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- Home
- Government
- City Council
- Russell Stall - At Large
Russell Stall
About the Council member
Russell has served on City Council since 2017. A native Greenvillian, Russell moved away after high school but returned after 16 years in Atlanta. Upon returning to Greenville, Russell founded Greenville Forward, a nonprofit organization charged with facilitating and shepherding Vision 2025, a community-wide vision for Greenville County. Prior to founding Greenville Forward, Russell owned ResearchWorks, a strategic marketing research firm focused on community visioning and development and customer satisfaction research.
Russell is a graduate of Washington and Lee University and holds a Master of Business Administration from Emory University and a Master of City Planning from Clemson University. Russell currently is pursuing his doctorate in Planning, Design and the Built Environment from Clemson University. In addition to his professional work, he was the volunteer class facilitator for Leadership Greenville for 11 years and mentors young professionals through the Greenville Chamber's Pacesetters program. He also organized TEDxGreenville, the first TEDx event in SC, and has hosted over 80 events in the last 11 years.
Among Russell's many community leadership roles over the years are serving as president of the Rotary Club of Greenville and on the boards of organizations such as the Hispanic Alliance, Greenville Housing Authority, Greenville Housing Fund, the St. Francis Foundation, the Cancer Society and the Metropolitan Arts Council. He is a past recipient of the Leadership Greenville Alumni of the Year award and has been named one of Greenville's Most Influential People by Greenville Business Magazine three times.
Russell and his wife, Susan, have two grown sons. In his spare time, Russell is a SC Master Gardener, a Journeyman Beekeeper and a luthier.
Russell Stall
At-Large RepresentativePhone: 864-430-0636Term: November 2021-2025
Mailing Address
17 Riverside Drive
Greenville, SC 29605


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This is just freakin' great.
Because of a mix-up with the new district boundaries, not everyone who was qualified to vote in a school trustee race was able to and some voters who weren't supposed to, were allowed to cast a ballot. And the implications of all this may be far reaching.
There are a lot of lawyers looking at this problem and a lot of concerns about possible federal lawsuits by disenfranchised voters. We are just two weeks away from the runoff election between Democrats for county school trustee Position 6, and no one knows if it will count, or in fact, whether the primary counted in the first place.
When voters cast their ballots in two weeks in a number of run off races, one may still be in limbo. But while deciding the race between political newcomer Erica S. Lee and former city council member Jarvis Johnson for Harris County school trustee Position 6 is important, First Assistant County Attorney Terry O'Rourke is worried about something bigger.
"One person, one vote and it just didn't happen," he said.
O'Rourke and the office is now scrambling to find a solution to a big districting mistake. According to a letter by outgoing Harris County Tax Assessor-Collector Don Sumners, the Harris County Department of Education trustee district lines were not updated for the May primary. In fact, each precinct was about 100,000 people off. An analysis of the Lee-Johnson race, Sumners writes, shows almost 1,400 people did not vote who should have and 872 people did who should not have.
"It's a big mess and we're trying to figure out a way to solve it in the most simple, elegant way possible," O'Rourke said.
Johnson missed winning outright by less than 200 votes (see page 21 here), so this absolutely could be a difference maker. Also affected was the Republican primary for Precinct 4, Position 3, but as that race wasn't close (page 23 here) its outcome is not in question. I wondered if there might be other races that could have been affected but weren't mentioned in this story, such as the Dem primaries for County Commissioner in Precinct 4 (Sean Hammerle won by 328 votes) and Constable in Precinct 1, where 1214 votes separated fourth place and first place. I asked Terry O'Rourke the question, and he said that both the Tax Assessor and the County Clerk assured the County Attorney's office that only the HCDE races were affected. Good to know, but this is still a big honking problem. The HCDE itself is not happy about this.
John Sawyer, the appointed superintendent of the department, said he expects that a judge ultimately will void the elections. He said his agency, which provides educational services to local school districts, would contest the election if no one else does.
"I will tell you that ultimately we would contest them because I don't think they (the boundaries) were legally drawn, and I'm not going to be responsible for swearing in candidates that may not be elected legally," Sawyer said. "I just can't do that."
In response, the Harris County Attorney's Office likely would file court papers asking a judge to provide guidance on how to fix the problem, said [Assistant County Attorney Doug] Ray.
The judge could toss out the results of the May primary and order that a new election for the two affected school trustee seats be held in November, with candidates from all parties participating, Ray speculated. A judge may also decide that the May election can stand and that the situation would be resolved simply by applying the correct boundaries for the one seat for which the election resulted in a runoff.
"It's speculative at this point to determine whether the outcome would have been the same or not" if correct boundaries had been used, Ray said. "There are so many affected parties. The court's going to have to be the one to decide it, I think."
I agree it's speculative, but if I'm Jarvis Johnson, I'm pretty pissed off about it. Erica Lee has every right to be unhappy, too. The board voted to authorize the superintendent and board president to initiate or participate in legal proceedings about the election error. We'll see where it goes from here.
The best part about this is in the letter Sumners sent to the HCDE explaining the screwup, which you can see in that K12Zone link. He says that the HCDE "failed to advise the Tax Office" of the changes to their boundaries. Of course, since the HCDE precincts are identical to the County Commissioner precincts, which Sumners sheepishly admits in the next sentence, this should not have been an issue. Frankly, if no one noticed that unchanged districts were being used it says a lot about the lack of oversight under Sumners, which shouldn't come as a surprise at this point. Roy Morales, the outgoing trustee in Precinct 1, Position 6, called for Sumners to resign over this. I don't think he's sufficiently capable of embarrassment, but I agree in principle. Campos has more, and a statement from Ann Harris Bennett, the Democratic candidate for Tax Assessor, is beneath the fold.
Don Sumners, Harris County Tax Assessor Collector & Voter Registrar reported in a letter to county officials dated July 13, 2012 that trustee district lines for the Harris County Department of Education (HDEC) were not updated for the May 29, 2012 Primary Election. The two races impacted by this oversight will be Harris County School Board Trustee Positions 4 and 6.
Ann Harris Bennett, Candidate for Harris County Tax Assessor Collector & Voter Registrar stated "Unfortunately, in recent years, the only times we have heard anything at all about the tax office is in cases like this when something goes terribly wrong. This is a serious issue that will undoubtedly take some time to resolve. I will monitor the situation closely and while the resolution process runs its course, and I will continue talking to Harris County residents about changes I would make in the tax office to avoid continued situations like this."

subset: commoncrawl


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Biological Sciences Division
Research Highlights
April 2008
Cavities Beware!
Real-time NMR technique may ultimately help characterize disease processes—including tooth decay—associated with bacterial biofilms
Combined NMR/CSLM sample configuration and representative 3D NMR and CSLM images for a S. oneidensis biofilm. (a) The perfused NMR sample chamber biofilm attached to the bottom of a 5-mm glass cover slip. (b) Biofilm-selective 3D MRI revealing full depth penetration without loss of signal intensity. (c) 3D CLSM top-down and side views of the same biofilm. Non-invasive fluorescent imaging was enabled by a green fluorescent protein construct in MR-1. Both scale bars are 400 microns in length. Enlarged View
Results: Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have for the first time integrated microscopy methods with controlled cultivation to monitor microbial physiology in live bacterial biofilms. They are using nuclear magnetic resonance to map biofilm mass and quantitative metabolite concentrations and diffusive transport within biofilms. Systems studied include the environmentally relevant bacterium Shewanella oneidensis and Streptococcus mutans, an oral bacterium implicated in tooth decay. These efforts will lead to a better understanding of biofilm metabolic function.
Their research results appeared in the February 2008 issue of The ISME Journal. The paper was recently listed in Faculty of 1000 Biology, an online research tool that highlights the most interesting papers in biology, based on the recommendations of over 1000 leading scientists.
Why it matters: Biofilms are complex, three-dimensional bacterial communities found nearly everywhere in nature. These colonies adhere to surfaces and can have beneficial metabolic functions in, for example, environmental remediation; or detrimental functions, such as in human disease.
Biofilms are very difficult to characterize because they are strongly light scattering, extremely fragile and vary significantly with depth. NMR is uniquely capable of providing non-invasive, depth-resolved metabolic, biomass and transport information—data that have not been obtained by other means. The non-invasive, non-destructive aspect of NMR allows scientists to perform comparative studies using a single biofilm, an important advantage for studying these highly variable communities.
Methods: The scientists used three-dimensional NMR imaging to determine biomass volume and distribution with ~40-µm spatial resolution. 3-D confocal laser scanning microscopy, or CLSM, of fluorescently labeled biofilms provides complementary structural information at 1-µm spatial resolution. They used diffusion-weighted MRI to quantitatively measure the biofilm-depth-resolved diffusion rate for water, which is directly related to biofilm density and permeability.
What's next: The team is improving the methods and hardware to increase NMR and CLSM sensitivity and resolution and improve growth-environment control. The improved system will provide depth-resolved, correlated metabolism and mass-transport information favorable for detailed metabolic modeling. They are also combining NMR/CLSM with stable isotope probing methods for the functional analysis of intact natural (mixed-species) biofilms. Further work is planned to investigate the spatial profiles of acidic organic acids within mixed-species oral biofilms on enamel surface to better understand the demineralization process that occurs in tooth decay.
Research Team: The researchers include Paul Majors and former PNNL staff members Jeff McLean, now of the Venter Institute, and Ositadinma Ona.
Acknowledgments: The research was supported by PNNL's Biomolecular Systems Initiative. Portions of the work were conducted in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a Department of Energy national scientific user facility located at PNNL.
References: McLean JS, Ona ON, Majors PD. 2008. "Correlated biofilm imaging, transport and metabolism measurements via combined nuclear magnetic resonance and confocal microscopy." The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology 2008 Feb 2(2):121-31.


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Label: OMEPRAZOLE capsule
Contains inactivated NDC Code(s)
NDC Code(s): 21695-617-30, 21695-617-90 - Packager: Rebel Distributors Corp
- This is a repackaged label.
- Source NDC Code(s): 55111-158
- Category: HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL
- DEA Schedule: None
- Marketing Status: Abbreviated New Drug Application
Drug Label Information
Updated January 12, 2011
If you are a consumer or patient please visit this version.
- Download DRUG LABEL INFO: PDF XML
- Official Label (Printer Friendly)
The active ingredient in omeprazole delayed-release capsules is a substituted benzimidazole, 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy-3, 5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl] sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole, a compound that inhibits gastric acid secretion. Its empirical formula is C17H19N3O3S, with a molecular weight of 345.42.
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Omeprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the gastric mucosa, omeprazole has been characterized as a gastric acid-pump inhibitor, in that it blocks the final step of acid production. This effect is dose-related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. Animal studies indicate that after rapid disappearance from plasma, omeprazole can be found within the gastric mucosa for a day or more.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
Antisecretory Activity
After oral administration, the onset of the antisecretory effect of omeprazole occurs within one hour, with the maximum effect occurring within two hours. Inhibition of secretion is about 50% of maximum at 24 hours and the duration of inhibition lasts up to 72 hours. The antisecretory effect thus lasts far longer than would be expected from the very short (less than one hour) plasma half-life, apparently due to prolonged binding to the parietal H+/K+ ATPase enzyme. When the drug is discontinued, secretory activity returns gradually, over 3 to 5 days. The inhibitory effect of omeprazole on acid secretion increases with repeated once-daily dosing, reaching a plateau after four days.
Results from numerous studies of the antisecretory effect of multiple doses of 20 mg and 40 mg of omeprazole in normal volunteers and patients are shown below. The "max" value represents determinations at a time of maximum effect (2-6 hours after dosing), while "min" values are those 24 hours after the last dose of omeprazole.
Table 1
Single daily oral doses of omeprazole ranging from a dose of 10 mg to 40 mg have produced 100% inhibition of 24-hour intragastric acidity in some patients.
Serum Gastric Effects
In studies involving more than 200 patients, serum gastrin levels increased during the first 1 to 2 weeks of once-daily administration of therapeutic doses of omeprazole in parallel with inhibition of acid secretion. No further increase in serum gastrin occurred with continued treatment. In comparison with histamine H2-receptor antagonists, the median increases produced by 20 mg doses of omeprazole were higher (1.3 to 3.6 fold vs. 1.1 to 1.8 fold increase). Gastrin values returned to pretreatment levels, usually within 1 to 2 weeks after discontinuation of therapy.
Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell Effects
Human gastric biopsy specimens have been obtained from more than 3000 patients treated with omeprazole in long-term clinical trials. The incidence of ECL cell hyperplasia in these studies increased with time; however, no case of ECL cell carcinoids, dysplasia, or neoplasia has been found in these patients. [See Clinical Pharmacology (12 ] However, these studies are of insufficient duration and size to rule out the possible influence of long-term administration of omeprazole on the development of any premalignant or malignant conditions.
Other Effects
Systemic effects of omeprazole in the CNS, cardiovascular and respiratory systems have not been found to date. Omeprazole, given in oral doses of 30 or 40 mg for 2 to 4 weeks, had no effect on thyroid function, carbohydrate metabolism, or circulating levels of parathyroid hormone, cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, prolactin, cholecystokinin or secretin.
No effect on gastric emptying of the solid and liquid components of a test meal was demonstrated after a single dose of omeprazole 90 mg. In healthy subjects, a single I.V. dose of omeprazole (0.35 mg/kg) had no effect on intrinsic factor secretion. No systematic dose-dependent effect has been observed on basal or stimulated pepsin output in humans.
However, when intragastric pH is maintained at 4.0 or above, basal pepsin output is low, and pepsin activity is decreased.
As do other agents that elevate intragastric pH, omeprazole administered for 14 days in healthy subjects produced a significant increase in the intragastric concentrations of viable bacteria. The pattern of the bacterial species was unchanged from that commonly found in saliva. All changes resolved within three days of stopping treatment.
The course of Barrett's esophagus in 106 patients was evaluated in a U.S. double-blind controlled study of omeprazole 40 mg twice daily for 12 months followed by 20 mg twice daily for 12 months or ranitidine 300 mg twice daily for 24 months. No clinically significant impact on Barrett's mucosa by antisecretory therapy was observed. Although neosquamous epithelium developed during antisecretory therapy, complete elimination of Barrett's mucosa was not achieved. No significant difference was observed between treatment groups in development of dysplasia in Barrett's mucosa and no patient developed esophageal carcinoma during treatment. No significant differences between treatment groups were observed in development of ECL cell hyperplasia, corpus atrophic gastritis, corpus intestinal metaplasia, or colon polyps exceeding 3 mm in diameter [
See Clinical Pharmacology (12)
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules contain an enteric-coated granule formulation of omeprazole (because omeprazole is acid-labile), so that absorption of omeprazole begins only after the granules leave the stomach. Absorption is rapid, with peak plasma levels of omeprazole occurring within 0.5 to 3.5 hours. Peak plasma concentrations of omeprazole and AUC are approximately proportional to doses up to 40 mg, but because of a saturable first-pass effect, a greater than linear response in peak plasma concentration and AUC occurs with doses greater than 40 mg. Absolute bioavailability (compared with intravenous administration) is about 30-40% at doses of 20-40 mg, due in large part to presystemic metabolism. In healthy subjects the plasma half-life is 0.5 to 1 hour, and the total body clearance is 500-600 mL/min.
The bioavailability of omeprazole increases slightly upon repeated administration of omeprazole delayed-release capsules.
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules 40 mg was bioequivalent when administered with and without applesauce. However, Omeprazole delayed-release capsules 20 mg was not bioequivalent when administered with and without applesauce. When administered with applesauce, a mean 25% reduction in Cmax was observed without a significant change in AUC for Omeprazole delayed-release capsules 20 mg. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
Protein binding is approximately 95%.
Omeprazole is extensively metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system.
Following single dose oral administration of a buffered solution of omeprazole, little if any unchanged drug was excreted in urine. The majority of the dose (about 77%) was eliminated in urine as at least six metabolites. Two were identified as hydroxyomeprazole and the corresponding carboxylic acid. The remainder of the dose was recoverable in feces. This implies a significant biliary excretion of the metabolites of omeprazole. Three metabolites have been identified in plasma — the sulfide and sulfone derivatives of omeprazole, and hydroxyomeprazole. These metabolites have very little or no antisecretory activity.
Combination Therapy with Antimicrobials
Omeprazole 40 mg daily was given in combination with clarithromycin 500 mg every 8 hours to healthy adult male subjects. The steady state plasma concentrations of omeprazole were increased (Cmax, AUC0-24, and T1/2 increases of 30%, 89% and 34% respectively) by the concomitant administration of clarithromycin. The observed increases in omeprazole plasma concentration were associated with the following pharmacological effects. The mean 24-hour gastric pH value was 5.2 when omeprazole was administered alone and 5.7 when co-administered with clarithromycin.
The plasma levels of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin were increased by the concomitant administration of omeprazole. For clarithromycin, the mean Cmax was 10% greater, the mean Cmin was 27% greater, and the mean AUC0-8 was 15% greater when clarithromycin was administered with omeprazole than when clarithromycin was administered alone. Similar results were seen for 14-hydroxy-clarithromycin, the mean Cmax was 45% greater, the mean Cmin was 57% greater, and the mean AUC0-8 was 45% greater. Clarithromycin concentrations in the gastric tissue and mucus were also increased by concomitant administration of omeprazole.
Special Populations
Geriatric Population
The elimination rate of omeprazole was somewhat decreased in the elderly, and bioavailability was increased. Omeprazole was 76% bioavailable when a single 40 mg oral dose of omeprazole (buffered solution) was administered to healthy elderly volunteers, versus 58% in young volunteers given the same dose. Nearly 70% of the dose was recovered in urine as metabolites of omeprazole and no unchanged drug was detected. The plasma clearance of omeprazole was 250 mL/min (about half that of young volunteers) and its plasma half-life averaged one hour, about twice that of young healthy volunteers.
Pediatric Use
The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole have been investigated in pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age:
Following comparable mg/kg doses of omeprazole, younger children (2 to 5 years of age) have lower AUCs than children 6 to16 years of age or adults; AUCs of the latter two groups did not differ. [
See Dosage and Administration (2)
Hepatic Impairment
In patients with chronic hepatic disease, the bioavailability increased to approximately 100% compared with an I.V. dose, reflecting decreased first-pass effect, and the plasma half-life of the drug increased to nearly 3 hours compared with the half-life in normals of 0.5-1 hour. Plasma clearance averaged 70 mL/min, compared with a value of 500-600 mL/min in normal subjects. Dose reduction, particularly where maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis is indicated, for the hepatically impaired should be considered.
Renal Impairment
In patients with chronic renal impairment, whose creatinine clearance ranged between 10 and 62 mL/min/1.73 m2, the disposition of omeprazole was very similar to that in healthy volunteers, although there was a slight increase in bioavailability. Because urinary excretion is a primary route of excretion of omeprazole metabolites, their elimination slowed in proportion to the decreased creatinine clearance. No dose reduction is necessary in patients with renal impairment.
Asian Population
In pharmacokinetic studies of single 20 mg omeprazole doses, an increase in AUC of approximately four-fold was noted in Asian subjects compared with Caucasians. Dose reduction, particularly where maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis is indicated, for Asian subjects should be considered.
12.4 Microbiology
Omeprazole and clarithromycin dual therapy and omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin triple therapy have been shown to be active against most strains of Helicobacter pylori in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the Indications and Usage section (1.1).
Helicobacter pylori- Pretreatment Resistance
Clarithromycin pretreatment resistance rates were 3.5% (4/113) in the omeprazole/clarithromycin dual therapy studies (4 and 5) and 9.3% (41/439) in omeprazole/clarithromycin/amoxicillin triple therapy studies (1, 2, and 3).
Amoxicillin pretreatment susceptible isolates (≤ 0.25 mcg/mL) were found in 99.3% (436/439) of the patients in the omeprazole/clarithromycin/amoxicillin triple therapy studies (1, 2, and 3). Amoxicillin pretreatment minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) > 0.25 mcg/mL occurred in 0.7% (3/439) of the patients, all of whom were in the clarithromycin and amoxicillin study arm. One patient had an unconfirmed pretreatment amoxicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of > 256 mcg/mL by Etest®.
aIncludes only patients with pretreatment clarithromycin susceptibility test results
bSusceptible (S) MIC ≤ 0.25 mcg/mL, Intermediate (I) MIC 0.5 – 1.0 mcg/mL, Resistant (R) MIC ≥ 2 mcg/mL
Patients not eradicated of H. pylori following omeprazole/clarithromycin/amoxicillin triple therapy or omeprazole/clarithromycin dual therapy will likely have clarithromycin resistant H. pylori isolates. Therefore, clarithromycin susceptibility testing should be done, if possible. Patients with clarithromycin resistant H. pylori should not be treated with any of the following: omeprazole/clarithromycin dual therapy, omeprazole/clarithromycin/amoxicillin triple therapy, or other regimens which include clarithromycin as the sole antimicrobial agent.
Amoxicillin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes
In the triple therapy clinical trials, 84.9% (157/185) of the patients in the omeprazole/clarithromycin/amoxicillin treatment group who had pretreatment amoxicillin susceptible MICs (≤ 0.25 mcg/mL) were eradicated of H. pylori and 15.1% (28/185) failed therapy. Of the 28 patients who failed triple therapy, 11 had no post-treatment susceptibility test results and 17 had post-treatment H. pylori isolates with amoxicillin susceptible MICs. Eleven of the patients who failed triple therapy also had post-treatment H. pylori isolates with clarithromycin resistant MICs.
Susceptibility Test for Helicobacter pylori
The reference methodology for susceptibility testing of H. pylori is agar dilution MICs1. One to three microliters of an inoculum equivalent to a No. 2 McFarland standard (1 x 107 - 1 x 108 CFU/mL for H. pylori) are inoculated directly onto freshly prepared antimicrobial containing Mueller-Hinton agar plates with 5% aged defibrinated sheep blood (≥ 2 weeks old). The agar dilution plates are incubated at 35°C in a microaerobic environment produced by a gas generating system suitable for campylobacters. After 3 days of incubation, the MICs are recorded as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent required to inhibit growth of the organism. The clarithromycin and amoxicillin MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
Table 5
aThese are tentative breakpoints for the agar dilution methodology and they should not be used to interpret results obtained using alternative methods.
b There were not enough organisms with MICs > 0.25 mcg/mL to determine a resistance breakpoint.
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard clarithromycin and amoxicillin powders should provide the following MIC values:
a These are quality control ranges for the agar dilution methodology, and they should not be used to control test results obtained using alternative methods
Effects on Gastrointestinal Microbial Ecology
Decreased gastric acidity due to any means including proton pump inhibitors, increases gastric counts of bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors may lead to slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter.
1.1 Duodenal Ulcer (adults)
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer in adults. Most patients heal within four weeks. Some patients may require an additional four weeks of therapy.
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules in combination with clarithromycin and amoxicillin, is indicated for treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or up to 1-year history) to eradicate H. pylori in adults.
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules, in combination with clarithromycin is indicated for treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease to eradicate H. pylori in adults.
Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence [see Clinical Studies (14.1) and Dosage and Administration (2) ].
Among patients who fail therapy, Omeprazole delayed-release capsules with clarithromycin is more likely to be associated with the development of clarithromycin resistance as compared with triple therapy. In patients who fail therapy, susceptibility testing should be done. If resistance to clarithromycin is demonstrated or susceptibility testing is not possible, alternative antimicrobial therapy should be instituted. [
See Microbiology section (12.4)
], and the clarithromycin package insert, Microbiology section.)
1.2 Gastric Ulcer (adults)
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for short-term treatment (4-8 weeks) of active benign gastric ulcer in adults. [See Clinical Studies (14.2) ]
1.3 Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) (adults and pediatric patients)
Symptomatic GERD
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for the treatment of heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD in pediatric patients and adults.
Erosive Esophagitis
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for the short-term treatment (4-8 weeks) of erosive esophagitis that has been diagnosed by endoscopy in pediatric patients and adults. [See Clinical Studies (14.4) ]
The efficacy of Omeprazole delayed-release capsules used for longer than 8 weeks in these patients has not been established. If a patient does not respond to 8 weeks of treatment, an additional 4 weeks of treatment may be given. If there is recurrence of erosive esophagitis or GERD symptoms (e.g., heartburn), additional 4-8 week courses of omeprazole may be considered.
1.4 Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis (adults and pediatric patients)
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated to maintain healing of erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients and adults.
Controlled studies do not extend beyond 12 months. [See Clinical Studies (14.4) ]
1.5 Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions (adults)
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomas and systemic mastocytosis) in adults.
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation. Hypersensitivity reactions may include anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, interstitial nephritis, and urticaria [see Adverse Reactions (6) ].
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience with Omeprazole Monotherapy
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
The safety data described below reflects exposure to omeprazole delayed-release capsules in 3096 patients from worldwide clinical trials (465 patients from US studies and 2,631 patients from international studies). Indications clinically studied in US trials included duodenal ulcer, resistant ulcer, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The international clinical trials were double blind and open-label in design. The most common adverse reactions reported (i.e., with an incidence rate ≥ 2%) from omeprazole delayed-release capsules-treated patients enrolled in these studies included headache (6.9%), abdominal pain (5.2%), nausea (4.0%), diarrhea (3.7%), vomiting (3.2%), and flatulence (2.7%).
Additional adverse reactions that were reported with an incidence ≥1% included acid regurgitation (1.9%), upper respiratory infection (1.9%), constipation (1.5%), dizziness (1.5%), rash (1.5%), asthenia (1.3%), back pain (1.1%), and cough (1.1%).
The clinical trial safety profile in patients greater than 65 years of age was similar to that in patients 65 years of age or less.
The clinical trial safety profile in pediatric patients who received omeprazole delayed-release capsules was similar to that in adult patients. Unique to the pediatric population, however, adverse reactions of the respiratory system were most frequently reported in the 2 to 16 year age group (18.5%). Similarly, accidental injuries were reported frequently in the 2 to 16 year age group (3.8%).[
Use in Specific Populations (8.4)
6.2 Clinical Trials Experience with Omeprazole in Combination Therapy for
H. pylori
In clinical trials using either dual therapy with omeprazole and clarithromycin, or triple therapy with omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin, no adverse reactions unique to these drug combinations were observed. Adverse reactions observed were limited to those previously reported with omeprazole, clarithromycin, or amoxicillin alone.
Dual Therapy (omeprazole/clarithromycin)
Adverse reactions observed in controlled clinical trials using combination therapy with omeprazole and clarithromycin (n = 346) that differed from those previously described for omeprazole alone were taste perversion (15%), tongue discoloration (2%), rhinitis (2%), pharyngitis (1%) and flu-syndrome (1%). (For more information on clarithromycin, refer to the clarithromycin prescribing information, Adverse Reactions section).
Triple Therapy (omeprazole/clarithromycin/amoxicillin)
The most frequent adverse reactions observed in clinical trials using combination therapy with omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin (n = 274) were diarrhea (14%), taste perversion (10%), and headache (7%). None of these occurred at a higher frequency than that reported by patients taking antimicrobial agents alone. (For more information on clarithromycin or amoxicillin, refer to the respective prescribing information, Adverse Reactions sections).
6.3 Post-marketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of omeprazole delayed-release capsules. Because these reactions are voluntarily reported from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their actual frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Body As a Whole: Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, interstitial nephritis, urticaria, (see also Skin below); fever; pain; fatigue; malaise;
Cardiovascular: Chest pain or angina, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitations, elevated blood pressure, peripheral edema
Endocrine: Gynecomastia
Gastrointestinal: Pancreatitis (some fatal), anorexia, irritable colon, fecal discoloration, esophageal candidiasis, mucosal atrophy of the tongue, stomatitis, abdominal swelling, dry mouth. During treatment with omeprazole, gastric fundic gland polyps have been noted rarely. These polyps are benign and appear to be reversible when treatment is discontinued. Gastroduodenal carcinoids have been reported in patients with ZE syndrome on long-term treatment with omeprazole. This finding is believed to be a manifestation of the underlying condition, which is known to be associated with such tumors.
Hepatic: Liver disease including hepatic failure (some fatal), liver necrosis (some fatal), hepatic encephalopathy hepatocellular disease, cholestatic disease, mixed hepatitis, jaundice, and elevations of liver function tests [ALT, AST, GGT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin]
Metabolic/Nutritional: Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, weight gain
Musculoskeletal: Muscle weakness, myalgia, muscle cramps, joint pain, leg pain
Nervous System/Psychiatric: Psychiatric and sleep disturbances including depression, agitation, aggression, hallucinations, confusion, insomnia, nervousness, apathy, somnolence, anxiety, and dream abnormalities; tremors, paresthesia; vertigo
Respiratory: Epistaxis, pharyngeal pain
Skin: Severe generalized skin reactions including toxic epidermal necrolysis (some fatal), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme; photosensitivity; urticaria; rash; skin inflammation; pruritus; petechiae; purpura; alopecia; dry skin; hyperhidrosis
Special Senses: Tinnitus, taste perversion
Ocular: Optic atrophy, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, dry eye syndrome, ocular irritation, blurred vision, double vision
Urogenital: Interstitial nephritis, hematuria, proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine, microscopic pyuria, urinary tract infection, glycosuria, urinary frequency, testicular pain
Hematologic: Agranulocytosis (some fatal), hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, leucocytosis
Reports have been received of overdosage with omeprazole in humans. Doses ranged up to 2400 mg (120 times the usual recommended clinical dose). Manifestations were variable, but included confusion, drowsiness, blurred vision, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, flushing, headache, dry mouth, and other adverse reactions similar to those seen in normal clinical experience. [See Adverse Reactions (6)] Symptoms were transient, and no serious clinical outcome has been reported when omeprazole was taken alone. No specific antidote for omeprazole overdosage is known. Omeprazole is extensively protein bound and is, therefore, not readily dialyzable. In the event of overdosage, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.
As with the management of any overdose, the possibility of multiple drug ingestion should be considered. For current information on treatment of any drug overdose, contact your local Poison Control Center.
Single oral doses of omeprazole at 1350, 1339, and 1200 mg/kg were lethal to mice, rats, and dogs, respectively. Animals given these doses showed sedation, ptosis, tremors, convulsions, and decreased activity, body temperature, and respiratory rate and increased depth of respiration.
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules should be taken before eating. In the clinical trials, antacids were used concomitantly with omeprazole.
Patients should be informed that the omeprazole delayed-release capsule should be swallowed whole.
For patients unable to swallow an intact capsule, alternative administration options are available. [See Dosage and Administration (2.8)]
2.1 Short-Term Treatment of Active Duodenal Ulcer
The recommended adult oral dose of Omeprazole delayed-release capsules is 20 mg once daily. Most patients heal within four weeks. Some patients may require an additional four weeks of therapy.
H. pylori
Eradication for the Reduction of the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence
Triple Therapy (omeprazole/clarithromycin/amoxicillin) — The recommended adult oral regimen is omeprazole delayed-release capsules 20 mg plus clarithromycin 500 mg plus amoxicillin 1000 mg each given twice daily for 10 days. In patients with an ulcer present at the time of initiation of therapy, an additional 18 days of omeprazole delayed-release capsules 20 mg once daily is recommended for ulcer healing and symptom relief.
Dual Therapy (omeprazole/clarithromycin) — The recommended adult oral regimen is omeprazole delayed-release capsuels 40 mg once daily plus clarithromycin 500 mg three times daily for 14 days. In patients with an ulcer present at the time of initiation of therapy, an additional 14 days ofomeprazole delayed-release capsules 20 mg once daily is recommended for ulcer healing and symptom relief.
2.3 Gastric Ulcer
The recommended adult oral dose is 40 mg once daily for 4-8 weeks.
2.4 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
The recommended adult oral dose for the treatment of patients with symptomatic GERD and no esophageal lesions is 20 mg daily for up to 4 weeks. The recommended adult oral dose for the treatment of patients with erosive esophagitis and accompanying symptoms due to GERD is 20 mg daily for 4 to 8 weeks.
2.5 Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis
The recommended adult oral dose is 20 mg daily. [See Clinical Studies (14.4) ]
2.6 Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions
The dosage of omeprazole delayed-release capsules in patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions varies with the individual patient. The recommended adult oral starting dose is 60 mg once daily. Doses should be adjusted to individual patient needs and should continue for as long as clinically indicated. Doses up to 120 mg three times daily have been administered. Daily dosages of greater than 80 mg should be administered in divided doses. Some patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been treated continuously with omeprazole delayed-release capsules for more than 5 years.
2.7 Pediatric Patients
For the treatment of GERD and maintenance of healing of erosive esophagitis, the recommended daily dose for pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age is as follows:
On a per kg basis, the doses of omeprazole required to heal erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients are greater than those for adults.
Alternative administrative options can be used for pediatric patients unable to swallow an intact capsule [See Dosage and Administration (2.8) ].
2.8 Alternative Administration Options
Omeprazole is available as a delayed-release capsule.
For patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules, the contents of an omeprazole delayed-release capsules can be added to applesauce. One tablespoon of applesauce should be added to an empty bowl and the capsule should be opened. All of the pellets inside the capsule should be carefully emptied on the applesauce. The pellets should be mixed with the applesauce and then swallowed immediately with a glass of cool water to ensure complete swallowing of the pellets. The applesauce used should not be hot and should be soft enough to be swallowed without chewing. The pellets should not be chewed or crushed. The pellets/applesauce mixture should not be stored for future use.
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules, USP 40 mg are off-white to pale yellow, elliptical to spherical pellets filled in size '0el' hard gelatin capsules with opaque yellow coloured cap and opaque lavender coloured body, imprinted on cap 'OMEPRAZOLE' 40 mg and on body 'R159' with black ink.
Bottles of 30 NDC 21695-617-30
Bottles of 90 NDC 21695-617-90
Omeprazole delayed-release capsules should be taken before eating. Patients should be informed that the omeprazole delayed-release capsules should be swallowed whole.
For patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules, the contents of an omeprazole delayed-release capsule can be added to applesauce. One tablespoon of applesauce should be added to an empty bowl and the capsule should be opened. All of the pellets inside the capsule should be carefully emptied on the applesauce. The pellets should be mixed with the applesauce and then swallowed immediately with a glass of cool water to ensure complete swallowing of the pellets. The applesauce used should not be hot and should be soft enough to be swallowed without chewing. The pellets should not be chewed or crushed. The pellets/applesauce mixture should not be stored for future use.
- Principal Display Panel
omeprazole capsuleProduct Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:21695-617(NDC:55111-158) Route of Administration ORAL Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength OMEPRAZOLE (UNII: KG60484QX9) (OMEPRAZOLE - UNII:KG60484QX9) OMEPRAZOLE 40 mg Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength CROSPOVIDONE (UNII: 68401960MK) HYPROMELLOSES (UNII: 3NXW29V3WO) MAGNESIUM STEARATE (UNII: 70097M6I30) MANNITOL (UNII: 3OWL53L36A) MEGLUMINE (UNII: 6HG8UB2MUY) METHACRYLIC ACID - ETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER (1:1) TYPE A (UNII: NX76LV5T8J) POLOXAMER 124 (UNII: 1S66E28KXA) POVIDONE (UNII: FZ989GH94E) TRIETHYL CITRATE (UNII: 8Z96QXD6UM) D&C RED NO. 28 (UNII: 767IP0Y5NH) FD&C BLUE NO. 1 (UNII: H3R47K3TBD) FD&C RED NO. 40 (UNII: WZB9127XOA) FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 (UNII: H77VEI93A8) FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW (UNII: EX438O2MRT) GELATIN (UNII: 2G86QN327L) SILICON DIOXIDE (UNII: ETJ7Z6XBU4) SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (UNII: 368GB5141J) TITANIUM DIOXIDE (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP) D&C YELLOW NO. 10 (UNII: 35SW5USQ3G) FD&C BLUE NO. 2 (UNII: L06K8R7DQK) BUTYL ALCOHOL (UNII: 8PJ61P6TS3) PROPYLENE GLYCOL (UNII: 6DC9Q167V3) FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE (UNII: XM0M87F357) Product Characteristics Color WHITE (off white to pale yellow) Score no score Shape CAPSULE Size 23mm Flavor Imprint Code Omeprazole;40;mg;R;159 Contains Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:21695-617-30 30 in 1 BOTTLE 2 NDC:21695-617-90 90 in 1 BOTTLE Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date ANDA ANDA075576 10/13/2010 Labeler - Rebel Distributors Corp (118802834) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Rebel Distributors Corp 118802834 RELABEL, REPACK


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Change is dead, Long Live Global Hunger
In May this year, Oxfam published their new report "Growing Better Future" and five months later ActionAid, their "On the Brink" report. Their key message was one and the same: We are hurling towards mass starvation on account of the synergistic impact of accelerating climate change; degradation of natural resources and untameable food price inflation on an over-populated planet. In the process, these NGOs elevated Malthus's reputation as a prognosticator to the Delphic levels of a Nostradamus.This is Part I of this paper - the introduction. International NGOs have changed the labels of their hysteria - from Global Warming to Global Hunger with the philosophical underpinnings of their programmes unchanged. Part II critique the claim that "climate change" being responsible for high food prices and global hunger and concludes that at best these claims are based on shoddy research and at worst cloaks a Machiavellian agenda. Part III explains how the advocacy of Climate Smart Agriculture and Renewable Energy furthers the eco-imperialistic agenda. Part 4 of this article deals with the attempt of Western countries to finance such a programme by a Global Green Fund and carbon market at the on-going Climate Summit at Durban. However a huge section of African NGOs are so upset about this funding linked to carbon trading that they signed an open letter to the leaders not to adopt this programme.
Copenhagen, December 2009. A public art exhibition was put up as a sidelight to the Climate Summit. Seen in the photograph is the 'Survival of the Fattest', sculpted by artist Jens Galschiot (2004) The sculpture is accompanied by text, reading in part:I'm sitting on the back of a man.
He is sinking under the burden.
I would do anything to help him.
Except stepping down from his back.The website goes on to explain: 'The sculpture 'Survival of the Fattest' is a symbol of the rich worlds (i.e. the fat woman, 'Justitia') self-complacent 'righteousness'. With a pair of scales in her hand she sits on the back of starved African man (i.e. the third world), while pretending to do what is best for him."
The sculpture however was first exhibited in London, 2004 G7 meeting. On that occasion, it apparently was to symbolize the evils of globalization and free trade. In Copenhagen, 2009, it morphed into a new message about climate change with apparently little need to change anything except the captions. So the Justitia sculpture lends itself to whatever we want it to be. So in 2011, I use differently the sculpture changing nothing but the caption again. The text below reads:'The New Eco-imperialistic Strategy: Under the guise of eliminating hunger in developing countries, they actually conspire to accentuate it.'In May this year, Oxfam launched their Growing Better Future Report with this apocalyptic warning:"New research commissioned for this report paints a grim picture of what a future of worsening climate change and increasing resource scarcity holds for hunger. It predicts international price rises of key staples in the region of 120 to 180 percent by 2030. This will prove disastrous for food importing poor countries, and raises the prospect of a wholesale reversal in human development."Six months later, ActionAid followed suit by releasing a report entitled "On the Brink" with similar doomsday narratives about rising populations, environmental disaster and declining yields among small farms:"As the global population hits 7 billion this month, ActionAid has today warned that a triple crisis of climate change, desolated natural resources and rocketing food prices, could dwarf the world's ability to feed them all."
Though both reports had South Asia and India had a relatively de facto focus, ActionAid went a step higher to even ranked India among the ten most vulnerable countries to what they call as the triple crisis:"Based on new research in 28 poor countries, ActionAid's report '7 Billion on the Brink ' reveals which poor nations are most prepared for this triple crisis and which are burying their head in the sand. The 10 countries ranked most vulnerable – DRC, Burundi, South Africa, Haiti, Bangladesh, Zambia, India, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia and Rwanda - account for a quarter of the world's population."It's must be one helluva of a coincidence that two UK based charities, through 'new research" of their in-house team, working in parallel, arrived at a singular message - the Malthusian demographic bomb is about to explode and we need to act now to defuse it!It has become fashionable for NGOs these days, at their drop of their hats, to warn the world of dangers, real or false, and to tell the rest of us what should be done and how we should live our lives. In a democracy it is certainly within their right to do so, that is if they chose to do so. But so it is the right of others to not only critique these claims but to question the legitimacy and accountability of those making these claims. This paper sets off to exactly do the latter.
Climate Change is dead, Long Live Global Hunger
The timing of the ActionAid report was significant, being launched to coincide with landmark of global population crossing the 7 billion mark last month. Hence it comes as no surprise that this theme sets the philosophical undertone to their whole report.
When Oxfam in May published a similar sounding report, we briefly critiqued it in our blog: CLICK: OXFAM morphs into a Paul Ehrlich clone: Claims world faces mass starvation! But with Oxfam and ActionAid taking to Global Hunger as their new generation global scare, it suggests that a pattern emerging whereby we could see many more NGOs and environment groups jumping into the bandwagon. Hence the need for a more detailed critique.
The proof of the pudding that NGOs created genuine impact is when they make themselves redundant by solving the problem they say they are attempting. But ironically, the more they fail, the more they confer themselves continued relevance. Only continuing crises can ensure continued fund flows. This existential dilemma of NGOs perhaps explains why despite all their publicly self-congratulatory claims of impact or success, global poverty and hunger levels, instead of declining, have actually spiked to dangerous levels, as admitted by Oxfam and ActionAid themselves.
Perverse as it sounds, to clock even more rapid organizational growth rates, NGOs and environmental organizations sometimes stoop to manufacturing crises where none exists. Climate change and its related themes were one of these creations that was so lucrative that it accounts for more than one-fifth of all income earned by international charities such as Oxfam and ActionAid.
Unfortunately climate alarmism itself is dying a slow and painful death, and now grasping for its last breath. With the expiry of the Kyoto Protocol by the end of 2012; we can expect the formal pronouncement of its death. For NGOs and environmental groups who opportunistically jumped into its gravy train; they now need to latch on to an alternate alarm to ensure that their good times continue unabated.
For some time, NGOs and environmentalists toyed with biodiversity and mass extinction as an alternate hysteria but found that this scare did not evoke the same degree of public response as did climate change. Biodiversity was found too abstract and further too divorced from the day-to-day reality of the common man to touch a chord.This was where climate change had an unique advantage. Climate could be readily confused with weather and extreme events and lend itself to easily exploit the scientific illiteracy of much of the public and their susceptibility to the substitution of repetition for truth. But the scam has run its course, done in through a combination of errors exposed in the IPCC report; Climategate where hackers made public the emails of IPCC scientists, that showed them conspiring and manipulating data; the growing divergence between alarmist predictions and real world observations and sheer public fatigue of their climate hysteria routines.
On the other hand, the present increasing trend of global food inflation and starvation, like climate change is something that the general public can easily relate to as their day-to-day reality. 'In the scope of its consequences for life on planet earth and the immense size of its remedies, global warming dwarfs all the environmental scares of our time put together ' (Wildavsky 1992, p. xv). Consequently, global warming remains the mother of environmental scams and it is difficult for NGOs and environmental organizations to even think of giving up its agenda. So what best they can do within the circumstances? Just like the Justitia sculpture, they simply changed the caption. Global Warming is now replaced with Global Hunger but their ideological underpinnings remain unchanged.
So we find ActionAid study says:"Accelerating climate change, growing population and rising food prices pose a triple crisis that could lead to a collapse in global food systems." Oxfam says the same things though nuanced and marketed a little differently.


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The County's economic development staff helps to set the growth and development plan for the Department of Infrastructure, Planning & Growth team and serves as a liaison to coordinate development opportunities with our local cities and towns, the South Bend Regional Chamber, the South Bend-Elkhart Partnership, the State of Indiana's Economic Development Corporation as well as the private development community and existing, local businesses to help facilitate growth and development within the four corners of the County. Staff works with the development community to help navigate internal and external processes to help advance projects and match incentives, when needed, to help projects to completion. Staff works with local businesses that are seeking to expand or relocate within the County and aids and coordinates to help these businesses grow. Staff also works proactively with State and Federal partners to find resources that can be used locally to leverage development or infrastructure projects.
The Division of Economic Development staff works with our regional economic development partners to promote our region to the local, regional, national, and international development community and to help prospects navigate local and regional development rules to complete their projects. Our team's goal is to take St. Joseph County to the world and to bring the world to St. Joseph County!
The Division of Economic Development staff aides and assists the Towns by serving as supplemental staff to the local government units as they prepare economic development plans, assist with business retention and expansion projects and coordinates as needed when prospects are interested in developing within their Town limits. Staff also works with the development offices in the cities of Mishawaka and South Bend on an as-needed basis.
Tax Increment Financing, or TIF, is a financial tool that collects new property tax increment generated by new development within a legally defined area. The collected increment helps to pay for infrastructure improvements (streets, sewers, parking lots) in the area near a new development and for targeted property acquisition to support redevelopment purposes. A TIF district sits within an Economic Development Area (EDA) which is a legally defined area managed by the local Redevelopment Commission. Further information about the St. Joseph County Redevelopment Commission or the Commission's four economic development areas can be found in this section of the website.
An economic development area (EDA) is a legally defined geography that is established to facilitate economic development or redevelopment. An EDA is managed by the local redevelopment commission. Presently, the St. Joseph County Redevelopment Commission manages five (5) EDA's and is considering the designation of two additional EDAs.
In Indiana, tax abatement is technically defined within state law as an economic revitalization area (ERA) deduction. The process begins by designating a certain piece of real estate as an ERA. Subsequent investment on that property, within state guidelines, is then eligible for tax abatement. Two types of investments can receive tax abatement - real estate and personal property improvements.
Regarding real property, the purchase of land does not qualify for a deduction; only a structure or building. Abatement is only for the increase in assessed value which means it cannot be applied to the value of existing structures. Activities eligible for abatement include the construction of new structures, additions to existing structures, and the remodel or repair of a structure that results in an increase in assessed value. Deductions for real property can be approved for a period up to ten years, during which, new taxes are phased in, hence the term tax phase-in.
Personal property abatements are for equipment or machinery used for the production, manufacturing, fabrication, assembly, or processing of other personal property. In addition, equipment used for research and development, information technology systems and on-site logistical equipment are eligible for abatement. Used equipment can qualify for abatement if not previously used and taxed in Indiana. Like the real property abatement, deductions for personal property can be granted for a period up to five years with additional years of abatement based upon the size of the project.
The tax abatement program is managed by the St. Joseph County Council. The Division of Economic Development plays a support role to the Council and works with the prospects and assists them through the various interviews and meetings required for approval. Tax abatement information can be found at: https://www.sjcindiana.com/taxabatement.


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Students at a U.S. military graduate school in California are mining social media with new methods that may change the way the armed forces collect intelligence overseas.
Students and researchers at the Naval Postgraduate School have tackled two projects that could begin the shift in the way intelligence is gathered. The first is a piece of software they wrote that harnesses the Twitter API (application programming interface) and the second is a project focusing on Syria that uses many social networks to look at U.S. policy options there, though civil liberties experts say the technology concerns them.
The software for Twitter, called the Dynamic Twitter Network Analysis (DTNA), is now being field-tested by three Defense Department units overseas to help gauge public opinion in some of the world's hot spots.
The software pulls in data from the public Twitter feed, then sorts it, live, by phrases, keywords or hashtags. The program is continuously updated, integrating a mapping feature and geo-tagged information. Intelligence officers could use DTNA to understand people's moods about a topic, or hopefully prevent or simply respond faster in any future U.S. embassy attacks.
The group's second project incorporates the DTNA software but also pulls in public information from Facebook, YouTube, Google and other sources to protect potential weapon-of-mass-destruction sites in Syria while the conflict there continues.
Watch an IDG News Service video of researchers at the Naval Postgraduate School's Common Operational Research Environment Lab explaining some of their research here.
The Syria project is spearheaded by an intelligence officer getting his master's degree at the school.
Army Major Seth Lucente set out to analyze Syria with social media because of the U.S. plan to keep from entering the Syrian civil war unless chemical weapon stockpiles are exposed to danger. That goal was spelled out by U.S. President Barack Obama in August, which sparked Lucente's idea for the project. (You can watch a video of the speech here.)
The methodology Lucente and researchers are using is called sentiment analysis. It's been around for about 10 years, used primarily by consumer-facing companies to pull public information on social media streams and analyze it for trends. But this is the first known use of sentiment analysis by the military.
"In the commercial world, everyone is doing it," said Bing Liu, a computer science professor who works on sentiment analysis and data mining at the University of Illinois at Chicago. "I'm not aware of work in the military. But I'm sure they're using it."
But Lucente says that was exactly the problem; intelligence methods are more antiquated than that. The military's standard intelligence-collection techniques still tend to mimic those of the Cold War, with satellite imagery and agents deployed to locations to collect information. Depending on the difficulty in accessing locations or groups, it can take a year or more to corroborate information. When analyzing mood, he says those steps simply take too long.
"Given the military culture and that warfare is usually attrition of military forces, the Army hasn't, in my perspective, tried to move to understand sentiment of population," said Lucente.
So he's designed the Syria project to harness real-time social media streams as a test for the sort of fast intelligence gathering he'd like to do. Lucente's project started out broadly by researching use of social media in Syria. He found that, rather than the Assad regime, opposition forces are most active online.
Researchers were aided by the fact that Syrian opposition forces have to rely on social media to get the word out on their activities, since they are not traditionally funded. That means there is a wealth of information on public Facebook groups and Twitter profiles, including photos and videos, all ripe for analysis.
"It was unusual because unlike conventional war, these organizations don't have funding or resources," Lucente said. "There are no secure communications radios."
What opposition forces have is a massive online presence, detailing their every move. The "Syrian Revolution 2011" Facebook page has more than 647,000 likes. The affiliated Twitter handle, where attacks, death tolls and sometimes troop movements are routinely broadcast, has more than 78,000 followers.
Though, "for the most part, they are getting themselves out there to teach people who they are and what they're fighting for," Lucente said.
Lucente says high-ranking U.S. military officials are surprised when he points out the extreme wealth of online information available on Syria. The most stunning thing to him is a Google map, updated every 24 hours by revolution forces, which he says would take roughly 100 U.S. intelligence officers to be able to update at the same pace using traditional methods. The map is scattered with pins, many of which have videos associated with air strikes, ground movement and other details, every day. (Take a look at the map yourself, found here.)
"It's a pretty wow-factor map," Lucente said. "They're really leveraging this [social media] stuff."
With the Syrian opposition activities targeted for sheer wealth of information for the project, Lucente narrowed the scope of his project to ask which areas of the country are most at risk for losing nuclear, biological or chemical weapons in the event that Syria's government falls. He and two CORE Lab researchers focused on a city called Homs, an important location with a major highway intersection hub. Lucente says it's in a key position for controlling the rest of the country because whichever group holds Homs controls the highways. Syrian websites that track deaths, like http://syrianshuhada.com, say that the Homs Province has the highest number of casualties.
Researchers then checked the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a nonprofit group founded to address risks related to weapons of mass destruction, for how many potential weapons-of-mass-destruction sites exist in the city. They found four: one chemical production site, a fertilizer company, an oil refinery and a uranium recovery plant.
To help protect those sites, the researchers culled through Facebook posts and YouTube videos to analyze opposition forces in the area. Their research culminated in a recommendation to talk with one particular Syrian opposition group near the city. Lucente proposed asking the Farouq Battalion, a group of men who fight for the Khalid bin Walid Battalion, to consider watching those four sites in case the Syrian government should fall. As a counterintelligence officer, Lucente is worried that if those locations are not protected, terrorists could theoretically seize them or black marketers could sell the material.
Rob Schroeder and Gregory Freeman, both research assistants at the CORE Lab, helped map and provide data visualization for the project. The DTNA software pulls Arabic and English information, which is already a step beyond much of the available, consumer-facing software that reads public opinion. But researchers say better foreign language use could crack social media analysis wide open.
"The major ridgeline to be crossed is going to be foreign language analysis," Schroeder said.
The project took two months to complete and since then, Lucente, Schroeder and Freeman have been in demand. The group presented the project to senior military leaders, who they've been asked not to name, and say they were interested in the project. Since making the initial presentation, the researchers have been asked to give the same brief more than a dozen times, all to high-ranking military members involved in intelligence and cyberwarfare.
If the Syria project and the Twitter software go on to establish models that the military deems successful, they could bring about a shift in the way U.S. military intelligence is gathered, increasing speed by focusing on publicly available social media streams.
While social media analytics for military applications interests social media data scientists, Internet freedom watchdogs are less quick to praise. They are worried about privacy breaches, even though mining the public information is legal.
"While technically it is legal to pull social media information, I don't know that it's always ethical, " said Eddan Katz, a visiting fellow for Access to Knowledge at the Information Society Project at Yale Law School.
Liu, of the University of Illinois at Chicago, said any expectation of privacy by social media users is naïve. Raw public data mining is already happening, perfected by corporations eager to learn what consumers think about their products. "You should expect someone is using it, with a computer system to mine something with it," he said.
Lucente is quick to point out that the project is not a matter of Big Brother spying, since the information is public and the military would not use it on U.S. citizens. Still, knowing projects out there exist that have the capability to do such in-depth analysis makes civil liberties proponents worried.
"There's no telling how it will be used, or stored, and that is something we want to watch," said Gregory Nojeim, the director of the Center for Democracy and Technology's Project on Freedom.


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Plagiarism, Part 3: Style Manuals
Style Manuals: Guides for citing sources
A style manual is a book of rules for writing formal papers. Style manuals provide guidance in using punctuation, composing sentences and paragraphs, formatting papers, documenting your sources in the body of your paper, composing citations, and more.
Style Manuals aren't just for students. Scholars, editors, journalists and other professional writers use style manuals every day to guide their writing style and documentation. When you see an article or book with a list of sources at the end, be assured that the author had to follow the publication's style guide. Even publications like newspapers and popular magazines follow style guides to maintain consistency in punctuation, abbreviations, spelling, etc.
In this module, we're going to look at how style manuals help you write bibliographic citations.
After working through the section on Style Manuals, you should be able to:
- Identify two or three style manuals commonly used for academic work.
- Describe how a style manual can help you write a bibliographic citation.
28 August, 2009


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Gordon Brown
| ||
Born | 20 February 1951, Giffnok, Scotland | |
Party: | Labour, sometimes UKIP if the papers were inclined | |
Career: | Sarah Brown (2000-present) | |
Alma Mater: | University of Edinburgh | |
Religion: | Church of Scotland (Only to score points against Peter Mandleson's sophistry and evil) | |
Signature: | ||
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | ||
Term of office: | 27 June 2007 – 11 May 2010 | |
Preceded by: | Tony Blair | |
Succeeded by: | David Cameron/Lord Ashcroft/Posh Wanker/George Osborne | |
Chancellor of the Exchequer | ||
Term of office: | 2 May 1997 – 27 June 2007 | |
Preceded by: | Kenneth Clarke | |
Succeeded by: | Alistair Darling | |
Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer | ||
Term of office: | 18 July 1992 – 2 May 1997 | |
Preceded by: | John Smith | |
Succeeded by: | Kenneth Clarke | |
Shadow Secretary of State for Trade | ||
Term of office: | 13 May 1985 – 18 July 1992 | |
Preceded by: | Robin Cook | |
Succeeded by: | Harriet Harman |
Gordon Brown, known to members of his Party as Glorious Leader and to the public as Gordzilla, Lord Protector of the Bonuses, or Bumbling Brown has a face like a smacked arse. It is thought that where most people have one bullet with their name on, but Brown has 12....million. He is a British Member of Parliament serving since 1983, and was the main resident of Number 10 Downing Street until 11th May 2010, when he was cast back into the gloomy chasm that initially spawned him.
During his time in Parliament, he held the posts of Keeper of the Fondue Set, Her Majesty's Beloved Holder of the Door, and in Tony Blair's Manual Labour government, was Money Keeper and Gold Merchant and Mo Mowlam's bit on the side. He is no longer Prime Minister, having decided to spend more time with his family after the 2010 General Election. Previously he was allowed to put his feet up wherever he liked (usually ministers and assistants).
Richard Dawkins' impassioned rants against the existence of God were proven wrong when on May 10th, Gordon Brown announced his decision to step down as leader of the party. Nonetheless, with David Cameron now playing the role of Prime Minister, surely the title will revert back to its rightful owners in the Conservative Party.
Early years[edit]
An early experiment in genetic engineering, Gordon was the offspring on an unholy pairing of Jeremy Beadle and Stalin's second cousin, Igor. Upon his birth, he was immediately moved to the House of Commons, where he had been elected in utero to represent Kirkaldy and Cowdenbeath (part of Fife) as a sperm. Before Gordon's ability to speech deteriorated to the dull mumble it is today, he was a very good representative for Fife and in fact quality of life in fife increased 200%. This increase may have been partly due to a linking road being created between Fife and anywhere else, alas nobody will ever know. Although there in mind (for lack of a better word) Gordon was not recognized officially as MP until the 9th of June 1983 at age 33 when they thought it would be good for a laugh.
In his youth, Gordon "Shite" Brown dearly enjoyed football, until he lost an eye in a duel with a local boy whose father had allegedly voted for the Tories. Having been beaten, losing an eye and being buggered royally, Brown qualified for the rugby team. It is not known why he does that weird thing with his mouth but it has been suggested that he is allergic to the bullshit he spews in profuse quantities. However, there is some recent evidence that this may be a little known psychological problem called "Air fellatio" (similar to air guitar) performed to assure the special relationship with the USA; in particular carrying on Tony Bliar's service to George W. Bush.
During a short recess in Parliament, Golden Brown Turd obtained his Bachelors Degree in Stealth Taxation, his Masters in petulance and a Doctorate in Witchcraft. He also won the title of Rectum of Edinburgh University in unarmed combat. Unfortunately, the title was cursed and he lost three skill points for five turns. Yet he soon returned to the ring in style after a pesky critter called Liam Gallagher threw an unsuspecting egg at him. The egg was not amused. Gordon "Big Job" Shit quickly retaliated and, using skills honed by years of living in fife, consequently knocked Gallagher's two front teeth out.
Parliamentary Career[edit]
Gordon had the left the army after a short service and started his party.After burning down parliament building he was pronounced leader.After Gordon's rise to power in 1939 he was taken by the erotic lifestyle of an MP and set his sights high (the queen denied his advances) and after two years in office where people pretended to know what he was saying was promoted to Shadow Secretary of State for Trade.
"He plotted against me and got me."
Shadow Secretary of State for Trade[edit]
during the early years of his career, Gordon was known by those working under him as "he who walks amongst us", "the great one", "the god-king" or "the Messiah". these titles were later proven to be false and unfitting of Gordon as Jesus rose again (again), kicked his arse, and went back to live with his dad. Gordon took this job very seriously as it was a large leap towards his goal of the king. As this was just a pretend role for MP's who the rest of them don't like very much the job description was very basic.
"From the shadows trade with people."
"It's quite like hide and seek, that's my favorite game no-no dinner is the best game."
Gordon traded with several important officials including:
Significant trades | ||
Another trader | Items traded by Gordon | Items traded by other traders |
Sir Ninian Stephen of Australia | The Crown Jewels | A pack of skips |
Li Xiannian of China | Deed to the tower of London | A stink bomb |
Captain crunch[1] | His love | A magical adventure in space and time |
Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer[edit]
In 1992 after successfully supplying the entire country with a years supply of coat hangers in trade for him not eating the leader of the Broonzonian tribe's leader (Who seen Gordon as a god since fat% is a sign of wealth and power in the tribe) Gordon was given the title Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. During Gordon's promotion party he misheard (as he was distracted by the piñata) and until 1997 dressed in drag and hid in shadows.
Gordon Brown's part in the Revolution[edit]
In 1994, the Labour Party split up into two revolutionary bodies. Firstly, New Labour, led by the young, revolutionary Toothy Blair, and the Social Democrats led by the old fart Michael Foot.
Tony Blair and the New Labour communists gained control during the winter of 1996 after a bloody revolution. Gordon "Dance Dance Revolution" Brown had played an important part of this revolution, mostly by robbing banks to fund it, he had spent a number of his days behind bars but managed to escape in nearly all of the occasions by seducing his prison guards.
After the sudden death of John Smith, Brown and his close personal friend Toothy Blair reached an agreement over who was going to lead the Labour Party. In keeping with Labour Party rules, this was settled by nude mud wrestling, despite his greater mass and reach Gordon lost by two sore bottoms and a reverse dossier. Gordon was awarded a consolation prize by the ghost of the Dead John Smith, the Chancellery of the Exchequer and complete control over Britain's public and private finances, should Labour win the next General Election.
Criminal record[edit]
Gordon Bown has been arrested several times on charges of loitering outside Tesco, harassing old women from Rochdale and playing 'knock down the ginger' in the street. Police say that if it happens again "he will be issued with an ASBO just like his friends". He also likes to take advantage of old ladies whilst they shop at Asda. He has been caught doing this several times, but all politicians do it, so they dismissed it as being a "player". Politicians have a game where they see how many cookies they can nick from Tesco by putting 1 when asked for the quantity by the self-service machine (current record is 1), Gordon is as guilty as the rest of them. In January 2011 Gordon was arrested and charged with the rape and murder of the British economy as well as charges of using ferrets for the purpose of gambling. He pleaded guilty to the second charge and denied the first. In court, he was later found to be guilty of both and has been sentenced to 20 years imprisonment in the home of Gary Glitter.
However, Lord knows he damn well ought to be brought to justice for his systematic wrecking of the British Economy from 1997-2010, starting with the ongoing theft from each and every pension fund which basically ended final salary pension schemes in the UK. Oh, apart from in the public sector, where Brown spent his entire working life - which handily we pay for as well.
Criminal record 2[edit]
In 2001: A Space Odyssey Brown released the classic rap/Country music album "G". It reached #1 in the charts in several countires including England,Scotland, Belize, Albania and Canada, selling 1.6 trillion copies. Highlights include his cover vserion of Lionel Richie's "Tax you, Tax me" and Lionel Blair's "Tap Dance Extravaganza".
Party Animal / Socialite[edit]
Gordon Brown once swallowed fifteen ecstasy pills at once, puked then started dancing like a monkey. The Prime Minister and Swedish supermodel claimed he thought the tangy tablets were, "googly eyes, you know, the ones you use on colleagues". When asked why he would sample googly eyes in the same fashion you or I would tuck into a custard cream, he said, "I feel I need to compensate for a lacking in something". Of course, Gordon, whose name, in Latin, translates as, 'masked transvestite' was able to give up the ecstasy, and the googly eyes, with the help of Mensa founder, critically acclaimed composer and world renown nun Paris Hilton-Holiday Inn. In Gordon's autobiography, Eye-eye, Captain, it is cited that he would have been claimed by the Russian gay bars, and become a woman of the night, had it not been for inventor of the chastity ring, Paris. Sadly, their romance was cut short when, while traveling through a tunnel in Paris, the couple was the subject of a car crash, resulting in the death of Paris, and the severe wounding of Gordon's penis. With Paris out of the picture, Gordon returned to his party animal ways, spending money that wasn't his to spend, 'shooting-up' in public bathrooms and adopting many hundreds of Vietnamese orphans. All of this was filmed and broadcast by classical music network MTV, broadcast to the public under the name, 'Gordon's Super Sweet Sixteen', a revolutionary show which revealed the Prime Ministers actual age. In Gordon's words, "the party, is yet to begin".
Chancellor of the Cross-Dresser[edit]
Gordon is an avid cross-dresser and enjoys taking money from Britain to fund his hobby. He was famously interviewed by Hello Magazine dressed as Paris Hilton whilst she was in jail. Only when Paris' mother saw the article was anyone informed that it was actually Brown in disguise. As punishment for his actions, Brown was sentenced to be beheaded by Osama Bin Laden, ironically, inside one of the Sharia Law Courts he had fought to establish under the Blairite era of Tony Blair (Also known as Tony-B-Liar). He escaped the sentence after being mistaken for a pig, which Muslims aren't allowed to touch because they contain Pork. With his voluptuous exterior, pig-like face and curly tail, this was not the first time he had been mistaken for a porky delight. Britney Spears famously attempted to eat him at a party held by Lindsay Lohan, but he was saved after she was heroically wrestled to the ground by that bloke that plays Borat. Gordon's cross-dressing has gained him a lot of public attention from homosexual men. One such man had a two-month affair with Brown. Reports say this man's name was Emma, the subject is however still being investigated by the media at large.
Before Year Zero[edit]
Until 2007 he was actually known as Gordon (glass-eyed pratt) Shit blazer. However, this title became null-and-void once he was established as Master Chef of the ethnologically-diversified Labour Party in 2007. The most commonly accepted theory for the eradication of this term is that the party deemed the term socialite as sounding too much like socialist for their comfort. From this point, the alternative word somebody was established in all Government controlled media to describe Gordon's activities. This generic, non-offensive term was deemed appropriate for use around muslims and all variety of ethnic majorities in the UK. Currently, Golden Brown Turd can be found roaming the back alleys of London, looking for a shiny disc that happens to hold over 25 million people's records.
Gordon is known to often ask Paris for political advice. One well-known example is when he asked whether Big Ben should be converted into a Mosque, to which she replied: "That's Hot". Her approval of the plans was said to have been influenced by the "Cool carpets with compasses on them". He also lowered VAT because Paris was a bit strapped for cash and wanted a new pair of shoes.
The Haggis Baron legend[edit]
There is, however, another fable about this glorious man and his rise to power.It goes as follows: Raised in the Scottish Highlands and fed only on porridge till the age of 90 the Haggis Baron is a dreadful sight. His kilt is made of his own body hair woven together. Unlike other Scottish people, he is not very hairy and the kilt is therefore on the smallish side, and as traditional among the pedophile tribes of the Outer Hebrides, he wears nothing underneath it. The Haggis Baron made his way up into the world of politics by raping fish and Neil Kinnock; eventually, he raped Tony Blair so violently that the Tonster gave up his job as Supreme Chieftain Of The Home Counties.
Early Parliamentary Career[edit]
Gordon "Butters" Brown claimed in his autobiography You Want Some of This, Pal? that he entered Parliament out of a deep-seated desire to help poor people, and also because he won a job in parliament by accident when he defeated Wolf if a game of Hang Tough on the 1995 episode of Gladiators. He represented Upper Kilt Town in the House of Commons until 1994, when he dueled and slew Gareth Sadspoon with a stapler to take control of Lower Kilt Town as well, increasing his constituency to 5 people. His prowess with office equipment became legendary when he crippled Michael Heseltine with a hole puncher. Confrontation with Labour's head duellist, Tony Blair, was inevitable. When Tony Blair, ye Merrye Out-law, wished to cross a puddle outside the Granita restaurant in Islington, he found Gordon "The Robot" Shit, a giant of a man, barring his way. He asked Shit to carry him across the puddle on his shoulders, which Shit refused to do. The two fell into battle with their quarterstaves, neither giving quarter until Tony was knocked into the puddle below. Blair, impressed with Shit's prowess, asked him to join his band of Merry Members on condition that he be henceforth known as Shit Gordon (which qualified as a hilarious pun prior to the European Regulations On Humour & Punnery 1989). Shit Gordon served Blair well, although he was somewhat overzealous: his instructions were to rob from the rich and give to the poor, whereas Shit Gordon found it far more economical to simply rob everybody.
"I'm Not a Man, But I Have A Man's Needs" Gordon claims in his autobiography. He also claims that he had once caught the Loch Ness Monster while out fishing but threw it back when he "saw the fear in its poor wee eyes", that he has slept with over 9,000 women, was once an astronaut and that he can crush his enemies like they are beer cans but rarely chooses to do so as it wouldn't be prudent.
Chancellor of the Exchequer[edit]
Tony Blair was true to his word (stop laughing, it's true), and after Labour won a huge landslide in the 1997 election (the Tories made the tactical error of threatening to enslave the British population and force it to work in salt mines) Gordon "Slam Dunk" Shit became Chancellor of the Exchequer. Blair enacted legislation immediately which turned over all the money in Britain to Gordon "The Co-ordinator" Brown's hands. Being Scottish, Brown is reluctant to spend exchequer receipts on anything other than Buckfast and deep-fried Mars Bars for himself. He gets very upset when cabinet colleagues ask him for money. Jack Straw when Foreign Secretary was caught on more than one occasion attempting to steal money from the German Finance Ministry in order to fund pensions and the NHS. Brown surmised that the above could be funded through somewhat Dickensian means such as training those with ASBOs to pickpocket investment bankers. Ultimately the strategy failed.
As a member of the British Cabinet, Gordon "Argh Fucking Hell" Brown was often seen as an isolated figure, disagreeing with his colleagues on a whim, using David Blunkett's empty eye-sockets as a bottle-opener, and provoking fist-fights with his older, slower colleagues (though John 'two shags' Prescott was always more of a match for him. It is rumored that he believed that the prophecies said he should take over as Prime Minister and banish Tony Blair to The Wilderness of Infinite Misery.
Politically, Gordon "Largely Edible" Golden Brown Turd remained popular with voters, and opinion polls consistently showed that if Labour were to replace Tony Blair with Brown as the leader, then they would win the 2009 General Election or at least keep their genitals covered with the result. Oh, fortune, why don't thou mock Brown?
Economic Theory[edit]
"Public borrowing should not exceed 40% of GDP." This from the man who spent 94.4% of Britain's GDP bailing out bankers. Well, Fucking Done Gordon. "We are not all neck deep in shit. This is melted chocolate." Chairman Brown has indicated that in a previous life he was former Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha - and it is Hoxha's economic policy that Brown has followed for the past 10 years - which indicates why it is that under his leadership, Britain is the most likely country in the G20 to be doffing their cap to the [[|IMF|Thunderbirds]] and saying to sir, "Please, Sir. Can I have some more".
Brown's Premiership - Christ on a bike!!![edit]
Brown fell out with Tony Blair after his lover wouldn't let him give. Brown also refused the advances of Blair's wife Cherie Blair's mouth, it seems after all that beggars really can be choosers. This resulted in Brown publicly denouncing his love for Blair and claiming that Blair hasn't started puberty, while in fact he simply went through it backward.
When Tony Blair died in 2007 it was discovered that he had specifically stated in his "Last Testament" that Brown would make a terrible Labour Party Dictator of Britain. Although some say the "Doing Britain the Shit Way may be the way forward for the USA", may have also been said. Similarly, under Tony Blair, the Labour Party slogan was "Britain: Forward Not Back". Brown has now changed this to: "Forward Shit Britain!" In any case, the untimely death or Blair after his rape by a rather large hairy moose and murder by a chicken led to a power vacuum in which Brown could plant the seeds of destruction.
The Supreme Leader Comrade brought forth the Second Revolution in June 2007. It is said that in 2008 he planned the complete redistribution of the nation's wealth, execution of those of noble blood, the imprisonment and torture of those believed to sympathize with Cameronism, and the hoisting of a huge red flag over the newly-empty Buckingham Palace. Hail the Supreme Leader! However, Brown was too distracted by the Credit Crunch and instead focussed on redistributing the nation's wealth to the banks which in turn reversed the above policy.
The Erosion Beam[edit]
In 2007 Gordon Brown ordered the Oxfordshire County Council to construct him an Erosion Beam that will orbit the planet and be under his supreme rule. Since the Erosion Beam's completion in March 2008, Brown has used it to slowly erode cliffs beneath small coastal towns, such as Mappleton in eastern England. This colossal weapon has great potential but Shit stated in a press conference 'What can I say? I like watching small coastal towns fall into the sea'. He then fired lightning: Real lightning!
The Oxfordshire County Council are now working on a 'Credit Cruncher', a gun that is said to have the ability to artificially inflate the value of worthless assets and provide cheap credit to vagrants, chavs and Welsh people all of whom we know are too drunk, high or utterly mentally incapable to repay said credit. If this weapon falls into the wrong hands (Gordon Shit's for example) then we are pretty much doomed to an existence of, well an existence pretty similar to the doom and gloom that prevails.
Gordon had said that should David Cameron get into power, manufacture of insane futuristic weapons would be increased by over 9000%. Like all Labour-produced statistics, this turned out to be a complete and utter fallacy, the actual outturn being in the order of 165464.63%.
Financial Crisis[edit]
This is where we should write a lengthy piece about Master and Commander Brown's supreme handling of the Global economy during those terrible months at the end of 2008. However, Brown was too pissed on Buckfast at the time and merely blurted out whatever master-plan the brilliant and rather dashing Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling had concocted whilst masturbating over pictures of J.M. Keynes. Brown's drunkenness led him to state in Parliament that he had 'saved the world'.
The 2010 election[edit]
Under British law, the ruling party decides when to hold an election within a specified limit. In 2010, Gordon finally took the brave decision to strategically call an election 0.0000001 seconds before the Queen seized power from him, then brilliantly lost.
However, some cynical observers pointed out that in order to cling onto power as long as possible, Gordon "Twat-Face" and his inner circle conspired to "realign" the calendar using the Russian Revolution as year one. Since this occurred in 1917, under the New Labour "realigned" calendar we are now in year 93. Thus, an election in the year 2010 (realigned) would automatically give Labour a further one thousand, nine hundred and seventeen years in office. The plan succeeded in creating a tie with the Conservatives, but in a stunning turn of events, the valiant Tory Party leader David Cameron forged an alliance with the Liberal Democrats and led a coup d'etat on No 10 Downing Street, taking Gordon and his ministers captive and forcing the Communist despot to step down as leader of the government. Cameron then banished Brown and his corrupt senators to the dark, frozen wastelands of Scotland and established a glorious Tory government that will reign for a thousand years.
The HD version of the electoral debate was given widespread complaints because members of the general public did not want wish to see Brown's gargoyle-like ball-bag of a countenance any clearer than usual. Indeed, the sight of Brown in his true form is said to drive those who look upon it utterly insane. Gordon has also decided that on all TV debates he should be placed on David Cameron's left to hide his hideous eye from the punters...
Scandals concerning Gordon Brown[edit]
In the recent incidences of people buying favor with New New but Old but New again Labour, Gordon knew absolutely nothing at all about any possibility of wrongdoing. In a blatant attack on his integrity by all aspects of the Conservative-loving and toadying media, any implication that he knew anything at all resulted in the deportation and the holding without charge of many journalists and TV presenters. In an act of benign terror, a British version of Guantanamo Bay was set up in Wales. However, this was easily justified in the interests of National Security and stopping Terror under the 'Blair-Care' 2003 Act. As such the subversive Pirate Radio Rant Any Questions was surgically removed from the airwaves with a Laser-Guided Tactical Death Ray bomb
Minister for Schools, Children, Families, Old People, Young People, The North, LGBT people, tiny kittens and so-on, Ed Balls and wife Treasury Minister Yvette Cooper bang away under the table in the cabinet office, in the ministerial car etc.
Gordon Brown in a blunder sold half of Britain's gold at 27 pounds (Sterling), what he did with the money is unknown but speculation suggests that he blew most of the money on Buckfast.
There are rumors that Golden Brown Turd enjoys to dress up in a leather catsuit whilst being "spanked" by Ed Balls in jodhpurs with a leather glove, boots, and a whip.
A further example of Dark Lord Gord or, as he was known to small children in the early 90's, Chintan Patel's, gross incompetence in the world of legality was when he referred to an innocent life-long Labour backer-upper as a smelly bigot person. Not only did this cause emotional upheaval for the woman, but it has also brought a bad name on to the word "bigot", which, since the incident, has attempted to distance itself from the embarrassment of being used by such a person as Gordo Brown. This can also be seen to give further support to the widely held belief, "Whatever a one-eyed Scottish idiot touches, turns to crap".
Brown is still Scottish and has not had gene therapy to correct this genetic defect. This, according to the Daily Mail and Daily Express is why he's the ringleader of a Communist Fascist elite who has turned Britain into the "Zanulabour" hell-hole we see today, where a get-up-and-go immigrant is more likely to get a paid job than some unemployed native-born white moron with 2 GSCEs [sic] who demands £30,000 a year. It's a national scandal.
Gordon 'Big Dawg' Brown was also allegedly spotted down that alley behind Tesco-Express having secret meetings with Satan during the early 1980s. It is believed to have been during these meetings that the Big Dawg negotiated the deal in which he would trade his eyeball for a chance to become Prime Minister. Satan's representative on Earth Peter Mandelson later said in an interview "The eye that I do, or do not have, is, or isn't one of the best in my collection'
Post-PM Brown[edit]
It is not clear what Gordon Brown will do after he was booted out of office by Rear Admiral Keith Chegwin on that fateful day, in 2010. Taking his final Prime Minister's questions before a packed House Of Lords, it seems that some form of tranquilizer was shot out of a bamboo shoot, which persuaded Brown, by then Lord Brown of Shitilloch and The Islands of Mcfuckdup, to surrender to the armies surrounding the Lords Chamber. There has always been allegations of that in his spare time, Gordon Brown acted as a secondary banker to the governments of Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Uganda coercing innocent and dumb Westerners to lend them their bank details and in return get a small token of gratitude. Pictures have circulated the internet, including the one adjacent to this article.
Brown also spends many hours in his constituency office in Kirkcaldy, crying, answering abusive emails from bored teenagers, and taking regular intervals to shit on an image of Tony Blair.
Stop Press[edit]
On December 25th, 1996, Gordon Brown, released his first autobiographical book, named as the The Little Brown Book. By Boxing Day, you could get it in the bargain bucket on Amazon for barely a quid. Some 500,000 copies of it had to be pulped, when it was revealed that it had not been proof-read by publishers, and was only read in advance by Gordon Brown's monkey, Bubbles, who did not notice that the front of the cover actually said "The Little, Fat, Shit Book". Publishers, however, were delighted with the feedback from the general public, saying that those who had read it said that the title of the book, summed it up. Shit.
- ↑ (Nobody else seen this exchange but Gordon mentioned it the next day over his cheerios)
See also[edit]
- Britain
- Labour Party (UK)
- The Government Guide to Killing Yourself
- New Labour
- George Osborne
- Super Gordon Brown