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Hylomorphism (or hylemorphism) is a philosophical theory developed by Aristotle, which conceives being (ousia) as a compound of matter and form. The word is a 19th-century term formed from the Greek words ὕλη hyle, "wood, matter", and μορφή, morphē, "form".
Matter and form
Aristotle defines X's matter as "that out of which" X is made.[1] For example, letters are the matter of syllables.[2] Thus, "matter" is a relative term:[3] an object counts as matter relative to something else. For example, clay is matter relative to a brick because a brick is made of clay, whereas bricks are matter relative to a brick house.
Change is analyzed as a material transformation: matter is what undergoes a change of form.[4] For example, consider a lump of bronze that's shaped into a statue. Bronze is the matter, and this matter loses one form (morphe) (that of a lump) and gains a new form (that of a statue).[5][6]
According to Aristotle's theory of perception, we perceive an object by receiving its form (eidos) with our sense organs.[7] Thus, forms include complex qualia such as colors, textures, and flavors, not just shapes.[8]
Substantial form, accidental form, and prime matter
Medieval philosophers who used Aristotelian concepts frequently distinguished between substantial forms and accidental forms. A substance necessarily possesses at least one substantial form. It may also possess a variety of accidental forms. For Aristotle, a "substance" (ousia) is an individual thing—for example, an individual man or an individual horse.[9] The substantial form of substance S consists of S's essential properties,[10] the properties that S's matter needs in order to be the kind of substance that S is.[11] In contrast, S's accidental forms are S's non-essential properties,[12] properties that S can lose or gain without changing into a different kind of substance.[13]
In some cases, a substance's matter will itself be a substance. If substance A is made out of substance B, then substance B is the matter of substance A. However, what is the matter of a substance that is not made out of any other substance? According to Aristotelians, such a substance has only "prime matter" as its matter. Prime matter is matter with no substantial form of its own.[14] Thus, it can change into various kinds of substances without remaining any kind of substance all the time.[15]
Body–soul hylomorphism
Basic theory
Aristotle applies his theory of hylomorphism to living things. He defines a soul as that which makes a living thing alive.[16] Life is a property of living things, just as knowledge and health are.[17] Therefore, a soul is a form—that is, a specifying principle or cause—of a living thing.[18] Furthermore, Aristotle says that a soul is related to its body as form to matter.[19]
Hence, Aristotle argues, there is no problem in explaining the unity of body and soul, just as there is no problem in explaining the unity of wax and its shape.[20] Just as a wax object consists of wax with a certain shape, so a living organism consists of a body with the property of life, which is its soul. On the basis of his hylomorphic theory, Aristotle rejects the Pythagorean doctrine of metempsychosis, ridiculing the notion that just any soul could inhabit just any body.[21]
According to Timothy Robinson, it is unclear whether Aristotle identifies the soul with the body's structure.[22] According to one interpretation of Aristotle, a properly organized body is already alive simply by virtue of its structure.[23] However, according to another interpretation, the property of life—that is, the soul—is something in addition to the body's structure. Robinson uses the analogy of a car to explain this second interpretation. A running car is running not only because of its structure but also because of the activity in its engine.[24] Likewise, according to this second interpretation, a living body is alive not only because of its structure but also because of an additional property: the soul, which a properly organized body needs in order to be alive.[25] John Vella uses Frankenstein's monster to illustrate the second interpretation:[26] the corpse lying on Frankenstein's table is already a fully organized human body, but it is not yet alive; when Frankenstein activates his machine, the corpse gains a new property, the property of life, which Aristotle would call the soul.
Living bodies
Some scholars have pointed out a problem facing Aristotle's theory of soul-body hylomorphism.[27] According to Aristotle, a living thing's matter is its body, which needs a soul in order to be alive. Similarly, a bronze sphere's matter is bronze, which needs roundness in order to be a sphere. Now, bronze remains the same bronze after ceasing to be a sphere. Therefore, it seems that a body should remain the same body after death.[28] However, Aristotle implies that a body is no longer the same body after death.[29] Moreover, Aristotle says that a body that has lost its soul is no longer potentially alive.[30] But if a living thing's matter is its body, then that body should be potentially alive by definition.
One approach to resolving this problem[31] relies on the fact that a living body is constantly replacing old matter with new. A five-year-old body consists of different matter than does the same person's seventy-year-old body. If the five-year-old body and the seventy-year-old body consist of different matter, then what makes them the same body? The answer is presumably the soul. Because the five-year-old and the seventy-year-old bodies share a soul—that is, the person's life—we can identify them both as the body. Apart from the soul, we cannot identify what collection of matter is the body. Therefore, a person's body is no longer that person's body after it dies.
Another approach to resolving the problem[32] relies on a distinction between "proximate" and "non-proximate" matter. When Aristotle says that the body is matter for a living thing, he may be using the word "body" to refer to the matter that makes up the fully organized body, rather than the fully organized body itself. Unlike the fully organized body, this "body" remains the same thing even after death. In contrast, when he says that the body is no longer the same after its death, he is using the word "body" to refer to the fully organized body.
Aristotle says that the intellect (nous), the ability to think, has no bodily organ (in contrast with other psychological abilities, such as sense-perception and imagination).[33] Aristotle distinguishes between two types of intellect.[34] These are traditionally called the "passive intellect" and the "active (or agent) intellect".[35] He says that the "active (or agent) intellect" is not mixed with the body[36] and suggests that it can exist apart from it.[37] In his Metaphysics book Xll, he equates the active nous with the unmoved mover, of the universe, the cosmic nous, which is an idea already present in the texts of Plato.
The passive nous is like clay; it can become anything and is subject to change. The function of the active nous is to give form to the passive nous. Aristotle opposed Plato's idea that the soul carries memories of previous lives with it and attributed the faculty of memory to the passive nous, which, by the virtue of being subject to change, can die.
According to one interpretation, a person's ability to think (unlike his other psychological abilities) belongs to some incorporeal organ distinct from his body.[38] This would amount to a form of dualism.[39] However, according to some scholars, it would not be a full-fledged Cartesian dualism.[40] This interpretation creates what Robert Pasnau has called the "mind-soul problem": if the intellect belongs to an entity distinct from the body, and the soul is the form of the body, then how is the intellect part of the soul?[41]
Another interpretation rests on the distinction between the passive intellect and the agent intellect. According to this interpretation, the passive intellect is a property of the body, while the agent intellect is a substance distinct from the body.[42][43] Some proponents of this interpretation think that each person has his own agent intellect, which presumably separates from the body at death.[44][45] Others interpret the agent intellect as a single divine being, perhaps the unmoved mover, Aristotle's God.[46][47]
A third interpretation[48] relies on the theory that an individual form is capable of having properties of its own.[49] According to this interpretation, the soul is a property of the body, but the ability to think is a property of the soul itself, not of the body. If that is the case, then the soul is the body's form and yet thinking need not involve any bodily organ.[50]
Universal hylomorphism
The Neoplatonic philosopher Avicebron (a.k.a.Solomon Ibn Gabirol) proposed a Neoplatonic version of this Aristotelian concept, according to which all things, including soul and intellect, are composed of matter and form.[51]
Medieval modifications
Medieval theologians, newly exposed to Aristotle's philosophy, applied hylomorphism to Christian doctrines such as the transubstantiation of the Eucharist's bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus. Theologians such as Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas developed Christian applications of hylomorphism.
Plurality vs. unity of substantial form
Many medieval theologians and philosophers followed Aristotle in seeing a living being's soul as that being's form—specifically, its substantial form. However, they disagreed about whether X's soul is X's only substantial form. Some medieval thinkers argued that X's soul is X's only substantial form, responsible for all of the features of X's body.[52] In contrast, other medieval thinkers argued that a living being contains at least two substantial forms—(1) the shape and structure of its body, and (2) its soul, which makes its body alive.[53]
Thomistic hylomorphism
Thomas Aquinas claimed that X's soul was X's only substantial form, although X also had numerous accidental forms that accounted for X's nonessential features.[54] Aquinas defined a substantial form as that which makes X's matter constitute X, which in the case of a human being is rational capacity.[55] He attributed all other features of a human being to accidental forms.[56] However, Aquinas did not claim that the soul was identical to the person.[57] He held that a proper human being is a composite of form and matter, specifically prime matter. Form and matter taken separately may retain some of the attributes of a human being but are nonetheless not identical to that person.[58] So a dead body is not actually or potentially a human being.[59]
Eleonore Stump describes Aquinas' theory of the soul in terms of "configuration". The body is matter that is "configured", i.e. structured, while the soul is a "configured configurer". In other words, the soul is itself a configured thing, but it also configures the body.[60] A dead body is merely matter that was once configured by the soul. It does not possess the configuring capacity of a human being.
Aquinas believed that rational capacity was a property of the soul alone, not of any bodily organ.[61] However, he did believe that the brain had some basic cognitive function.[62] Aquinas' attribution of rational capacity to the soul allowed him to claim that disembodied souls could retain their rational capacity, although he was adamant that such a state was unnatural.[63]
Teleology and ethics
Aristotle holds a teleological worldview: he sees the universe as inherently purposeful. Basically, Aristotle claims that potentiality exists for the sake of actuality.[64] Thus, matter exists for the sake of receiving its form,[65] and an organism has sight for the sake of seeing.[66] Now, each thing has certain potentialities as a result of its form. Because of its form, a snake has the potential to slither; we can say that the snake ought to slither. The more a thing achieves its potential, the more it succeeds in achieving its purpose.
Aristotle bases his ethical theory on this teleological worldview. Because of his form, a human being has certain abilities. Hence, his purpose in life is to exercise those abilities as well and as fully as possible.[67] Now, the most characteristic human ability, which is not included in the form of any other organism, is the ability to think.[68] Therefore, the best human life is a life lived rationally.[69] …..
Modern physics
The idea of hylomorphism can be said to have been reintroduced to the world when Werner Heisenberg invented his duplex world of quantum mechanics. In his 1958 text Physics and Philosophy, Heisenberg states:
In the experiments about atomic events we have to do with things and facts, with phenomena that are just as real as any phenomena in daily life. But atoms and the elementary particles themselves are not as real; they form a world of potentialities or possibilities rather than one of things or facts … The probability wave … mean[s] tendency for something. It's a quantitative version of the old concept of potentia from Aristotle's philosophy. It introduces something standing in the middle between the idea of an event and the actual event, a strange kind of physical reality just in the middle between possibility and reality.[70]
A hylomorphic interpretation of Bohmian mechanics has been suggested, in which the cosmos is a single substance that is composed of both material particles and a substantial form


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Truth or myth? Ancient lost civilization or just an old pony's tale?
No pony has ever seen one, and most haven't even heard of them. But Lyra knows that these wonderful creatures are more than just old legends, and she's going to find out... and possibly drive her roommate insane in the process.

subset: commoncrawl


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Spanish-speaking Caregiver's Retreat
In the early part of last month, FCA hosted a special retreat in San Francisco's historical Stern Grove for Spanish-speaking caregivers. Typically, FCA's retreats are in English, but we wanted to plan a special day for our caregiver clients that only speak Spanish.
We started the day with a segment on managing caregiver stress that was led by Elaine Williams, a holistic health and fitness coach. After that we had Barbara Moran lead a chair yoga segment with the caregivers. Barbara is committed to making these techniques for controlling stress more accessible for the Spanish-speaking community in the Bay Area. The closing segment was led by Sonia Cajade Frias, a Spanish Anthropologist and Social Artist at UC Berkeley, who guided the caregivers through a collage activity.
The caregivers were so grateful to connect with other Spanish-speaking caregivers in the community and to have a chance to take a day for them. Throughout the retreat we learned of their personal caregiving journeys and how many of them had not been able to go out like this in a while. As the Education Coordinator at FCA, this retreat was a pleasure to plan and especially to see how meaningful it was for the caregivers who attended. To view the photos from this event, please visit one of our Pinterest boards, FCA Staff Photos and Caregiving Events.
AJ Dugay
Education Coordinator, FCA


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A modified claim of wrongful termination; instead of firing the employee, the employer wrongfully made working conditions so intolerable that the employee was forced to resign.
Working conditions might become intolerable through insults, humiliation, demotion, or other forms of improper discrimination against the employee. As in wrongful termination, the employer must violate the employment contract or public law by targeting the employee.


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My dear husband is third generation Italian, but has never been to Italy!
Until now!! Tomorrow morning we fly out to NYC, then after a short wait, fly to Milan, Italy!! Woo hoo!!
(all images from Google)
We've been waiting for this trip for forever…
I could never get enough time off from work to go, until I retired last July!!
My younger son, Anthony, and his wife Leah, will be taking care of Yogi for us at their apartment, while we are gone!! He will love that!!
I will try to post a time or two while we're gone, whenever the hotels we are staying in have free Wifi, via my iPhone!!
So, be patient and I'll be back in a few weeks!! Ciao for now!!


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Authorities believe the death of an American tourist on a lake on the Texas-Mexico border may be a case of mistaken identity in a turf battle between rival drug cartels, a sheriff confirmed Thursday.
"It wouldn't be unheard of for cartels to do this and it's the way cartels work," said Zapata County Sheriff Sigifredo Gonzalez, who is heading the investigation on the U.S. side.
David Hartley vanished on Sept. 30 while jet skiing with his wife on Falcon Lake.
Tiffany Hartley said they were chased across the lake by men in speedboats as they returned from a trip to photograph a Mexican church. Neither David Hartley's body nor the Jet Ski has been recovered.
Hartley, of McAllen, Texas, is believed to have been shot by Zetas cartel enforcers because he was mistaken for an operative of the rival Gulf cartel, according to an independent intelligence report.
"The truck Hartley and his wife used to put their Jet Skis in the water at the lake had Tamaulipas state plates, and the Hartleys drove the Jet Skis to the Old Guerrero area of the lake, a known battleground in the ongoing war the Los Zetas and Gulf cartels," according to STRATFOR, a Texas-based think tank on intelligence and international issues.
"Given the couple's license plate and method and direction of travel, it is possible that Zetas scouts identified them as a Gulf cartel surveillance team," STRATFOR said in its report.
"A damage control campaign is currently under way, led by Los Zetas No. 2, Miguel 'Z-40' Trevino Morales, to identify and eliminate those who engaged the Hartleys without proper authorization," according to the report.
It said Hartley's body had been destroyed as part of that effort.
The war between the Zetas and Gulf cartels erupted earlier this year over a fatal shooting and has spread through the Tamaulipas border region, Gonzalez said.
On Tuesday, the beheading of Rolando Armando Flores Villegas, the lead Mexican investigator in the Hartley case, was a chilling reminder of the cartel's brutal intimidation tactics.
Texas officials have long warned boaters and fisherman that pirates frequent the Mexican side of the lake, a 30-mile by 3-mile dammed section of the Rio Grande, Gonzalez said.
"The cartels do not normally target American citizens not involved in the narcotics trade, but cases of mistaken identity have occurred in the past," STRATFOR said.
Nonetheless, the lake can be treacherous, Gonzalez said.
"Anyone going into the area is going to get stopped and checked by the cartels," he said. "They have machine guns. They will pull you aside, grab you, put you on their boat face down, and with their knees into your back and a machine gun into your head, they will ask you who you are."
Gonzalez said the Hartleys tried to flee after they were stopped "and the shooting started. One unlucky shot hit in the man in the head."
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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Support |
Actually it becomes incumbent upon people who take on the "anti-war" mantle
to accurately identify their political affiliation(s) so that the public -
the people they're trying to win over to their argument - will know what the
agenda really is. Of course quite a few so-called "anti-war" types are
quite often something more - "anti-democracy", or "anti-capitalism",
"leftist", "socialist", communist", or plain old "anti-Republican". Funny
how this is rarely done. What do such folks have to hide, and why? Is it
because their actual agenda is known to turn off people who would otherwise
be hoodwinked effectively into supporting something which, if they really
thought about it, may be repugnant to them? I've found a disturbing
tendency on the part of protest movements in the past 15 years or so to be
less concerned with whether they're VIEWED as "right" than whether they're
actually "right" or not. For me Political Correctness (spawned during a
particular non-Republican's term) is nothing more than the outgrowth of
someone else's inane need to oppress others through imitation
intellectualism and cooked numbers. Individuals of all kinds and colors
tend to rebel against this when they know what it actually is, which is most
likely why some items are often blurred a bit or put under a banner
presenting something "more palatable" and therefore easier to SELL.
Alas, honesty is still the best policy, and not just for "someone else". I
suppose I'm some kind of "bigot" for expressing this opinion. Beware
however - expressing an individual opinion is usually averse to the
interests of the Left, or for that matter cults like Scientology.
I was asked to play a London event in 2002 that was initially described to
me as a "gathering of like-minded people", then it was said to me that it
was "in the interest of peace", and finally described to me as an "anti-Bush
rally". I persist in the belief that politics should be peoples' own
business, and I don't care for GroupThink either. If this makes me a
conservative, then I guess I'm one of those, but not in all manners. I also
make it a point not to adhere to stereotypes, or other pre-constructed
expectations. I suppose doing so could make me a "contrarian", or perhaps
just a non-conformist. I prefer the latter.
It's a good thing that in San Francisco (and the rest of the United States
of America) you can't be imprisoned without trial and put to death just for
expressing an opinion that opposes some Ayatollah's Fundamentalist Regime.
No, Pat Robertson doesn't even come close.
Stephen Goodman
* Cartoons about DVDs and Stuff
* http://www.earthlight.net/HiddenTrack
* http://www.medialinenews.com
----- Original Message -----
From: "Jeff Shirkey"
Sent: Friday, 09 September, 2005 06:05 AM
Subject: Re: BEATS NOT BOMBS in San Francisco
> On Sep 9, 2005, at 12:03 AM, Larry wrote:
>> You're dead-on, Matthew: this anti-war stuff is the typical, knee-jerk
>> response of far-left-wing America-haters.
> And thanks for your own knee-jerk response that does nothing more than
> stereotype all anti-war sentiments as the "knee jerk responses of
> far-left-wing America-haters." Yep, I'm glad you took the time to think
> that one through. Personally, I prefer the anti-war sentiments to the
> pro-war ones. Call me "crazy"--or "left-wing," or "anti- American,"
> or...(fill in the blank with your preferred stereotype of the moment).
> Jeff
Do You Yahoo!?
Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around


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Our other party activities were a backwards relay race; goose, goose, duck; pin the donkey on the tail (where the one furthest away is the winner). We made name tag keychains out of shrinky dinks, where the names were written backwards. The girls loved watching them shrink in the oven! And since they're see-through, the name was printed correctly on the other side!
The we enjoyed upside down cake, and ice cream with the cones on the top, plus soda pop with a straw stuck in the bottom of the can...all under the table! The whole party was fun and easy!


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Version 0.8.7 has the following improvements:
- Dialogs for making report tables and for configuring statistical tests now have close buttons in bottom right like elsewhere. Plus other minor UI improvements.
- Important bug fixes for PostgreSQL and MS Access and MS SQL Server.
Bug fixes:
- Made it unnecessary to run makepy to access the ADO constants for data type. Will enable users to connect to MS Access and MS SQL Server databases successfully.
- A few minor fixes for postgresql problems when editing data (added some extra commits). Also fixed postgresql module bugs around numeric types lacking decimals.
- Corrected code for getting min and max values for numeric variables in PostgreSQL.
- Opening a project file copes with any particular database engine being missing.


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The Jacksonville Jaguars officially wrap up training camp this week. The stalemate between Maurice Jones-Drew and the team shows no signs of ending.
How quiet are things between the Jaguars and their best player? MJD's agent is on vacation this week, according to the Florida Times-Union.
We sense an angry agent email coming, so it's worth noting that said agent could end the vacation if something came up. The point is that no one expects any movement in this holdout anytime soon.
We'd be surprised if Jones-Drew misses any regular season games because that's when he starts losing big money, but he's going to make the Jaguars wait like Chris Johnson made the Titans wait last year. That didn't work out too well.
Jaguars coach Mike Mularkey, meanwhile, sent Jones-Drew a warning.
"There's no exercises and nothing you can do to simulate an NFL practice and an NFL game. We'll just see where he is when he's back both mentally and physically," Mularkey said. "I think it would be a disservice to put him in if he was not fully prepared. It would be a health risk to do that."
Translation: Rashad Jennings has looked pretty good. We watched the Jaguars preseason opener and Jennings just looks like a starting tailback. He's not a special talent like Jones-Drew, but he's earned a bigger role on Jacksonville's offense even when Jones-Drew returns.
Follow Gregg Rosenthal on Twitter @greggrosenthal.


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CAILLY, FRANÇOIS-JOSEPH, officer in the Swiss Régiment de Karrer; baptized 16 Sept. 1700 in Sainte-Croix-en-Plaine (dept. of Haut-Rhin), France, son of Jean-Christophore Cailly and Marie-Salomé Duvallier; m. Anne-Marie Volant, niece of Colonel Louis-Ignaz Karrer, by whom he had five children; d. sometime after 1762.
François-Joseph Cailly joined the Karrer as a cadet in 1719 when the regiment was formed. An ensign in 1723, he was sent to Martinique; three years later he was promoted captain-lieutenant (the equivalent of captain in the colonial regulars) and given command of the half-company stationed in Saint-Domingue (Hispaniola). In 1730 he was involved in a quarrel there which resulted in the death of a fellow officer. Acquitted of murder, Cailly was sent to command the 100 Swiss in garrison at Louisbourg, Île Royale (Cape Breton Island), despite the protests of the governor, Saint-Ovide [Monbeton], who was a cousin of the dead officer. Cailly arrived in Louisbourg on 2 Sept. 1732.
Almost immediately Cailly clashed with Saint-Ovide; the issue was the drum roll to be used when the Swiss were on guard duty. As foreigners in the king's service, the Swiss were allowed to maintain many of their own customs and on this occasion Saint-Ovide was censured for trying to impose French procedure on them. During his stay in Louisbourg Cailly was assiduous in claiming all the rights and prerogatives of the Swiss, a policy which was to cause him many difficulties. For the rest of Saint-Ovide's period of command, however, there were no open conflicts, and before the governor left in 1738 he wrote a letter of recommendation for the Swiss commander. In the meantime Cailly had consolidated his personal position at Louisbourg. He had acquired two properties, one of which he rented to the crown as an officer's residence, and following the practice of most company commanders he established a canteen for his men from which he was said to make a considerable profit.
Soon after the arrival in 1740 of the new commandant, Jean-Baptiste-Louis Le Prévost Duquesnel, Cailly felt he had to assert his own authority. He was determined to maintain his position with his troops and objected when they carried complaints to the civil authorities. In October 1741 he refused to allow his soldiers to assemble, in spite of a direct order from Duquesnel, and incriminated himself by writing out his refusal. Duquesnel sent a strong letter to Maurepas, the minister of Marine, enclosing a copy of Cailly's note; he listed a number of instances in which the Swiss commander had exceeded his authority and hinted at a spirit of revolt in these actions. Faced with this obvious case of disobedience, Maurepas had little choice. He informed Colonel Karrer that he had taken the matter up with the king and ordered Cailly's retirement as of 1 Jan. 1742. Cailly left Louisbourg late in 1741. In 1742, in response to a plea from Mme Cailly, who remained in Louisbourg until the summer, Duquesnel requested that his former antagonist be reinstated. Cailly was allowed to re-enter the service in 1743 but was not permitted to return to Louisbourg. He took up duties in Rochefort, and for a time was acting commander of the regiment after Karrer's death in 1751. In that year he was awarded the cross of Saint-Louis; four years later he was promoted lieutenant-colonel. He was still active in 1762 but nothing is known of him after the regiment was disbanded in 1763.
Cailly seems not to have been an exceptional commander. His vigorous defence of Swiss rights at Louisbourg was carried to the extreme and by his opposition to Duquesnel he set an example of disobedience for his men, who mutinied against the French officials in 1744.
AD, Haut-Rhin (Colmar), État civil, Sainte-Croix-en-Plaine, 16 sept. 1700. AN, Col., B, 56, f.178; 57, ff.768v–69; 59, ff.533–34; 74, ff.557–57v; 75, f.243; 76, ff.50–51v; 90, f.266; 94, f.56; C11B, 12, ff.44–44v, 263–68; 13, ff.55–56; 23, ff.60–64, 82–83; 24, ff.47–47v, 49–50; C11C, 11, f.144; Marine, C7, 50 (dossier Cailly); Section Outre-Mer, G1, 406. SHA, Xi, cartons 31–33. Louisbourg in 1745 (Wrong).
© 1974–2024 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
Blaine Adams, "CAILLY, FRANÇOIS-JOSEPH," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 3, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed February 28, 2024, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cailly_francois_joseph_3E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
Permalink: | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cailly_francois_joseph_3E.html |
Author of Article: | Blaine Adams |
Title of Article: | CAILLY, FRANÇOIS-JOSEPH |
Publication Name: | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 3 |
Publisher: | University of Toronto/Université Laval |
Year of publication: | 1974 |
Year of revision: | 1974 |
Access Date: | February 28, 2024 |


text:
Rogner: the perfect place to make good decisions.
It is the most famous and sophisticated address in town and the first hotel in Albania to be built according to international standards, located directly on Dëshmorët e Kombit Boulevard, in the heart of Tirana. Our hospitality and service, the comfort and security make the hotel the meeting place of the economical, diplomatic and cultural elite of Albania. The seat of the Parliament, the President's Office, the Prime Minister's Office and many diplomatic embassies are within walking distance. Our famous Mediterranean garden with 30.000 square meters unrivalled within Albania is an oasis of tranquillity and recreation in the centre of bustling Tirana.
Whether for business or pleasure: you have come to the right place – welcome!


text:
"I know that I'm worthy to be there and that I can hang with anyone, and it's a different mindset coming in – I know that this is my fight now." - Phil Harris
Before there was Michael Bisping, there was Phil Harris. Before Dan Hardy introduced "The Outlaw" to UFC fans both at home and abroad, Phil Harris was plying his trade in an England that wasn't exactly ready for mixed martial arts.
"No one really took much interest in it," said Portsmouth's Harris, a pro since 2003. "People just thought you were fighting and that it wasn't really a sport. It wasn't until a few years later when I already had 10-12 fights that people started recognizing it and knowing it wasn't a thug's game, but a proper sport."
By the time that 12th fight rolled around, the UFC explosion that was kick started by the first season of The Ultimate Fighter was going on, and Harris was building a name for himself on the local circuit, submitting opponents left and right. He even opted to take on a young Brazilian that was rolling through town named Jose Aldo in September of 2005.
"He came over with some guys, I think to corner someone or to do some jiu-jitsu seminars," recalled Harris. "I thought I've won five in a row and he's won five in a row – let's make the fight. So we made the fight."
Admitting with a chuckle that "It was pretty hard to research people back then," Harris was stopped in the first round by the man that would go on to rule the featherweight division in both the WEC and the UFC. It was a run of success the Brit knew was inevitable for Aldo.
"As soon as that fight happened, I said this guy's going places," said Harris. "He's going to be a world champion. And before I knew it he's in the WEC and killing people there, and then he made his way to the UFC and he's the champion at featherweight."
Harris' road to the Octagon would take a little longer. As Bisping won season three of TUF and subsequently reintroduced the UFC to England beginning with UFC 70 in Manchester, the door was opening for a new generation of British fighters into the organization. Hardy, Ross Pearson, and Terry Etim were the new breed. And though Harris built his resume and his record, he had one problem.
He was too small.
The featherweight division wouldn't arrive in the UFC until late-2010, and even then, Harris was giving up sizable advantages physically. Bantamweight wasn't even the right fit, as he was a natural flyweight, and it left him in a quandary, one he solved by a simple decision to be patient.
"I didn't want to take fights at bantamweight; I only wanted to fight at flyweight, and it was hard. The flyweight division wasn't even in the UFC and no one really wanted to fight at flyweight because there was nothing in it for them. But I was just a believer. I wanted to fight at my own weight, and I was happy to just train and wait for the fights to come, and not take fights at a heavier weight. My coaches and I just said 'let's just wait and the fights will come.'"
A five fight winning streak was interrupted after three wins by a near two-year break as he waited for the opportunity to fight at his optimal weight. In 2012, with the UFC now bringing the 125-pounders in, he got his chance.
"I had signed to Cage Warriors, a big show in England and Europe," said Harris. "My manager said 'get a few wins in Cage Warriors against good level opponents, and I will get you to the UFC.' I fought two guys (Remi Morvan and Casey Dyer) won both fights, and that night I was in the bar, having a drink celebrating. We were talking about what's next, and my manager said you won't be fighting for Cage Warriors again. Your next fight will be in the UFC. And a month later he phones me up and says 'you're in, do you want to sign?'"
Harris signed, and by October he was in Minnesota, making his Octagon debut against Darren Uyenoyama. Yet what was expected to be a nip and tuck ground battle turned into a second round submission win for Uyenoyama. For Harris, who fell to 21-10 with 1 NC in his first loss since 2007, it was a harsh debut, but one that he has put to the side as he prepares for a date with Ulysses Gomez this Saturday in London.
"I sort of underestimated myself and overestimated my opponent," he said of the Uyenoyama fight. "Obviously he beat me and he's amazing, but I thought he was better than he was and I wasn't as good as I was. Even though you try to block it out, it sort of plays on your mind like 'oh, he already has a win in the UFC, and he's beaten one of the stars from Japan (Kid Yamamoto).' Now, I know that I'm worthy to be there and that I can hang with anyone, and it's a different mindset coming in – I know that this is my fight now. And now that loss is out of the way, I'm not gonna worry about anything. I can go and fight how I fight best now."
It's a moment the 29-year-old can't wait for. Not only is he getting a second UFC bout, he gets to do it at home in England for the first time in nearly three years. Most importantly, it's another chance to fight.
"I was in judo at the age of six and seven, and I've always competed, whether it was judo or boxing, and then I turned to MMA," said Harris. "I love the competing side of it, and whether I'm doing it for a hundred pounds or a hundred thousand pounds, I'll still be doing it. I just love the competition side of it, being one-on-one in front of someone."
Jamahal Hill Talks UFC 300 Main Event
Hall Of Fame


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On a sunny Saturday afternoon in early March, the cafes surrounding Manger Square in Bethlehem are doing a brisk business. A waiter greets passersby in French, then Russian and German. Switching to English he offers a grin and a thumbs up. "Obama!" is all he needs to say. The American president's visit may be controversial in some places, but here in Bethlehem it has helped encourage tourism, the lifeblood of the city.
On Saturdays tourists often take day trips to Bethlehem from nearby Jerusalem, where the Jewish Sabbath is strictly observed, closing shops, restaurants, theaters, and public transportation. A taxi from East Jerusalem brings visitors to Bethlehem in twenty minutes, even with a brief stop at the checkpoint.
Like President Obama, most tourists come to see the Church of the Nativity, the site where many believe Jesus was born. But others come to visit the quaint city, no longer a "little town" but still a charming place where residents enthusiastically welcome foreign visitors. Stores sell Christmas ornaments, olive wood crosses and creches year round, and cafes offer international fare as well as "authentic Palestinian dishes," Arab coffee and hookahs.
While the majority of the population is now Muslim, the Palestinian Authority protects Bethlehem's Christian identity. The mayor must be Christian–Vera Baboun, a former English professor, was elected last year as the first woman mayor–and Palestinian police guard the Christian sites. Last year the Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route were awarded UNESCO world heritage designation after the PLO applied for the status.
Christianity is good for business in Bethlehem, a fact not lost on most store, café and hotel owners who are still recovering from the bleak years during and immediately following the Second Intifada, when fear of violence kept most tourists away. Now business is picking up and Mayor Baboun came to Washington last month to promote the Bethlehem Development Initiative (BDI), a multi-million dollar plan to revitalize the city.
The Christian character of the city is not only historic. While Orthodox traditions and institutions date back centuries and Orthodox priests still lead the very visible religious festivals, Catholics and various Protestant denominations are also strong. Perhaps most surprising is the strength of the relatively recent evangelical and conservative mainline Christian institutions in Bethlehem. Careful to use the term to describe their theology, not an overt tendency to seek converts, evangelicals are known in Bethlehem for attracting new international visitors, donors and investors.
Bethlehem Bible College (BBC), established in 1979, has gained an international reputation for training ministers, theologians and lay Christian leaders. Openly evangelical (the school affirms the statement of faith of the National Association of Evangelicals) the school gained attention in recent years for organizing the bi-annual "Christ at the Checkpoint" conference, which attracts well-known evangelicals from the U.S. to both speak and attend.
The International Center of Bethlehem (also known as Diyar) is on the campus of the Evangelical Lutheran Christmas Church and includes a guesthouse, conference center, restaurant, and gift shop. Closely affiliated are the Dar al-Kalima schools, a K-12 program re-established in 2000 (after it's original founding in 1860) and a two-year college founded in 2006. Rev. Mitri Raheb, pastor of the Christmas Church, keynoted a breakfast meeting last month associated with the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington, and helps encourage churches to support the BDI.
Although the Holy Land Trust is not a religious institution, founder Sami Awad has become a popular figure among American evangelicals who are attracted to his message of pacifism and his training for "peacemaking." Born and raised in Bethlehem (his father founded BBC) Awad was profiled in "Little Town of Bethlehem" a film shown in hundreds of U.S. churches and has been part of a speaking tour sponsored by World Vision.
An unlikely tourist attraction in Bethlehem is the concrete wall that rises 26 feet above parts of the city, separating the West Bank from Israel and providing a canvas for everyone from the famous graffiti artist, Banksy, to tourists who write their own sentiments in a variety of languages. On any given day, tourists line up to have photos taken in front of the concrete billboard. A group of students from evangelical Wheaton College Wheaton College(IL) spent days painting a 20 foot long message, "Love Wins" along part of the wall.
While President Obama's visit will be brief, to the ancient city of Bethlehem it is just more evidence of renewed international interest in the city where Christianity was born and still thrives more than 2,000 years later. For the small, but tenacious Christian population, it is one more sign of hope.


text: Just thought I would drop a line on who I am and what I want to accomplish. OK......now that I have that accomplished I would like to give you a little more info about my background. I work for a company based in the US and my position is network/telecommunications engineer. I like security and have spent alot of time poking my nose around where it doesn't belong. I hope that I get a chance to learn and teach as I go.


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It looks like Obama's budget intends to give up on implementing the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. (Congratulations, Senate Majority Leader Reid (D-NV).
So, nuclear waste would continue to sit around nuclear power plants. Which means nobody is going to build anymore nuclear power plants in the U.S. ever. And since we'll be cutting back on carbon emissions, that will leave, uh, wind and solar power. And don't forget tidal power. Or maybe photosynthesizing bacteria.
Factor that into your long range economic growth projections, then see where the Dow should be.


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MONTGOMERY, Ala. (AP) — Alabama Gov. Robert Bentley signed legislation into law Thursday to allow people to make beer and wine at home starting immediately, making the state the last to act to legalize the hobby.
Bentley spokeswoman Jennifer Ardis said the governor, who doesn't drink alcohol, had no comment on the new law.
The Legislature passed the bill Tuesday after five years of grassroots lobbying by home brewers to get their hobby out of the shadows.
"It's a glorious day because for the first time since Prohibition, all 50 states will allow hobbyist home brewing," said Brant Warren of Huntsville, a member of the Right to Brew organization.
The American Homebrewers Association estimates there are 1 million home brewers nationwide, with about 5,000 of them in Alabama. State law previously banned individuals from owning equipment to make alcohol. The state liquor control agency had cracked down on the retail sale of equipment, but not on home brewers.
Alabama and Mississippi had been the last states to ban home brewing, but Mississippi passed a law in March. Megan McCourt, a spokeswoman for the American Homebrewers Association, said Mississippi's law has a 90-day delay before it takes effect, which means Alabama's law actually goes into effect first.
The Alabama law allows home brewers to make 15 gallons of beer or wine every three months. Warren said that is less than most states allow, but it was necessary to get enough support in the Legislature to pass the bill. The law allows home brewers to take their products to tastings and competitions, but they can't sell it.
The bill drew opposition from the church-based Alabama Citizen Action Program. Executive Director Joe Godfrey said the bill marked the latest in a series of measures passed by the Legislature to increase access to alcohol, and he predicted it will lead to more alcoholism.


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Rebel Calling aims to revolutionize international calling
We live in a global world, where countries, cultures and people are increasingly moving closer to each other. While that means a lot of opportunities, the options for keeping in touch across borders are still limited, and they often come with a catch. There are plenty of modern-day solutions to modern-day needs, but to create communication services that don't face a couple of bumps along the ride is a challenge.


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State could pull contribution to Duke for dam removal
The $400,000 that Duke Energy was expecting to get from the state to help tear down the Dillsboro dam may no longer be available.
The N.C. General Assembly appropriated the $400,000 in 2008, but the money was never certified by the state budget office and thus is not available.
Last week, Fred Alexander, Duke district manager for government and community relations, said he did not know the status of the $400,000. Alexander said the money did not have anything to do with tearing down the dam anyway. He said the money was to be used to "support local economic development and community initiatives in the Town of Dillsboro and to provide additional funding to the Riparian Habitat Enhancement Initiative."
However, Duke's application to the state for the $400,000 in 2004 is titled "Dillsboro Dam removal." The first line of the application states: "Duke Power formally requests $600,000 for removal of the Dillsboro Dam."
The state's award was less than Duke's request.
Franklin and Jackson counties are involved in legal action against Duke Energy to stop the demolition of the Dillsboro dam. Franklin Town Manager Sam Greenwood said he believes the state has "rescinded" the $400,000. Franklin aldermen planned to pass a resolution opposing the use of state tax dollars for dam demolition, but held off upon learning the state funds may be off the table.
Related Items
That means that Duke will have to fund the full cost of tearing down the dam, Greenwood noted.
A Department of Water Resources document states that as a result of the state budget shortfall the $400,000 has been placed "on hold" and has been removed from the DWR's budget.
The $400,000 has been the basis of one of the legal fights Jackson County is waging against Duke in hopes of saving the dam. The county has argued that since state funds are being used it kicks in the State Environmental Policy Act, which requires a full environmental analysis of its hydropower operations. Jackson claims the state never did one.
Even if the state withdraws the $400,000, Jackson's attorney in the case claims the argument is still valid. When the state signed off on dam removal in 2007, there was a chance state money would be used and thus still should have triggered SEPA, Attorney Paul Nolan argues.
Funding to help with dam removal didn't appear in the state's budget until 2008. Duke and the state argue they didn't violate SEPA since at the time the state signed off on dam removal in 2007 the funding hadn't gone through yet. However, the application for funding was made in 2004, suggesting both the state and Duke knew state funding could be in the pipeline, Nolan said.
— From staff reports


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Winding Road from 'Casablanca'
In 1972, shortly after Thilde Foerster died, her son and granddaughter went to clean out her apartment in Santa Barbara, Calif. There they found an old battered suitcase hidden under her bed, filled with film scripts, plays and an unfinished novel. Foerster's son, Michael Forster, knew that his mother had worked in the film industry in Europe during the 1920s and early '30s, but the granddaughter knew nothing of this.
The contents of the suitcase would reveal a story so rife with Holocaust drama, romantic tragedy and religious awakening that decades later, the granddaughter, Michelanne Forster used them as fodder for her play, "Don't Mention Casablanca." The villain in the real-life drama involving Forster's father and grandmother turned out to be a legend from Hollywood's golden era, "Casablanca" director Michael Curtiz. He was Michelanne Forster's grandfather.
Forster grew up in Southern California and moved to New Zealand when her father got a teaching job in Auckland. She has lived in New Zealand for more than 30 years, and has become one of its most well-regarded playwrights, winning commerical and critical acclaim. Forster says that although she was very close to her grandmother, Thilde Foerster "never said a word to me about her past." The playwright's father wasn't much better. He didn't tell his daughter that he was Jewish until she was a teenager.
Forster detailed her poignant family history in an interview with the Forward, conducted in Christchurch, New Zealand, just a few blocks from the Court Theater, where "Don't Mention Casablanca" debuted in 2010.
The family saga began in Vienna in 1919, when Thilde Foerster had a brief affair with a hotshot Hungarian director named Mihály Kertész. Foerster became pregnant and had a son, Michelanne Forster's father. Kertész didn't offer to support Foerster or his baby boy, so Foerster placed the infant in an orphanage. She eventually took custody of her son, but when she learned that Kertész had fathered another child in Vienna out of wedlock, she went to court and got Kertész to pay child support.
Listen to a podcast about Thilde Foerster and Michael Curtiz:
The child support stopped after Kertész went to America and changed his name to Michael Curtiz. In Hollywood he hit the big time, directing such celluloid blockbusters in the 1930s and '40s as "The Adventures of Robin Hood," "Yankee Doodle Dandy" and, most famously, "Casablanca," for which he won an Academy Award. During his life, Curtiz directed 173 films, first in Europe and then in the United States. He died in 1962.
During the 1920s and '30s, Foerster was also finding success in the film industry. She became a sought-after scenario writer in Europe. Her job was to look for stories to turn into films and write treatments for them. At one point she worked for Germany's largest movie maker, the UFA (Universum Film AG) film studios in Berlin. In 1931, she traveled to Hollywood, where RKO Pictures agreed to turn one of her story ideas into a movie starring Pola Negri, the great German silent film star. The film, "A Woman Commands," got made but flopped at the box office the following year.
While in Hollywood, Foerster went to court and tried to get Curtiz to resume paying child support, but the judge ruled that an American court lacked jurisdiction over a European matter. Newspaper accounts of the legal battle portrayed Foerster as a "fan dancer" and gold digger trying to exploit her connection to the famous Hollywood director.
Back in Europe, Foerster's son, who was affectionately referred to as Michi, was being cared for by his Uncle Ludwig, whom playwright Michelanne Forster describes as a bit of a luftmensch, or someone without a consistent income. When Thilde Foerster stopped sending money to her brother and son, there were hard times in which Ludwig Foerster and his nephew skipped out on restaurant meals. At one point, Michi and Uncle Ludwig were living in a farmer's cellar, eating potatoes. At another they came to rely on the charity of the Jewish community.
In 1933, after spending a considerable amount of money in her failed court battle with Curtiz, Thilde Foerster left Hollywood for Mexico because she had to be outside the United States to apply for a permanent visa. Since the Third Reich was on the rise, she had no chance of continuing to work in the German film industry. During her entry interview with immigration authorities, she presented an official with a German book that she had not written. It had a fake cover with her picture and byline on it. Foerster claimed to be a famous author back in Germany, and said she had written the book, "Hearts Behind Bars." The immigration agent fell for it.
"Chutzpah, chutzpah, chutzpah," Forster chuckled while recounting her grandmother's scam.
When the Reichstag building, the home of Germany's parliament, burned down in 1933, Foerster called her brother and directed him to get her son out of Germany. Ludwig Foerster and Michi headed to Austria. It was during this journey that Michi was informed that he was a Jew. In Vienna the two were supported by the Jewish community for six months. A visa was secured for Michi, and at end of 1934, the newly discovered Jew sailed to America by himself at the age of 13.
"I think he was really brave," Michelanne Forster says of her father.
When the teenager arrived in California that same year, his mother informed him that she had not, in fact, ever been married to his famous father. He also realized that the great director wanted nothing to do with him. Eventually, Thilde Foerster succeeded in getting a court to order child support from Kertesz in California.
Michi didn't end up meeting his father until he was in college, though in the play Forster imagines an encounter when Michi was younger.
Michi: Why did you divorce my mother?
Kertesz: What?
Michi: I said, why did you.
Kertesz: Kid, listen. I never was married to your mother. Never. If she said different, she told you a great big whopping Pinocchio lie. You want to know the truth about her and me? That's why you come here, yeah? Then I tell you. Hear it right from the horse's ass. We were two ships passing in the night. Two f——-g ships. That was all.
Michi: I think I should go now.
Kertesz: What's wrong? You just got here.
Michi: Yeah, well. I got what I came for.
Kertesz: Buck up, kid. Here. Take this. You can put it in your room and throw darts at it.
He gives Michi a large publicity photo of himself. He autographs it.
Kertesz: To Mike. From Mike. I could write from one bastard to another, but your mother might not like. You going to shake my hand?
Michi: Not today.
When Forster first told her father that she wanted to write her grandmother's story, he initially scoffed at the idea: "My dad basically said to me: 'You're cheapening yourself as a writer. You're just trying to ride on the coattails of your famous grandfather, and that's beneath you. I'm disappointed in you.'"
Forster wanted her father's blessing for the play. She also realized that she couldn't really write it without her father's assistance. It wasn't until after the playwright had her own children, and her father became a grandfather, that he became more open to the idea.
"Life is short, and you gradually let go of the things that hurt you as a child and as a young man," Forster observed. "You see them in a different light as time goes by."
Among the works found in that battered suitcase under Thilde Foerster's bed when she died was a play that Foerster wrote about Hitler. Forster says the play made it into the finals in a playwriting competition in the late 1960s. If it had won, it would have been staged at Lincoln Center.
"I hadn't really appreciated that the whole time she was my grandmother, she was actually writing; she was still hoping to break through somehow with a work, but that never happened for her," Forster said. Thilde Foerster spent the last years of her working life as a secretary in the Los Angeles Sherriff's Department. She spent the end of her life in a nursing home after surgery for a brain tumor.
Forster was the only member of the family in California when her grandmother died. The playwright remembers her grandmother as a witty, politically aware woman who was a good storyteller. She says that the two of them were quite close, despite the fact that Thilde Foerster revealed almost nothing about her life.
Foster's father was similarly tight-lipped. He didn't reveal that he was Jewish until Michelanne Forster was 14, just a year older than he was when Uncle Ludwig had informed him that he was Jewish. When a classmate insisted that Forster couldn't be Jewish because her mother wasn't Jewish, she confronted her father, who said that as far as he was concerned, she was Jewish, too, even if her mother was a gentile.
"My father said to me, 'You're Jewish enough for Hitler.' And that sentence went straight into my heart and stayed with me ever since," she said.
Forster had felt that she was a failure as a Jew because she lacked a Jewish education as a child, but over the years she has decided that she is part of the Jewish people.
"My father said to me many times, 'I lived off the charity of the Jewish community, and without the Jewish community, I would be in Hitler's ovens.' And that has always stayed with me and gave me the courage to go back to the Jewish community because I owe my life to them. Our whole family does," Forster said, her voice breaking.
Jon Kalish is a Manhattan-based radio reporter and podcast producer.


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I am using Twitter Tools, which allows me to auto-tweet my blog posts. Thats great, but I would also like a button to allow readers to easily tweet them.
<--- What I am talking about is exactly like the little Twitter button next to this question.
How can I add something like that to my blog posts?


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These are some commonly asked questions.
What is a replacement window?
A replacement window replaces your builder grade window. Builder windows have nailing fins and are attached to the framing of the home before the walls are finished out. They are usually made with the lowest cost materials so the builder can make the biggest profit. If you replace your windows and you don't want to tear off parts of your wall, you would use a replacement window that is called an insert window. Replacement windows are designed to solve many of the problems of builder windows. They are built with longer lasting materials and use technology such as gas inside the glass and Low-E to keep the heat and cold at bay. They also protect you from unwanted UV light which can damage your home.
Why would I want to replace my builder grade windows and doors?
You may not want to replace your windows and doors, especially once you see what most companies charge for what they consider to be a good product. However, there is a long list of problems that occur with builder grade windows and doors, and often the long term cost of keeping poor quality products can outweigh the cost of replacing them. Aside from that, a good replacement window and door will bring you added security, energy savings, comfort, peace of mind, a quieter home, and will even keep your furniture, artwork, and floors from fading.
If I am going to replace my windows and doors, how do I know what product or company to use?
This is the toughest question to answer. If you do enough research online you will end up completely confused. There are plenty of organizations out there that will rank and rate companies, but rarely compare these companies to their competitors so you can really know what you're getting They may not tell you that many of these companies are using the same products sold under a different name. Even the ones that claim to manufacture their own product don't make most of the parts on their product. Many companies offer a lifetime warranty, but is it really lifetime? Also, there are some things you may want to ask about the installation as well, because most companies claim to do the work themselves. Most people are asking the wrong questions, and if a company does not have much integrity, they may not help you to get the answers you really need.
How important is the installation?
Without a good installation, the best window and door in the world will do you very little good. I can't stress this enough, the installation is very important. Also, it is very rare that a company will use actual employees to do the installation, although many will tell you that they do. Here is a shocker, they don't have to be employees of the company to do a good job, but they do have to do a good job. Here are some things you can ask for added peace of mind? Are they experts in this one thing, or do they do other home improvements besides windows and doors? Are they licensed, bonded, and insured? How long have they been installing? Is the installation covered under the warranty? Are they clean and polite? Have they been background tested? Are they certified?
How do I know if the warranty is good?
First of all you don't need a good warranty, what you need is, a good product and a good installation! If the product and the installation are superior, chances are, you will never even need to use your warranty. I have noticed in the industry, the cheaper the product, the better the warranty has to claim to be in order to sell it. I am sorry to say it, but it seems to be true, you get what you pay for. Also, please read your warranty. Most people don't, and some of the "lifetime warranties" are completely bogus once you read the fine print. If the warranty says it is for a lifetime, and it promises to cover everything that could possibly happen………..you might want to read it carefully.
Do I need a name brand product?
You don't need a name brand product, you only need what a name brand product will bring you. In other words, you need a good quality product, a good installation, a good warranty, and good customer service. I understand that most people feel comfortable using a company that they have heard of or that has been around for a long time. Unfortunately, most of these companies know this, and they use it to charge a premium price for an otherwise not so premium product. There are many companies out there that make superior quality products, but they don't have the billions to spend on advertising like the big players in the game do because they have not grown to that point yet. I have seen people make the mistake of paying too much for a lower quality product just because of the name brand awareness. Once you understand the industry, it is easy to pick a winner.
Will I get my money back when I sell my home?
Short answer is, most likely no, not all of it anyway. The most reliable studies out there show a 70%-75% return on investments. I have heard of people claiming 90%, and I am sure there may be some people out there who did receive that return on their investment or better, but for the masses, it is not as simple as that to predict. It all depends on your individual home, the neighborhood, the buyer, and the current real estate market. So, if you are planning to spend $15,000 on windows, and the only reason is, so that one day you can get $10,000 back when you sell your home, it may be smarter to just leave your money in a savings account getting 0% interest. People usually buy windows because they want or need windows, not as an investment vehicle. The good news is, if you do replace your windows and doors, you will get to enjoy all the benefits of the replacement, and when it comes time to sell you will have an easier time finding a buyer than if you had not replaced them.
Will I get my money back through energy savings?
A new window and door project should save you a healthy portion of your utility bill, and that is not just me talking. There are plenty of independent studies, and government studies that say so. That is also why Energy Star Partners was created. However, unless your energy bill is high, and unless you plan on being in the home 10 or more years, I would not count on getting that money back through your energy savings in the short term. Windows and doors are part of your house, and homes for the most part are financed under 15 year and 30 year mortgages. It would be more realistic to think about the long term savings.
Is replacing my windows and doors a smart move?
In my humble opinion, replacing your windows and doors is one of the best investments you can make in your home. After all, it is your first line of defense from the weather. It is your first line of defense for a break-in. It is the only home improvement visible from both the inside and outside of your home. And it is one of the best things you can do for reducing your energy bill and making your home quieter and more comfortable. So, as long as it is in the budget, and you get the right window and door for your wants and needs, I think it is an amazing investment.


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"For his leading work on the design, construction, and use of the Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gamma-Ray Satellite, enabling numerous new results in gamma-ray astrophysics and fundamental physics."
Background:Atwood received his B.S. degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1970. Atwood was awarded the Young Award at the end of his Junior year. Atwood was employed for his final two years at Caltech by the HEP Users group.
Atwood did his graduate studies at SLAC, Stanford University under Richard Taylor. His thesis was on deep inelastic electron scattering. Atwood received his Ph.D. in 1975.
After spending a year at CERN working in Sam Ting's group at the ISR, Atwood returned to SLAC where he became an Assistant Prof. and then a permanent staff physicist in 1983. He participated in the Delco-at-PEP experiment, the SLD , and also worked on the SLC machine in the later 1980's.
In 1989 he spent a sabbatical year at CERN working on ALEPH. In 1992 he joined with Peter Michelson of the Stanford Physics Dept. to propose a satellite born gamma ray telescope called GLAST. The concept quickly gained traction in both the HEP and Astrophysics communities and was successfully launched into low earth orbit in June of 2008.
Atwood became an Adj. Professor at UCSC in 2001 and continues in that position today. Atwood and his colleagues at UCSC played pivotal roles in the fabrication of the hardware and analysis software for Glast.
Atwood is a member of the APS and the VSA.
Giorgio Gratta, Chair; M. Swartz; G. Beier; M. Oreglia; S. Eno


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I have a pretty awesome live blue crab hookup, but I can only get crabs there super early in the morning. I want to have a crab feast this coming weekend, but wont be able to have company over until late afternoon / early evening. I have heard they bluecrabs can live a long time out of water if you keep them in a cool humid spot, but i dont want to waste any of them. What are my options for having the best crabs when am able to have company over?
I assume my options are as follows, but I am not sure what I should do:
1.) Steam them in the morning and resteam them for a short period of time to heat them back up for the party. Tips for resteaming or reheating steamed crabs would be helpful. I had always considered that kind of a no no.
2.) Try and keep them alive, to be as fresh as possible. I am just worried that there would be too long of a gap between when i buy them, and when i will be able to cook them.


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Blame it on the French, or How did we get here?
Every value a society holds is rooted in its cultural past, and the notion of plagiarism-the theft of another's intellectual property-is no different. We can trace a line of descent back at least as far as the 16th Century French philosopher Rene Descartes. Probably you are familiar with Descartes' most famous pronouncement: Cogito ergo sum, "I think, therefore I am." Descartes really only intended to solve a problem that had arisen in European philosophy: How can an individual really know that he (or she) exists? How can we be sure? Descartes' reasoning was that as long as an individual is capable of independent thought-especially of forming a self-concept-then that individual cannot be a mere puppet of some superior being; that individual exists.
So how do we get from cogito ergo sum to copyright law? Well, think about it. If the only proof I have that I exist is my ability to form independent thought(s), then my thoughts define who I am. Thus, Descartes' pronouncement, which took a while to achieve widespread acceptance, marked Europe's turn away from the rest of the world, where religious principles still tended to see people as the creatures of a power beyond human control. Suddenly-in historic time-Europeans came to view humans as self-created. As a result, today's Western world views the products of individual thought differently from the way the rest of the world does.
It is therefore no accident that the first copyright laws developed in Europe, in the 18th Century, or that the United States Constitution contains a copyright clause:
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
United States Constitution, Article I, Section 8.
By 1789, when the Constitution was being drafted, the Founding Fathers recognized authors' 'exclusive right to their … writings' thus was born the U.S. copyright law, which the act of plagiarism violates. By law, and perhaps more importantly by the ethics of Western culture, anyone who copies the words or ideas of an author without giving that author due credit by citing the original work is committing plagiarism.
This Western idea is currently being spread to the rest of the world via treaties, trade agreements (The World Trade Organization is just one example), and other measures. Basically, the Western economies have told the rest of the world to comply with copyright law or face being barred from Western markets. In effect, we're telling the rest of the world to go back and take the turn first described by Descartes. And when your professor insists that you cite your sources, you are being invited to participate in a cultural tradition that is part of Western cultural heritage.


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Willkommen to Boston! Tickets Now On Sale for the National Tour of Cabaret
Come hear the music play! Tickets are now on sale for the national tour of Cabaret in Boston! The Tony Award-winning revival will open on January 31 at the Boston Opera House and close on February 12, 2017.
As part of their 50th anniversary season, the Roundabout Theatre Company presents, direct from Broadway, the national tour of Sam Mendes and Rob Marshall's Tony Award-winning revival production of Cabaret. Featuring a score by John Kander and Fred Ebb and a book by Joe Masteroff, Cabaret is set in the infamous Kit Kat Klub, where the Emcee, Sally Bowles and a raucous ensemble take the stage nightly to tantalize the crowd—and to leave their troubles outside. The musical features some of the most memorable songs in theater history, including "Cabaret," "Willkommen" and "Maybe This Time."
The cast of Cabaret features Randy Harrison as the Emcee, Leigh Ann Larkin as Sally Bowles, Mary Gordon Murray as Fraulein Schneider, Alison Ewing as Fraulein Kost, Scott Robertson as Herr Schultz, Patrick Vaill as Ernst Ludwig and Benjamin Eakeley as Clifford Bradshaw.
Get your tickets to see the show today!


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Section Text
(a) General rule
(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture, package, sell, offer to sell, distribute, or import for sale or distribution within the United States any smokeless tobacco product unless the product package bears, in accordance with the requirements of this chapter, one of the following labels:
WARNING: This product can cause mouth cancer.
WARNING: This product can cause gum disease and tooth loss.
WARNING: This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes.
WARNING: Smokeless tobacco is addictive.
(2) Each label statement required by paragraph (1) shall be—
(A) located on the 2 principal display panels of the package, and each label statement shall comprise at least 30 percent of each such display panel; and
(B) in 17-point conspicuous and legible type and in black text on a white background, or white text on a black background, in a manner that contrasts by typography, layout, or color, with all other printed material on the package, in an alternating fashion under the plan submitted under subsection (b)(3), except that if the text of a label statement would occupy more than 70 percent of the area specified by subparagraph (A), such text may appear in a smaller type size, so long as at least 60 percent of such warning area is occupied by the label statement.
(3) The label statements required by paragraph (1) shall be introduced by each tobacco product manufacturer, packager, importer, distributor, or retailer of smokeless tobacco products concurrently into the distribution chain of such products.
(4) The provisions of this subsection do not apply to a tobacco product manufacturer or distributor of any smokeless tobacco product that does not manufacture, package, or import smokeless tobacco products for sale or distribution within the United States.
(5) A retailer of smokeless tobacco products shall not be in violation of this subsection for packaging that—
(A) contains a warning label;
(B) is supplied to the retailer by a license- or permit-holding tobacco product manufacturer, importer, or distributor; and
(C) is not altered by the retailer in a way that is material to the requirements of this subsection.
(b) Required labels
(1) It shall be unlawful for any tobacco product manufacturer, packager, importer, distributor, or retailer of smokeless tobacco products to advertise or cause to be advertised within the United States any smokeless tobacco product unless its advertising bears, in accordance with the requirements of this section, one of the labels specified in subsection (a).
(2)(A) Each label statement required by subsection (a) in smokeless tobacco advertising shall comply with the standards set forth in this paragraph.
(B) For press and poster advertisements, each such statement and (where applicable) any required statement relating to tar, nicotine, or other constituent yield shall comprise at least 20 percent of the area of the advertisement.
(C) The word "WARNING" shall appear in capital letters, and each label statement shall appear in conspicuous and legible type.
(D) The text of the label statement shall be black on a white background, or white on a black background, in an alternating fashion under the plan submitted under paragraph (3).
(E) The label statements shall be enclosed by a rectangular border that is the same color as the letters of the statements and that is the width of the first downstroke of the capital "W" of the word "WARNING" in the label statements.
(F) The text of such label statements shall be in a typeface pro rata to the following requirements: 45-point type for a whole-page broadsheet newspaper advertisement; 39-point type for a half-page broadsheet newspaper advertisement; 39-point type for a whole-page tabloid newspaper advertisement; 27-point type for a half-page tabloid newspaper advertisement; 31.5-point type for a double page spread magazine or whole-page magazine advertisement; 22.5-point type for a 28 centimeter by 3 column advertisement; and 15-point type for a 20 centimeter by 2 column advertisement.
(G) The label statements shall be in English, except that—
(i) in the case of an advertisement that appears in a newspaper, magazine, periodical, or other publication that is not in English, the statements shall appear in the predominant language of the publication; and
(ii) in the case of any other advertisement that is not in English, the statements shall appear in the same language as that principally used in the advertisement.
(3)(A) The label statements specified in subsection (a)(1) shall be randomly displayed in each 12-month period, in as equal a number of times as is possible on each brand of the product and be randomly distributed in all areas of the United States in which the product is marketed in accordance with a plan submitted by the tobacco product manufacturer, importer, distributor, or retailer and approved by the Secretary.
(B) The label statements specified in subsection (a)(1) shall be rotated quarterly in alternating sequence in advertisements for each brand of smokeless tobacco product in accordance with a plan submitted by the tobacco product manufacturer, importer, distributor, or retailer to, and approved by, the Secretary.
(C) The Secretary shall review each plan submitted under subparagraphs (A) and (B) and approve it if the plan—
(i) will provide for the equal distribution and display on packaging and the rotation required in advertising under this subsection; and
(ii) assures that all of the labels required under this section will be displayed by the tobacco product manufacturer, importer, distributor, or retailer at the same time.
(D) This paragraph applies to a retailer only if that retailer is responsible for or directs the label statements under this section, unless the retailer displays, in a location open to the public, an advertisement that does not contain a warning label or has been altered by the retailer in a way that is material to the requirements of this subsection.
(4) The Secretary may, through a rulemaking under section 553 of title 5, adjust the format and type sizes for the label statements required by this section; the text, format, and type sizes of any required tar, nicotine yield, or other constituent disclosures; or the text, format, and type sizes for any other disclosures required under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.]. The text of any such label statements or disclosures shall be required to appear only within the 20 percent area of advertisements provided by paragraph (2). The Secretary shall promulgate regulations which provide for adjustments in the format and type sizes of any text required to appear in such area to ensure that the total text required to appear by law will fit within such area.
(c) Television and radio advertising
It is unlawful to advertise smokeless tobacco on any medium of electronic communications subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission.
(d) Authority to revise warning label statements
The Secretary may, by a rulemaking conducted under section 553 of title 5, adjust the format, type size, and text of any of the label requirements, require color graphics to accompany the text, increase the required label area from 30 percent up to 50 percent of the front and rear panels of the package, or establish the format, type size, and text of any other disclosures required under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, if the Secretary finds that such a change would promote greater public understanding of the risks associated with the use of smokeless tobacco products.
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(4) and (d), is act June 25, 1938, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040, which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§301 et seq.) of Title 21, Food and Drugs. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 301 of Title 21 and Tables.AMENDMENTS 2009—Pub. L. 111–31, §204(a), amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (f) relating to smokeless tobacco warning labels and television and radio advertising. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 111–31, §205(a), amended section as amended by Pub. L. 111–31, §204, by adding subsec. (d).EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2009 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 111–31, div. A, title II, §204(b), June 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1848, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect 12 months after the date of enactment of this Act [June 22, 2009]. Such effective date shall be with respect to the date of manufacture, provided that, in any case, beginning 30 days after such effective date, a manufacturer shall not introduce into the domestic commerce of the United States any product, irrespective of the date of manufacture, that is not in conformance with section 3 of the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986 (15 U.S.C. 4402), as amended by subsection (a)."EFFECTIVE DATE Subsec. (a) effective one year after Feb. 27, 1986, and subsecs. (b) to (e) effective Feb. 27, 1986, see section 11 of Pub. L. 99–252, set out as a note under section 4401 of this title.


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The Black Dahlia—a stylish return to '40s noir—comes on strong when it dashes out of the gate, but develops an ungainly limp before long. In adapting James Ellroy's crime novel about the famously unsolved murder of Elizabeth Short, director Brian De Palma at first suggests he's working at a level on par with Curtis Hanson's treatment of L.A. Confidential, a shadowy crime drama that lived intimately with Ellroy's characters in the city of his imagination.
De Palma vigorously recreates the Zoot Suit riots, as callously observed by the cops, on a stylized L.A. set that's actually a dressed-up bit of Bulgaria; immediately thereafter, the picture rushes headlong into the complex politics of the LAPD. Cops Bucky Bleichert (Josh Hartnett) and Lee Blanchard (Aaron Eckhart) face off in amateur boxing matches and agree to do so again to benefit the pet bond measure of their police higher-ups. Perceived as a game player, Bucky gets promoted to Lee's partner just as the two land the now-infamous "Black Dahlia" case.
The real-life Dahlia case concerns the murder of aspiring starlet Elizabeth Short (Mia Kirschner, fetchingly trapped in celluloid), but Ellroy's novel and De Palma's film run away with the unsolved case, imagining fictional investigators, suspects, and clues. Unfortunately, Ellroy's superior hardbitten copland verisimilitude competes with De Palma's florid sense of melodrama, which in turn competes with somnambulant leading performances by Hartnett and Scarlett Johansson as Blanchard's significant other. Offering nothing in the way of help, Hilary Swank likewise proves miscast as a femme fatale bombshell.
Audiences can seemingly follow De Palma's state of mind through production. As the character drama bogs down in Hartnett and Johansson's maudlin mumbling, De Palma starts to focus on shoehorning in a punchy setpiece or stylistic outrage. He gets a signature moment out of a confrontation on a vertiginous staircase, and gleefully allows the whole film to boil over whenever Fiona Shaw is on screen; the great actress gives a spectacular—and unfortunately inappropriate—comic performance in the middle of an otherwise poker-faced mystery-thriller.
Somewhere in its development—once overseen by director David Fincher—The Black Dahlia became an A- picture helmed by a fading talent and built around the conspicuous lack of presence that is Hartnett. De Palma hasn't been in top form in some time, but at least he has the distinction of failing in interesting ways. When all is said and done, The Black Dahlia makes a very expensive commercial for Ellroy's superior prose, which like Betty Short, gets too little justice here.
[For Groucho's interview with James Ellroy, click here.]


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Protect your valuable Apple Keyboard against spills, dust, and other contaminants without any annoying keypad interference. Moshi's ClearGuard is made with an advanced high precision material that form fits to the Apple Keyboard. This allows for comfortable typing while providing maximum protection.
ClearGuard is unique in that it is one fifth of the thickness of silicone protectors, granting unparalleled key sensitivity and response. ClearGuard is also highly transparent making it visually unobtrusive, preserving the unrivaled look that you expect from your Apple Keyboard.


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Available only at our dealers
Fromme Chair - Blue
This metal designer chair is distinguished by its pure line and its unique character: the absorbers placed under the seat give a soft and very comfortable flexibility to the chair.
This design was inspired by the personal story of Tom Chung. An experienced cyclist, he used to climb Fromme Mountain outside of Vancouver and was fascinated by the technical performance of his bike. He sought to rediscover the efficiency that the latter brought him to reinvent the most common object and yet the greatest challenge for a designer: a design chair.
Read moreProduct info
ENVIRONMENT : Indoor and outdoor
Aluminum, Anti-UV powder coating for outdoor use, grainy mat finish
Ø: 45cm | 17.7inch
Depth 46cm | 18.1 inch
H: 78cm | 30.7inch/ H (seat) 45cm 17.7inch
WEIGHT: 4kg | WEIGHT: 8.8lb