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Calculating proper rolling resistance: A safer move for material handling
Friction as an important facet of industrial wheels can be either beneficial or detrimental.
Friction plays a major role in the industrial world, and also in everyday life. Friction is the resistance to sliding, rolling, or flowing motion of an object due to its contact with another object. It can be either beneficial (when we brake our car to stop) or detrimental (when we try to drive with one foot on the brake pedal). This article will focus on rolling resistance, an important facet of industrial wheels.
Rolling resistance is a measure of the retarding effect of a floor surface at the tread/floor interface of the wheels. It is normally expressed in pounds and is a measure of the energy dissipated per unit of distance rolled. Consider a tire rolling on a flat surface. The tire will deform to some extent, and that deformation will cause some resistance to the rolling motion. The flat surface may also deform, particularly if it is relatively soft. Sand is a good example of a soft, rolling-resistant surface. Bicycling across a paved roadway is much easier than across a white sandy beach. Rolling resistance measures the energy lost as something is rolled a specific distance.
In the world of industrial wheels, rolling contact would ideally offer no resistance to motion (except when we wanted something to remain in place). But reality doesn't work this way. Energy is dissipated:
- Due to friction at the contact interface
- Due to elastic properties of materials
- Due to roughness of rolling surface.
As one can see in this exaggerated view, both the wheels and the surface undergo deformation to the extent determined by the elastic properties of the two surfaces.
Rolling friction vs. sliding friction
Coefficient of rolling friction should not be confused with coefficient of sliding friction or, as it is often called, the coefficient of friction. Coefficient of (sliding) friction is a unit-less number that describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together. The coefficient of (sliding) friction depends on the materials used; for example, steel on ice has a low coefficient of friction, while rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction.
The diagram below addresses sliding friction. Imagine the force required to push a heavy box across a floor. Static friction requires a certain applied force to get the box moving. Once moving, dynamic friction requires a relatively constant force to maintain that motion. In this example, the person pushing is producing the "applied force," and the box weighing "N" and the floor create the "friction force" which tends to resist that motion.
The reason we use wheels in material handling is the significantly lower effort (force) required to move an object. Imagine pushing a refrigerator or a piano without wheels! Furthermore, consider how much easier it would be to push the box (mentioned earlier) across the floor if it were on wheels.
The force required to push/pull wheeled equipment is always greatest at the start, just before movement begins. Ergonomists refer to this force as the initial or starting force. Fortunately, the initial forces typically last only a short time and drop to the sustained force levels once the acceleration begins and any mechanical interference at the start of movement is overcome. Once in motion at a relatively constant speed, the force requirement is generally lower. This force is called the sustained or rolling force.
For easier rolling
To reduce the force required to overcome wheel rolling resistance, one can select a wheel with a lower coefficient of rolling resistance (for example, the forged steel wheel has coefficient of rolling resistance of 0.019 in.) or use a wheel with a larger diameter. Optimize by doing both—use the largest practical diameter wheel with the lowest coefficient of rolling resistance.
Wheel bearing selection in regard to rolling resistance is not as critical as the wheel material and diameter. Anti-friction bearings don't make as big a difference to rolling resistance as factors such as wheel material and wheel diameter. However, bearing selection can be very important for other reasons such as load capacity, manual or towed operation, presence of shock loading or side thrusts, and desired maintenance. As one might suspect, a softer wheel tread material will generally result in greater rolling resistance than a very firm/hard wheel tread material.
Major factors in rolling resistance
The most significant factors to be considered are:
- Load
- Wheel diameter
- Tread material/hardness
- Floor material/finish
- Floor conditions (roughness, cleanliness, slope, etc.).
The factors that can be usually ignored during calculations are:
- Bearing type
- Grease or lubrication effect
- Ambient temperature
- Wheel slippage.
Ergonomic guidelines
General ergonomic suggestions for maximum (manual) pushing forces can be found in interactive tables at the Liberty Mutual Manual Material Handling section of its website.
Using the calculator provided on that website will yield results suggesting the percentage of the population (male or female can be specified) that can safely perform a pushing or pulling task. Variables include the pushing or pulling force (which comes from the calculations described in this paper), height at which the force is being applied, duration of the push or pull, and the frequency.
In general, any result that exceeds 75% of the female population will be appropriate for sound safety considerations. Specifically, using this as a guideline will prevent low back injuries to a significant degree. Of course, there is never a guarantee of back injury prevention.
General recommendations for manual and powered operations are:
- Select a suitable wheel/tread based on the maximum load and floor conditions.
- If resilient tread is selected, typically for floor protection purposes, consider:
- Temperature range
- Impact resistance
- Moisture and water
- Resistance to light, chemicals
- Rebound.
- Select the maximum possible/practical wheel diameter.
- Select a wheel with the lowest coefficient of rolling resistance.
- Calculate the rolling resistance (keep in mind that at start-up the force will be 2 to 2.5 times higher).
- Use a safety factor when calculating required power for drive applications.
- Remember to account for any slope present (a°). The calculated rolling resistancewill increase up the slope and decrease down the slope (F = Fx/cosa). For example a 10° slope will increase the required force (F = Fx/cos10° = Fx/0.9848 = 1.015Fx). If the slope is increased to 30°, the required force will increase substantially, from 1.015Fx to 1.155Fx (approximately 14%).
- For powered towing operations, the wheel bearing selection is very important! Be sure to select bearings that will withstand the rigors of higher speeds, side load forces, and continuous duty.
Rolling resistance plays a major role in material handling. Whether loads will be towed or pushed manually, proper wheel selection will significantly impact the results. Using the principles described here will enable good choices.
Dave Lippert is Vice President of Marketing and Jeff Spektor is Engineering Manager for Hamilton Caster. They can be reached at email@example.com and email@example.com.
Calculating rolling force
To help quantify rolling resistance in industrial wheels, there is the "coefficient of rolling friction." This is a number that has been empirically determined for different materials, and can vary by the speed of the wheel, the load on the wheel, and the material the wheel is contacting. In the chart below, it is not surprising that the softest tread material (rubber) has the highest coefficient of friction, while the hardest material (forged steel) has the lowest.
*Polyurethane has a range of coefficient values depending on the specific poly material selected.
Total Load:
- 1200 lbs
Floor Material: Steel
Wheel Speed: 3 mph
The formula
- F = f x W/R
F = the force required to overcome the rolling friction
f = the coefficient of rolling friction (units must match same units as R (radius))
W = Load on the wheel
R = Radius of the wheel
Find the force required move a 4800-lb trailer equipped with 8-in. diameter polyurethane 85A wheels on a flat steel floor.
Step 1: Based on given load we can determine the load per wheel "W".
W = 4800 lbs/4 (wheels) = 1200 lbs on each wheel
Step 2: From the provided table find coefficient of rolling resistance "f".
f = 0.047(in.) [Note: Polyurethane has a range of coefficient values, depending on the specific material selected.]
Step 3: We know that the radius is ½ of the 8-in. wheel diameter.
R = 4 in.
Step 4: Calculate the force "F" required to overcome wheel rolling friction.
F = 0.047 x 1200/4 = 14.1 lbs (Note: This is for each individual wheel.)
Step 5: Calculate the force required move the specified loaded truck.
The resistance per wheel is 14.1 lbs. Since the truck has four wheels, the total force to move (sustained motion) the truck is 14.1 x 4 = 56.4 lbs.
Wheel diameter plays a significant role in the force required to move a load. In the example above, using a 16-in. diameter wheel (with a radius of 8 in.) would halve the required force. In fact, that is the pattern established by the equation. Every doubling of the wheel diameter results in only half of the force required to move the wheel or to sustain the motion.
The force to start (initiate) motion is in general 2-2.5 times the sustaining force. In the example above, starting force is approximately 115 lbs.
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Aviation experts have cited multiple possible reasons for the problems in the multi-country effort to locate the Malaysia Airlines jetliner that dropped off the grid over the South China Sea four days ago.
First, startling as it may be in an age of sophisticated satellite tracking technologies, some aircraft still depend solely on radar that at times can lose contact with air traffic controllers. Even if the latest GPS technology is on a plane, it may be damaged -- or unused, experts say.
"The challenges of locating a lost aircraft ... can be enormous, and could be made worse by weather, currents, accuracy of last known position, etcetera," said Frank Graham, Jr. president of AeroVox Forensics, an aviation security consulting firm. "Besides, it's a big ocean out there."
Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 was en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing with 239 passengers and crew onboard, when air traffic controllers suddenly lost contact with the aircraft while it flew somewhere over the sea between Malaysia and Vietnam. Efforts to locate the Boeing 777-200ER jetliner have so far been unsuccessful for reasons that remain unclear.
A Boeing 777 aircraft (Photo: Boeing Co.)
On Tuesday morning, the search took a new twist as Malaysian Air Force officials told cable television network CNN that the aircraft may have veered hundreds of miles off course in the opposite direction just before it vanished.
The most recent similar incident came in 2009 when an Air France Airbus flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris crashed over the mid-Atlantic. Search and rescue teams didn't find debris for several days, while the fuselage wasn't discovered for almost two years.
Finding the exact location of a downed plane can be tricky if it was beyond radar coverage and lacked equipment that could transmit updated positional data back to the airline, Graham said.
"Some planes have that capability and some don't," he said. "There are still instances where controllers and airlines rely solely on position reports via radio from the crew to know where the airplane is."
Loss of radar contact isn't uncommon, especially over long stretches of ocean, Graham said. "While there are a variety of ways an aircraft can transmit positional data, the equipment must be installed in the plane, properly maintained, and actually in use."
Requirements, procedures, and practices, as well as equipment configurations varies from plane to plane, airline to airline, and country to country. "The whole world isn't like the continental US where you can track every flight yourself unless the operator requested and received a block on the [publicly transmitted] ASDI (Aircraft Situation Display to Industry) data," Graham said.
Aviation authorities around the world are starting to implement plans to supplement radar with GPS technologies, but that won't happen everywhere for another 10 years or so, he said. Eventually, all position data will come from the plane. "We're not there yet," Graham said.
The major aircraft tracking technologies include Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), said Ric Peri, vice president of government and industry affairs at the Aircraft Electronics Association. Rather than relying on a radar ping, ADS-B uses a GPS signal and an aircraft's navigation system to determine the position of a flight and then broadcast that information, he said.
Many U.S carriers have begun using the technology -- all major commercial aircraft in the U.S are required to use it by 2020, he said. The technology has proved especially useful over areas like the span of Atlantic Ocean between Hudson Bay in Canada and the Irish coast that lack radar coverage, he said.
Other regions of the world, though, still depend entirely on radar signals, he noted.
The missing Malaysian airliner was also a Boeing 777, which was first used nearly 20 years ago. "The electronics and the technology that was in the aircraft was probably certified in the five-year time frame before that," Peri said. Certification of such technology takes time, so it's not unreasonable to conclude that the missing aircraft may have carried 30-year old tech, he added.
The aircraft Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder should each have had attached beaconing devices designed to activate if the aircraft crashed into the sea. The beaconing system is designed to last for about 30 days underwater. "But those are basically homing beacons, so they are fairly low power," Peri said.
It's also unclear with the lost aircraft carried an Emergency Location Transmitter (ELT) that's designed to transmit an emergency signal in the case of an accident.
"If in fact the aircraft had a crash, a force switch built into the unit would turn it on," Peri said. The device would broadcast a signal that would be picked up by Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT), a worldwide search and rescue monitoring system used to locate everything from missing hikers to missing airlines, he said.
U.S. commercial aircraft are required to have an ELT.
It's quite unusual for an ELT not to work as designed, Graham said.
"It takes a long time and a lot of testing and certification trials to change the way things are done in commercial aviation," Graham said. "Look how long the iPad was out before the FAA [cleared] it for use in the cockpit. And actually, that was pretty fast, comparatively speaking."
Experts noted that some airlines, especially those outside of North America and Western Europe, often lack the latest tracking and emergency technologies.
Jaikumar Vijayan covers data security and privacy issues, financial services security and e-voting for Computerworld. Follow Jaikumar on Twitter at @jaivijayan or subscribe to Jaikumar's RSS feed. His e-mail address is email@example.com.
See more by Jaikumar Vijayan on Computerworld.com.
Read more about security in Computerworld's Security Topic Center.

subset: commoncrawl


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SFI chain of custody certification is an accounting system process that tracks material through the different stages of production. Through SFI chain of custody certification, a company can accurately identify how much certified forest, non-certified forest and/or recycled content is in a product. Sealed Air also is SFI Fiber Sourcing certified, which addresses the fact that 10 percent of the world's forests are certified, and ensures that at least two-thirds of the raw material comes from responsibly sourced areas, and the remaining one-third is from non-controversial areas. Sealed Air paper products can be labeled with the SFI logo to denote that the product is made from responsible fiber sources.
FSC chain of custody certification ensures the certified raw wood is accounted for throughout the supply chain. The program recognizes use of recycled or reclaimed material and products bearing the FSC certification label can be traced to a certified source. Sealed Air can label its products with the FSC trademark to denote responsible production and consumption to customers who use the paper. Both certifications are valid for five years and require annual surveillance audits.
"These certifications assure our customers that Sealed Air paper mills are sourcing raw material for the paper from responsible sources," said Mike Feeney, vice president and general manager of Sealed Air Paper Mill Group. "This is one of many ways that we strive to live up to the Sealed Air SmartLife promise to make the best sustainable decisions and deliver value through the entire product life cycle."


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Based on both recent history and mainstream economic theory the past few years should not have been possible. When you cut interest rates to near-zero, run deficits of 10% of GDP and buy up every government bond in sight with newly created currency, you get a boom, end of story. That's just the way capitalism works.
But this time was different. After four years of QE and ZIRP and all the other easy-money acronyms, we entered the month of May with Europe in a deepening recession and the US recovery petering out.
The culprit? The one piece of the puzzle that governments can't control: the velocity of money. This is simply a measure of how quickly holders of currency, i.e., banks, consumers, businesses, hand their currency off to someone else. The faster and more frequent the hand-offs, the more stuff gets bought and the more robustly an economy grows. But after their 2009 near-death experience, the world's banks have been in no mood to lend. Instead, they've been sticking all the new currency their governments have been giving them under the proverbial mattress. This reluctance to lend means record low money velocity and little or no economic growth.
But in just the past month something fundamental has changed. US home sales and prices have accelerated, with prices returning to 2006 levels in some markets and bidding wars, flippers and interest-only mortgages once again becoming common. Stock prices pierced old records and then spiked rather than corrected. Suddenly we're back in an asset-driven boom.
But it's a boom with a twist because it coincides with unprecedented amounts of "excess reserves" in the banking system. This is the raw material for new loans, and banks across the country are worrying that they're missing the boat by remaining in cash. Marginal mortgage applicants now look a lot more attractive because their collateral is appreciating. Private businesses, judged by the share prices of their publicly-traded peers, are becoming more valuable and hence more creditworthy. Families with rising stock portfolios and appreciating houses suddenly look like better bets for car loans.
So what happens if a tidal wave of bank reserves are suddenly converted to business and consumer loans at a time when asset markets are already overheated? Maybe the fabled crack-up boom of Austrian economics. A couple of weeks ago Daily Reckoning addressed this issue in an article that quoted Ludwig von Mises' famous definition of a crack-up boom:
This first stage of the inflationary process may last for many years. While it lasts, the prices of many goods and services are not yet adjusted to the altered money relation. There are still people in the country who have not yet become aware of the fact that they are confronted with a price revolution which will finally result in a considerable rise of all prices, although the extent of this rise will not be the same in the various commodities and services. These people still believe that prices one day will drop. Waiting for this day, they restrict their purchases and concomitantly increase their cash holdings. As long as such ideas are still held by public opinion, it is not yet too late for the government to abandon its inflationary policy.
But then, finally, the masses wake up. They become suddenly aware of the fact that inflation is a deliberate policy and will go on endlessly. A breakdown occurs. The crack-up boom appears. Everybody is anxious to swap his money against 'real' goods, no matter whether he needs them or not, no matter how much money he has to pay for them. Within a very short time, within a few weeks or even days, the things which were used as money are no longer used as media of exchange. They become scrap paper. Nobody wants to give away anything against them.
It was this that happened with the Continental currency in America in 1781, with the French mandats territoriaux in 1796, and with the German mark in 1923. It will happen again whenever the same conditions appear. If a thing has to be used as a medium of exchange, public opinion must not believe that the quantity of this thing will increase beyond all bounds. Inflation is a policy that cannot last.
So how close are we to the point where "finally, the masses wake up?" Hard to say. Stocks and houses are back at previous-bubble levels and there's even talk of a shortage of government bonds. And based on the excited emails pouring in from people who, after a decade of bad returns have seen their aggressive growth funds rise by 25% in a quarter and are feeling like geniuses, animal spirits are back and happy. All while bank lending has barely started to ramp up. It's safe to assume that banks getting into the game would heat the markets up even more.
How would today's financial system handle the resulting volatility? Prudent Bear's Doug Noland addresses this in his most recent Credit Bubble Bulletin:
I don't mean to imply that today's environment is comparable to 1999. The U.S. economy was sounder in 1999 – and the global economy was a whole lot more stable. Global imbalances in 1999 were insignificant compared to the present. The U.S. economic and Credit systems had yet to be degraded by a doubling of mortgage debt and a massive misallocation of resources. The federal government hadn't doubled its debt load in four years. Europe had not yet terribly impaired itself with a decade of runaway non-productive debt growth. China and the "developing" economies had not yet succumbed to historic Credit booms, overinvestment and economic maladjustment. Central banks hadn't yet resorted to really dangerous measures.
The implication: This world, levered to the hilt in response to the policy mistakes and financial crises of the past few decades, is more complex and fragile than the systems that (barely) survived the bursting of the tech stock and housing bubbles. So this bubble and its aftermath might be a whole different animal.
Source: Dollar Collapse


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Alexa Kim
(Life Tree – Master Trooper #2)
Publication date: July 25th 2016
Genres: Adult, Romance, Science Fiction
Crow has a lot on his plate as the new head of Sector A. Young and inexperienced as he is in his leading role, he still has to prove himself as a capable Alpha. Especially Strike is challenging him for rank.Yet Crow is adamant about asserting his position, because only as Alpha can he finally have what has been out of his reach for so long – Leslie, a doctor and former head of Life Tree's INBREED program.Unfortunately for him, Leslie herself doesn't make it any easier. Three years his senior, she still regards him as the young Trooper who qualified for INBREED. In her book, that's two reasons not to let him into her bed.When Strike catches on to Crow's weakness and abducts Leslie, both men are out for blood…Leslie is traumatized. In the blink of an eye, her world was turned upside down. She has gone from being a self-confident woman and head of INBREED to being property of a Trooper.Although she likes Crow and feels drawn to him already, she simply cannot forgive him for trying to make her submit only so he can strengthen his position as Alpha and leader. Moreover, there is this secret she keeps… the reason she left Earth. If Crow were to find out, he would certainly cast her aside – a bitter experience Leslie has been through before. No, she'd rather ignore her feelings…
– Crow –
"You enjoyed tonight," I start, trying to get back the comfortable mood, but it's not really working.
"Yes. I'm glad Larona lives here now." Leslie's eyes shine vividly for the first time since I've laid claim to her.
"You feel comfortable in her presence."
"I do," Leslie admits guilelessly while we take the remnants of our dinner back to the kitchen. "Larona and I get along well. She's my friend."
I feel another stab of jealousy, and then I regrettably say something absolutely moronic, "You'd rather spend time with her than with me." Leslie turns around and looks at me with a frown that makes me want to bite my tongue off. You idiot. You bloody idiot!
"Well, Larona isn't smothering me with a compulsive need for control!"
Her words shatter my self-control. A haze of abstruse thoughts clouds my mind, courtesy of my eight percent non-human DNA. Leslie is still challenging my authority. She's mine, and I know what's best for her… but she doesn't take me seriously. She doesn't admit my claim on her! I have to get her under control! She has to submit! With those thoughts running riot in my mind, adrenaline gets pumped into my blood, putting me into a mood that's a mixture of aggression and arousal.
Of course, Leslie notices – the ostentatious tent in my pants is hard to miss. However, this time, she's not afraid. Instead, she seems rather peeved… and aroused, which I'm able to tell from her scent. A part of my heightened emotions is profoundly satisfied by that development – at least physically, there are no issues in our compatibility.
Still, Leslie tries being obstinate. She crosses her arms in front of her chest. Her eyes are ablaze, and her brown hair falls in loose waves down to her shoulders. I notice every detail about her… and her stubbornness only makes me want her even more! Right now!
Leslie is wearing one of her white bodysuits that hardly conceals any of her feminine curves… neither the dip of her waist, nor her long legs, nor her shapely behind. Every inch of her body is sending me a clear message, yet I doubt she's even aware of it.
"You want to grab me and throw me onto the bed again so you can proof something to yourself?" Her voice is flippant and just a bit husky.
I decide to play along. "There's no need for that."
"Great," she retorts, but now there's a hint of uncertainty in her voice. "Good night, then."
Leslie turns to leave, but I'm not letting her off that easy. She hasn't gone two steps when I grab her from behind, wrapping her in my arms. "I don't need a bed to show you who you belong to… the kitchen will suffice."
Author Bio:Alexa Kim is a German author of hot sci-fi and fantasy romance books, usually with a dark touch. She used to be a regular with trade publishers for over ten years before she decided to try and make her own way as an indie author under the pen name Alexa Kim. In 2014, she hit it off with her MASTER TROOPER series, and she's since been in Germany's Amazon bestselling list on a regular basis.When she's not writing, she's either indulging her hobby—singing—or spending time with a book and her two cats.
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It is estimated that 1 out of 5 families move every year; which means that for many families, the early weeks of summer are often filled with packing boxes, contacting new schools and finding new dentists. While transitioning to a new neighborhood or town can bring an assortment of stresses, this stress can be amplified when a family moves with a special-needs child. Routines, therapies and support networks can be disrupted and the entire family can feel on edge. Whether this is your first move or you are a seasoned veteran, the following tips will steer you and your family on the path to a smoother transition:
Before the move
Fill them in – Children can easily sense tension, so it's important they remain connected with the significant changes that accompany a move. Lori Collins Burgan, author of Moving with Kids: 25 Ways to Ease Your Family's Transition to a New Home, emphasizes how important it is to tell your child once the move is definite. "Children trust their parents to tell them important information that affects their lives; this trust can be damaged if your child finds out you are planning a move before you tell them."
Keep them involved – As a parent, you know what your child can handle emotionally. While taking a child house hunting might work in some families, for others, it makes sense to wait. "Our children are visual learners," says Sharla Jordan, mother of six boys (four with special needs), "so once we had a contract to buy our new home, I drew out a sketch of the floor plan and explained where their bedrooms would be and where their toys would go. This really helped reduce anxiety."
Get up-to-date – Paperwork is easily overlooked during a move, so now is a good time to begin collecting your child's medical and school records. This can include information such as: current doctors and therapists; medications; IEPs; explanation of diagnosis and therapies your child currently receives.
Ask for referrals – Ask your child's current doctors and therapists if they are aware of anyone that practices in your new location, or what professional organization you can turn to in order to find a qualified therapist.
Reach out to potential schools – Once you have a rough idea of what neighborhood you will be moving to, contact local schools and tell them about your child. Ask about what services the school is familiar with, and also check to see if there are some local special-needs families that you are able to connect with.
During the move
Be prepared – Even before moving day arrived, Ms. Jordan knew one of her sons would have a difficult time. "We arranged for a friend and neighbor to watch him, and the youngest two. We told him he was going to be the babysitter's helper so he felt like he was involved with the move."
Recognize feelings of loss – Help your child recognize the many emotions they might have on moving day. While they might be excited to move to a bigger house so they can have their own bedroom, your child might also be sad they will be so far away from their best friend.
Give your child choices – These don't have to be big choices, and can be as simple as giving your child a backpack and having them fill it with toys or books that they want to have near them for the car or airplane ride to your new residence.
Make sure their room is set up first – Seeing their familiar possessions in a new space will help your child feel less anxious about all the changes. Set aside your child's possessions and furniture and try to have them put in the moving truck last; that way, they will be the first to be taken into the new house.
Take care of yourself – Make sure you don't forget to look after yourself on moving day. Eat nutritious foods and drink plenty of water. Practice healthy coping skills and recognize your own emotions as you adjust to the changes. Model these behaviors first and then pass them on to your child.
After the move
Find some support – Moves are stressful on everyone, and it's important you take time to find support for yourself as well. "Organizations, such as The Arc and Best Buddies (www.bestbuddies.org), were a great help to my family when we moved," says Troy McClain, brother and guardian of a younger sister, who is developmentally delayed and profoundly deaf. "They understood both the needs of our family and the transitional bumps that occurred in my sister's behavior and attitude during the move."
Connect with other families – Reach out to families that have a child with a similar diagnosis, or families that live close-by and have children that are a similar age. Having a friend to play with or to start school with can be a big help.
Visit the school – "My son expresses his anxiety through inappropriate physical interactions with his friends," says Eileen Wolter, mother of an autistic child, "so taking him to visit the school several times before the start of the year really helped. He visited his classroom and met his teacher ahead of time so that first day wouldn't be so nerve-wracking for him."
Go on tour – of the house, of the town, of the parks; all the places that you need to visit to help your child adjust to their new surroundings.
Scheduling changes – Schedules are important to many special-needs children and can become easily derailed after a move; look for similar activities in your new location. "When we were making our move," says Mr. McClain, "we knew that bowling on Monday was an important part of DoraLynn's schedule, so we looked for a place where we could sign her up to bowl on Monday in our new town, which helped with the structure she needs."
On the move – tips to help your kids adjust
Make a personal moving story! Social stories are often used to help children on the autism spectrum prepare for new experiences, but Deborah Michael, a pediatric occupational therapist and founder of North Shore Pediatric Therapy, says they are a great tool to help any child deal with anxiety. Follow the guidelines below to help your child better understand the moving process.
Krystyann Krywko, Ed.D., is a writer and education researcher who specializes in hearing loss and the impact it has on children and families. She writes from a parental, as well as a personal, perspective. She and her young son were diagnosed with hearing loss one year apart.
Calgary's Child Magazine © 2024 Calgary's Child


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Tiny Device Allows You To Track Your Car Using Your Smartphone
Have you ever lost your car on a parking lot? It happens. You park and go shopping. When you get back, you don't have a clue where your car is. Then you start roaming around clicking on the panic button on your car keys so the alarm goes off. It can be frustrating, especially on a hot, sunny day.
No, you don't need to install an expensive GPS system to keep track of your car. That's way too expensive. You would need to pay a monthly subscription fee just to use it. Don't we have enough bills to pay already?
But is there a way to track your vehicle without spending a fortune? Yes, now there is!
A California-based startup company was able to make this a reality. They created a tiny device that works with your smartphone, and it could be exactly what you're looking for!
What is it?
It's called TrackR. It is a state-of-the-art tracking device the size of a quarter. It's changing the way we keep track of the important things in our lives.
How Does it Work?
It's easy! Install the free TrackR app on your smartphone, connect the app to your device and you're ready to go! Simply attach TrackR to whatever you want to keep tabs on. The entire process of setting it up only takes 5 minutes or less.
You can attach it to your keys, briefcase, wallet, your latest tech gadgets and anything else you don't want to lose. Then use the TrackR app to locate your missing item in seconds.
Forget expensive GPS systems or tracking services. Nobody wants to pay expensive monthly subscription fees. We understand how stressful these things can be, and this is the reason why TrackR was created. This device is your VIP when you need to take care of more important things in life.
Remember the car scenario above? If you have the TrackR, you can just hide it under your car's floor mat, in the trunk or in the glove compartment. Somewhere it won't be found if your car gets stolen.
If you forget where you parked your car, whip out your smartphone and open the TrackR app. Tap on the "lost item" icon on the screen and the app will tell you the exact coordinates of the last known location of the TrackR.
How Much is it Going To Cost Me?
You're probably thinking that this device is very expensive... False! TrackR only costs $29! That's a small price to pay for peace of mind, isn't it?
Where can I buy TrackR?
You can buy it directly from the company's website. They ship worldwide and you'll receive your TrackR within a ~week.
Watch The Video Below To See How TrackR Works:
What else can I do with TrackR?
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Francis Thicke is a soil scientist and organic dairy farmer. He has served as the National Program Leader for Soil Science for the USDA-Extension Service and was the 2010 Democratic candidate for Iowa secretary of agriculture. -promoted by desmoinesdem
The room was packed for an August 28 hearing on a new proposed confined-animal feeding operation (CAFO) in Jefferson County. Lots of people expressed their frustration that Iowa's laws make it nearly impossible to stop a CAFO that will compromise the quality of life for the neighbors.
Here are my comments:
There are some things we hold sacred in this country. They are expressed in the Declaration of Independence as the inalienable rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. The pursuit of happiness certainly should include the right to not have our health and quality of life destroyed by another person's business model.
Make no mistake about it: many Iowa citizens have had their health and quality of life severely compromised when CAFOs moved into their neighborhoods. Published studies in peer-reviewed scientific journals have documented the detrimental health effects of living near CAFOs.
When I served a four-year term on the Iowa Environmental Protection Commission I heard many first-hand accounts of how people's lives were turned upside down when a CAFOs moved into their neighborhood. Some had to seal their houses airtight. Some had to live in their basements. Quite a number have had to abandon their homes completely and move elsewhere. These are serious infringements on people's rights as citizens. How can we allow this to happen in Iowa?
The Iowa legislature has failed its rural citizens by caving in to the demands of lobbyists from the Farm Bureau and the pork industry and taking away local control over the siting of CAFOs. The Master Matrix is a sham. Only 50 percent of the Master Matrix points are required to pass, and nearly every CAFO takes the same easy points. When I was in school, 50 percent was a failing grade, an F.
What are some of the easy points? The Master Matrix gives 30 points for the liquid manure storage structure having a "cover" and 30 points for the manure storage structure being "formed." That is the way CAFOs are built, with a concrete basement for the manure (formed) and with the building on top (the cover). That gives 60 points just for being a CAFO.
When have we ever seen a CAFO include a biofilter to filter out the noxious gases? The Master Matrix allows 10 points for a biofilter. Research shows that a biofilter will reduce toxic gases and odors by 80 to 90 percent. A windbreak to contain toxic gases and odors is worth 20 points? We rarely see CAFO biofilters and windbreaks in a Master Matrix scoring because the Master Matrix offers too many other easy points.
CAFO owners don't want to earn points for things that protect their neighbors because those things cost money, and CAFO owners are in it to make money, not to protect their neighbors. CAFO owners hire consultants—like the one that wrote the Master Matrix for this CAFO and the Huber CAFO—to write their Master Matrix applications because those consultants know how to game the system and pass the Master Matrix with all the easy points.
One of the Jefferson County Supervisors recently said in a letter to the editor that if the supervisors take away points that the DNR [Department of Natural Resources] disagrees with, the DNR will take away the county's ability to use the Master Matrix. That is false. That has never happened. If the DNR disagrees with a county scoring and reinstates Master Matrix points that county supervisors have denied, the county can appeal those points with the Iowa Environmental Protection Commission. It happened a number of times when I was on the EPC.
Increasingly, county boards across Iowa are recognizing that the Master Matrix is a sham, and some counties are becoming stricter in their scoring of Master Matrix points. Some county boards have even refused to pass a Master Matrix application that scores enough points, because they are interested in protecting the rights of their citizens over the profits of CAFO owners. I urge the Jefferson County Supervisors to also take a stronger stand. County supervisors are in a position to signal to the Iowa legislature that this sham has gone on long enough, and that major changes are needed.
Eventually, after enough people have been harmed, after enough people have had their rights trampled over, Iowa citizens will rise up to end this CAFO charade. In the meantime, we have to do what we can to protect ourselves. County boards of supervisors can either lead the charge or wither in fear of offending CAFO owners and the agricultural status quo.
Top image: By United States Geological Survey [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons.


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WOLHAUPTER, JOHN, watchmaker, gold- and silversmith, and jeweller; b. c. 1771 in New York City, son of Gottfried Wolhaupter; d. 12 Jan. 1839 in Richmond Parish, N.B.
John Wolhaupter's father, who was from Bocken, near Schneeberg, in Saxony (German Democratic Republic), had settled in New York in or before 1759. John evidently apprenticed there and, to judge from existing bills and accounts, was established in business by 1790. That year he became a member of the Hiram Lodge of freemasons. In 1795 he married in New York Mary Payne Aycrigg, daughter of the late Dr John Hurst Aycrigg and of Rachael Lydekker, who had gone in 1785 to Saint John, N.B., with her second husband. Wolhaupter too had settled in Saint John some time before 1799. An advertisement in the Royal Gazette of 21 May 1799 states that "john wolhaupter, clock and watch-maker, . . . lately returned to this City from New-York . . . has taken a House in Germain-Street." "Lately returned" would seem significant since, when petitioning for land in 1820, Wolhaupter claimed that he had come to New Brunswick with the loyalists Wolhaupter was admitted a freeman of the city of Saint John in 1799. He continued his masonic activities and became treasurer of St John's Lodge No.29 when it was formed in 1802. On 28 May 1803, however, he announced in the Saint John Gazette that he intended "shortly to leave the Province for Some Months." In November he offered a house and lot adjoining his own for sale, but they had not been purchased by 2 Jan. 1804, when the advertisement ceased.
Wolhaupter apparently returned to New York, where he worked as a clockmaker, but by 25 May 1805 he was back in Saint John and had set up business on Prince William Street. Five years later, in July 1810, he announced the sale of some of his property and his intention to discontinue watchmaking and go into the jewellery line. Later that year he indicated that he would move to Fredericton and by 1813 he was established in the capital on Queen Street. In an advertisement of 12 May 1818 he offered at his premises the repair and cleaning of clocks and watches as well as the repair of gold-, silver-, and plate-ware. By this time his son Benjamin*, who was apprenticing with him, had taken a shop and the advertisement noted that "strict attention" would be paid to business at both places.
When he moved to a new shop on Camperdown Street in 1819, Wolhaupter announced his intention to carry on gold- and silversmithing. Yet he seems to have left the business in 1820, the year Benjamin completed his apprenticeship. At no time after 1821 is the older man mentioned in Benjamin's advertisements, nor is there any evidence of his continuing an independent trade. In 1826 he was granted land in Richmond Parish, near Woodstock. He did not move onto the property until 1831, and he died there eight years later. His wife followed him to the grave in 1842; they had had at least six children, four boys and two girls.
John Wolhaupter's career illustrates the disruption and redirection that many loyalist craftsmen endured. A few teaspoons (some of which may be seen in the York-Sunbury Historical Society Museum in Fredericton) have been identified as his work, but no clocks or watches and no jewels have, as yet, been identified. The clearest record of his life lies in a series of land purchases and sales, and one assumes that much of his capital was engendered on his repeated and extended trips to New York.
City of Saint John, N.B., City Clerk's Office, Common Council, minutes, 6 Nov. 1799. Saint John County Land Registry Office (Saint John), Record books, C1: 116; F1: 175; H1: 4, 248 (mfm. at PANB). Royal Gazette (Saint John; Fredericton), 21 May 1799, 12 May 1818, 18 May 1819, 23 Jan. 1839. Saint John Gazette, 28 May, 5 Nov. 1803; 2 Jan. 1804; 27 May 1805. D. C. Mackay, Silversmiths and related craftsmen of the Atlantic provinces (Halifax, 1973). Brooks Palmer, The book of American clocks (New York, 1950). W. F. Bunting, History of St. John's Lodge, F. & A.M. of Saint John, New Brunswick . . . (Saint John, 1895).
© 1988–2024 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
D. C. Mackay and Stuart Smith, "WOLHAUPTER, JOHN," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 7, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed March 4, 2024, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wolhaupter_john_7E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
Permalink: | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/wolhaupter_john_7E.html |
Author of Article: | D. C. Mackay and Stuart Smith |
Title of Article: | WOLHAUPTER, JOHN |
Publication Name: | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 7 |
Publisher: | University of Toronto/Université Laval |
Year of publication: | 1988 |
Year of revision: | 1988 |
Access Date: | March 4, 2024 |


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I am solving an ODE system with Mathematica. Let's say the system is of the form (to simplify).
sol = NDSolve[{x'[t] == f[t] x[t] + g[t], x[0] == 0}, x, {t, 0, 1}]
The functions f[t]
and g[t]
are obtained from a different program.
I either use a simple fit for f[t]
and g[t]
(say polynomial) or define them as InterpolationFunctions
from data tables I have, i.e.
f = Interpolation[data]
In the latter case (which is more desirable as more accurate), the system takes 10 times longer to solve!
In detail, I actually loop over NDSolve
for several additional parameters, and my ODE is with complex coefficients and 6-dimensional. So the system is already kind of long to solve, and 10 times longer is killing me...
Anyone has any advice on how to speed this up? Interpolating functions should be super fast, shouldn't they?


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Villanova University's Digital Library initiative assembles, presents, and preserves digital collections that support the teaching and research of the campus and the global community of scholars. We work with faculty, staff and regional partners to select and develop resources that enhance access for a wide range of disciplines and audiences.
To view our digital collections, visit the
Digital Library Browser
If you have a project idea, please email the Digital Library Team. Online exhibits using digitized materials are at Online Library Exhibits.


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Your bedroom should reflect you and your interests. Whether you're decorating a new home or looking to update your personal space, it's not easy to achieve a look that is "you" while still maintaining function and beauty. When trying to make a room your own, it's tempting to clutter surfaces with memorabilia. On the other hand, making your room look like it came out of a design magazine can cause it to lose originality. Here are some tips on how to find a balance.
Find inspiration
Working from a magazine or blog can be helpful in terms of keeping a theme and creating a room with features that have been approved by an interior decorator. But by copying everything to a "T", you lose originality. Find a few examples of rooms that you like from friend's houses, magazines, books or blogs. Look for a common theme - style, color or textures. Make a note of the similarities, and also of any feature that you fell in love with and strive to use these elements when decorating.
Finding the style that appeals most to you will be part personality and part lifestyle. For example, someone who loves to keep things tidy and clean would probably love a minimalist look in the bedroom that includes lots of storage, as few pieces as possible and only a couple frames or knick-knacks on the bureaus. This doesn't mean boring - the furniture itself can be opulent in a minimalist way if it sticks to a small selection of colors.
If you're less of a cleanliness enthusiast and more of an artsy type, your ideal bedroom might be more contemporary. An imaginative bedroom might incorporate a wide array of bright colors and decorations, such as furniture found in antique shops and figurines collected with traveling. A creative person may have the sort of room that inspiration can be drawn from. No matter what style you gravitate towards, make sure it suits your life and your tastes. We have some gorgeous rugs from Momeni in a variety of styles.
When it comes to color, follow your gut, but with moderation. Fire engine red is great, but a room featuring it will knock your socks off every time you walk through the door. Use muted hues of your favorite color throughout your bedroom to keep it calm, or use the saturated version in accent pieces in an otherwise neutral room. Keeping a basic color scheme can help you to achieve a professional design look in your home, but don't be discouraged from utilizing an accent wall in the aforementioned fire engine red. Just plan it out carefully so you don't feel the need to paint it over in a few weeks.
Texture is an underrated way to inject your own personality into a room. Notice the fabrics in your room - are the window treatments wood blinds or roman shades? Is there a plush rug or hardwood floors? Are your pieces perfectly polished, or is your furniture rough? Smooth surfaces tend to make a room more sterile looking than surfaces that are imperfect. Texture can be added to walls with paneling or wall hangings. However, this can make a space look smaller, so it's not advisable to panel or put tapestries up in a cozier space. Texture and pattern are easily mixed up, and can sometimes be interchangeable. Think about the amount of pattern you're putting into a room and the effect that it has on the style. You can mix and match different textures to find a balance that suits you.


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Trichlor Sanitizers
If Trichlor Sanitizer is Used in a Vinyl Lined Pool:
- DO NOT allow the pH of the pool to drop below 7.4. **Range 7.4-7.8.
- DO NOT allow chlorine levels to exceed 3 ppm using Trichlor sanitizer.
- DO NOT shock or super chlorinate your vinyl lined pool with Trichlor. Alkaline sanitizers (hypochlorite products) should be used.
- DO NOT continuously heat your vinyl lined pool to temperatures above 82 degrees Fahrenheit. Hot water will dissolve Trichlor sanitizer at a faster rate making the water very aggressive to the vinyl liner.
- DO NOT allow true total carbonate alkalinity to drop below 90 ppm when acidic Trichlor is used as the sanitizing agent. Alkalinity range 90-125 ppm.
- DO NOT forget to correct for cyanuric acid level when measuring true total alkalinity. True total alkalinity equals measured total alkalinity minus one third measured cyanuric acid level.
- Failure to limit and control cyanuric acid level could result in the following:
- Low alkalinity
- pH drop or bounce when Trichlor is added
- Increased chlorine demand (more Trichlor is needed)
- Aggressive water
- Bleached and/or wrinkled vinyl liner
- DO NOT add trichlor to a floating dispenser and ALWAYS continuously run the water circulation system 24 hours a day during the pool season when Trichlor is used.
- It should be understood that the absorption of water is a function of the PVC. However, the absorption will not take place with proper care. It should also be understood that the effects of the chemicals on the vinyl are cumulative and irreversible.
- Remember: less is best when adding chemicals to your vinyl liner pool.


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If the movie does not work, please try to stream it with another source under the video player
Watch Wheeler Dealers Season 14 Online Free HD
The hosts team up to find and flip serviceable used classic cars. Mike scours the Internet and local trade rags for bargain-priced modern classics needing attention. Edd China (and in later....
Genre: Documentary,
Actor: Mike Brewer, Edd China, Ant Anstead, Paul Brackley, Frank Stephenson,
Country: United States
Duration:116 Min
Release: 2017


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My rewards for the afternoon antique hunting! I loitered around the gay neighborhood near by this afternoon, came across these 2 beautiful porcelain bowls.
The first bowl is particularly my favorite. Very nice details, even depth of carving, it seems molded or stamped though. Very thin and light weight. It makes high pitch crisp sound when I tap on it. It's a very good size bowl, 350ml. Beautiful curve, traditional Chinese style. The glaze is almond with a touch of yellow in color. I have not seen celadon bowls in this color with this design (Wan Shou Wu Jiang) in recent days. Love it!
The second bowl is also very beautiful, carp and lotus carving with green celadon glaze. It seems made from a mold as well. Lotus is my most favorite flower, even more so than orchids. I collect orchids because they are easy to find and "easier" to take care of. Orchids are not easy plants by all means. But once you learn a few tricks and live here in Southern California by the coast, the chance of survival is better than say Michigan. The shape of this bowl is more straight or stiff? It's also heavier and thicker, same size as the first one. Simple with fine details, very attractive!


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The fourth HERA (Human Exploration Research Analog) Campaign (C4) began on May 6 at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston. C4, one of several research analogs used by NASA's Human Research Program (HRP) to prepare astronauts for deep space missions, will consist of four 45-day missions that simulate a real space exploration without actually leaving Earth. An analog is a situation on Earth that mimics physical and mental effects on the body experienced in space. The crewmembers are Timothy Evans, Andrew Mark Settles, James Titus, and John Kennard. This is an all-male crew – by chance, not by design.
HRP will require the crew to conduct the same experiments on all four C4 missions which will enable researchers to identify patterns and variances in the research data. Experiments will include testing hardware prototypes, creating equipment with a 3-D printer, testing out a new concept for space food, flying a simulated exploration vehicle and a virtual extravehicular activity (EVA) on an asteroid.
While the HERA crew conducts their tasks inside the analog, the HERA analog team and researchers will monitor them from the outside. They will collect crew data on the physiological and psychological effects of extended isolation and confinement, team dynamics and conflict resolution.
HRP's Flight Analogs Project Manager, Lisa Spence said, "NASA's astronaut selection process has had great success. We try to identify people for HERA missions who fit a similar profile as astronauts. We also make our analog campaigns emulate real space missions as much as possible, which includes 16-hour crew work days, six days a week, with a real-life timeline of scheduled activities from the HERA Mission Control Center."
Campaign 4, Mission 1 (C4M1) marks the start of HERA's 45-day missions. Campaign 1, in 2014, were seven-day missions; Campaign 2, in 2015, were 14-day missions; Campaign 3, in 2016, were 30-day missions. Longer mission length allows for more research studies and more data points relevant to longer duration spaceflight missions.
The other three Campaign 4 missions are scheduled as follows: Mission 2 is Aug. 5 – Sept. 18, Mission 3 is Oct. 21 – Dec. 4, and Mission 4 is Feb. 3 – Mar. 19, 2018.
The Test Subject Screening group is accepting curriculum vitaes (CV) for healthy, non-smoking volunteers, ages 30 to 55 for future missions. Volunteers will be compensated and must pass a physical and psychological assessment to qualify. Volunteers wishing to become test subjects should e-mail their CV to email@example.com or call 281-212-1492.
For more information on NASA's Human Research Program, visit: www.nasa.gov/hrp.
Monica Edwards
Laurie Abadie
NASA Human Research Engagement & Communications


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Please note that adult content and activities are not allowed in sssiindia Friends & Romance
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AVCI, AYSE - Sakarya University | |
Saha, Badal | |
Dien, Bruce | |
Kennedy, Gregory - Greg | |
Cotta, Michael |
Submitted to: Bioresource Technology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 12/14/2012 Publication Date: 12/22/2012 Citation: Avci, A., Saha, B.C., Dien, B.S., Kennedy, G.J., Cotta, M.A. 2013. Response surface optimization of corn stover pretreatment using dilute phosphoric acid for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. Bioresource Technology. 130:603-612. Interpretive Summary: Corn stover contains 68% carbohydrates that could potentially be used for production of fuel ethanol. Generally, three steps are involved for its conversion to ethanol: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Pretreatment is crucial because corn stover in its native state is resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. In this research, we have optimized dilute phosphoric acid pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production from corn stover. We demonstrated that dilute phosphoric acid at high temperature is highly effective for generating sugars from corn stover. The corn stover hydrolyzate after enzymatic hydrolysis is readily fermentable to ethanol without removing fermentation inhibitors formed during pretreatment. These findings are important for development of a commercially viable biomass to ethanol conversion process technology. Technical Abstract: Dilute H3PO4 (0.0 - 2.0%, v/v) was used to pretreat corn stover (10%, w/w) for conversion to ethanol. Pretreatment conditions were optimized for temperature, acid loading, and time using a central composite design. Optimal pretreatment conditions were chosen to promote sugar yields following enzymatic digestion while minimizing formation of furans, which are potent inhibitors of fermentation. The maximum glucose yield (85%) was obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover pretreated with 0.5% (v/v) acid at 180 °C for 15 min while highest yield for xylose (91.4%) was observed from corn stover pretreated with 1% (v/v) acid at 160 °C for 10 min. About 26.4±0.1 g ethanol was produced per L by recombinant Escherichia coli strain FBR5 from 55.1± 1.0 g sugars generated from enzymatically hydrolyzed corn stover (10%,w/w) pretreated under a balanced optimized condition (161.81 ºC, 0.78% acid, 9.78 min) where only 0.4±0.0 g furfural and 0.1±0.0 hydroxyl methyl furfural were produced. |


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Reassessing Cybersecurity Posture
Threats to corporate data are pervasive and no industry is immune to data breaches. Organizations as varied as Sony, Target and Anthem have seen millions of records and multiple terabytes of data leave their networks unseen. The fact that these large enterprises have the resources to invest in any cybersecurity solutions they choose, hasn't seemed to matter. The preventive measures they had in place didn't stop them from getting infected and it didn't keep massive amounts of data from being stolen.
Download this white paper to explore:
- The impact of cloud computing;
- Why standard security solutions aren't enough to stop APT's and Data Loss
- Behavioral sandboxing is important, but has it's weaknesses.


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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
Explanation: Why would clouds appear to be different colors? The reason here is that ice crystals in distant cirrus clouds are acting like little floating prisms. Sometimes known as a fire rainbow for its flame-like appearance, a circumhorizon arc lies parallel to the horizon. For a circumhorizontal arc to be visible, the Sun must be at least 58 degrees high in a sky where cirrus clouds are present. Furthermore, the numerous, flat, hexagonal ice-crystals that compose the cirrus cloud must be aligned horizontally to properly refract sunlight in a collectively similar manner. Therefore, circumhorizontal arcs are quite unusual to see. This circumhorizon display was photographed through a polarized lens above Dublin, Ohio in 2009.
Authors & editors:
Robert Nemiroff
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman
Specific rights apply.
NASA Web
Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of:
ASD at
& Michigan Tech. U.


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Mario, Kirby, Samus and Donkey Kong will not appear on these pages. Neither will Ezio, Sam Fisher or Commander Shepard. While we spent plenty of time with these videogame stars in 2010, they're old. Familiar. Expected. Lovable yet predictable.
You certainly can't say that about the following 10 characters, first introduced to us over the past 12 months. They're new. Surprising. Exciting. We'd barely heard of them at the start of the year, but by the end, we couldn't stop talking about them. Or wanting to see more of them.
Who were your favorite freshman faces? Tell the world in the comments below.


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Ron Paul is far from perfect, but I'll say this much for the Texas congressman: He has never authorized a drone strike in Pakistan. He has never authorized the killing of dozens of women and children in Yemen. He hasn't protected torturers from prosecution and he hasn't overseen the torturous treatment of a 23-year-old young man for the "crime" of revealing the government's criminal behavior.
Can the same be said for Barack Obama?
Yet, ask a good movement liberal or progressive about the two and you'll quickly be informed that yeah, Ron Paul's good on the war stuff — yawn — but otherwise he's a no-good right-wing reactionary of the worst order, a guy who'd kick your Aunt Beth off Medicare and force her to turn tricks for blood-pressure meds. By contrast, Obama, war crimes and all, provokes no such visceral distaste. He's more cosmopolitan, after all; less Texas-y. He's a Democrat. And gosh, even if he's made a few mistakes, he means well.
Sure he's a murderer, in other words, but at least he's not a Republican!
Put another, even less charitable way: Democratic partisans – liberals – are willing to trade the lives of a couple thousand poor Pakistani tribesman in exchange for a few liberal catnip-filled speeches and NPR tote bags for the underprivileged. The number of party-line progressives who would vote for Ron Paul over Barack Obama wouldn't be enough to fill Conference Room B at the local Sheraton, with even harshest left-leaning critics of the president, like Rolling Stone's Matt Taibbi, saying they'd prefer the mass-murdering sociopath to that kooky Constitution fetishist.
As someone who sees the electoral process as primarily a distraction, something that diverts energy and attention from more effective means of reforming the system, I don't much care if people don't vote for Ron Paul. In fact, if you're going to vote, I'd rather you cast a write-in ballot for Emma Goldman. But! I do have a problem with those who imagine themselves to be liberal-minded citizens of the world casting their vote for Barack Obama and propagating the notion that someone can bomb and/or militarily occupy Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Somalia, Yemen and Libya and still earn more Progressive Points than the guy who would, you know, not do any of that.
Let's just assume the worst about Paul: that he's a corporate libertarian in the Reason magazine/Cato Institute mold that would grant Big Business and the financial industry license to do whatever the hell it wants with little in the way of accountability (I call this scenario the "status quo"). Let's say he dines on Labradoodle puppies while using their blood to scribble notes in the margins of his dog-eared, gold-encrusted copy of Atlas Shrugged.
So. Fucking. What.
Barack Obama isn't exactly Eugene Debs, after all. Hell, he's not even Jimmy Carter. The facts are: he's pushed for the largest military budget in world history, given trillions of dollars to Wall Street in bailouts and near-zero interest loans from the Federal Reserve, protected oil companies like BP from legal liability for environmental damages they cause – from poisoning the Gulf to climate change – and mandated that all Americans purchase the U.S. health insurance industry's product. You might argue Paul's a corporatist, but there's no denying Obama's one.
And at least Paul would – and this is important, I think – stop killing poor foreigners with cluster bombs and Predator drones. Unlike the Nobel Peace Prize winner-in-chief, Paul would also bring the troops home from not just Afghanistan and Iraq, but Europe, Korea and Okinawa. There'd be no need for a School of the Americas because the U.S. wouldn't be busy training foreign military personnel the finer points of human rights abuses. Israel would have to carry out its war crimes on its own dime.
Even on on the most pressing domestic issues of the day, Paul strikes me as a hell of a lot more progressive than Obama. Look at the war on drugs: Obama has continued the same failed prohibitionist policies as his predecessors, maintaining a status quo that has placed 2.3 million – or one in 100 – Americans behind bars, the vast majority African-American and Hispanic. Paul, on the other hand, has called for ending the drug war and said he would pardon non-violent offenders, which would be the single greatest reform a president could make in the domestic sphere, equivalent in magnitude to ending Jim Crow.
Paul would also stop providing subsidies to corporate agriculture, nuclear energy and fossil fuels, while allowing class-action tort suits to proceed against oil and coal companies for the environmental damage they have wrought. Obama, by contrast, is providing billions to coal companies under the guise of "clean energy" – see his administration's policies on carbon capture and sequestration, the fossil fuel-equivalent of missile defense – and promising billions more so mega-energy corporations can get started on that "nuclear renaissance" we've all heard so much about. And if Paul really did succeed in cutting all those federal departments he talks about, there's nothing to prevent states and local governments — and, I would hope, alternative social organizations not dependent on coercion — from addressing issues such as health care and education. Decentralism isn't a bad thing.
All that aside, though, it seems to me that if you're going to style yourself a progressive, liberal humanitarian, your first priority really ought to be stopping your government from killing poor people. Second on that list? Stopping your government from putting hundreds of thousands of your fellow citizens in cages for decades at a time over non-violent "crimes" committed by consenting adults. Seriously: what the fuck? Social Security's great and all I guess, but not exploding little children with cluster bombs – shouldn't that be at the top of the Liberal Agenda?
Over half of Americans' income taxes go to the military-industrial complex and the costs of arresting and locking up their fellow citizens. On both counts, Ron Paul's policy positions are far more progressive than those held – and indeed, implemented – by Barack Obama. And yet it's Paul who's the reactionary of the two?
My sweeping, I'm hoping overly broad assessment: liberals, especially the pundit class, don't much care about dead foreigners. They're a political problem at best – will the Afghan war derail Obama's re-election campaign? – not a moral one. And liberals are more than willing to accept a few charred women and children in some country they'll never visit in exchange for increasing social welfare spending by 0.02 percent, or at least not cutting it by as much as a mean 'ol Rethuglican.
Mother Jones' Kevin Drum, for example, has chastised anti-Obama lefties, complaining that undermining – by way of accurately assessing and commenting upon – a warmonger of the Democratic persuasion is "extraordinarily self-destructive" to all FDR-fearing lefties.
"Just ask LBJ," Drum added. The historical footnote he left out: That LBJ was run out of office by the anti-war left because the guy was murdering hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese. But mass murder is no reason to oppose a Democratic president, at least not if you're a professional liberal.
There are exceptions: Just Foreign Policy's Robert Naiman has a piece in Truth Out suggesting the anti-war left check out Gary Johnson, the former governor of New Mexico who's something of a Ron Paul-lite. But for too many liberals, it seems partisanship and the promise – not even necessarily the delivery, if you've been reading Obama's die-hard apologists – of infinitesimally more spending on domestic programs is more important than saving the lives of a few thousand innocent women and children who happen to live outside the confines of the arbitrary geopolitical entity known as the United States.
Another reason to root — if not vote — for Ron Paul: if there was a Republican in the White House, liberals just might start caring about the murder of non-Americans again.
CHARLES DAVIS (http://charliedavis.blogspot.com) is an independent journalist who has covered Congress for public radio and Inter Press Service.


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Ron Paul: Is He a Racist?
Ron Paul, the Texas congressman who enjoys a passionate following among his libertarian followers, is again running for President. Paul's message of limited government and individual freedoms has attracted a diverse and loyal base of both liberals and Republicans -- while the mainstream of both Republicans and Democrats dismiss him as an unelectable underdog (or worse).
For example, during the recent Republican presidential debate in Tampa, Paul was hammered for his views that the 9/11 terrorist attacks were precipitated solely by the presence of U.S. military bases in Muslim countries (a position held by many, but rarely articulated by mainstream American politicians).
However, some liberals who are otherwise thrilled by Paul (especially his vociferous opposition to foreign military intervention), might be disturbed by his long association with anti-black racism and anti-Semitism.
Paul has repeatedly denied that he is a racist (as have his devoted supporters), but they cannot deny the record of comments he has made (or which have been attributed to him) on race over the past few decades.
During an appearance on Chris Matthews' 'Hardball' TV program on MSNBC a few years ago, Paul defended earlier comments his son Rand made regarding the 1964 Civil Rights Act (which he asserted his father's Libertarian views would have led him to oppose the law).
Ron Paul told Matthews he would have voted against the Act in Congress, and added I wouldn't vote against getting rid of the Jim Crow laws.
He explained that didn't necessarily oppose the intent of the Act (to eliminate institutionalized discrimination against blacks), but rather because it imposed on the personal rights of private business owners.
In 2004, during the 40th anniversary of the Civil Rights Act, Paul spoke against the law, stating that it violated the Constitution and curbed individual freedoms.
"The Civil Rights Act of 1964 not only violated the Constitution and reduced individual liberty; it also failed to achieve its stated goals of promoting racial harmony and a color-blind society," he said.
According to various reports, years ago, Paul was affiliated with newsletters that were obsessed with racial subjects.
Paul had published a plethora of newsletters over his political career with names including Ron Paul's Freedom Report, Ron Paul Political Report, The Ron Paul Survival Report, among many others.
In June 1992, in the wake of the 'Rodney King riots' in Los Angeles that killed dozens and caused $1-billion of property damage, the Ron Paul Political Report wrote: "Order was only restored in L.A. when it came time for the blacks to pick up their welfare checks three days after rioting began,"
The editorial suggested that the looting and rioting was an inevitable consequence of the federal government providing blacks with "civil rights quotas, mandated hiring preferences, set-asides for government contracts, gerrymandered voting districts, black bureaucracies, black mayors, black curricula in schools, black TV shows, black TV anchors, hate crime laws, and public humiliation for anyone who dares question the black agenda."
Paul's screed also attacked the media for espousing the belief that "America's number one need is an unlimited white checking account for underclass blacks."
A few years before, in December 1989, Paul's Investment Letter spelled out a doomsday scenario for the future, warning that "racial violence will fill our cities" because "mostly black welfare recipients will feel justified in stealing from mostly white 'haves.'"
Two months later, another Paul newsletter predicted "The Coming Race War."
In the following year an article advised readers: "If you live in a major city, and can leave, do so. If not, but you can have a rural retreat, for investment and refuge, buy it."
In June 1991, following incidents of racial clashes in Washington, DC, a Paul newsletter featured an article titled: "Animals Take Over the D.C. Zoo."
"This is only the first skirmish in the race war of the 1990s," the newsletter gloomily warned.
In October 1992, in a segment on urban crime, Paul's newsletter declared: "I've urged everyone in my family to know how to use a gun in self-defense. For the animals are coming."
Following a basketball game in Chicago in which the Bulls won the NBA championship in 1992, Paul's publication sneered that: "blacks poured into the streets of Chicago in celebration. How to celebrate? How else? They broke the windows of stores to loot."
The newsletter also assailed white liberals for wanting "to keep white America from taking action against black crime and welfare. Jury verdicts, basketball games, and even music are enough to set off black rage, it seems."
Another newsletter claimed that "opinion polls consistently show only about 5 percent of blacks have sensible political opinions," and "if you have ever been robbed by a black teenaged male, you know how unbelievably fleet-footed they can be."
Paul's publication also attacked the distinguished black congresswoman for Texas Barbara Jordan as "the archetypical half-educated victimologist" whose "race and sex protect her from criticism."
Another newsletter declared: The criminals who terrorize our cities -- in riots and on every non-riot day -- are not exclusively young black males, but they largely are. As children, they are trained to hate whites, to believe that white oppression is responsible for all black ills, to 'fight the power,' to steal and loot as much money from the white enemy as possible.
In 1991, a Paul-controlled newsletter praised ex-Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke.
"Duke lost the [Senate] election [in Louisiana], but he scared the blazes out of the Establishment," it stated.
Paul also has expressed hostility toward the Jews.
According to the Philadelphia Jewish Voice, Paul refused to return a campaign contribution in 2008 from white supremacist and notorious anti-Semite Don Black.
Paul has reportedly called Israel "evil" and has alleged that the Mossad, the Israeli intelligence agency, might have blown up the World Trade Center in 1993.
In 1987, an edition of Paul's Investment Letter described Israel as an aggressive, national socialist state.
However, it isn't clear if Paul himself wrote any of these inflammatory segments (the newsletters apparently lacked by-lines). Paul himself has reportedly said many of these passages were taken out of context.
When confronted by CNN, Paul insisted that he was not the author of the racialist pieces and that he had no idea who did.
Moreover, he denied having any racial bias.
When you bring this question up, you're really saying, 'You're a racist' or 'Are you a racist?' And the answer is, 'No, I'm not a racist,' he said.
He added that he repudiated "everything that is written along those lines."
Paul also told CNN: People [who] know me, nobody is going to believe this. That's just not my language. It's not my life. Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, Gandhi, they're [my] heroes.
Paul has also claimed that he sympathizes with blacks who have been victimized by draconian drug laws. He once told a reporter: I am the anti-racist because I am the only candidate -- Republican or Democrat -- who would protect the [minorities] against these vicious drug laws. Libertarians are incapable of being a racist, because racism is a collectivist idea.
However, David Gergen, a CNN senior political analyst, didn't buy Paul's denials.
These stories may be very old in Ron Paul's life, but they're very new to the American public and they deserve to be totally ventilated, he said I must say I don't think there's an excuse in politics to have something go out under your name and say, 'Oh by the way, I didn't write that.'
Paul remains a unique and singular character in U.S. politics. His adherence to libertarian values, and opposition to foreign military intervention and drug laws have won him the admiration and support among many liberals, especially among the youth.
His espousal of limited government and attacks on certain government agencies, including the Federal Reserve, has gained him support among some conservatives.
However, the mainstream Republican Party largely rejects Paul and regards him as a crackpot.
Without broad support, Paul is unlikely to ever gain enough clout to win the Presidency.
© Copyright IBTimes 2024. All rights reserved.


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Talk:1135: Arachnoneurology
Somehow, I don't believe that ANY object would make the spiders to weave something so thick as a usable shirt. -- Hkmaly (talk) 09:26, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
- Maybe he arranged the fork thing so that broken and falling spiderwebs would fall in just the right way to form a shirt. It's possible. Davidy22(talk) 09:38, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
- It's beret guy. The same guy with endless wings. What do you expect? 188.8.131.52 13:46, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
However, something similar is used by Canadian artist Aganetha Dyck to persuade bees to create art on forms. An example here: http://inspiration-of-the-nation.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Aganetha-Dyck-bee-art.jpg Noni Mausa -- 220.127.116.11 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
It looks more like a sweater to me. J-beda (talk) 14:16, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
I came across the Effect of psychoactive drugs on animals once while researching caffeine and now is the PERFECT time to share. Spiders are right up front. DanB (talk) 16:49, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
- That's super interesting! Thanks for sharing! It's interesting that the article suggests that in contrast to the other drugs, LSD actually caused the spiders to build even more ordered webs than before. Erenan (talk) 16:39, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
I would think that arachnoarachnology would be the study of how spiders study spiders. Or the study of spiders by spiders. Bugefun (talk) 04:50, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
Bugefun: That puzzled me too--does "arachno" have some alternate meaning there, or is he just implying that the study of spiders by spiders involves far too many spiders? 22.214.171.124 12:33, 18 November 2012 (UTC) arachnoarachnology = aarrrrch nooo arachnology I used Google News BEFORE it was clickbait (talk) 17:41, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
A few years ago I saw a tapestry made from spider silk and there is an article about it on Wired: [http://www.wired.com/2009/09/spider-silk/] Read the article and you will see that what Beret Guy attempts is possible, though not as simply or quickly as the comic implies.184.108.40.206 03:48, 14 June 2015 (UTC)


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Nov 25 – Today, on a crisp, cold, sunny day, I completed my 2007 challenge to cycle 160,00 metres of vertical ascent (about 525,000 feet or one foot for every minute of the year).
My always enthusiastic and supportive wife was out to film this (to me at least) big event and to open the champagne. I must admit I spilled most of it while riding.
Ever since 2005, If nothing else, my silly challenges have motivated me to cycle far more than I otherwise would – especially during the cold months.
Making a public declaration means failure is not an option. It's helped me lose weight and even on the worst weather days, I always feel much happier for having ridden.
This year's challenge really suited me, as I love to explore the endless great climbs near me in the Alps and Jura mountains. As I recently explained to a friend, often much of the enjoyment comes after the climb – the sense of accomplishment and the memories.
A few favorite photos from the year (click to enlarge).
My 2005 challenge of 10,000 kms took until Christmas day – but fear of a snowy December meant I tried to stay a little ahead of schedule this year.
My 2008 Challenge will be announced January 1st. Any suggestions?


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MD2B - Pediatric Oncology: Ewings Sarcoma
Ewings sarcoma is a cancerous tumor that arises in bone or soft tissue. Histologically, it is a type of small blue round cell tumor along with lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and neuroblastoma. It is the second most common primary bone tumor in children (after osteosarcoma), but is the most lethal form of bone cancer observed in children. It most frequently occurs in the long bones of the extremities but can also arise in the pelvis, ribs, skull, and scapula (shoulder blades). Unlike osteosarcoma which usually arises from the metaphysis (portion of the bone where cartilage is being added), Ewings sarcoma most commonly arises from the diaphysis (mid-shaft of the bone).
Ewings sarcoma can be seen in children of all ages, but it most frequently occurs in adolescents. Approximately 300 new cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. Ewings sarcoma is more common in males than females, and is seen in Caucasians more frequently than in Asians. It is rarely seen in African Americans. Over 80% of these tumors have a classic chromosomal translocation between chromosomes eleven and chromosome twenty-two (t(11,22)(q24;q12)), allowing them to be more easily identified and diagnosed. 25% of children with Ewings sarcoma have primary metastases to the lungs, bone marrow, or to other bones.
Ewings sarcoma most frequently presents with pain, swelling, or limitation of movement at the site of the tumor. Less frequently, a fracture can occur following minimal trauma at the tumor site. Some children may also present with fever, fatigue, weight loss, or decrease in appetite. If the tumor is located near the spinal cord or around a nerve fiber, weakness, numbness, tingling, paralysis, or bladder incontinence (loss of bladder control) may occur.
Differential Diagnosis
Ewings sarcoma may initially be misdiagnosed because there are many common problems that can result in limb pain in a child. Often, the pain is first attributed to growth pain, a sports injury, tendonitis (inflammation of a tendon), coxsitis (inflammation of the hip) or as osteomyelitis (infection of a bone). In young children, neuroblastoma should also be considered in the differential. A urinalysis can sometimes help to distinguish between these two types of cancer as urine catecholamines (specific hormones) will often be elevated in neuroblastoma but will be normal in Ewings sarcoma.
A physician will perform a careful physical examination, schedule imaging tests, and order laboratory tests to help distinguish Ewings sarcoma from other bone conditions.
Imaging studies
- x-rays: a diagnostic test using energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs. In Ewing's sarcoma a lytic bone lesion is observed with a surrounding periosteal reaction. This is often described as an "onion skin" appearance.
- bone scans: a diagnostic test using nuclear imaging to appreciate bone degeneration, inflammation, or tumor
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a diagnostic test using large magnets and radiofrequency signals connected to a computer to produce detailed images of structures within the body including the spinal cord and nerve fibers. Ewing's sarcoma appears as a large soft tissue mass.
- CT or CAT scan: a diagnostic imaging test that uses x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images of slices of the body. Ewing's sarcoma appears as a large soft tissue mass.
Tissue samples
Samples from the primary tumor and from the bone marrow will be removed by inserting a needle into the tumor and into the hip bones. These samples will be examined under the microscope to look for cells that appear abnormal or cancerous.
Before the development of effective chemotherapy, surgery alone was used to treat Ewing's sarcoma and the 5-year survival rates were dismally below 20%. Patients most frequently developed metastases within 2 years. The addition of chemotherapy and radiation therapy to treatment protocols has greatly improved overall 5 year survival. Those patients who present with disease that is localized at time of diagnosis have a 70% 5 year survival. Patients who have metastatic disease have lower survival rates.
Once a diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma has been confirmed, patients will first be treated with chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and to prevent new tumors from forming. Patients will then undergo surgery in an attempt to remove all areas of remaining tumor. Depending on the site and stage of the tumor, radiation therapy may also be utilized in treating Ewing's sarcoma.
Patients with small tumors that have not spread beyond their primary location have a 75% survival rate. Those with tumors located distally (at the far end of bones) have the best prognosis. Patients with pelvic tumors and those whose cancer has already spread at the time of diagnosis have poorer prognoses, and only 30% experience long term survival.
Arndt C. "Ewings Sarcoma." Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 17th Edition. Saunders, 2006, pp. 1717-1720.
Bernstein M, Kovar H, Paulussen M, Randall R, Schuck A, Teot L, and Juergens H.
"Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors." In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology Fifth Edition, Pizzo, PA, Poplack, DG (Eds), Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. pp 1002-1032.
Carvajal R. Meyers P. " E wing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal family of tumors." Hematology - Oncology Clinics of North America. 19(3):501-25, vi-vii, 2005 Jun.
"Ewing Sarcoma." National Cancer Institute Web Site.
Widhe B and Widhe T. "Initial symptoms and clinical features in osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 82: 667


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Some small but piquant satisfaction was had by many Americans when the tacky old Oscars yielded up their Best Picture award to a film on the Iraq War on the very day that Iraq conducted free elections—elections that would simply not have been possible without the war in question.
The Hurt Locker is many things: very inspiring, very disconcerting, and—so say veterans of the Iraq War—very inaccurate in its portrayal of military methods on the ground. But an anti-war film it is not, in the sense that it doesn't invite us to inveigh against warfare; or against the politicians who send our soldiers to war. (There has been too much filmmaking of the latter kind, and The Hurt Locker is a corrective.)
The achievement of our all-volunteer army in service of the abstract goal of democracy abroad is all the more impressive, given that the country barely seems to register that we're still in Iraq, and that President Obama rarely talks about it.
My aim, however, is not to delve into the impact of the Iraq War on popular, or cinematic, culture. Instead, it is to focus on the fact that Iraq is the purest example of the American soldier fighting for an abstraction: democracy in a faraway land.
• Director Kathryn Bigelow: Why I Made The Hurt Locker This is a significant abstraction, to be sure, but an abstraction nonetheless. As Michael Walzer has written, the Bush administration "gave a variety of reasons for its decision to go to war: another day, another reason." And yet, in spite of the programmatic incoherence that made the Iraq War the least transparently comprehensible war in modern American history, the American soldier has transcended the political bickering, the torrent of criticism of our presence in Iraq, and acquitted himself superbly.
There can be no doubt that the all-volunteer professionalism of the armed forces has made all the difference. Cast your mind back to the last time a war was waged for a seeming abstraction—Vietnam, fought to preempt communism at a distance, and fought in the main by drafted men. Soldiers who feel unluckily and arbitrarily selected tend to blame the authorities for "mission creep," bad diplomacy, their lousy conditions, and the like. Vietnam, in the end, was not lost on the battlefield, but in a socio-political revolution at home—one that the draft helped create, and which the discontent of soldiers on the front kept fueled. Volunteers are not immune to the home front, of course, but they are trained to wall themselves off from its pressures. As a result, they are largely impervious to public whim, a fact all the more remarkable given their constant exposure to it via the mass and social media. (Imagine if we'd had Twitter in Vietnam, or email, or Facebook.)
Another point may well be that the quality of our all-volunteer armed forces has been greatly enhanced by the inequalities of civilian life in the U.S. Recruits are drawn from bright lower-middle-class young people who lack connections, but who want a life replete with at least some fruits of the American good life. The Ivy League is beyond reach economically and, probably, socially; good jobs in, say, auto factories are vanishing; mobility is negligible if not impossible. For these people, military service is a means to higher education and technology skills, and is today attracting "winners" who had the bad luck to be born or brought up outside the charmed circles.
There is no doubt that the political clumsiness of our intervention in Iraq led to a situation in which the military brass and the foot-soldiers had to rationalize their mission largely for themselves. They listened patiently to the reasons coming out of Washington and elected the best reason to fight and win the war: that it was their job, as military professionals, to do so.
Anyone who has spent any time with American troops in Iraq testifies to their thinking—they have wanted to help Iraq; and the more bloody the situation got, the more committed they felt to make the enterprise successful, to implant democracy, stability and, yes, humanity (as was seen in the relationship in The Hurt Locker between the protagonist and the Iraqi boy who calls himself "Beckham"). Once there, it was important for the soldiers not to be driven out; that much they owed their own country. But staying on to see things through was all about helping the Iraqis reach the far shore, since the U.S. had launched them willy-nilly into a tempest.
As Victor Davis Hanson explained in his book Carnage and Culture, a society that stresses a broad discipline, but not at the expense of individualism and free enterprise, and which encourages rational and open political debate, will always be able to call on citizens with the best virtues for battle. A worthy society, in other words, makes worthy warriors; a free society, equally, makes soldiers who understand wars for freedom, even the freedom of others.
It is worth noting here that The Hurt Locker has sold fewer tickets than any Best Picture winner in Oscar history. The achievement of our all-volunteer army in service of the abstract goal of democracy abroad is all the more impressive, given that the country barely seems to register that we're still in Iraq, that President Obama rarely talks about it, that books and movies—even award-winning ones—don't seem to be getting the kind of cultural engagement of the Vietnam era.
And yet, as a scholar-friend who spent time embedded with American soldiers in Iraq tells me, "The troops there genuinely believe that their country and its interests are worth defending. They had nearly universal contempt for those who cast aspersions on the honor of the war, for that would have been to cast aspersions on the honor of the military they had chosen to join. Never did I hear in the mess halls or in the trailers where I lived any debate about whether this was the 'right' or 'wrong' war. I can tell you from living amid them several times that they blocked everything out about the controversy about the war."
In Vietnam, the early decision-makers in Washington never explained the war to the troops or to the public. Eventually, reasons emerged, and Charles Hill, a professor at Yale, summed them up for me: "The war had to be fought for vast geo-strategic reasons: Soviet world influence was growing. Maoist threats to take the Third World were having an effect across Southeast Asia. We were drastically weakened and distracted by layers of "cultural revolution" in the U.S. in the 1960s. The U.S. doctrine of containment was crucially challenged in the 'divided countries': Germany, Korea, China, and Vietnam. We had pushed back communist advances in the first three and had no choice but to push back in the fourth."
Iraq has, in revealing ways, been an important test for motivating soldiers, precisely because it posed neither an arguable ideological threat (a la the Vietnam case, above), nor a proximate military one. So soldierly motivation has had a different valence, more missionary than knight. And that draws on a central element of American political culture, Tom Paine's assertion that "We have it in our power to make the world over again." But what keeps us in Iraq, and keeps the soldiers daily on their job, is something more straightforward, and yet just as exceptional: Our soldiers are all military professionals, and ours is a volunteer army. And long may it remain just so.
Tunku Varadarajan is a national affairs correspondent and writer at large for The Daily Beast. He is also a research fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution and a professor at NYU's Stern Business School. He is a former assistant managing editor at The Wall Street Journal. (Follow him on Twitter here.)


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by patricia | Oct 10, 2017 | Uncategorized
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