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Khuzdul, the language of the Dwarves, is for natural reasons difficult to analyze, since it is very sparingly used, and virtually never outside of purely dwarvish business. Aulë the Vala created the language at the same time as he created the dwarves, and he made it hard and harsh just like its speakers. This stiffness in the language is probably a contributing cause for its looking practically the same now as when it was made (this, and its being employed mostly in rituals and archaic usage). For this reason there are also almost no dialectal variants of the language; Dwarves understand one another even if they come from quite different geographic areas, provided that they talk together in Khuzdul.
Khuzdul has the five classic vowels a, e, i, o, u. These exist in short and long versions, and the latter are written with a circumflex (^) above. The pronunciation of the vowels ought to have been similar to that in the languages of Elves and Men, but in a note on Daeron's runes in Appendix E in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien hints that there were also reduced mid central vowels (see below). If so, this is a point in common with, among other languages, Hebrew, with which Khuzdul exhibits many further similarities (see below under structure). Hebrew has rules for when such a vowel is pronounced and when it is silent, but it is always written (the sign is called schewá and is written as two vertically arranged dots below the preceding consonant).
Khuzdul words beginning in a vowel are probably pronounced with a fairly strong glottal stop — concerning this assumption, see below under structure.
The consonants are also in principle the same as in other languages, as well as their pronunciation, with a few exceptions: Some Dwarves pronounced r as an uvular, i.e. in the back of the mouth, like Orcs. This seems to be the only dialectal distinction in Khuzdul. Also the combination of a voiceless stop and a following <h> is not pronounced as a fricative, as in the languages of Elves, but as an aspirate. <th>, <kh> and probably also <ph> (there is no example) indeed designate phonemes different from those written <t>, <k> and <p>, but they are pronounced as stops accompanied by a strong breath (more or less as in backhand, outhouse). I therefore prefer the typography <th>, <kh> and <ph> to avoid confusion. The combination <gh>, on the other hand, was presumably a (voiced velar) fricative, like in Black Speech and Orkish, as nothing special is said of that combination in the context of Khuzdul. And that should go for the combination <sh> as well, which would then be pronounced as in English.
Concerning syllabic stress not much is said, but in Semitic languages the stress is often on the last syllable. This could well be valid for Khuzdul as well, except for a group of nouns (the 2nd declension below) that in their basic form have a long vowel in the first syllable and a short vowel in the second. Here it sounds most natural to stress the first syllable, and these nouns would then in pronunciation agree with the segholates, a very frequent type of nouns in Hebrew, with an <e> (Hebrew seghól) in both of its syllables, and the stress on the first one (e.g. mélek, "king").
Khuzdul is, as said above, in many ways similar to primary world Semitic languages, and where I have lacked examples it has been easy to fill out my analysis on the analogy of Hebrew and its relatives. To begin with, the words (at least the nouns — other words are badly underrepresented in the available material) in Khuzdul are composed in the same way as the Hebrew verbs, sc. the stem consists solely of three (or two) consonants, that are supplemented with vowels in between to constitute words. These consonants are called radicals, and are common to all words with a similar meaning. An example is the radicals that designate things having to do with dwarves: Kh-Z-D. We see this stem in the attested words Khazâd, Khazad-dûm, Khuzd and Khuzdul (presumably also in the place-name Nulukkhizdîn). The word is fully defined only when vowels and any necessary endings or prefixes have been added between, after or before the stem radicals.
I mentioned before that my analysis to some extent is based on rules in the Semitic languages, and I will now deal with the most important similarities (attested and hypothetical) between them and Khuzdul, to lend some authority to my method in reconstructing Khuzdul noun paradigms, and also to explain how the paradigms are to be read.
Mid central vowel ("schewá"). In Hebrew only consonants were originally written, but later vowel signs began to be used. It became regular to attach vowel signs to all consonants except final ones (sometimes to them as well). The vowels were often fully pronounced, but in some positions they were reduced. The highest degree of reduction was "schewá", representing a lax mid central vowel, phonetic [ə]. Sometimes it was pronounced, sometimes not. Concerning Khuzdul, it is said in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings: "vowels like those heard in English butter [i.e. mid back [ʌ] and mid central [ə]] . . . were frequent in Dwarvish and in the Westron". They do actually have runes of their own in the certh table, reduced variants of which could be used when the vowels were "weak or evanescent" (Appendix E, II). But the runes for these sounds are not transcribed in the value table, and so were probably not pronounced enough to motivate a transcription.
The glottal stop ('alef). Both Hebrew and Arabic have a strong glottal stop in the beginning of words that in Latin transcription appear to begin in vowels. Its variants (voiced and unvoiced) have their own letters, and serve as radicals. Such a sound is said to have existed in Khuzdul as well. Some words that show only two consonants and begin in a vowel seem to be patterned in the same way as words with three radicals. Furthermore, this glottal stop might have been assimilated to a following consonant in the joint between two elements in a compound — see the special section about Nulukkhizdîn for more about this. Concerning the matter of a rune for this sound, it is said in the Appendices that one rune in the Angerthas Moria was used for "the clear or glottal beginning of a word with an initial vowel that appeared in Khuzdul" (Appendix E, II). The sound is there transcribed with ' (an apostrophe). (Of additional interest in this connection is a theory that Scandinavians too used a specific rune for the glottal stop, or at least pronounced vowels in the beginning of words with a very clear glottal stop. This would possibly explain why Old Norse poetry alliterates words beginning in any vowel — what really alliterates is the glottal stop.) Throughout this article I have supplied the glottal stop, written as an apostrophe <'>, as a radical in words that seem to require it. Although Appendix E only speaks of the "glottal beginning of a word", I expect that, just like in Semitic languages, this consonant may appear as first, second or third radical, though no example calls for a glottal stop as second radical.
Construct state. In Hebrew, possession is expressed in another manner than in the Indo-European languages. The word that is changed in form is the one signifying that which is possessed, not that which possesses, which in many European languages is inflected in the genitive case. In Hebrew the noun that is possessed is inflected in what is known as the construct state, and is followed by the possessing noun in its basic form, the absolute state. In Khuzdul there is at least one clear example of the same construction, namely the phrase baruk khazâd, "the axes of the dwarves". Khazâd here stands in its normal attested plural form, the absolute state, while baruk is in the construct state. Here, though, Tolkien has stated that baruk is the same in construct as in absolute, so it is not visible on the word alone which is the case. Mostly, however, the construct state should shorten the vowels of the absolute, sometimes as far as to a schewá – it is common in Hebrew that vowels are reduced in the construct state, e.g. "bayith" ("house") – "beth léhem", ("house of bread; store"). In the charts I have included the four forms singular absolute, plural absolute, singular construct and plural construct.
Composition form. In Hebrew there is a so-called composition form, taken by nouns when they acquire a suffix (for instance, possessive pronouns are suffixes in Hebrew). It is often more or less identical to the construct state, and the difference is then indicated by context, or simply the presence / absence of a suffix. Khuzdul likewise seems to have had a specific form for nouns with an affix attached and in compounds, and it seems to have the same pattern as the construct forms. Therefore, I have here assumed that the forms are really the same, distinguished only by the context and the possible affix or compound, and I have used the term construct state for both. The composition form is evidently the form applied to the first element in attributive noun compounds, sometimes including a hyphen, for instance Khazad-dûm ("Dwarves-delving"). Incidentally the use of a hyphen is common in Semitic languages as well, but does not have quite the same function there as in Khuzdul.
I have identified a number of different types of nouns in Khuzdul, and from these examples I have hypothetically and analogically reconstructed five declensions. In the five declension charts below I show the pattern for each declension, using stems written with numerals in the place of radicals (e.g. 1 â 2 a 3). I give the forms singular and plural absolute (sing. / plur. abs.), and singular and plural construct (sing. / plur. constr.). After each form I have given one or more attested or hypothetical examples of this form, the hypothetical ones being marked with an asterisk (*). Hypothetical here means "founded on logic", which is normally quite spurious in natural languages, where psychology and chance rule. However, in Khuzdul logic ought to be applicable, as it is constructed by the master of structure and regularity: Aulë.
1st declension, type A (words with 3 radicals)
sing. abs. | 1 u 2 3 | e.g. rukhs (Orc), *khuzd (Dwarf) |
plur. abs. | 1 a 2 â 3 | e.g. rakhâs (Orcs), khazâd (Dwarves) |
sing. constr. | 1 u 2 a 3 | e.g. duban (valley of sthg) |
plur. constr. | 1 a 2 a 3 | e.g. Khazad-dûm (Dwarves-delving / Dwarrowdelf) |
1st declension, type B (words with 2 radicals)
sing. abs. | 1 û 2 | e.g. dûm/*tûm (delving / bold) [the d in dûm is assimilated by the preceding d in Khazad-dûm.],'ûl1 (streams) [glottal stop as 1st radical supplied by me]. |
plur. abs. | 1 a 2 â 2 | e.g. *tamâm (delvings / bolds) |
sing. constr. | 1 u 2 | e.g. Tumunzahar (Hollowbold), Buzundush (Blackroot) [-un- would in both cases be a shortened version of the affix -ûn (see under Affixes, -ân).] |
plur. constr. | 1 a 2 a 2 | e.g. *tamam (delvings / bolds of sthg) |
This type is originally the ordinary 1 u 2 3-pattern, but since the two last radicals are the same (*tumm) the vowel was prolonged and the radicals reduced to one (*tûm). This development is evident in Arabic.
2nd declension
sing. abs. | 1 â 2 a 3 | e.g. zâram (lake), nâla' (way, (river)course(?)) [glottal stop as 3rd radical supplied by me], *zâbad (lord). |
plur. abs. | 1 u 2 û 3 | e.g. *nulû' ((river)courses(?)) [coll. pl.] |
sing. constr. | 1 ə 2 a 3 |
e.g. *zəbad (lord of sthg) |
plur. constr. | 1 u 2 u 3 | e.g. Nulukkhizdîn (Nargothrond). Further examples of this pattern may be the abandoned forms 'Udushinbar (later Bundushathûr) and 'Uruktharbun (possibly later Khazad-dûm). |
3rd declension
sing. abs. | 1 a 2 3 | e.g. bark (axe), |
plur. abs. | 1 a 2 u/û 3 | e.g. baruk (axes), shathûr (clouds) |
sing. constr. | 1 a 2 3 | e.g. 'aglâb (tongue, spoken language), Tharkûn (staff-man / Gandalf) |
plur. constr. | 1 a 2 u 3 | e.g. baruk (axes of sthg) |
4th declension (i-declension — could possibly be applied with a diminutive function to words of other declensions)
sing. abs. | 1 i 2 a 3 | e.g. zirak, (spike, peak) |
plur. abs. | 1 i 2 â 3 | e.g. bizâr (streams) |
sing. constr. | 1 i 2 3 | e.g. 'igl (language of sthg) [glottal stop as 1st radical supplied by me], Nulukkhizdîn (Nargothrond) |
plur. constr. | 1 i 2 i 3 | e.g. *khizid ((Petty-)Dwarves of sthg) [Example taken from the early form of Nulukkhizdîn: Nulukhizidûn (see under Affixes, -ân, and the special section about this name).] |
The plur. constr. is not attested, but here I have reconstructed a form inspired by the early name form Nulukhizidûn.
5th declension (words with 3 radicals; mass nouns without plural)
sing. abs. | 1 i 2 i 3 alt.1 e 2 e 3 |
e.g. kibil (silver [the metal]), kheled (glass) |
sing. constr. | 1 i 2 i 3 alt.1 e 2 e 3 |
e.g. Kibil-nâla (Silverlode), Kheled-zâram (Mirrormere) |
This is a special group of nouns that seem to denote various kinds of materials, and thus there is no (attested) plural form.
The two examples of this declension are reconstructed from the compound place-names Kibil-nâla and Kheled-zâram. I have assumed that the absolute form is the same as these attested construct ones.
1 NB: 'ûl (streams) is in The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion stated to be actually the adjectival ending -ul. The sole appearance of the word is in the placename Azanulbizar (note the composition construct state of the middle element in this triple compound, -'ul-, which would otherwise be -'ûl- — cf. the abandoned variant 'Azanûl), and concerning this name The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion disagrees with The Return of the Shadow. The latter states the name to be read "dim-streams-valley", while the RC says that the valley-element (stated to be duban) is to be understood, and the name should be read "dimness-ish-streams". I tend to support this hypothesis, since we then have a new stem explicitly described to mean "valley", namely D-B-N, and the existence of this stem would be difficult to defend if there was another word having this meaning.
There could very well be more declensions than these five. For example, there seems to exist a rather common pattern 1 â 2, in stated and hypothetical words like 'ân (river, from Gabilân, Gelion, [great river]; it is suggested in The War of the Jewels (p. 336) that there is a single element -ân meaning river), nâd (possibly (river-)course, used in an alternative name for Kibil-nâla', and probably meaning the same thing as nâla') and *'âb, from the word 'aglâb (tongue, spoken language). This could then be a sort of type B for the 3rd declension. However, nâd was never used in the final text, and the two others are treated as suffixes below, which I also deem them more likely to be.
Also we have the personal names Mîm and Khîm, which likewise could be the construct state of a hypothetical type B of the 4th declension. Sometimes other forms than the basic / nominative become names (e.g. the place-name Arboga in Sweden), so it is possible that these names could be related to hypothetical nouns like *mimam and *khimam, whose construct forms have given personal names to Petty-Dwarves, seemingly careless about revealing their inner names.
There are also patterns like 1 e 2 a 3, 1 a 2 o 3, etc. Concerning the latter, see Adjectives, gabil.
In Khuzdul it is, apart from the vowel variations, possible to alter a word's meaning, and perhaps also its part of speech, by the use of suffixes and prefixes. Most of these affixes are hooked onto the construct form of the nouns, but there are also more autonomous affixes that can almost be seen as words of their own, or at least as fully productive suffixes/prefixes.
Below I have prepared an alphabetical list of the affixes of which I have found instances.
The meaning of this suffix is unclear; it could possibly signify a collective plural. That would then roughly go together with the plural pattern of the 1st declension. It is only attested in one place, in the word 'aglâb "spoken language" (glottal stop as 1st radical supplied by me). The radicals *'-G-L are recognized from the attested term 'iglishmêk (glottal stop as 1st radical supplied by me), the gesture-language of the Dwarves, and ought to signify "tongue/language". The radicals Sh-M-K should accordingly have to do with signs or movements; regarding the form i 1 2 ê 3, see The Metathesis below. The difference in vowels between 'iglishmêk and 'aglâb makes us surmise that the 4th declension, the i-declension, can be applied to nouns of other declensions, and that the element 'igl derives from a word of the 3rd declension, *'agl.
(This element might alternatively be a noun of some declension beyond the five listed above, *'âb, see Nouns, the section after the last declension paradigm.)
This is possibly an agentive ending added to verbs to denote someone who performs the action of the verb. This hypothesis is based on an interpretation of two names, Mahal and 'Azaghâl . The former is the Dwarves' name for Aulë, not unlikely to mean simply 'creator'. It is suggestive that the name is presented in the words "Aulë the Maker, whom they call Mahal" (The Silmarillion, ch. 2). This is one of only two places in The Silmarillion where Aulë is called "the Maker".
If the latter, 'Azaghâl, is an agent noun, the stem *'-Z-Gh can possibly be the source of the Númenórean verb azgarâ 'wage war', and have a similar sense: either the ending -âl or the entire pattern 1 a 2 a 3-âl would then derive an agent noun 'Warrior' from this verb, a fitting (nick)name for the heroic Dwarf-lord it refers to.
For verb stems of two radicals the pattern seems to be 1 a 2-al, without the circumflex, as in Mahal. That there is a short vowel in a shorter word indicates that there was a kind of vowel harmony rather than a vowel balance in Khuzdul. Vowel harmony is a phenomenon known from, among other languages, Finnish, a language whose influence on Tolkien's creativity is familiar.
Unfortunately this ending is not attested anywhere but in these two names, and verbs are on the whole badly under-represented in the existing material, so it is difficult to say more about the formation.
This is a personifying ending, used to derive nouns from other nouns and adjectives, and perhaps from practically any word. The attested instances are only names: Gabilân ("Great one", Gelion – provided that -ân doesn't mean "river" as suggested in The War of the Jewels (p. 336)), Nulukkhizdîn ("(Petty-)Dwarf-place upon the rivercourse", Nargothrond), Tharkûn ("staff-man", Gandalf) and Nargûn ("black land", Mordor). 'Uruktharbun, an abandoned version of Khazad-dûm (probably), could also have this ending, but is not treated here since we have no indication to the meaning of the name. The ending itself must be translated to fit the context — "man", "land", or the like —, and the main words translate to different parts of speech ("(Petty-)Dwarf" and "staff" are nouns and "great" and "black" are adjectives).
The variant -în may be the one regularly used on nouns of the 4th declension. An early form Nulukhizidûn was abandoned in favour of Nulukkhizdîn, showing yet another example of the presence of vowel harmony in Khuzdul, here applied on the quality of the vowel, rather than the quantity as was the case in the matter of Mahal (see -âl / -al above).
Whether -ân or -ûn should be used in the other cases might depend on the type of the main word: -ân on stable adjectives like *gabil with two different vowels — which may, therefore, not be reduced —, and -ûn on nouns and reducible adjectives with two similar vowels (see Adjectives), which are reduced when taking this suffix.
A shortened version of -ûn is suggested in the place-names Tumunzahar, "Hollowbold", and Buzundush, "Blackroot", where Tum- looks like the non-assimilated construct form of dûm with the rough meaning "delving", and Buz- could be the construct form of a noun *bûz which would mean "root". The affix -ûn could in these cases appear because of the connection with an adjective, and be shortened to -un due to its position between two main words, or rather in a composition. For this theory I am greatly in debt to Jay Lawson.
It may be added that for words with this suffix there is no plural attested, and it is quite likely that none exists, since place- and personal names seldom need number inflection. Neither should it be possible to apply this ending on a plural noun, since Nulukhizidûn was abandoned.
See -ân.
Prefixed on a verbal stem, seemingly, but could actually be part of a full verb pattern ma-1 a 2 3. Probably forms perfect participle. The only attested example is Mazarbul, "belonging to the documented". If this words ends with the suffix -ul "belonging to …" (see below) attached to a three-radical stem *Z-R-B, we are apparently left with a prefix ma-. As it happens, the Hebrew prefix for the perfect participles of derived verbs is mə- (e.g. məkhatev 'written'), and it works well enough to assume a similar function for the Khuzdul ma-; *mazarb would be a (nominalized) perfect participle "[the] documented; records", and *Z-R-B would denote keeping and documentation.
Conjunction "and" (?).There is only one example of it (except the hypothetical example Udushinbar, see Adjectives, dush), but an example of unusual interest. It is the inscription on Balin's sarcophagus: Balin Fundinul uzbad Khazad-dûmu – "Balin son of Fundin[, and] Lord of Moria". The radicals in the word for "lord" ought to be *Z-B-D, and u- consequently a prefix. The full explanation might then be as follows: "lord" is in the construct state, although it is not really possessed by the following word, but rather positioned by it (due to the objective ending -u on Khazad-dûmu). If the word for "lord" belongs to the 2nd declension, and thus in its basic form is *zâbad, the phrase "Lord of Moria" would be *zəbad Khazad-dûmu, if it stood on its own. But now it is a further presentation of Balin; apart from being the son of Fundin, he was also Lord of Moria, and therefore a conjunction is fitting. Moreover, the word u- apparently reduces the vowel of the following syllable (if short to a schewá and if a schewá to nothing), while the second vowel remains, hence uzbad. These hypotheses I largely base on the Hebrew "wə-/u-" (without a glottal stop, but with a weak initial w-sound). This is most closely translated by "and", but may often be regarded as a spoken comma rather than a conjunction of its own. It is most likely more frequently used than the English conjunction — look up any chapter in the Old Testament and count the sentences beginning in "and"! The Hebrew "u-" likewise has the power to reduce the vowel of the following syllable in some cases.
This is an ending that gives the noun an objective or locative meaning. It is in some cases infixed rather than suffixed (perhaps due to a Metathesis), but mostly it is simply suffixed without otherwise affecting the word. Although it sometimes makes the preceding word take the construct state, the meaning becomes objective rather than possessive, and is best translated as an objective genitive marker or a preposition.
In the phrase uzbad Khazad-dûmu from Balin's tomb inscription, Balin is lord over or in Moria; sc. the ending -u on Khazad-dûm makes it an objective or locative (rather than possessive or adjectival) genitive attribute of the previous word, uzbad, which is apparently in the construct state (see above, u-).
In Finrod's Khuzdul epithet, Felakgundu "cave-hewer", literally "hewer (of) cave", gundu "cave" is likewise an objective genitive attribute of the noun felak, "hewer" (tool or person). The basic form thus ought to be *gund and go by the 1st declension. (This word may also appear in Gundabad, a name said to have a Khuzdul origin in The Peoples of Middle-Earth.) In this case it is harder to determine if the preceding word, felak, is in the construct or absolute state (though, according to the example above, it should be in the construct state), since it is the only attested noun of the form 1 e 2 a 3. It could possibly belong to a variant of the 4th "i-declension", but more likely it derives from the verb felek, "hew rock", and thus conserves the [e] — even though the word felak itself has come to denote a verb: "to use a felak".
The name Bundushathûr could also contain this element, and in that case have the main words in reverse order: the suffixed word first, and the following noun is in the absolute state, not the construct, possibly because it is following instead of preceding. Divided into *bund-u shathûr it would then be "head-upon clouds", or more understandably "clouds upon head". (In The Treason of Isengard, p. 174, having said that bund(u) must be the part meaning 'head', Tolkien mentions "bund (B N D) - u - Shathûr 'head in/of clouds'" as a potential analysis, though this could simply be an adaption to a more indo-european approach.)
A last example of -u, again as an objective ending is perhaps found in the Dwarvish war-cry Khazâd ai-mênu, "The Dwarves [are] upon you". mênu, "you", ends in -u, and is furthermore fairly obviously an object, of the prefixed preposition as well as the Dwarves.
This ending forms adjectives, like the English "-ish". In the analysis of 'Azanulbizar, Tolkien identified it as "a genitive ending of patronymics such as Balin Fundinul" (The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion, p.269). This is a reference to the inscription on Balin's tomb, where "Balin son of Fundin" is thus expressed by an adjectival genitive, more or less "the Fundinish Balin". Since this second example shows that the ending can be attached to the Dwarves' outer names, taken from the language of the Northmen, it should be possible to use it with any Khuzdul word. The word khuzdul itself apparently also contains this ending, and thus naturally enough would mean "Dwarvish", "Dwarf-related". In the name 'Azanulbizar, if literally meaning "dimness-ish-rills", i.e. "[the valley of] dim rills", as stated in The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion, the -ul- is in fact this adjectival ending suffixed on a plural of 'uzn (erroneously given as uzu): 'azan-, meaning "dimnesses", and according to my theories a shortened (construct) form of the plural. This would mean two things: first that the adjectival ending -ul can be suffixed on a plural and furthermore the construct state (on the other hand we have the term khuzdul where it is suffixed to the absolute form), and second that the "valley" element is not written out – it is suggested in the same source that this element should then be duban, obviously a 1st declension noun *dubn in the construct state.
Also, we have this ending in mazarbul, "belonging to the documented" (see above, under ma-).
See -ân.
Generally, there seem to be two kinds of adjectives: Reducible and stable. Reducible ones resemble nouns in inflection, and mostly have two similar vowels which are subject to reduction (much like the vowels in the noun patterns) when appearing in compunds, i.e. attributive adjectival phrases, and with an affix. Stable adjectives have a different pattern with mostly two different vowels, which are more stable in compounds and with affixes attached to them.
Comparative forms are not known at all. Number inflections of adjectives are seemingly not present, judging from the different translations of the two adjectives zigil and sigin as singular and plural, respectively.
The attested and hypothetical examples of adjectives are so few that it is possible to analyze each one of them separately.
"Dim, dark"? Suggested in 'Azanulbizar, "dimrill (dale)". This word is in braces, since I do not deem it as being an adjective. In The Lord of the Rings, A Reader's Companion, it is said that azan is a plural noun meaning "dimnesses", and was made an adjective only by the suffix -ul (see above, Affixes).
"Red". Attested in the name Barazinbar, "Redhorn", Can obviously cause a metathesis of a following word, as other reducible adjectives, even when its vowels are not reduced, as in Barazinbar (see The Metathesis below).
"Black". Suggested in Buzundush, "Blackroot", and in the abandoned Udushinbar for Bundushathûr "cloudy head". In the name Buzundush, the element *dush would mean "black", resembling the Orkish "dushgoi" describing Minas Morgul and implying that the word *dush would actually mean "dark" in Orkish as well. Udushinbar occurs only in the list Barazinbar, Zirakinbar, Udushinbar, and if this was meant to be the Dwarves' traditional recitation of these mountain-names the last one might actually be *Dushinbar with the conjunction u- prefixed; in that case there is no basis for supplying an initial glottal stop.
"Great". Suggested in Gabilân, "great one/river", Gelion, and in Gabilgathol, "great fortress", "Belegost". There is probably a wordplay in the compound Gabilgathol; the word for "fortress", gathol is almost identical to the Hebrew word for "great": "gadhol". Here is also one of the two appearances of the vowel [o] in all the attested material, and the only one where the vowel is short; so if Tolkien had not made a little joke about the similarity between gathol and "gadhol", short [o] might not have existed in the corpus at all.
"Old"? From the name Gamil Zirak, "old spike(?)". The meaning of this word is clearly indicated by the appearance of the parallel name "Zirak the old" in The Lost Road and Other Writings. Here we also have a possible wordplay in the similarity between gamil and poetic Old English "gamol" (Modern Swedish "gammal"), "old".
"Black". Attested in Narag-zâram, "black pool (?)" (abandoned name for Kheled-zâram), and Nargûn, "black land", Mordor. Here is an example of two different forms with the same (adjectival) stem of radicals: 1 a 2 a 3 and 1 a 2 3. Obviously, when taking the -ûn-suffix, adjectives of the reducible type adopt the pattern of a 3rd declension noun. However this is not the case for the name Gabilân, which is stable, since it has two different vowels, and would then keep both vowels and take the -ân-ending.
"Bald"? Suggested in the name Sharbhund, "bald head (?)", the Petty Dwarves' name for Amon Rûdh. This is highly hypothetical, since one can only guess that the Dwarvish name would include the same meaning as the Elvish one; but the appearance of the Dwarvish word for "head", bund, seems obvious enough. In this compound the second vowel is reduced, and as a possible result from the consonant cluster thus generated, -rhb-, a metathesis takes place, see The Metathesis below.
"Long", pl. Attested in the Khuzdul name of Durin's line: Longbeards (sigin tarâg). This is the only example of an adjective translated to a plural, but it is impossible to see from this example alone whether it is a special form for the plural or if Khuzdul has no number inflection of adjectives. However, the similarity to zigil, which is translated to a singular, indicates that there was no special plural form of adjectives.
"Hollow". Suggested in the name Tumunzahar, "hollowbold". The elements are here obviously in the reverse order as in English; the adjective thus comes last in this name like in Zirakzigil (see zigil). The noun, Tum-, has an affix, a shortened form of -ûn, and is furthermore in the construct form, which might indicate that when the noun preceeds the adjective the construct form is used. Why this is not the case with Zirakzigil, see below, under zigil.
"Silver (as colour)". Attested in the place-name Zirakzigil, "silvertine". This name was redefined by Tolkien from "silver-coloured + spike" to "spike + silver-coloured". I hold the latter interpretation to be the more likely one, as it makes zirak into the noun, fitting the 4th declension pattern. zigil becomes the adjective, agreeing in pattern with the known adjective sigin, and also showing in the alternate name for Kibil-nâla' : Zigilnâd, probably meaning roughly the same ("silverlode"). Also the translation of the name Gamil Zirak to "Old Spike" seems more logic to me than "Old Silver", since "spike" could relate to a meaning of "on the top", or "master". The name Zirakzigil, like Tumunzahar, indicates the possibility to let the adjective follow the noun (without connecting them with a hyphen — the form Zirak-zigil was abandoned). Normally the noun in such a case should take the construct state (see above, *zahar), creating the name *Zirkzigil. However, the much used shortened form of the mountain's name, Zirak, may have affected the full name, and the construct form of the noun in that compound was abandoned.
All this has referred to adjectives in attributive position, since predicative adjectives can only be attested in whole sentences, something that is lacking in the Khuzdul corpus. But since there was presumably no need for a "be"-copula (as in Khazâd ai-mênu, "The Dwarves [are] upon you"), Khuzdul ought to have distinguished between attributive and predicative adjectives, in order to make a difference between phrases like "the long beards" and "the beards are long". Possibly, predicative adjectives were formed with the apparently very productive adjective ending -ul (see Affixes above).
Verbs, often occupying the larger parts of grammars, do not even fill up a twentieth part of this account. The reason is of course the extremely sparse attested corpus, especially as regards full clauses. In all, there are three attested verbs, of which two are almost the same, or at least have the same base. The words are felek ("hew rock"), felak ("use a hewer, a felak"), and gunud ("make a tunnel"). There is also the lately attested stem S-L-N ("fall swiftly"); it is stated that "a name such as salôn or sulûn" would be a regular formation (Vinyar Tengwar 48:24). What the vowel patterns 1 a 2 ô 3 and 1 u 2 û 3 represent is not explained, except that we are dealing with noun-derivation (the possible origin of the name "Lhun"), and since they resemble no other pattern, it is very hard, if not impossible, to guess.
The analysis is difficult, not least because there are no examples of different forms of the same verb. Still, we may observe the word felak, which thus is on the one hand a noun (a kind of tool for hewers), on the other a verb (to use this tool). The root *F-L-K is obviously the same as in felek, so possibly a verb with two similar vowels could be made into a noun by changing one (or both?) of them. The noun would then make a separate "declension", not fitting in any of the above given — the noun pattern 1 e 2 a 3 is unique for this word in the attested corpus. Further on, a noun can obviously be used as a verb, and so the root *F-L-K in its form felak may change back into a verb and mean "use a felak". The fact that the nominal form can also be used as a verb indicates that verbs were identified by context and / or word order rather than by their isolated forms. The loose bounds between parts of speech make Khuzdul appear as a fairly simple and functional language in regard to verb clauses; this is also reasonable to imagine, in view of how and why the language was made.
In three attested compounds a metathesis seems to have arisen, changing the place of the first radical in the second element of the compound. These are Barazinbar, "Redhorn", 'iglishmêk, the gesture-language of the Dwarves, and Sharbhund, "Bald hill".
Barazinbar is composed of the adjective baraz, "red", and the noun inbar, "horn". The last word is seemingly not in its basic form. If one had only to simply put two words together to achieve a true compound word, this name should be *Baraznibar, provided that the noun with the radicals N-B-R (the attested radicals for the noun "horn" — Tolkien actually made a misprint when giving the radicals M-B-R) belongs to the 4th declension. But now there is a metathesis including the first radical and the first vowel of the second element, which produces the form Barazinbar.
The second example, 'iglishmêk, apparently has a metathesis including the same positions. It would with simpler rules be *'iglshimâk, if the second element is a noun of the 4th declension (and is here in its plural form), meaning "gestures". A metathesis then results in *'iglishmâk. The vowel change [â] –> [ê] may be another evidence of vowel harmony, changing vowels in metatheses particularly.
Sharbhund differs from the other examples, since it seems to show a metathesis including only consonants, *sharhbund - sharbhund. Most likely the first element is a reducible adjective *sharah, reduced form *sharh since it is in a compound (or rather an attributive adjectival phrase, see above under Adjectives), supposedly meaning "bald",and when connected to bund (with the meaning "head"), a metathesis takes place and *sharhbund becomes sharbhund, "bald head".
About the cause of the metathesis, and the rule for when it appears, one can only guess. In the two latter examples, one could defend the metathesis by the difficulty to pronounce the consonant clusters *-glsh-, that appears due to the construct pattern 1 i 2 3, and *-rhb-, in the joint between *sharh- and -bund. Thus these examples suggest a rule that a situation of three radicals next to each other (arisen by reduced vowels in nouns and reducible adjectives) may provoke a metathesis of some kind, for the sake of pronounceability.
It is harder to formulate a rule that explains why Barazinbar has undergone a metathesis, and Gabilgathol has not, since the two words are rather similar in construction. But baraz, having two similar vowels, seems to be a reducible adjective, while Gabilgathol includes a stable adjective whose vowels are firm, and thus could cause no three-consonant cluster by reducing them. Even if baraz in this case does not reduce its vowels, it may have done so at first, creating the name *Barznibar which by metathesis became *Barzinbar. Then, inspired by the much used nickname for the mountain, Baraz, the Dwarves might have reconstructed the full name to Barazinbar, keeping the metathesis from the remembered form *Barzinbar.
The place-name Nulukkhizdîn (Nargothrond) gives a typical example of my work in reconstructing forms and grammatical rules in Khuzdul. I have in this case, as in many others, had good help from Jay Lawson, who first made me aware of the similar radicals of Nuluk- and nâla'. If these words really come from the same stem, one could come to the conclusion that a glottal stop might assimilate to a following consonant when appearing as the last radical of the first element in a compound. The glottal stop can indeed be assimilated to a following (velar) consonant in Arabic, so it would not be far-fetched.
The theory is further indicated by Tolkien's early form of the place-name: Nulukhizidûn, where there is only one [k], which undoubtedly belongs to the second element. This early variant of the name, besides indicating that the suffixes -ân, -în and -ûn are really the same, also encourages my assumption that the plural absolute form of nouns from the 4th declension is 1 i 2 î 3, since this suffix is apparently by rule attached to a noun in the construct state, which mostly is the absolute form with shortened vowels. That this name was changed to Nulukkhizdîn may be explained by this assumption: 1 i 2 i 3 was a plural (construct state), and a suffix like -în would not be attachable to a plural, since it indicates a personal or geographical name.
We may thus recognize the radicals *N-L-' from the noun nâla' and the radicals *Kh-Z-D from the noun Khazâd. This leaves us with the question of the vowel-pattern 1 u 2 u 3 – 1 i 2 3 în. It has then given rise to the assumptions that the pattern 1 u 2 u 3 is the plural (collective) construct/composition form of the 2nd declension noun nâla', the pattern 1 i 2 3 is the singular construct/composition form of the 4th declension noun *khizad, and the adapted form -în is the personifying ending -ûn here harmonized in vowel to the element -khizd.
Presuming that the first-mentioned stem *N-L-' in its collective plural form *nulu' has the meaning "(river-)course", and that the 4th declension indicates diminutive, the place-name Nulukkhizdîn would mean "Petty-Dwarf-land upon the rivercourse". The nature around Nargothrond admits such an interpretation, since the mansions were located in the proximity of the river Narog.
What has been presented here is a body of largely quite hypothetical theories, or even logical conjectures, but even so I think I am reasonably qualified to conjecture, thanks to experience of created languages in addition to elementary university studies in Biblical Hebrew. In my search for attested instances I have been much helped by Helge Fauskanger's webpage about Khuzdul on Ardalambion, and with respect to format and editing I owe great gratitude to Gildir, Per Lindberg, and Elros, Måns Björkman, Guild Master and secretary of Mellonath Daeron. The greater part of the translation into English, and much editorial recasting, was made by Beregond, Anders Stenström. Concerning many of the ideas and theories in this essay, especially the ones about Nulukkhizdîn and Tumunzahar, I have had much help from Jay Lawson, with whom I have had many and long discussions about this and Khuzdul in general.
Pippin, Magnus Åberg
I have in many regards copied the list exposed on the Ardalambion Khuzdul site by Helge Fauskanger, whom I give most of the credit for this list. According to his own words, his list is "mostly based on a list compiled by Lisa Star that appeared in Tyalië Tyelelliéva #4 p.22; she in turn thanked Jim Gillogly, Alberto Monteiro and Anthony Appleyard for helpful comments and suggestions". Nevertheless, I have made my own (in my opinion) more or less relevant changes in the following list. Among other changes, I have inserted a glottal stop <'> where there should be one according to my theories (but I have ignored it in the alphabetization). Also I have included my hypothetically reconstructed nouns in the singular absolute state (marked with an asterisk), and those that are not names have a parenthetical note on which declension they belong to. Other hypothetically reconstructed words I have marked with an asterisk and given the assumed part of speech in a similar parenthetical note. I have also inserted entries for the radicals of all verbs, adjectives and nouns, except opaque untranslated names; radicals that are not cited as such by Tolkien are marked with an asterisk. Note that the hypothetical words are my own guesses, and not a statement that they actually do exist. Some of the words are stated in some sources but contradicted in others. I have put the words which are contradicted in this article within braces.
'aglâb "(spoken) language" (3rd decl. with suffix?) [The War of the Jewels, p. 395]
*'agl "(spoken) language" (3rd decl.) (in 'aglâb, q.v.)
'ai-, a reduced form of 'aya, q.v.
'ai-mênu "upon you" (prep. + pron.) [The Lord of the Rings, book III ch. 7; Appendix F I]
[*'ân "river(?)" (3rd decl., type B?) (in Gabilân, q.v.) [The War of the Jewels, p. 336]]
'aya "upon" (prep.) [The War of the Ring, p. 20]
*'azagh "make war(?)" (vb.) (in 'Azaghâl, q.v.)
'Azaghâl "warrior(?)" (name of the Lord of Belegost) [The Silmarillion, ch. 20]
[*'azan "dim, dark(?)" (adj.) (in 'Azanulbizar, q.v.)]
'azanul- "of the shadows (lit. dimnesses-ish)" (1st decl. pl. with adjectival suffix) [The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion, p. 269]
'Azanûl, a form Tolkien seems to have replaced with Azanulbizar, q.v. [The Return of the Shadow p. 466]
'Azanulbizar "Dimrill Dale" [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch. 4]
baraz "red" (adj.) (in Barazinbar, q.v.) [The Treason of Isengard p.174]
Baraz "Red One(?)", short name of Barazinbar, q.v. [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch.3]
Barazinbar "Redhorn" (one of the Mountains of Moria) [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch.3]
bark "axe" (3rd decl.) Parma Eldalamberon, issue #17, p. 85
baruk "axes" (3rd decl., pl.) Parma Eldalamberon, issue #17, p. 85
Baruk Khazâd "axes of the Dwarves" (battle-cry) [Appendix F I]
bizar "rill" (4th decl.) (in Azanulbizar, q.v.; cf. bizâr); earlier interpretation: "valley" [The Return of the Shadow p. 466]
bizâr "rills" (4th decl., pl.) [The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion, p. 269]
B-N-D radicals of bund, q.v. [The Treason of Isengard p. 174]
B-R-K radicals of *bark, q.v.
B-R-Z radicals of baraz, q.v. [The Treason of Isengard p.174]
bund "head" (1st decl.) (in Bundushathur, Sharbhund qq.v.) [The Treason of Isengard p. 174, Unfinished Tales, p. 98]
Bundushathûr "Cloudyhead" (one of the Mountains of Moria) [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch. 3]
*bûz "root" (1st decl., type B) (in Buzundush, q.v.)
Buzundush "Morthond/Blackroot" [The Treason of Isengard p. 167]
B-Z(-Z) radicals of *bûz, q.v.
B-Z-R radicals of bizar, q.v.
D-B-N, radicals of *dubn, q.v.
D-Sh radicals of *dush, q.v.
duban "valley" (1st decl., constr.) [The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion p. 269]
duban 'azanulbizar "valley of the rills of the shadows" (the full name of 'Azanulbizar in the later interpretation) [The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion p. 269]
*dubn "valley" (1st decl) (cf. duban.)
dûm "mansion" (probably assimilated form of *tûm, q.v.) (in Khazad-dûm, q.v.) [Appendix F II] (Alternatively: "mansions, delvings" (plural or collective) [The Silmarillion, Index, Khazad-dûm]
*dush "black" (adj.) (in Buzundush and possibly 'Udushinbar, qq.v.)
felak 1 "hewer" (tool and person) (uncertain decl.); 2 "to use a felak 1" (vb.) [Peoples of Middle-Earth, p. 352]
Felakgundu (also Felaggundu) "Cave-hewer" (the Dwarvish epithet of Finrod, rendered as Felagund by the Elves) [Peoples of Middle-Earth, p. 352]
felek "hew rock" (vb.) [Peoples of Middle-Earth, p. 352]
*F-L-K radicals of felak, felek, qq.v.
*gabil "great" (adj.) (in Gabilân, Gabilgathol, qq.v.)
Gabilân "Great River (alternatively: Great One)(?)" (Gelion) [War of the Jewels, p. 336]
Gabilgathol "Great Fortress" (Belegost) [The Silmarillion, ch. 10; The Lost Road, p. 274]
gamil "old(?)" (adj.) (in Gamil Zirak, q.v.)
Gamil Zirak "old spike(?) (=old master(?))" (name of a Dwarf-smith, master of Telchar of Nogrod) [Unfinished Tales, p. 76]
*gathol "fortress" (uncertain decl.) (in Gabilgathol, q.v.)
*G-B-L radicals of *gabil, q.v.
*'-G-L radicals of *'agl and *'igal, qq.v.
*G-M-L radicals of gamil, q.v.
*G-N-D radicals of *gund, gunud, qq.v.
*G-Th-L radicals of *gathol, q.v.
*gund "subterranean hall" (1st decl.) (in gundu, q.v.)
gundu "subterranean hall" (probably 1st decl. with a suffix) [Peoples of Middle-Earth, p. 352]
gunud "make a tunnel" (vb.) [Peoples of Middle-Earth, p. 352]
'Ibun the name of one of Mîm's sons [The Silmarillion, ch 21, Unfinished Tales, p.102]
*'igal "language" (4th decl.) (in 'iglishmêk, q.v.)
'iglishmêk a Dwarvish gesture-language [War of the Jewels, p. 395]
-inbar "horn" (probably 4th decl. with a metathesis) (in Barazinbar, q.v.; cf. *nibar) [The Treason of Isengard p.174]
K-B-L radicals of kibil, q.v. [The Treason of Isengard p.174]
Khazâd "Dwarves" (1st decl., plur.) (in Khazâd ai-mênu, Baruk Khazâd, qq.v.) [Appendix F I] (earlier form: Khuzûd)
Khazâd ai-mênu "the Dwarves [are] upon you" (battle-cry) [Appendix F I]
Khazad-dûm "Dwarrowdelf" [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch. 3]
kheled "glass" (5th decl.) (in Kheled-zâram, q.v.) [The Silmarillion, Appendix, p.v. khelek-; The Return of the Shadow, p. 466]
Kheled-zâram "Glass-pool" (the lake Mirrormere) [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch. 3]
Khîm the name of one of Mîm's sons [The Silmarillion, ch. 21]
*Khizad "Petty-Dwarf(?)" (4th decl.) (in Nulukkhizdîn, q.v.)
*khizdîn "Petty-Dwarf-land(?)" (in Nulukkhizdîn, q.v.)
*Kh-L-D radicals of kheled, q.v.
Khuzd "Dwarf" (1st decl.) (in Khuzdul, Khazâd, qq.v.) [The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion, p. 269]
Khuzdul "Dwarvish(?)" ((nominalized) adj.) (the Dwarvish language) [Appendix E I]
*Kh-Z-D radicals of Khuzd, *Khizad etc., qq.v.
kibil "silver (metal)" (5th decl.) [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174]
Kibil-nâla' "Silverlode" (the river Celebrant) [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch. 3]
[*'-L radicals of 'ûl, q.v.]
*mah "create(?)" (vb.) (in Mahal, q.v.)
Mahal "creator(?)" (Dwarvish name of Aulë) [The Silmarillion, ch. 2]
Mazarbul "(belonging to) the documented(?)" (prob. nominalized vb. (past part.) with adjectival suffix) cf. *zarab [The Lord of the Rings, book II ch. 5]
[M-B-R see N-B-R]
mênu "you" (acc. pl.) (pron.) (in ' ai-mênu, q.v.) [The War of the Ring, p. 20]
*M-H radicals of *mah, Mahal, qq.v.
Mîm name of a Petty-Dwarf [Silmarillion, ch. 21]
[*'-N radicals of *'ân, q.v.]
*nâd "(river-)course(?)" (3rd decl., type B?) (in Zigilnâd, q.v.)
nâla' "(river-)course(?)" (2nd decl.) (in Kibil-nâla', Nulukkhizdîn, qq.v.) [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174]
narag "black" (adj.) (in Narag-zâram, Nargûn, qq.v.)
Narag-zâram "Black Pool" [The Return of the Shadow, p. 466]
Nargûn "Black Country (Mordor)" [Return of the Shadow, p. 466]
N-B-R radicals of -inbar, *nibar, qq.v. [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174; misprinted: M-B-R]
*N-D(-D) radicals of –nâd, qv.
*nibar "horn" (4th decl.) (in Barazinbar, N-B-R, qq.v.) cf. –inbar
*N-L-' radicals of nâla', q.v.
N-R-G radicals of narag, Narag-zâram, Nargûn, qq.v. [Return of the Shadow, p. 466]
Nulukkhizdîn "Petty-Dwarf-land upon the Rivercourse (?)" (Nargothrond) [The Silmarillion, ch. 22 (in the first edition misprinted: Nulukkizdîn, see War of the Jewels, p. 180)]
Nulukkhizidûn " Petty-Dwarf-land upon the Rivercourse (?)" (abandoned form of Nulukkhizdîn, q.v.) [War of the Jewels, p. 180]
Rakhâs "Orcs" (1st decl., plur.) [War of the Jewels, p. 391]
R-Kh-S radicals of Rukhs, Rakhâs, qq.v.
Rukhs "Orc" (1st decl.) [War of the Jewels, p. 391]
salôn possible noun (uncertain decl.), derived from S-L-N, q.v. [Vinyar Tengwar 48:24]
*S-G-N radicals of sigin, q.v.
*sharah "bald(?)" (adj.) (in Sharbhund, q.v.)
Sharbhund "Bald Head(?)" (Petty-Dwarvish name of Amon Rûdh) [Unfinished Tales, p. 98]
[Sharkûn name of Gandalf, replaced by Tharkûn [War of the Jewels(?)]]
*shathr "cloud" (3rd decl.) (in Bundushathûr, q.v.)
shathûr "clouds" (3rd decl., pl.) (in Bundushathûr, q.v.)
Shathûr short name of Bundushathûr, q.v. [The Lord of the Rings, book II, ch. 3]
*shimak "gestures(?)" (4th decl.) (in 'iglishmêk, q.v.)
*Sh-M-K radicals of *shimak, q.v.
*Sh-R-H radicals of *sharah, q.v.
*Sh-Th-R radicals of *shathr, *shathûr, qq.v.
sigin "long" (adj. (pl.)) (in Sigin-tarâg, q.v.)
Sigin-tarâg "the Longbeards" [Peoples of Middle-Earth p. 321]
S-L-N radicals of "fall, descend swiftly" (vb.) cf. salôn, sulûn [Vinyar Tengwar 48:24]
sulûn possible noun (uncertain decl.), derived from S-L-N, q.v. [Vinyar Tengwar 48:24]
tarâg "beards" (1st decl., pl.) (in Sigin-tarâg, q.v.)
*thark "staff" (3rd decl.) (in Tharkûn, q.v.)
Tharkûn "Staffman" (Gandalf) [The Lord of the Rings, book IV, ch. 5]
*Th-R-K radicals of *thark, Tharkûn, q.v.
*T-M(-M) radicals of *tûm, q.v.
*T-R-G radicals of *turg, tarâg, qq.v.
*tûm "bold / delving" (1st decl., type B) (in Tumunzahar, q.v.)
Tumunzahar "Hollowbold", Dwarvish name of Nogrod [The Silmarillion, ch. 10]
*turg "beard" (1st decl.) (in Sigin-tarâg, q.v.)
u- "and" (conj. / prefix) (in uzbad, q.v.)
Udushinbar (earlier form of Bundushathûr, q.v.) [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174] (alternatively: Dushinbar with a prefix)
['ûl "streams" (1st decl., type B) (in Azanulbizar, q.v.) [Return of the Shadow, p. 466]]
'Uruktharbun (possibly earlier form of Khazad-dûm, q.v.) [Return of the Shadow, p. 458]
uzbad "(and) lord" (prob. 2nd decl. construct state with prefix) [The Lord of the Rings, book II, ch. 4]
'uzn "dimness" (1st decl.) (in ' azanul-, 'Azanulbizar, qq.v.) [The Lord of the Rings, The Reader's Companion, p. 269; misprinted: -uzu]
[uzu see 'uzn]
*zâbad "lord" (2nd decl.) (in uzbad, q.v.)
*zahar "hollow" (adj.) (in Tumunzahar, q.v.)
*zarab "keep, document" (vb.) (in Mazarbul, q.v.)
zâram "lake, pool" (in Kheled-zâram, Narag-zâram, qq.v.) [Return of the Shadow, p. 466]
*Z-B-D radicals of *zabad, uzbad, qq.v.
Z-G-L radicals of zigil, q.v. [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174, 175]
*'-Z-Gh radicals of *'azagh, 'Azaghâl, qq.v.
zigil "silver-coloured (adj.)" (alternatively: "spike" (uncertain decl.)) [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174, 175]
Zigilnâd "Silverlode(?)" (another name of the river Kibil-nâla', q.v.) [Peoples of Middle-Earth, p. 279, 286]
zirak "spike" (4th decl.) (alternatively: "silver-coloured" (adj.)) [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174, 175]
Zirak ¹ short name of Zirakzigil, q.v. [The Lord of the Rings, book II, ch. 3]; ² name of Dwarf-smith (also Gamil Zirak, q.v.) [The Lost Road and Other Writings, p. 319]
Zirakinbar "Silverhorn(?)" (earlier form of Zirakzigil, q.v.) [Sauron Defeated, p. 45]
Zirakzigil "Silvertine (one of the Mountains of Moria) [The Lord of the Rings, book II, ch. 3]
'-Z-N radicals of *'azan, 'uzn, 'azanul-, qq.v. [Return of the Shadow, p. 466]
*Z-R-B radicals of *zarab, Mazarbul, qq.v.
Z-R-K radicals of zirak, q.v. [The Treason of Isengard, p. 174]
*Z-R-M radicals of *zâram, qq.v.


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Hershey / PA. (thc) The Hershey Company, largest producer of quality chocolate in North America, and a global leader in chocolate, sweets and refreshments, announced several changes to its global leadership team, effective May 13. «Hershey is well positioned in the marketplace and our momentum in the U.S. and key international markets gives us confidence in our business strategy», said John P. Bilbrey, President and Chief Executive Officer, The Hershey Company. «These organizational enhancements will help accelerate our global growth by broadening and leveraging our leadership expertise, knowledge and capabilities across the company. We have an experienced management team, great talent throughout the organization and the right vision, strategy, talent and brands to win wherever we compete». To further enhance the company´s ability to execute its business strategy, accelerate international growth and develop and broaden leadership talent, the company is implementing the following:
- Humberto P. Alfonso, will become President, International. Alfonso has extensive international experience and will drive business growth for all Hershey businesses outside the U.S. and Canada, positioning the company to achieve its international growth objectives. Alfonso currently serves as Hershey´s Chief Financial Officer and Chief Administrative Officer.
- David W. Tacka, will become Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer. Tacka has held senior executive positions within the company, including Chief Accounting Officer. His extensive financial experience will benefit Hershey as it maintains its disciplined approach to global expansion.
- Michele G. Buck, currently Hershey´s Chief Growth Officer, will become President, North America. In her new role, Buck´s strategic focus and consumer expertise will help accelerate Hershey´s growth in the U.S. and Canada, the company´s primary performance drivers.
- E. Daniel Vucovich, will become Senior Vice President, Chief Commercial Officer. Vucovich´s go-to-market experience and expertise will assist in the global growth of Hershey´s iconic brands. Vucovich currently leads Hershey´s U.S. business.
- D. Michael Wege, currently Chief Commercial Officer, will become Senior Vice President, Chief Growth and Marketing Officer. Wege will lead Hershey´s strategic planning, research and development, innovation, and global Hershey Experience. He will continue to drive the company´s knowledge capabilities as well as Hershey´s marketing initiatives and corporate brand reputation.
In addition, the company announced that Waheed Zaman will join the company as Senior Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer on April 29. Zaman will be responsible for optimizing Hershey´s information technology and global shared services functions as the company expands internationally. Zaman is an industry leader for transformational global productivity in large consumer packaged goods companies working previously for Chiquita Brands International and Procter + Gamble.

subset: commoncrawl


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Edison International has pledged $1.25 million to fund scholarships for 125 high school seniors selected as Edison Scholars, the company's annual scholarship program. The 125 scholarships reflect the company's landmark 125th anniversary this year.
"These students are among the best and brightest students in the country, and we are proud to support them as they embark on their future," said Theodore F. Craver Jr., chairman and CEO, Edison International.
Each student can receive up to $10,000 in scholarships, beginning with a $2,500 college scholarship that is renewable for an additional three years. The 125 seniors selected were among more than 900 public and private high school seniors, in 14 states, who applied for the scholarships. Edison International has awarded more than $3.2 million in scholarships to 464 Edison Scholars since 1993.
This year, for the first time, the number of awardees was expanded to include students in states where the company owns and operates facilities. Also, requirements were changed so recipients can attend any accredited U.S. university.
The annual Edison International scholarship program focused on students living in communities where Edison International and its subsidiaries, Southern California Edison (SCE), Edison Mission Group (EMG) and Midwest Generation, provide service. The company has operations in California, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, West Virginia and Wyoming.
One hundred five students were selected from cities in SCE's service territory, including Chino Hills, Inglewood, San Clemente and Tulare. A total of 20 recipients live in Illinois, Minnesota and Pennsylvania, where EMG operates.
To qualify for the scholarships, Edison Scholars had to be:
- high school seniors who lived, or attended a public or private school, in areas serviced by SCE, or attended an eligible high school in the designated area surrounding SCE's San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station.
- high school seniors who attended an eligible school in a community where EMG or Midwest Generation operate.
- planning to attend an accredited four-year college in the U.S.
- full-time students majoring in math, physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science or computer science/information systems.
- students with a cumulative grade point average of 2.8 or higher.
- U.S. citizens or permanent residents.


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The lighting industry is meeting the phase out of general service incandescent-lamp production—which went into effect for 60W and 40W varieties earlier this month—with a handful of new LED and CFL lamps that aim to replicate the user experience of their incandescent forerunners. Among them is Philips' SlimStyle LED 60W-replacement lamp, which is catching buzz for its thin profile and familiar A-shape form factor. Architectural Lighting spoke with Todd Manegold, the company's director of marketing for LED lamps, about whether the product's reinterpreted shape, minimal heat sink, and low price-point relative to previous models might help turn consumers onto the new technology.
Describe the form factor. Why is this latest version of the company's A19 LED replacement lamps "flat"?
We positioned the LEDs in a ring and used a plastic [shell] to control the output, bending the light into an omnidirectional output. The result is a very minimalist design that manages heat effectively. We were trying to streamline the design and make it as consumer-friendly as possible.
What do you mean by "consumer friendly"?
It's about getting away from a very technical lamp. Two years ago, our 60W-replacement lamp [which won the Department of Energy's L Prize competition in 2011] had a gray base, a very bulky heat sink, and it was yellow because we used blue LEDs and a remote phosphor to change it to white light. It was a good technical solution. And if you're a techy consumer or a professional user, you're willing to accept those types of things. But [SlimStyle's] streamlined look and Edison shape gives you a more recognizable product.
Is there an opportunity for lighting manufacturers to play with the shape of replacement lamps and their light output to create a better lighting experience?
Because LEDs are becoming increasingly efficient, the design flexibility also is increasing. We're able to use the flexibility of LEDs' small form factor to do something different, rather than be beholden to something that's the shape that people have known for years. But we recognize that there is comfort in having some level of familiarity, so that's where you see the round shape of SlimStyle.
How do you help consumers with the technology transition?
I'm not sure we [lighting] as an industry know, quite honestly, but we can challenge the paradigm of what people expect from lighting in a couple of different ways. One way would be to challenge the form factor—but changing the shape and doing things that are really creative but charging $50 per lamp may not be the right thing to do. On the other extreme, you could challenge what lighting can do for [users] completely, such as [Philip's] Hue, which gives users the ability to create an entire experience with a [smart] phone. There are opportunities to challenge the paradigm of lighting on both fronts.
To your latter point, about altering the overall experience, what does that mean for the "light bulb"?
What you end up seeing is that an individual lamp is part of a larger system. Where a lamp was basically a disposable item in the past, it now becomes almost a durable good. What we should expect from lighting is not simply that it delivers light but that it actually allows you to do something with it, and it becomes more of an active component of people's living.
Will the form of this next-generation lamp be different from that of the traditional Type A socket?
Maybe. As an organization we want to make things that people recognize, but what people really recognize is the light output and the experience that they get from the product and less so the shape, at the moment. So if the [new] shape is at an output that's like what we've seen in the past, that's OK.
Where is the opportunity to use LED technology to improve the lighting experience?
Every one of us knows what an incandescent feels like when we turn it on in our house. Whether we admit it, I think that's what people are expecting. The opportunity for us to create a similar or uniform lighting effect is important. The areas for improvement are the fact that not only are we delivering a quality light effect, but we're also doing it with something that saves users energy and lasts 25,000 hours. So lighting is not something [consumers] have to worry about.
This interview has been edited and condensed.


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Job description Cook near Toronto (ON)
Find out what work is like for a cook in Canada. This work description is applicable to all Cooks (NOC 63200).
Cooks prepare and cook a wide variety of foods. They are employed in restaurants, hotels, hospitals and other health care institutions, central food commissaries, educational institutions and other establishments. They are also employed aboard ships and at construction and logging campsites. Apprentices are also included in this unit group.
Job duties
- Prepare and cook complete meals or individual dishes and foods
- Prepare and cook special meals for patients as instructed by dietitian or chef
- Schedule and supervise kitchen helpers
- Oversee kitchen operations
- Maintain inventory and records of food, supplies and equipment
- May set up and oversee buffets
- May clean kitchen and work area
- May plan menus, determine size of food portions, estimate food requirements and costs, and monitor and order supplies
- May hire and train kitchen staff.
Job titles
- apprentice cook
- cook
- dietary cook
- first cook
- grill cook
- hospital cook
- institutional cook
- journeyman/woman cook
- licensed cook
- line cook
- second cook
- short order cook
Related occupations
- Date modified:


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New Tech Certificate at Loyola University New Orleans Offered for Evolving Legal Job Market
New Orleans, LA (PRWEB) March 25, 2014 -- The Loyola University New Orleans College of Law will offer students a new Law, Technology and Entrepreneurship certificate this fall to meet an increased demand in the job market for trained lawyers who advise entrepreneurs. Law students completing the certificate can also graduate equipped with the skills needed to become entrepreneurs themselves.
In order to earn the certificate, students must complete 15 hours of coursework, including five hours of business courses, five hours of courses that focus on technology and five hours of elective coursework. To receive the certificate, students must maintain at least a 3.0 GPA in the certificate courses and an overall 2.5 GPA or higher.
Within the required electives, students can choose courses from either of two pools—one consisting of classes teaching law students how to advise entrepreneur clients and the other consisting of courses assisting those law students who seek to use and understand technology in order to become entrepreneurs. Courses range from securities regulation, employment law and real estate transactions for the advising pool, while classes in the self-entrepreneurship pool include patent law, communication law and the Technology and Legal Innovation Clinic, which will play a major role in the new certificate.
Currently in its second year of operation, the Technology and Legal Innovation Clinic, which is part of the Stuart H. Smith Law Clinic and Center for Social Justice, is led by College of Law assistant clinical professor Judson Mitchell, J.D., with assistance from local lawyer and Web developer Ben Veradi. Each fall, students represent clients in real cases and use those experiences as inspiration for tech-law projects to develop in the spring.
Last year, students in Mitchell's clinic developed four legal apps and a search engine for Louisiana laws. Mitchell believes the current job climate that graduates are entering reinforces the need to offer more options to law students.
"The legal profession in America is going through a radical shift, the likes of which have never been seen before. It's traditionally a very conservative profession, but the old, established foundations of law practice—stable jobs with firms, billable hours and limited competition are falling down. If we are going to outfit young lawyers to survive in this environment, they must acquire the flexibility and skills that entrepreneurs take for granted," Mitchell said.
Most coursework for the certificate is already part of Loyola's College of Law curriculum, but one new course will debut next academic year. Law and Technology, which Mitchell will co-teach with Loyola Associate Professor of Law John Blevins, J.D., will provide students with an overview of relevant modern digital technologies and legal doctrines. Students will obtain an overview of both network technologies and software applications that utilize networks. The course will also cover the intersection of these technologies with relevant aspects of intellectual property law, privacy law, cyber law, business law and communications law.
In addition to the coursework and clinic, students working toward the certificate will have the opportunity to join the efforts of the recently re-chartered Entrepreneurial Business Law Society as well as the Intellectual Property Law Society. Along with these active organizations, the College of Law intends to complement the certificate program with a regular roster of speakers including entrepreneurs, 501(c)(3) organizations that focus on supporting entrepreneurial activity, governmental agencies and departments that focus on economic development, and members of the local technology community.
For more information, contact Mitchell at jmitchel(at)loyno(dot)edu or 504-861-5597 or Trey Drury at lldrury(at)loyno(dot)edu or 504-861-5428.
James Shields, Loyola University New Orleans, +1 504-861-5888, [email protected]


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Rumors of a super-duper, amped-up, big-screen "iPad Pro" have been floating around at least as early as this summer, and that's before Apple surprised the tech community with its 64-bit A7 processors in September.
Overall, most of the rumors seem to surround speculative predictions, where a financial analyst predicts a class of new product in an attempt to lend insight into how the market might shift.
Of the dozens upon dozens of iPad Pro rumor articles I've been following, however, none of them seem to have a real, direct connection to a source that would truly know what the heck Apple is working on deep inside its Cupertino lair.
Of course, that doesn't mean the rumor doesn't carry weight. What's worse, on the face of it, the rumor sometimes seems to make so much sense that it must be true.
So What's the Core Rumor Here?
In 2014, early or autumn, Apple will deliver an iPad Pro with a larger screen size at 12.9 inches. It will sport an even more powerful, next-generation A8 processor. Some rumors predict an UltraHD screen in the 4K class (because why not?), even though such a screen would likely increase weight and battery drain for no good purpose in a 12.9-inch screen. A 2K display seems more likely — at least in a first-generation iPad Pro model.
In fact, one of the best possible "sources" for a 2K-based iPad Pro came from the NPD Group's DisplaySearch report in October in which supply chain research (no names given) indicated that Apple could be planning to use a 12.9-inch display at 2732 x 2048 pixels, which could presumably go into a next-generation iPad. (Incidentally, that same report noted other display form factor action that could point to a 4.7 or even 5.7-inch iPhone 6.)
Meanwhile, a heavily cited rationale for an iPad Pro comes from Apple's naming convention with its MacBook Pro and MacBook Air notebooks. Because Apple changed the name of the new iPad to the iPad Air, it stands to reason that Apple would be working on a larger, more powerful "Pro" model, too.
Hard to argue with that logic.
Is There Room for a Bigger iPad?
At the heart of this rumor is the notion that there's a market for a larger iPad in the first place — never mind that Samsung just announced two new 12.2-inch tablets at CES, effectively beating Apple to the space with a modern offering.
According to Apple CEO Tim Cook, who noted it in Apple's last financial call to investors last fall, Apple held 94 percent of the tablet market in education. While I personally believe there's a market for a larger iPad that would be more capable of replacing a laptop in business (and creative) environments, I would expect Apple to more fully explore ways to deliver more iPads to schools and kids.
After all, as children grow up touching and tapping and swiping, they'll become a revenue source of future consumers who prefer the tablet form factor over the old-school MacBook notebooks with Mac OS X — which, it should be noted, currently rely on Intel-based processors, while iPads use Apple's own processors.
If Apple is considering a longer-term shift at the processor and OS level in order to retain more control over release cycles, innovation and profit, then building and supporting a "pro" iPad seems like a great place to start.
All of these sorts of arguments point to a clear consensus that pretty much everybody believes an iPad Pro is a done deal — it's coming in 2014.
Wrinkles and Foldable iPad Pros?
The latest flurry of rumor activity stems from a widely cited report from Evercore Partners analyst Patrick Wang, who believes Apple will actually deliver some sort of 12-inch iPad hybrid product. As near as I can tell, Wang's report is based on logic and speculation rather than direct insight to specific Apple plans.
Still, the argument for an Apple-produced keyboard case — similar to Microsoft's keyboard covers — has also made the rumor rounds, and a 12.9-inch iPad Pro version would give the keyboard enough width to become a full-size keyboard rather than one of the many cramped and condensed options available from third-party manufacturers today.
The point? If the iPad Pro is going to succeed as a true laptop replacement and workhorse sort of device, it's going to need a great case solution as well as a packable and usable keyboard. Apple might furthermore be the company to create it, much like it created the surprisingly delightful magnetic Smart Cover.
Wang, though, seems to see opportunity for Apple to take the iPad Pro a step farther and create a true hybrid device in a clamshell sort of form factor. While other manufacturers have created notebook/tablet hybrid devices already, an Apple offering in this space could shake up the notebook market as well as affect Intel while giving a boost to ARM.
Either way, a shift in desire for hybrid devices seems to be increasing. Even die-hard Apple enthusiasts (like myself) can't help but appreciate the idea behind "a notebook when you need it and a tablet when you want it," which provides the fuel for the iPad Pro rumor: market opportunity coupled with desire from consumers for bigger screens.


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Give the New York Jets credit. When they lose, they sure do it spectacularly.
During a 56-second span in the second quarter of Thursday night's 49-19 loss to the rival New England Patriots, the Jets somehow allowed three touchdowns.
Here's how you lose a game in under 60 seconds:
Step 1: After failing to convert a fourth-and-1 on offense, put linebacker Bart Scott on a speedy running back in coverage. Somehow, a routine swing pass to Patriots running back Shane Vereen magically turns into an 83-yard touchdown up the sideline.
Step 2: On first down, call a running play without the running back knowing. Have quarterback Mark Sanchez run into the backside of offensive lineman Brandon Moore, fall down, fumble, then watch Patriots safety Steve Gregory return the ball 32 yards for a score. This might have been the defining play of the Sanchez era. We can't wait to see the cover of the New York Post on Friday.
Step 3: Let return man Joe McKnight fumble the ensuing kickoff after a big hit, and watch the ball fly right into Julian Edelman's hands -- 22 yards and 21 points later, the game is over.
It sounds simple. But only the Jets could pull this off.
Follow Gregg Rosenthal on Twitter @greggrosenthal.


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Let $K$ be a nonarchimedean local field with ring of integeres $R_K$, maximal ideal $m_K$ and finite residue field $\bf k$. Let $\pi$ be an admissible irreducible complex representation of ${\rm GL}_2(K)$ with central character $\epsilon$. A fundamental result of Casselman says that there is a largest ideal $J\subseteq R_K$ such that the subspace $W_J$ of vectors in $\pi$ such that $$ \gamma\cdot v=\epsilon(a)v\qquad \forall\gamma=\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & b\\ c & d \end{array}\right)\in{\rm GL}_2(R_K) \ \text{with}\ c\in J $$ is non-trivial and in fact $1$-dimensional. As every expert knows, this result is of paramount importance for the theory of modular forms.
Let $v_0$ be a generator of the $1$-dimensional space $W_J$. In some cases, it is rather easy to obtain $v_0$ explicitly. For instance if $\pi=\pi(\mu_1,\mu_2)$ is a class $1$ principal series representation with trivial central character (for which $J=R_K$) it is immediate to check that any generator of $W_{R_K}$ is of the form $$ v_0(g)=|a|^{s_1}|d|^{s_2}|a/d|^{1/2}v_0(1)\quad \text{where}\quad g=\left(\begin{array}{cc} a & *\\ & d \end{array}\right)r,\quad r\in{\rm GL}_2(R_K) $$ and $\mu_i=|\cdot|^{s_i}$, $i=1$, $2$.
My question is that if a table of generators $v_0$ has been tabulated explicitly anywhere, in particular for the supersingular representations and in other cases in which $J\subseteq m_K^2$.


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Interview: Michele Bachmann on Faith, Family
Considered a Tea Party favorite, Rep. Michele Bachmann (R-Minn.) continues to garner positive reactions from conservative voters as she touts her pro-life stance and vows to repeal Obamacare.
The 55-year-old has yet to announce her candidacy for U.S. president but is expected to later this month.
Bachmann was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2006 and presently serves on the Financial Services Committee and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. She also chairs the House Tea Party Caucus. Before becoming a member of Congress, she served in the Minnesota State Senate. She is a graduate of Winona State University and Oral Roberts University.
In a brief interview with The Christian Post, Bachmann discussed two issues that are near and dear to her heart – faith and family. She is married to Dr. Marcus Bachmann, a clinical therapist, and is mother to Lucas, Harrison, Elisa, Caroline, and Sophia.
CP: I understand you converted to Christianity as a teenager. Can you share more about that experience?
Bachmann: I was born into a Christian family and brought up in a Lutheran church. My faith has been the center point of my life, really, since I was a child, but at 16 years of age, I fully surrendered my life over to Christ. At that point, as a teenager, I began to grasp the concept of Christ's true love and forgiveness.
CP: Are there any ministries, authors, or individuals who have contributed to your spiritual growth?
Bachmann: First of all, I would point to the teachings of Jesus Christ and to the Old and New Testaments. Furthermore, when my husband and I were in college we were influenced by Dr. Francis Schaeffer's "How Should We Then Live?" He was one of the greatest philosophers of the last century. I also enjoy listening to Ravi Zacharias.
CP: You've been a stay-at-home mom and a working mom – a high-profile one at that. How do you juggle your current schedule and your responsibilities as a wife and mother of five?
Bachmann: I have to give credit to my loving and supportive husband of nearly 33 years, Marcus, through whom God has blessed me. I knew before I married Marcus that he would make a wonderful father, and he is. For the most part, we make our decisions, together as a couple and as a family, through prayer. We've made life decisions, from going to school, to starting a business, and to raising children after thought and prayer.
CP: You and your husband, Marcus, were foster parents for years. Did your Christian faith play a role in making the decision to assume that responsibility?
Bachmann: Yes, most certainly. We have broken hearts for at-risk kids. We were juggling toddlers already at home, but we saw another couple at church who were foster parents and we asked ourselves whether we could open our home and our hearts to foster children as well.
We never set out to take in 23 children, but children continued to need homes, so we continued to open our home to them.
Many children in the foster care system are often in the midst of a family challenge. Marcus and I sought to assist families during difficult times. We aren't perfect people, nor are we a perfect family, but these children didn't expect us to be either. They needed a loving home and care, and we tried our best every single day.
CP: You must be a strong proponent of Christian higher education, given that your law degree is from the former Oral Roberts University O.W. Coburn law school. Why did you choose that institution?
Bachmann: I am very supportive of Christian education, and it was my husband who actually encouraged me, as we were discussing law school options, to choose a Christian institution, and I agreed.
CP: If you choose to not pursue the presidency, what would you think about a Sarah Palin attempt?
Bachmann: Governor Palin is a friend and I know if she runs she will bring a unique background to the field.


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Bottoms Up: Backstage at the Something Rotten! Tour with Rob McClure, Episode 4: Walking Tour!
February 21st, 2017 | By Broadway.com Staff
Join Rob McClure for a walking tour of St. Louis, hitting up some of the city's greatest spots like the Gateway Arch, City Museum, Busch Stadium and more!


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- Home
- Departments
- Public Works
- Stormwater Management
- Flood Management
Flood Management
Information on conserving the natural water quality in the City of Miramar and ways to reduce the chance of flooding in your neighborhood.
The National Flood Insurance Program's (NFIP) Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements. The City of Miramar takes part in the CRS.Goals
As a result, flood insurance premium rates are discounted to reflect the reduced flood risk resulting from the community actions meeting the 3 goals of the CRS:- Reduce flood damage to insurable properties
- Strengthen and support the insurance aspects of the NFIP
- Encourage a comprehensive approach to floodplain management
Determining the Risk
To identify a community's flood risk, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) conducts a Flood Insurance Study. The study includes statistical data for river flow, storm tides, hydrologic/hydraulic analyses, and rainfall and topographic surveys. FEMA uses this data to create the flood hazard maps that outline your community's different flood risk areas.Floodplains and areas subject to coastal storm surge are shown as high-risk areas for Special flood Hazard Areas (SFHA). Some parts of floodplains may experience frequent flooding while others are only affected by severe storms. However, areas directly outside of these high-risk areas may also find themselves at considerable risk.
Understanding Your Property Designation
FEMA produces flood maps. These digital flood maps provide an official flood designation for properties located within a community. To locate your property and identify your official flood designation, please view the flood maps.Additional Resources
Real Time Gauges
National Flood Insurance Program
Broward County Storm Surge – Evacuation Maps
Additional Documents
Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)


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- Home
- Government
- Boards & Commissions
- Construction Board of Appeals
Construction Board of Appeals
- 5:30 p.m.
- 2nd and 4th Thursday of the month
- Administration Building
Intermediate Room
4 Moore Road
Cape May Court House, NJ 08210
Board Members
- Michael J. Morano, Chairman
- Cornelius R. Byrne, Jr., Vice Chairman
- Dale M. Foster, Secretary
- William R. Callahan
- Chris Penza
- Raymond D. Poudrier, Alternate
- Robert Church, Alternate
- Daniel F. Speigel, Alternate
- Lauren F. Fogarty., Esquire, Assistant County Counsel
Hearing Process
Appeals to the Cape May County Construction Board of Appeals can be mailed or brought to:
Cape May County Construction Board of Appeals
c/o Department of Law DN 104
4 Moore Road
Cape May Court House, NJ 08210-1601
The appeal shall include the official order or notice from the enforcing agency, a written notice stating your intent to appeal, and a $100 filing fee made payable to the county of Cape May.
The Construction Board of Appeals will hear applications based upon the following procedure outlined in the New Jersey Administrative Code Title 5, Department of Community Affairs Chapter 23A, and the Construction Boards of Appeals Subchapter 2. Board Procedures.
5:23A-2.1 Hearing Applications
- A person who is aggrieved by any ruling, action, order or notice, order or decision of a local enforcing agency that enforces either the state Uniform Construction Code or the Uniform Fire Code, including, without limitation, any refusal to act upon an application, may file an application for a hearing with the secretary of the construction board of appeals having jurisdiction.
- Any such application shall be filed by the 15th day after receipt by the person of written notice of the ruling, action, order or notice complained of, or, in the case of inaction by a local enforcing agency, by the 15th day after the expiration of the period allowed for the action by the local enforcing agency.
- In cases arising under P.L. 1995, c.54, an applicant for approval who is aggrieved by any charge to an escrow account or a deposit by any municipal professional or consultant, or the cost of installation of improvements estimated by the municipal engineer, may file an appeal with the county construction board of appeals.
- Any such appeal shall be filed within 45 days from receipt of the informational copy of the professional's voucher or the notice from the municipal engineer, as the case may be; provided, however, that if the professional has not supplied an applicant with an informational copy of the voucher, any appeal shall be filed within 60 days of receipt of the municipal statement of activity against the deposit or escrow account.
- An applicant may file an appeal regarding an ongoing series of charges by a professional during a period not exceeding 6 months to demonstrate that they represent a pattern of excessive or inaccurate charges; such charges need not be appealed individually.
- The appeal shall be in writing and shall briefly set forth the appellant's position. It shall include the name and address of the applicant, the address of the building or site in question, the permit number (if applicable), and shall reference the specific provision(s) of a statute or rule upon which the applicant is relying and set forth the extent and nature of the applicant's reliance upon such provision(s). The applicant may append to the written application any data or information that he or she may deem appropriate.
- Upon receipt of a copy of the application for a hearing, the enforcing agency (or, in the case of an appeal under P.L. 1995, c.54, the municipality, approving authority and/or professional) shall provide the construction board of appeals with a copy of the full record of the application below, including a detailed explanation of the reasons for denial of the applicant's request.
- Simultaneously with the filing of any application for a hearing, the person filing the application shall provide a copy thereof to the local enforcing agency or, in the case of an appeal under P.L. 1995, c.54, to the municipality, the approving authority and any professional whose charge is the subject of the appeal. Proof of compliance with this requirement shall be filed with the board secretary. Such proof may be in the form of a certified mail receipt, a signed receipt for personal delivery or a sworn statement.
- The application shall be accompanied by a fee in the sum of $50, or such other fee not exceeding $100 as may be established by the county or municipal governing body having jurisdiction over the board or by interlocal agreement, as the case may be. An application shall not be considered complete unless accompanied by the fee; provided, however, that the fee shall be waived where the application is based upon the failure of an enforcing agency to act within a required time frame.


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Robert Henderson
World's Top Website Reviewer
Hello & welcome!
This website was created in 2010 for people who are searching online for a legitimate weight loss or diet program. Since it's start, this website has become the top place on the internet for you to research and find the best weight loss programs. This is the one place where you can find products that have been proven to work and you should feel confident to invest in yourself.
I've had my own personal struggles with my weight over the years. I've had success and a lot of frustration trying to find a program that would actually work for me as promised. I've learned a lot along the way.
If you want to find a quality diet and weight loss program on the internet you should always ask yourself two questions first; Which programs are scams? and Which program best suits me?
I am here to help you with both these questions. I want to make sure you don't get ripped off and that you choose the best diet and weight loss program.
My staff and I have researched and reviewed hundreds of the weight loss programs available on the internet today. You will find our reviews of our own products as well as other people's on this site. Every product you see reviewed here has been tested and proven to work by people all over the World.
You have just found the one place online you can trust to tell you the truth about finding a diet and weight loss program online that will actually work. Read through all of our reviews and decide which program is right for you, everything is rated Best to Worst so you can make an easy decision.
Please let me know how everything is going for you and if you find a winning program that's not listed here let me know so I can talk to you about it. And, I want to make sure you understand that the owner of this website does receive some compensation if and when you purchase a product featured on this site.
To Your Success,
Robert Henderson
In Shape Reviews
"Best Ways To Lose Weight And Get In Shape In 2024"
This website is the top Free guide online to help people decide which program will help them lose weight and get in shape. Every program we review is ranked by 7 different unique factors and the top 3 ranked products are listed below.We welcome you to submit a review of a product so we can add it to our list.
Our top 3 list is ranked by potential weight loss, customer support, and ease of use. View our top 3 list below:
The Fat Loss Factor
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'Catcher In The Rye' Author J.D. Salinger Dies At 91
The famously reclusive author J.D. Salinger has died at his New Hampshire home, his literary representative said in a statement. He was 91 years old.
Jerome David Salinger retreated to a New Hampshire farmhouse in 1953, a few years after he published the high-school classic The Catcher in the Rye. And there he stayed, for the next 50-plus years, scowling at photographers who dared snap his picture.
'I Refuse To Publish'
Salinger's published works include Nine Stories, a short-story collection, and Franny and Zooey, a novella about one of his favorite fictive subjects, the sensitive Glass family. His last published work was a short story that took up almost the whole New Yorker magazine in 1965 — though rumors have Salinger stashing reams of unpublished fiction in a vault.
Salinger rarely explained himself, though the interview requests never ceased. In 1980, reporter Betty Eppes sent her picture along with her request. She was granted one of the only interviews the author ever gave.
Heard On NPR
Neal Conan Leads A Discussion Of Salinger's Life On 'Talk Of The Nation'
"He said, 'I refuse to publish,'" she told NPR in 1997. "'There's a marvelous peace in not publishing,' he said. 'There's a stillness. When you publish, the world thinks you owe something. If you don't publish, they don't know what you're doing. You can keep it for yourself.'"
Catastrophe In The Background
Salinger came from a Jewish-Scots-Irish New York family who imported meat. In the 1930s, he worked briefly as a cruise-ship entertainer. Then came World War II.
"He was a writer formed by the 1940s," says Andrew Delbanco, director of American Studies at Columbia University. "He participated in D-Day and in the Battle of the Bulge. There's a sense to my ear in The Catcher in the Rye and stories [of his] that catastrophe lies in the background of everything he feels and writes."
Related NPR Stories
One of his most popular stories, "For Esme — With Love and Squalor," deals with a soldier on leave who finds solace in a conversation with a 13-year-old English girl. Many of Salinger's shell-shocked heroes click best with children, an allegation that was thrown the author's way as well.
Salinger "celebrates their innocence and beauty in a way that to our sensibility is almost unnerving," says Delbanco. Another favorite, "A Perfect Day for Bananafish," is about a troubled honeymooner who plays with a little girl in the ocean before killing himself. The protagonist of "Bananafish" is Seymour Glass, the Glass sibling featured most often in Salinger's stories about that peculiar family. Published stories about the Glasses had already established Salinger as a minor literary star by the time he published The Catcher in the Rye in 1951.
Thoughts On J.D. Salinger
"Salinger transformed the short story in America. He gave it a kind of internal music it hadn't had. And it's possible to make the case that no writer sounded more original."
Sam Tanenhaus, editor of The New York Times Book Review, on Talk of the Nation
'Holden's Indignation ... Struck A Nerve'
The Catcher in the Rye, starring the disaffected adolescent Holden Caulfield, was an instant success, though it puzzled some reviewers. Long before it became a staple in American high schools — and ever since — screenwriters, novelists and actors begged for the rights to adapt it. Salinger seemed appalled by the attention and withdrew to New Hampshire shortly after its publication. He steadfastly refused to sell the rights to anything he ever wrote.
But the book's popularity soared out of sight as counterculture became mainstream culture in the 1960s, according to Delbanco.
"Holden's indignation, his sense of the world, really struck a nerve," he explains. "Everybody carries with them the impulse to say no. [It's] the dissident impulse that is powerful in American culture and literature."
Delbanco traces that impulse from America's first immigrants through Emerson and Thoreau to the Beat writers who were Salinger's contemporaries. He says Salinger empathized with young people as outsiders, and romanticized their straightforward, "non-phoney" impulses.
The title of the book comes from the protagonist's dream to keep everyone from growing up — to preserve the childhood grace Salinger idolized and resist falling headlong into adulthood:
I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in a big field of rye and all. ... Thousands of kids, and nobody big at all, nobody big but me. And I'm standing on the edge of this crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to come and catch them. If they start to fall ... and don't look where they're going. That's all I'd do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all.
The Catcher in the Rye inspired censors, assassins and innumerable ordinary readers, who found in Salinger's hopeful yet disillusioned heroes an uncompromising kindred spirit.