:
"What do I do when overwhelmed and projects pull me in several directions?" That is a common question. The short answer is, "Practice humility, courage, and discipline."
Humility is simply appreciating where the boundary is between what I can do and what I can't do. When on the "can" side get to work focusing on success. When on the "can't" side see if help is available within the time frame required. If that help isn't available then it is time to either cut scope or extend the schedule. Another way to state humility is, "I have a place in the universe; it just isn't at the center."
Courage is risking action (or being still) when there are no guarantees the desired outcome will be achieved. This doesn't mean the outcome can't be achieved. Rather, it is about breaking into new territory and getting away from "same-old, same-old" behavior. Courage can also mean taking action when there are insufficient resources and attempting to get political movement by pushing on power brokers.
For example, risking building a prototype of a product you just KNOW the client will want and doing this BEFORE there is any commitment. "Taking a calculated risk," might be another way to describe the exercise of courage. Keep in mind; this is different than being foolhardy. When someone is foolhardy they throw caution to the wind. With foolhardy, think of the firm with no depth that mastered PowerPoint and then was at a loss as to what to do once they win the contract.
Discipline is what brings it all together. There are two ways to define discipline and both are relevant. The first definition is: know your area of expertise and how best to apply it. Practice, practice, practice.
The second definition ties back into humility. You must be able to maintain a sharp focus and broad view simultaneously. Imagine you are a surgeon and want to save the patient. The decision as to whether or not to operate goes beyond your ability with the surgical techniques. It is critical to consider whether or not the patient might die while under anesthetic.
This all adds up to wisdom, the ability to find a balance point among all the principles when the rules are either absent or fail to point in a clear direction. There's an old saying that sums the challenge of the situation well, "Success comes from experience which comes from failure." There are no guarantees but without trying you'll never know. Remember to breathe and take a calculated risk.


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Minn.'s health care left largely intact by high court's ruling
The U.S Supreme Court's decision on the federal health care law leaves the status quo largely intact in Minnesota.
If the law survives the November elections, the high court's decision will have far reaching effects on patients, employers and insurers in Minnesota.
Steve Knutson has spent his career trying to obtain health care for those who can't afford it. He runs the Neighborhood Health Source, four community primary care clinics in north Minneapolis. Forty percent of the patients have no insurance.
"Right now so many of our uninsured patients delay care or avoid care altogether because there's just no ability to cover even a portion of the costs of that," Knutson said.
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Supreme Court Ruling
• Continuing coverage: Big Story Blog
• Continuing coverage: Health care law survives, with Roberts' help
• Read the ruling: Transcript
• Obama's reaction: Transcript
• Romney's reaction: Transcript
• Minnesota reaction: Politicians, union members comment
• Q&A: Ruling's impact on Minnesota
• Agree with the court? Take our poll
The court's ruling lifts the financial barrier for people to get health care and get it earlier, he said.
One of the main goals of the federal health care law is to expand health care to cover those who don't have it. While Minnesota's 9 percent uninsured rate is low compared to the national average of 16 percent, it still amounts to nearly half a million people in the state. And that number has been growing.
The law's reforms should cut the number of uninsured residents in Minnesota by more than half, said University of Minnesota economist Lynn Blewett.
"This is a significant step for Minnesota in terms of moving to cover uninsured in the state," Blewett said.
One of the ways the law will help fill in that coverage gap is by expanding the joint federal and state program for low-income people known as Medicaid. While the court ruled that states may opt out of the expansion, Minnesota has already signed on.
The Medicaid expansion allows Minnesota to get federal matching dollars for providing health insurance for residents previously covered solely by state dollars through GAMC and MinnesotaCare programs. The expansion is expected to deliver more than $2.8 billion in federal funding to the state over the next several years.
The Department of Human Services says currently 84,000 Minnesotans are enrolled under the Medicaid expansion. Of those, approximately 30,000 were from the former GAMC program, and 50,000 from the MinnesotaCare program.
The Dayton administration called the ruling an affirmation of the reform efforts currently underway in Minnesota.
"What the Affordable Care Act does is give us additional federal dollars so that we can do our job quicker and faster and with less additional impact on Minnesota taxpayers," Human Services Commissioner Lucinda Jesson said.
The Medicaid issue is also important to insurance giant, UnitedHealth Group, which is a major employer in Minnesota. Minnetonka-based UnitedHealth has a subsidiary serving Medicaid patients in 23 states, which brought in nearly $14 billion in revenue last year. The law is expected to bring health insurers an influx of new customers.
Geoff Bartsh, vice president of public policy and government relations at Medica, said the court's ruling brings certainty that until now has been non-existent.
While the Supreme Court's ruling provides more certainty, it isn't the final word. Depending on the outcome of the November elections, Bartsh said Congress could substantially change the law.
"While this gives us some clarity in terms of the constitutionality of the law as it stands today, it certainly doesn't give us any clarity in terms of how the law might look, or how the law might change, between now and 2014 when the law goes fully into effect," Bartsh said.
Health Partners released a statement calling for adjustments in the law to ensure that coverage is affordable, saying under the current law, individuals and small employers will pay for coverage.
Mayo Clinic, which had been held up by the Obama administration as an example of how the health care law could function in reality, says it won't see major changes. The world-renowned clinic has been a pioneer of patient-centered care, which is a centerpiece of the law. Regardless of the ruling, officials there say Mayo will continue to innovate.
Today's ruling also means fewer patients will be unable to pay their medical bills, said Lawrence Massa of the Minnesota Hospital Association, which represents most of the state's hospitals, says
"Minnesota has been a leader in the country in terms of providing coverage, so we're not going to see as many new people covered as some of the other states under the law," Massa said. "But it certainly gives our state some advantages in terms of the Medicaid expansion and some of those provisions."
On the other hand, there remains for insurers the question over the future of Minnesota's health insurance exchange. The state-based exchanges are a cornerstone of the federal health care law. Envisioned as online marketplaces where individuals and small groups can comparison shop for health insurance, these are supposed to be operating by early 2014.
But GOP state lawmakers led by Sen. David Hann of Eden Prairie have rallied against it. Hann, who chairs the Health and Human Services Committee, said the high court's ruling doesn't change his mind that a Dayton-created exchange will be bad for the state. He said the Obama health care law is the law of the land now, but that could change after the November elections
"Depending on how that election goes, if the political response to this is what I believe it will be, the law will be overturned in the next session and we would be remiss in going too far down the path of implementing something that would get repealed," Hann said.
A lingering question is whether the Dayton administration has enough legal authority through executive powers to commit the state to an exchange or will need legislative buy-in to do so.
The ruling does not change much for Minnesota's big medical device companies. Analysts say most people getting pacemakers and other implantable devices were already insured through Medicare and that companies have taken actions to offset the impact of a tax on medical devices. Nonetheless, there have already been moves in Congress to repeal the tax with bipartisan support.
In any case, today's ruling is only a way station in the law's history. The Supreme Court's decision provides certainty that the federal health care passes constitutional muster, but it remains to be seen whether it passes muster with the voters and their elected officials following the election.


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The Very Best Totally Wrong Test Answers
By Richard Benson.
F stands for "funny" in this perfect gift for students, teachers, or anyone who has ever had to struggle through a test and needs a good laugh.
Celebrating the creative side of failure in a way we can all relate to, F in Exams gathers the most hilarious and inventive test answers provided by students who, faced with a question they have no hope of getting right, decide to have a little fun instead.
Whether in science (Q: What is the highest frequency noise that a human can register? A: Mariah Carey), the humanities (Q: What did Mahatma Gandhi and Genghis Khan have in common? A: Unusual names), math, or other subjects, these 250 entries prove that while everyone enjoys the spectacle of failure, it's even sweeter to see a FAIL turn into a WIN.
5 x 7 · 128 pages
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FRACKING INQUIRY: No reason to reject fracking in Lancashire on noise grounds say expert
Dr David Hiller was speaking at a public inquiry into gas exploration company Cuadrilla's bid to "frack" in the county.
Dr Hiller said that according to tests the gas exploration company had carried out, and previous experience at other sites, the noise levels from drilling would fall well within acceptable limits.
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdHe was giving evidence in Blackpool on the third day of a public inquiry into Cuadrilla's appeal against Lancashire County Council's refusal of permission to frack at sites in Roseacre Wood, near Elswick, and Preston New Road, Little Plumpton.
He questioned whether World Health Organisation guidelines on noise levels being quoted by opponents of fracking were appropriate to the temporary shale gas exploration operation that Cuadrilla was proposing.
Dr Hiller said the Government's observations on noise levels during the construction Hs2, which could go on for 10 years, should be taken into account.
Dr Hiller, called on behalf of Cuadrilla, said in view of the noise generated by drilling, there was no sound reason to reject the exploration at either site on the grounds of noise."
Hide AdAdvertisement
Hide AdHe said: "The proposed exploration works could be undertaken without any adverse noise impact."
Questioned by counsel for Cuadrilla, Dr Hiller said a suggestion that noise from the rig could be reduced further by "shrouding" part of it was an unreasonable and costly burden for what it would achieve.
There were no visible protesters outside the hearing and around 20 people in the public gallery yesterday.
The hearing, chaired by Wendy McKay, is expected to last up to five weeks.


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Dr. Henry Knight is Emeritus Director of the Cohen Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Keene State College where he taught in the College's academic program, which offers the nation's first undergraduate major in Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Knight is also co-chair of the biennial Steven S. Weinstein Holocaust Symposium (formerly the Pastora Goldner Holocaust Symposium) that he and Leonard Grob of Fairleigh Dickenson University co-founded in 1996. He serves on the Church Relations Committee of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC and several other national and international advisory committees related to Holocaust Studies.
Knight earned his B.A. in English from the University of Alabama and his M.Div. and D.Min. degrees from Emory University where he concentrated in theology and pastoral hermeneutics. He has served two institutions as chaplain and as a member of their respective departments of religion: The University of Tulsa and Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio.
He began teaching courses on the Holocaust over twenty-five years ago while at Baldwin-Wallace. At The University of Tulsa, he was honored by his peers for his work in the classroom, receiving both the Outstanding Teacher Award for the University and the Excellence in Teaching Award from the College of Arts and Sciences. Active in national as well as local interfaith relations, Knight also served as Director of the Council for Holocaust Education of Tulsa, Oklahoma – a partnership of the Jewish Federation of Tulsa and The Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art. He joined the Keene State College community in July 2007.


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Join a strong team of talented professionals dedicated to their work in a law enforcement department that's just the right size to get ahead and build your career. Advancement is just waiting to be earned.
BART Police Officer Selection and Training Process
BART Police Officer Continuing Education
BART Police Explorer Interest Card
History of the BART Police Department
From 1972-1975, BART police officers wore blazers to maintain a low-key appearance (officers are pictured behind civilian support personnel).
A 1975 departmental inspection by then-Chief William Rumford. (The officer on the right is Gary Gee, who would become BART PD's fourth chief in December 2000.)
For many years BART police officers have worn traditional uniforms.
In 1969, three years before BART opened for revenue service, the transit district's board of directors recommended that local police and sheriff's departments patrol the stations, trains, rights-of-way, and other BART-owned properties that were within their respective jurisdictions. The police chiefs and sheriffs, forecasting that BART's proposal would create jurisdictional disputes and inconsistent levels of police service, rejected the board's proposal. As a result, legislation was passed to form an autonomous law enforcement agency, the BART Police Department.
The department is comprised of 296 personnel, of which 206 are sworn peace officers. Community-service officers, communications/9-1-1 dispatchers and supervisors, revenue-protection guards, clerical staff and supervisors, and a CAD/RMS administrator comprise the department's civilian employees. The BART Police Department provides the full range of law-enforcement services. To prepare for major emergencies, critical incidents, and tactical call-outs, the department is a signatory to the Bay Area's mutual-aid pacts. Select officers receive training in SWAT, crowd management, and hostage negotiations.
Qualifications and training for BART police officers exceed the mandates of the state's Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training, which certifies all California peace officers. In addition to meeting POST requirements, every BART police officer applicant must have at least 30 college-semester units. Most officers are assigned to the Patrol Bureau and are eligible for specialized assignments, including: field-training officer; canine handler; criminal investigations; field-evidence technician; personnel and training; background investigations; crime analysis; traffic; FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force; and the special-patrol team.
During BART's first 13 years of revenue service, police officers reported to the transit district's headquarters in Oakland. In 1985, a team of officers was assigned to report to the Concord transportation facility, where a police field office was established. By not traveling the 20 miles between Oakland and Concord, the officers were able to patrol their beats longer and become more familiar with the community. BART riders, station agents, and train operators benefited from having more police presence and interaction with the same officers. This led to three additional field offices within six months.
In July 1993, then-Police Chief Harold Taylor recommended a comprehensive plan to decentralize the department into four geographical police "zones," each with its own headquarters and field offices. Zone commanders were given personnel, equipment, and resources to manage their respective police operations. A peer-review panel, which included four police chiefs and the safety-audit administrator from the American Public Transportation Association, gave Chief Taylor's plan its endorsement, along with other recommendations, on how the BART police could work more closely with other transit employees, communities, businesses, and schools that the transit district serves.
Today, there are BART police facilities and field offices in Oakland, Concord, Walnut Creek, Pittsburg/Bay Point, El Cerrito, Dublin/Pleasanton, Castro Valley, Hayward, San Francisco, Colma, and San Bruno. Police command officers provide input to planners for BART's future extensions to Warm Springs and Santa Clara County.
To further ensure the personal safety of BART riders, emergency call-boxes in parking lots are directly linked to the BART police 9-1-1 communications center. The department is also utilizing state-of-the-art video surveillance systems in trains, stations, and parking lots. Police reports are transmitted electronically on a new computer-aided dispatch and records-management system.
The BART Police Department's goal is to build a more community-oriented police force that is tough on crime and strong on customer service. Zone lieutenants and their personnel foster working partnerships with BART riders, fellow employees, community groups, schools, and business owners. Together, the goal of the stakeholders is to ensure that personal safety, quality of life, and protection of property remain at the top of BART's priorities.


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S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl Summary
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl Review
Stalker Shadow of Chernobyl is an ambitious title from GSC, one that succeeds and amazes in some areas but almost horridly trips and stumbles along in others.
Latest Updates
GOG 'reclaim your games' revives S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Gamespy keys, also activating on Steam
The bleak world of S.T.A.L.K.E.R. has just gotten a tad brighter as GOG.com is resurrecting ye olde Gamespy codes for the apocalyptic shooter, which also seem to be activating on Steam as well. This is part of a wider initiative to dust off old game serial keys and get them revived digitally by GOG, who hope to expand what they can turn into a DRM-free copy. You get all the goodies and updates.
West Games "trying to steal money" with unauthorised S.T.A.L.K.E.R. campaign, says GSC Game World
Valentine Yeltyshev is back with S.T.A.L.K.E.R. creator GSC Game World, having left for a while to pursue other goals. Now the studio is back up and running and is working on its next project. Will it be another S.T.A.L.K.E.R.? What's definitely not another entry into the series is 'STALKER: Apocalypse', says the public relations director. That's a 'scam' by West Games who've 'no expertise' with the IP.
Team behind S.T.A.L.K.E.R successor now facing legal action
Well that escalated quickly. No sooner had West Games' Kickstarter campaign for a planned "spiritual successor" to S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl begun, than the team were facing accusations of false claims and possible legal action. The key issue is whether West Games lied about their members being former developers from S.T.A.L.K.E.R creators GSC Game World.
Former S.T.A.L.K.E.R developers unite to create the ultimate post-apocalyptic shooter
West Games, a new studio founded by former members of S.T.A.L.K.E.R. creators GSC World and 4A Games, are creating what they describe as "the definitive spiritual successor" to the cult post apocalyptic shooter. Project Areal will be West Games' first title, set in a huge open world filled with a variety of mutated creatures intent on eating your eyeballs for dinner.
S.T.A.L.K.E.R series latest to avoid GameSpy server shutdowns
The post-apocalyptic survival series S.T.A.L.K.E.R is the latest to survive the GameSpy server shutdowns, with a new Steam patch moving the multiplayer servers for every incarnation of the series over to developers GSC Gameworld's own. If you don't own the games on Steam you can manually download the patch, which affects all editions, on the series' official website.


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What Happens to Debt When You Die: Who Will Pay For Your Mortgaged Home?
by Georgia Carter • 27 July 2021
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by Georgia Carter • 27 July 2021


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Located in the Boise-Eliot neighborhood and bordering on the very cool and very modern Mississippi Street, this luxurious, single-living tiny space has ideal access to some of Portland's best shops, restaurants, microbrews and pubs, music venues, boutiques, cafes, and studios.
The space itself is a clever mix of textures featuring primarily wood, metal, and concrete, giving the one and a half bedroom house an Old World sensibility with an infusion of modern and a splash of eco-consciousness! It is at once beautiful, comfortable, and functional. At first glance it is difficult to look past the craftsmanship and hand-shaped details. Just the garden-level, private entry alone seems like an art installation with its oversized glass insert in the front door, its brick flooring, and it subtle use of old wood for the exposed footer.
The invite of the entry is continued in the use of concrete in the main living area. With a much warmer and inviting feel that it would lead on to have the handcrafted Japanese carpentry space is much like the Andrew Reeves designed (for client Patrick Flynn), 566 sq.ft. house in Toronto with its mix of otherwise cold materials: in this case, wood and concrete.
Once inside the front door there is overwhelming warmth of the natural including clay walls, wood beamed ceiling, an infusion of natural light, rough hewn furniture pieces, and neutral seating, all set against the backdrop of a gourmet kitchen.
Made to cook in the house boasts a Viking 6-burner stove and convection oven, stainless steel appliances, granite countertops with ample work space, and handmade cabinetry. The subway tile backsplash and open shelving only add to the contemporary achievements of the unit.
The bathroom – with its separated shower area and bathroom area – are perhaps the hidden gem of the space though.
The shower comes across as more sauna and massage spa than it does rain locker. It features cedar siding, walnut, elm and cherry shelving, as well as a very artistic and smart mix of tile and glass giving a very bright and open sensory experience. Because the bathroom is separated it is useable while the shower is also in use.
The living room is more a gift than a necessity in this home. It is well appointed and cozy including fir flooring, handmade furniture, a Danish-modern sleeper sofa, and a gas stove/fireplace. There is even a flat screen TV for those who desire more modern entertainment!
Directly off the living area and through what appears to be a built-in cabinet is a hidden bedroom. Reminiscent of a traditional Asian pagoda room but taking cue from an Old World Norwegian box-bed, the doors of the cabinet slide open to reveal a very private sleeping nook perfect for complete privacy.
The main bedroom however has a large closet with a queen mattress and frame. All of the linen is natural cotton in the house and the bedding has goose down fill. To add local flavor the walls of the house are appointed with original art from local artists.
A beautiful home with handcrafted charm, luxurious amenities, and ideal location, the Handcrafted Japanese Carpentry tiny house is intelligent, inviting, and serene.
Your Turn!
- Do you like the use of concrete for flooring?
- Does the mixing of wood types inspire you?


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Using the Symbol Browser Preferences, shown in Symbol Browser Preferences below, you can configure some properties of the tool. Choose Works > Tools > Preferences... . or click and select Symbol Browser in the list on the left side of the Preferences dialog.
Figure 19.2 Symbol Browser Preferences
To configure the default sort order for the Symbols list, select Unsorted , By Name or By Package under Sort.
To configure the display of package names in the Description area, alter the Package settings as described in Displaying packages.
You can control whether the Symbol Browser displays the history toolbar by the option Show Toolbar , as described in Toolbar configurations.
Click OK in the Preferences dialog to see your changes in the Symbol Browser tool and save them for future use.
LispWorks IDE User Guide (Unix version) - 12 Feb 2015


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Ivan Fallon at The Independent describes the mood:
It has been the week from hell for Google.As John Battelle said, "Google? We thought...well, we thought you were different."
Once the much-loved and unblemished hero of the web, the giant internet group has suffered a series of blows that have exposed for the first time its feet of clay. The company that stood for "freedom of the net" is accused of humiliatingly submitting to Chinese censorship, conniving at the suppression of freedom in Tibet, exploiting the work of American writers and of running what is arguably the biggest porn and violence website in the business.
The biggest worry of all ... was the abrupt shift in sentiment among its almost messianic customers, who are suddenly asking awkward questions .... Google's problem is that the world expects better of it. It had stood up to the US government and championed free speech, but now ... it has lost the high ground.
Every company contains the seeds of its own destruction, and it may be that even Google, the miracle of the new media age, has reached the tipping point in the past week.
[Found on Findory]
Update: Dennis Kneale at Forbes has a more even-handed take in his excellent article, "Gunning for Google".


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Yarn and Colors MUST HAVE Old Pink / 047
A truly must have in any yarn stash. Perfect for endless projects this spots weight 100% mercerized cotton is so affordable and comes in a great range of colours.
Must have for every knitting and crochet addict! Made from 100% mercerized cotton and available in a huge range of vibrant colours. What can you create with this yarn? Basically any project you like! Perfect for clothes, blankets, accessories, home decoration, amiguruim, toys, stuffed animals i could go on forever. Also available in mini 10g balls.
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