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Amazing Water (Educational - for kids)
"Amazing Water! Time to save it."
"Water is our most precious resource. It covers more than 70% of our planet. So why is this planet called Earth rather than Water? Read about water and discover all the ways that you can help to save it. The Water Cycle, recycling, water management, re-use and a myriad of other water facts in a humorous, easy to read, brightly illustrated format.
Understand the chemistry of water; its vital place for life and how civilisations have flourished and failed because of it.
Topics include modern and ancient water storage, good management & mis-use, treatment, reticulation and conservation.
In today's climate of drought and extreme weather conditions, water conservation is necessary to benefit everyone. Let's find out how to help manage water, so that there is enough for the future generations."


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Offer Oral or written proposal to buy a piece of property at a specified price. |
Open listing Listing that gives a broker a nonexclusive right to find a buyer; the owner can still find a buyer himself and avoid a commission. |
Option The exclusive right to purchase or lease a property at a predetermined price or rent at some future time. |
Origination fee A charge by the lender for granting and processing a new mortgage loan. |

subset: commoncrawl


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Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water. |
Atomic Number: | 11 | Atomic Radius: | 227 pm (Van der Waals) |
Atomic Symbol: | Na | Melting Point: | 97.8 °C |
Atomic Weight: | 22.99 | Boiling Point: | 883 °C |
Electron Configuration: | [Ne]3s1 | Oxidation States: | 1 |
From the English word, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum: a headache remedy. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda.
Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth's crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals.
It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago.
The most common compound is sodium chloride (table salt), but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, etc.
Sodium, like every reactive element, is never found free in nature. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water. Decomposition in water results in the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C.
Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of esters and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain alloys, descale metal, and purify molten metals.
An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is an important heat transfer agent.
Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times.
Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 • 5H2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 • 10H2O).
Thirteen isotopes of sodium are recognized.
Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It cannot be maintained in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided.


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Columns Retired Columns & Blogs |
Bix would be flattered to know he has a transducer in his likeness!
I first heard the B1 ($14,990/pair), Vivid's first product, when it was demmed at the 2004 London Heathrow show, but it didn't reach the US until the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show. The B1 is made in South Africa and engineered by ex-B&W designer Laurence "Dic" Dickie, who was responsible for B&W's original Nautilus loudspeaker.
I admit that I was put off by the Vivid B1's appearance. Some have compared it to a Zulu shield, others to a creation by H.R. "Alien" Giger. Perhaps it says something about my psyche that I found it reminiscent of something a little more, er, intimate. But after Vivid raised the weird-speaker stakes with the Smurf-styled G1 Giya, which Wes Phillips enthusiastically reviewed for Stereophile in July 2010, I started to like the look of the B1. And like the G1 Giya, its appearance is a case of form following function.
Drive-units get smaller as the range they handle rises in frequency, due to the fact that the wavelengths of those sounds also become smaller. Similarly, the optimal size of the baffle on which that drive-unit is mounted also decreases with increasing frequency. So while a nice wide baffle is ideal for mounting woofers, it is suboptimal for the midrange unit, and even less optimal for a tweeter. The B1's baffle therefore decreases in size as the drive-unit ranges increase in frequency, and this profile is echoed below the woofer to produce a vertically symmetrical shape. While it looks like a stand-mounted speaker, the B1's stand and base are integral parts of the enclosure. The enclosure material is polyester loaded with carbon fiber.
The B1 uses a 6.25" aluminum-cone woofer operating below 900Hz and loaded by a flared port below it on the baffle, a 2" aluminum-dome midrange unit to cover the range from 900Hz to 4kHz, and a 1" aluminum-dome tweeter. Though it therefore appears to be a three-way design, there is a second 6.25" woofer on the B1's rear panel, along with a second port. (The front and rear ports are in-lineyou can see right through the speaker.) The rear woofer increases the B1's dynamic range capability in the low end, but is rolled off above 100Hz, to minimize interference between the spaced drive-units in the midrange. The opposed woofers are driven in phase, and their chassis are connected to each other with a screw-tensioning bar so that any vibrational excitation of the enclosure is canceled. The tweeter and midrange unit are mounted on rubber O-rings, again to isolate them from the enclosure.
The drive-units used in the B1 were all developed by Vivid and are manufactured in-house. In their design, Laurence Dickie paid particular attention to the sound emitted from the rear of the diaphragms. The tweeter and midrange domes use radially polarized rare-earth ring magnets that present very little acoustic obstruction behind the dome. The dome's backwave fires into a large-diameter tapered hole in the pole piece, this attached to a fiber-damped, exponentially tapered tubein effect, an inverted hornthat runs the speaker's entire depth. As in a transmission line, the backwave from the tweeter and midrange domes is absorbed without reradiating back through the diaphragms. The woofer also uses a radially polarized rare-earth magnet assembly, this time with a diameter not much greater than that of the voice-coil, and the 12 struts connecting the cast frame to the magnet assembly are profiled to present the smallest possible surface area to the backwave.
The crossover filters are fourth-order and are connected to the two pairs of WBT binding posts in the base via wires that run through the struts of the integral stand. The base is fitted around its periphery with five removable spikes that can be adjusted for maximum vibrational coupling to the floor. There is no grille; the domes are protected by a skeletal crosspiece.
Once you get used to its idiosyncratic looks, the B1 is a stunningly beautifully finished speaker that incorporates engineering of equally stunning beauty.
My review samples of the B1 were the ones I had heard at JM's, finished in a smart Graphite (dark gray) gloss metallic paint. This much-traveled pair had been used at the 2010 SSI Show in Montreal, and had visited another reviewer on their way to JMand by the time they arrived here, the 50mm midrange dome of one speaker had been destroyed in shipping. Vivid shipped me a replacement assembly of dome, voice-coil, and magnet, with which I replaced the damaged one. The entire assembly screws into the tapered transmission-line tube, which is then securely fastened to the enclosure's rear with a crosshead bolt. I took before-and-after measurements of the damaged speaker, as well of its undamaged sibling, so that I could be sure that my repair job hadn't compromised the B1's sound. After the repair, the two samples matched extremely closely: within 0.5dB throughout the region covered by the replaced unit.
Setting up the speakers was more difficult than usual, in terms of getting smooth integration of the mid- and upper-bass regions and the midrange. At first I was getting rather "puddingy" low frequencies that sounded a little isolated from the speakers' upper ranges. Moving each speaker half an inch at a time, from side to side or forward and backward, I ended up with a balance that sounded smoothly blended from the midbass up. Each speaker's front woofer, which is 32" from the ground, ended up 80" from the wall behind it and 48" from the nearest sidewall, though the first 15" of that wall comprises record cabinets and bookcases. I toed in the speakers to my listening seat and, once I'd optimized those positions, fitted each base with the five carpet-piercing spikes.
The Vivid's low-frequency character was vulnerable to cable changes, added to which was the fact that the two pairs of speaker terminals are under a lip at the rear of the base, which complicates the use of stiff cables fitted with spade lugs: There just wasn't enough clearance for the AudioQuest Wild cables that I'd been using up to the B1s' arrival. I tried Audience's Au24 e cables, which Brian Damkroger highly recommends, and which have 4mm connections rather than spades and are thin enough to be easily dressed. However, even with the Classé CT-M600 monoblocks, which have superb bass control, these sounded too warm. I ended up using a single pair of Cardas Neutral Reference speaker cables, which John Marks recommended a few issues back. These have terminating pigtails flexible enough to fit into the limited space that was available, and I connected the two pairs of terminals with the shorting straps provided by Vivid.
Bix would be flattered to know he has a transducer in his likeness!
Look at the 100 htz hump, Bose would be proud!
The rear firing 6.5" operates up to the 100Hz range. It is part of the design.


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PERLEY, MOSES HENRY, lawyer, entrepreneur, naturalist, author, and office-holder; b. 31 Dec. 1804 at Maugerville, Sunbury County, N.B., of pre-loyalist New Brunswick ancestry, son of Moses Perley and his cousin Mary Perley; m. 6 Sept. 1829 Jane Ketchum, and they had eight children; d. 17 Aug. 1862 on board the HMS Desperate off the Labrador coast.
Shortly before Moses Henry Perley's birth his father was accidentally killed. His mother moved to Saint John, N.B., when he was very young and he was educated there in the public schools. As a boy he spent his summers hunting, fishing, and trading with the Indians on the Saint John River and its tributaries. Perley's interest in the welfare of the Indians increased after an unfortunate incident in 1822 when he accidentally killed an Indian while target shooting. During these early years Perley became an avid sportsman and developed his intense lifelong interest in natural history.
Perley studied law and was called to the bar in 1830. As a young lawyer, he still found time to continue exploring the inland waterways of the province, to make frequent visits to Indian settlements, and to begin collecting information on the natural resources of the province which would later assist him in his business life and in his position as emigrant agent.
Between 1835 and 1838 Perley was involved in several business ventures, many of which were unsuccessful. He was secretary of the Lancaster Mill Company, bought mills on the Musquash River, and attempted to develop coal mines on the Salmon River in Queens County. Sometimes he was in partnership with New England interests and in the late 1830s was accused by Tory newspapers of being the leading promoter of American commercial interests in New Brunswick. An attempt to purchase 80,000 acres of land in Charlotte County failed when the Executive Council in 1836 refused to allow Perley to pay in instalments or to refund him money paid in advance for parts of the land which were found unsuitable when surveyed. Throughout his career Perley criticized the Crown Lands Office for restricting instead of encouraging development of the province's timber resources and the settlement of immigrants. Such opinions may have hurt his chances in 1836–37 when he tried to obtain assistance from the government, which harboured some opposition to land sales to Americans and to Perley's well-known connections with New England. Moreover his schemes were hampered by a scarcity of American capital for investment abroad created by economic problems in the United States in the late 1830s. Perley continued, nevertheless, to be involved with American businessmen in his own interest and to encourage foreign investment as a necessary means of developing the resources of the province. His American connections later proved useful when he figured in the reciprocity negotiations of 1854.
Perley's extensive knowledge of Indian settlements and his concern for the Indians' welfare resulted in his appointment as the province's commissioner of Indian affairs, an office without salary. Perley claimed to have received this appointment in 1839, but there are no records of his activity before 1841. With Lieutenant Governor Sir William Colebrooke's permission, he visited all the Indian settlements in the province, and in 1842 began preparing his first report, in which he protested against the encroachments of squatters on Indian lands. He recommended the crown continue to hold in trust the reserves granted to the Indians and that they be encouraged to form village settlements where schools could be established and regular visits could be made by doctors. He felt that this programme should be carried out without interfering with the Indians' way of life. Encouraged by the lieutenant governor to continue his investigative work, Perley again visited Indian settlements in 1842 and also the Micmac settlements on Prince Edward Island in 1842 and 1843. In the latter years he was offered the post of chief superintendent of Indian affairs for the province of Canada, but a new governor, Sir Charles Metcalfe*, was appointed before negotiations were completed. Perley's second detailed report on the reserves, submitted to the government in 1843, repeated his recommendations made the year before.
The Indians appreciated Perley's work and he was made a chief of the Malecites in 1839 and of the Micmacs in 1840. In 1842 he was elected "Wunjeet Sagamore" or "chief over all." He was often in their settlements – in February 1843 he complained that at times he had "not slept in a bed for two months together" – and he frequently addressed tribal gatherings dressed in Indian clothing.
Perley played a major role in the drafting of New Brunswick's Indian Act of 1844, which was designed in part to put into effect some of the recommendations of his reports, but at the same time would allow the government to sell some of the reserve lands and to put the money into a fund to be used for the benefit of the Indians. In his capacity as an honorary Indian chief, Perley sharply criticized the act as it was passed. He believed squatters would not be removed from the Indians' territory, and that the government sale of large sections of the reserves would provide little benefit for the Indians. When he attempted to send objections to the colonial secretary, Governor Colebrooke and his Executive Council refused to forward the letter. A committee of the council was appointed to study his criticisms; it reported that he had "an erroneous idea that its [the act's] provisions require the Government to make sale of the Indian Reserves and that thus the different Tribes would be deprived of their Hunting grounds and other settlements but partially formed by them." The committee claimed no government would use its powers in such a way, but the act did, in fact, enable the government to sell any part of the reserves which could be considered a hindrance to settlement if left with the Indians.
Under the provisions of the act Perley was appointed commissioner for Indian affairs for Saint John County. However, as the man most knowledgeable about Indian affairs throughout the province, he was sent in 1845 to Northumberland County to make inquiries into the claims of squatters on Indian lands, and in September of that year he was also appointed commissioner to act with local commissioners to put various provisions of the act into effect. He was also to visit all the reserves in the province, look into settlement of the Indians on them, and investigate squatters' claims. He soon found that adverse public opinion and government reluctance, particularly to remove squatters, hampered enforcement of the act. Squatters on the Tobique Reserve informed him they would burn their buildings rather than pay for clear titles to the lands. In 1848 Perley pointed out that land was being sold on credit and not a penny had gone into the Indian fund. There was, therefore, no money to pay the local commissioners or to be used for the Indians. Perley recommended that sufficient land be reserved for the use of the Indians and that the government provide a fixed annuity for them. The provincial government was not favourable, and in July 1848, when Perley intervened in a dispute in Northumberland County, he was warned against such action where he lacked government authority. He took his protest to the lieutenant governor, Sir Edmund Walker Head. There is no record of a meeting, but soon after this time Head informed the colonial secretary that Perley would no longer be employed in Indian affairs, having exceeded his office by publicly criticizing the government's Indian policy.
Perley had often encountered difficulty obtaining reimbursement for his expenses in visiting the settlements but was told he would be repaid from the Indian fund "when funds are available." Although he was not paid a regular salary, he often received legal work from the government. He also continued to practise law and to carry on various business activities. After helping to establish the mechanics' institute in Saint John in 1838, he frequently lectured there on the history and resources of the province. He was also active in the formation of the Provincial Association in Saint John in 1844, the principal aim of which was the protection of manufacturing and agricultural interests by tariffs.
During the 1840s Perley undoubtedly became the best informed man in the province on rivers, natural resources, and fisheries. He believed the government had not done enough to develop these resources. In 1843 he began on his own a study of the fisheries of the Gulf of St Lawrence. The same year he also undertook the settlement of immigrants on lands near Saint John, collecting petitions from settlers wishing to purchase lots in Mechanic Settlement and Cork and signatures from those willing to sign bonds guaranteeing their purchases. He helped in laying out the two settlements and collected data on their progress for the government in 1843 and 1844.
Recognized as an able and energetic man, interested in the development of the province, Perley was appointed by the provincial government acting emigrant agent in June 1843 when illness struck Alexander Wedderburn*; a few months later his position was made permanent. He was now responsible for supervising the arrival of immigrants and the enforcement of quarantine regulations; he also hoped to use his position as "an excellent field for promoting the settlement of the country and forwarding its best interests." Perley was resolute in his prosecution of captains and firms for violation of British government regulations in the transporting of immigrants to New Brunswick. He had to deal with shiploads of poor immigrants many of whom were suffering from smallpox, cholera, and other diseases, and frequently recommended assistance for them on their arrival. Perley and his staff could make cash advances to those in distress but they were not always reimbursed by the assembly; in 1846 he threatened to resign over these accounts. The matter was settled in 1847 when the British government stepped in to make Perley its emigrant agent in New Brunswick. By this double appointment his annual salary had increased from £100 to £300.
In 1847 one of his tasks was to find homes for 120 orphans, two of whom he took himself. With the support of many medical men in Saint John, he argued, unsuccessfully, against the New Brunswick government's choice of Partridge Island as a quarantine station. In 1851 he recommended that it encourage the emigration of young people from Britain, particularly girls between 14 and 16, who would easily find employment as domestic servants, and who would be helped to find proper homes by means of committees set up in the port towns. Perley prepared a handbook for emigrants, which the government agreed to publish in January 1855. He recommended in March 1855 that 1,000,000 acres of land be set aside for deserving British veterans, but nothing came of the proposal.
The New Brunswick government, in recognition of Perley's abilities, had frequently called on him for special work. In October 1846, when a route was being surveyed for a railway between Nova Scotia and Quebec, he was asked to report on the nature of the country, the mineral resources, the fertility of the soil, and the possibilities for settlement where stations might be located. He was also to study possible branch lines to various New Brunswick cities and towns, and the encouragement such railways would give to the Gulf of St Lawrence and Labrador fisheries. His report, submitted in December 1846, and reflecting the railway enthusiasm of the period, was well received by the government and the colonial secretary. At this time Perley was also preparing his report on the trees of New Brunswick, published in 1847, which was designed to promote the development of forest resources.
Perley was actively interested in other railways, and was involved in the St Andrews and Quebec Railway Company for which in 1847 he spent three months in England. In 1848 he was asked to examine the route being surveyed by John Wilkinson* for the Saint John–Shediac Railway but the work was cancelled because the legislative grant would barely pay the expenses of the surveyor. He attended railway conventions, including the important one in Portland, Maine, in 1850 [see John Alfred Poor*]. In 1848 he persuaded the government to invite Professor J. F. W. Johnston* to New Brunswick to study its agricultural resources. He also spent some time in Fredericton in 1848 and 1849 helping to draft amendments to the Emigrant and Indian acts.
The fisheries provided Perley with another large interest. In 1849 he submitted a report on the New Brunswick fisheries of the Gulf of St Lawrence, which was supplemented later by further studies. In 1848 or 1849 he wrote a preliminary report on the fisheries of the Bay of Fundy and prepared a catalogue of its fishes (published in 1851 and 1852 respectively). In July 1850, after favourable response in New Brunswick and Britain to his reports, he was instructed to make further inquiries into the fisheries in the Bay of Fundy, whenever his duties as emigrant agent would allow. In his tireless study of the inland and sea fisheries in 1849–50 Perley covered some 900 miles, over 500 by canoe. In 1851 he drew up special instructions for the fishery wardens of Charlotte County and recommended the formation of fishery societies along the same lines as the agricultural societies, as well as the establishment of fishing colonies, on the coast. Two years later he made further inquiries on the coast between Miramichi Bay and Baie Verte. In 1849 and 1852 he helped draft legislation to regulate sea and river fisheries. Between 1852 and 1854 he was deeply involved in compiling statistics on the fisheries for the negotiations between the United States and the British North American colonies which culminated in the Reciprocity Treaty. He spent considerable time in the United States at the request of the British ambassador, visiting Washington, New York, and Quebec during the negotiating process.
On his return from New York in November 1854 Perley was concerned about his own future. Except for his salary as emigrant agent he had received only his expenses for all his duties and he was "tired of working for the public without fee or reward." In 1855 he got this reward when he was appointed a fishery commissioner to enforce the Reciprocity Treaty, with an annual salary of £300, while continuing as emigrant agent. He was given permission in 1857 to visit London on business connected with his duties as commissioner, and in his capacity as emigrant agent was instructed to promote New Brunswick as a desirable place for British emigrants by publishing material he had collected concerning the resources of the province, and by arranging to sell it in London and other cities and ports. Perley suggested ways to promote emigration, most of which were, however, discarded by the New Brunswick government; for instance, one scheme involving assistance to immigrants was rejected as possibly only encouraging many to use New Brunswick as a stepping stone to Canada and the United States, while another to guarantee work for immigrants on such projects as railway construction was turned down because it was not in the government's power "to guarantee to Immigrants here employment either continuous or temporary or any specified rate of wages."
After Perley's appointment as fishery commissioner, several persons sought his position as emigrant agent. In 1858 many of his political allies, such as Edward Barron Chandler*, were no longer in power. The eagerness of Charles Fisher*'s new administration for reform included jobs for friends, and in May 1858 it was decided that Perley's duties as a fishery commissioner interfered with his duties as emigrant agent. Despite the hesitation of Lieutenant Governor John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton* because Perley was serving the British as well as the provincial government, he was replaced as provincial agent by Robert Shives. Perley wanted to continue as agent for the British government but it decided that emigration having fallen off so much in recent years, his services, however competent, were no longer needed. He asked to be allowed to continue even without salary, but the governor rejected his offer because it might interfere with Shives' work.
In 1861 Perley was one of the owners of a new newspaper in Saint John, the Colonial Empire, which aimed to promote the union of the colonies, intercolonial free trade, railway extension, and the development of mineral resources and fisheries. It was critical of the Fisher administration and in that year Perley and his associates were responsible for bringing to light a scandal involving the Crown Lands Office which resulted in Fisher's resignation.
Continuing as fishery commissioner, Perley visited Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and other areas. In the summer of 1862 he became ill on board the Desperate while inspecting the fisheries off the Labrador coast. The captain wanted to bring him to Shediac for medical attention, but he insisted that "politically he would be ruined if he did not this season complete his surveys and visits to the different Bays and fishing stations." He died on board ship on 17 August and was buried at Forteau, Labrador.
Perley was a versatile, energetic man, and a prodigious writer of letters to government and friends on provincial affairs. Throughout his life he showed concern for the welfare of the Indians and the development of the resources of the province. Until the coming to power of the Reformers, he seems to have used his considerable influence with the government primarily to further what he considered the province's best interests. Successive lieutenant governors acknowledged his abilities and energy and availed themselves of his services. He was the most zealous emigrant agent the province ever had. Active as a lecturer and writer, he read widely on all subjects, and published a variety of books, including government reports, natural history, and fiction based on Indian legends. Though a self-trained naturalist, he was recognized as the leading ichthyologist in the Maritime provinces, and as one of the most authoritative in North America. There are few errors of importance in his work on the fish of New Brunswick. He laid the foundation of natural science in the province and was the founder of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick.
M. H. Perley was a prolific writer on many subjects. His several reports on Indians include Report on Indian settlements, &c. (Fredericton, 1842). His publications on the fisheries include Report on the fisheries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Fredericton, 1849); Report on the sea and river fisheries of New Brunswick, within the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Bay of Chaleur (Fredericton, 1850); Report upon the fisheries of the Bay of Fundy (Fredericton, 1851); and a one-volume collection of these reports entitled Reports on the sea and river fisheries of New Brunswick (Fredericton, 1852). He also wrote: Descriptive catalogue (in part) of the fishes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Fredericton, 1852); Handbook of information for emigrants to New-Brunswick (Saint John, N.B., 1854; London, 1857); "Report on the forest trees of New Brunswick," Simmonds Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany (London), XI (May–August 1847), 129–55, 314–24, 412–29; and "The progress of New Brunswick, with a brief view of its resources, natural and industrial," H. Y. Hind et al., Eighty years' progress of British North America . . . (Toronto, 1863), 542–653. He also contributed several articles to the Sporting Rev. (London).
N.B. Museum, Edward Barron Chandler papers, Colebrooke to Chandler (undated); Marriage register B (1828–39), p.31; N.B. Hist. Soc. papers, William Crane correspondence, M. H. Perley to William Crane, 19 March 1837; Indian affairs, M. H. Perley to J. S. Saunders, 17 Aug., 27 Oct. 1846; M. H. Perley papers, personal correspondence, 1813–54 (typescript); Scrapbook 41, p.51; Tilley family papers, temperance; Webster coll. PANB, REX/le/l–g, Colebrooke, letterbooks, 1841–47, pp.29–31, 35–36, 51, 81, 84, 119–20, 200–2, 232–33, 245–47, 257, 269–70, 272–76, 283, 292–93, 300–1, 331; 1841–48, pp.19, 86, 92, 118–19, 131; Head, letterbook, 1850–54, pp.83–84, 373; Manners-Sutton, letterbooks, 1854–58, pp.57, 65, 68, 134, 137, 165, 171, 181, 200–1; 1858–61, pp.23, 46, 61; REX/mi/ex, duplicate minutes, 4, pp.39–42, 94, 158; 5, pp.89–90, 104, 111, 160, 192, 228–29, 266, 363, 389, 401, 414, 439, 449; 6, pp.51, 133, 230, 258, 361, 372, 447–48, 481, 549; 7, pp.194–96, 319–20, 452; REX/pa/Register of appointments and commissions, 1785–1840, pp.95, 141; 1840–57, pp.4, 34, 38–39, 44, 134–36; REX/pa/Surveyor general's correspondence, 1842, II(a); 1843, I(a), 2–3; 1844, II(d); REX/px, 22, pp.2842–45; 31, pp.398–99, 401, 515–19; 32, pp.13–14, 988–89; 33, pp.151–53, 156–61, 189–91, 202–5; 100, pp.2079, 2125–30, 2132–34; Indians, pp.269–73, 308–15; RLE/S55/zz, letter of M. H. Perley, 28 March 1842; RPS, letterbook, 1842–45, pp.216–17, 476–78, 494, 499; 1845–47, pp.66–67, 245, 255–56, 319, 498; 1847–50, pp.25, 71, 146, 161, 184–85, 208, 241, 295, 305, 310–11, 346, 359, 385–89, 430, 443, 458, 469, 567, 668; 1850–54, pp.60, 403, 465, 524, 544, 552; 1854–57, pp.116, 229, 448, 454, 460, 490–92, 510–11, 590; 1857–60, pp.32, 178. PRO, CO 188/106, 180–201, Head to Grey, 7 Aug. 1848; 205–23, "Memorandum on history of Indians"; 188/127, pp.544–45, 547–48, 585–86; 188/131, 8 Nov. 1854, pp.114–15, 464–70; 188/133, 9 Sept. 1862; 188/137, A. J. Thrupp to Sir A. Milne, 22 Aug. 1862.
Colonial Empire (Saint John, N.B.), 1861. Elgin-Grey papers (Doughty), I, 26–27; III, 1132–33; IV, 1328. Fenety, Political notes and observations, 45, 70, 93, 312, 337, 478, 483, 494–95. N.B., House of Assembly, Journals, 1847, app., "Railway and electro-magnetic telegraph," cxxxi–clxxxiv; 1848, app., "Quarantine buildings," xciii–xcv; 1849, app., "Emigrants," xcvi–cv; 1853, app., "Emigration," clxxiii–clxxxi; 1854, 340, 359–61; app., "Emigration," cclix–cclxiii; 1857–58, 88–95, 154. DNB. Harper, Hist. directory. History and genealogy of the Perley family, comp. M. V. B. Perley (Salem, Mass., 1906), 410–15. Morgan, Bibliotheca Canadensis, 305–6. MacNutt, New Brunswick. Philip Cox, "Life of Moses Henry Perley, writer and scientist," Miramichi Natural History Assoc., Proc. (Chatham, N.B.), IV (1905), 33–40. L. F. S. Upton, "Indian affairs in colonial New Brunswick," Acadiensis, III (1973–74), no.2, 3–26.
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W. A. Spray, "PERLEY, MOSES HENRY," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 9, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed February 27, 2024, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/perley_moses_henry_9E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
Permalink: | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/perley_moses_henry_9E.html |
Author of Article: | W. A. Spray |
Title of Article: | PERLEY, MOSES HENRY |
Publication Name: | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 9 |
Publisher: | University of Toronto/Université Laval |
Year of publication: | 1976 |
Year of revision: | 1976 |
Access Date: | February 27, 2024 |


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Flexible diagnostic imaging for patients in the supine position
With the Flex Module, the SPECTRALIS® is affixed to a movable stand with an adjustable and highly flexible arm.
Patients unable to sit up can be examined thoroughly and conveniently without sacrificing image quality.
All SPECTRALIS imaging modalities ranging from OCT to scanning laser fundus imaging and angiography are available in combination with the Flex Module.
Optionally, the Flex Module includes a backup battery with 20 minutes autonomy to avoid interruptions when moving the system between power outlets.


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Christian Reconstructionism is an extreme form of post-millenial, Calvinistic Protestantism which argues that it is the moral obligation of Christians to reclaim every "worldly" institution for Christ. Reconstructionism also holds that the entire Law of the Pentateuch continues as a standard of righteousness even today for Christians, and that Christians must exercise dominion through the power of God's Law over all the Earth before Christ shall come again. As part of their theology, reconstructionists hold that, under the coming "kingdom of God", which they are actively engaged in bringing about, that the Biblical penalty for homosexuality (death) will be enforced, though they will always demur that they do not advocate that the penalty be applied today, but only in some nebulous future time when they believe that God will have instituted a theocratic form of government.
Reconstructionism can be traced to the Cobb County, Georgia ordinance stating that homosexuality is against community standards. Particularly, several of the county commissioners of Cobb County are known adherents of the forms of Reconstructionism advocated by Gary North and Gary DeMar.
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Structure of Parkinson's disease protein identified
Future looks toward stabilizing protein, treatment
A team of researchers from the Petsko-Ringe and Pochapsky laboratories at Brandeis have produced and determined the structure of alpha-synuclein, a key protein associated with Parkinson's disease.
Their findings, recently published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), provide information that may someday be used to produce a new kind of treatment for the incurable degenerative brain disorder.
While people with Parkinson's diseases exhibit many obvious symptoms such as tremors and weakness of face and throat muscles, definitive diagnosis of Parkinson's comes post mortem, when alpha-synuclein proteins become denatured and form clumps called Lewy bodies in the brain.
"We don't really know whether this is a side effect or whether it's the cause of Parkinson's disease, but we do know that the clumps of proteins are always there," says Thomas C. Pochapsky, professor of chemistry and one of the authors of the paper. Pochapsky's lab was responsible for examining the protein using nuclear magnetic resonance, a sort of MRI for molecules, housed at the Landsman Research Facility.
Alpha-synuclein is found in large quantities in the brain. Its association with Parkinson's disease has stirred curiosity since it was discovered in 1997.
"Nobody knows what it does, but there's a lot of it," says Pochapsky. "The question is whether the unfolded or coagulated Lewy body protein just represents the pathological form of something that's normally doing something."
To explore that question, the scientists wanted to find out what the form alpha-synuclein is in before it turns into Lewy body clumps, figuring that if it is possible to stabilize, the progression of Parkinson's disease could be either slowed or reversed.
"Even if we don't know what it is, we at least want to know in what form alpha-synuclein protein should be under normal conditions," says Pochapsky.
Gregory Petsko, professor of biochemistry, compares alpha-synuclein to an origami bird that is benign when intact but dangerous if it unfolds. This knowledge could someday lead to the development of therapies that act like glue, helping the protein keep its shape. While some drugs perform in this manner in the treatment of other diseases, the possibility of one for Parkinson's has not been investigated because, until now, scientists thought the Parkinson's protein had no structure. The possibility that the protein actually has a structure and that this form of the protein is benign, means that such an approach can now be considered.
The research has the potential to create a paradigm shift, a dramatic change in how science views a given phenomenon.
More than half a million Americans suffer from Parkinson's disease and, according to the National Institutes of Health, about 50,000 new cases are reported annually. The altering of alpha-synuclein is also believed to be involved in Lewy Body Dementia, a relative of Parkinson's that affects another one million Americans.
Quyen Q. Hoang, who was a post-doctoral researcher in the Petsko-Ringe lab, and is continuing with the research in his own lab at Indiana University School of Medicine, played a key role in developing the methodology for producing this protein.
Jeffrey Agar's lab then used mass spectrometric studies, a method of determining molecule composition. Last, using nuclear magnetic resonance, Pochapsky's lab examined the structure of the tetramer solution.
"We were able to establish that alpha-synuclein is actually a tetramer, meaning that four of these protein molecules stick together while moving around," says Pochapsky. "We've found what we think is the normal form of alpha-synuclein, which no one has seen before it has clumped together in the form of Lewy bodies."
Petsko points out that the ability to make this form of the protein may also shed light on its normal function.
"Synuclein makes up a sizeable percentage of the protein in neurons, but no one really understands what its role in the cell is," Petsko says. "We hope that this form of the protein may be the form that has the benign function, so biochemists and cell biologists may now be able to figure out what it's doing."
Pochapsky explains that while researchers in other institutions have examined alpha-synuclein before, it has not been done with this ultra careful method, which maintains the structure.
Dagmar Ringe, professor of biochemistry, says that monitoring levels of this form of synuclein might be one new approach to early diagnosis of diseases like Parkinson's and Lewy Body Dementia, which could be essential for effective treatment. She adds that the Brandeis research results are all the more exciting as a report was published by Dennis Selkoe and Tim Bartels at Harvard Medical School about the same form of synuclein in normal brain and red blood cells.
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Who Needs Robin Hood?
At its core progressive taxation is the quintessential action of the Trojan horse the Progressives have constructed to transform Americafrom a representative republic with a capitalist economy into a centrally planned socialist democratic republic.
By Dr. Robert Owens
"It's time to level the playing field." "The rich need to pay their fair share." "We have to end tax breaks for millionaires and billionaires." These are some of the stock phrases used by President Obama and his administration to fire up their troops to picket private homes, gin up mobs to protest success and to channel America towards the future they envision. Like a one trick pony or an extremely inept coach the Progressives' playbook has only one option. It's a Hail Mary pass they run over and over: class warfare. From Marx toChavezthe collectivists have always played the same cardfrom each according to the ability to each according to their need.
Over a century of propaganda and indoctrination has conditioned most Americans to accept one of the most insidious aspects of class warfare as a natural and respectable feature of our government: progressive taxation. At its core progressive taxation is the quintessential action of the Trojan horse the Progressives have constructed totransform Americafrom a representative republic with a capitalist economy into a centrally planned socialist democratic republic.
The shock troops for this movement which has captured the leadership of both major parties is made up of the Corporations Once Known as the Mainstream Media, unions, crony capitalists, and a conglomeration of front groups and organizations, many of which receivevastamounts of government money. These interest groups constantly agitate for Progressive policies and carry the water for Progressive politicians. They also contribute time, money and resources for the election campaigns of the very Progressive politicians who vote to give them government grants in a circular money laundering scheme which if not illegal is certainly immoral.
Who are these Progressives in America today? They're the most vocal proponents of the manmade global warming hoax. They serve as willing acolytes for their Nobel Prize winning high priest. After failing to pass their much desired cap-n-trade they are regulatingit into existence through the Environmental Protection Agency.
They are also the same ones who after leading the charge against integration, standing in the school house door and attacking peaceful demonstrators with everything from fire hoses to clubs they support every media starved Civil Rights professional who will rant and rave on cue to keep America's deepest wound festering.
They use Political Correctness to monitor and manage the discussion. Political Correctness is the Progressives' version of New Speak and the coin of their realm. Many of these verbal add-ons are merely variations and expressions on the over-riding theme of take from the evil rich to help the deserving poor, with a good doseof "We've got to do it for the children" thrown in for good measure. Political Correctness is strangling free speech and pushing many into a cone of silence wherein they no longer have the liberty to express their opinions without retaliation on the job or in school.
People who wish to take from the rich and give to the poor never create wealth themselves. They always want to take from one and give to another so they can drain off a living in between exulting in the power to decide who deserves the blessings of their charity. And they always seem to get more than anyone else.
The massive frauds and waste of the Federal government shows where this is headed. As they swallow more of the economy their ineptitude seems to grow in direct proportion to the size of the swag. Take for instance the stimulus slush-fund of 2009. Billed as a way to create jobs this bill spent $278,000 for every job created. In terms of the national debt President Obama is spreading the wealth around at an astounding rate of 3.94 billion dollars per dayin deficit spending alone. He has gone beyond taxing the rich and is now taxing the unborn.
Looking back at the battle cry of "Tax the rich" which symbolizes the inequity which is the Progressive tax system some often confuse this with the story of Robin Hood. They say he stole from the rich to give to the poor. They point to Robin and say that is all they want to do, take some of the excess wealth held by the rich and distribute it to the unfortunate.
Unfortunately for them such a translation of the Robin Hood myth turns the story on its head. After returning from a war of choice initiated by an absentee king in the Middle East Robin learned his estate had been taxed away. Finding this level of abuse intolerable he became an outlaw stealing the ill-gotten loot government agents were extorting from the people in the form of taxes and then returned the money to those who had actually earned it.
Wait a minute maybe we do need Robin Hood today!
Dr. Owens teaches History, Political Science, and Religion for Southside Virginia Community College. He is the author of the History of the Future @ http://drrobertowens.com View the trailer for Dr. Owens' latest book @ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ypkoS0gGn8 © 2011 Robert R. Owens firstname.lastname@example.com Follow Dr. Robert Owens on Facebook or Twitter @ Drrobertowens.
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I followed Dorie Greenspan's recipe http://clclt.com/eatmycharlotte/archives/2010/04/09/dorie-greenspans-tiramisu-cake for making the sponge cake. The cake was very soft when it cooled down.
However, after sitting in the fridge overnight, it was quite tough. It was left uncovered in the fridge. Not sure if this caused it - if yes, what is the best way to keep it in the fridge while the flavours blend?


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Fact: The Decision was the best thing that happened to the NBA in 15 years.
Fact: The year leading up to The Decision spiked TV ratings, boosted Internet traffic, provoked an onslaught of media opinion and generated more mainstream interest than any NBA storyline since Kobe and Shaq had a year-long falling out that was scripted by Vince McMahon, the Lifetime network, and the writers of Law and Order.
Fact: The Decision special drew a better rating than the 2008 Finals, became an iconic moment, turned Jim Gray into a punching bag, gave bloggers a month of free shots at ESPN and turned "Taking my talents to South Beach" into a jack-of-all-trades phrase that meant you were about to leave your job, take a dump or pleasure yourself.
Fact: The Decision's aftermath created the league's most polarizing juggernaut in two decades. The Heat were booed in sold-out arenas across the country even as they were selling more jerseys than any other team. For the first five weeks of the regular season, the constant negativity affected the players; you could see it on their faces. In the words of the great Cliff Poncier, all that negativity eventually made them stronger. They reclaimed their status as title favorites, rolled through Boston and Chicago, made the Finals, and morphed into something of a preening, self-satisfied, overconfident bully — basketball's version of Mike Tyson in the 1980s, so athletically overpowering that it actually seemed to psyche out opponents.1 During that whole time, they never stopped being compelling. Not once.
Fact: If Miami blows this Finals after choking away Games 2 and 4, after everything that happened since The Decision and The Gratuitous Party One Night After The Decision, the Internet might explode. I'm not kidding. You're going to log on the next morning and there will just be a picture of a mushroom cloud.
Fact: However this series plays out, just because of the previous five paragraphs, it's safe to rank The Decision up there with Danny Biasone's shot clock, Auerbach drafting Russell, Wilt's 100-point game, the ABA merger, Magic and Bird entering the league at the same time, Jordan's signing with Nike, the 1984 Finals, and Jordan's quitting baseball as one of the best things that ever happened to the NBA. Because last July's one-hour special made us feel like we were watching Michael Madsen torture the cop in "Reservoir Dogs" (with Cleveland being the cop, of course), no league official would ever be dumb enough to say, "The Decision worked out great for us!" You will never hear those words uttered by David Stern or anyone who works for him. But they're thinking it. Trust me.
Fact: It's better for the NBA that LeBron James melted down in Dallas, disappeared and extended his "Wait a second, what the hell just happened???" streak to two straight years. Now it's threatening to become a late-spring tradition along the lines of Father's Day, the U.S. Open,and MTV cutting a "Real World/Road Rules Challenge" trailer that ends with someone about to be punched in the face. Why isn't LeBron shooting? Why isn't he driving to the basket? Why does his face look like the face of a little kid who just got called in front of the entire class? Why is his performance making me want to google the Wiggles' "Hot Potato" video? Does he realize this game is being televised? You can't call it a meltdown or a breakdown; that would belittle what happened. Call it a LeBrondown.
When LeBrondown 1 happened against the 2010 Celtics (Game 5), we were so perplexed that conspiracy theories started flying within 12 hours. The most popular (never proven): that a teammate slept with his mother. True or untrue, the real reason felt like it had to be THAT crazy. Tuesday night, we learned that you could explain what happened in that Game 5 only if it happened again. Because it did.
I always joke about the Mom Test — when something happens in sports that makes my mom (who couldn't care less) say something like, "So how ?'bout that (fill in the major sporting moment or person)?" Can you remember someone hitting the Mom Test more than LeBron these past 12 months?2 It's been an unequivocal godsend for the NBA; no other league ebbs and flows with its stars so clearly that TV ratings can definitively track it. Since they stopped tape-delaying Finals games, in 1982, the league has spiked during the Finals four times:
1987: A 15.9 rating for Bird-Magic III, a number that jumped almost 30 percent from their first battle three years earlier (12.3).
1991-93: 15.8, 14.2,and 17.9 for MJ's first three Finals, with that last number jumping 47 percent from the 1990 Finals (12.3).
1996-98: 16.7, 16.8, and 18.7 for MJ's second three Finals, with that last number jumping 35 percent from the 1995 Finals (13.9).
2010-11: 10.6 and 11.0 (estimated) for the pre-Decision and post-Decision seasons, a 32 percent jump from the 2009 Finals (8.4) and a 75 percent jump from the 2007 Finals (6.2).
Numbers don't lie. LeBron got his wish: The summer of 2010 made him a bigger brand, even if it could have been executed in a smarter way, even if it's been difficult to remain objective about him. Even if you block out the callousness of The Decision itself, forgive him for wanting to play with Wade (instead of kicking Wade's ass), and stop dwelling on everything he should be doing, you still feel you have to have an opinion on him. If only because you never know the next time someone will say to you, "So whaddya think about LeBron James?"
Here's my opinion in four parts:
- a. I think he's one of the greatest athletes who ever lived. I will never forget watching him in person with a full head of steam, blowing through opponents like a Pop Warner running back who's 30 pounds heavier and three seconds faster than everyone else. I am glad he passed through my life. I will tell my grandkids that I saw him play.
- b. From game to game, I think the ceiling for his performance surpasses any other basketball player ever except for Wilt and Jordan.
- c. As a basketball junkie, I will never totally forgive him for spending his first eight years in the NBA without ever learning a single post-up move. That weapon would make him immortal. He doesn't care. It's maddening.
- d. In pressure moments, he comes and goes and when it goes, it's gone. He starts throwing hot-potato passes, stops driving to the basket, shies away from open 3s, stands in the corner, hides as much as someone that gifted can hide on a basketball court. It started happening in Game 3, then fully manifested itself in Game 4's stunning collapse, when he wouldn't even consider beating DeShawn Stevenson off the dribble. Afterward, one of my closest basketball friends — someone who has been defending LeBron's ceiling for years — finally threw up his hands and gave up. "It's over," he said. "Jordan never would have done THAT." 3
If you want to defend LeBron's Game 4, start here: That was his 99th game for Miami, each doubling as a playoff game for the other team.4 Because the Heat realized in training camp that their defense would determine their title hopes, LeBron reinvented himself as Pippen 2.0 on that end — defending four positions, covering more of the court than anyone since Scottie, roaming much like an All-Pro safety would. He did it with a bull's-eye on his back, with every opposing crowd killing him, with a slew of new teammates and a depleted roster for much of the season. During Rounds 2 and 3, he did things that frankly, we've never seen on a basketball court before. His last two Chicago games rank among the greatest two-way games ever played: He did anything he wanted offensively and destroyed the league's MVP defensively.5 Including these first four Finals games, he's missed 49 minutes total in the past 13 games (including two overtimes), playing 587 of a possible 634 minutes at warp speed. Maybe he's just wearing down. From everything. That would be the defense.
The counter: Pre-baseball Jordan thrived with that same bull's-eye, logged those same minutes, and never wore down. He also made us feel like he would commit multiple murders — not one murder, multiple murders — just to win an important game. On Miami's team, only Wade makes you feel like that. It's true.
A sneering Wade came out firing in Game 3, undaunted by a frenzied Dallas crowd, as if he were saying, "This is MY game tonight, a-holes." Everyone else fell behind him, including LeBron, who threw on a Pippen costume and deferred his butt off. Technically, it was the right move: Wade could score on Jason Kidd anytime he wanted, so that's where they went offensively. But LeBron seemed a little too eager to take a backseat. There was a jaw-dropping moment in crunch time when Wade, frustrated by a LeBron brain fart, decided to chew him out like a drill sergeant.6 The tirade lasted for eight solid seconds before Wade stomped away. No teammate ever would have done this to Bird, Magic, Jordan, Russell, Duncan, Hakeem name a great player other than Wilt, it just wouldn't have happened.
Look, anyone who ever played basketball knows that teammates can get testy from time to time. It's rarely, if ever, personal. There are three types of teammate-to-teammate screaming: Either you're expressing displeasure at a specific decision ("I was open, how could you miss me?"), you're trying to fire someone else up ("Come on, we need you, let's go!"), or you're challenging someone's manhood. Wade was doing the third. He was clearly telling LeBron (I'm paraphrasing while removing all the swear words), "I CANNOT DO THIS BY MYSELF! YOU ARE THE MOST TALENTED PLAYER ALIVE! STEP IT UP! I NEED YOU!!!"
LeBron was drifting toward a LeBrondown; Wade sensed it and acted accordingly. After Miami escaped with a dramatic victory — fueled by LeBron's pretty pass to Bosh for the deciding basket — the crisis had seemingly been averted. I hung out with a few basketball junkies later that night; we spent much of the time marveling at Wade's brilliance, how he imposed his will and refused to let Miami lose. We wondered if an inspired LeBron would come out guns blazing in Game 4,7 fueled by the memory of Wade's tirade and a postgame question about him "shrinking" at the end of Game 3. We thought Dallas would switch Shawn Marion to Wade and dare LeBron to take over offensively. We thought LeBron would make them pay. We though LeBron was headed for something like a 37-11-13. We really did.8
As it turned out, Wade provided the MJ impression: doling out hard fouls, crashing the rim, fighting on every possession, and staring down fans after baskets and blocks.9 Meanwhile, LeBron was swinging the ball like a frightened fat guy in a pickup game, his face slowly starting to look like Marcia Cross and Teri Hatcher had attacked him with a Botox needle. His insistence on being LeDecoy, or whatever he was trying to do, dwarfed a fairly incredible Dallas comeback; sitting in the stands, I was more interested in LeBrondown II than the actual game.10
There's a curse that comes with limitless potential: Everyone judges you against only that limitless potential. We crave Game 4 and Game 5 of the Chicago series from LeBron every time. When it doesn't happen, we feel like he failed us, just like fans in the 1960s always felt like Wilt was failing them. This definitely isn't fair. Once upon a time, Russell couldn't win titles unless Sam Jones (and later, Havlicek) took and made the biggest shots of every close game. Did that make him weaker in anyone's eyes? Nope. They valued the things he did do. Some writers made that case for LeBron after Game 3, and it was a good one until Game 4 ruined it.
Of course, the Celtics were always Russell's team. They belonged to him. Everyone knew this, just like the Spurs belonged to Duncan, the Rockets belonged to Hakeem, the Bulls belonged to Jordan, and the Mavericks now belong to Nowitzki. If you watched Games 3 and 4 in person, you knew Miami belonged to Dwyane Wade. That was the hardest thing to shake. We made so much fuss about LeBron these past two years and he's not even the most important dude on his own team.
Maybe he realized that, once and for all, during Game 3. Maybe that's why he wanted to sign with Miami in the first place; maybe he didn't want his own team. Maybe Wade's Game 3 tirade affected him spiritually, broke him down, made him question himself. Maybe he's more exhausted than he's letting on. Maybe 13 months of intense scrutiny is finally starting to break him. Maybe, maybe, maybe. I couldn't possibly tell you how LeBron will respond in Game 5, just that you couldn't keep me away from that arena with a Taser. I have to be there. I have to be there.
Who are you, LeBron James? What's inside you? And why do I care so much?
Whatever the answers, I will spend Thursday night just as riveted as everyone else. It couldn't be a better outcome for the NBA, which doesn't need LeBron to match Jordan's greatness, just his ability to keep people watching and thinking and talking and wondering. Mission accomplished. The Decision made it happen. Somewhere behind closed doors, David Stern and Adam Silver are high-fiving. Don't tell anyone.
Bill Simmons is the Editor in Chief of Grantland and the author of the recent New York Times No. 1 best-seller The Book of Basketball, now out in paperback with new material and a revised Hall of Fame Pyramid. For every Simmons column and podcast, log on to Grantland. Follow him on Twitter at http://twitter.com/sportsguy33 and check out his new home on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/billsimmons.


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Career Development and Planning: A Comprehensive Approach
Book Review by Lissa Joy Geiken
Career Development and Planning: A Comprehensive Approach (4th Ed.) by Robert C. Reardon, Janet G. Lenz, Gary W. Peterson, and James P. Sampson. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, 2012, 314 pp. ISBN 9781465200068. $70.00
I am honored to have the opportunity to review the fourth edition of Career Development and Planning created by Robert C. Reardon, Janet G. Lenz, Gary W. Peterson, and James P. Sampson Jr, who are well-accomplished scholars and educators in the career development field. You can avoid the extraordinary amount of time required for finding a textbook and developing teaching materials and learning activities for a career development course for college students, as this text and the instructor's manual can guide your course and the course of your students' career journeys. In keeping with the historical perspective of NCDA's 100th anniversary year, I note that this is not only the fourth edition of what has become a landmark text in our field by four preeminent career development practitioners, but this is also the third review of these texts to appear in Career Convergence. The changes and adaptations from the first edition to the fourth edition chronicle the developments that have taken place so rapidly in our profession over the last 15 years.
For Whom and What Purpose
The text and accompanying instructor's manual concisely yet comprehensively lay out a career planning course for helping college students clarify their career interests, better understand the factors involved in their career decision-making, and strategically prepare for obtaining employment. While the text is intended for undergraduate college students enrolled in a variable credit college level course, its usefulness could also extend to graduate students, clients of career counseling, or to students in a high school course. Additionally, as a career development professional, I found the text a valuable reference source as well as a resource for career counselors-in-training.
Summary of Text
In this fourth edition, Reardon and his colleagues updated sources and provided new information, while simultaneously paring the text down to the essentials in three sections. Using the Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) approach they developed decades ago, the building blocks of the theory organize the chapters and sections of the book. CIP theory assumes that decision making is improved by knowing the informational domains involved in the career decision-making and by learning strategies to effectively process the information. First, students are guided to clarify their values, interests, skills, and career-related options. Next, students learn about career decision-making, meta-processing, and modern day factors influencing the world of work. The remaining chapters are dedicated to helping students execute their desired career paths with a focus on job search skills, negotiating and evaluating job offers, and navigating the early stages of a career.
Main Points
The CIP paradigm involves multiple knowledge areas organized in building blocks of a Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains and encompasses self and occupational knowledge, decision skills using a sequential procedure called CASVE, and meta-cognitions which include thinking about one's decision-making and addressing self-talk. CASVE involves communication (such as identifying a need or problem), analysis (clarifying what is needed and how to acquire it), synthesis (identifying acceptable alternatives), valuing (prioritizing based on values, impact and outcome), and execution (implementing a plan of action). These processes of advancing one's knowledge and practicing decision-making skills are ongoing throughout one's career path. Reardon and his colleagues provide useful information about the common obstacles of negative thinking in each of the pyramid domains and CASVE phases and suggestions for challenging and reframing these.
Examining modern day macro-level factors that impact career options can help students be strategic in their thinking and planning, such as technology and global markets, organizational culture, alternative ways of working, and the evolving nature of engendered relationships. The authors summarize these relevant concepts from highly recognized economists, citing data on labor market trends and observing contemporary cultural workforce and organization changes, to help inform students' career decisions and integrate these into each of the Pyramid of Information-Processing Domains.
The methods and level of engagement the emerging workforce needs for a job campaign are well described by the authors and incorporate contemporary strategies, such as the use of social media networking, communication protocol with potential employers, and a wealth of internet resources. The practical guidance on evaluating job offers, negotiating salaries or benefits, and adjusting to a new workplace is cohesively tied in to the CIP approach.
Special Features
Extensive effort has gone into developing and validating this career development course, including Reardon teaching the course over 75 times and peer review of the course material in 9 journals. The text and instructor's manual provide many features needed for a variable unit course including up to 28 classes, over 370 PowerPoint slides and presentation suggestions, activities and assignment worksheets, a syllabus, sample grading rubric, and test items for quizzes or exams. The appendices include a glossary of meticulously defined terms, a study guide worksheet to help students process the information from each chapter, and assignment instructions for a variety of tasks useful for career development. These assignments include informational interviews, an analysis of career fields of interest, writing an autobiography to prepare for job interviews, a resume critique worksheet, strategic academic/career planning, and exercises for improving career thoughts.
Strengths of this text and the accompanying instructor's manual include a comprehensive yet concise, easy-to-read format, with flexible options for the classes, and a valuable theory-based cognitive focus. This text was fine-tuned and resolves earlier weaknesses in prior editions by further attending to the role of emotion and intuition in decision making, and the content pruned so that it's more manageable for both the students and instructors without losing essential information. It is no surprise that there is research that demonstrates validity for the curriculum. The assignments are the bread and butter of the course and invoke the active learning espoused by the authors. The assignments are flexible enough to fit a variety of units and course requirements. In a future edition, I would want the PowerPoint slides to orient students to the more engaging learning activities listed as options rather than focus on lecture content from the text. Additionally, while creative activities are woven into the course plan, the incorporation of additional constructivist approaches may further provoke insight into patterns of values, interests, personality, and skills that are priorities to students who prefer nonlinear approaches to self-exploration. In all, this text provides a guide to students and instructors along a course through career discovery and strategic employment planning.
Lissa Joy Geiken, Ph.D., is a Licensed Psychologist and the Career Counseling Program Coordinator at the University of California Davis. Her early career path took her to Oregon to help promote the independent living of adults with disabilities and to the island of Oahu to teach children about trust and ways to conserve their natural environment. Contemplating her career path, she became determined to become a career counselor and has taught career development college courses in a number of academic settings since then. She can be reached through e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.
1 Comment
Matt Cardin on Sunday 02/03/2013 at 09:19 PM
I agree with Dr. Geilen's review and assessment of the book. I recently read/reviewed this textbook for my career development course and would recommend it. It also makes a good reference book and could be used in training new counselors. It is a book to add to your reading list.


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Ron Paul on CorporationsRepublican Representative (TX-14); previously Libertarian for President |
PAUL: First, I don't like the idea that you have good bailouts and bad bailouts. If bailouts are bad, they're bad, and we shouldn't be doing it. But this argument about maybe one that works, you know, the bailing out of GM worked, that's sort of like if a criminal goes out and robs a bank, and he's successful, therefore you endorse what he did, because he's successful. The government is supposed to protect contracts. They're not supposed to regulate contracts and they're not supposed to undermine contracts. And that's what we've been doing. A lot of people will accuse me of advocating a free market, that there's no regulations. Actually, the regulations are tougher, because you have to go through bankruptcy. And it isn't like General Motors would be destroyed. There were good parts of General Motors. But politicians can't figure this out.
It's not a question of being an ideologue. The ideologue label is used to make the morally principled ideology look confrontational and uncaring. This then makes it seem like the immoral philosophy, based on government force, is morally superior. It's always couched in terms of caring for the underdog & not as a bailout of those who have unfairly been benefiting from an economic system artificially stimulated by an inflated currency that benefited certain industries' CEO salaries and workers' wages and benefits.
Very simply, there can't be a more immoral system of money than one based on a banking monopoly that can counterfeit money in secret. The moral argument against the Fed should be enough to dispense with it posthaste.
No, they come to Washington to demand that innocent Americans bail them out & protect a system that deserves no protection. They beg to be taken over, nationalized, to obey a car czar and sacrifice every bit of self-respect that they might retain.
There's a lot of blame to go around for bringing us to this point: the Fed, the Congress, the courts. But the most abhorrent is the failure of the giants of industry to defend free markets. They are willing to be junior partners with government. Fascism is not on their mind.
I call it "nationalism without a whimper," and the corporate business community is begging for it. The nationalization of industry, while retaining private ownership in name only, is just another word for fascism.
For example, large insurance and pharmaceutical companies were enthusiastic supporters of many provisions of ObamaCare because they knew in the end their bottom lines would be enriched.
Socialism is a system where the government directly owns and manages businesses. Corporatism is a system where businesses are nominally in private hands, but are in fact controlled by the government. In a corporatist state, government officials often act in collusion with their favored business interests to design polices that give those interests a monopoly position, to the detriment of both competitors and consumers.
In reality, the typical corporate lobbyist opposes free markets and champions CORPORATISM--an economic system where the government intervenes in the economy for the benefit of certain politically connected business interests. These lobbyists often claim their client's cause is an exception to their staunch free-market principles. My staff refers to these lobbyists as "libertarians, buts" because they often begin their pitch to us with, "I'm a libertarian, but in this case government intervention is necessary because."
The Fed was the key driver behind the housing bubble, which was the key instigator of the 2008meltdown. But it operates largely in secret. Congressman Ron Paul has proposed a bill to audit the Federal Reserve, and he has also called for killing the Fed. Friends of the free market should have no love for his disruptive, unaccountable entity.
Many big business people, bankers, union leaders, politicians, and professors all grew to love inflation, as they saw in it a chance to pursue their goals. Sometimes these were purely materialistic; at other times they embodied the lust for power. In both cases they were immoral.
Some say business profits are the cause of inflation. But profits--in a voluntary market--are only an indication of efficiency and service to consumers. Legitimate profits have nothing to do with inflation. But big business� demand for �easy money� certainly has been a significant reason for monetary expansion. $600 billion in federally guaranteed loans, all of which are for the benefit of business, is the most significant contributing factor to our inflation. Since 1970, 80% of the inflation may have been for �stimulation� of the economy to aid big business and big banking.
Corporate and Financial Institution Compensation Fairness Act: Amends the Securities Exchange Act to require that any proxy for an annual shareholders meeting provide for a separate shareholder vote to approve executive compensation for named executive officers. The shareholder vote shall not be:
Proponent's argument to vote Yes:Rep. BARNEY FRANK (D, MA-4): The amount of wages is irrelevant to the SEC. What this bill explicitly aims at is the practice whereby people are given bonuses that pay off if the gamble pays off, but don't lose you anything if it doesn't. That is, there is a wide consensus that this incentivizes excessive risk.
Opponent's argument to vote No:Rep. SPENCER BACHUS (R, AL-6): True, the first 6 pages of the bill give the owners, the shareholders, a non-binding vote on the pay of top executives. But then come the next 8 pages, the switch, which gives the regulators the power to decide appropriate compensation for not only just top executives but for all employees of all financial institutions above $1 billion in assets and all without regard for the shareholders' prior approval. So under the guise of empowering shareholders, it is, in fact, the government that is empowered. And, finally, on page 15, the bill designates those same government entities which regulated AIG, Countrywide, and collectively failed to prevent the worst financial calamity since the Great Depression. This bill continues the Democrat majority's tendency to go to the default solution for every problem: create a government bureaucracy to make decisions better left to private citizens and private corporations.
Proponent's argument to vote Yes:Rep. NYDIA VEL�ZQUEZ (D, NY-12): We need jobs that cannot be shipped overseas and will not evaporate in the next cycle of boom and bust. But those jobs aren't going to appear out of thin air. They need to be created. By expanding existing industries and unlocking new ones, H.R. 2965 will generate the jobs we need. Job creation is the primary goal of R&D. But in order to generate new positions, we have to first develop new industries. Commercialization is critical to that process.
Opponent's argument to vote No:Rep. ED MARKEY (D, MA-7): I must oppose this bill because I have serious concerns about allowing SBIR awards to go to an unlimited number of businesses owned or controlled by venture capital (VC) firms. The SBIR program, responsible for over 60,000 patents, has always focused on innovation from truly small businesses for whom commercial capital market funding is typically not an option. However, with the change made in this bill, the SBIR program would be wide open to applicants that already are well-capitalized due to VC participation, crowding out the small businesses that have been the focus of the highly successful SBIR program.
While I support VC participation in the SBIR program, enabling an unlimited amount of large VC majority-owned firms to qualify for SBIR funding calls into question whether this program, intended for genuinely small businesses, is, in fact, still focused on these firms.
We should do everything in our power to strengthen small businesses that generate 70% of new jobs in our country. H.R 2965 does not do enough to ensure that small businesses are the focus of the SBIR program, and therefore I cannot support the bill.
Proponents support voting YES because:
We should not deprive the public, the stockholders, from being able to do anything meaningful once they find out about scandalous levels of executive compensation or board compensation. Everyone talks about the corporate board as the remedy. But the board is often a part of the problem, being paid huge amounts of money for showing up once or twice a year at meetings.
Give the stockholders a meaningful remedy. Once you get the mandatory disclosure put in place by previous legislation, we are saying the stockholders should be allowed to have a referendum on that and not have a runaround by the board.
Opponents support voting NO because:
This vote is based on mischaracterization--it is an unnecessary amendment. The opportunity for these kinds of votes already exists within the structure of corporate governance right now. A good company from Georgia, AFLAC, went ahead and already has these nonbinding shareholder votes. But there is a difference between having individuals in the private sector, shareholders and individuals outside of the mandating of government to have it occur and have government come in with its heavy hand and say, this is exactly what you need to do because we know best. Our constituents know better how to act and how to relate to corporations than Washington.
Whether you own a business, represent one, lead a corporate office, or manage an association, the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of AmericaSM provides you with a voice of experience and influence in Washington, D.C., and around the globe.
Our members include businesses of all sizes and sectors�from large Fortune 500 companies to home-based, one-person operations. In fact, 96% of our membership encompasses businesses with fewer than 100 employees.
"To advance human progress through an economic, political and social system based on individual freedom, incentive, initiative, opportunity, and responsibility."The ratings are based on the votes the organization considered most important; the numbers reflect the percentage of time the representative voted the organization's preferred position.
A BILL To repeal the expansion of information reporting requirements for payments of $600 or more to corporations. Section 9006 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and the amendments made thereby, are hereby repealed; and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be applied as if such section, and amendments, had never been enacted. [This is the first attempt at dismantling ObamaCare by pieces, as opposed to H.R. 2 which dismantles ObamaCare in whole. The proposed section of the ObamaCare law to be repealed appears below. --OnTheIssues editor].
The United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (UFCW) is North America's Neighborhood Union--1.3 million members with UFCW locals in all 50 states, Puerto Rico and Canada. Our members work in supermarkets, drug stores, retail stores, meatpacking and meat processing plants, food processing plants, and manufacturing workers who make everything from fertilizer to shoes. We number over 60,000 strong with 25,000 workers in chemical production and 20,000 who work in garment and textile industries.
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2012 Governor, House and Senate candidates on Corporations: | Ron Paul on other issues: | |||
TX Gubernatorial: Annise Parker Julian Castro Mike Rawlings Rick Perry TX Senatorial: David Dewhurst John Cornyn Jon Roland Kay Bailey Hutchison Paul Sadler Ted Cruz Retiring to run for other office: Running for President: TX-14:Ron Paul(R) Running for Mayor: CA-51:Bob Filner(D) Running for Governor: IN-6:Mike Pence(R) WA-1:Jay Inslee(D) Running for Senate: AZ-6:Jeff Flake(R) CT-5:Chris Murphy(R) FL-14:Connie Mack(R) HI-2:Mazie Hirono(D) IN-2:Joe Donnelly(D) MO-2:Todd Akin(R) MT-0:Dennis Rehberg(R) ND-0:Rick Berg(D) NM-1:Martin Heinrich(D) NV-1:Shelley Berkley(D) NY-9:Bob Turner(R) WI-2:Tammy Baldwin(D) |
Lost Primary 2012:
IL-16:Donald Manzullo(R) NJ-9:Steven Rothman(D) OH-2:Jean Schmidt(R) OH-9:Dennis Kucinich(D) PA-4:Jason Altmire(D) PA-17:Tim Holden(D) TX-16:Silvestre Reyes(D) Retiring 2012: AR-4:Mike Ross(D) AZ-8:Gabby Giffords(D) CA-2:Wally Herger(R) CA-6:Lynn Woolsey(D) CA-18:Dennis Cardoza(R) CA-24:Elton Gallegly(D) CA-26:David Dreier(R) CA-41:Jerry Lewis(R) IL-12:Jerry Costello(D) IL-15:Timothy Johnson(R) IN-5:Dan Burton(R) KY-4:Geoff Davis(R) MA-1:John Olver(D) MA-4:Barney Frank(D) MI-5:Dale Kildee(D) NC-9:Sue Myrick(R) NC-11:Heath Shuler(D) NC-13:Brad Miller(D) NY-5:Gary Ackerman(D) NY-10:Ed Towns(D) NY-22:Maurice Hinchey(D) OH-7:Steve Austria(R) OK-2:Dan Boren(D) PA-19:Todd Platts(R) TX-20:Charles Gonzalez(D) WA-6:Norm Dicks(D) |
Budget/Economy Civil Rights Corporations Crime Drugs Education Energy/Oil Environment Families/Children Foreign Policy Free Trade Govt. Reform Gun Control Health Care Homeland Security Immigration Infrastructure/Technology Jobs Principles/Values Social Security Tax Reform War/Iraq/Mideast Welfare/Poverty Main Page Profile TX politicians Contact info: Campaign website: www.ronpaul2012.com Email Contact Form Fax: 1-703-563-7330 Fax Number: 202-226-6553 House mailing address: 203 Cannon House Office Building, Washington, DC 20515 House Phone: (202) 225-2831 Mailing Address: 8000 Forbes Place, Suite 200, Springfield VA 22151 Official Website Phone: 1-703-563-6620 Phone number: (202) 225-2831 Supporter website: www.ronpaul.com/ Texas office: 122 West Way, Suite 301, Lake Jackson, TX 77566 Texas Phone: (979) 285-0231 Toll-Free Phone: 1-855-886-9779 |


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I'm pondering using the Amtrack Cascades train to get from Seattle up to Vancouver. The ticket price seems pretty good, the views are supposed to be great, and it seems to be fairly quick too!
When travelling southbound (i.e. into the USA), Pacific Central Station has a juxtaposed US border control point. So, you clear US customs and immigration before boarding the train, which departs from a special fenced-off platform. (The first stop after Vancouver is in the USA, so there aren't any issues with having a mixture of domestic and international passengers boarding the train)
What I can't seem to find is any information on what the procedure is going Northbound? Does the train stop at the Canadian border for customs and immigration? And if so, do you have to get off and back on again, or do they just walk through the train?
Also, I'll be travelling to the US under the Visa Waiver Program, arriving in the US from Europe but returning to Europe from Canada. As such, I'll need to let the DHS know that I've left the USA so they don't mistakenly think I've not gone. Is that easy to do when taking the train, or am I going to have a huge faff once in Canada to have my departure registered?


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A minimum 50-bed, emergency homeless shelter facility that is ADA accessible and serves homeless men, women, and families from within Tustin only. Other cities will not be able to bring their homeless individuals to Tustin's shelter. The facility's primary focus is assisting program participants with creating a housing plan, making connections to housing resources and finding transitional and permanent housing as soon as possible.
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The safety of our children and community are of the utmost importance and at the center of all decisions regarding how the facility will operate. The City and the planned operator, Orange County Rescue Mission, feel confident with the proposed safety and security elements that the Tustin community, and most importantly, the children of Heritage Elementary, will be safe and secure:
The temporary facility is proposed to be within roughly three-quarters of the buildings at the former Advanced Technology and Education Park (ATEP) buildings at the northeast corner of Red Hill and Valencia Avenues. A conceptual shelter facility layout is depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Conceptual Shelter Facility Layout
So that Tustin may continue to use its anti-camping and park closure ordinances to protect public safety and public health, and to avoid costly lawsuits.
Recently the City of Tustin, as well as all other Orange County cities, were sued in Federal Court in an effort to address the lack of emergency shelter beds for the homeless in Tustin and Orange County. The City of Tustin entered into a settlement to help keep our City safe. As other nearby cities settle their lawsuits, those cities will be able to enforce their own ordinances with the potential to affect surrounding cities.
In addition, last month the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals sided with six homeless individuals in Boise, Idaho over an ordinance that banned people from sleeping in public spaces. That decision requires the immediate availability of shelter beds at the time a city goes to enforce such laws. In essence, the Ninth Circuit said that it is unconstitutional cruel and unusual punishment to punish an individual for sleeping or loitering in parks, tents or homeless encampments if there is no bed available for them to go to.
Pursuant to the settlement agreement, Tustin must have a shelter operational within 120 days, that is, February 23, 2019.
No. This program will operate with a strict no-walk-up policy and by referral only. Clients without personal vehicles must coordinate a transportation plan to and from the shelter.
When the Tustin Police Department or the City's Consultant, City Net, encounter homeless individuals or families within Tustin, those individuals are then offered a bed. If they accept the offer and pass the screening process (no sex offenders and no one with a felony warrant will be allowed at the facility) and an appropriate bed is determined to be available, they are transported to the main entrance. The referring party escorts them into the building and through the intake process. Those that are already staying there and who desire to enter or exit the facility may only do so through pre-arranged transportation.
Upon an individual's refusal of a bed, the Tustin Police Department may begin enforcement of anti-camping, park hour and similar ordinances.
The facility will serve homeless men, women, and families from within the City of Tustin. One building is proposed to accommodate men and one to accommodate women and families.
No. Prior to becoming eligible for coming to the facility, all prospective clients will be screened off-site for open felony warrants and status as a registered sex offender. If the client has an open felony warrant or is a registered sex offender, they are not eligible and will not be transported to the facility. Those with open felony warrants will be arrested.
In this case, temporary means that the facility will be in this location for a temporary period. This is not the long-term homeless shelter solution for Tustin. Once the long-term shelter is open, this temporary facility will close. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, the City of Tustin is required to start operating a shelter within 120 days and to operate a homeless shelter for a minimum of 24 months.
The City of Tustin is continuing to design and plan the establishment of the Tustin Police Department Substation and Parks Department Annex at the former ATEP facility, which the City hopes to open in conjunction with the opening of the Veterans Sports Park.
Individuals may stay for up to 180 days; however, the facility's primary day-to-day focus is assisting program participants with creating a housing plan, making connections to housing resources and moving them to transitional and permanent housing as soon as possible.
The City of Tustin made this announcement as soon as we could.
The City has been involved in a lawsuit in Federal Court. While in settlement discussions, the City has been precluded from discussing its litigation and settlement strategies publicly. The City immediately published a press release on the same day that the City signed the settlement agreement. Given the City would be required to establish a shelter facility within 120 days of signing the agreement, it was necessary for the City to evaluate potential shelter sites at the same time the settlement discussions were on-going to accomplish that timeframe.
In addition, the City's initial plans for settlement (which would have simply added beds to the existing facilities at the Village of Hope) were derailed by the Ninth Circuit's decision on September 4th, and as a result, the City was forced to go back to the drawing board and develop an entirely different plan in a very compressed period of time. The City's proposal was presented in Federal Court two weeks later and reported in the Orange County Register on September 19th.
The City tried to partner with Santa Ana but the Federal Court prohibited that as part of the settlement. This stemmed from Court's and Santa Ana's belief that all Orange County cities were bringing their homeless to Santa Ana, and one of their objectives is to stop the flow to, and concentration in, Santa Ana of homeless individuals.


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How & Why Are Butterfly Valves Used?
A Butterfly Valve is used to control the flow of material through a circular pipe or tube. Typically the material is air, gas, steam, or liquid. Certain dry materials may also be handled through a butterfly valve.
Simply, a butterfly valve consists of a circular disc with its pivot axis at right angles to the direction material is flowing. The valve is made up of a body, seat, disc, stem, and actuator. Each component part is available in a variety of materials called "trim features." Properly combining trim features to address material handled and environment is important in selecting the correct model valve for its intended service.
A butterfly valve body can be made of cast iron, ductile iron, aluminum, carbon steel, stainless steel and exotic metals.
Butterfly valves are available in wafer and lug style. Wafer style valves are installed "sandwiched" between pipe flanges. This style of valve is easier to replace or install. However, replacing a wafer valve requires the conveying line to be drained. Once the valve is removed, there is nothing to seal material either upstream or downstream from the removal point.
Lug style valves contain tapped holes that allow them to be bolted directly to a mating flange. In the closed position, the valve independently seals material to the upstream and downstream side. Because of this independent sealing, lug valves may be used to isolate downstream equipment that may require replacement or maintenance.
Resilient seated valves are the most commonly used types. The interior of the valve body is lined with an elastomer seat. Seats may be made of EPDM, buna, viton, Teflon, natural rubber, carbox, chlorbutyl, white buna, or white neoprene as well as other materials. Choice of seat material depends on temperatures, pressures and material handled.
The seats of some inexpensive butterfly valves are typically molded into the body and cannot be repaired or replaced. Precision butterfly valves typically contain removable seats that are repairable or replaceable.
The valve disc (controlled by the actuator) regulates the flow of material within the conveying line. Disc materials are available to meet a variety of application demands: stainless steel, aluminum/bronze, ductile iron, ductile/epoxy coated, ductile/nickel plated, ductile/nylon II coated as well as others. As the disc is directly in the material flow stream, care must be taken in specifying the proper material of construction and disc shape. Some discs are designed to allow increased flow patterns through the piping.
The stem passes through the center of the valve, attaches to the actuator, and positions the disc for material flow control and shut off. Depending on the application and valve size, stems may be one or two-piece construction. Typical materials of construction include carbon steel and different grades of stainless steel.
A variety of actuators are available for butterfly valves: manual handle, gear, pneumatic, electric and electro-hydraulic. Also, actuators that may be enclosed in special housings and buried are available for certain underground applications.
Other considerations
Depending on the application, additional valve features that may need to be considered. Some of these features include: the manner in which the stem and disc are attached, the way the stem and disc assembly mount inside the valve body, undercutting of disc, type of material used in stem bushings and packing, and availability of a ring seal between the seat and valve body.
Working with a company that can offer and properly apply a variety of trim features will enhance the success of the butterfly valve in a specific application.
As stated earlier, Butterfly Valves are generally specified for most air, gas, steam, and liquid applications. They offer an excellent, economically priced, positive shut-off valve for handling materials (e.g. gases and liquids) that are easily displaced by the valve disc as it closes. When handling this type of material, butterfly valves provide a reliable, bubble-tight, bi-directional shut off.
Care must be taken when applying a butterfly valve in semi-abrasive or abrasive dry material applications (this includes slurry applications that contain suspended particles because:
1) A valve disc closing on dry bulk material will create premature wear to the rubber seat.
2) The obstructed orifice created by the disc may cause bridging of material on the inlet side of the valve.
3) A disc opening or closing on a standing column of dry material may cause the material to jam / pack.
4) Particles of dry material or suspended particles in slurries may become trapped between the disc and seat, causing conveying line inefficiencies.
Other Types of Butterfly Valves
As a person becomes familiar with butterfly valves, they will undoubtedly discover other types of butterfly valves on the market. Listed below is a brief introduction to some of these other types.
Inflatable Seated Butterfly Valves
Inflatable seated butterfly valves utilize an inflatable seat or bladder to create a seal around the disc. Once the disc is brought to the closed position, the bladder is inflated pneumatically.
1) Since the seal is created after the disc closes, less torque is required to move the disc into the closed position. A smaller sized actuator costing less money is can be used.
2) Again, because the seal is created after the disc closes, minimal abrasion exists between the disc and the seat.
1) In addition to the controls needed to verify the position of the disc, additional controls are needed to identify whether the bladder is inflated or not. These controls add cost to the valve.
2) The bladder may be damaged and not creating a seal, even though controls identify that a seal has been established.
3) The valve must be located near an air supply to pneumatically inflate the bladder.
4) The inflatable bladder is subject to damage and abrasion, requiring periodic replacement.
High Performance -- Double Offset Butterfly Valve
This type of butterfly valve is ideal for applications involving higher temperatures (up to 1200º F) and higher pressures (up to 1440 psig). The disc and stem are double offset, causing the disc to "cam" into place upon closure.
1) A reliable butterfly valve for handling higher temperature and pressure applications.
1) Cost -- considerably more expensive than standard butterfly valves.
High Performance -- Triple Offset Butterfly Valve
This type of butterfly valve is often used in refinery and off shore applications where more extreme conditions exist. Most triple offsets utilize a metal on metal seat and disc closure, are rated up to 600# class, and are fire safe.
1) A reliable valve for extreme applications.
1) Cost -- more expensive than the double-offset butterfly valve.
The double and triple offset butterfly valves are specialized valves for extreme applications.
Salina Vortex Corporation manufacturers a variety of slide gates, diverter valves and iris valves for handling dry bulk material. Vortex butterfly valves are available for air, steam, liquid and certain dry material applications.
For additional information, please visit:
vortexbutterflyvalves_2006 (JPG)