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I'll start out with meatspace activities, since that's what I've been doing exclusively for the past week! I was in Vietnam for 7 days, saw some very amazing things and took literally hundreds of pictures, and got a fantastic shorts tan. It's been ages since I wore shorts that went above the knee, so my pasty thighs were pretty surprised to be out in the sun again. We didn't make it to the beach, and instead opted for a long tour trip that resulted in a lot of good or interesting food. (A conversation with my friend on skype: "We had offal noodles for breakfast!" "Why were they so awful??" "No, it was offal! You know, like tripe, guts, the butt tubes!")
Now I'm back to work, and of course by work I mean sitting quietly at a desk for 8ish hours a day waiting for the spring semester to start. Which means I'm actually catching up on my feedreader, which had over 200 wow-posts alone. (Goddamn, you guys talk a lot! <3) Which brings me to my next point, which is OMFG Larisa left blogging and I missed it and uuuggghhh!!! Just like many of the other blogs I have enjoyed and lost (or discovered and realized they had already closed down. Heartbreak!!) it was a shock, and I had to once again remind myself that it's not the end of the world and the best thing to do is to wish them luck and give a brave smile. So at Vidyala's request, I would like to compile a list of blogs that are "new" to me and emphasize how lively and vibrant the WoW blogosphere still is. Many of them I find through BlogAzeroth's new writers forum, but still others I find through links and comments on other blogs. MMO Melting Pot is also a constant source of blogs, and even if I don't care to subscribe to the blog they link, it's still a great way to keep up with the "big" posts out there so I feel like I'm on top of blogging news. In no particular order, I present:
- World of Saz - a very friendly blogger who often shares touching stories about herself, giving insight into both her gameplay and personal life, and how she has dealt with and grown from both.
- Red Noob Diaries - what is up with druids and the color red? Hi-five, broseph!! This is an adorable catalogue of a noob's journey through Azeroth's community.
- Avocation WoW - she's currently having a naming crisis, so I don't know if this is the best title, but she is a paladin who loves talking about her gameplay, her personal experiences in the community, and news in the WoW world.
- Hello Tauren! - how cute is this name? Yaaay, taurens!!! She's certainly not new to blogging, but is to me. Not only does she talk about her general exploits in WoW, but she occasionally posts delicious recipes!
- The Asylum Wall - snarky, ranty fun! Hmm, I certainly don't want to suggest that this blog is only about angry rants, but I want to say that the quippy, sarcastic tone really appeals to me. Stormy brings said tone to his discussions about tanking and behavior in WoW.
- Tree Heals Go Woosh - a delightful combination of observations about different aspects of the game along with resto druid and healing tips. (Yay, druids!!) Tzufit always has fun screenshots, too!
- Elfi's World - a collection of great screenshots and general musings about the game. Elfi is relaxed, random, and entertaining.
- Blog of the Treant - yet more druidy goodness (I just can't get enough!) with plenty of talk about guilds, raiding, and general WoW fun.
I took down my blogroll in a frenzied attempt to figure out how to use google reader. (Help help, I am learning new technology!) I didn't understand why I couldn't just sort all of my followed sites into categories like blog, podcast, webcomic, etc. I realize now that the problem is the concept of "following", which requires me to have another list of all duplicate sites, except it denotes them as followed rather than the category I sorted them into. This isn't a huge problem since I have learned to ignore that list, but I'm wondering if I should stop "following" people when I subscribe to their feed just so I don't have to keep updating my followed list. Also I am using the extreme and wonderful fulltextrssfeed.com to read sites without having to go to their homepage, but I find that if I don't unsubscribe from the actual site, it defaults in my feedreader as a truncated post, and ignores the update from the full-text version. Any thoughts on the concept of publicly "following" a blogger? Can I just avoid that and continue to subscribe to feeds?
I am finally getting into the world of podcasts, which is exciting. I hadn't really looked into them before because I always heard them described as something you download to your ipod and listen to while in transit somewhere. This would be great for riding to work or to manfriend's, provided that I hooked my ipod up to the computer more than once a month for charging. But now I am using podcasts as background noise for farming, leveling, cleaning my house, and even in the rare event that I cook something! It makes dropping green onions and rice on the floor or slicing off bits of fingernail much more enjoyable. This week, I'd like to make a concerted effort to email each podcast with some comments about their show. It's mostly because I want to show support for the people on the show and the general format, and slightly because I totes want my blog promoted when they read the mail on the show. :B
Gamey things:
The day before I left for Vietnam I had free from normal manfriend commitments, so I buckled down on my rogue and got to level 58. Since my plan was to farm lockboxes in the Burning Steppes, I finished my leveling there and got a happy Flamefly to follow me around in my stealthy adventures. Since then I have dedicated time every night to getting 60 boxes and mailing them off to Aka, and now I am halfway through revered with Ravenholdt!! On top of that I only have 20 major decks left for Darkmoon Faire, and the end to my Insane quest is finally in sight. More on that later, first some rogue hilarity:
I liked the description on the Combat spec when I hit level 10, so I leveled mostly by running up to mobs and stabbing and smacking them with my sword and hammer. Being heirloom-ed out, there was no real finesse required and I had a ton of fun. Now that I will be spending all of my time in stealth, I wanted to the movement speed bonus from Subtlety and respecced into that. Then I picked up my utility glyphs, namely Glyph of Pickpocket, and went out to investigate the Blackrock Stronghold. Have you quested there? There are ranks of 25 mob packs lined up outside, and the only reason an at-level player survives there is because they are in a disguise while visiting. If I wanted to pickpocket them, they had to be hostile, so stealth became pretty damn important. One thing I had not realized is that Pickpocket has a pretty good range - standing at the back of the pack close to the back line, I can pickpocket the very center mob, and everything else from there can be accessed easily. However, I first stupidly attempted to walk down each row, standing directly behind each mob in order to pickpocket them. That's...a terrible idea. The Worst Idea. Do Not Do This. Also, when a mob is patting or pacing, Sap as you run up and Pickpocket. Furthermore, you can pickpocket on the move! That way no pesky loot box comes up, you keep moving, and you get loot!
Now feeling more relaxed about my Insane grind, I've been poking around my other alts, and finally came up with a name for my Dwarf shaman so I could roll her. Meet the bronzed, busty Brandylash, Wildhammer adventurer! (Manfriend talked me out of BrandyWOWSHAMWOW and other ill-inspired names) I've also returned to my paladin and am tearing up Hyjal as ret, which taught me how to play by making all of my buttons light up. She even hit level 81 already! I also returned to my beloved mage and am doing gray quests in Azshara because goblins!! <333 On Aka I have been trying to keep up with Tol Barad dailies and the daily heroic, partially for the rewards themselves and partially because we are leveling our guild!! I hit exalted last week and got my dark phoenix hatchling...maybe one day we will work our way up to the mount. Nefarian attempts start this week :D


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This innovative technology is based on the fact that water can be collected from fogs under favorable climatic conditions. Fogs are defined as a mass of water vapor condensed into small water droplets at, or just above, the Earth's surface. The small water droplets present in the fog precipitate when they come in contact with objects. The frequent fogs that occur in the arid coastal areas of Peru and Chile are traditionally known as camanchacas. These fogs have the potential to provide an alternative source of freshwater in this otherwise dry region if harvested through the use of simple and low-cost collection systems known as fog collectors. Present research suggests that fog collectors work best in coastal areas where the water can be harvested as the fog moves inland driven by the wind. However, the technology could also potentially supply water for multiple uses in mountainous areas should the water present in stratocumulus clouds, at altitudes of approximately 400 m to 1 200 m, be harvested.
Technical Description
Full-scale fog collectors are simple, flat, rectangular nets of nylon supported by a post at either end and arranged perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing wind. The one used in a pilot-scale project in the El Tofo region of Chile consisted of a single 2 m by 24 m panel with a surface area of 48 m2. Alternatively, the collectors may be more complex structures, made up of a series of such collection panels joined together. The number and size of the modules chosen will depend on local topography and the quality of the materials used in the panels. Multiple-unit systems have the advantage of a lower cost per unit of water produced, and the number of panels in use can be changed as climatic conditions and demand for water vary.
The surface of fog collectors is usually made of fine-mesh nylon or polypropylene netting, e.g., "shade cloth," locally available in Chile under the brand name Raschel. Raschel netting (made of flat, black polypropylene filaments, 1.0 mm wide and 0.1 mm thick, in a triangular weave) can be produced in varying mesh densities. After testing the efficiency of various mesh densities, the fog collectors used at El Tofo were equipped with Raschel netting providing 35% coverage, mounted in double layers. This proportion of polypropylene-surface-to-opening extracts about 30% of the water from the fog passing through the nets.
As water collects on the net, the droplets join to form larger drops that fall under the influence of gravity into a trough or gutter at the bottom of the panel, from which it is conveyed to a storage tank or cistern. The collector itself is completely passive, and the water is conveyed to the storage system by gravity. If site topography permits, the stored water can also be conveyed by gravity to the point of use. The storage and distribution system usually consists of a plastic channel or PVC pipe approximately 110 mm in diameter which can be connected to a 20 nun to 25 nun diameter water hose for conveyance to the storage site/point of use. Storage is usually in a closed concrete cistern. A 30 m3 underground cistern is used in the zone of Antofagasta in northern Chile. The most common type of fog collector is shown in Figure 6.
Storage facilities should be provided for at least 50% of the expected maximum daily volume of water consumed. However, because the fog phenomenon is not perfectly regular from day to day, it may be necessary to store additional water to meet demands on days when no fog water is collected. Chlorination of storage tanks may be necessary if the water is used for drinking or cooking purposes.
Extent of Use
Fog harvesting has been investigated for more than thirty years and has been implemented successfully in the mountainous coastal areas of Chile (see case study in Part C, Chapter 5), Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru. Because of a similar climate and mountainous conditions, this technology also can be implemented in other regions as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 6: Section of a Typical Flat, Rectangular Nylon Mesh Fog Collector. The water is collected in a 200 l drum.
Source: G. Soto Alvarez, National Forestry Corporation (CONAF), Antofagasta, Chile.
In Chile, the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF), the Catholic University of the North, and the Catholic University of Chile are implementing the technology in several regions, including El Toro, Los Nidos, Cerro Moreno, Travesía, San Jorge, and Pan de Azúcar. The results of the several experiments conducted in the northern coastal mountain region indicate the feasibility and applicability of this technology for supplying good-quality water for a variety of purposes, including potable water and water for commercial, industrial, agricultural, and environmental uses. These experiments were conducted between 1967 and 1988 at altitudes ranging from 530 m to 948 m using different types of fog water collectors. The different types of neblinometers and fog collectors resulted in different water yields under the same climatic conditions and geographic location. A neblinometer or fog collector with a screen containing a double Raschel (30%) mesh was the most successful and the one that is currently recommended.
In Peru, the National Meteorological and Hydrological Service (SENAMHI) has been cooperating with the Estratus Company since the 1960s in implementing the technology in the following areas: Lachay, Pasamayo, Cerro Campana, Atiquipa, Cerro Orara (Ventinilla-Ancón), Cerro Colorado (Villa María de Triunfo), and Cahuide Recreational Park (Ate-Vitarte), and in southern Ecuador the Center for Alternative Social Research (CISA) is beginning to work in the National Park of Machalilla on Cerro La Gotera using the Chilean installations as models.
Operation and Maintenance
Operating this technology is very simple after once the fog collection system and associated facilities are properly installed. Training of personnel to operate the system might not be necessary if the users participate in the development and installation of the required equipment. A very important factor in the successful use of this technology is the establishment of a routine quality control program. This program should address both the fog collection system and the possible contamination of the harvested water, and include the following tasks:
· Inspection of cable tensions. Loss of proper cable tension can result in water loss by failing to capture the harvested water in the receiving system. It can also cause structural damage to the collector panels.· Inspection of cable fasteners. Loose fasteners in the collection structure can cause the system to collapse and/or be destroyed.
· Inspection of horizontal mesh net tensions. Loose nets will lead to a loss of harvesting efficiency and can also break easily.
· Maintenance of mesh nets. After prolonged use, the nets may tear. Tears should be repaired immediately to avoid having to replace the entire panel. Algae can also grow on the surface of the mesh net after one or two years of use, accumulating dust, which will cloud the collected water and cause offensive taste and odor problems. The mesh net should be cleaned with a soft plastic brush as soon as algal growth is detected.
· Maintenance of collector drains. A screen should be installed at the end of the receiving trough to trap undesirable materials (insects, plants, and other debris) and prevent contamination of water in the storage tank. This screen should be inspected and cleaned periodically.
· Maintenance of pipelines and pressure outlets. Pipelines should be kept as clean as possible to prevent accumulation of sediments and decomposition of organic matter. Openings along the pipes should be built to facilitate flushing or partial cleaning of the system. Likewise, pressure outlets should be inspected and cleaned frequently to avoid accumulation of sediments. Openings in the system must be protected against possible entry of insects and other contaminants.
· Maintenance of cisterns and storage tanks. Tanks must be cleaned periodically with a solution of concentrated calcium chloride to prevent the accumulation of fungi and bacteria on the walls.
· Monitoring of dissolved chlorine. A decrease in the concentration of chlorine in potable water is a good indicator of possible growth of microorganisms. Monitoring of the dissolved chlorine will help to prevent the development of bacterial problems.
Figure 7: Locations Where Fog Harvesting Has Been or Can Be Implemented.
Source: W. Canto Vera, et al. 1993. Fog Water Collection System. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada.
Level of Involvement
In applying this technology, it is strongly recommended that the end users folly participate in the construction of the project. Community participation will help to reduce the labor cost of building the fog harvesting system, provide the community with operation and maintenance experience, and develop a sense of community ownership and responsibility for the success of the project. Government subsidies, particularly in the initial stages, might be necessary to reduce the cost of constructing and installing the facilities. A cost-sharing approach could be adopted so that the end users will pay for the pipeline and operating costs, with the government or an external agency assuming the cost of providing storage and distribution to homes.
Actual costs of fog harvesting systems vary from location to location. In a project in the region of Antofagasta, Chile, the installation cost of a fog collector was estimated to be $90/m2 of mesh, while, in another project in northern Chile, the cost of a 48 m2 fog collector was approximately $378 ($225 in materials, $63 in labor, and $39 in incidentals). This latter system produced a yield of 3.0 l/m2 of mesh/day. The cost of a fog harvesting project constructed in the village of Chungungo, Chile, is shown in Table 2. The most expensive item in this system is the pipeline that carries the water from the fog collection panel to the storage tank located in the village.
Maintenance and operating costs are relatively low compared to other technologies. In the project in Antofagasta, the operation and maintenance cost was estimated at $600/year. This cost is significantly less than that of the Chungungo project: operating costs in that project were estimated at $4 740, and maintenance costs at $7 590 (resulting in a total cost of $12 330/year).
Both the capital costs and the operating and maintenance costs are affected by the efficiency of the collection system, the length of the pipeline that carries the water from the collection panels to the storage areas, and the size of the storage tank. For example, the unit cost for a system with an efficiency of 2.0 l/n^/day was estimated to be $4.80/1 0001. If the efficiency was improved to 5.0 l/m2/day, then the unit cost would be reduced to $1.90/1 0001. In the Antofagasta project, the unit cost of production was estimated at $1.41/1000 l with a production of 2.5 l/m2/day.
Table 2 Capital Investment Cost and Life Span of Fog Water Collection System Components
Component |
Cost ($) |
%of Total Cost |
Life Span (Years) |
Collection |
27680 |
22.7 |
12 |
Main pipeline |
43787 |
35.9 |
20 |
Storage (100m3 tank) |
15632 |
12.8 |
20 |
Treatment |
2037 |
1.7 |
10 |
Distribution |
32806 |
26.9 |
20 |
121 942 |
100.0 |
Source: Soto Alvarez, Q. National Forestry Corporation, Antofagasta, Chile.
Effectiveness of the Technology
Experimental projects conducted in Chile indicate that it is possible to harvest between 5.3 l/m2/day and 13.4 l/m2/day depending on the location, season, and type of collection system used. At El Tofo, Chile, during the period between 1987 and 1990, an average fog harvest of 3.0 l/n^/day was obtained using 50 fog collectors made with Raschel mesh netting. Fog harvesting efficiencies were found to be highest during the spring and summer months, and lowest during the winter months. The average water collection rates during the fog seasons in Chile and Peru were 3.0 and 9.0 l/m2/day, respectively; the lengths of the fog seasons were 365 and 210 days, respectively. While this seems to indicate that higher rates are obtained during shorter fog seasons, the practical implications are that a shorter fog season will require large storage facilities in order to ensure a supply of water during non-fog periods. Thus, a minimum fog season duration of half a year might serve as a guideline when considering the feasibility of using this technology for water supply purposes; however, a detailed economic analysis to determine the minimum duration of the fog season that would make this technology cost-effective should be made. In general, fog harvesting has been found more efficient and more cost-effective in arid regions than other conventional systems.
In order to implement a fog harvesting program, the potential for extracting water from fogs first must be investigated. The following factors affect the volume of water that can be extracted from fogs and the frequency with which the water can be harvested:
· Frequency of fog occurrence, which is a function of atmospheric pressure and circulation, oceanic water temperature, and the presence of thermal inversions.· Fog water content, which is a function of altitude, seasons and terrain features.
· Design of fog water collection system, which is a function of wind velocity and direction, topographic conditions, and the materials used in the construction of the fog collector.
The occurrence of fogs can be assessed from reports compiled by government meteorological agencies. To be successful, this technology should be located in regions where favorable climatic conditions exist. Since fogs/clouds are carried to the harvesting site by the wind, the interaction of the topography and the wind will be influential in determining the success of the site chosen. The following factors should be considered in selecting an appropriate site for fog harvesting:
Global Wind Patterns: Persistent winds from one direction are ideal for fog collection. The high-pressure area in the eastern part of the South Pacific Ocean produces onshore, southwest winds in northern Chile for most of the year and southerly winds along the coast of Peru.Topography: It is necessary to have sufficient topographic relief to intercept the fogs/clouds; examples, on a continental scale, include the coastal mountains of Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, and, on a local scale, isolated hills or coastal dunes.
Relief in the surrounding areas: It is important that there be no major obstacle to the wind within a few kilometers upwind of the site. In arid coastal regions, the presence of an inland depression or basin that heats up during the day can be advantageous, as the localized low pressure area thus created can enhance the sea breeze and increase the wind speed at which marine cloud decks flow over the collection devices.
Altitude: The thickness of the stratocumulus clouds and the height of their bases will vary with location. A desirable working altitude is at two-thirds of the cloud thickness above the base. This portion of the cloud will normally have the highest liquid water content. In Chile and Peru, the working altitudes range from 400 m to 1 000 m above sea level.
Orientation of the topographic features: It is important that the longitudinal axis of the mountain range, hills, or dune system be approximately perpendicular to the direction of the wind bringing the clouds from the ocean. The clouds will flow over the ridge lines and through passes, with the fog often dissipating on the downwind side.
Distance from the coastline: There are many high-elevation continental locations with frequent fog cover resulting from either the transport of upwind clouds or the formation of orographic clouds. In these cases, the distance to the coastline is irrelevant. However, areas of high relief near the coastline are generally preferred sites for fog harvesting.
Space for collectors: Ridge lines and the upwind edges of flat-topped mountains are good fog harvesting sites. When long fog water collectors are used, they should be placed at intervals of about 4.0 m to allow the wind to blow around the collectors.
Crestline and upwind locations: Slightly lower-altitude upwind locations are acceptable, as are constant-altitude locations on a flat terrain. But locations behind a ridge or hill, especially where the wind is flowing downslope, should be avoided.
Prior to implementing a fog water harvesting program, a pilot-scale assessment of the collection system proposed for use and the water content of the fog at the proposed harvesting site should be undertaken. Low cost and low maintenance measurement devices to measure the liquid water content of fog, called neblinometers, have been developed at the Catholic University of Chile (Carvajal, 1982). Figure 8 illustrates four different types of neblinometers: (a) a pluviograph with a perforated cylinder; (b) a cylinder with a nylon mesh screen; (c) multiple mesh screens made of nylon or polypropylene mesh; and (d) a single mesh screen made of nylon or polypropylene mesh. The devices capture water droplets present in the fog on nylon filaments that are mounted in an iron frame. The original neblinometer had an area of 0.25 m2 made up of a panel with a length and width of 0.5 m, and fitted with a screen having a warp of 180 nylon threads 0.4 mm in diameter. The iron frame was 1.0 cm in diameter and was supported on a 2.0 m iron pole. These simple devices can be left in the field for more than a year without maintenance and can be easily modified to collect fog water samples for chemical analysis.
In pilot projects, use of a neblinometer with single or multiple panels having a width and length of one meter, fitted with fine-mesh nylon or polypropylene netting is recommended. It should be equipped with an anemometer to measure wind velocity and a vane to measure wind direction. The neblinometer can be connected to a data logger so that data can be made available in computer-compatible formats.
· A fog collection system can be easily built or assembled on site. Installation and connection of the collection panels is quick and simple. Assembly is not labor intensive and requires little skill.· No energy is needed to operate the system or transport the water.
· Maintenance and repair requirements are generally minimal.
· Capital investment and other costs are low in comparison with those of conventional sources of potable water supply used, especially in mountainous regions.
· The technology can provide environmental benefits when used in national parks in mountainous areas, or as an inexpensive source of water supply for reforestation projects.
· It has the potential to create viable communities in inhospitable environments and to improve the quality of life for people in mountainous rural communities.
· The water quality is better than from existing water sources used for agriculture and domestic purposes.
· This technology might represent a significant investment risk unless a pilot project is first carried out to quantify the potential rate and yield that can be anticipated from the fog harvesting rate and the seasonably of the fog of the area under consideration.· Community participation in the process of developing and operating the technology in order to reduce installation and operating and maintenance costs is necessary.
· If the harvesting area is not close to the point of use, the installation of the pipeline needed to deliver the water can be very costly in areas of high topographic relief.
· The technology is very sensitive to changes in climatic conditions which could affect the water content and frequency of occurrence of fogs; a backup water supply to be used during periods of unfavorable climatic conditions is recommended.
· In some coastal regions (e.g., in Paposo, Chile), fog water has failed to meet drinking water quality standards because of concentrations of chlorine, nitrate, and some minerals.
· Caution is required to minimize impacts on the landscape and the flora and fauna of the region during the construction of the fog harvesting equipment and the storage and distribution facilities.
Figure 8: Types of Neblinometers.
Source: G. Soto Alvarez, National Forestry Corporation, Antofagasta, Chile.
Cultural Acceptability
This technology has been accepted by communities in the mountainous areas of Chile and Peru. However, some skepticism has been expressed regarding its applicability to other regions. It remains a localized water supply option, dependent on local climatic conditions.
Future Development of the Technology
To improve fog harvesting technology, design improvements are necessary to increase the efficiency of the fog collectors. New, more durable materials should be developed. The storage and distribution systems needs to be made more cost-effective. An information and community education program should be established prior to the implementation of this technology.
Information Sources
Guido Soto A., Waldo Canto V., and Alejandro Cruzet, Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), IV Región, Cordovez 281, La Serena, Chile. Tel. (56-51)22-6090/22-4306/21-3565. Fax (56-51)21-5073.
Hector Correa C., Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), III Región, Avda. Atacama 898, Copiapo, Chile. Tel. (56-52)21-2571. Fax (5 6-5 2)21-25 71.
Roberta Espejo Guasp, Profesor, Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 0610, Casilla de Correo 1280, Antofagasta, Chile. Tel. (56-55)24-1148, anexos 211/287. Fax (56-55)24-1724/24-1756, E-mail: [email protected].
Pilar Cereceda T., Instituto de Geografia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. Tel./Fax (56-2)552-6028.
Derek Webb, Coordinador del Proyecto CIID/IDRC, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 106, Correo 22, Santiago, Chile. Tel/Fax (56-2)233-7414.
Christian Gischler, Consultant, Alvaro Casanova 294-B2A, La Reina, Casilla 206, Correo 12, Santiago, Chile. Tel. (56-2)273-1433.
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Mejía E., S. 1993. "Cazadores de Niebla," Hoy Domingo (Quito), mayo 23, 184, pp. 2-3.
Mooney, M.J. 1995. "Come the Camanchaca," Américas, 47(4), pp. 30-37.
Nagel, J. F. 1959. "Fog Precipitation on Table Mountain," Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 82, pp. 452-460.
Ramirez Fernández, J. 1982. "Cálculo del Potencial Hídrico de las Nubes Rasantes en el Desierto Costero Chileno," Revista Geográfica de Chile "Tierra Australia," 26.
Santana Pérez, L. 1990. "La Importancia Hidrológica de las Nieblas en las Cumbres del Parque Nacional de Garojonay." In P.L. Pérez de Paz, Parque Nacional de Garojonay, Madrid, ICONA. pp. 67-71.
Schemenauer, R.S. n.d. "Acidic Deposition to Forests: The 1985 Chemistry of High Elevation Fog (CHEF) Project," Atmos. Ocean., 24, pp. 452 -460.
----. 1988. "Agua de la Niebla para Humedecer un Desierto Sediento." Boletín de la OMM (Geneva), 37(4).
----, and P. Cereceda. 1991. "Fog-Water Collection in Arid Coastal Locations." Ambio, 20(7), pp. 303-308.
----,and ----. 1992. "Water from Fog-Covered Mountains," Waterlines, 10(4), pp. 10-13.
----, and ----. 1992. "The Quality of Fog Water Collected for Domestic and Agricultural use in Chile." Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31(3), pp. 275-290.
----, ----,and N. Carvajal. 1987. "Measurement of Fog Water Deposition and their Relationships to Terrain Features," Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 26(9), pp. 1285-1291.
----, -----, H. Fuenzalida, and P. Cereceda. 1988. "A Neglected Water Resource: The Camanchaca of South America." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 69(2).
Soto A., G. 1992. Camanchaca: Alternativas de Utilización y Selección de Lugares en el Norte de Chile (El Tofo-Chungungo). La Serena, Chile, Corporación Nacional Forestal, IV Región.
Torres, G. J., and C. Lopez Ocaña. 1981. "Productividad Primaria en las Lomas de la Costa Central del Perú," Boletín de Lima, 14.
UNESCO. 1988. Final Report: II Meeting of the Major Regional Project (MRP) on Use and Conservation of Water Resources in Rural Areas of Latin America and the Caribbean, La Serena, Chile. Montevideo, UNESCO/ROSTLAC.
Universidad del Norte, Departamento de Ciencias Físicas. 1981. Datos Meteorológicos de la Ciudad de Antofagasta (ano 1980). Antofagasta, Chile.
Valvidia Ponce, J. 1972. Obtención de Agua Atmosférica en Lomas de Lachay. Lima, SENAMHI.
Zúñiga, I.J. 1977. "Un Relicto Boscoso Natural de Probable Origen Terciario en el Norte Chico de Chile." Atenea, 440.

subset: commoncrawl


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Melon (NL)
When an 8 year old kid asks for a drum machine and Atari 500 computer with the intention of starting his own band, you know his future does not lie anywhere but in music. Introducing: Jeroen Hofer aka Melon. Not your average human being. Something that becomes obvious the second he enters the room – a beaming, larger than life personality that cannot possibly be ignored. Flair and charisma have never hurt anyone in this business.
Melon is a natural artist, a DJ's DJ who has managed to gain residencies and regular bookings at some of the world's finest clubs purely by being great at spinning records, such as Fabric, Robert Johnson or Panorama Bar. His awesome record collection, spanning three decades of dance music, is the base for a unique sound that is always a few steps ahead of the game. Timeless, muscular house in all its glory and variety which can be witnessed at his monthly "Ratio?" residency at Trouw.
Over the last few years, Melon has managed to create a high production profile. "Nitzi" on Innervisions and "Spring" on his own "Ratiomusic?" imprint are incredibly subtle and timeless masterpieces, while his work under his Je Dàvu moniker, such as his infamous re-edit of INXS's "I Need You Tonight" and "I Zebra" on Platzhirsch, showcases a more rocking side of his repertoire.
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Previous editions –
2015, 2014, 2013 & 2012


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Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Post-operative immune suppression is mediated via reversible, Interleukin-10 dependent pathways in circulating monocytes following major abdominal surgery.
INTRODUCTION: Post-operative infections occur frequently following major surgery. The magnitude of the post-operative immune response is associated with an increased risk of post-operative infections, although the mechanisms ...


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Chinaman's Peak (Ha Ling Peak) Climber's Log
pvalchev - Sep 2, 2006 11:06 pm Date Climbed: Aug 21, 2006
NE face (5.6)Combined some pitches, 8 total. Pretty straightforward and unremarkable climb, but still an enjoyable day out. Ran down the scramble route and we were back down for lunch.
Rileywyna - Dec 18, 2005 8:07 am
Route Climbed: North East ridge and top of Sisyphus Date Climbed: Aug 1999, July 2002Great experience on this Mountain. Took my two brother in laws up the NE ridge for there first climb.
And took my sister up the NE ridge cutting over below the alabaster dihedral and finishing on Sisyphus summits.
couchclimber - Jul 25, 2005 12:54 am
Route Climbed: hiking Date Climbed: August 6, 2004my first scramble, took my little brother and 11 year old cousin up there. They made it up so I'm proud of them.
July 20, 2006
almost two years after my first visit, I decided to do this in the evening for the view of canmore at night and the stars. It was a last minute decision so I dragged my not so little brother anymore up there. It was a hot day and it was calm and quite mild even at the summit. The view of canmore reminded me of seeing cities from an airplane at night, it was quite neat. The hike down with our headlamps in pitch black was more difficult than I thought it would be. We waited until 10:40 pm at the summit for the stars to come out but the sky was still too bright. When we reached the parking lot at 11:40 pm, we could see so many stars. Awesome sight of the stars and one of my best trips this year.
Mike P - Jul 10, 2005 11:55 pm
Route Climbed: Sisyphus summits Date Climbed: July 9I've wanted to do this climb ever since I heard about it a couple of years ago. My climbing partner Cathy and I climbed the 21 pitch route (by linking them we got it down to 12) in eight hours. Thanks to slightly less than perfect weather (cooler temps and hail/granular snow) we were able to enjoy the route by ourselves. Climbing was mostly slab but there were a few exciting vertical/near vertical pitches (5.10d) to mix it up. Great route with excellent climbing and lots of exposure.
CdnRockyGal - Jun 30, 2005 8:22 pm
Route Climbed: Main Hiking Trail Date Climbed: April 2005A busy trail any time of the year, Ha Ling is good for keeping in shape during the long winter. My first time was in August, second was in December, and third in April--all three scrambles proved to be enjoyable and challenging due to current conditions.
Because there is a lot of traffic on this trail, it can get pretty icy during the winter and spring. I often had to trudge through snowbanks on my way up because of ice on the trail (crampons sure would've been nice!). Coming down I did a lot of glissading and sliding, which was great fun!
The summit of Chinaman's Peak is very exposed, therefore very windy--especially in December=) As is true with any climb, don't let a warm day fool you into not being prepared for the weather on top.
Dow Williams - May 7, 2005 4:40 pm
Route Climbed: NE Buttress Route Date Climbed: July, 2003I fall asleep to this mountain every night, framed in my bedroom window. I scramble the backside for exercise.
This entry is for the 5.6 -5.7 NE Buttress route. Cross over the damn above Canmore and work up the scree to the NE corner of Ha Ling. We made this in about 9 full pitches. Dave Edgar and I were speedy as usual and did the route in about 2.5 hours. We passed one party en route which made the day somewhat less dangerous. There are plenty of climbers and a lot of loose rock on Ha Ling.
We ran down the trail on the back side and experienced a new set of sheep twins on the way back to the truck. This is a good mountain to get up in the winter for conditioning. Views abound, but so are people.
EricK - Feb 11, 2005 1:38 am
Route Climbed: the easy back side Date Climbed: November 12, 2004I climbed this with a bunch of friends who were rather out of shape and "soft." I convinced them that it was really easy and that i even know some little children who have hiked it at age 6! But after we got to the top, they thought it was soooo hard. It was their first mountain though. We all made it, even though the trail was covered in very slippery ice the whole way to the top. It was a fun little afternoon trip.
William Marler - Sep 9, 2004 11:44 am
Route Climbed: Northeast face Date Climbed: August 21, 2004Excellent half day of climbing. 11 fun pitches with just enough excitement in the middle sections. Many thanks to James Blench and J. D. Miller for making this possible. A fun 50th birthday climb. Cheers William
brandon - Aug 5, 2004 9:13 pm
Route Climbed: Premature Ejaculation Date Climbed: Aug 5, 2004This should be a longer trip report, but it won't. Just finished a harrowing rappell descent from the crux pitch of Premature Ejaculation in the most impressive lightning storm I've ever been in. It arrived 4 hours earlier than it has the past 3 days, and we were caught. But we started at noon which could be a deadly habit if done regularly this time of year up here. Alas, that excitement only cost us 2 nuts and 6 slings and all the adrenaline that was available.
ant morgan - May 4, 2004 9:03 pm
Route Climbed: North Wall - 5.6 route Date Climbed: Sept 2001Awesome, well-protected climbing
azalea4460 - Aug 22, 2003 11:11 am
Route Climbed: Hiking / Scrambling Route Date Climbed: August 10, 2003Hiked and scrambled this peak as acclimitization / exercise in preparation for an expedition to Mt. Robson the following week. Fun, but steady, uphill hike, then scramble some over rocks to top. About 2 & 1/2 hours car to car including about 1/2 hour on top. Wonderful views over Bow Valley, Canmore, and, to the west, the Canadian Rockies.
mshareski - Jul 15, 2002 6:20 pm
Route Climbed: Scramble route on SW side Date Climbed: August 26 2000Why did I scramble this mountain again? Didn't get very good pictures the first time around.
mshareski - Jul 15, 2002 6:19 pm
Route Climbed: Scramble route on SW side Date Climbed: June 11 2000This must be one of the easiest scrambles out there. Nice view of Canmore.
aboga - Jun 25, 2002 8:31 am
Route Climbed: NE Face Date Climbed: Back in the Day
A classic! well-protected with varied climbing and all at a moderate grade.
William Marler - Aug 22, 2001 9:39 am
Route Climbed: Normal route Date Climbed: June 7th 2001This was a great hike. I only had the morning free so it filled the bill. Great view and good lunch spot in the col.


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Vermonters 'staycation' close to home
By KATHRYN FLAGG
STARKSBORO — As the last session of "Camp Common Ground" drew to a close last week, multigenerational campers piled into cars, boarded airplanes and took off for home. With the family camp attracting visitors from 40 states and several different countries, that trips home can, at times, be arduous.
For East Middlebury residents Bryan Carson, Holly Stark and their seven-year-old son Max, the end-of-vacation trek was, instead, a scant 21-mile jaunt down Route 116.
The family's decision to vacation close to home — to "staycation," as Carson quipped — is a trend many Vermonters have embraced to reduce vacation stress, take advantage of their own backyards and, in many cases, save time, resources and money.
Though the "staycation" is by no means a new phenomenon, according to Steve Cook, Vermont's deputy commissioner of tourism and marketing, it has, he said, "been the word of the summer." The Department of Tourism and Marketing has promoted in-state vacations to Vermonters for the last four years, and now, Cook said, other states are launching similar campaigns. Both New York and Connecticut kicked off their first-ever marketing campaigns for in-state tourism this year.
It's a trend that seems to be catching on. At Kampersville in Salisbury, owner Jean Wisnowski said she's never seen so many Vermonters flock to the Lake Dunmore campground.
"It's unbelievable," Wisnowski said. "I've never in my life seen a summer like it."
When she asks new campers about where they're from, she said, she's increasingly hearing from residents of Burlington, Winooski, and White Hall, N.Y. It's a notable change of pace for a business that usually attracts visitors from New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire.
"They're staying closer to home," she said of her new demographic, "and they're looking for a place where a family can go and one-stop shop."
Wisnowski is delighted — particularly because business is booming at Salisbury campground despite the summer's poor weather and high gas prices.
That success has been seen statewide. It's been a good summer, Cook said, in spite of these negative factors.
"The fuel costs have certainly had an impact on national visitor travel and visitor spending," he said. "However, it hasn't hit Vermont as hard as we had anticipated. We've always been cautiously optimistic."
Nestled on 700 acres not far from the Starksboro village center, the Common Ground Center feels remarkably remote. The noise from Route 116 is inaudible, and at night, Carson said, the camp gets dark — really dark.
It is Common Ground's uncommon camping experience — aimed, said co-direct Jim Mendell, at providing something for every member of the family — that draws campers from all over the country and some far-flung corners of the world. One hundred and twenty campers sign up for each weeklong session — though some families stay for multiple weeks.
While campers do travel from all over to attend the summer sessions, the center's idyllic location and unique set up also draw a fair number of Vermonters, Mendell said. In addition to the Carson/Stark family, campers last week came from Burlington, Barre, Hinesburg, St. George and Williston — among other corners of the state.
"It's kind of like hippie camp," Carson said with a chuckle. He's taken up guitar and drum lessons, while his wife plays tennis and practices yoga. The children's programming — "Kidsville," Carson called it, referring to outings, crafts and classes run by counselors every morning — means that Max is equally entertained.
On the last afternoon of the weeklong session, campers enjoyed a lucky spell of sunshine. A crowd enjoyed a chamber music concert put on by three cellists in a lovely old barn, while on a spot of grass near a recycled playground one woman taught a bevy of children to twirl their hula-hoops. A boy kneeling in the grass played his violin while girls spun the hoops over their heads.
The Camp Common Ground experience is by no means an inexpensive one — though Carson said that what he's paying for is the infrastructure that allows for a relaxing vacation experience. Meals are provided, and the camp provides extensive educational and recreational programming for all ages.
Carson is glad that his family's decision to vacation in Starksboro is keeping their vacation dollars in the community.
"Everything I do, I think about where is the tax base going and who am I supporting," said Carson. That desire to "buy local" for his vacation — and an awareness of the carbon footprint and expenses associated with driving and flying long distances — made the Camp Common Ground experience even more palatable.
"I was psyched when I heard about the solar panel," Carson said, gesturing to three large panels on the other side of the field serving as the camp's parking lot.
And, for the Carson/Stark family, the most delightful part of the vacation proved in part the welcome change of pace from more stressful vacations they've taken in the past.
"This vacation's three times as a long and about one-tenth of the stress as even a few days in Montreal," Carson said — and Max is certainly happier at camp than he was trekking through a city. He scampered up with two newfound friends — a nine-year-old girl from Connecticut and a seven-year-old from South Burlington.
His favorite part of their "staycation"? According to Max, the Common Ground hammocks took the cake — though his parents said later that the chance to "run amok" with a "little pack" was probably the highlight
So, despite the proximity to home and work, the family's week away — just a hop, skip and a jump from Middlebury — proved a relaxing getaway. And both Carson and Stark said they'd recommend their "staycation" to friends and neighbors, particularly those with children.
"It doesn't matter if it were a thousand miles away or 15 or 20," said Stark. "It's very different from our day to day."


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When you've taken over the world, it's inevitable that journalists will start to ask you a few deeper questions. So goes the story of Justin Bieber, the popstar sensation who was recently outed by Rolling Stone as having anti-abortion views. Though his albums My World and My World 2.0 have been toppling the Billboard charts for the past two years, it appears that in Bieber's world, a woman should not be allowed the choice to have control over her body—not even in cases of rape.
From the interview:
Bieber: I really don't believe in abortion. It's, like, killing a baby?
Rolling Stone: How about in cases of rape?
Bieber: Um. Well, I think that's really sad, but everything happens for a reason. I don't know how that would be a reason. I guess I haven't been in that position, so I wouldn't be able to judge that.
Though Bieber is still a kid himself, and who knows what kind of sex ed he's received (though we thought abstinence-only hadn't yet hit Canada), his words are of importance, if only because 7.3 million followers on Twitter ensure they penetrate every aspect of the interwebz by the time he's spoken them. Who would've thought that his hit single "Baby" was actually a potential anti-abortion anthem for the next generation?
With that said, we've felt it was important to spotlight an important contributor to the feminist community. Enter @feministbieber.
Check below for some sample tweets and ask your friends to follow!
Photo created by Ms. interns Amanda Litman and Dahlia Grossman-Heinze.
Update: Quote now reflects Rolling Stone's recent "editing error".


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The Originals 2×20 Extended Promo "City Beneath the Sea"
The Originals 2×20 "City Beneath the Sea" – When Dahlia (guest star Claudia Black) devises a clever way to get Klaus' (Joseph Morgan) attention, she reveals some startling details about baby Hope and leaves him with an enticing proposition to consider. Elsewhere, while Elijah (Daniel Gillies) and Freya (guest star Riley Voelkel) find themselves with opposing views on how best to handle Dahlia's looming deadline, Rebekah (guest star Maisie Richardson-Sellers), Davina (Danielle Campbell), and Cami (Leah Pipes) work together to come up with their own strategy. Meanwhile, following a tense stand-off between Elijah and Jackson (guest star Nathan Parsons) in the bayou, Hayley (Phoebe Tonkin) is left to make a difficult decision about her and Hope's future. Finally, Vincent (Yusuf Gatewood), who is eager to leave his witch past behind him, approaches Davina with an offer that leaves her intrigued. Leslie Libman directed the episode written by Carina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie Charbonneau (#220). Original airdate 4/27/2015.


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Florida's beach warning flag program uses flags in four colors accompanied by interpretive signs along the beach to explain the meaning of each color. The beach flags provide general warnings about overall surf conditions and do not specifcally advise the public of the presence of rip currents.
Look out for the lifeguard board that will generally indicate the presence of rip currents and general beach & water conditions.
Show All Answers
Fires of any kind or size are NOT allowed on or in Palm Beach County beaches and parks. This includes the beaches in Jupiter. This activity is restricted under Palm Beach County Ordinance 2004-022, Section 6.
Parking is free at any of Jupiter's parks. Including free roadside parking along the S A1A corridor. Click here to see a map of the free parking around the Jupiter Beaches.
The Palm Beach County Health Department publishes results on the beaches every other week while the Loxahatchee River District publishes results every week for the quality of the water at Jupiter beaches and parks.
To view the latest beach report visit here.
To view the latest Loxahatchee River reports visit here.
Jupiter is home to one of the last friendly dog beaches around. Dogs are allowed on the beach between dune walkovers 26-57, or approximately between Ocean Cay Park and Carlin Park. Click here to see a map of Jupiter's dog beach. There are several rules dog owners must follow when bringing their four-legged friend to the beach.
Become a volunteer for Friends of Jupiter Beach. Friends of Jupiter Beach is a 501 (c)(3) community organization whose goal is to support and maintain environmentally healthy, clean, and dog-friendly beaches in Jupiter, Florida.
Lodging (camping, living or staying for a long period of time) is not allowed on the beach or in recreational areas between the hours of 12am and 6am.
All of Jupiter's beach pavilions (except for Carlin Park Civic Center) are maintained through Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. To rent or inquire about a pavilion please contact the County by visiting their website or calling (561) 966-6611
The Jupiter Civic Center, at the northeast end of Carlin Park, is a great place to host your next wedding, reception, birthday party, picnics, family reunions and memorial services. To learn how to book the civic center please visit the civic center web page.
"The beaches are raked within the guarded swimming areas of the County parks where most beach goers tend to congregate. We prefer to leave as much of the coastline as possible in its natural state. The organic material washed up on our beaches provides habitat for animals living along the shore and fertilizer for dune plants.
The next time you are out on the beach, watch the shore birds and ghost crabs feeding along the weed line. Note how the weeds tend to get buried by wind-blown sand up by the dune line and see how the dune plants spread out to meet the enriched soil."
-Daniel Bates, Program Supervisor for PBC Environmental Enhancement and Restoration Division
When is official sea turtle nesting season?March 1st through October 31st in Palm Beach County.
What types of sea turtles nest on Juno and Jupiter Beach?Leatherbacks, loggerheads and greens. However, one may see Kemps Ridley and Hawksbill turtles swimming off our coast, but they rarely nest on our local beaches.
Are turtle nests protected on the beach?They are protected by State and Federal law. However, only a fraction of the total number of nests on our beach are marked in any fashion. The vast majority are left to incubate naturally, without further protection.
Do beach goers harm turtle nests?No, sea turtles bury their nests deep enough to be unaffected by routine beach activity.
How many eggs are there per nest?There are approximately 100 eggs per nest, with an average 60 day incubation period.
What happens to the sea turtle eggs if they are exposed?If the eggs are not hatched, rotation and exposure to the elements often cause the eggs to stop developing. Beach erosion commonly exposes turtle nests, which is an unfortunate but natural process.Why do we have to turn lights off along the beach for the turtles?Adult females avoid lighted beaches for nesting, and emerging hatchlings often become disoriented by beachfront lighting as they try to reach the ocean.
To learn more about South Florida's sea turtles or to volunteer/donate visit Loggerhead Marinelife Center
Sea lice - also known as beach lice or Sunbather's Eruption - are the larvae of thimble jellysh. They are generally found in warmer waters, such as those in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and are most active between April and August. They are tiny specks, no smaller than a grain of pepper, and are almost invisible. "Sea Lice"
Where are they?
Sea lice have been reported reported in Palm Beach County and northern Broward County where the Gulf Stream pushes warm water closer to shore. They can also be found in brackish warm water such as the Loxahatchee River.
What happens if you get bit by sea lice?
Generally, sea lice bites occur when the tiny baby jellysh get caught between a swimmers' skin and their bathing suit, other clothes or even in their hair. If that happens, they will sting, though swimmers usually don't know they've been bitten right away. The itching from the sea lice usually doesn't start for four to six hours after leaving the water when people break out in an acne-like rash in the areas covered by their bathing suits or in crevices such as their armpit. The symptoms generally last two to four days but can last as long as two weeks. The rash can go away on its own or, in some cases, require more intensive medical treatment.
How to avoid sea lice bites
First, always check Lifeguard ag postings. That's a sign that there's dangerous marine life in the water and it's best to stay away. Health officials say swimmers should avoid wearing T-shirts; protection from the sun can be achieved with sunscreen. Beachgoers are advised to change out of their bathing suits as soon as possible and then take a freshwater shower. You should also wash your bathing suit with detergent and dry it under high heat to kill any of the jellysh. Don't take a freshwater shower with your bathing suit on though, as this will cause the stinging cells in the fabric to re and release more venom. Some health officials advise wearing a waterproof moisturizer, such as zinc oxide, or layers of petroleum jelly to block the stings. According to the Florida Department of Public Health, there is some evidence that using a topical sunscreen or suntan lotion could actually protect your skin from penetration by the sea lice. There are also commercial products that advertise they can prevent sea lice or jellysh stings.
And if you're stung by sea lice?
Florida Department of Health recommends treating the rash with an antihistamine or hydrocortisone cream, as well as bathing in colloidal oatmeal and applying calamine lotion to reduce the rash and itchiness. If prolonged seek advice from a medical professional.
Jellyfish are common in Florida, but they are not everywhere all of the time. These creatures range in size from tiny to several feet in diameter, with tentacles hanging below. While most jellyfish do not sting, Florida has several species that can sting.
Contact with tentacles (even those that have broken off) can cause red, raised streaky welts that can last from 1-2 weeks and cause severe pain, tingling, itching, and even nausea and headache. Do not touch jellyfish that have washed up on the beach; even dead jellies can sting! The best advice is to look but don't touch.
The black, thick deposits that we often see on the beach and floating on the ocean is a natural seepage from the ocean bottom called "tar". Tar, or "rock oil," is a type of petroleum. It has been around for thousands of years and has many uses. According to petroleum geologists, natural seeps can benefit the environment since oil is a natural organic substance and is food to some types of organisms.
Tar is only found in certain types of rocks, like shale, sandstone and limestone. Most of these rocks are located on the bottom of the ocean. These rocks are called porous rocks because they have many small holes in them. Porous rocks will "seep out" petroleum when there is movement in the earth or shifting of ocean floor sediments. Since petroleum is lighter than water, it rises to the top of the ocean where currents, tides and wind carry it to shore. Geologists believe tar seeps have been leaking natural tar into the environment for thousands of years.


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Wooden pallets are no longer the only option for manufacturers when shipping and receiving goods to customers and from suppliers. In this installment of "Food Fight," from sister publication Food Manufacturing, industry experts go head-to-head on the topic:
Wood Pallet Alternatives: Plastic vs. Cardboard
Andy Mintz, President/CEO, CorrPak Bulk Packaging Systems LLC
Initially, paper corrugated pallets were developed to offer an alternative for export shipments. By containing no wood, they are exempt from international regulations imposed on wood pallets and far less expensive than plastic pallets.
Paper pallets consist of one or two corrugated top deck sheets, corrugated blocks or runners, and an optional bottom deck sheet. Often these pallets are referred to as paper pallets or cardboard pallets. They are customized for each application by altering the pallet size, selecting the deck strength necessary to support the load, and choosing the block quantity and block pattern to fit the pallet size and weight capacity requirements. Paper pallet designs do not require users to pay die charges, common with competitive pallets.
Corrugated pallets are a great solution for reducing costs and being environmentally conscious. Today, more and more companies are "going green," looking for solutions to help the environment and reduce pollution while saving money. Many manufacturers can do this just by shipping on paper. Corrugated pallets have a smaller eco-footprint than pallets made of wood or plastic.
Corrugated pallets can handle up to two metric tons and provide the following benefits:
- Shipment by weight with corrugated paper pallets can save companies over 80 percent of the cost of a pallet.
- Corrugated paper pallets are less expensive than wood or plastic pallets.
- Due to a light-weight design, corrugated paper pallets reduce the risk of personal injury and claims.
Corrugated paper pallets are 100-percent recyclable, made from corrugate with post-consumer content and "repulpable" corrugated and FDA-approved adhesive. Many landfills are no longer accepting wood pallets. Odd and custom sized wood pallets are becoming more and more difficult to dispose of and are harmful to your workforce and environment.
Bob Moore, Chairman and CEO, iGPS
Intelligent Global Pooling Systems (iGPS) has created a paradigm shift in the way goods are shipped and stored throughout the supply chain. Its 100 percent recyclable all-plastic pallet with embedded RFID tags is lighter, stronger, safer and greener than platforms made of wood and has been adopted by many of the world's leading brands.
Our customers enjoy immediate benefits that address the most important challenges facing supply chain managers and consumers alike, including:
Product Safety — The all-plastic pallet represents a real breakthrough in safety for fast moving consumer goods, including foods and medicines. iGPS pallets never require fumigation or toxic treatments, as insects cannot penetrate the pallet's polymer material. In addition, independent testing has shown that, unlike wood, our pallets present virtually no risk of contamination with pathogens such as Listeria, E.coli and Salmonella. With four embedded radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, it is easy to track and trace products moving throughout the supply chain.
Environmental Responsibility — An independent life cycle analysis conducted by Environmental Resources Management comparing the "cradle to grave" environmental impact of iGPS' pallet versus wood alternatives has confirmed that we are redefining the entire industry for the better. The analysis found that an iGPS' pallet has dramatically less environmental impact than wood platforms on every measured dimension, including global warming (65% less), ozone layer depletion (91% less) and ecotoxicity (75% less).
Fire Safety — The all-plastic pallet provides a critical benefit with respect to fire safety with high flash points and low combustibility. By key fire safety measures, the iGPS pallet is the platform of choice for manufacturers, retailers, distributors and others concerned about fire risk and the firefighters who put their lives on the line to prevent it.
Worker Safety — The all-plastic pallet also provides an added layer of safety for the men and women who handle pallets. No splinters. No rusty nails. No chemicals that give off gas and accumulate to create dangerous workplace conditions. Ideal for automated systems on account of its sturdy construction, the iGPS pallet does not break or jam equipment, preventing stoppages and dangerous repairs. Weighing less than 50 pounds and built with ergonomic handles, the plastic pallet is easier and safer to handle.
The iGPS plastic pallet represents the safest, most innovative solution for the supply chain industry. It is the pallet of choice for businesses that place a premium on environmental stewardship, product and workplace safety.


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I had the same thought as Matt Lewis when reading through the news this morning. There's too much smoke now from the IRS, DOJ/AP, and Benghazi scandals to pretend there's no fire. If you're sympathetic to O, it's time to shift messages from "what fire?" to "Obama should have done more to put out these fires set by other people," which conveniently leaves Bambi in the virtuous role of firefighter. It's a classic plea bargain: He's guilty of negligence, maybe, but of nothing more serious. Lewis:
The media is helping. Obama isn't a bad guy, he's merely out of the loop, we're told. He is "President Passerby," as Dana Milbank calls him. And besides, as David Axlerod said this morning on MSNBC's "Morning Joe," government is just so vast that nobody can really know what's going on (as one of my Twitter followers noted, why didn't Bush think of that to explain Abu Ghraib away?)…
Being out of the loop doesn't exonerate him in my mind (though it might in the public's.) The buck is supposed to stop at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue — and it makes little difference to me whether you order — or inspire (and tolerate) — a culture of corruption where "Chicago-style" politics are carried out with a wink and a nod.
But people are more forgiving of a bumbling leader than of a corrupt politician. And staffers and bureaucrats can always be dispatched.
Yes, Axelrod really said that, but let's save that for another post. Lewis is right that Milbank's piece on the "passive president" is the big one in this vein this morning, but the meme is popping up elsewhere. Here's his old pal Gibbsy:
Gibbs said the White House should have immediately proposed a bipartisan panel of former IRS commissioners to investigate, and criticized the administration's response as "exceedingly passive."
"I think they would have a much better way of talking about this story rather than simply kind of landing on the, 'well if this happened, then we'll look at it'," Gibbs said. "It sounds exceedingly passive to me."
Saying that Obama has been passive this week in reacting to the IRS scandal overlooks the fact that, by Carney's own admission, people in the White House must have been aware that tea-party groups were complaining of unfair treatment last year. Did anyone pick up the phone to inquire, or were they content not to know in case it was true?
More passivity and disinterest from Firefighter Obama at Politico:
Experts and former officials say the White House's laissez-faire approach to the Justice Department — adopted in part as a response to the politicization there under President George W. Bush — allowed prosecutors' naturally aggressive tendencies to burst through unchecked…
"This White House, out of concern to distance itself from what was seen as excess politicization of DOJ by the Bush administration, had not engaged DOJ at all on leak cases," said Columbia University law professor David Pozen, who spent several months conducting a major review of the federal government's love-hate relationship with national security leaks. "
In previous White Houses, even those railed publicly against leaks, officials sent "cautionary signals to the Justice Department … urging restraint and sensitivity to political, policy and constitutional concerns," Pozen said. But the administration's distancing policy, said Pozen, meant that prosecutors were "being given more leash than they had previously to do what they do."
That was part of Carney's defense yesterday vis-a-vis the IRS too. The White House had to maintain "distance" from the agency, he said, in order to eliminate any risk of "politicization," which stands reality on its head insofar as the IRS was apparently already politicized. Maintaining distance simply enabled it. If this is seriously their defense to malfeasance in the executive branch, that they can't meddle to try to stop it for fear of somehow tainting the malfeasor with politics, then there's really no limit to what their underlings can get away with. And if that's the case, that they're deliberately keeping their distance from bad actors below them, then what's the difference between "passivity" or "disinterest" and intentionally looking the other way? The cornerstone of Obama's public persona since day one has been his "above the fray" adult-in-the-room shtick; almost without fail, if there's an attack to be launched on his ideological opponents, it's tasked to some surrogate in order to keep O's hands clean. That's not "passivity," it's a deliberate strategy to inoculate himself from "politics as usual" in order to protect his brand as some sort of genteel, post-partisan non-politician. So why give him the benefit of the doubt now? If he really didn't know all of this was going on, why not assume that that's because his staff is instructed to keep stuff like this away from him? And if that's true, what's the difference between "negligence" and intent?
Here's Chris Matthews lamenting that Obama doesn't seem to have his hands on the wheel of the ship of state. That's fine; the important question is why. Is it because, as the press so often claimed about Bush, he's "incurious" about what his underlings are doing? Or is it because the people steering know what direction he wants to go in?


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Family Feud Questions
Stuck at home with your kids and have nothing to do? Looking for a fun way to make the most of your family time? Welcome to Family Feud Questions where there is loads of wholesome fun for the whole family! Enjoy a wide range of trivia questions that are both simple and fun to answer. Our trivia questions are based on general knowledge so you do not have to worry about not including the kids. Topics range from holiday-themed questions to basic knowledge to television trivia and everything in between! Family Feud Questions provides the best solution to improving family bonding time.


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This month I am hosting Healing Foods event started by Siri of Cooking with Siri who has wonderful recipes at her space. The theme picked is Ginger Garlic. I would like to thank Siri for giving the opportunity for hosting the event.
As you all know Ginger and Garlic has so much health benefits. Ginger is good for digestion and its also good for memory power. Its also good for Upset Stomach read this and also cure joint pain read this. Garlic is good for cholestrol and post natal period too.
So, hope to receive delicious entries.
Rules for the event
1. Any number of fresh entries can be sent. Archived entries to be reposted, else will not be accepted. You can prepare any vegetarian dish using any of the above or both in one dish from now till 28th Feb 2011.
2. Eggs are not allowed.
3. Use of logo is appreciated.
4. The entry should be linked back to this event announcement and Siri's Event Page.
5. Format of entry
- Name
- Recipe name
- Recipe link
- Pic resized to 300 pixel
6. Non bloggiers can also participate, by sending their recipes by email to firstname.lastname@example.com with or without photograph.
Now coming to the Giveaways
1. Cooking At Home With Pedatha
Awarded Best Vegetarian Cookbook in the World 2006, this book documents the culinary legacy of an illustrious Indian grandmother for posterity.
2. Sukham Ayu
Winner of Best Health & Nutrition Book in the World 2009 – Second Place, this beautiful book has been researched at KARE, an idyllic Ayurvedic research & rejeuvenation establishment near Pune.
2 lucky winner will win one the following award-winning books as a give-away.
You can also subscribe for my recipes, follow me or join me on FB.
So start preparing your dishes and mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com subject Healing Foods. Specify in mail which one is used or both are used.
Hope you enjoy the participation @ Sara's Corner. If you have any questions, pls mail me or leave a comment.
Looking forward for your support and participation in the event.


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Land Rover car rental Ottawa - Airport is offering luxury SUV vehicles that will meet the demand for the premium ones which are very capable off-road. Rent a Land Rover Freelander on RentalCars24h.com to get a compact , safe and comfortable multipurpose SUV which will do its best when exploring the mountainous areas and coastlines or going for a night out along the expensive city streets.
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What you need to know to vote on Election Day
Voting is not always as simple as it sounds. This presidential election, in particular, has raised questions about what is and isn't allowed. Here are some answers to help your trip to the polls go smoothly.
• Can I take a selfie, or photos, in the voting booth?
Technically, it's illegal. A law on the books, which predates cellphones, makes it a felony in Illinois to "knowingly" mark your ballot so that another person can see it. The intent was to protect voters from coercion. It might be unlikely you'd be prosecuted, but it's still disruptive. Other voters who notice your phone camera click or flash don't like it, because they're afraid they're being photographed, said Illinois State Board of Election general counsel Ken Menzel. "There's a polling place sign outside the door. Do your selfie with the polling place sign. That way you're being considerate to everyone else," Menzel said.
• Can you bring in phones or newspapers?
Newspapers, yes (so feel free to bring the list of Daily Herald endorsements). As for your cellphone, it depends. There is no state law prohibiting cellphones, Menzel said. But local authorities can set rules, and some suburban polling places reportedly aren't allowing phones, so it's best to do your research and write down your picks before you arrive. You're not allowed to make or receive phone calls while inside the polling place. If you make a phone call and slip into a conversation about the candidates, it's considered electioneering, which is illegal.
• Do you need to bring a photo ID?
It is not required to vote in Illinois and should not be requested for the vast majority of voters. But there are special circumstances in which you might be asked to provide identification, such as if you've registered with a mail-in form and your registration was never verified.
• Can I register to vote on Election Day?
Yes. Thanks to a new statewide law, there should be voter registration in your polling place. You'll need two forms of ID to register, including one that shows your address.
• If you see something that's unusual or concerns you, what's the best way to report it?
Point it out to the election judges or talk to the site manager. If they're busy or you're not satisfied, call your county clerk's office, the Illinois attorney general's office at (866) 536-3496, or your county's state's attorney's office. In Cook County, the county's election hotline is (312) 603-0236.
• Where do I go to vote?
If you're not sure, go to https://ova.elections.il.gov/RegistrationLookup.aspx. Along with registration, you'll find your polling place and races that will be on your ballot.
• I don't have internet access. Who do I call with other questions?
The Illinois Board of Elections can answer your questions, or at least point you in the right direction. Call them at (312) 814-6440.
Election 2015
Polls open: 6 a.m. to 7 p.m.
What's on the ballot: President, Congress, legislative and county candidates, local referendums
Read about candidates, issues: dailyherald.com/news/politics/election/
Get county results:
Cook: www.cookcountyclerk.com/elections/results/Pages/default.aspx
DuPage: www.dupageco.org/electionresults/
Kane: www.kanecountyelections.org/ElectionResults/electionresults.aspx
Lake: www.lakecountyil.gov/317/Election-Results
McHenry: www.co.mchenry.il.us/county-government/departments-a-i/county-clerk/elections
Will: www.thewillcountyclerk.com/elections/elections-services/election-results/


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RIP RIM. Long live BlackBerry.
After numerous delays and development hiccups, RIM has finally unveiled it's next generation BlackBerrys on Wednesday, a new lineup of smartphones that could make or break the company.
The company also dropped its Research in Motion moniker in favor of the BlackBerry brand.
"From today on, we are BlackBerry everywhere in the world," president and CEO Thorstein Heins said. "One brand, one promise."
Heins showed off two new phones at simultaneous events across cities around the world including New York, Toronto, London, Paris, Johannesburg, Jakarta and Dubai.
The Z10 resembles the smartphones most of us have become accustomed to since the dawn of the iPhone with a large 4.2-inch screen while the Q10 maintains the company's iconic physical keyboard, an addition that will surely appeal to the BlackBerry faithful. Both run the company's next generation operating system, BlackBerry 10.
"A good browser, apps, good camera, and fast networking in your smartphone is just expected today," Heins said. "BlackBerry 10 goes beyond that with secure communications, and a real-time platform."
U.S. carriers will announce pre-registration today. Although there are no concrete release dates, the new phones are expected to ship in mid-March. The Z10 is expected to cost $199 with a contract and will be available on Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile and Sprint.
The LTE-ready Z10 comes outfitted with a 4.2-inch 1,280 x 768 display and measures in at 5.13 x 2.6 x 0.37 inches, making it slightly thicker than the iPhone 5 and Samsung's flagship Galaxy S III. Powering the 138 gram phone is a 1.5GHz dual-core Snapdragon S4 Plus with 2GB RAM.
On stage, Heins demonstrated a slew of innovative features unique to the new platform, including a virtual keyboard that allows you to flick words onto the screen, multi-tasking integration called BlackBerry Flow and a robust re-envisioning of the Blackberry Messenger experience. Of emphasis was "BlackBerry Balance," the platform's ability to seamlessly merge both work and play in a single unified experience. For corporate users, it could mean finally ditching the practice of carrying around two phones.
But in the age of "ecosystems," simply having a solid phone with great software is no longer enough. Users expect more. They want their favorite apps and easy access to all the digital entertainment -- games, music, videos, books, sports -- that they've all grown accustomed to. On this front, BlackBerry didn't disappoint.
The new BlackBerry World is the company's answer to the iTunes Store and Google Play and already includes over 70,000 apps and support from eight movie studios and all major music labels. BlackBerry 10 launches with support for Facebook, LinkedIn, Foursquare, the NHL, Major League Baseball and more. Skype, Angry Birds and WhatsApp among others have all pledged their support for the platform although there were some notable absences. Instagram was nowhere to be seen.
Whether or not the new releases can put up a serious challenge against Apple and Android remains to be seen. In the months leading up to the launch, BlackBerry's stock has soared. But mere days before the launch, analysts were split over whether the new phones could save the company. Following the announcement, BlackBerry's stock was down over 6 percent.
"RIM continues to face the twin demons of consumer-driven buying power and a chronic inability to appeal to mature market consumers. There is nothing in what we've seen so far of BB10 that suggests it will conquer the second of these demons, and the first is utterly out of RIM's control," said Jan Dawson, chief telecoms analyst for Ovum. "Its glory days are past, and it is only a matter of time before it reaches a natural end."
Others, however, believe this could be an opportunity for a serious comeback.
"This year we will see multiple attempts to fight the Samsung/Apple smartphone duopoly in smartphone hardware—along with the twin Google/Apple duopoly in smartphone operating systems," said Ian Fogg, senior principal analyst at IHS. "Because of the fast-rising adoption of smartphones, 2013 represents the last, best hope for RIM's BlackBerry 10—along with endangered specimens like Microsoft's Windows Phone, Nokia's Lumia and Mozilla's Firefox—to create a viable third smartphone competitor in the market."
For BlackBerry, the realization that this could be the company's last chance saloon has culminated in an unprecedented marketing push. Heins revealed that singer-songwriter Alicia Keys would be the company's new Global Creative Director. And next week, the new BlackBerry will be featured in its first ever Super Bowl ad.


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Paying Money To Bloggers Or Site Owners For Backlinks Is A Crime
According to Google webmaster, any links intended to manipulate PageRank or a site's ranking in Google search results may be considered part of a link scheme and a violation of Google's Webmaster Guidelines. This includes any behavior that manipulates links to your site or outgoing links from your site.
The following are examples of link schemes which can negatively impact a site's ranking in search results:
- Buying or selling links that pass PageRank. This includes exchanging money for links, or posts that contain links; exchanging goods or services for links; or sending someone a "free" product in exchange for them writing about it and including a link
- Excessive link exchanges ("Link to me and I'll link to you") or partner pages exclusively for the sake of cross-linking
- Large-scale article marketing or guest posting campaigns with keyword-rich anchor text links
- Using automated programs or services to create links to your site
- Requiring a link as part of a Terms of Service, contract, or similar arrangement without allowing a third-party content owner the choice of qualifying the outbound link, should they wish.
Additionally, creating links that weren't editorially placed or vouched for by the site's owner on a page, otherwise known as unnatural links, can be considered a violation of our guidelines. Here are a few common examples of unnatural links that may violate our guidelines:
- Text advertisements that pass PageRank
- Advertorials or native advertising where payment is received for articles that include links that pass PageRank
- Links with optimized anchor text in articles or press releases distributed on other sites. For example:
There are many wedding rings on the market. If you want to have a wedding, you will have to pick the best ring. You will also need to buy flowers and a wedding dress. - Low-quality directory or bookmark site links
- Keyword-rich, hidden or low-quality links embedded in widgets that are distributed across various sites, for example:
Visitors to this page: 1,472
car insurance - Widely distributed links in the footers or templates of various sites
- Forum comments with optimized links in the post or signature.
Note that PPC (pay-per-click) advertising links that don't pass PageRank to the buyer of the ad do not violate our guidelines. You can prevent PageRank from passing in several ways, such as:
- Indicating the link is sponsored adding a qualifying attribute to the
tag - Redirecting the links to an intermediate page that is blocked from search engines with a robots.txt file
The best way to get other sites to create high-quality, relevant links to yours is to create unique, relevant content that can naturally gain popularity in the Internet community. Creating good content pays off: Links are usually editorial votes given by choice, and the more useful content you have, the greater the chances someone else will find that content valuable to their readers and link to it.
In addition, google webmaster is asking for users to report any website that is participating in this act.
If you see a site that is participating in link schemes intended to manipulate PageRank, let us know. We'll use your information to improve our algorithmic detection of such links.


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When I wrote "Men Don't Heal, We Ho: A Book About The Emotional Instability of Men," my purpose was to save relationships and initiate change, growth and development in both men and women. In New York, a woman said to me: "After reading your book, I figured out that I would be a better woman if I had a better man. I can be better but he don't deserve better." My response was, "You can't let a man lower your quality of woman. I have no choice but to reject your explanation and label it as an excuse. You are to be the absolute best woman that you can be at all times or leave."
In Chicago, a man said to me, "I had not considered what I really needed in a woman until I read your book. I was in a relationship with a woman that I loved but our relationship wasn't going anywhere and I didn't know why. I learned from your book that she loved me but she didn't know how to take care of me. She didn't know how to treat a man." My response was, "Congratulations on being man enough to end the relationship but you still have to take responsibility for not knowing and not effectively communicating your needs earlier in the relationship."
In Atlanta I was doing a radio interview about my article "10 Ways To Go From Girlfriend To Wife." I was talking about how today's woman doesn't cook or clean like my momma used to. Today's woman does not know how to love a man the way Grandma used to. We talked about how today's woman is more confrontational, less nurturing and even less sensitive. Today's woman would rather fight, argue and disrespect a man than encourage and support him. (I will tell you something funny about today's woman later in this article — remind me.) Then, the person interviewing me said something that blew my mind.
Introducing Twanda Black:
"I laughingly and lovingly proclaim that I am a Kingmaker! I have learned in my 40 plus years that men need love, affection, respect and a great amount of encouragement. As a single mother of two boys, I raised them to be sensitive young men. I patiently listened to them without judgment, I gave them the benefit of my wisdom and most of all I encouraged them in everything! All the men in my life get that same encouragement, my brothers, nephews, cousins, friends even my father. Well it's the same for your man — if you want the best from a man who has some kind of potential — encourage him daily, patiently listen to him, try not to nag, watch your tone and attitude. Find out what his currency of love is — is it a hot meal daily, affection, sex, honesty, encouragement or simply believing in him? Be his ride or die, his till death do us part, his Proverbs 31 woman! Watch him become the King you knew he could be and you'll be his Queen! Be a Kingmaker!"
Read More About How To Make A King Out Of Your Man!
Register for the RelationshipBeast Mailing List on http://www.RelationshipBeast.com!


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More than 100 Mennonite pastors and lay ministers released a letter in April to the Mennonite Church USA, calling for the denomination to extend full welcome to gay and lesbian people and inviting the church to confess its exclusion. "We are distressed by our Church's exclusion of sisters and brothers who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender," stated the letter. "Our hope for a Church guided by the radical hospitality of Jesus compels us to invite us all to confession and healing." Written by three Mennonite pastors who have worked on it for more than a year, the open letter seeks "a new pastoral way forward beyond the impasse over what has been labeled 'homosexuality,'" according to the invitation.
"My prayer is that this letter can begin the conversation again in the larger Mennonite church, so that there is room for congregations who welcome LGBT people," Cynthia Lapp, pastor at Hyattsville (Maryland) Mennonite Church and one of the coauthors, told Sojourners. "We must clearly communicate to LGBT youth and their families that all faithful followers of Jesus are welcome in the Mennonite Church."


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The Best Service At The Right Price. We Are Here To Help Make Your Life Easy.
We Get Gutters Clean Salem can help you with your rain gutter cleaning needs. Our proven, high-quality rain gutter cleaning and inspection service is ensured to get your gutters clean regardless how blocked they may be. And you will never have to fret about attempting to clean them yourself ever again. We Get Gutters Clean offers national gutter and downspout cleaning services.
Salem ( SAY-ləm) is the capital of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County. Salem was founded in 1842, became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851, and was incorporated in 1857. Salem had a population of 174,365 in 2019, making it the third-largest city in the state after Portland and Eugene.
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4-A0701 Sleeveless Callie Black Floral Dress
$32.00 $66.00
All Styles are true to size unless stated otherwise in Description
10 Working Day Returns Policy except on Sale Items or Accessories
Comes in a freesize which fits size 10 up to a 14
Fully lined
Our model is 5'7"
* Please note that should you wish to return the dress if it does not fit, etc then you will be refunded in full (except postage cost) once the dress is received back in the same condition. Please see our returns policy page for full details.*