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The SteelSeries Apex 5, Apex 7, and Apex Pro series collection of mechanical gaming keyboards includes advanced features tailored for gamers. The mechanical gaming keyboards all come with a customizable OLED display, per-key RGB background illumination, and adjustable mechanical switches to match any gamer style.
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The gaming keyboards are built with an aircraft-grade aluminum frame and all come with IP32 water resistance for great durability.
All SteelSeries gaming keyboards have a built-in anti-ghosting feature that prevents the keyboard from failing when multiple keystrokes are pressed simultaneously. This is essential in many popular games. A must-have feature for any serious gamer!
These features combined make SteelSeries mechanical gaming keyboards stunningly aesthetic and durable.
SteelSeries gaming keyboards for consoles are adjustable multi-platform mechanical keyboards with a customizable OLED Smart Display made for all gamers and their various systems. Dominate your opponents on every platform with the Apex mechanical gaming keyboards from SteelSeries.
The SteelSeries Apex gaming keyboards series are all compatible with all popular gaming platforms: PC, Mac, Xbox One Series X/S, and PlayStation (PS4 and PS5).
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Both keyboards come with gaming-grade features such as anti-ghosting feature, remarkable build quality and durability, dedicated multimedia control buttons, and customizable background RGB background illumination.
SteelSeries offers the best budget gaming keyboards in esports by offering a combination of hyper-durable gaming keyboards at prices affordable to every gamer. Our gaming keyboards allow gamers to access the capabilities of esports pros without spending a fortune or sacrificing quality.
Every shooter needs customizable tools when perfecting their gaming strategy. Steelseries gaming keyboards include adjustable mechanical switches for customizable per-key sensitivity in various switch types, including: OmniPoint adjustable mechanical switches, red mechanical, brown mechanical, blue mechanical, hybrid mechanical, and membrane switches.


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sodium-vapour lamp
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- electric discharge lamp
sodium-vapour lamp, electric discharge lamp using ionized sodium, used for street lighting and other illumination. A low-pressure sodium-vapour (LPS) lamp contains an inner discharge tube made of borosilicate glass that is fitted with metal electrodes and filled with neon and argon gas and a little metallic sodium. When current passes between the electrodes, it ionizes the neon and argon, giving a red glow until the hot gas vaporizes the sodium. The vapourized sodium ionizes and shines a nearly monochrome yellow. LPS lamps have been used widely for street lighting since the 1930s because of their efficiency (measured in lumens per watt) and the ability of their yellow light to penetrate fog. High-pressure sodium-vapour (HPS) lamps have an inner discharge tube made of translucent alumina that can withstand the corrosive effects of a mixture of mercury and sodium under greater pressure and higher temperature. HPS lamps give a whiter light and are used for extra-bright lighting in places such as road intersections, tunnels, sports stadiums, and other places where it is desirable to see a full spectrum of reflected colours.

subset: commoncrawl


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By Aliciamc originally for NaturallyCurly
Want to save some money? Try some home frizzy hair remedies for keeping the spring in your curls. These remedies can help you have no-frizz curls with items picked up from your local grocery store. Here are our tips to repair dry hair now!
Rinsing your hair with something other than your shower water can work wonders!
Carbonated Water Rinse
If you often let your curls air dry, this is a great remedy to eliminate hair frizz caused by humidity. After you wash your hair, give it a final rinse with carbonated or sparkling water. The reason carbonated or sparkling water reduces frizz is because of it's low pH level. Learn more about pH levels and frizz now.
Apple Cider Vinegar Rinse
This is another great natural remedy that is very effective in preventing frizzy curls. The procedure is very much like the process above with the carbonated/sparkling water. Wash your hair as you normally would and give it a final rinse with equal parts water and apple cider vinegar. Another great benefit of apple cider vinegar is shine! Shiny and frizz-free hair? Sign me up! We've broken down the apple cider vinegar process just for you!
Beer Rinse
Beer is another great rinse option, and ranks third on our list of unconventional no-frizz tips. Beer replenishes moisture in your hair. Dark beers often provide the most nutrients and moisture. When doing the rinse, simply coat your hair with them and let it sit for a few minutes. When ready, rinse your hair with cold water—which will also help get rid of the smell.
Mayonnaise & Avocado Conditioner
You can pack the nutrients into your own conditioners.
Here is a recipe is a very effective natural conditioner for dry, frizzy hair. Mix 1 cup of mayonnaise with 1/2 avocado until you have a paste. Rub it on your hair and cover your head with a plastic cap. Wrap a hot towel around it. Leave it on for 20 minutes and wash. Repeat once a week for better results. Check out more avocado hair conditioners here.
Coconut Oil or Olive Oil
Oil is your frizz-free friend—maybe even your best no-frizz friend. Oils are a great sealer or conditioner. Check out this recipe for oil conditioner: begin by heating up one cup of olive oil or coconut oil in a glass jar. Apply this mixture throughout all of your hair, evenly distributing it. Cover your curly hair with a shower cap and wrap a hot towel around your head to increase moisture absorption. Keep on for around 30 minutes, rewarming your towel as needed (you'll need constant heat). Shampoo and rinse your hair with cold water. Do this three times a week for the best results. Read more about coconut oil for hair here.


text: It may not look special, but a modest 1950s ranch-style house in a suburban Bay Area neighborhood is now a protected historical site. The single-story house at 2066 Crist Drive in Los Altos, California, is the family home where a young Steve Jobs built the first Apple computers in the mid-1970s. The Los Altos Historical Commission voted unanimously Monday night to designate the house as a "historic resource," meaning any future renovations to the property will need to be reviewed by the city. "The basis for this historic designation is not the age or architecture of the structure; it is with the property's association with an event and an individual of historic significance," city staff liaison Zachary Dahl wrote in a report to the commission (PDF). The house is now eligible to be named by the city of Los Altos as a historic landmark – a higher-level designation – and potentially listed on state and national registers of historic places. The faux religion of Steve Jobs Jobs moved to the house with his foster parents as a seventh-grader and lived there through high school. In the attached garage, he and Steve Wozniak assembled the first 50 Apple 1 computers in 1976. The pair sold them to Paul Terrell's Byte Shop in Mountain View for $500 each. How Steve Jobs' legacy has changed Nine months later, in 1977, Apple Computer Co. was formally established and moved its operations to nearby Cupertino. One of the original computers later sold at an auction for $231,000. Jobs went on to become a visionary who built Apple into the world's most valuable company and changed the face of computing. "Steve Jobs is considered a genius who blended technology and creativity to invent and market a product which dramatically changed six industries – personal computers, animated movies, music, phones, tablet computing and digital publishing," according to the property evaluation. The three-bedroom, two-bath house was built in 1952 and is valued at $1.6 million, according to real-estate website Zillow. It's currently owned by Jobs' adoptive sister, Patricia Jobs. Steve Jobs' yacht revealed


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Just about every trend piece of the last decade touches upon a single and singularly robust story: Halloween is now for adults as much as it is for kids, if not more so.
Costume shops tell this tale, as do the growing-ever-popular mazes, attractions, and haunted houses, those dastardly destinations that cater to more 18-and-overs than young'uns.
But there are some sweet treats that boast oodles of retro flair afoot during the fright month. Bob Baker's Marionette Theater is one such place that summons both the spirited eerieness of the witchingest weeks of the year but also makes them not-too-jolting, meaning little kids can laugh and get chills along with their older siblings and grown-ups.
Now its 53rd season, the world-renown marionette palace is set to launch Bob Baker's Halloween Hoop-De-Doo on Saturday, Oct. 5. There are "over Halloween-themed puppets" in the extravaganza, which is presented in the round. If you've never seen the downtown-close theater, that means this: The smaller guests get to sit on the floor, semi-circling the stage where the puppets play.
Yep, that's neato, and there's no other word for it.
Two promised cameos are the Purple People Eater and the Invisible Man. Will the Invisible Man's marionette strings lead to, well, air? You'll have to see.
The show's on every day but Monday through Nov. 3. And, as always, guests enjoy treats in the Party Room following a performance, a room that happens to have cool puppets hanging in the back.
Get Los Angeles's latest local news on crime, entertainment, weather, schools, COVID, cost of living and more. Here's your go-to source for today's LA news.
Marionettes are sometimes portrayed as being a little weird or wonderfully chilling -- picture them backed by accordion music -- but here they get to play that up, all in the fun and family-nice spirit of Halloween.


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The B+W 60mm UV/IR Cut MRC 486M Filter is an ultraviolet and infrared control filter that is useful for digital cinematography as well as still photography. While recording video with a CCD or CMOS camera, multi-stop neutral-density filters are used to maintain proper exposure by compensating for increased light levels when widening the camera lens's iris to obtain a narrower depth of field. As the increased amount of light passes through multi-stop neutral-density filtration, visible light is progressively blocked, while infrared light is allowed to pass through. As the proportion of infrared light that reaches the sensor of a camera being used for digital cinematography becomes greater, the results can show unwanted color shifts, particularly in dark areas of the frame such as shadows where the appearance of black is dominant.
When the B+W 60mm UV/IR Cut MRC 486M Filter is applied, 88% of ultraviolet light waves are blocked at 380 nanometers along with 95% of infrared light waves at 700 nanometers, helping to ensure that light falling on a digital camera sensor is limited to the visible spectrum. When used along with multi-stop neutral-density filters while recording with a digital sensor, potential infrared color shifts are prevented or minimized, preserving color accuracy throughout the frame. This filter may also be used to help ensure that the appearance of unwanted blue casts is reduced while recording digital video or still photos under daylight that also features intense ultraviolet light.
The front surface of a B+W 60mm UV/IR Cut MRC 486M Filter includes thirty layers of interference coatings which allow it to limit the light that falls on a digital camera sensor to the visible spectrum. When combined with a wide-angle lens, lower-frequency wavelengths of visible light associated with yellow, orange, and red colors passing through the filter and along that lens type's curved edges can be impeded in a significantly greater degree than higher-frequency wavelengths of visible light associated with blue and violet colors. This can result in an unwanted cool cast along the edges of an image taken with a B+W 60mm UV/IR Cut MRC 486M Filter and a wide-angle lens. To avoid such color shifts along the edges of an image when using this filter, it is recommended not to be used with lenses that are intended to provide an angle of view greater than 60°.
Eight layers of anti-reflection coating are included on the rear glass surface of this B+W 60mm UV/IR Cut MRC 486M Filter. This Multi-Resistant Coating (MRC) prevents internal ghosting and reflections, offers protection to the filter substrate, and helps its rear surface to stay clean for longer than with uncoated filters.
B+W filters are constructed from Schott glass for increased optical clarity and color fidelity. The B+W 60mm UV/IR Cut MRC 486M Filter features an F-Pro brass filter ring for durability and jamming prevention, as well as 60mm front filter threads that allow it to be paired with other filter types. When in use, but not combined with another filter that provides a specific effect, it is recommended to place a clear, protective filter over the B+W 60mm UV/IR Cut MRC 486M Filter to prevent damage to its front interference coatings.
Circular Size | 60 mm |
Front Accessory Thread / Bayonet | 60 mm |
Filter Material | Glass |
Тип фильтра | UV (ультрафиолетовый) |
Размер фильтра | 60mm |


text: For the Great Moscow Circus on Vernadsky was made a landing mat. This is not the first experience Rusbala in the development and manufacture of such devices. Now, our specialists have unique experience and understanding of the subtleties in the design and manufacture of mats to insure the athletes. This mat has several advantages over classical foam mats. 1. A lower unit cost of 1m3 (in this case 2 times) 2. Significantly less weight udelny 1m3 (in this case 18 times!) 3. If you store takes hundreds times less space 4. Efficient mounting and dismounting The device of this type can be used in many sports such as acrobatics, gymnastics, extreme sports.


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Christmas might be over, but there is still a day left to celebrate and commemorate.
I do it every Dec. 26. And no, I'm not talking about observing the first day of Kwanzaa either.
For those of you that do celebrate the seven days of Kwanzaa, an African-American tradition that comes to us courtesy of Maulana Ron Karenga of the US organization, I say have at it.
But I remember those days in 1969 when Karenga's US organization had a dispute with the Black Panther Party. I remember all too well the events of Jan. 17, 1969.
That's when Panthers Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter and John Jerome Huggins were fatally shot on the UCLA campus. Two members of the US organization were the triggermen.
Karenga has some serious 'splaining to do about that incident, the US-Panther rift and whether or not two of the three US members accused of shooting Carter and Huggins were indeed FBI informants, as some have alleged.
Until he does, there'll be no Kwanzaa celebrations for me.
No, when Dec. 26 rolls around, I celebrate the anniversary of what happened on that day in 1908, at Rushcutter's Bay, a town just outside of Sydney, Australia.
That's when Jack Johnson, an African-American heavyweight boxer, pummeled world champion Tommy Burns into the canvas to become the first black heavyweight champion of the world.
Yeah, I know what you're thinking: back on Sept. 3, I celebrated the 174th anniversary of the day Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery. Now I'm celebrating the day Papa Jack Johnson knocked Tommy Burns the hell out.
"Damn, Kane," you might be thinking, "do you REALLY celebrate this kind of stuff?"
Yes, I do. Indeed I do. Someone has to.
Douglass was the most extraordinary American of his century. (Notice I didn't say "most extraordinary African American.") He was one of many abolitionist leaders, black and white, that urged a reluctant President Lincoln to use black soldiers in the Civil War.
Lincoln did, and by 1864 was giving the African Americans that served the Union as soldiers, sailors, laborers, scouts and spies credit for defeating the Confederacy.
When Johnson wrested the heavyweight title from Burns, it was a time when white supremacy was ascendant throughout the world. Johnson's victory dealt white supremacy a blow from which it never fully recovered.
Granted, there had been blows struck against white supremacy prior to Johnson's pummeling of Burns. Toussaint Louverture of Haiti struck his when he led black slaves to victory over British, Spanish and French military forces sent against him in the late 18th century.
Jean Jacques Dessalines struck his when he drove French forces from Haiti that Napoleon had sent to re-enslave the island.
In case you're wondering how to sniff out a bona fide white supremacist, here's one sure test: if the person believes those French, British and Spanish expeditions were defeated by malaria or yellow fever – in other words, a bunch of darned mosquitoes – instead of the brilliant military tactics of Louverture and Dessalines and the courage of their troops, you've probably nailed yourself a white supremacist.
Native American leaders Crazy Horse and Totanka Yotanka, the Sitting Bull, struck their blow against white supremacy when they did in George Armstrong Custer's Seventh Calvary in June of 1876.
Three years later, the Zulus of South Africa struck one when they wiped out a British regiment sent against them at a place called Isandlwana.
In 1896, Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, defeated an Italian force sent against him.
To make his blow against white supremacy, Johnson had to track down Burns, chasing him all the way to Australia before Burns would agree to a fight. (White champions avoided fighting black challengers in those days, and for good reason, as Johnson proved.)
British writer Graeme Kent, in his book "The Great White Hopes: The Quest To Defeat Jack Johnson," wrote "the black fighter's victory was a watershed in the history of sport. For the first time, boxing left the sports pages and was featured all over the world in major news stories on the front pages of the contemporary tabloids and broadsheets alike.
"Typical was the New York Evening Journal, which published a picture of Johnson occupying most of the front page, unprecedented coverage for a sporting personality. Caucasian supremacy had been publicly challenged and humiliated."
Indeed it had. That's why, every Dec. 26, I make sure to give props to Papa Jack Johnson.
(Photo: AP)
Why I Won't Be Celebrating Kwanzaa was originally published on blackamericaweb.com


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Tighten your safety belts, Israel!
"Tighten your safety belts, Israel! We're in for another four years of Obama."
Americans apparently overlooked four years of economic waste, and a failed foreign policy of sucking up to the Muslim world, by re-electing their president. What now?
Israeli people in the know predict that Obama will shortly reveal an agreement with Iran that will position Tehran stopping their uranium enrichment program in return for easing of sanctions. Incredibly, Obama will launch it as a success story while Israel will present it as a fair story. Obama will want to put Iran out of reach for the world so as to enable him to continue his Socialist experiment for America and to progress his global vision of leveling the playing field for a better world, which implies weakening America further, economically and militarily, to come more into line with less fortunate nations. As almost immediate proof of this, expect to see swinging defense cuts, including sizeable unemployment, in the early part of 2013. In fact, we will be hearing of unemployment soaring over the 8% mark again as early as February 2013 in America. Their national debt will grow accordingly.
All this will embolden a growing Islamic world that will be stupefied to see America give their leader another mandate to continue his apology policy towards them. A new Obama Administration, pleading with the Muslim world "to be nice, please, because we don't hate you," is not going to cut it in this violent and crazy neck of the woods. They consider him weak and will view America in decline.
There is no way that Obama is going to change his personal animosity towards Israel's Prime Minister. Benjamin Netanyahu is fully expected to win the January Israeli elections with a bloc linked to Israeli Beitenu. He is expected to cobble together a center-right government together with Shas, the Sephardi religious party, the new Yair Lapid party of Yesh Atid (There is a Future), another national religious party and, perhaps, the remnants of what will be left of the centrist Kadema party. If Obama continues to express views on the Israel-Palestinian conflict that did nothing to ease the parties into talks, as he repeatedly did during his first four years, this issue will be log-jammed for the foreseeable future. It was Obama blurting out pre-conditions to Israel on completely stopping "settlement activity" and withdrawing to 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, instead of encouraging the parties back into the negotiating room, that encouraged Palestinian leader, Mahmoud Abbas, to climb further up the tree of rejectionism, a tree that he has been unable to climb out of. "Why should I be less Palestinian than the man in the White House," he has repeatedly said. In fact, the previous Obama Administration did nothing to pressure or cajole the Palestinian leadership to stop their intransigence and incitement against Israel and get back to the table. As a result, they now see an adamant Abbas turning again defying America and going to the United Nations for non-member statehood stat (whatever that means), and a divided Palestinian society with the Hamas wing maintaining their violent hardline not only against Israel but also against the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. Obama can blame Bibi if he wishes, but he is guilty of a lion share of the blame for failing to progress the peace process. At least under Bush the two sides were talking to each other.
It is clear that Obama 2 will be too busy tackling the US economy, trying to progress Obamacare, and leading from behind internationally, to give too much attention to Israel and the Palestinians. He is in enough difficulties in the rest of the Middle East to burn his fingers sorting out this problem. This leaves Israel more isolated than before. True, are being backed militarily but look closely at what we are getting. The budget will be primarily for defensive anti-rocket hardware. Expect future restrictions on our attack capabilities. In other words, it will be a policy of providing us with the umbrella to protect ourselves from incoming missiles while leaving us limited in our long distance strike options. Israel will not put their faith in the Ayatollahs no matter what agreement Obama signs with Iran. Ahmadinajad will be replaced by another puppet of the religious leaders in 2013. The West may project him as a moderate, compared with the outgoing president. The new guy may talk less publicly about wiping Israel off the map, but the ones pulling the strings will still be there, behind the scenes, plotting the fate of the Zionist entity. Israel will be further encircled with an alien enemy. Assad's Syria will fall. It will not be replaced by a pragmatic secular government. Can anyone predict who will be ruling Jordan by the end of 2013? In fact, what will be the fate of unpopular and aging Mahmoud Abbas in 2013? Will Fatah fall and be replaced by Hamas in the West Bank? Will the Palestinian Authority fracture?
What are these implications for Israel? With Obama in power, free to pursue his ideas until 2016, it must point to going it alone. Obama was caught with an open microphone while chatting with Russian President Medvedev in March 2012. "Let me get reelected first," he said, "then I'll have a better chance of making something happen. This is my last election. After my election, I have more flexibility." "Flexibility" as far as Israel is concerned will be a harder line than before.
Thanks to the result of the American election, and the return of Obama to the White House, Israel is more isolated now than it was before.
Barry Shaw is the author of 'Israel Reclaiming the Narrative.'


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Surfers participate in a ceremony at "The Ink Well" beach to honour George Floyd.
On a sliver of sand that before the Civil Rights era was derisively dubbed "The Ink Well" because of its popularity among black people, hundreds of surfers gathered to honour the life of George Floyd and other African Americans killed by police.
The occasion was a paddle out, a Hawaiian tradition to celebrate a life and mourn its passing, organized by Black Girls Surf to share the pain they are feeling with devotees of a sport that has not always welcomed them.
"This speaks so much more to people because if you think about black girls surfing in the ocean, people are like, 'Ha, ha, you don't surf,'" Sayuri Blondt said.
"But when you see everyone coming out to support us, it sends a message in a very unusual way and catches people's attention."
More than 200 surfers of all ages and races paddled through a set of crashing waves under cloudy skies to form a massive circle near the Santa Monica Pier, where they chanted Floyd's name nine times to mark the nearly nine minutes prosecutors say his neck was pinned to the ground under the knee of a white Minneapolis police officer.
They also sang "Happy Birthday" in memory of Breonna Taylor, who was shot in March by Louisville, Kentucky, police officers and would have turned 27 Friday.
Panpan Wang, who had "Black Lives Matter" written in marker on his back and Floyd and Taylor's names across his chest, said he became emotional floating in the water while thinking of how they died.
Giovanni Douresseau, who grew up in South LA and was nearly arrested his first time surfing after being mistaken as a criminal, told his fellow surfers that his heart broke at Floyd's death.
Video of Floyd in handcuffs saying he couldn't breathe reminded him of the way he had seen uncles and a brother treated by police.
The event held at beaches around the world was organized by Rhonda Harper, who founded Black Girls Surf to help bring others like herself to the sport. Surfing has not traditionally welcomed black people, and Harper, who dreamed of being a pro surfer at 15, had no one to look to for inspiration.
She has often felt her white surfer friends don't understand her anguish when she posts about police killings on social media.
Paddle outs were held in Dakar, Senegal, and Galveston, Texas, as well as Australia. On a beach in Biarritz, France, surfers spelled the word unity with their surfboards.
At Huntington beach, known as Surf City USA, south of LA, they grabbed daisies and sunflowers from buckets labeled unity, solidarity and peace to drop in the water.
Wave hello to Italy's surf park one of the world's biggest
Survival surfing Indonesians riding the waves to beat tsunami trauma
Hand crafted wooden surfboards sweep South African surfers off their feet
A small group of kayakers in New Jersey held a moment of silence on the Hackensack River.
The Santa Monica event was held at a beach commemorated with a plaque noting its importance as a place where African Americans could avoid racial harassment even after beaches were desegregated in 1927.
It came less than a week after Floyd's death inspired a protest a few blocks from the beach that was overshadowed by damage, break-ins and thefts nearby.


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John Eskenazi is one of the most internationally respected dealers in Indian, Gandharan, Himalayan and South-east Asian works of art. He is also a specialist in collectors' carpets and textiles.
The Eskenazi name has been associated with Oriental art since 1925. John Eskenazi joined his father's business in Milan in 1977 after studying History of Art, and stage design. In the mid-1990s he further developed the company, opening a gallery in Old Bond Street, London where his reputation as a leading expert in Asian Art was consolidated.
In 1997 he was instrumental in co-founding Asian Art in London and in 2004, London Sculpture Week. He has also been a prominent exhibitor at The International Asian Art Fair in New York and at TEFAF Maastricht. He is also a founder partner of The Art Newspaper.
John Eskenazi continues to expand his internationally recognised expertise and scholarship in Asian art and culture, through extensive travel, study and research. He and his wife, Fausta, are available, by appointment only, for consultation and private viewings of select pieces.


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That is certain, said Glaucon, taking his turn to answer.
And will not he who has been shown to be the wickedest, be also the most miserable? and he who has tyrannized longest and most, most continually and truly miserable; although this may not be the opinion of men in general?
Yes, he said, inevitably.
And must not the tyrannical man be like the tyrannical, State, and the democratical man like the democratical State; and the same of the others?
And as State is to State in virtue and happiness, so is man in relation to man?
To be sure.
Then comparing our original city, which was under a king, and the city which is under a tyrant, how do they stand as to virtue?
They are the opposite extremes, he said, for one is the very best and the other is the very worst.
There can be no mistake, I said, as to which is which, and therefore I will at once enquire whether you would arrive at a similar decision about their relative happiness and misery. And here we must not allow ourselves to be panic-stricken at the apparition of the tyrant, who is only a unit and may perhaps have a few retainers about him; but let us go as we ought into every corner of the city and look all about, and then we will give our opinion.
A fair invitation, he replied; and I see, as every one must, that a tyranny is the wretchedest form of government, and the rule of a king the happiest.
And in estimating the men too, may I not fairly make a like request, that I should have a judge whose mind can enter into and see through human nature? He must not be like a child who looks at the outside and is dazzled at the pompous aspect which the tyrannical nature assumes to the beholder, but let him be one who has a clear insight. May I suppose that the judgment is given in the hearing of us all by one who is able to judge, and has dwelt in the same place with him, and been present at his dally life and known him in his family relations, where he may be seen stripped of his tragedy attire, and again in the hour of public danger--he shall tell us about the happiness and misery of the tyrant when compared with other men?
That again, he said, is a very fair proposal.
Shall I assume that we ourselves are able and experienced judges and have before now met with such a person? We shall then have some one who will answer our enquiries.
By all means.
Let me ask you not to forget the parallel of the individual and the State; bearing this in mind, and glancing in turn from one to the other of them, will you tell me their respective conditions?
What do you mean? he asked.
Beginning with the State, I replied, would you say that a city which is governed by a tyrant is free or enslaved?
No city, he said, can be more completely enslaved.
And yet, as you see, there are freemen as well as masters in such a State?
Yes, he said, I see that there are--a few; but the people, speaking generally, and the best of them, are miserably degraded and enslaved.
Then if the man is like the State, I said, must not the same rule prevail? his soul is full of meanness and vulgarity--the best elements in him are enslaved; and there is a small ruling part, which is also the worst and maddest.
And would you say that the soul of such an one is the soul of a freeman, or of a slave?
He has the soul of a slave, in my opinion.
And the State which is enslaved under a tyrant is utterly incapable of acting voluntarily?
Utterly incapable.
And also the soul which is under a tyrant (I am speaking of the soul taken as a whole) is least capable of doing what she desires; there is a gadfly which goads her, and she is full of trouble and remorse?
And is the city which is under a tyrant rich or poor?
And the tyrannical soul must be always poor and insatiable?
And must not such a State and such a man be always full of fear?
Yes, indeed.
Is there any State in which you will find more of lamentation and sorrow and groaning and pain?
Certainly not.
And is there any man in whom you will find more of this sort of misery than in the tyrannical man, who is in a fury of passions and desires?
Reflecting upon these and similar evils, you held the tyrannical State to be the most miserable of States?
And I was right, he said.
Certainly, I said. And when you see the same evils in the tyrannical man, what do you say of him?
I say that he is by far the most miserable of all men.
There, I said, I think that you are beginning to go wrong.
What do you mean?
I do not think that he has as yet reached the utmost extreme of misery.
Then who is more miserable?
One of whom I am about to speak.
Who is that?
He who is of a tyrannical nature, and instead of leading a private life has been cursed with the further misfortune of being a public tyrant.
From what has been said, I gather that you are right.
Yes, I replied, but in this high argument you should be a little more certain, and should not conjecture only; for of all questions, this respecting good and evil is the greatest.
Very true, he said.
Let me then offer you an illustration, which may, I think, throw a light upon this subject.
What is your illustration?
The case of rich individuals in cities who possess many slaves: from them you may form an idea of the tyrant's condition, for they both have slaves; the only difference is that he has more slaves.
Yes, that is the difference.
You know that they live securely and have nothing to apprehend from their servants?
What should they fear?
Nothing. But do you observe the reason of this?
Yes; the reason is, that the whole city is leagued together for the protection of each individual.
Very true, I said. But imagine one of these owners, the master say of some fifty slaves, together with his family and property and slaves, carried off by a god into the wilderness, where there are no freemen to help him--will he not be in an agony of fear lest he and his wife and children should be put to death by his slaves?
Yes, he said, he will be in the utmost fear.
The time has arrived when he will be compelled to flatter divers of his slaves, and make many promises to them of freedom and other things, much against his will--he will have to cajole his own servants.
Yes, he said, that will be the only way of saving himself.
And suppose the same god, who carried him away, to surround him with neighbours who will not suffer one man to be the master of another, and who, if they could catch the offender, would take his life?
His case will be still worse, if you suppose him to be everywhere surrounded and watched by enemies.
And is not this the sort of prison in which the tyrant will be bound-- he who being by nature such as we have described, is full of all sorts of fears and lusts? His soul is dainty and greedy, and yet alone, of all men in the city, he is never allowed to go on a journey, or to see the things which other freemen desire to see, but he lives in his hole like a woman hidden in the house, and is jealous of any other citizen who goes into foreign parts and sees anything of interest.
Very true, he said.
And amid evils such as these will not he who is ill-governed in his own person--the tyrannical man, I mean--whom you just now decided to be the most miserable of all--will not he be yet more miserable when, instead of leading a private life, he is constrained by fortune to be a public tyrant? He has to be master of others when he is not master of himself: he is like a diseased or paralytic man who is compelled to pass his life, not in retirement, but fighting and combating with other men.
Yes, he said, the similitude is most exact.
Is not his case utterly miserable? and does not the actual tyrant lead a worse life than he whose life you determined to be the worst?
He who is the real tyrant, whatever men may think, is the real slave, and is obliged to practise the greatest adulation and servility, and to be the flatterer of the vilest of mankind. He has desires which he is utterly unable to satisfy, and has more wants than any one, and is truly poor, if you know how to inspect the whole soul of him: all his life long he is beset with fear and is full of convulsions, and distractions, even as the State which he resembles: and surely the resemblance holds?
Very true, he said.
Moreover, as we were saying before, he grows worse from having power: he becomes and is of necessity more jealous, more faithless, more unjust, more friendless, more impious, than he was at first; he is the purveyor and cherisher of every sort of vice, and the consequence is that he is supremely miserable, and that he makes everybody else as miserable as himself.
No man of any sense will dispute your words.
Come then, I said, and as the general umpire in theatrical contests proclaims the result, do you also decide who in your opinion is first in the scale of happiness, and who second, and in what order the others follow: there are five of them in all-- they are the royal, timocratical, oligarchical, democratical, tyrannical.
The decision will be easily given, he replied; they shall be choruses coming on the stage, and I must judge them in the order in which they enter, by the criterion of virtue and vice, happiness and misery.
Need we hire a herald, or shall I announce, that the son of Ariston (the best) has decided that the best and justest is also the happiest, and that this is he who is the most royal man and king over himself; and that the worst and most unjust man is also the most miserable, and that this is he who being the greatest tyrant of himself is also the greatest tyrant of his State?
Make the proclamation yourself, he said.
And shall I add, `whether seen or unseen by gods and men'?
Let the words be added.
Then this, I said, will be our first proof; and there is another, which may also have some weight.
What is that?
The second proof is derived from the nature of the soul: seeing that the individual soul, like the State, has been divided by us into three principles, the division may, I think, furnish a new demonstration.
Of what nature?
It seems to me that to these three principles three pleasures correspond; also three desires and governing powers.
How do you mean? he said.
There is one principle with which, as we were saying, a man learns, another with which he is angry; the third, having many forms, has no special name, but is denoted by the general term appetitive, from the extraordinary strength and vehemence of the desires of eating and drinking and the other sensual appetites which are the main elements of it; also money-loving, because such desires are generally satisfied by the help of money.
That is true, he said.
If we were to say that the loves and pleasures of this third part were concerned with gain, we should then be able to fall back on a single notion; and might truly and intelligibly describe this part of the soul as loving gain or money.
I agree with you.
Again, is not the passionate element wholly set on ruling and conquering and getting fame?
Suppose we call it the contentious or ambitious--would the term be suitable?
Extremely suitable.
On the other hand, every one sees that the principle of knowledge is wholly directed to the truth, and cares less than either of the others for gain or fame.
Far less.
`Lover of wisdom,' `lover of knowledge,' are titles which we may fitly apply to that part of the soul?
One principle prevails in the souls of one class of men, another in others, as may happen?
Then we may begin by assuming that there are three classes of men-- lovers of wisdom, lovers of honour, lovers of gain?
And there are three kinds of pleasure, which are their several objects?
Very true.
Now, if you examine the three classes of men, and ask of them in turn which of their lives is pleasantest, each will be found praising his own and depreciating that of others: the money-maker will contrast the vanity of honour or of learning if they bring no money with the solid advantages of gold and silver?
True, he said.
And the lover of honour--what will be his opinion? Will he not think that the pleasure of riches is vulgar, while the pleasure of learning, if it brings no distinction, is all smoke and nonsense to him?
Very true.
And are we to suppose, I said, that the philosopher sets any value on other pleasures in comparison with the pleasure of knowing the truth, and in that pursuit abiding, ever learning, not so far indeed from the heaven of pleasure? Does he not call the other pleasures necessary, under the idea that if there were no necessity for them, he would rather not have them?
There can be no doubt of that, he replied.
Since, then, the pleasures of each class and the life of each are in dispute, and the question is not which life is more or less honourable, or better or worse, but which is the more pleasant or painless-- how shall we know who speaks truly?
I cannot myself tell, he said.
Well, but what ought to be the criterion? Is any better than experience and wisdom and reason?
There cannot be a better, he said.
Then, I said, reflect. Of the three individuals, which has the greatest experience of all the pleasures which we enumerated? Has the lover of gain, in learning the nature of essential truth, greater experience of the pleasure of knowledge than the philosopher has of the pleasure of gain?
The philosopher, he replied, has greatly the advantage; for he has of necessity always known the taste of the other pleasures from his childhood upwards: but the lover of gain in all his experience has not of necessity tasted--or, I should rather say, even had he desired, could hardly have tasted--the sweetness of learning and knowing truth.
Then the lover of wisdom has a great advantage over the lover of gain, for he has a double experience?
Yes, very great.
Again, has he greater experience of the pleasures of honour, or the lover of honour of the pleasures of wisdom?
Nay, he said, all three are honoured in proportion as they attain their object; for the rich man and the brave man and the wise man alike have their crowd of admirers, and as they all receive honour they all have experience of the pleasures of honour; but the delight which is to be found in the knowledge of true being is known to the philosopher only.
His experience, then, will enable him to judge better than any one?
Far better.
And he is the only one who has wisdom as well as experience?
Further, the very faculty which is the instrument of judgment is not possessed by the covetous or ambitious man, but only by the philosopher?
What faculty?
Reason, with whom, as we were saying, the decision ought to rest.
And reasoning is peculiarly his instrument?
If wealth and gain were the criterion, then the praise or blame of the lover of gain would surely be the most trustworthy?
Or if honour or victory or courage, in that case the judgement of the ambitious or pugnacious would be the truest?
But since experience and wisdom and reason are the judges--
The only inference possible, he replied, is that pleasures which are approved by the lover of wisdom and reason are the truest.
And so we arrive at the result, that the pleasure of the intelligent part of the soul is the pleasantest of the three, and that he of us in whom this is the ruling principle has the pleasantest life.
Unquestionably, he said, the wise man speaks with authority when he approves of his own life.
And what does the judge affirm to be the life which is next, and the pleasure which is next?
Clearly that of the soldier and lover of honour; who is nearer to himself than the money-maker.
Last comes the lover of gain?
Very true, he said.
Twice in succession, then, has the just man overthrown the unjust in this conflict; and now comes the third trial, which is dedicated to Olympian Zeus the saviour: a sage whispers in my ear that no pleasure except that of the wise is quite true and pure-- all others are a shadow only; and surely this will prove the greatest and most decisive of falls?
Yes, the greatest; but will you explain yourself?
I will work out the subject and you shall answer my questions.
Say, then, is not pleasure opposed to pain?
And there is a neutral state which is neither pleasure nor pain?
There is.
A state which is intermediate, and a sort of repose of the soul about either--that is what you mean?
You remember what people say when they are sick?
What do they say?
That after all nothing is pleasanter than health. But then they never knew this to be the greatest of pleasures until they were ill.
Yes, I know, he said.
And when persons are suffering from acute pain, you must. have heard them say that there is nothing pleasanter than to get rid of their pain?
I have.
And there are many other cases of suffering in which the mere rest and cessation of pain, and not any positive enjoyment, is extolled by them as the greatest pleasure?
Yes, he said; at the time they are pleased and well content to be at rest.
Again, when pleasure ceases, that sort of rest or cessation will be painful?
Doubtless, he said.
Then the intermediate state of rest will be pleasure and will also be pain?
So it would seem.
But can that which is neither become both?
I should say not.
And both pleasure and pain are motions of the soul, are they not?
But that which is neither was just now shown to be rest and not motion, and in a mean between them?
How, then, can we be right in supposing that the absence of pain is pleasure, or that the absence of pleasure is pain?
This then is an appearance only and not a reality; that is tc say, the rest is pleasure at the moment and in comparison of what is painful, and painful in comparison of what is pleasant; but all these representations, when tried by the test of true pleasure, are not real but a sort of imposition?
That is the inference.
Look at the other class of pleasures which have no antecedent pains and you will no longer suppose, as you perhaps may at present, that pleasure is only the cessation of pain, or pain of pleasure.
What are they, he said, and where shall I find them?
There are many of them: take as an example the pleasures, of smell, which are very great and have no antecedent pains; they come in a moment, and when they depart leave no pain behind them.
Most true, he said.
Let us not, then, be induced to believe that pure pleasure is the cessation of pain, or pain of pleasure.
Still, the more numerous and violent pleasures which reach the soul through the body are generally of this sort--they are reliefs of pain.
That is true.
And the anticipations of future pleasures and pains are of a like nature?
Shall I give you an illustration of them?
Let me hear.
You would allow, I said, that there is in nature an upper and lower and middle region?
I should.
And if a person were to go from the lower to the middle region, would he not imagine that he is going up; and he who is standing in the middle and sees whence he has come, would imagine that he is already in the upper region, if he has never seen the true upper world?
To be sure, he said; how can he think otherwise?
But if he were taken back again he would imagine, and truly imagine, that he was descending?
No doubt.
All that would arise out of his ignorance of the true upper and middle and lower regions?
Then can you wonder that persons who are inexperienced in the truth, as they have wrong ideas about many other things, should also have wrong ideas about pleasure and pain and the intermediate state; so that when they are only being drawn towards the painful they feel pain and think the pain which they experience to be real, and in like manner, when drawn away from pain to the neutral or intermediate state, they firmly believe that they have reached the goal of satiety and pleasure; they, not knowing pleasure, err in contrasting pain with the absence of pain. which is like contrasting black with grey instead of white--can you wonder, I say, at this?
No, indeed; I should be much more disposed to wonder at the opposite.
Look at the matter thus:--Hunger, thirst, and the like, are inanitions of the bodily state?
And ignorance and folly are inanitions of the soul?
And food and wisdom are the corresponding satisfactions of either?
And is the satisfaction derived from that which has less or from that which has more existence the truer?
Clearly, from that which has more.
What classes of things have a greater share of pure existence in your judgment--those of which food and drink and condiments and all kinds of sustenance are examples, or the class which contains true opinion and knowledge and mind and all the different kinds of virtue? Put the question in this way:--Which has a more pure being-- that which is concerned with the invariable, the immortal, and the true, and is of such a nature, and is found in such natures; or that which is concerned with and found in the variable and mortal, and is itself variable and mortal?
Far purer, he replied, is the being of that which is concerned with the invariable.
And does the essence of the invariable partake of knowledge in the same degree as of essence?
Yes, of knowledge in the same degree.
And of truth in the same degree?
And, conversely, that which has less of truth will also have less of essence?
Then, in general, those kinds of things which are in the service of the body have less of truth and essence than those which are in the service of the soul?
Far less.
And has not the body itself less of truth and essence than the soul?
What is filled with more real existence, and actually has a more real existence, is more really filled than that which is filled with less real existence and is less real?
Of course.
And if there be a pleasure in being filled with that which is according to nature, that which is more really filled with more real being will more really and truly enjoy true pleasure; whereas that which participates in less real being will be less truly and surely satisfied, and will participate in an illusory and less real pleasure?
Those then who know not wisdom and virtue, and are always busy with gluttony and sensuality, go down and up again as far as the mean; and in this region they move at random throughout life, but they never pass into the true upper world; thither they neither look, nor do they ever find their way, neither are they truly filled with true being, nor do they taste of pure and abiding pleasure. Like cattle, with their eyes always looking down and their heads stooping to the earth, that is, to the dining-table, they fatten and feed and breed, and, in their excessive love of these delights, they kick and butt at one another with horns and hoofs which are made of iron; and they kill one another by reason of their insatiable lust. For they fill themselves with that which is not substantial, and the part of themselves which they fill is also unsubstantial and incontinent.
Verily, Socrates, said Glaucon, you describe the life of the many like an oracle.
Their pleasures are mixed with pains--how can they be otherwise? For they are mere shadows and pictures of the true, and are coloured by contrast, which exaggerates both light and shade, and so they implant in the minds of fools insane desires of themselves; and they are fought about as Stesichorus says that the Greeks fought about the shadow of Helen at Troy in ignorance of the truth.
Something of that sort must inevitably happen.
And must not the like happen with the spirited or passionate element of the soul? Will not the passionate man who carries his passion into action, be in the like case, whether he is envious and ambitious, or violent and contentious, or angry and discontented, if he be seeking to attain honour and victory and the satisfaction of his anger without reason or sense?
Yes, he said, the same will happen with the spirited element also.
Then may we not confidently assert that the lovers of money and honour, when they seek their pleasures under the guidance and in the company of reason and knowledge, and pursue after and win the pleasures which wisdom shows them, will also have the truest pleasures in the highest degree which is attainable to them, inasmuch as they follow truth; and they will have the pleasures which are natural to them, if that which is best for each one is also most natural to him?
Yes, certainly; the best is the most natural.
And when the whole soul follows the philosophical principle, and there is no division, the several parts are just, and do each of them their own business, and enjoy severally the best and truest pleasures of which they are capable?
But when either of the two other principles prevails, it fails in attaining its own pleasure, and compels the rest to pursue after a pleasure which is a shadow only and which is not their own?
And the greater the interval which separates them from philosophy and reason, the more strange and illusive will be the pleasure?
And is not that farthest from reason which is at the greatest distance from law and order?
And the lustful and tyrannical desires are, as we saw, at the greatest distance? Yes.
And the royal and orderly desires are nearest?
Then the tyrant will live at the greatest distance from true or natural pleasure, and the king at the least?
But if so, the tyrant will live most unpleasantly, and the king most pleasantly?
Would you know the measure of the interval which separates them?
Will you tell me?
There appear to be three pleasures, one genuine and two spurious: now the transgression of the tyrant reaches a point beyond the spurious; he has run away from the region of law and reason, and taken up his abode with certain slave pleasures which are his satellites, and the measure of his inferiority can only be expressed in a figure.
How do you mean?
I assume, I said, that the tyrant is in the third place from the oligarch; the democrat was in the middle?
And if there is truth in what has preceded, he will be wedded to an image of pleasure which is thrice removed as to truth from the pleasure of the oligarch?
He will.
And the oligarch is third from the royal; since we count as one royal and aristocratical?
Yes, he is third.
Then the tyrant is removed from true pleasure by the space of a number which is three times three?
The shadow then of tyrannical pleasure determined by the number of length will be a plane figure.
And if you raise the power and make the plane a solid, there is no difficulty in seeing how vast is the interval by which the tyrant is parted from the king.
Yes; the arithmetician will easily do the sum.
Or if some person begins at the other end and measures the interval by which the king is parted from the tyrant in truth of pleasure, he will find him, when the multiplication is complete, living 729 times more pleasantly, and the tyrant more painfully by this same interval.
What a wonderful calculation! And how enormous is the distance which separates the just from the unjust in regard to pleasure and pain!
Yet a true calculation, I said, and a number which nearly concerns human life, if human beings are concerned with days and nights and months and years.
Yes, he said, human life is certainly concerned with them.
Then if the good and just man be thus superior in pleasure to the evil and unjust, his superiority will be infinitely greater in propriety of life and in beauty and virtue?
Immeasurably greater.
Well, I said, and now having arrived at this stage of the argument, we may revert to the words which brought us hither: Was not some one saying that injustice was a gain to the perfectly unjust who was reputed to be just?
Yes, that was said.
Now then, having determined the power and quality of justice and injustice, let us have a little conversation with him.
What shall we say to him?
Let us make an image of the soul, that he may have his own words presented before his eyes.
Of what sort?
An ideal image of the soul, like the composite creations of ancient mythology, such as the Chimera or Scylla or Cerberus, and there are many others in which two or more different natures are said to grow into one.
There are said of have been such unions.
Then do you now model the form of a multitudinous, many-headed monster, having a ring of heads of all manner of beasts, tame and wild, which he is able to generate and metamorphose at will.
You suppose marvellous powers in the artist; but, as language is more pliable than wax or any similar substance, let there be such a model as you propose.
Suppose now that you make a second form as of a lion, and a third of a man, the second smaller than the first, and the third smaller than the second.
That, he said, is an easier task; and I have made them as you say.
And now join them, and let the three grow into one.
That has been accomplished.
Next fashion the outside of them into a single image, as of a man, so that he who is not able to look within, and sees only the outer hull, may believe the beast to be a single human creature. I have done so, he said.
And now, to him who maintains that it is profitable for the human creature to be unjust, and unprofitable to be just, let us reply that, if he be right, it is profitable for this creature to feast the multitudinous monster and strengthen the lion and the lion-like qualities, but to starve and weaken the man, who is consequently liable to be dragged about at the mercy of either of the other two; and he is not to attempt to familiarize or harmonize them with one another-- he ought rather to suffer them to fight and bite and devour one another.
Certainly, he said; that is what the approver of injustice says.
To him the supporter of justice makes answer that he should ever so speak and act as to give the man within him in some way or other the most complete mastery over the entire human creature.
He should watch over the many-headed monster like a good husbandman, fostering and cultivating the gentle qualities, and preventing the wild ones from growing; he should be making the lion-heart his ally, and in common care of them all should be uniting the several parts with one another and with himself.
Yes, he said, that is quite what the maintainer of justice say.
And so from every point of view, whether of pleasure, honour, or advantage, the approver of justice is right and speaks the truth, and the disapprover is wrong and false and ignorant.
Yes, from every point of view.
Come, now, and let us gently reason with the unjust, who is not intentionally in error. `Sweet Sir,' we will say to him, what think you of things esteemed noble and ignoble? Is not the noble that which subjects the beast to the man, or rather to the god in man; and the ignoble that which subjects the man to the beast?' He can hardly avoid saying yes--can he now?
Not if he has any regard for my opinion.
But, if he agree so far, we may ask him to answer another question: `Then how would a man profit if he received gold and silver on the condition that he was to enslave the noblest part of him to the worst? Who can imagine that a man who sold his son or daughter into slavery for money, especially if he sold them into the hands of fierce and evil men, would be the gainer, however large might be the sum which he received? And will any one say that he is not a miserable caitiff who remorselessly sells his own divine being to that which is most godless and detestable? Eriphyle took the necklace as the price of her husband's life, but he is taking a bribe in order to compass a worse ruin.'
Yes, said Glaucon, far worse--I will answer for him.
Has not the intemperate been censured of old, because in him the huge multiform monster is allowed to be too much at large?
And men are blamed for pride and bad temper when the lion and serpent element in them disproportionately grows and gains strength?
And luxury and softness are blamed, because they relax and weaken this same creature, and make a coward of him?
Very true.
And is not a man reproached for flattery and meanness who subordinates the spirited animal to the unruly monster, and, for the sake of money, of which he can never have enough, habituates him in the days of his youth to be trampled in the mire, and from being a lion to become a monkey?
True, he said.
And why are mean employments and manual arts a reproach Only because they imply a natural weakness of the higher principle; the individual is unable to control the creatures within him, but has to court them, and his great study is how to flatter them.
Such appears to be the reason.
And therefore, being desirous of placing him under a rule like that of the best, we say that he ought to be the servant of the best, in whom the Divine rules; not, as Thrasymachus supposed, to the injury of the servant, but because every one had better be ruled by divine wisdom dwelling within him; or, if this be impossible, then by an external authority, in order that we may be all, as far as possible, under the same government, friends and equals.
True, he said.
And this is clearly seen to be the intention of the law, which is the ally of the whole city; and is seen also in the authority which we exercise over children, and the refusal to let them be free until we have established in them a principle analogous to the constitution of a state, and by cultivation of this higher element have set up in their hearts a guardian and ruler like our own, and when this is done they may go their ways.
Yes, he said, the purpose of the law is manifest.
From what point of view, then, and on what ground can we say that a man is profited by injustice or intemperance or other baseness, which will make him a worse man, even though he acquire money or power by his wickedness?
From no point of view at all.
What shall he profit, if his injustice be undetected and unpunished? He who is undetected only gets worse, whereas he who is detected and punished has the brutal part of his nature silenced and humanized; the gentler element in him is liberated, and his whole soul is perfected and ennobled by the acquirement of justice and temperance and wisdom, more than the body ever is by receiving gifts of beauty, strength and health, in proportion as the soul is more honourable than the body.
Certainly, he said.
To this nobler purpose the man of understanding will devote the energies of his life. And in the first place, he will honour studies which impress these qualities on his soul and disregard others?
Clearly, he said.
In the next place, he will regulate his bodily habit and training, and so far will he be from yielding to brutal and irrational pleasures, that he will regard even health as quite a secondary matter; his first object will be not that he may be fair or strong or well, unless he is likely thereby to gain temperance, but he will always desire so to attemper the body as to preserve the harmony of the soul?
Certainly he will, if he has true music in him.
And in the acquisition of wealth there is a principle of order and harmony which he will also observe; he will not allow himself to be dazzled by the foolish applause of the world, and heap up riches to his own infinite harm?
Certainly not, he said.
He will look at the city which is within him, and take heed that no disorder occur in it, such as might arise either from superfluity or from want; and upon this principle he will regulate his property and gain or spend according to his means.
Very true.
And, for the same reason, he will gladly accept and enjoy such honours as he deems likely to make him a better man; but those, whether private or public, which are likely to disorder his life, he will avoid?
Then, if that is his motive, he will not be a statesman.
By the dog of Egypt, he will! in the city which is his own he certainly will, though in the land of his birth perhaps not, unless he have a divine call.
I understand; you mean that he will be a ruler in the city of which we are the founders, and which exists in idea only; for I do not believe that there is such an one anywhere on earth?
In heaven, I replied, there is laid up a pattern of it, methinks, which he who desires may behold, and beholding, may set his own house in order. But whether such an one exists, or ever will exist in fact, is no matter; for he will live after the manner of that city, having nothing to do with any other.
I think so, he said.


text:
A college student's guide to not going broke
By Justin Boyle
School's in session, orientations are over and you're throwing out the last of your moving boxes. The realities of college life are starting to sink in. Other than the occasional supermarket circular or sheet of pizza-delivery coupons, nothing much shows up in the mailbox downstairs.
But one day an envelope arrives. It's stamped with phrases like "pre-approved" or "free rewards inside." After scanning the offer inside, you fill out the application form and send it back.
When your credit card comes, it's like a golden ticket. You pick some things out at a store, hand the card to the cashier and walk out with your items. You see something you like on the Internet, punch those magic numbers into the form and receive the confirmation page: Your item is on its way. You order pizza for some friends on your floor -- no coupons required.
In short, you have a massive amount of fun.
Then the bill comes. You can't remember spending that much, but one thing is clear: You can't pay it. Unable to meet your obligations, your debt begins to grow by the month. Soon, your finances spin out of control and before you know it, you're living in a gutter, crushed beneath the weight of your insurmountable debt.
How to do it right
OK, not every first-time credit card user meets this dramatic fate. It's entirely possible to use a credit card throughout college and still avoid the double-pepperoni-laden path to Skid Row. Here are some tips to make sure your first experiences with credit are positive:
- Never miss a payment. It might seem odd to tell you not to spend more money than you have. After all, credit cards wouldn't exist if people didn't occasionally need to spend more than they have in their pocket. Still, it's always best to make sure you can pay your balance in full at the end of each month to avoid interest charges. But if you can't manage that for any reason, be sure to at least pay the minimum on your billing statement on time and make plans to pay off the rest off soon. Otherwise, you can quickly end up with credit problems beyond your wildest nightmares.
- Read the application. You'd think this one would be a no-brainer, but many people just fill in the little boxes without reading any details about the card they're signing up for. If you can't bring yourself to read all the fine print, at least make sure you take note of key things such as your credit limit, APR and all of the various fees.
- Keep it a secret. A nearly sure-fire path to bankruptcy is being "the one with the credit card" in your group of first-year friends. If you can be prudent enough to use your credit card for personal purchases only, you'll likely avoid a lot of headaches down the road.
Why it pays to be careful
Even if you're a generally cautious person, you can destroy your credit rating in just one semester with a few particularly bad decisions. You don't want to have to wind up paying for the mistakes of your younger self well into adulthood.
If you start off your life as a credit user with the right habits, they'll likely follow you throughout your years as a credit consumer. The benefits of wise credit spending are undeniable -- better interest rates and more lending options are two big ones -- and the negative consequences of bad spending can haunt you for a long time.
So remember: When that tantalizing first credit card application comes in the mail, toss it on your desk with the coupons and the circulars instead of tearing into it right away. Store the offers you get it in a nice neat pile somewhere or place it in a filing cabinet, if you're the type of student organized enough to own one of those.
Then, one evening when you have some time to set aside, do a little research into the cards you've been offered. Check the Internet for other cards that you may be eligible for and compare them to the mail offers you've received. The time you spend identifying the best student card for you will likely pay dividends down the road.
Most importantly, once you get your new card, pay careful attention to how you use it. You have a lifetime to use credit ahead of you, so there's no sense in ruining your standing before midterms arrive.
Justin Boyle is a freelance writer living in Austin, Texas.


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Welcome to the October 18, 2018 edition of Around the BCHL.
Starting today with some interesting research from the desk of Jacob Bestebroer.
The Chilliwack Chiefs scout crunched the numbers this week to see who the youngest teams in the BCHL were. The Chiefs and Salmon Arm Silverbacks tied for that distinction, each with an average age of 18.4 years.
Chilliwack is leading the league with a 12-4-0-0 record and Salmon Arm is a solid 6-6-1-0, proving that you can be competitive with youthful roster.
Seventeen year old Harrison Blaisdell is one of the kids helping the Chiefs exceed expectations.
The flipside of the coin is the Cowichan Capitals and West Kelowna Warriors.
"The Cowichan Valley Capitals are proving that being older does not guarantee success," Bestebroer wrote in his bi-weekly Chilliwack Progress column. "They are the oldest team in the BCHL, tied with West Kelowna, with an average age of 19.2 and they currently own the worst record in the 17 team circuit at 2-10-1-1."
West K currently sits seventh and last in the Interior division with a 6-7-0-1 record.
I wrote Tuesday that the Surrey Eagles are, to me, the most disappointing team so far.
But many fans would put the Caps atop that list. With Mike Vandekamp running the show, there was an expectation that Cowichan would start trending upwards. Instead, they're on pace to finish below their 2017-18 record of 10-41-5-0, which is really, really, really hard to do.
Vandekamp's former team, the Nanaimo Clippers, would also be on the most disappointing list.
A perennial Island division power, the Clips are off to an awful start. They have trouble scoring, with only four teams putting the puck in the net with less frequency, and they can't defend. Only the woeful Surrey Eagles and leaky Merritt Centennials have given up more goals in early season action.
There's plenty of time to turn things around, but right now the Island division looks to have two quality teams (Victoria and Powell River), one mediocre entry (Alberni Valley) and two potential trainwrecks (Nanaimo and Cowichan Valley).
The high-flying Merritt Centennials were at it again Wednesday night, putting five on the scoreboard in a 5-0 win over the Salmon Arm Silverbacks.
The Cents got goals from Vincent Guy, Nick Granowicz, Mathieu Gosselin, Ben Ward and Nicholas Wicks.
Merritt's Mathieu Gosselin (left) in action against the Salmon Arm Silverbacks. |
Merritt now has 69 goals on the season (average of 4.31 per game), 15 more than the next highest scoring team, the Victoria Grizzlies. It's an amazing offensive turnaround for the Centennials, who were one of the league's lowest scoring teams in 2017-18. Merritt had 185 goals last year in 58 games, averaging 3.19 per match.
The offensive renaissance is being led by players who were already on the roster.
Bradley Cocca leads the entire BCHL in scoring so far with eight goals and 24 points in 16 games after producing eight goals and 23 points in 44 games last year. Mathieu Gosselin is fifth in league scoring with 10 goals and 20 points in 16 games after posting 11 goals and 33 points in 53 games last season. Nick Granowicz, Nicholas Wicks and Brendan Schneider are also inside the top 20 in BCHL scoring, and Granowicz is the only one who didn't play in Merritt in 2017-18.
The Centennials are proof that a lot of improvement can come from within if a team dedicates proper resources to coaching and player development.
A little news off the transaction wire as the Alberni Valley Bulldogs bring back Mackenzie Wight.
The 19 year old Burnaby native last played for the Dawgs in 2016-17, producing six goals and 12 points in 27 games, including this OT winner against Nanaimo.
The forward went from Alberni Valley to Swift Current, playing 68 regular season and 32 playoff games for the Western Hockey League's Broncos.
Wight helped the Broncos win the Ed Chynoweth Cup as WHL champions last season and he played in three Memorial Cup games in Regina.
"Mackenzie is a high-compete, high-energy forward who will get involved physically and help us be better in all three zones," AV head coach Matt Hughes said in a team news release. "He's excited to be back in the Alberni Valley and we're thrilled to add a player with considerable playoff experience and leadership skills who was very recently part of a championship team."
At the same time, the Dawgs had a player depart unexpectedly. Acquired just 12 days ago from the Powell River Kings, defenceman Ben Raffler has opted to retire.
"We respect Ben's decision to move on from junior hockey and wish him every bit of success in the future," Hughes said. "We're disappointed to lose a player who we know would have been a great contributor and leader for us, but it was clear that he's a very mature, focused young man who is ready to move on to other pursuits."
Some scholarship news as Trail captain Braeden Tuck commits to Sacred Heart University.
The 20 year old is in his third season with the Smokies, collecting 37 goals and 95 points in 147 regular season and playoff games.
Trail captain Braeden Tuck in action against the West Kelowna Warriors. |
"Our entire organization couldn't be more of proud of Braeden for signing a NCAA Division I scholarship," said Smokies head coach/general manager Jeff Tambellini in a team news release. "He is the leader of our team on and off the ice and his skill set, character and determination will make him an outstanding college hockey player."
The Sacred Heart Pioneers play in the Atlantic Hockey Conference and the roster is dotted with BCHL grads. The list includes Colin Bernard (Langley), Mike Lee (Penticton), Jason Cotton (West Kelowna), Alex Bates (Wenatchee), Ryan Steele (Alberni Valley), Marcus Joseph (Nanaimo) and Austin McIlmurray (Coquitlam).
Off to a sluggish start, the West Kelowna Warriors have started making moves.
The team made three transactions this week, acquiring two players and shipping out one.
The Warriors sent futures to the AJHL's Brooks Bandits for 19 year old forward Eric Olson. Olson played for the NAHL's Philadelphia Rebels last season, producing nine goals, 20 points and 119 penalty minutes in 56 regular season games.
"Eric is strong two way player who we expect will add some veteran experience and leadership to our dressing room," West K head coach/general manager Geoff Grimwood said in a team news release.
The Warriors added a recent Western Hockey League cut, signing 18 year old defenceman Kelvin Hair. Hair played 30 games with the Kelowna Rockets last season, and Grimwood expects him to bring size (six-foot-three, 192 pounds) and puck-moving ability to the blueline.
To make roster room, West K dealt 18 year old defenceman James Philpott to the AJHL's Drumheller Dragons.
Eric Welsh is the sports editor at the Chilliwack Progress and has been covering junior A hockey in B.C. and Alberta since 2003.
Email email@example.com


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Louise Chandler Moulton
American poet, story-writer and critic
Louise Chandler Moulton (1835 – August 10, 1908) was an American poet, story-writer and critic.
Quotes edit
Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. (1919) edit
- Quotes reported in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. (1919).
- Bend low, O dusky Night,
And give my spirit rest,
Hold me to your deep breast,
And put old cares to flight.
Give back the lost delight
That once my soul possest,
When Love was loveliest.- To-night.
- I hied me off to Arcady—
The month it was the month of May,
And all along the pleasant way,
The morning birds were mad with glee,
And all the flowers sprang up to see,
As I went on to Arcady.- The Secret of Arcady. Compare Henry Cuyler Bunner, The Way to Arcady.
- This Life is a fleeting breath,
And whither and how shall I go,
When I wander away with Death
By a path that I do not know?- When I wander away with Death.


text:
Gears of War: Judgment Wal-Mart pre-orders include GoW2 or GoW3
Wal-Mart is offering a free copy of either Gears of War 2 or Gears of War 3 - buyer's choice - with pre-orders for Gears of War: Judgment, according to Gamespot. The bonus comes on top of the free downloadable copy of the original Gears of War which will be bundled with all new copies at launch. Gears of War: Judgment is a prequel co-developed by Epic Games and People Can Fly and is due in the US on March 19, exclusively for Xbox 360.


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MARANA, Ariz. – The most fickle part of the Match Play Championship for Louis Oosthuizen was his nagging back injury.
His luck ran out Saturday when he felt pain in his back while warming up on the range. When he first tried to hit a draw on the par-5 second hole, it got even worse. And one point, he was on his back on the 13th tee as his trainer tried to stretch him out.
"It's a bit painful that it always happens when I'm playing well," Oosthuizen said after losing on the 17th hole to Jason Day.
He was playing well enough that Oosthuizen required only 47 holes to reach the quarterfinals, the fewest of anyone. But it was a battle from the start, especially against a player like Day who has reached the semifinals the last two years.
Oosthuizen pulled off an unlikely birdie on the second hole to square the match, and he went ahead on the third with a 25-foot birdie putt. Day was able to at least try to drive the par-4 fourth green to set up a birdie, while Oosthuizen chose to lay back. Day won the hole and never trailed again.
"If I can commit myself to hit the shot, it's not that bad," Oosthuizen said. "But I can't commit. My body is restricting me to go through the shot."
Oosthuizen needs to get his back sorted out. He's been dealing with it since last summer. Some weeks it feels good, other weeks not so much. He said it most affects him when he plays a long stretch of golf.
And this has been a long week.
"I'm glad to not be playing tomorrow," he said with a smile. "I don't want to be the first guy to withdraw from the finals or semifinals."
Oosthuizen is scheduled to play the Honda Classic next week ahead of the next World Golf Championship at Doral. He said he would see how he feels in a couple of days, and might end up dropping Honda and adding the week after Doral at Innisbrook.
MENTAL EXAM: Jordan Spieth lost his match to Ernie Els. He also lost his cool.
It's the one area of Spieth's game that he's still trying to master as he enters his second full year on tour. When the golf isn't going well, Spieth shows it.
Els noticed.
"I could almost sense the frustration in Jordan today that he wasn't quite playing the way he did yesterday," Els said. "And I was kind of playing on that a little bit, just making sure if I was missing a shot, that I made sure that I got it up-and-down to keep kind of him at bay, or keep him frustrated."
Spieth described himself as a "little mental midget out there," as he constantly turned toward caddie Michael Greller.
"Actually kind of embarrassing looking back," he said. "I was dropping clubs and just whining to Michael, and you just can't do that. In match play, you've got to keep your cool. Any time you show that, it's a weakness, and Ernie can take advantage of it."
And he did.
A LONG WALK: Rickie Fowler might have logged more miles than anyone this week, and not just because he has played 71 holes to reach the semifinals.
Fowler has been taking hikes up the mountain behind The Ritz-Carlton at Dove Mountain with his mother and sister, a peaceful way to end a day and a great place to watch the sunset over the high desert north of Tucson.
"The first night I went on my own, which was kind of fun," Fowler said after his 1-up win over Jim Furyk. "My mom and sister came in on Tuesday, so made them go with me. And I guess we're going to continue that. It's been working. I'll be going on a hike a little later this afternoon and go hang out up there and just relax and watch the sunset and go down and have some dinner at the hotel."
Fowler said it's about a 25-minute hike. Once they get to the top, they send pictures and used FaceTime with friends.
"It's just a fun way to relax and enjoy the afternoon," he said.
MIC CHECK: Jordan Spieth had to aim away from the hole from a bunker on the par-5 second. The idea was to splash out with some side spin, catch the fringe and have the ball trickle toward the hole.
It worked except for one tiny detail — he forgot to have the TV microphone removed.
The ball struck the base of the microphone and stayed there. Spieth could only get up-and-down for par, and Els two-putted for birdie to win the hole.
A WORLD AFFAIR: For only the third time in 16 years of the Match Play Championship, the semifinalists are from four continents — Australia (Jason Day), Africa (Ernie Els), Europe (Victor Dubuisson) and the United States (Rickie Fowler).
Those four continents also were involved in 2007 (Geoff Ogilvy, Trevor Immelman, Henrik Stenson and Chad Campbell).
The first time it happened was in 2001 in Melbourne, when the semifinalists were from the United States (Steve Stricker), Africa (Els), Europe (Pierre Fulke) and Japan (Toru Taniguchi).
DIVOTS: At 44, Ernie Els is the oldest player to reach the semifinals in the Match Play Championship. The oldest winner was Kevin Sutherland, who was 37 when he won in 2002. ... Victor Dubuisson is the 11th player to reach the semifinals in his Match Play debut. That includes the four semifinalists from the inaugural year in 1999. Geoff Ogilvy and Jeff Maggert are the only players to win in their first year. ... Dubuisson has played 67 holes this week, the fewest of the four players remaining.


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Wired (magazine)
This article does not cite its references or sources. You can help WikiFur by adding references. For specifics, check the edit history and talk page. Consult the Furry Book of Style for editing help. |
While WikiFur does not require total neutrality, the point of view of this article is disputed. Please check the talk page discussion before making substantial changes. |
Wired is a US based monthly magazine and website based periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993, and owned by Condé Nast Publications. It mainly covers technology, and its effects on the world in general.
Wired and furry[edit]
Wired has covered the subject furries and the fandom in several articles, including:
The Johnny Manhattan piece[edit]
One of the very first mainstream articles about furries appeared on Wired in a March 1994 in an article titled Johnny Manhattan Meets the Furry Muckers. Some furries felt that there were a number of problems with the article, which caused quite a stir at the time:[citation needed]
- The article primarily describes events on LambdaMOO, not FurryMUCK.
- Johnny Manhattan (aka Josh Quittner) lifted character descriptions without permission, a violation of copyright, and a potential invasion of privacy (FurryMUCK's ECPA notice notwithstanding).
- The focus when speaking of furries was mostly on sex and an inability to understand why someone would play an animal online.
This article is generally considered[citation needed] to be an example of inattentive editors passing an article with little or no inspection.
Alendria, whose nude description was printed in the article's FurryMUCK portion, wrote a letter of protest; when the magazine's editors offered to print it, but only if she allowed her real name to be used, she declined due to personal issues.[citation needed]
Newer articles and/or mentions[edit]
- ? (? 2001) - The furry fandom was mentioned in a sidebar[citation needed] featuring fads which were coming and going; furries were considered a short-term fad already on their way out.
Considering the previous (and mostly forgotten) article, and the growth of the fandom, this was at best an erroneous view based on other mainstream attention at the time.
- Wired's Geekster Handbook, a Field Guide to the Nerd Underground (March 2008) - Under the sixth geek described by Troy Brownfield, the Otaku, their beliefs, described as the following, mention furries in a positive view:
Manga is a medium, not a genre. Furries aren't loathsome. I can learn Japanese from Gundam... |
- Cosplayroom (September 2008) - On his Japanese Schoolgirl Watch column, Brian Ashcraft mentions furries in the following paragraph regarding Japanese girls and Cosplay:
...Many Japanese gals lead double lives: Mild-mannered students in plain-jane uniforms by day; French maids, Furries, and goth Lolitas by night... |
- How a Trash-Talking Furry Became Esports' Dominant Player (January 2019) - As a result of SonicFox5000 winning the 2018 Game Awards, Wired published an article discussing about him and esports.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Johnny Manhattan Meets the Furry Muckers article on Wired's online archive
- "Wired's Geekster Handbook, a Field Guide to the Nerd Underground" article on Wired's online magazine
- "How a Trash-Talking Furry Became Esports' Dominant Player" article on Wired's website.


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Behold the Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod (DASH). The video above was presented at the 2009 International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. In it we see the toils of a team from UC Berkeley's Biomimetic Millisystems Lab. They've developed a robot propulsion system that mimics some of the best aspects of cockroaches and other insect bodies: speed, economy of motion, ability to survive large falls without damage, and the capability to traverse obstacles. Let's take a look at how they put this together after the break.
We see a hexapod (six-legged) robot manufactured using cardboard and a polymer sheet. First, the general features for each part are laser cut from a sheet of cardboard (non-corrugated) in a mirrored pattern. A polymer sheet is then glued to one side of the pattern, the other side is folded over and glued to the top of the polymer. The whole thing takes a trip through a laminator and then heads back to the laser cutter to finish cutting out the pieces. If you've got these tools, this makes for a very fast build process. They claim the robot can be assembled in one hour.
With this particular design, the entire body of the bot provides propulsion. There are two different frames which rotate in relation to each other, each moving three of the legs in a rowing pattern. Directional propulsion is provided by flexing the entire frame diagonally using muscle wire. Because of the resilience of this building material, the ability of the frame to flex and return to shape also provides protection from falls. We see the device thrown off of a building and continue on without any apparent damage.
Make sure you take a look at the folded robot prototyping information the Berkeley team has previously posted on their website. They dip a bit more into the details of producing the laminated cardboard composite for the bodies. The work in the video is a big leap forward from their prototypes and leaves us wondering what will come next?
[via IEEE Spectrum]


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I don't know about you, but I often feel overwhelmed by the daily news. But one prayer can make a difference.
Whether it's in my community, the state, our nation, or the world, the amount of evil out there is just plain disturbing. I know that many good things are also happening, but those are often overshadowed by what isn't.
To counteract this helpless, hopeless feeling, Mary and I thought it would be helpful for us to focus our prayers. Even when an event seems so horrific that we despair of being able to do anything to help, we need to remember that prayer is the powerful antidote to evil. Let us not ever forget that. The enemy wants us to be overwhelmed and ineffective. That is not what the Bible says.
The prayer of a righteous man is powerful and effective. James 5:16
The Greek word for powerful in this sentence is Ischyo. Are you ready for its definition? It means "to be effective, capable of producing results." Wow. Our prayers are capable of producing results — even when ISIS is on the move, even when the diagnosis is cancer, even when aborted baby parts are being sold on the market, even when refugees are backed up on a country's border.
To help us focus our prayers, several times a week, we will select a person, issue, or topic for us to pray about. The reminder will be short, perhaps just a sentence or two in the sidebar of our website OnlyByPrayer under the heading One Prayer. Please add your one-minute prayer silently or aloud to the collective praying we will all be doing. If you'd like you can tweet that day's prayer focus using #OnePrayer.
Let's stop sticking our heads in the sand and take advantage of the very real power of prayer. God did not make us helpless but bestowed upon us the gift and responsibility of prayer to bring about real change in the world.
Pray on!
Resources for the Current Prayer Concern
9-7-20 Prayers for Wildfires
8-5-20 Beirut Explosion
7-17-20 Coronavirus Prayer Resources
7-17-20: Prayers for our Leaders
7-17-20 Prayers for First Responders


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TABASCO is a simulator created to address the problem of simulating gene expression at single-base resolution. By defining the logic of transcription and translation rules a priori such as initiation, elongation, termination, and interactions of polymerases and proteins, Tabasco automatically traverses the state of the system as it develops and thus makes simulation at such high resolution computationally feasible. Tabasco was designed to allow us to better understand bacteriophage gene expression. In general, Tabasco would be useful to those interested in explicitly simulating hypotheses of protein-DNA interactions and their relation to gene expression (e.g., eukaryotic gene expression initiation). A research article describing Tabasco has been published (BMC Bioinformatics 2007, 8:480 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-480).
Note regarding trademark
Our use of the word TABASCO here refers to a simulator of gene expression systems, or other systems comprised of elementary chemical reaction events that can be ordered along one or more dimensions. The origins of our use of the word were as an acronym, abbreviating the words "Transcription And Binding And Serious Computational Overhead." The word "Tabasco" is also a registered trademark of the McIlhenny Company for use in connection with pepper sauces, clothing, and other consumer products. The TABASCO simulator is neither affiliated with nor sponsored or endorsed by the McIlhenny Company and our use of the TABASCO name is not intended to suggest any such affiliation, sponsorship, or endorsement. "Tabasco" can also refer to a state in Mexico.
Sriram Kosuri, Jason Kelly, Drew Endy
Tabasco avoids previous 'combinatorial explosion' problems by tracking the position and state of proteins and genetic elements on the DNA to dynamically generate appropriate reactions, such as promoters being blocked by traversing polymerases. In order to improve computational efficiency, Tabasco makes use of a Gibson-accelerated Gillespie SSA to compute the reaction event timing and the resultant time-evolution of the genetic system.
Software and Installation
The software for Tabasco is freely available here with the publication, via Additional File #3 (.zip file)
The simulator was only tested on J2SE version 1.4.2 and higher. A basic knowledge of running Java programs is needed. Generally one can either download the source, and then compile it using a java compiler to create byte code or download the precompiled byte code above.
Installation instructions (for Unix systems)
- Download the extractable archive (.zip file).
- Extract the archive using the following command:
tar -xvzf tabasco.tar.gz
- Windows users should be able to use WinZip or other free programs (or download Cygwin to make the process more unix like)
- Make sure java is in your path
- To check, type
java -version
and make sure the command is found (also a good time to make sure you are above version 1.4.2). If you do not have an up-to-date version of Java, visit the download site and follow the installation instructions.
- To check, type
There are 3 main classes that can be run. TabascoSimulator.class actually executes the simulation and is the longest program. Averager.class averages output from multiple TabascoSimulator simulations. TabascoJpegMake is the visualizer that makes JPEG stacks to visualize data that can later be made into movies.
The TabascoSimulator class executes simulations. The basic usage is as follows.
java TabascoSimulator inputfilename outputfilename [random seed]
- The inputfilename is the location of the location of the input file.
- The outputfilename is the prefix to be used for the output files.
The optional random seed can be used to override the input from the inputfilename. This field is useful if one is using a script to run simulations on a cluster.
A sample input file is included in the distrubution. To run it, follow this procedure:
- Go to the TabascoWeb/classes directory by typing
cd TabascoWeb/classes
- Try to run a sample program
java TabascoSimulator ../examples/t7_input_file.txt ../output-test-
The Averager class averages output from the TabascoSimulator. The basic usage is as follows.
java Averager #_of_iterations outputfilename
- The #_of_iterations is an integer that specifies the number of simulations you want to average together
- The outputfilename is the prefix to be used for the output files.
The example simulation run in TabascoSimulator can be averaged as follows:
java Averager 2 ../output-test-
This class makes a set of jpeg's from the output files to visualize the DNA and molecule levels as a function of time.
java TabascoJpegMake output-filename mol-input-filename dna-file1 dna file2 ...
- output-filename is the filename prefix for jpeg's that are output
- mol-input-filename is the Molecule file name that you want to visualize
- dna-file1 and dna-file2, etc are the DNA files that will also be a part of the visualization.
For the example input, you can visualize the output by running the following command.
java TabascoJpegMake ../vis- ../output_AVG.txt ../output-test-DNA_phage1_sim1.txt
../output-test-DNA_phage2_sim1.txt ../output-test-DNA_phage3_sim1.txt
QuickTime movie showing TABASCO being used to simulate gene expression for the first 1500 seconds of bacteriophage T7 development.