text:
Analytic geometry
Geometry |
Geometers |
In mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system. This contrasts with synthetic geometry.
Analytic geometry is used in physics and engineering, and also in aviation, rocketry, space science, and spaceflight. It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete and computational geometry.
Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes, straight lines, and circles, often in two and sometimes three dimensions. Geometrically, one studies the Euclidean plane (two dimensions) and Euclidean space. As taught in school books, analytic geometry can be explained more simply: it is concerned with defining and representing geometric shapes in a numerical way and extracting numerical information from shapes' numerical definitions and representations. That the algebra of the real numbers can be employed to yield results about the linear continuum of geometry relies on the Cantor–Dedekind axiom.
Ancient Greece[edit]
The Greek mathematician Menaechmus solved problems and proved theorems by using a method that had a strong resemblance to the use of coordinates and it has sometimes been maintained that he had introduced analytic geometry.[1]
Apollonius of Perga, in On Determinate Section, dealt with problems in a manner that may be called an analytic geometry of one dimension; with the question of finding points on a line that were in a ratio to the others.[2] Apollonius in the Conics further developed a method that is so similar to analytic geometry that his work is sometimes thought to have anticipated the work of Descartes by some 1800 years. His application of reference lines, a diameter and a tangent is essentially no different from our modern use of a coordinate frame, where the distances measured along the diameter from the point of tangency are the abscissas, and the segments parallel to the tangent and intercepted between the axis and the curve are the ordinates. He further developed relations between the abscissas and the corresponding ordinates that are equivalent to rhetorical equations (expressed in words) of curves. However, although Apollonius came close to developing analytic geometry, he did not manage to do so since he did not take into account negative magnitudes and in every case the coordinate system was superimposed upon a given curve a posteriori instead of a priori. That is, equations were determined by curves, but curves were not determined by equations. Coordinates, variables, and equations were subsidiary notions applied to a specific geometric situation.[3]
The 11th-century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyam saw a strong relationship between geometry and algebra and was moving in the right direction when he helped close the gap between numerical and geometric algebra[4] with his geometric solution of the general cubic equations,[5] but the decisive step came later with Descartes.[4] Omar Khayyam is credited with identifying the foundations of algebraic geometry, and his book Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of analytic geometry, is part of the body of Persian mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe.[6] Because of his thoroughgoing geometrical approach to algebraic equations, Khayyam can be considered a precursor to Descartes in the invention of analytic geometry.[7]: 248
Western Europe[edit]
Part of a series on |
René Descartes |
Analytic geometry was independently invented by René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat,[8][9] although Descartes is sometimes given sole credit.[10][11] Cartesian geometry, the alternative term used for analytic geometry, is named after Descartes.
Descartes made significant progress with the methods in an essay titled La Géométrie (Geometry), one of the three accompanying essays (appendices) published in 1637 together with his Discourse on the Method for Rightly Directing One's Reason and Searching for Truth in the Sciences, commonly referred to as Discourse on Method. La Geometrie, written in his native French tongue, and its philosophical principles, provided a foundation for calculus in Europe. Initially the work was not well received, due, in part, to the many gaps in arguments and complicated equations. Only after the translation into Latin and the addition of commentary by van Schooten in 1649 (and further work thereafter) did Descartes's masterpiece receive due recognition.[12]
Pierre de Fermat also pioneered the development of analytic geometry. Although not published in his lifetime, a manuscript form of Ad locos planos et solidos isagoge (Introduction to Plane and Solid Loci) was circulating in Paris in 1637, just prior to the publication of Descartes' Discourse.[13][14][15] Clearly written and well received, the Introduction also laid the groundwork for analytical geometry. The key difference between Fermat's and Descartes' treatments is a matter of viewpoint: Fermat always started with an algebraic equation and then described the geometric curve that satisfied it, whereas Descartes started with geometric curves and produced their equations as one of several properties of the curves.[12] As a consequence of this approach, Descartes had to deal with more complicated equations and he had to develop the methods to work with polynomial equations of higher degree. It was Leonhard Euler who first applied the coordinate method in a systematic study of space curves and surfaces.
In analytic geometry, the plane is given a coordinate system, by which every point has a pair of real number coordinates. Similarly, Euclidean space is given coordinates where every point has three coordinates. The value of the coordinates depends on the choice of the initial point of origin. There are a variety of coordinate systems used, but the most common are the following:[16]
Cartesian coordinates (in a plane or space)[edit]
The most common coordinate system to use is the Cartesian coordinate system, where each point has an x-coordinate representing its horizontal position, and a y-coordinate representing its vertical position. These are typically written as an ordered pair (x, y). This system can also be used for three-dimensional geometry, where every point in Euclidean space is represented by an ordered triple of coordinates (x, y, z).
Polar coordinates (in a plane)[edit]
In polar coordinates, every point of the plane is represented by its distance r from the origin and its angle θ, with θ normally measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis. Using this notation, points are typically written as an ordered pair (r, θ). One may transform back and forth between two-dimensional Cartesian and polar coordinates by using these formulae:
Cylindrical coordinates (in a space)[edit]
In cylindrical coordinates, every point of space is represented by its height z, its radius r from the z-axis and the angle θ its projection on the xy-plane makes with respect to the horizontal axis.
Spherical coordinates (in a space)[edit]
In spherical coordinates, every point in space is represented by its distance ρ from the origin, the angle θ its projection on the xy-plane makes with respect to the horizontal axis, and the angle φ that it makes with respect to the z-axis. The names of the angles are often reversed in physics.[16]
Equations and curves[edit]
In analytic geometry, any equation involving the coordinates specifies a subset of the plane, namely the solution set for the equation, or locus. For example, the equation y = x corresponds to the set of all the points on the plane whose x-coordinate and y-coordinate are equal. These points form a line, and y = x is said to be the equation for this line. In general, linear equations involving x and y specify lines, quadratic equations specify conic sections, and more complicated equations describe more complicated figures.[17]
Usually, a single equation corresponds to a curve on the plane. This is not always the case: the trivial equation x = x specifies the entire plane, and the equation x2 + y2 = 0 specifies only the single point (0, 0). In three dimensions, a single equation usually gives a surface, and a curve must be specified as the intersection of two surfaces (see below), or as a system of parametric equations.[18] The equation x2 + y2 = r2 is the equation for any circle centered at the origin (0, 0) with a radius of r.
Lines and planes[edit]
Lines in a Cartesian plane, or more generally, in affine coordinates, can be described algebraically by linear equations. In two dimensions, the equation for non-vertical lines is often given in the slope-intercept form:
- m is the slope or gradient of the line.
- b is the y-intercept of the line.
- x is the independent variable of the function y = f(x).
In a manner analogous to the way lines in a two-dimensional space are described using a point-slope form for their equations, planes in a three dimensional space have a natural description using a point in the plane and a vector orthogonal to it (the normal vector) to indicate its "inclination".
Specifically, let be the position vector of some point , and let be a nonzero vector. The plane determined by this point and vector consists of those points , with position vector , such that the vector drawn from to is perpendicular to . Recalling that two vectors are perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero, it follows that the desired plane can be described as the set of all points such that
In three dimensions, lines can not be described by a single linear equation, so they are frequently described by parametric equations:
- x, y, and z are all functions of the independent variable t which ranges over the real numbers.
- (x0, y0, z0) is any point on the line.
- a, b, and c are related to the slope of the line, such that the vector (a, b, c) is parallel to the line.
Conic sections[edit]
In the Cartesian coordinate system, the graph of a quadratic equation in two variables is always a conic section – though it may be degenerate, and all conic sections arise in this way. The equation will be of the form
The conic sections described by this equation can be classified using the discriminant[20]
- if , the equation represents an ellipse;
- if and , the equation represents a circle, which is a special case of an ellipse;
- if , the equation represents a parabola;
- if , the equation represents a hyperbola;
- if we also have , the equation represents a rectangular hyperbola.
Quadric surfaces[edit]
A quadric, or quadric surface, is a 2-dimensional surface in 3-dimensional space defined as the locus of zeros of a quadratic polynomial. In coordinates x1, x2,x3, the general quadric is defined by the algebraic equation[21]
Quadric surfaces include ellipsoids (including the sphere), paraboloids, hyperboloids, cylinders, cones, and planes.
Distance and angle[edit]
In analytic geometry, geometric notions such as distance and angle measure are defined using formulas. These definitions are designed to be consistent with the underlying Euclidean geometry. For example, using Cartesian coordinates on the plane, the distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is defined by the formula
In three dimensions, distance is given by the generalization of the Pythagorean theorem:
Transformations are applied to a parent function to turn it into a new function with similar characteristics.
The graph of is changed by standard transformations as follows:
- Changing to moves the graph to the right units.
- Changing to moves the graph up units.
- Changing to stretches the graph horizontally by a factor of . (think of the as being dilated)
- Changing to stretches the graph vertically.
- Changing to and changing to rotates the graph by an angle .
There are other standard transformation not typically studied in elementary analytic geometry because the transformations change the shape of objects in ways not usually considered. Skewing is an example of a transformation not usually considered. For more information, consult the Wikipedia article on affine transformations.
For example, the parent function has a horizontal and a vertical asymptote, and occupies the first and third quadrant, and all of its transformed forms have one horizontal and vertical asymptote, and occupies either the 1st and 3rd or 2nd and 4th quadrant. In general, if , then it can be transformed into . In the new transformed function, is the factor that vertically stretches the function if it is greater than 1 or vertically compresses the function if it is less than 1, and for negative values, the function is reflected in the -axis. The value compresses the graph of the function horizontally if greater than 1 and stretches the function horizontally if less than 1, and like , reflects the function in the -axis when it is negative. The and values introduce translations, , vertical, and horizontal. Positive and values mean the function is translated to the positive end of its axis and negative meaning translation towards the negative end.
Transformations can be applied to any geometric equation whether or not the equation represents a function. Transformations can be considered as individual transactions or in combinations.
Suppose that is a relation in the plane. For example,
Finding intersections of geometric objects [edit]
For two geometric objects P and Q represented by the relations and the intersection is the collection of all points which are in both relations.[23]
For example, might be the circle with radius 1 and center : and might be the circle with radius 1 and center . The intersection of these two circles is the collection of points which make both equations true. Does the point make both equations true? Using for , the equation for becomes or which is true, so is in the relation . On the other hand, still using for the equation for becomes or which is false. is not in so it is not in the intersection.
The intersection of and can be found by solving the simultaneous equations:
Traditional methods for finding intersections include substitution and elimination.
Substitution: Solve the first equation for in terms of and then substitute the expression for into the second equation:
We then substitute this value for into the other equation and proceed to solve for :
Next, we place this value of in either of the original equations and solve for :
So our intersection has two points:
Elimination: Add (or subtract) a multiple of one equation to the other equation so that one of the variables is eliminated. For our current example, if we subtract the first equation from the second we get . The in the first equation is subtracted from the in the second equation leaving no term. The variable has been eliminated. We then solve the remaining equation for , in the same way as in the substitution method:
We then place this value of in either of the original equations and solve for :
So our intersection has two points:
For conic sections, as many as 4 points might be in the intersection.
Finding intercepts[edit]
One type of intersection which is widely studied is the intersection of a geometric object with the and coordinate axes.
The intersection of a geometric object and the -axis is called the -intercept of the object. The intersection of a geometric object and the -axis is called the -intercept of the object.
For the line , the parameter specifies the point where the line crosses the axis. Depending on the context, either or the point is called the -intercept.
Geometric axis[edit]
Axis in geometry is the perpendicular line to any line, object or a surface.
Also for this may be used the common language use as a: normal (perpendicular) line, otherwise in engineering as axial line.
In geometry, a normal is an object such as a line or vector that is perpendicular to a given object. For example, in the two-dimensional case, the normal line to a curve at a given point is the line perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at the point.
In the three-dimensional case a surface normal, or simply normal, to a surface at a point P is a vector that is perpendicular to the tangent plane to that surface at P. The word "normal" is also used as an adjective: a line normal to a plane, the normal component of a force, the normal vector, etc. The concept of normality generalizes to orthogonality.
Spherical and nonlinear planes and their tangents[edit]
Tangent is the linear approximation of a spherical or other curved or twisted line of a function.
Tangent lines and planes[edit]
In geometry, the tangent line (or simply tangent) to a plane curve at a given point is the straight line that "just touches" the curve at that point. Informally, it is a line through a pair of infinitely close points on the curve. More precisely, a straight line is said to be a tangent of a curve y = f(x) at a point x = c on the curve if the line passes through the point (c, f(c)) on the curve and has slope f'(c) where f' is the derivative of f. A similar definition applies to space curves and curves in n-dimensional Euclidean space.
As it passes through the point where the tangent line and the curve meet, called the point of tangency, the tangent line is "going in the same direction" as the curve, and is thus the best straight-line approximation to the curve at that point.
Similarly, the tangent plane to a surface at a given point is the plane that "just touches" the surface at that point. The concept of a tangent is one of the most fundamental notions in differential geometry and has been extensively generalized; see Tangent space.
See also[edit]
- ^ Boyer, Carl B. (1991). "The Age of Plato and Aristotle". A History of Mathematics (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-471-54397-7.
Menaechmus apparently derived these properties of the conic sections and others as well. Since this material has a strong resemblance to the use of coordinates, as illustrated above, it has sometimes been maintained that Menaechmus had analytic geometry. Such a judgment is warranted only in part, for certainly Menaechmus was unaware that any equation in two unknown quantities determines a curve. In fact, the general concept of an equation in unknown quantities was alien to Greek thought. It was shortcomings in algebraic notations that, more than anything else, operated against the Greek achievement of a full-fledged coordinate geometry.
- ^ Boyer, Carl B. (1991). "Apollonius of Perga". A History of Mathematics (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 142. ISBN 0-471-54397-7.
The Apollonian treatise On Determinate Section dealt with what might be called an analytic geometry of one dimension. It considered the following general problem, using the typical Greek algebraic analysis in geometric form: Given four points A, B, C, D on a straight line, determine a fifth point P on it such that the rectangle on AP and CP is in a given ratio to the rectangle on BP and DP. Here, too, the problem reduces easily to the solution of a quadratic; and, as in other cases, Apollonius treated the question exhaustively, including the limits of possibility and the number of solutions.
- ^ Boyer, Carl B. (1991). "Apollonius of Perga". A History of Mathematics (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 156. ISBN 0-471-54397-7.
The method of Apollonius in the Conics in many respects are so similar to the modern approach that his work sometimes is judged to be an analytic geometry anticipating that of Descartes by 1800 years. The application of references lines in general, and of a diameter and a tangent at its extremity in particular, is, of course, not essentially different from the use of a coordinate frame, whether rectangular or, more generally, oblique. Distances measured along the diameter from the point of tangency are the abscissas, and segments parallel to the tangent and intercepted between the axis and the curve are the ordinates. The Apollonian relationship between these abscissas and the corresponding ordinates are nothing more nor less than rhetorical forms of the equations of the curves. However, Greek geometric algebra did not provide for negative magnitudes; moreover, the coordinate system was in every case superimposed a posteriori upon a given curve in order to study its properties. There appear to be no cases in ancient geometry in which a coordinate frame of reference was laid down a priori for purposes of graphical representation of an equation or relationship, whether symbolically or rhetorically expressed. Of Greek geometry we may say that equations are determined by curves, but not that curves are determined by equations. Coordinates, variables, and equations were subsidiary notions derived from a specific geometric situation; [...] That Apollonius, the greatest geometer of antiquity, failed to develop analytic geometry, was probably the result of a poverty of curves rather than of thought. General methods are not necessary when problems concern always one of a limited number of particular cases.
- ^ a b Boyer (1991). "The Arabic Hegemony". A History of Mathematics. pp. 241–242. ISBN 9780471543978.
Omar Khayyam (ca. 1050–1123), the "tent-maker," wrote an Algebra that went beyond that of al-Khwarizmi to include equations of third degree. Like his Arab predecessors, Omar Khayyam provided for quadratic equations both arithmetic and geometric solutions; for general cubic equations, he believed (mistakenly, as the sixteenth century later showed), arithmetic solutions were impossible; hence he gave only geometric solutions. The scheme of using intersecting conics to solve cubics had been used earlier by Menaechmus, Archimedes, and Alhazan, but Omar Khayyam took the praiseworthy step of generalizing the method to cover all third-degree equations (having positive roots). For equations of higher degree than three, Omar Khayyam evidently did not envision similar geometric methods, for space does not contain more than three dimensions, ... One of the most fruitful contributions of Arabic eclecticism was the tendency to close the gap between numerical and geometric algebra. The decisive step in this direction came much later with Descartes, but Omar Khayyam was moving in this direction when he wrote, "Whoever thinks algebra is a trick in obtaining unknowns has thought it in vain. No attention should be paid to the fact that algebra and geometry are different in appearance. Algebras are geometric facts which are proved."
- ^ Cooper, Glen M. (2003). "Review: Omar Khayyam, the Mathmetician by R. Rashed, B. Vahabzadeh". The Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (1): 248–249. doi:10.2307/3217882. JSTOR 3217882.
- ^ Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers, p. 92
- ^ Cooper, G. (2003). Journal of the American Oriental Society,123(1), 248-249.
- ^ Stillwell, John (2004). "Analytic Geometry". Mathematics and its History (Second ed.). Springer Science + Business Media Inc. p. 105. ISBN 0-387-95336-1.
the two founders of analytic geometry, Fermat and Descartes, were both strongly influenced by these developments.
- ^ Boyer 2004, p. 74
- ^ Cooke, Roger (1997). "The Calculus". The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 326. ISBN 0-471-18082-3.
The person who is popularly credited with being the discoverer of analytic geometry was the philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650), one of the most influential thinkers of the modern era.
- ^ Boyer 2004, p. 82
- ^ a b Katz 1998, pg. 442
- ^ Katz 1998, pg. 436
- ^ Pierre de Fermat, Varia Opera Mathematica d. Petri de Fermat, Senatoris Tolosani (Toulouse, France: Jean Pech, 1679), "Ad locos planos et solidos isagoge," pp. 91–103.
- ^ "Eloge de Monsieur de Fermat" (Eulogy of Mr. de Fermat), Le Journal des Scavans, 9 February 1665, pp. 69–72. From p. 70: "Une introduction aux lieux, plans & solides; qui est un traité analytique concernant la solution des problemes plans & solides, qui avoit esté veu devant que M. des Cartes eut rien publié sur ce sujet." (An introduction to loci, plane and solid; which is an analytical treatise concerning the solution of plane and solid problems, which was seen before Mr. des Cartes had published anything on this subject.)
- ^ a b Stewart, James (2008). Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 6th ed., Brooks Cole Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-01166-8
- ^ Percey Franklyn Smith, Arthur Sullivan Gale (1905)Introduction to Analytic Geometry, Athaeneum Press
- ^ William H. McCrea, Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions Courier Dover Publications, Jan 27, 2012
- ^ Vujičić, Milan; Sanderson, Jeffrey (2008), Vujičić, Milan; Sanderson, Jeffrey (eds.), Linear Algebra Thoroughly Explained, Springer, p. 27, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74639-3, ISBN 978-3-540-74637-9
- ^ Fanchi, John R. (2006), Math refresher for scientists and engineers, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 44–45, ISBN 0-471-75715-2, Section 3.2, page 45
- ^ Silvio Levy Quadrics in "Geometry Formulas and Facts", excerpted from 30th Edition of CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulas, CRC Press, from The Geometry Center at University of Minnesota
- ^ M.R. Spiegel; S. Lipschutz; D. Spellman (2009). Vector Analysis (Schaum's Outlines) (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-161545-7.
- ^ While this discussion is limited to the xy-plane, it can easily be extended to higher dimensions.
- Boyer, Carl B. (2004) [1956], History of Analytic Geometry, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0486438320
- Cajori, Florian (1999), A History of Mathematics, AMS, ISBN 978-0821821022
- John Casey (1885) Analytic Geometry of the Point, Line, Circle, and Conic Sections, link from Internet Archive.
- Katz, Victor J. (1998), A History of Mathematics: An Introduction (2nd Ed.), Reading: Addison Wesley Longman, ISBN 0-321-01618-1
- Mikhail Postnikov (1982) Lectures in Geometry Semester I Analytic Geometry via Internet Archive
- Struik, D. J. (1969), A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200-1800, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674823556
- Bissell, Christopher C. (1987), "Cartesian geometry: The Dutch contribution", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 9 (4): 38–44, doi:10.1007/BF03023730
- Boyer, Carl B. (1944), "Analytic Geometry: The Discovery of Fermat and Descartes", Mathematics Teacher, 37 (3): 99–105, doi:10.5951/MT.37.3.0099
- Boyer, Carl B. (1965), "Johann Hudde and space coordinates", Mathematics Teacher, 58 (1): 33–36, doi:10.5951/MT.58.1.0033
- Coolidge, J. L. (1948), "The Beginnings of Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions", American Mathematical Monthly, 55 (2): 76–86, doi:10.2307/2305740, JSTOR 2305740
- Pecl, J., Newton and analytic geometry
External links[edit]
- Coordinate Geometry topics with interactive animations


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President Donald Trump will nominate Judge Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court, Trump announced Tuesday night at the White House.
The nomination of Gorsuch, a 49-year-old federal appellate judge from Colorado, gives Trump and Republicans the opportunity to confirm someone who could cement the conservative direction of the court for decades.
His selection also sets up an intense fight with Senate Democrats, still angry over the Republicans' decision to essentially ignore former President Barack Obama's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland for the empty Supreme Court seat last year.
Introducing Gorsuch, Trump said he had committed as a candidate to "find the very best judge in the country for the Supreme Court."
"Millions of voters said this was he single most important issue for them when they voted for me for president," Trump said. "I am a man of my word."
"Today I am keeping another promise to the American people by nominating Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court."
Trump made the announcement after an unusual day in which both top candidates for the nomination — Gorsuch and Judge Thomas Hardiman — were brought to Washington as the suspense built.
The court has been operating with eight justices since the sudden death last February of Justice Antonin Scalia. If confirmed, Gorsuch would continue the ideological balance that existed before Scalia's death, with four conservatives, four liberals and Justice Anthony Kennedy as a swing vote between the blocs.
Trump selected Gorsuch — who sits on the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals — from a list of 20 potential justices compiled during the presidential campaign in a direct appeal to conservative and evangelical voters skeptical about his commitment to their values.
Gorsuch's opinions on religious liberty, where he sided with the challengers to the so-called Obamacare contraceptive mandate, and on the separation of powers, where he said too much deference was given by the courts to administrative agencies, are key to his appeal to Republicans. As is his age. At 49, he could carry on Trump's legacy long after the President leaves office.
Gorsuch's legal philosophy
Unlike others on Trump's list, Gorsuch has an Ivy League pedigree, having attended Columbia and Harvard, and also studied at Oxford, where he earned a doctorate in legal philosophy.
Gorsuch is a fourth generation Coloradan and a former clerk to both Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy.
"It is an extraordinary resume. As good as it gets," Trump said.
"The qualifications of Judge Gorsuch are beyond dispute," Trump said. "I only hope that Democrats and Republicans can come together for one, for the good of the country."
On the bench he joined an opinion siding with closely held corporations who believed that the so called contraceptive mandate of Obamacare violated their religious beliefs. The ruling was later upheld by the Supreme Court. Gorsuch wrote separately holding that the mandate infringed upon the owners' religious beliefs "requiring them to lend what their religion teaches to be an impermissible degree of assistance to the commission of what their religion teaches to be a moral wrong."
He also wrote a majority opinion in a separation of powers case holding that too much deference was given to administrative agencies. This issue is a favorite of conservatives and Gorsuch's beliefs align with those of Scalia and Justice Clarence Thomas.
Gorsuch, in a speech last year at Case Western Reserve University School of law, aligned himself with Scalia's judicial philosophy.
"The great project of Justice Scalia's career was to remind us of the differences between judges and legislators. To remind us that legislators may appeal to their own moral convictions and to claims about social utility to reshape the law as they think it should be in the future, " he said. "But that judges should do none of these things in a democratic society."
At the White House Gorsuch he would faithfully commit to upholding the laws of the nation, saying he would act as a "servant of the Constitution and laws of this country."
Like Trump, he cited Scalia as a model.
"Justice Scalia was a lion of the law," he said.
Democratic opposition
When Obama nominated Garland to take Scalia's seat last year, liberals hoped that they would get a liberal majority that would swing the court left on key issues such as abortion, campaign finance and voting rights.
But Senate Republicans refused to hold hearings, citing the impending election which was still eight months away.
Democrats have said they would fight the new nominee "tooth and nail" putting not only his or her credentials to the test, but holding Republicans responsible for what liberals say is a "stolen seat."
After Trump's unexpected win, conservatives rejoiced, expecting the new president to nominate someone to the bench in the mold of Scalia. They also hope that with three justices on the Supreme Court in their late 70s and early 80s, Trump might have at least one more vacancy to fill.
If, for example, Justice Anthony Kennedy were to step down, the conservatives might be able to chip away at Roe v. Wade, the landmark opinion that legalized abortion.
Mother was EPA administrator
Gorsuch's confirmation would mean a return to Washington.
He spent part of his youth in Washington when his mother, Anne Gorsuch Burford, served in the Reagan administration as administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
She resigned in 1983 under controversy after refusing to turn over toxic waste records to Congress.
He served as a partner at a prestigious Washington Law firm, Kellogg, Huber as well as Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General.
Gorsuch and his wife Louise have two daughters. They live in Boulder, Colorado.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Nick Stahl Arrested -- Breaking Bad Again ... Busted for Meth Possession
Nick Stahl Breaking Bad Again Busted for Meth
Nick Stahl is back in jail after getting busted for drugs early this morning ... TMZ has learned.
LAPD tells us the "Terminator 3" star was arrested around 5 AM when police found him in a Hollywood motel with three other people ... they were all allegedly using meth.
Stahl was taken into custody -- along with the other individuals.
We're told police actually went to the motel to conduct a parole compliance check on one of the people Stahl was hanging with this morning.
Wrong place, wrong time for Stahl ... who's battled drug addiction for years.
Just yesterday, Nick told us he was happy he was placed on a 5150 hold earlier this month -- because it helped straighten him out.


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Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude
Curse the Kafir
Preferential Treatment of Muslims
"A Muslim should not be killed for killing a non-Muslim." [At-Tirmithi]
Moreover, according to the view of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them the title (and rulings) "disbeliever" is applicable to a free non-Muslim under the Muslim rule. However, Abu Haneefah, and the scholars of his School of jurisprudence may Allaah have mercy upon them are of the view that a Muslim should be killed for killing a free non-Muslim under Muslim rule; their evidence is the two verses which the questioner mentioned.
Nonetheless, the correct opinion is that of the majority of the scholars may Allaah have mercy upon them that is based on the above Prophetic narration, which is a direct proof related to the case of dispute.
Allaah Knows best.Islamweb, Fatwa No.92261, August 1, 2006, http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=92261.
Jizya Tax
Friendship with Non-Muslims
Treatment of Dhimmis
Jews and Christians
Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, "Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley." This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.
The scholars of Hadith narrated from `Abdur-Rahman bin Ghanm Al-Ash`ari that he said, "I recorded for `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, the terms of the treaty of peace he conducted with the Christians of Ash-Sham: `In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. This is a document to the servant of Allah `Umar, the Leader of the faithful, from the Christians of such and such city. When you (Muslims) came to us we requested safety for ourselves, children, property and followers of our religion. We made a condition on ourselves that we will neither erect in our areas a monastery, church, or a sanctuary for a monk, nor restore any place of worship that needs restoration nor use any of them for the purpose of enmity against Muslims. We will not prevent any Muslim from resting in our churches whether they come by day or night, and we will open the doors [of our houses of worship] for the wayfarer and passerby. Those Muslims who come as guests, will enjoy boarding and food for three days. We will not allow a spy against Muslims into our churches and homes or hide deceit [or betrayal] against Muslims. We will not teach our children the Qur'an, publicize practices of Shirk, invite anyone to Shirk or prevent any of our fellows from embracing Islam, if they choose to do so. We will respect Muslims, move from the places we sit in if they choose to sit in them. We will not imitate their clothing, caps, turbans, sandals, hairstyles, speech, nicknames and title names, or ride on saddles, hang swords on the shoulders, collect weapons of any kind or carry these weapons. We will not encrypt our stamps in Arabic, or sell liquor. We will have the front of our hair cut, wear our customary clothes wherever we are, wear belts around our waist, refrain from erecting crosses on the outside of our churches and demonstrating them and our books in public in Muslim fairways and markets. We will not sound the bells in our churches, except discretely, or raise our voices while reciting our holy books inside our churches in the presence of Muslims, nor raise our voices [with prayer] at our funerals, or light torches in funeral processions in the fairways of Muslims, or their markets. We will not bury our dead next to Muslim dead, or buy servants who were captured by Muslims. We will be guides for Muslims and refrain from breaching their privacy in their homes.' When I gave this document to `Umar, he added to it, 'We will not beat any Muslim. These are the conditions that we set against ourselves and followers of our religion in return for safety and protection. If we break any of these promises that we set for your benefit against ourselves, then our Dhimmah (promise of protection) is broken and you are allowed to do with us what you are allowed of people of defiance and rebellion.' "Apostates (Ridda)
Have you not considered those (Jews) who are given a portion of the Book? They are invited to the Book of Allah that it might decide between them, then a part of them turn back and they withdraw.
Apostates are Damned to Hell
Lo! those who disbelieve, and die in disbelief, the (whole) earth full of gold would not be accepted from such an one if it were offered as a ransom (for his soul). Theirs will be a painful doom and they will have no helpers.
This, because they said to those who hate what Allah has revealed, "We will obey you in part of (this) matter"; but Allah knows their (inner) secrets.
Death is Ordained for Apostates
Instances of Punishments
Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 2999: Mohammed expelled every Jew living in Medina.
Abu Dawud Volume 2 Number 3023, 3024, 3026: He commanded to expel the polytheists.
Mocking Kafir
Abu Dawud Volume 2 Footnote 1046: Muhammad sacrificed a camel to enrage the infidels.
Alleged miracle of Muhammad knowing which grave to dig up in order to find treasure. It is also permitted for Muslims to desecrate the graves of non-Muslims if they will benefit by doing so.
Abu Dawud Volume 1 Book 2: At Banu al-Najjar the Muslims took over the land and dug up the graves of unbelievers looking for treasure.
See Also
- Dhimmitude - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Dhimmitude
- ↑ Al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Kitab al-Wagiz fi fiqh madhab al-imam al-Safi'i, Beirut, 1979, pp. 186, 190-91; 199-200; 202-203. [English translation by Dr. Michael Schub.]


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To cut costs, Defense and VA scrap plans for new electronic health record
Instead of building a system from scratch, the departments will integrate existing systems.
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and Veterans Affairs Secretary Eric Shinseki announced late Tuesday they would forgo plans to build a new health records system to be used jointly by the departments and instead pursue less expensive technologies to make their respective systems more interoperable.
The new approach will significantly cut costs and ultimately deliver better service to patients and medical professionals much sooner than originally planned, they said, although they didn't provide any savings estimates.
"As you know, our two departments have been moving toward a plan to build a single customized, integrated electronic health record system from the ground up to meet the president's directive and modernize our legacy IT systems," Panetta said. But cost concerns pushed the two secretaries to look for a solution "for much less money than had been budgeted," he said.
"Ric and I agreed to make a series of important changes to simplify this program, cut costs and to get our veterans the key benefits of this system much sooner. Rather than building a single integrated system from scratch, we will focus our immediate efforts on integrating VA and DoD health data as quickly as possible, by focusing on interoperability and using existing solutions," he said.
By this summer, the departments will field test a common interface for doctors at seven joint rehabilitation centers across the country and expand its use at two additional sites. "All of these facilities will be interoperable by the end of July 2013, so [it's a] fast time track, but we think we can get it done," Panetta said.
Initially, Defense and VA planned to deploy the common integrated electronic health record by 2017, but in December, Shinseki and Panetta announced they would accelerate that schedule and deploy the iEHR in 2014, although they offered no details of how they would do so. Tuesday's meeting hammered out some of those details.
Among the key milestones this year Panetta and Shinseki announced:
- March: The departments will select a core set of iEHR capabilities.
- May: Patients in both departments will be able to download their medical records in what is known as the Blue Button initiative.
- September: The departments will have a common authoritative source for health data.
- July: The Janus graphical user interface will be deployed at seven rehab sites.
- December: Health care data will be standardized and the graphical user interface will be upgraded, enabling the real-time exchange of data between the two departments.
"We have more work to do," Shinseki said, noting, "we have brought our two departments closer together than ever before, and that's good for our people."
Integrating the departments' health records has proved to be enormously complex.
"This is a struggle," Panetta said. "Some have argued that we should build a perfect system. Some argued that we'll never be able to do this. But for the first time, both DoD and VA have come together to say we can get this done, we can get it done in an effective way that does the job and does it in an expeditious way."
NEXT STORY: Pick your sequester scenario


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Get the Need for Speed Carbon trailer off WP (70mb)
What starts in the city is settled in the canyons as Need for Speed Carbon immerses you into the world's most dangerous and adrenaline-filled form of street racing. You and your crew must race in an all-out war for the city, risking everything to take over your rivals' neighbourhoods one block at a time. As the police turn up the heat, the battle ultimately shifts to Carbon Canyon, where territories and reputations can be lost on every perilous curve. Need for Speed Carbon delivers the next generation of customization giving you the power to design and tweak your crew's cars in every way using the ground-breaking new Autosculpt technology. Represent your car class, your crew, and your turf in Need for Speed Carbon, the next revolution in racing games.
Need for Speed Carbon will be available on Xbox 360, PS3 and Wii, but also PS2, Xbox, Gamecube, NDS, GBA, PSP and PC.
More articles about Need For Speed Carbon


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Chuck Hagel on Energy & OilRepublican Sr Senator (NE) | |
Hagel had been a cosponsor of a successful Senate resolution to oppose the treaty. It would have required industrial plants--but not automobile manufacturers--to cut pollution from burning fossil fuels to 2000 levels by 2010. Hagel said the treaty would hurt US businesses, reducing economic growth by 1% in the 1st year alone and costing up to 1.5 million jobs as well as raising energy prices for consumers, farmers, business, and industry. The July resolution put the Senate on record as opposing any treaty that would bind industrialized nations to reductions in greenhouse gases without requiring similar commitments from the developing world.
Besides that, he added, "It's just smart for us to reduce greenhouse gasses, to pay attention to improving the environment. It's smart to find alternative sources of energy."
Despite the positive elements of this legislation, the main sticking point is whether temporary extensions of tax relief should be offset with permanent tax increases elsewhere. The White House issued a statement recommending a Presidential veto of this bill in its current form. [Vote NAY to] allow the Senate to work its will and pass legislation that can be quickly signed by the President.
But what happens with the DeMint motion, he gives China and India a veto power over what we should be doing. Imagine saying we are not going to do anything about human rights until China acts. Why would we give up our chance to take the mantle of leadership and finally grab hold of this issue? I cannot look into the eyes of my grandchildren and tell them: Sorry, I am giving over my proxy to China & India, and I can't do anything about it.
Proponents support voting YES because:
This legislation seeks to end the unwarranted tax breaks & subsidies which have been lavished on Big Oil over the last several years, at a time of record prices at the gas pump and record oil industry profits. Big Oil is hitting the American taxpayer not once, not twice, but three times. They are hitting them at the pump, they are hitting them through the Tax Code, and they are hitting them with royalty holidays put into oil in 1995 and again in 2005.
It is time to vote for the integrity of America's resources, to vote for the end of corporate welfare, to vote for a new era in the management of our public energy resources.
Opponents support voting NO because:
I am wearing this red shirt today, because this shirt is the color of the bill that we are debating, communist red. It is a taking. It will go to court, and it should be decided in court.
This bill will increase the competitive edge of foreign oil imported to this country. If the problem is foreign oil, why increase taxes and make it harder to produce American oil and gas? That makes no sense. We should insert taxes on all foreign oil imported. That would raise your money for renewable resources. But what we are doing here today is taxing our domestic oil. We are raising dollars supposedly for renewable resources, yet we are still burning fossil fuels.
Status: Bill passed Bill passed, 65-27
Proponents recommend voting YES because:
Our NOPEC bill will authorize filing suit against nations that participate in a conspiracy to limit the supply, or fix the price, of oil. In addition, it will specify that the doctrines of sovereign immunity do not exempt nations that participate in oil cartels from basic antitrust law.
Opponents recommend voting NO because:
No one likes OPEC. But this amendment, in my opinion, would make bad law. The Framers of the Constitution wisely assigned responsibility for formulating foreign policy and conducting foreign relations to the President and to the Congress, not to the law courts.
The amendment before us has its roots in a lawsuit filed by the labor union nearly 30 years ago. The union at that time charged OPEC with price fixing in violation of our antitrust laws. The trial court dismissed the case on the ground that OPEC members are sovereign nations and are immune from suit. Adopting the amendment will undoubtedly be very popular, but it is also very unwise.
In addition, we here in the Senate ought to consider how enactment of this amendment might affect our relations with OPEC members. What will be the international repercussions when the US starts awarding judgments against foreign nations and attaching their assets in this country? Will other nations start to view our trade policies--such as our nuclear trade restrictions--as violations of their antitrust laws?
Proponents recommend voting YES because:
It just seems logical that we ask the Corps of Engineers to include in their analyses, judgments about the potential impact of global climate change. All this amendment seeks to do, as a matter of common sense, is to ask the Army Corps of Engineers to factor climate change into their future plans. Secondly, we are making a statement here to finally recognize the reality of what is happening with respect to climate change.
Opponents recommend voting NO because:
The same people today who are saying we are all going to die from global warming, just back in the middle 1970s were saying another ice age is coming and we are all going to die. Which way do you want it?
If a surge of anthropogenic gases--this CO2, methane, or whatever it is--were causing a warming period, then around 1945 we would have a warming period because in the middle 1940s we had the greatest increase in greenhouse gases. But what happened? It did not precipitate a warming period.
Peer reviewed evidence shows that the sun has actually been driving the temperature change. You don't have to be a scientist to know that the Sun can have something to do with climate change.
Implementing Kyoto would reduce the average annual household income nearly $2,700, at a time when the cost of all goods would rise sharply.
OnTheIssues.org interprets the 2005-2006 CAF scores as follows:
The Campaign for America's Future (CAF) is a center for ideas and action that works to build an enduring majority for progressive change. The Campaign advances a progressive economic agenda and a vision of the future that works for the many, not simply the few. The Campaign is leading the fight for America's priorities--against privatization of Social Security, for investment in energy independence, good jobs and a sustainable economy, for an ethical and accountable Congress and for high quality public education.
About the CAF report, "Energy Independence: Record vs. Rhetoric":
Energy independence has surfaced as a defining issue in the current elections. Are most candidates and both parties truly committed? To help distinguish the demonstrated level of support for homegrown, clean energy alternatives, we examined the voting records of current U.S. Representatives and Senators on bills vital to promoting those interests. Key pieces of legislation included goals for independence, and subsidies for the development of alternatives compared to subsidies for drilling and digging. We then compared votes on these issues with campaign contributions from major oil interests. The results show strong inverse correlations between political contributions from big oil and votes for energy independence.
A resolution that it is the goal of the United States that, not later than January 1, 2025, the agricultural, forestry, and working land of the US should provide from renewable resources not less than 25% of the total energy consumed and continue to produce safe, abundant, and affordable food, feed, and fiber. [Governors also signed letters of endorsement at www.25x25.org]
Rep. SALAZAR: "Our resolution establishes a national goal of producing 25% of America's energy from renewable sources--like solar, wind and biofuels--by 2025. The "25x'25" vision is widely endorsed, bold, and fully attainable. If implemented, it would dramatically improve our energy security, our economy, and our ability to protect the environment.
"I am pleased that more than 20 of my colleagues in the Senate, from both sides of the aisle, are cosponsoring this resolution. In addition, the "25x'25" vision has been endorsed by 22 current and former governors and several State legislatures across the country. The Big Three automobile manufacturers--Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors--are all behind "25x'25" So are many agricultural organizations, environmental groups, scientists, and businesses, ranging from the Natural Resources Defense Council to John Deere.
"These Americans understand that we cannot continue to import 60% of our oil from foreign countries, many of which are hostile to the US, if we aim to be strong and secure in the world. They know that we will have to build a clean energy economy if we are to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. It is time for Congress to take a more active role in our clean energy future. Establishing a national goal--"25x'25" is the first step."


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Geochemical baseline data for the urban area of Mansfield
Freestone, S.E.; O'Donnell, K.E.; Brown, S.E.. 2004 Geochemical baseline data for the urban area of Mansfield. Nottingham, UK, British Geological Survey, 74pp. (IR/02/082) (Unpublished)
Before downloading, please read NORA policies.
IR02082.pdf Download (1MB) |
This report describes and interprets the results of a systematic urban geochemical baseline survey carried out in the Mansfield area. The concentrations of trace elements vary widely over different rock types. Baseline geochemical data enables natural concentrations to be determined and these provide a benchmark with which to compare the levels of contaminants in industrialised and urban areas. Soil samples were taken at a density of four per square kilometre. Sampling was carried out on the least disturbed area of unbuilt ground, such as domestic gardens, allotments, parks or (in the worst instance) road verges or made ground. Preliminary interpretation of the data can then be carried out and related back to the past and present industrial history of the Mansfield area.
Item Type: | Publication - Report |
Programmes: | BGS Programmes > Other |
Funders/Sponsors: | NERC |
Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.: | Work on this report was completed whilst the authors were members of NERC staff. This item has been internally reviewed but not externally peer-reviewed |
NORA Subject Terms: | Ecology and Environment Earth Sciences Data and Information |
Date made live: | 23 Apr 2009 08:55 +0 (UTC) |
URI: | https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7009 |
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When is the next workshop about aquarium technology, pond care or terrarium lighting taking place near you? What are the current trends?
We would like to discuss these and other questions with you as part of our JBL Academy workshops, during the trade fairs and promotions.
Get to know the JBL team and visit us on the following dates:
Date | Konum | Booth / Site |
from 4 to 6 March, 2016 | Aqua Fisch Friedrichshafen | Hall B5, Booth no. B5-410 |
from 16 to 20 March, 2016 | IBO Garten & Ambiente, Friedrichshafen | Hall A6, Booth no. A6-419 |
from 18 to 20 March, 2016 | Garten Salzburg | Hall 2 and 6, Booth no. 304 |
26.03.2016 | Fressnapf XXL Dresden | ProScape Workshops mit Jurijs Jutjajevs |
Sales, advice, dialogue, a personal meet-up. You learn from us and we learn from you. Just visit us on the above dates.


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Local Magic: Creating Magic in Your Locality
What type of earth magic exists where you are? What is the local nature of air, fire and water? How do you make magic with the living forces all around you – not as they appear in books, but as you see and experience them when you step outside your front door? Every locality has its own flavours, energies and secrets… and when we work our magic and ritual in alignment with our locality we enter deep into the earth's living magic.
Spell at the Waterfall
We walked through an avenue of flowering tea-tree, small clustered white stars that formed a processional way. As we kept descending we met them singly, these scrubby but momentarily beautiful trees placed occasionally by the path or at turn below us on the hillside. By the pool the waterfall tumbled into there were another two tea-trees, guardians that greeted us as we stepped from the path onto the rocks around the pool. It was close to Beltaine and the flowers seemed a celebration of that. My son and I were discussing the girlfriend issue; how this was missing in his life. ...
In magic sometimes we raise power deliberately; for healing, change or to charge a specific intent. Another way of working with energy is through the inherent power of places we're connected to. By spending time there and getting to know special places sometimes we may find or access an energy not so much raised by us as granted to us, at least in that moment.
There was no-one at the waterfall and we took off most of our clothes and went into the pool. It was cold; when just my feet were in it, my ankles already felt turned almost to ice. I couldn't bring myself to go more than waist deep but my son dived in, with some shouting and even swam over to the waterfall.
It's a beautiful place. The water gathers at the top in a basin of rock and swirls around before pouring off the edge and twisting down, a long liquid ribbon of water-mixed-with-air… it looks like the long hair of the Goddess, tumbling into the pool as she leans over it. It's very feminine; the round pool, the cupped water at the top of the falls, the narrow bright twist of the falls themselves. It's a place I've been getting to know, visiting at different times of day and night and as the seasons turn and change.
Breathing its air, feeling its icy water and looking around I felt a part of the place and in that moment I saw the scene I was looking at slice away to reveal a different, possible scene; with just one thing changed. I saw my son there with a young woman and how the only thing that had to change was that I be replaced with her. That vision seemed so accessible, overlaid with this moment.
I reached out – not into myself, but into the energy of the place – and pulled that vision almost physically towards me. I accepted its price, for her to be here instead of me and it felt joyous and appropriate. As we left I picked a small twig of the white tea-tree flowers and told him to leave them in his wallet until she turned up. He was worried they'd be crushed but they're tough, those tea-trees and I wanted them to be with him continuously. On the way up the path we talked of her qualities, this young woman we were calling in; we choose three qualities each. He chose intelligence and affection and attractiveness and I chose quirkiness and self-awareness and independence.
And I was not surprised and maybe he wasn't either when a few weeks later he met a girl at a party, someone quite different from the girls he'd been attracted to before and she asked him out. And of course she has those qualities and when they came to visit me a few weeks ago he took her down to the waterfall and took those flowers out of his wallet and gave them to her because really they belonged to her.
So my relationship with the waterfall has deepened immeasurably and now we are bound together not just through its proximity, its beauty but also through having worked magic together; a magic that seemed simply to arrive, to be available and freely gifted.
Monday, 24 March 2014
What a beautiful story! I too have experienced moments of spontaneous magic like this, and they've always been in a place near and dear to my heart like the woods of my childhood or at the ocean. Local magic is a subject near and dear to my heart.
I especially valued your description of that moment of clarity when you knew that doing magic on behalf of your son would mean sharing him with someone else--that he would be at the waterfall with her instead of you. I think that aspect of surrender to what is best, over and above our ideas about how things "should be", really helps us make successful magic. -
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Not all services and features available everywhere. A credit check and/or deposit may be required. Offer not combinable with other product offers. Online orders only. Other restrictions may apply. Bronze Bundle Discount Note: Most promotional prices cannot be combined with promotional prices for other services. The regular rate for this service may apply if another promotional service is added to your cart. Offer expires 09/30/2019 and is available to new residential customers in Cox service areas. Offer is only available for new subscriptions to Cox Contour TV, Internet service, Cox Homelife and Voice Premier. Bundle rate increases $20/month for months 13 24. After promotion period, regular rates apply.Posted by Anonymous at 3:19PM | (7 comments)


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Praise be to Allah.
It is permissible for a person who is praying alone to intend to lead the prayer, and act as imaam for those who join him in the prayer. The evidence for that is the hadeeth narrated by al-Bukhaari (667) and Muslim (763) from Ibn 'Abbaas who said: "I stayed one night with my maternal aunt Maymoonah bint al-Haarith, and I said to her, 'When the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) gets up, wake me up so that I can pray qiyaam al-layl.' The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) got up, and I got up and stood beside him on his left. He took my hand and made me stand on his right, and whenever I closed my eyes he tweaked my ear, then he prayed eleven rak'ahs, then he slept until I could hear the sound of his breathing. When Fajr came he prayed two short rak'ahs. (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 667; Muslim, 763).
The Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) started praying alone, then when Ibn 'Abbaas joined him in prayer, he led him in the prayer.
Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked this question:
If I enter the mosque after the congregation (jamaa'ah) has finished praying, and I say the iqaamah for the prayer and say "Allaahu akbar" to start the prayer, then a man comes in after me and joins me in my prayer, and I did not intend that, is his prayer valid or not?
He answered:
The correct view is that it is prescribed for you to form the intention of leading the prayer when one or more persons join you in prayer, because praying in congregation is something that is required and there is a great deal of virtue in that. Some of the scholars are of the view that this is valid in naafil prayers, but the correct view is that it is valid in both naafil (supererogatory) and fard (obligatory) prayers, because the basic principle is that the rulings on both are the same, except in cases where there is specific evidence. It was proven that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to pray on his own at night in the house of Maymoonah, the maternal aunt of Ibn 'Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with them all). Ibn 'Abbaas got up, did wudoo' and stood to the left of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) made him move to his right. (Agreed upon) and led him in prayer.
Muslim narrated in his Saheeh that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) was praying alone, and Jaabir and Jabbaar came to him and stood to his right and his left. He made them stand behind him and led them in prayer. These two hadeeth indicate what we have mentioned. They also indicate that if there is only one other person, he should stand to the right of the imam, and if there are two or more they should stand behind him.
Majmoo' Fataawa wa Maqaalaat Mutanawwi'ah li'l-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 12/151.


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The 6502 is the classic CPU. This chip is found in the original Apple, Apple II, PET, Commodore 64, BBC Micro, Atari 2600, and 800, the original Nintendo Entertainment System, Tamagotchis, and Bender Bending Rodriguez. This was the chip that started the microcomputer revolution, and holds a special place in the heart of every nerd and technophile. The 6502 is also possibly the most studied processor, with die shots of polysilicon and metal found in VLSI textbooks and numerous simulators available online.
The only thing we haven't seen, until now, is a version of the 6502 built out of discrete transistors. That's what [Eric Schlaepfer] has been working on over the past year. It's huge – 12 inches by 15 inches – has over four thousand individual components, and so far, this thing works. It's not completely tested, but the preliminary results look good.
The MOnSter 6502 began as a thought experiment between [Eric] and [Windell Oskay], the guy behind Evil Mad Scientist and creator of the discrete 555 and dis-integrated 741 kits. After realizing that a few thousand transistors could fit on a single panel, [Eric] grabbed the netlist of the 6502 from Visual6502.org. With the help of several scripts, and placing 4,304 components into a board design, the 6502 was made dis-integrated. If you're building a CPU made out of discrete components, it only makes sense to add a bunch of LEDs, so [Eric] threw a few of these on the data and address lines.
This is the NMOS version of the 6502, not the later, improved CMOS version. As such, this version of the 6502 doesn't have all the instructions some programs would expect. The NMOS version is slower, more prone to noise, and is not a static CPU.
So far, the CPU is not completely tested and [eric] doesn't expect it to run faster than a few hundred kilohertz, anyway. That means this gigantic CPU can't be dropped into an Apple II or commodore; these computers need a CPU to run at a specific speed. It will, however, work in a custom development board.
Will the gigantic 6502 ever be for sale? That's undetermined, but given the interest this project will receive it's a foregone conclusion.
Correction: [Eric] designed the 555 and 741 kits


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A newly formed political committee that is not required to immediately disclose its donors has spent $480,000 on a major television advertising buy days before the mayoral election on behalf of state Representative Martin J. Walsh, according to a report filed this week with the state.
The political action committee, One Boston, is not obliged to identify its financial backers until January, after voters cast ballots in this Tuesday's election. The only name listed on the committee's paperwork is Jocelyn Hutt, a 55-year-old woman from Congreve Street in Roslindale. She has not voted in three of Boston's past four municipal elections, according to city records.
The surge of outside money in the waning days of the campaign underscores the role that political committees are playing in the first wide-open mayoral race in a generation in Boston. Walsh's opponent, Councilor at Large John R. Connolly, has also benefited from such money, but at much lower levels. Outside groups have spent three times more on Walsh than on Connolly.
One Boston is the second newly formed political committee that has flooded the mayoral race with outside money to air television commercials for Walsh. The other, American Working Families, established a political committee in Massachusetts in July and listed the address of a post office box at a UPS store in Alexandria, Va., according to state records. American Working Families has spent $1.1 million for Walsh. The only name associated with the group is Bud Jackson, a Democratic media consultant who has repeatedly declined to disclose donors before the election.
Walsh said the organization should be transparent, but added he had no information about the group, including its donor base.
"They should disclose their donors, anybody, yeah," Walsh said. "But I have no idea who they are. This is the first I've heard of it."
Two education groups have spent $713,000 supporting Connolly. The main group spending money on behalf of the city councilor, Democrats for Education Reform, established a political committee in Massachusetts in 2011 and has supported other candidates.
In addition to the two new political committees, labor unions have also invested heavily in Walsh, bringing total outside spending for the legislator to $2.4 million. His official campaign had only spent $1.7 million by Oct. 15, according to the most recent bank filing.
Outside groups are legally barred from coordinating with a candidate's official campaign. American Working Families had cameras at Walsh's party the night of September's preliminary election and used footage in a commercial. Reporters saw cameras from an outside group at a Walsh rally with women on Saturday. Walsh spokeswoman Kate Norton said that the campaign did extensive public outreach before the women's event. "The event was open to the public and press and was weeks in the making," Norton said in an e-mail. "We cannot and do not coordinate with groups like this, and we did not invite them."
Political action committees spending money in the mayoral race are required to report expenditures within 24 hours in the final days before an election. But the state law allows donors to remain confidential until January. The state's top campaign finance officials have asked the groups to voluntarily release names before the mayoral election.
"We are strongly recommending, in the spirit of disclosure, that contributors [to the political committees] be disclosed," Michael Sullivan, director of the state Office of Campaign and Political Finance, wrote in a letter dated Sept. 11.
One Boston filed paperwork with the state Oct. 24 to form a political action committee and listed Hutt as both chairwoman and treasurer. The committee's television ad for Walsh began airing Wednesday.
Hutt did not respond to questions about Walsh's call for her committee to release its donors list. She has not contributed to political candidates in Massachusetts in recent years, according to state records. Hutt is a senior account manager for the East Coast division of DRS and Associates, which describes itself as a boutique public relations, advertising, and marketing agency specializing in luxury brands, its website says.
"I am not doing any media interviews," Hutt said in an e-mail. "But to reiterate: Donors will be disclosed on the next regularly scheduled [political action committee] report" in January.
American Working Families has also refused to release its donors, although several local labor unions have reported giving the group money, records show. Jackson, the media consultant associated with the group, said in e-mail Thursday that he would not heed the request from state officials or Walsh to be more transparent.
"We are not legally allowed to take direction from a candidate," Jackson said. "We look forward to disclosing our donors as the law requires."
The other outside groups backing Walsh have been funded by organized labor. That includes Working America, which is the political arm of the national AFL-CIO, and individual labor unions.
Connolly campaign spokeswoman Natasha Perez said that Walsh is counting on millions of dollars from outside groups to buy this election for him.
"This is even more evidence that Representative Walsh will be beholden to special interests rather than being the independent mayor that Boston deserves," Perez said in e-mail.
Democrats for Education Reform, the group supporting Connolly, filed a required report at the end of June showing roughly 100 donations from individuals, ranging from $5 to $100. The largest amount of its money came from Education Reform Advocacy Now, a New York nonprofit that donated $25,000.
The board chairman is Charles H. Ledley, a hedge fund analyst who was a consultant at Bain & Company, where former governor Mitt Romney had worked. The nonprofit donated another $80,000 in July and August, records show.
Democrats for Education Reform stopped spending money for Connolly in September at the candidate's request, but it began spending again earlier this month as outside spending for Walsh reached into the millions. Democrats for Education Reform said it did not have plans to release the names of donors until January.
A representative of the group said it was following the lead of outside political committees backing Walsh. "They decided to let outside groups in," said Liam Kerr. "They are setting the rules."
Joshua Miller of the Globe staff contributed to this report. Andrew Ryan can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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ChobitsSynopsisAfter failing to get into college, Motosuwa Hideki settles for a year of cram school to gain the necessary credentials. While living in the city, he also gains an interest in Persocoms, which are basically humanoid computers. However, due to their steep price tags, Hideki had slim hopes of ever getting one of his own... until he encounters one that's supposedly being thrown out in the trash. Eagerly bringing her home, he activates her, only to find her completely devoid of anything besides a single-word vocabulary and some pretty basic emotions. ReviewWhen I was a lad in the early stages of my twenties, I watched a movie named Cyborg 2. Said movie were merely another entry in the long list of typical 80's martial arts/post acopalyptic movies I had a tendency of watching at the time inbetween various Schwarzenegger movies. The plot in Cyborg 2 was centered around the concept of female (and mislabelled) cyborgs, who were tasked with seducing rival company heads and then self-detonating. However, one of them had fallen in love with one of her human coworkers, and the main story is about the two of them escaping their corporate shadows. I don't really remember the movie itself too well -- I'm assuming it's mostly made up of fight scenes and chase scenes, with some light dialogue to get the story moving -- but the ending? In it, our two main characters make it out to freedom, where we are treated to a montage of the two consummating their love, and then a time-skip montage where we see the human male lead grow old and die while the cyborg/android female remained young. It was a jarring end that left me awake and thinking about it long after the movie had ended. Was this what they fought for? Was it worth it? How did they feel about this obvious hurdle? The reason I mention this is because, for all its pandering through Chii's ridiculous cuteness, this theme isn't lost on Chobits. They don't specifically go into the topic of human beings growing old and away from their ever-young Persocom companions, but the whole point of the manga was and is this; starting a relationship with something so fundamentally different to human beings are going to bring a whole lot of problematic situations to the table, something which isn't completely lost on the anime. Madhouse Studios does a wonderful job of bringing the manga's art to the screen, while adding a few touches of their own, like the obviously CG generated scrolling backgrounds during many of Hideki's panicky reactions. Naturally, some sacrifices had to be made -- for instance; CLAMP's delight in dressing up Chii in the frilliest of costumes has been neutered somewhat. Which is understandable, but leaves Chii's wardrobe -- as Mike Toole so efficiently put it -- "almost uniformly unflattering and ugly". It isn't almost so, but you're going to have to put up with a lot of this, at least during the first half. On a more pleasing note, Chobits has a very rich aural atmosphere; from the many clicks, hums and whirrs coming from the persocoms, which are bound to sound very familiar to people who own or work with computers to the dub itself. One reviewer whose name I can't remember offhand, mentioned that Hideki's voice actor, Crispin Freeman, sounds older than the character he plays. While I don't necessarily agree with this, he gives Hideki a very distinct voice that makes him an easily identifiable actor whose roles you are bound to recognize in other shows. I do so love Michelle Ruff's role as Chii, though, mostly because she doesn't mirror Rie Tanaka's loud, monotone voice, which Japanese voiceovers have an irritating habit of imparting robotic characters in various anime. (Like KOS-MOS in Xenosaga, to name an example.) Adding to that, we have a distinct soundtrack that fits the show like a tee, a low-key lounge jazz kind of music, including one of my favorite songs in the show -- an insert that makes its appearance in episode 17, which is one of the filler episodes of the show itself. Also, the intro theme is made by none other than Round Table, which would later go on to making two of the ending themes to my favorite anime; Aria. Sadly, as manga conversions go, the anime doesn't entirely live up to said manga despite all the visual and aural candy. Christi mentioned in her review that she felt the anime was simply too much about Chii. She also mentioned another of the biggest problems with Chobits as an anime being simply this; filler episodes. I'm not sure it's because the anime caught up with the manga too soon, but much evidence points towards it, mostly because after the first disc with the introductory episodes, a lot of the following episodes has nothing to do with the manga at all, and the quality of said filler episodes range from fair to irrelevant to downright asinine. The "best" of the fillers could probably be found in the "spring cleaning" episode, which not only contains the aforementioned song I mentioned, but also lends the show a relatively atmospheric scene. My least favorite filler episode used to be the pantsu episode (ep. 4), but due to Chii's voice being far more pleasant in the English dub, it's actually quite tolerable now. My current least favorite (ep. 12) is the "online gaming" episode, where the show spends a full episode regaling the audience with its basic knowledge of online gaming. As someone who is into videogames myself, I find the episode unreasonably boring, and it serves absolutely no purpose other than to remind us how special Chii is. And by "remind us", I mean "hammer that crap in". The filler episodes also showcases one of the other problems the show has; its need to blatantly point out character traits. Reading the manga, we get that Hideki is a somewhat academically stunted character who isn't used to dealing with girls, while the anime has entire EPISODES dedicated to this concept. Even barring the episode where Hideki loses his wallet and thus can't buy something as basic as food, the show goes to great lengths to point out how poor he is and how bad a study he can be. And all this is, as mentioned, relegated to filler episodes. Which mean if you know which episodes you want to skip, it actually improves the show by a relatively decent margin, at least in Hideki's case. Which brings me to my next complaint; Chii. In the manga, you can actually easily see Chii's personality and complexity grow. She goes from being a barely functionable robot to an expressive and inquisitive character in her own right. The anime version, however, is a lot more muted -- almost lethargic. She basically does everything she also does in the manga, but for all her cuteness, the spring in her step has lost much of its energy. I feel that this is the show's biggest disadvantage. My last issue with the show would probably be how the story itself plays out. I actually watched the anime before reading the manga, but I still learned that the endings to the two versions play out fundamentally different. Personally, I thought the manga ending made more sense and is the better one overall, though the anime ending isn't necessarily bad either. Not that I'd want to spoil anything, but it's also how I felt the anime producers basically painted themselves into a corner with their earlier filler episodes partially dedicated to how and why Chii is special. While this is true to some extent, mostly due to one of her abilities that are portrayed the same in both versions; the reason for that ability lead to two distinctly different purposes, which made the two versions end on completely different notes. There are also some nitpicks about the show that probably don't count for much unless you're a real stickler for authenticity. They're mostly small things, like the fact that Shinbou lives in the same apartment complex Hideki does for the first half or so of the show. There are also some oddities, like humanity being able to build humanoid robots, yet they haven't moved on from bandwidths like the 14.4k modems? And how can a Persocom weigh so much more just because they're deactivated/switched off? In the manga, Hideki had already started working, while the anime made a point of making sure we know how poor he is by showing him looking for work. Like I said; small things. In the end, your enjoyment of this show is going to heavily depend on which parts of the manga you really liked, which of the fillers you'd want to skip and what you thought of the characters in it. Despite being neutered somewhat from its manga counterpart, Chobits the anime is an interesting piece of animation that's still worth watching, if not necessarily owning. I'd rate the manga four, so the anime gets three. Add one star if you can deal with the differences mentioned above and know which episodes to skip. — Stig Høgset Recommended Audience: While not as outright raunchy as the manga (which is as bad as GTO, a real departure for CLAMP), there is still a lot of off-color humor and innuendo, and Chii tends to lose her clothes a lot. They also depict Hideki's pornography habit as being a "normal young man" thing, though his actions often lean toward outright addiction. There is some violence near the end, but it's nothing really overtly graphic. Older teens and up may enjoy it, but this was definitely a late-night series, and it's definitely not for young children. Version(s) Viewed: R1 DVD, bilingual Review Status: Full (24/24) Chobits © 2002 CLAMP / Kodansha / Chobits Production Committee |
© 1996-2015 THEM Anime Reviews. All rights reserved. |


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SEATTLE (AP) — Authorities say an avalanche near a Washington state ski resort swept four skiers 1,500 feet down a mountain, killing three of them.
King County Sheriff's Sgt. Katie Larson says the three men killed Sunday were all expert skiers. The slide happened at Stevens Pass in the Cascade Mountains, about 80 miles northeast of Seattle.
Larson says the men were among three groups of people skiing out-of-bounds at the Stevens Pass ski area. The other skiers managed to dig the three men out and performed CPR, to no avail.
All of skiers were well-equipped and experienced. The fourth person who was swept down the mountain, a woman, wasn't seriously injured. Larson says the woman had an avalanche safety device, but she had no further details.
Larson says the victims were believed to be in their 30s and 40s.


text: Book Reviews Great Reads for Moms: April '12 Edition I hope everyone is getting in some good reading time as we head into Spring. I read four fabulous books that I wanted to share with you this month. I have everything this month from a multi-generational family story to a fun bit of chick lit to a fabulous love story that will simply take your breath away. If you are looking for a little inspiration this new year, be sure to check our MomAdvice fan page for a weekly check-in on what everyone is reading each week on our Facebook Fan Page. I hope you will swing by on Fridays and share about the books you are working on or request recommendations with one another. So far it is a huge success and I have gotten a few new ideas for my own stack! Just as a reminder, I read many more books than are just featured here, but try to feature the ones that are my absolute best picks of the month here. If you want to read more, please feel free to friend me on GoodReads! You can find me right here and I am always happy to connect with people there too! There is nothing more motivating than seeing what other people are raving about and my to-be-read pile continues to grow with all of my new friends on there! In fact, many of the books featured are ones that I have found through my friends on GoodReads. I've Got Your Number by Sophie Kinsella Sometimes you just want to sit down with a good chick lit book and laugh. As always, Sophie Kinsella delivers a funny, charming, and hilarious book that will be perfect to tackle for your summer reading this year. When Poppy Wyatt begins showing off her family heirloom engagement ring to all of her friends at a hotel reception, her ring ends up missing, amid the chaos of the fire alarms going off at the hotel. Not only is Poppy lost without her ring, her phone is stolen during the chaos with the number she has given the hotel staff to use to contact her if they do discover her ring. When she spots a cell phone on top of a trash can, she gives that phone's number out to the hotel staff, in hopes someone will find her engagement ring and call her on it. Of course, the phone belongs to someone and with that first call, Poppy's life is turned upside down when businessman Sam Roxton begins chatting and texting Poppy. The book is back to Sophie's roots of hilarity that made her infamous Shopaholic series so delightful. I really enjoyed this cute modern day love story and I think you will too! (MomAdvice Rating- 5 Stars out of 5 Stars) A Good American by Alex George I love to read books that are sweep me quickly into their story line, whose words read like lyrics, and prose that reads as beautifully as poetry. Alex George offers a book that you will long remember that has been elegantly and eloquently crafted in a way that I have not read in many years. It is a book that I found myself reading paragraphs aloud to my husband, simply because they were written in such a descriptive manner that you felt as though you were watching a movie. "Always there was music." The book opens with Frederick, an amateur opera singer, serenading an unlikely girl named Jette who is tall in stature and just as equal in her elegance & family upbringing. Frederick quickly woos Jette in a whirlwind love affair and Jette discovers she is pregnant, forcing the couple to leave as quickly as possible from her family's disapproving eyes. The year is 1904, Jette and Frederick board a ship to New Orleans instead of their originally intended boat to New York when they discover that the boat is full. "What's the difference? They're both new," they say. They end up settling in the tiny town of Beatrice, Missouri where we meet a cast of unlikely characters who all find refuge in this German speaking town. The book chronicles the journey of their family through prohibition, the Great Depression and the Kennedy assassination. Despite the depth of the book and the plots it carries, it moves swiftly and is well-executed, leaving the reader hanging until the final page. I loved this book so much that I emailed the author when I finished it to tell him just how much I enjoyed this book. He immediately replied with heartfelt thanks for the compliments, which makes a reader like me feel even more connected to this amazing story. I can't recommend this one enough! (MomAdvice Rating- 5 Stars out of 5 Stars) The Art of Hearing Heartbeats by Jan-Philipp Sendker Julia Win, a young lawyer from New York, is on a mission to find out what happened to her father. Tim Win, of Burmese origin, was a prominent Wall Street lawyer disappeared without a trace four years before, leaving Julia wondering if her father had been leading a double life. One day, she finds a very old letter written in the 1940s by his father to a woman named Mi Mi in Burma. An address in Kalaw is all she needs to follow her instinct and begin a search for her father. Once she arrives in Kalaw, she is approached by a gentle man in a restaurant named U Ba, who seems to know all about her even though Julia has never met him before. He wants to tell Julia a story… a story about her father. It is a story that confuses Julia and causes her to realize that the man she knew has her father, is not who he really was. This is a love story that will captivate your heart with vivid imagery of a blind man falling in love with a disabled and beautiful woman. It is a love story that pulled at my heartstrings and was so moving that I still cannot stop thinking about it. This story will pull you in from the first page. (MomAdvice Rating- 5 Stars out of 5 Stars) Home Front by Kristin Hannah I have read several of Kristin Hannah's books and she has rarely disappointed me. Kristin Hannah delivers another tear-jerking book sharing a vivid story about two women, Jolene & Tami, two best friends who serve in the millitary flying Black Hawk helicopters. Both women are being deployed to Iraq and Jolene is heartbroken to leave her daughters and husband. She has found that her marriage is failing and her husband, Michael does not understand her military background or why she must serve her country. Tami's family, on the other hand, is strongly supportive and believe in her missions to serve her country. When Michael tells Jolene, just before she leaves, that he no longer loves her, Jolene leaves heartbroken. Her daughters are confused and are both embarrassed and distraught that their mother would leave them. It is a jumble of emotions for all involved. Through it all though, Jolene knows she will always have Tami and the two friends survive the worst together in Iraq. The story told of war is eye-opening and heartbreaking. It gives you a new appreciation for our military and what they have done to serve our country. The characters, however, are not as likable in the book and can cause the reader to become detached from some of the story line. It was not my favorite Kristin Hannah read, but I still enjoyed it very much. All in all, this is a strong book and a great story of two wonderful friends who loyally serve their country together. (MomAdvice Rating- 4 Stars out of 5 Stars) Not enough great reads for you? Check out our Books section of our site for monthly recommendations and ideas for making reading a priority again in your busy mom life! Books I have read in 2012 (so far): Disclosure: All of the links above are affiliate links and are provided so you can locate the books quickly and easily. Feel free to order a book, but we encourage utilizing the library system and buying me a latte instead. Then we both would be really happy and we could have our own little book club together! Wouldn't that just be so much more lovely? Happy Reading! What has been in your book stack this month? Feel free to share your book recommendations or feedback on any of the books that have been mentioned above! I love getting new suggestions for my book pile! Pin It Published April 24, 2012 by: Amy Allen Clark is the founder of MomAdvice.com. You can read all about her here.


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Peru's economic growth is expected to accelerate in 2015 spurred by lower interest rates, two mega mining projects, strong demand and public investment in infrastructure projects.
Political situation
Head of state/government: President Ollanta Humala (since July 2011)
Government type: Republic
Population: 30.8 million (est.)
Generally stable, but social conflicts persist
The 2011 presidential elections resulted in the victory of the Gana Peru alliance, headed by Ollanta Humala, a former army officer. Despite its original left-wing programme the Gana Peru administration turned out to be pragmatic and continued the economic policies of the previous government while putting more emphasis on tackling social issues.
Despite remarkable economic progress made in the last few years, the country still has to cope with high poverty and very large income inequalities, especially between the coastal and the heartland regions. There are still social conflicts flaring up, especially in the vital mining sector. Lack of effective state control in some remote areas remains a challenge for the government, enabling illegal business activities (contraband trade, coca-leaf farming), and some radical groups to promote social unrest and to disrupt business.
Economic situation
Growth expected to pick up again in 2015
Peru's small, open economy is highly dependent on minerals (copper, gold, oil and gas), which account for more than 60% of exports. Due to this dependence and a large informal economy (more than 50% of the workforce), high corruption and poor governance in the public sector Peru´s economic structure is rather weak.
In each year from 2010 to 2013 Peru registered high annual GDP growth rates of about 6% or more. Growth slowed to 2.7% in 2014, mainly the result of decreased commodity prices. However, due to a strong fiscal position, with regular budget surpluses and low government debt of less than 20% of GDP, the government has room to stimulate growth with higher spending on capital investments and social programmes.
In 2014 inflation increased above the Central Bank´s target rate of 1% - 3%, but is expected to drop below 3% again in 2015, due to lower oil prices. To support growth, since mid-2014 the Central Bank has lowered the benchmark interest rate several times, most recently to 3.25% in early 2015. This measure, along with the completion of two mega mining projects, strong domestic consumer / investor demand and public investment in infrastructure projects (power, housing, sanitation), are expected to accelerate economic growth by 4.4% in 2015.
To sustain high growth rates going forward, the government needs to step up structural reforms (e.g. reduce fiscal system state bureaucracy, strengthen judicial system, reduce rigidity of labour market, improve infrastructure / education). While the Humala administration has made some progress further steps could be difficult as the government lacks an absolute majority in parliament.
Solid external financial position
Peru's liquidity situation is very strong, with international reserves amounting to more than 18 months of import cover - more than sufficient to cover external financing needs. Solvency is under control, despite increased external borrowing by the private sector, as foreign debt is expected to amount to 26% of GDP in 2015 and debt service is manageable at 15%. The current account deficits are moderate and to a large extent, but no longer fully, covered by foreign direct investments in the mineral / mining sector. The solid liquidity and solvency ratio bolster Peru´s resilience against external economic shocks.
Some risks persist
Main risks to Peru´s economic outlook are a hard landing of the Chinese economy and growing social unrest in the mining sector, which would negatively affect the investment climate. At the same time Peru's small, but well-capitalised and supervised financial sector is highly dollarized (i.e., the USD is preferred in large transactions and in savings, leaving it exposed to potential currency risk.


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It may be tempting to eat all the foods you want and indulge in all the treats you like. But this will be impossible with Java Burn, because this diet pill has ingredients that promote body nourishment and burn stored fat. It also contains caffeine, which is consumed daily by more than half the world's population. This ingredient increases metabolism and speeds up fat loss. It can therefore be considered a miracle weight loss supplement.
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The manufacturer of Java Burn does not disclose the list of ingredients in this supplement. They don't want to put the product at risk so they don't disclose the ingredients. They make sure that the ingredients are 100% natural and provide overall health benefits. Caffeine is one of the most popular fat burners. It increases metabolic activity. In fact, caffeine increases metabolism five times. The benefits of this diet pill can be numerous.
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It is safe for high blood pressure patients and diabetics. This diet pill contains chromium and other essential vitamins that are important for healthy blood levels and a healthy weight. It is also great for weight loss. Many people have had positive results with the diet pill. If you are ready to start a weight loss plan, it can help you lose unwanted fat and keep your body in shape.
The formula of Java Burn is made up of several ingredients. It is a proprietary blend of amino acids and other ingredients that are proven to boost energy levels. The product is made for people who have trouble losing weight naturally. It contains a unique blend of ingredients that help to burn fat and increase energy levels. These ingredients are all natural, and are easy to find in food. It has also been clinically tested on more than 3,000 people. Although the supplement is recommended for people who are overweight, results could vary.
The main ingredients in Java Burn are green tea leaf and green coffee bean extracts, which have proven scientific benefits. The supplement also contains L-theanine and chromium, which are essential for proper metabolism. These ingredients can increase your metabolism naturally. The higher your metabolism, the more fat you burn. The makers of Java Heat say that the formula is safe and does not have any harmful side effects. The only disadvantage of this diet pill is its price.
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