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High on the list of "it is what it is" movies, you'll find Moonraker, a James Bond picture that stars Roger Moore and climaxes by sending 007 into outer space. Now that Mike Myers has given the picture a thorough ribbing, it's easier to be a bit gentle with this curio. Handle it with care, and you'll find a family-friendly action picture that, while frequently cheesy, entertains in a good old-fashioned way.
As we all know, James Bond pictures have a fairly rigid formula, and if any given entry delivers its erotic babes, exotic locales, suave heroics, tricky gadgets and large-scale action, there's a floor on how low it can go. Some are campier than others, and Moonraker is among them, with the metal-toothed henchman Jaws (Richard Kiel) lumbering after Bond and turning out to have the heart of Frankenstein's monster. The film's one unequivocal saving grace is the spectacular production design work of Kubrick and Bond veteran Ken Adam, whose brilliant space-age sets show a deep understanding of how to pleasingly fill the space of a widescreen frame (and, yes, retroactively conjure the film's parodic child The Spy Who Shagged Me).
In 1977, Star Wars forever changed the movie landscape, and the years immediately following that film saw a haevy-duty space fad in movies and television. It's a fad reflected in "Cubby" Broccoli's opportunistic choice to film Ian Fleming's Bond novel Moonraker, freely adapted to get Bond into a space station. The plot, such as it is, concerns Bond investigating the mid-air theft of a Moonraker space shuttle. The path leads to billionaire spacecraft industrialist Hugo Drax (the urbane Michael Lonsdale doing his deadliest deadpan), who's hiding a secret plan involving Aryan procreation in outer space, or something like that. The earth-bound globe-trotting aspect of the film is largely pleasing and in keeping with the series' style: Bond goes to California, Venice and Rio, where Bernard Lee puts in his last appearance as "M" (Lois Maxwell's administrative assistant Miss Moneypenny and Desmond Llewelyn's gadget-meister "Q" also appear).
Bond teams up with reluctant and punnily named ally Holly Goodhead (likeable Lois Chiles) to bring down Drax; other "Bond girls" include Corinne Clery, Emily Bolton, and Shirley Bassey, whose offscreen presence as the singer of the otherwise forgettable title tune adds a touch more class to the proceedings. In the category of action, the most memorable moment comes in the opening sequence, an impressively realized free-fall stunt involving Bond tumbling out of an airplane without a parachute. There's also an aerial fight atop a cable car, and lots of running around on the space station as the film nears its end (the pre-CGI model work and special effects hold up surprisingly well). It's unfortunate that Moonraker is so clumsily plotted and paced (and marred by excessive product placement). This Bond winds up being primo kids' stuff, but under-satisfying for adults.
Quite simply, Moonraker looks spectacular on Blu-ray. Even those who saw the film in theaters in 1979 will probably be gobsmacked at the clean up work done by Lowry Digital. Without doing any harm to the original theatrical look, the disc banishes the washed-out imagery we've come to associate with tired '70s prints, replacing it with a fresh picture that looks newly minted. Color and detail are excellent, and the special effects sequences look surprisingly good, as well, the only proviso being that wires are now sometimes visible in the weightless sequences. Audio is definitive, with two great options: DTS-HD 5.1 Master Audio and original Dolby Surround 3.0 mixes.
The bonus features gather all of the extras previously issued on DVD for this title, and it's a terrific package. First, you'll find an audio commentary featuring director Lewis Gilbert, producers Michael G. Wilson and William P. Cartlidge and screenwriter Christopher Wood, and a separate audio commentary featuring Sir Roger Moore. Both are enlightening and entertaining (though time-consuming).
For a more concise look behind the scenes, there's "Inside Moonraker" (42:02, HD), a comprehensive making-of doc that includes behind-the-scenes footage and interviews with Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli (vintage), screenwriter Christopher Wood, executive producer Michael G. Wilson, director Lewis Gilbert, associate producer William P. Cartlidge, production designer Ken Adam, optical effects cameraman Robin Browne, visual effects supervisor Derek Meddings, aerial stuntman B.J. Worth, editor/2nd unit director John Glen, aerial stuntman Jake Lombard, Michael Lonsdale, Eon Productions former VP Marketing Charles "Jerry" Juroe, Roger Moore, Lois Chiles (new and vintage), Richard Kiel, camera operator Alec Mills, Desmond Llewelyn, stuntman Martin Grace, stuntman Richard Graydon, special effects man John Richardson, and visual effects cameraman Paul Wilson.
"The Men Behind The Mayhem" (19:00) introduces the special effects crew. These guys have a lot of fun blowing up stuff. Vintage promo "007 In Rio" (12:45) documents the Bond crew's arrival in Brazil. "Bond '79" (12:18) assembles press interviews conducted with the cast in Brazil. "Ken Adam's Production Films" (12:03) offer photography of the locations and sets narrated by Adam. "Learning to Freefall" (3:56) is test footage for the sky-diving sequence; we also get the self-explanatory "Sky Diving Storyboards" (1:21). "Circus Footage" (1:19) is a bit of outtake footage from the opening sequence. "Cable Car Alternative Storyboards" (3:33) demonstrates two different approaches considered for the action scene.
007 Mission Control includes the usual breakdowns of "007," "Women," "Allies," "Villains," "Mission Combat Manual," "Q Branch" and "Exotic Locations." We also get the "Theatrical Trailer" (3:41) and an extensive Photo Gallery.
Bond fans cannot afford to be without this definitive Blu-ray edition, available separately or in a 3-pack with Goldfinger and The World Is Not Enough.
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Arthritis Research Canada at the
CRA & AHPA Annual Scientific Meeting
Research Spotlight
Sex differences in inflammatory myopathies: A cross sectional study
Little is known about sex differences in autoimmune inflammatory myopathies (AIM) and how they influence clinical presentation and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). We found that in our AIM cohort, more women had severe disease than men, and women had significantly more functional and physical health-related quality of life impairment than men. These novel findings may suggest biologic differences in the disease and in the health care trajectories of women and men with early AIM.
Research Team: Marmen MB, Albert A, Leclair V, Wang M, Vinet E, Fortin PR, Hudson M
To learn more about Arthritis Research Canada research presented at the CRA & AHPA Annual Scientific Meeting, please scroll down. We have sections on COVID-19 & arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, and other.
COVID-19 & Arthritis
Factors associated with depression and anxiety in people living with rheumatic disease: Findings from an international survey administered during the COVID-19 pandemic
This international survey of 687 individuals living with arthritis found that during the COVID-19 pandemic depression was present in 43% of participants, anxiety in 34%, and both depression and anxiety together in 27%. 30% of participants were socially isolated and 51% experienced loneliness. Factors associated with either depression or anxiety included loneliness, social isolation, and changes in health behaviours such as alcohol consumption and poor sleep.
Research Team: Howren A, Avina-Zubieta JA, Da Costa D, Puyat JH, Xie H, De Vera MA
Trends in RA symptoms, functional impacts, and work status prior to and during early months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH)
We used data from the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort to evaluate how the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic affected Canadians with rheumatoid arthritis. We found that visits with rheumatologists were down in the first 6 months of 2020 by 31% as compared to 2019. RA disease activity, as assessed by participants, increased significantly with probable RA flares ranging from 10-12%. Higher disease activity and symptoms peaked in April, but mostly returned to pre-pandemic levels by June-July except for physical function. Only 4% had stopped working by June.
Research Team: Bartlett S, Schieir O, Valois MF, Boire G, Bessette L, Hazlewood G, Thorne C, Pope J, Hitchon C, Tin D, Keystone E, Bykerk V
Investigating SLE patients' access to health information pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Media sources, in the face of COVID-19, have created a parallel infodemic (epidemic of mis/unproven information) that has particular relevance for patients with lupus. Conflicting health messages can exacerbate stress and acting on misinformation can contribute to detrimental health decisions. Investigators conducted an online survey of Canadians with lupus to assess how they accessed and trusted health information before and during the pandemic. Although physicians (specialists and GPs) ranked as the preferred and most trusted sources, they were less accessible during the pandemic. People relied on news and social media, which they trusted less, during the pandemic.
Research Team: Cardwell FS, Elliott SJ, Choi MY, Chin R, Peschken CA, Urowitz M, Hanly JG, Clarke AE
Effective, efficient, and convenient: Examiner and examinee experiences with a National Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in a rheumatology Competence by Design Curriculum
Medical education and evaluation of trainees is challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic. The UBC rheumatology training program piloted a virtual way of testing rheumatology residents using an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) performed online. Rheumatology residents and faculty perceived the virtual OSCE to be an effective, convenient, and practical evaluation tool. Virtual OSCEs may enable formal evaluation when physical distancing is required for public health reasons or when geographic proximity is challenging or unfeasible.
Research Team: Ellingwood L, Ahrari A, Kherani R, Jamal S
Real-world estimates of early rheumatoid arthritis patients at increased risk for severe COVID-19 to inform emerging vaccination strategies: Results from the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH)
A study of Canadians with rheumatoid arthritis found that risk factors for having severe COVID-19 were age>65yrs, presence of other chronic conditions such as lung disease (COPD), coronary disease and hypertension. This information will help determine who should be prioritized for vaccination.
Research Team: DCruz J, Schieir O, Valois MF, Pope J, Bartlett S, Bessette L Boire G, Hazlewood G, Hitchon C, Keystone E, Thorne C, Tin D, Bykerk V, CATCH Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort
The Rheum4U Precision Health Registry Platform: enabling quality care for patients with inflammatory arthritis during the COVID-19 pandemic in two outpatient rheumatology clinics
This study looked at the impact the COVID-19 pandemic on care for inflammatory arthritis at two university clinics in Calgary, using the Rheum4U data platform. Compared to the same time the previous year, there was a 61% decrease in new patients seen, with a similar number of total visits, but in-person visits were limited to urgent cases, with the remainder being virtual visits. Disease activity and quality of life were similar.
Research Team: Mosher D, Benseler S, Twilt M, MacMullan P, Giata , Sandhu N, Stevenson M, Brose A, Omotajo D, Marshall D, on behalf of the Rheum4U Team
Factors associated with fears due to COVID-19: a Scleroderma Patient-centered Intervention Network (SPIN) COVID-19 Cohort Study
Fears due to COVID-19 among people with scleroderma were greatest among participants from the United Kingdom, followed by Canada, the United States, and France. Fears due to COVID-19 were associated with clinical and functional vulnerabilities in this chronically ill population. This suggests that the needs of people living with chronic illness during a pandemic may differ depending on the social and political context in which they live.
Research Team: Wu Y, Kwakkenbos L, Henry R, Carrier ME, Gagarine M, Harb S, Bourgeault A, Tao L, Carboni-Jimenez A, Negeri Z, Patten S, Bartlett S, Mouthon L, Varga J, Benedetti A, Thombs B, Scleroderma Patient-centered Intervention Network (SPIN) Diet and Nutrition Education Patient Advisory Team (Montreal).
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Adherence to system-level performance measures for rheumatoid arthritis care in Ontario
We examined measures of early access and good quality of care for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from a population-based cohort of all RA patients seen by rheumatologists or other specialists in Ontario between 2002 and 2014. Gaps in care identified included patients not continuing to see a rheumatologist on an ongoing basis, as well as patients aged > 65 having delayed and lower than expected rates of treatment with disease modifying therapy, considered essential in the treatment of RA.
Research Team: Barber C, Lacaille D, Croxford R, Barnabe C, Marshall D, Xie H, Avina-Zubieta A, Esdaile J, Hazlewood G, Faris P, Katz S, MacMullan P, Mosher D, Widdifield J
National Burden of RA in Canada 1990-2017: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
We evaluated the impact of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) on the longevity and quality of life on the population of Canada. It showed that fewer people died prematurely, while the number of years of healthy life lost due to RA disability increased from 1990 to 2017 as a result of increasing frequency of disease. These outcomes were greatest in females and older populations, particularly over the age of 75. Canada showed more favourable outcomes when compared to other countries with similar socio-economic development levels.
Research Team: Hassen N, Lacaille D, Sarrafzadegan N, Xu A, Sidi S, Alandejani A, Mansourian M, Kopec J
Patient characteristics and treatment patterns across four Canadian rheumatoid arthritis cohorts
We explored the treatment patterns of over 10,000 people living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from four Canadian cohorts. It is important to understand which medications are used most often to treat RA in Canada compared to what the Guidelines from the Canadian Rheumatology Association recommend. We found that the RA Guidelines were generally followed, but not as closely as one would hope.
Research Team: Hazlewood G, Bombardier C, Li X, Moyahedi M, Choquette D, Coupal L, Bykerk V, Shieir O, Mosher DP, Marshall DA, Bertnatsky S, Spencer N, Barber CE, OBRI, RHUMADATA, CATCH, Rheum4U Program
A Collaborative nurse-led model of care for stable patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to rheumatologist-led care: A retrospective cohort study evaluating effectiveness and appropriateness of care
A chart review was conducted at two Alberta hospitals to assess the quality of care provided for stable patients with rheumatoid arthritis followed within a nurse-led care model compared to the traditional rheumatologist-led care model. We found that care led by a nurse was at least as effective and that screening for comorbidities, education about management of arthritis flares, and screening for vaccinations was documented more often.
Research Team: Lopatina E, Marshall DA, LeClercq S, Noseworthy T, Suter E, de la Rosa Jaimes C, Lauf AM, Mosher DP, Barber CE
Practical strength training prescription parameters for people with rheumatoid arthritis: a scoping review with recommendations for future research
Strength training is an important disease management strategy for people with rheumatoid arthritis, but very few people do strength training, likely because of barriers such as fatigue, pain, fear of causing damage to the joint etc. We summarize strength training prescription recommendations that are currently available and elaborate on the practical steps to prescribing that aim to help address barriers and support people with rheumatoid arthritis to strength train regularly.
Research Team: Ma JK, Wu ML, Collins JA, Davidson E, Hoens AM, Jiwa S, Tsui K, McQuitty S, Sequeria L, Li LC
Leveraging a behaviour change model to inform key elements for a national implementation plan of an early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient decision aid
We obtained perspectives from people living with rheumatoid arthritis and healthcare providers on how to use a patient decision aid (a tool to help shared decision-making) in early RA. The results were mapped to the Behavior Change Wheel (a way to classify barriers to behaviour change). The results informed recommendations for using the decision aid to improve shared decision making.
Research Team: Spencer N, Bansback N, Li L, Zimmermann G, Richards D, Proulx L, Mosher D, Hazlewood G
Outcomes of virtual rheumatoid arthritis care: A systematic review
We did a systematic review of studies on the use of virtual care for rheumatoid arthritis. Only studies where virtual care was intended to replace in-person visits were included. Only 6 studies were identified, half were randomized trials. While there was some evidence that virtual care could replace in person visits, longer term studies are needed.
Research Team: Han L, Hazlewood G, Barnabe C, Barber CEH
Who is receiving influenza vaccinations prior to and after a diagnosis of RA? Results from the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH)
We found that only 1 in 3 newly diagnosed patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had had a flu vaccination in the year prior to diagnosis; 46% were vaccinated in the year after they were diagnosed. Predictors of vaccination after diagnosis were pre-diagnosis vaccination and not smoking. Our work suggest that it is important to have conversations with newly diagnosed patients about their vaccination history and attitudes, especially in people who smoke.
Research Team: Ta VO, Valois MF, Colmegna I, Hitchon C, Bessette L, Hazlewood G, Thorne C, Pope J, Boire G, Tin D, Keystone E, Bykerk V, Bartlett S and Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH) Investigators
Rheumatologists vs primary care physicians: Who should be in charge of discussing influenza/pneumococcal vaccines with rheumatoid arthritis patients?
Health Care Professionals acknowledge the importance of discussing vaccination with RA patients. Most of them believe rheumatologists should take the lead in this task. Improving communication between health care professionals and enhancing awareness/knowledge of primary care physicians on vaccines in RA patients may promote influenza vaccine uptake in this group.
Research Team: Valerio V, Boucher V, Hazel E, Panopalis P, Lavoie K, Pelaez S, Colmegna I
How stable are medication necessity beliefs and safety concerns in the first year of rheumatoid arthritis?
We previously showed that around the time of diagnosis, 2/3rds of adults with rheumatoid arthritis were not convinced of the necessity of taking rheumatoid arthritis medicines, and had concerns about their long-term safety. We were interested to understand how these medication-related beliefs and safety concerns may change during the first year. Overall we found that necessity beliefs increased a little, and concerns went down a little, but it is unlikely these changes are meaningful, suggesting that the necessity of taking the medicine steadily outweighed concerns. Several factors were associated with beliefs and concerns.
Research Team: Ta V, Schieir O, Valois MF, Bessette L, Boire G, Hazlewood G, Hitchon C, Keystone E, Pope J, Thorne C, Tin D, Andersen N, Bykerk V, Bartlett S, and Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH) Investigators
What are the real-world predictors of initiating different advanced therapies in early rheumatoid arthritis? Data from the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH) Group
Both patient-related factors and physician-related factors were associated with different choices of advanced disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Patient formal education beyond high school was the strongest predictor of starting non-anti-TNF compared to an anti-TNF. Physician practice location within Ontario was the strongest predictor of starting JAK inhibitor compared to an anti-TNF.
Research Team: Weiler M, Schieir O, Valois MF, Bartlett S, Bessette L, Boire G, Hazlewood G, Hitchon C, Keystone E, Tin D, Thorne C, Bykerk V, Pope J, CATCH Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Investigators
More than half of newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients are not convinced of the necessity of rheumatoid arthritis medicines: Associations with rheumatoid arthritis characteristics, symptoms, and function in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH)
Medication beliefs have been shown to be one of the most reliable predictors of long-term adherence to treatment. In 362 people newly diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, we found two thirds were not convinced of their necessity, and were worried about the safety of taking them over long periods of time. Our work suggests that around the time of diagnosis, there is an important window of opportunity for conversations about rheumatoid arthritis medicines between rheumatologists and patients that will help people feel more confident about their treatment and the importance of taking it as prescribed.
Research Team: Ta V, Schieir O, Valois MF, Tin D, Hitchon C, Bessette L, Thorne C, Pope J, Boire G, Keystone E, Bykerk V, Bartlett S and Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH) Investigators
Does statin use have an effect on progression of knee osteoarthritis on magnetic resonance imaging: The Vancouver Longitudinal Study of Early Knee Osteoarthritis (VALSEKO)
We evaluated whether statins (cholesterol lowering medications) have a beneficial effect on knee osteoarthritis using a cohort of people with predominantly early disease followed over 7 years. We found that there was no relationship between the use of statins and progression of knee osteoarthritis, (cartilage damage, bone bruising, bone spurs or knee swelling) on magnetic resonance imaging.
Research Team: Gill J, Sayre EC, Guermazi A, Nicolaou S, Cibere J
Do comorbidities limit improvement in pain and physical function after total knee arthroplasty in patients with knee osteoarthritis? The BEST Knee Prospective Cohort Study
We found that for individuals with knee osteoarthritis, having other chronic conditions does not limit improvement in pain, physical function, and walking ability after a knee replacement, and that people were as likely to report an acceptable symptom state. These results provide important information for clinicians to draw upon when discussing the risks and benefits of knee replacement with patients who have osteoarthritis and other chronic conditions.
Research Team: King L, Waugh E, Jones A, Marshall D, Hawker G
Systemic lupus erythematosus-related intestinal pseudo-obstruction (SLE-IPO): Case report and review of the literature of a rare and potentially fatal complication
Pseudo obstruction of the bowel is a dangerous complication of lupus, which should be considered in lupus patients with signs of bowel obstruction. Rapid institution of treatment is often lifesaving.
Research Team: Tan J, Xu G, Esdaile JM
Retinal toxicity in a multinational inception cohort of systemic lupus patients on hydroxychloroquine
Patients with lupus treated with hydroxychloroquine can, rarely, develop toxicity to the retina of the eye. We found that the risk of this side effect increases after 10 years of using hydroxychloroquine, and that the risk is higher among people who are older when they get lupus. We also found a higher risk that was not statistically significant in black patients, people receiving a higher dose (more than 5 mg per kg), and overweight patients.
Research Team: Almeida-Brasil C, Hanly J, Urowitz M, Clarke A, Ramsey-Goldman R, Gordon C, Petri M, Ginzler E, Wallace D, Bae S, Romero-Diaz J, Dooley M, Peschken C, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Manzi S, Aranow C, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Gladman D, Fortin P, Alarcón G, Merrill J, Khamashta M, Bruce I, Bernatsky S
Outcomes after hydroxychloroquine reduction or discontinuation in a multinational inception cohort of systemic lupus
In this international study following people since the time of their diagnosis with lupus, we found that when patients reduce or stop hydroxychloroquine, they are more likely to have worse disease than if they remain on the drug.
Research Team: Almeida-Brasil C, Hanly J, Urowitz M, Clarke A, Ramsey-Goldman R, Gordon C, Michelle Petri M, Ginzler E, Wallace D, Bae SC, Juanita Romero-Diaz J, Dooley M, Peschken C, Isenberg D, Rahman A, Susan Manzi S, Jorge Sanchez-Guerrero J, Gladman D, Fortin PR, Alarcón G, Merrill J, Khamashta M, Bruce I, Bernatsky S
Longitudinal relationships between cognitive domains and mood and anxiety symptoms in SLE
Lupus patients suffering from depression and anxiety are more likely to have issues with cognition e.g. thinking, memory, problem-solving etc. and this association was stable over the duration of their disease.
Research Team: Bingham K, Martinez J, Green R, Tartaglia C, Su J, Wither J, Kakvan M, Anderson N, Bonilla D, Choi M, Fritzler M, Beaton D, Katz P, Touma Z
Autoantibody profiles of SLE patients with cognitive impairment
Cognitive impairment is very common in people with lupus, but what causes it is unclear. We examined the relationship between 25 lupus related autoantibodies and cognitive impairment, but did not find any significant associations.
Research Team: Buhler K, Choi M, Fritzler M, Wither J, Diaz-Martinez JP, Green R, Beaton D, Kakvan M, Ruttan L, Tartaglia M, Su J, Bonilla J, Anderson N, Katz P, Touma Z
Patient preferences for hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus (SLE): Preliminary analyses
We present preliminary evidence of patient preferences and themes related to patient choices regarding hydroxychloroquine. While common themes were identified, a large range of factors may affect patient decisions. The final results of our study will inform discrete choice experiments to help further develop personalized approaches to hydroxychloroquine treatment for lupus.
Research Team: Dollinger J, Wong M, Hazlewood G, Dollinger R, Singer W, Pineau C Vinet E, Almeida-Brasil C, Clarke A, Lee J, Bernatsky S
Insight into intraindividual variability across neuropsychological tests and its association with cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
This study examined a type of score called the dispersion score and whether it can be used as a marker of cognitive impairment in lupus patients.
Research Team: He J, Martinez J, Bingham K, Su J, Kakvan M, Tartaglia C, Ruttan L, Beaton D, Wither J, Choi M, Fritzler M, Anderson N, Bonilla D, Green R, Katz P, Touma Z
Assessment of the impact of interferon levels on cognitive dysfunction in patients with SLE
Blood levels of an important marker of lupus activity and disease severity called interferon gamma were not correlated with cognitive impairment e.g. difficulties with thinking, memory, problem solving in patients with lupus.
Research Team: Kwan A, Wither J, Martinez J, Green R, Beaton D, Bingham K, Kakvan M, Ruttan L, Tartaglia C, Fritzler M, Choi M, Su J, Bonilla D, Anderson N, Katz P, Touma Z
Hearing loss in SLE patients taking hydroxychloroquine: A literature review of reported cases
We reviewed 12 reports of hearing loss in lupus patients taking hydroxychloroquine, mostly occurring within five years of treatment and where the medication was felt to be the cause. Since hearing loss may also occur as a result of lupus in patients unexposed to hydroxychloroquine, further studies are needed to understand the cause of hearing loss in patients with lupus.
Research Team: Liu JL, Hazlewood G, Pineau C, Mendel A, Vinet E, Bernatsky S
Identifying cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus using Bayesian statistical learning
This study used advanced statistical modelling called Hidden Markov Models to determine whether patients have cognitive impairment e.g. difficulties with thinking, memory, problem-solving.
Research Team: Martinez J, Bingham K, Green R, Tartaglia C, Ruttan L, Su J, Wither J, Kakvan M, Anderson N, Bonilla D, Choi M, Fritzler M, Beaton D, Katz P, Touma Z
Systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis overlap with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
This is an interesting case about a patient who developed signs and symptoms seen in lupus and scleroderma, but her final diagnosis was likely another rare disease called paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. This case reminds clinicians to keep their list of possible diseases broad as there can be many mimickers.
Research Team: Powell M, Choi M, Barr S, Fritzler M
Evaluation of comorbidities and damage in Canadian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Canadian lupus patients have a greater burden of other chronic conditions related to inflammation, compared to the general population. Identifying the risk factors associated with these conditions and disease damage is a very important step in treating those patients.
Research Team: Thai J, Peschken C, Pan B, Al Hamarneh Y, Reynolds J, Avina-Zubieta JA, Clarke A, Hitchon C, Tisseverasinghe A, Fortin P, ivory C, Haaland D, Legault K, Matsos M, Pope J, Keeling S
Metrics and definitions used in the assessment of cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review
This review of the literature on cognitive impairment in lupus patients showed that the definition and tests used to detect cognitive impairment are highly variable.
Research Team: Yuen K, Green R, Bingham K, Ruttan L, Lee-Kim V, Tartaglia C, Anderson M, Zandy M, Choi M, Fritzler M, Wither J, Beaton D, Katz P, Touma Z
Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) a suitable screening tool for assessing cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared to the American College of Rheumatology Neuropsychological Battery (ACR-NB)?
This study showed that the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool to screen for cognitive impairment in the general population is not an accurate tool to screen for cognitive impairment in SLE.
Research Team: Yuen K, Kakvan M, Su J, Bingham K, Katz P, Martinez J, Tartaglia C, Ruttan L,Wither J, Anderson N, Bonilla D, Choi M, Fritzler M, Beaton D, Touma Z
Prevention of chronic diseases due to inflammation in inflammatory arthritis: Results of a Delphi process to select care recommendations for an electronic medical record (EMR) intervention
We developed a list of care recommendations that will be programmed into the electronic medical records of British Columbia family physicians to automatically remind them to screen their patients with inflammatory arthritis for other chronic illnesses related to inflammation, like diabetes, heart disease and osteoporosis. The recommendations were pulled from local, national and international clinical guidelines and voted on by a group of physicians and patients; the goal of the intervention is to help prevent chronic disease in patients with inflammatory arthritis.
Research Team: Sheriff I, Lima A, Tseng O, Avina-Zubieta JA, Dawes M, Barber C, Esdaile J, Shojania K, Koehn C, Hoens AM, McQuitty S, Singh S, Yap J, Page D. Kur J. Hobson B, Price M, Lacaille D
The development of a national collaboration for research, advocacy, education and optimizing patient care in an emerging and complex domain
This abstract describes a national collaboration of clinicians and researchers called the CanRIO network who are interested in understanding more about patients treated with new cancer therapies, called immune check-point inhibitors, which prolong/save lives but can cause auto-immune rheumatic diseases, like lupus or arthritis, as a side-effect.
Research Team: Arreola L, Hudson M, Ye C, Roberts J, Fifi-Mah A, Appleton T, Colmegna I, Dutz J, Ennis D, Fritzler M, Choi M, Himmel M, Hoa S, Maltez N, Pope J, Rottape R, Saltman A, Tisseverasinghe A, Jamal S, The Canadian Research Group of Rheumatology in Immuno-Oncology (CanRIO)
Disentangling the web of costs associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
We assessed the real-world health care resource use and costs of hospital admissions, emergency visits, physician's visits, medication, and ambulatory care in a cohort of children diagnosed with JIA in Canada. The care pathway for children diagnosed with JIA was expensive, long, and complex – and varies by JIA subtype. Although the mean overall cost was stable the distribution of costs over time is explained by the introduction of biologic therapies later in the care pathway.
Research Team: Grazziotin L, Twilt M, Currie G, Kip MMA, IJzerman MJ, Marshall DA
Shared decision-making for inflammatory arthritis treatment decisions: Preferences of Indigenous patients
We looked at the preferred approach for Indigenous patients living with inflammatory arthritis to be involved in making treatment decisions with their doctors and aspects of care they found important. The study participants suggested that the approach provides Indigenous-related information about arthritis treatment benefits and risks and how to add traditional healing practices in arthritis care, and an approach that includes a person that supports and guides them in making treatment decisions.
Research Team: Umaefulam V, Fox T-L, Barnabe C
Cervical ulceration caused by granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A case report and review of the literature
We reported a case of biopsy-proven cervical ulceration caused by a vasculitis, called granulomatosis with polyangiitis, who was treated with prednisone, rituximab and azathioprine.
Research Team: Byrne G, Stewart M, Amiri N, Ennis D, Shojania K
A retrospective study on the effectiveness of Ixekizumab after treatment with secukinumab for patients with active psoriatic arthritis
This study looked at a new class of biologic medications for psoriatic arthritis to see if it was worthwhile to switch from one anti-IL17 agent to another if the first one was not effective. The chart review revealed that most of the 10 patients reviewed benefited from the switch.
Research Team: Darabian S, Badii M, Dutz J, Chan J
Instruments to assess patient complexity in rheumatology: A scoping review
Patient complexity refers to medical, psychological, social and environmental factors that may exist for patients rendering their care more complex. We did a review of the literature to better understand how patient complexity is measured in patients with rheumatic conditions. We identified only two tools to help measure complexity that have been used in rheumatology.
Research Team: Hawker K, Barnabe C, Barber CEH
#ArthritisThenNow: Reflecting on treatment changes in inflammatory arthritis
The #ArthritisThenNow campaign was successful in increasing awareness of the fundamental changes in arthritis diagnosis and treatment over the last twenty years. CAPA is continuing this campaign to ensure policy makers, the patient community and the general public recognize the evolution in treatment and related outcomes.
Research Team: Richards D, Proulx L, Robertson N, Wilhelm L, Kuluva M, McKinnon A, Gunderson J, Sirois A, Sirotich E, Lane T, Andersen L
Rheumatic complications of cancer immunotherapy: Answering the call and meeting the educational needs of Canadian rheumatologists
We identified significant knowledge gaps in the emerging field of rheumatic immune-related adverse events nature (RhirAE). A small group case-based educational session resulted in knowledge acquisition. Future research will focus on long-term knowledge acquisition with questionnaires sent to participants 3-6 months following module completion.
Research Team: Roberts J, Jamal S, Hudson M, Fifi-Mah A, Ye C
A rare case of systemic sclerosis and ANCA associated vasculitis overlap
We describe a rare case of biopsy-proven systemic sclerosis and ANCA associated vasculitis overlap. This case is highly atypical given our patient was on maintenance therapy with Rituximab.
Research Team: Tan J, Friedmann J, Shojania K, Barbour S, Ennis D, Dehghan N, Kim H
Screening, monitoring, and treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis in the Canadian context: Adolopment of the American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guidelines
Uveitis is a form of eye inflammation that can be serious and lead to permanent vision loss. We used adolopment (adoption, adaptation and new development) to efficiently evaluate and modify the ACR/AF guidelines for JIA-associated uveitis to be applicable in the Canadian context with a lens for cost, equity and access.
Research Team: Berard R, Piskin D, Ng HY, Pardo J, Hazlewood G, Levy D
Safety of low dose methotrexate (MTX) and tuberculosis (TB)
This study looked at the safety of using methotrexate, the most commonly used medication for rheumatic diseases, in areas of the world where tuberculosis is common, and emphasized the importance of screening for tuberculosis, and prescribing medications to prevent reactivation of tuberculosis if needed, when methotrexate is prescribed in those areas.
Research Team: Davidson A, Gunay A, Colmegna I, Lacaille D, Loewen H, Meltzer M, Scuccimarri R, Yirsaw Z, Mengistu Y, Bernatsky S, Hitchon C
Ultrasound versus temporal artery biopsy in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis
Ultrasound has been recommended as a first line investigation for suspected giant cell arteritis, a disease causing inflammation of the blood vessels to the eyes. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent blindness. The study reports the accuracy of ultrasound compared to temporal artery biopsy to diagnose this disease in the Canadian population.
Research Team: Yip A, Bowie D, Jhaji A, Bardi M, Dehghan N, Avina-Zubieta JA, Shojania K, Diamantopoulos A, Ming W, Docherty G, Nathoo N
Barriers and facilitators to physical activity for people with scleroderma: A Scleroderma Patient-centered Intervention Network (SPIN) Cohort Study
We found that medically related barriers to physical activity were common, with Raynaud's phenomenon and fatigue being the most common barriers to physical activity in people with scleroderma. Facilitators patients thought they were likely to use included adapting the type of exercise or the setting for exercising, healthy behaviours that take care of the body, and using clothing or materials to protect the skin or to keep warm.
Research Team: Harb S, Pelaez S, Carrier ME, Kwakkenbos L, Bartlett S, Hudson M, Mouthnn L, Sauve M, Welling J, Shrier I, Thombs B, SPIN – Physical Activity Enhancement Patient Advisory Team, SPIN Investigators
Association between gastroprotective agents and risk of incident interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis
We evaluated whether taking stomach medications that protect against acid reflux were associated with a lower risk of getting Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) in systemic sclerosis. We found that taking these medications did not alter the risk. This study does not support the use of anti-heartburn medications for the purpose of preventing ILD in systemic sclerosis patients.
Research Team: Hurtubise R, Hudson M, Gyger G, Baron M, Wang M, Steele R, Hoa S
Variations in pediatric rheumatology workforce and care processes across Canada
Our study highlights the shortages of both Canadian pediatric rheumatologists and Allied Health Professionals. Most rheumatologists work in multidisciplinary teams, and support from Allied Health Professionals is likely inadequate at most centers.
Research Team: Lee J, Laxer R, Feldman B, Barber C, Batthish M, Berard R, Tucker L, Levy D
Combination therapy with tofacitinib and IL-17A or IL-23 inhibition for the treatment of refractory psoriatic arthritis
This study reports on four cases where tofacitnib was added to a biologic agent in psoriatic arthritis patients with severe active disease despite treatment with an Anti-IL17 or IL-23. The combination resulted in improved disease control without side effects.
Research Team: Yip A, Chan J, Dutz J
Safety of low dose methotrexate (MTX) in human immunodeficiency virus infection
Research Team: Gunay A, Davidson A, Colmegna I, Lacaille D, Loewen H, Meltzer M, Mengistu Y, Scuccimarri R, Yirsaw Z, Bernatsky S, Hitchon C
Efficacy of Ixekizumab versus Adalimumab in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients with and without moderate-to-severe psoriasis: 52-week results from a multicentre, randomised open-label study
Research Team: Kristensen LE, Okada M, Tillett W, Liu-Leage S, El Baou C, Bradley A, Meszaros G, de Vlam K, Dutz J

subset: commoncrawl


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Florida Residency for Tuition Purposes
Tuition and fees at each public institution in Florida are set by the Florida Legislature with limited flexibility given to the University Boards of Trustees. These fees are assessed on the basis of residency, i.e., enrolling students are classified either as "Florida" or "Non-Florida" residents for tuition purposes.
In the determination of an applicant's resident status for tuition purposes, it is the policy of the University of North Florida to follow laws of the state of Florida, as well as regulations and policy guidelines established by the Florida Board of Governors. The policy on residency status for tuition purposes as adopted by the University of North Florida is subject to Florida Statute 1009.21 and the Florida Board of Governors Regulation 7.005.
The law allows U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents to be classified as Florida residents for tuition purposes if the applicant or the dependent applicant's parent/legal guardian has been a legal resident of the state for at least 12 months preceding the first day of classes of the term for which Florida residency is sought.
A student must submit proper documentation before being classified as a Florida resident for tuition purposes. For the most current, comprehensive guidelines for residency documentation requirements and regulations, please visit the "Residency Guidelines" section at www.floridashines.org. For information regarding the procedures by which the documents are processed at the University of North Florida, please visit our residency documentation website.
To view other admissions information, please visit the All Students section of the catalog.
View the University's current official policy.


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By Eric Lindstrom
After several weeks of your following my postings from the field, I thought it would be good to tell you a little about myself. Maybe that will help explain the weird wanderings of the blog or the subject matters I choose to write about.
Let's start at the beginning: I grew up in Seal Beach, California, very near the ocean. It seems to me like I actually grew up on the sand and in the water. So, I am pretty well infused and enthused by the seas. This has driven me toward a broad knowledge of ocean subjects. I felt that drive vindicated when National Geographic Society tapped me as senior scientific consultant (pro bono) on their first ocean atlas project.
When did I decide to become an oceanographer? I was pretty interested in the field in middle and high school. Science seemed like where I was headed. Being a good student, I was able to get into the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There, before I finished my freshman year, I fell in love with the Earth and Planetary Sciences Department. It was a short course in astronomy that got me hooked. They really reeled me in when I realized that Earth science was just then being revolutionized by the ideas of plate tectonics and that oceanographers at MIT were bringing back the first pictures of hydrothermal vents on the mid-ocean ridges. There was not much in the way of undergraduate education in oceanography at MIT, but lots of good basic math, physics, geology, geophysics, and research opportunities. I can date myself by recalling the glorious summer of 1976, when I stayed in Boston for the bicentennial and to do my undergraduate research project on data from Lake Ontario. The lake wasn't salty, but it was a great little laboratory for oceanography ideas! That summer truly set me on course to pursue physical oceanography as a career (and provided my first publication with Prof. John Bennett: "A simple model of Lake Ontario's coastal boundary layer," in Journal of Physical Oceanography, July 1977). Most scientists remember their first publication quite fondly and I am no exception!
Graduate school at University of Washington was filled with studies and expeditions. It took me six years to get my Masters and a Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Oceanography degrees. My dissertation was on eddies in the North Atlantic Ocean. It turned out that eddies deep below the surface of the ocean can carry water across the ocean from quite distant places and arrive in the Sargasso Sea with evidence of their origins from as far afield as the Labrador Sea, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, or the Mediterranean Sea. The idea that these origins and travels could be traced using salinity measurements was intoxicating (in a nerdy sort of a way) for a young oceanographer. I loved the data collection part of the project; being part of the right team with the right equipment in the right place at the right time to make some discovery that would move science forward. The ocean is still virtually unexplored, so every well-planned expedition has potential for great discovery. Once oceanographic expedition science is in your blood, it's hard to give it up! I found a great opportunity for doing more expedition research by moving to Australia in 1983. The country had expanded ocean research greatly at that time due to advent of the Law of the Sea and extended Exclusive Economic Zones. Sometimes, timing is everything!
In Australia, I became engrossed in studies of the western tropical Pacific Ocean circulation and in the planning for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). By the end of the 1980s, the former had seen me on many expeditions near exotic tropical islands and the latter looked to be the oceanography opportunity of the 1990s. I moved back to the U.S., still working on the same projects, but with a new home base. By the mid-1990s I was the US WOCE Program Scientist in Washington, D.C. That involved organizing scientific plans, budgets, and logistics for the largest mapping of ocean waters ever undertaken, involving voyages across the globe for nearly a decade. I was bitten by the vision of global ocean observing provided by WOCE and still suffer from that fever.
When the opportunity arose in 1997 to lead NASA's Physical Oceanography Program, I had the right stuff: solid experience with the ocean, ocean programs in DC, ocean researchers in general, and virtually no heritage at all with satellite oceanography (but NASA said I could learn that on the job!)
It was in my first days at NASA HQ that I began energizing NASA's drive toward measuring ocean salinity from space. All I had to do was enable those with the knowledge and skill to realize the dream (it certainly was not a new idea) – and prove to NASA that it was both possible and useful. And here we are today. I am back out on a research vessel, doing what I love, with Aquarius, our ocean surface salinity instrument, on orbit overhead and a whole community of scientists curious about ocean salinity and the global water cycle. It's one small victory for this man, and one giant leap for physical oceanography.
Tags: oceanography, oceans, science careers, SPURS, SPURS1


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Lullabot Company Bio
Lullabot is the world's top Drupal consulting and education company. Most people know Lullabot for the company's well-regarded Drupal Podcasts, comprehensive Drupal training videos and DVDs, award-winning community leadership, and the company's public and private Drupal training events. Lullabot has also provided technical architecture, guided development, and helped launch several of Drupal's top sites including those by The Grammys, Sony Music, IBM, O'Reilly Media, Lifetime Television, Fast Company, MTV UK, Harvard University, Walmart, the BBC, Verizon, and the Washington Post. Additionally, Lullabot team members have co-authored the best-selling Drupal books Using Drupal (O'Reilly) and Pro Drupal Development (Apress).
Lullabot's popular public workshops, private on-site training events, and annual Do It With Drupal conference have brought Drupal skills to thousands of new and up-and-coming Drupal developers, many of whom are now key figures in the Drupal community. Corporate training clients include Stanford University, Penn State, Arizona State University, University of California Santa Cruz, Vanderbilt University, the American Automobile Association (AAA), Turner Networks, Lifetime Television, the US Dept of Commerce, The Economist, Fast Company, Popular Science, Best Buy, and many more.
To hire Lullabot for your next project or to find out more about Lullabot training, visit www.lullabot.com or call 877-LULLABOT.


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About USNA BAND
The United States Naval Academy Band, "The Navy's Oldest and Finest," has been providing music for the Brigade of Midshipmen and surrounding community since 1852. Located at the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, the band is comprised of professional, Navy musicians, who have studied at some of the best music schools and conservatories in the country, and who have extensive résumés in performance and teaching.
At the Naval Academy, the USNA Band performs for dress parades, athletic events, pep rallies, and other traditional events. In the community, the band presents concerts, provides music for civic events, and presents instructional clinics and performances for K-12 and university students. The band also plays for military ceremonies and funerals throughout the mid-Atlantic region.
In recent years, the band has supported the Naval Academy Admissions Department, touring throughout the country and performing at admissions forums and high schools. These events have greatly contributed to diversity initiatives and an overall increase in the number of applications to the Naval Academy.
The Naval Academy Band takes pride in representing the Naval Academy's deep heritage of excellence. Performing at the highest professional standard for the Navy, the Naval Academy, and the citizens of this great country remains our ultimate goal. We look forward to performing for you in the near future!
The primary mission of the Naval Academy Band is to provide musical support for the Brigade of Midshipmen, and for official functions of the United States Naval Academy. Additionally, the band represents the Department of the Navy in a musical capacity, promoting community relations and enhancing the Navy's image.
The band's services are also available for activities within the geographical area as Naval Academy operational commitments permit, including the following:- Parades
- Ceremonies
- Ceremonies incidental to patriotic occasions
- Athletic events
- Public concerts
- Educational outreach including presenting master classes, clinics, and performances at schools (K-12 and colleges/universities)
- Events in support of Navy recruiting and retention efforts
- Official affairs attended by government officials and Department of the Navy officers in their official capacities


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Marmota monax is the most widespread North American marmot species. The southern limits of its range extend from eastern Oklahoma, northern Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia to North Carolina. The eastern limits of its range extend from North Carolina, along the Atlantic coast, to Labrador, Canada. It's northern limits range from Labrador to southern Alaska. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kays and Wilson, 2002; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Marmota monax has a wide geographic range and inhabits many different ecosystems. It is typically found in low elevation forests, small woodlots, fields, pastures, and hedgerows. Human activities (e.g., clearing forests, building roads, and agriculture) have increased food access and abundance allowing M. monax to thrive. It constructs dens in well drained soils, and most have summer (located near food sources) and winter (located near protective cover) dens. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks are stocky in appearance and often stand up on their hind legs, making them look tall. Their pelage varies greatly in color but ranges from gray to cinnamon to dark brown. Their body is covered with white-tipped guard hairs giving them a grizzled appearance. Their paws vary in color from a typical black to dark brown in most subspecies. However, one subspecies has paws that appear pink. Their short bushy tail is often black to dark brown and is 20 to 25% their total body length. They weigh from 2 to 6 kg, range from 415 to 675 mm in total length, and have tails that range from 100 to 160 mm in length. Although males and females are the same color, males are larger than females. Woodchucks have white teeth, which is uncharacteristic of rodents, and a dental formula of 1/1, 0/0, 2/1, 3/3, for a total of 22 teeth. They have rounded ears that can cover the external auditory canal which prevents dirt from entering the ear canal while burrowing. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kays and Wilson, 2002; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks are polygynous, with males having multiple mates per season. Male woodchucks emerge from hibernation earlier than females in order to establish territories, dominance hierarchies, and to search for mates. Older, more dominant males hold territories whereas younger males are nomadic. With the exception of mating season, woodchucks are non-social, and during breeding season, male-female interactions are limited to copulation. Females are monoestrous and mating occurs only during the spring. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Breeding occurs shortly after emergence from hibernation in the spring, although the exact time varies by latitude. Female woodchucks give birth to 1 to 9 offspring, with most litters ranging between 3 and 5 pups. Pups weigh between 26 and 27 grams upon birth. Gestation lasts from 31 to 32 days and weaning occurs around 44 days old. Pups become independent very quickly and leave the mother around age 2 months old. Some woodchucks become sexually mature at 1 year old, however, they often have a lower pregnancy rate than others. Typically, woodchucks become sexually mature by age 2. Breeding in captive individuals can occur year round. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998)
Following birth, females provide all of the care for woodchuck pups. Pups nurse for approximately 44 days and become independent at around 2 months of age. Occasionally, females inherit their mothers den. Pups use the den for protection while the mother is away. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks live 4 to 6 years in the wild but, due to predation and disease, often do not live past age 3. Woodchucks may live up to 10 years in captivity. (Forsyth, 1985; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks are diurnal, solitary animals. Dominant males have home ranges of approximately 10,000 m^2, which usually overlaps with those of at least 2 other females. Subordinate males are nomadic. Females have a home range of about 2,500 m^2 in the spring, which expands to greater than 10,000 m^2 after giving birth. Woodchucks are burrowing mammals and generally construct summer and winter dens. These dens generally have several entrances (including an escape hole) and many chambers and tunnels. Woodchucks usually feed twice daily during the summer, with each feeding session lasting no more than 2 hours. They are often found sunning themselves in the middle of the day during summer. Although usually asocial, woodchucks will sometimes greet each other nose to nose. Woodchucks threatened by conspecifics respond by arching their bodies, baring their teeth, and raising their tail. They also communicate via scent glands and vocalizations. Generally, woodchucks are true hibernators; however, in the southern part of their range, they have been known to stay active throughout the year. Woodchucks mate soon after emerging from hibernation. During certain parts of the year, they may enter torpor during the day. ("The Roots of Marmot Sociality", 2001; "Woodchuck", 2007; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998; Yahner, 2001)
Woodchuck home ranges vary throughout their geographic range. However, evidence suggests that home ranges are approximately 10,000 m^2 for males and 2,500 m^2 for females, prior to parturition. (Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks are territorial and non-social. Sight, smell, and sound are important for communication among conspecifics. Secretions from facial and anal glands are used to demarcate territorial boundaries. They also hiss, growl, shriek, whistle, teeth-chatter, and bark. Woodchucks use their sight to detect predators and to make visual threats to other conspecifics. Vocal threats, visual threats, and fighting are used to establish social rank. (Forsyth, 1985; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks are diurnal and their feeding activity is highest during morning and afternoon. Foraging bouts last less than 2 hours. Preferred forage includes alfalfa (Medicago sativa), clover (Genus: Trifolium), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Other foods include bark, leaves, insects, and bird eggs. All woodchucks store fat for winter hibernation. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks avoid predators by climbing trees and looking up periodically while feeding. Their large body size may deters some predators. They often use their teeth to defend themselves and produce a shrill whistle when threatened. Whistles also serve as a warning call to conspecifics, especially juveniles. Young woodchucks hide in and around the den for protection from potential predators. Known predators include gray wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), black bears (Ursus americanus), lynx (Lynx canadensis), bobcats (Lynx rufus), hawks (Accipitridae), and snakes (Serpentes). (Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Abandoned woodchuck dens are used by a number of different species, including rabbits, skunks, raccoons, opossums, foxes, weasels, ground squirrels, river otters, chipmunks, meadow voles, short-tailed shrews, house mice, pine voles, white-footed mice, lizards, snakes, and arthropods. They are also host to a number of different parasite species, including botflies, nematodes, protozoa, tularemia, rabies, chiggers, mites, ticks, fleas, and lice. Woodchucks are also prey for many predators species. (Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Woodchucks have been used in biomedical research investigating hepatitis B, metabolic function, obesity, energy balance, the endocrine system, reproduction, neurology, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and neoplastic disease. Additionally, they are often targeted as game by hunters. (Grzimek, 2003; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Marmota monax is known to destroy gardens, pastures, and agricultural crops. Their burrows have been known to injure livestock and damage farm equipment and building foundations. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998)
Due to their abundance and broad geographic range, woodchucks are listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Woodchucks have numerous common names, including ground hog, and whistle pig. The word "woodchuck" is a misinterpretation of their Native American name "wuchak", which roughly translates as "the digger". Groundhog Day occurs when Punxsutawney Phil, a captive woodchuck held in rural Pennsylvania, is awakened from hibernation in order to determine if he will see his shadow. According to the legend, if he sees his shadow there will be 6 additional weeks of winter. If he does not see his shadow, legend predicts an early spring. The legend of Groundhog Day is likely due to the fact that woodchucks often re-enter hibernation after emerging from their dens prematurely. ("Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Yahner, 2001; "Woodchuck", 2007; Forsyth, 1985; Grzimek, 2003; Kurta, 1995; Kwiencinski, 1998; Whitaker, Jr. and Hamilton, Jr., 1998; Yahner, 2001)
Clinton Tobias (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor, instructor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, John Berini (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
uses sound to communicate
living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
active at dawn and dusk
ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
parental care is carried out by females
union of egg and spermatozoan
an animal that mainly eats leaves.
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
Referring to a burrowing life-style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing.
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal's energy requirements. The act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals.
ovulation is stimulated by the act of copulation (does not occur spontaneously)
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
generally wanders from place to place, usually within a well-defined range.
having more than one female as a mate at one time
Referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream).
communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them
breeding is confined to a particular season
remains in the same area
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
digs and breaks up soil so air and water can get in
lives alone
living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.
uses touch to communicate
that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
Living on the ground.
defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
uses sight to communicate
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
Andromeda Oxford, Ltd. 2001. The Roots of Marmot Sociality. Pp. 612-613 in D Macdonald, ed. The Encylopedia of Mammals, Vol. 3, 2 Edition. New York, NY: Facts On File, Inc..
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Woodchuck. Pp. 741 in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 12, 15 Edition. Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc..
Forsyth, A. 1985. Mammals of the Canadian Wild. Camden East, Ontario: Camden House.
Grzimek, B. 2003. Woodchuck. Pp. 152-153 in M McDade, ed. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol. 16/5, 2 Edition. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
Kays, R., D. Wilson. 2002. The Mammals of North America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kurta, A. 1995. Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Kwiencinski, G. 1998. Marmota monax. Mammalian Species, 591: 1-8.
Whitaker, Jr., J., W. Hamilton, Jr.. 1998. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Yahner, R. 2001. Fascinating Mammals: conservation and ecology in the mid-eastern states. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press.


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A year and a half ago, my brother-in-law's Golden Retriever, Benny, was struck by a car. He was already an older dog and I was worried that he wouldn't be able to bounce back from a broken leg and the long recovery that followed. The first few months of recovery and rehab were challenging on Benny and the immediate family. To be honest, I didn't know if he would make it through the long winter. He had to be carried up and down the front porch stairs so he could do his business outside and there were a couple slips and falls over the winter. Every time I saw him at family gatherings, I'd feel myself well up with tears as I sat on the floor giving him rubs. On one hand, he was struggling with mobility, but on the other hand, his resolve to live out his normal life never once faltered. Benny remained happy as he always was, thumping his tail on the floor whenever we'd walk by. He never wanted to miss out on any excitement!
Now it's been over a year and a half since Benny's accident and it's been amazing to witness his determination to lead a normal life. Over Easter we were at my in-laws and Benny was there as he always is, hobbling along with us outside just as happy as could be. No one was more happy to be outside in the beautiful spring weather than Benny. He wasn't going to let a bad leg or old age hold him back from experiencing all of his favourite things. After dinner, he'd collapse on his favourite rug for the night, both exhausted and purely content. Sure, he isn't as speedy as he was in his younger years, but this is his new normal and he doesn't seem to be overly concerned about it. I felt ashamed of myself for ever once doubting that he would overcome this. Dogs like Benny (and animals in general) are great reminders to make the best of any situation and to find joy in life's simple pleasures. Our society loves to put animals "below" us, but we can learn so much from them.
And while I'm on the topic of inspiring dogs, you should watch this two-legged dog video if you haven't seen it yet. Unreal!
Roasted Potato and Asparagus Lentil Salad with Tangy Mustard-Lemon Dressing
4 servings
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Protein-packed and perfect for spring, this French green lentil salad makes a lovely side dish, main course, or spring potluck dish. Roasted potatoes and asparagus are folded into the salad along with a tangy mustard-lemon dressing. I also roasted the red onion, but I think next time I might leave the onion raw for a fresh crunch. I imagine this salad would also be fantastic with some cooked quinoa mixed in or using any seasonal vegetables you prefer. The dressing makes a lot - 2/3 cup - so I prefer to stir in half of the dressing into the salad and then serve the rest of the dressing on the side to drizzle on top. This dressing is inspired by one I came across in It's All Good.
- 1 cup uncooked French green lentils/du Puy lentils (about 2 1/2 cups cooked)
- 3 medium yellow potatoes, diced (about 3 1/2 cups)
- 1 bunch asparagus, ends broken off and chopped
- 1/2 medium red onion, diced (about 1 1/2 cups)
- 1 tablespoon extra virgin olive oil, divided
- handful minced fresh dill, for garnish (optional)
FOR THE DRESSING (makes 2/3 cup):
- 2 tablespoons coarse seeded/old fashioned mustard (see photo in post)
- 2 tablespoons Dijon mustard
- 4 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
- 3-4 tablespoons fresh lemon juice, to taste
- pinch or two fine grain sea salt or pink salt
- Preheat the oven to 425F and line two large baking sheets with parchment paper.
- Rinse lentils in a fine mesh sieve. Place lentils in a medium pot along with 3 cups of water. Bring water to a boil and then reduce heat to medium and simmer the lentils for about 18-20 minutes, or until tender. Drain off water and season lentils with salt (such as Herbamare).
- Place chopped potatoes on one baking sheet and drizzle with 1/2 tablespoon oil. Toss to coat and sprinkle liberally with salt and pepper.
- Roast the potatoes for 15 minutes. Meanwhile, place the asparagus on the other baking sheet (and the red onion if you prefer to roast it too - see headnote) and drizzle with 1/2 tbsp. oil. Sprinkle with salt and pepper.
- After the potatoes have roasted for 15 minutes, flip the potatoes and return them to the oven along with the asparagus (and red onion if you are roasting that) for another 12-15 minutes. The potatoes should be golden on the bottom when ready and the asparagus will be tender. Add roasted veggies into a large bowl along with the lentils and gently toss to combine.
- Meanwhile, prepare the dressing by whisking all of the dressing ingredients together. I love a tangy dressing with a bite so I used 4 tbsp. lemon juice. If you prefer a less acidic dressing you might want to add more olive oil or you can also experiment with adding a touch of maple syrup (the sweetness will offset a bit of the bite). It's definitely a dressing you can play around with!
- Pour half of the dressing onto the veggies and lentils in the bowl and toss to combine. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Serve the salad warm with a garnish of fresh dill (optional), with the rest of the dressing served on the side.
Nutrition Information
(click to expand)If you aren't a fan of mustard dressings, I recommend making the Creamy Avocado-Potato Salad recipe in my cookbook (p.107) It's received great feedback and it's perfect for spring as well.
Have a fun weekend everyone!


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Frame Deflections Concentrated Angular Displacement Applied to Left Vertical Member Equations and Calculator
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Frame Deflections with Concentrated Moment Applied to Left Vertical Member Calculator:
General reaction and deformation expressions with right and left ends pinned
Horizontal Deflection at A:
Reaction locations are pinned therefore, the displacements = 0 = δHA
Angular Rotation at A:
Loading Terms LPH and LPM are given below.
Reaction loads and moments VA and VB, and HB can be evaluated from equilibrium equations after calculating HA and MA.
LPH = θo (a)
LPM = θo (1)
Reaction locations are pinned therefore, the Moments = 0 = MA = MB
Δo = Displacement (in, mm),
θo = Angular Displacement (radians),
W = Load or Force (lbsf, N),
w = Unit Load or force per unit length (lbs/in2, N/mm2)
Mo = Applied couple (moment) ( lbs-in, N-mm),
θo = Externally created angular displacement (radians),
Δo, = Externally created concentrated lateral displacement (in, mm),
T - To = Uniform temperature rise (Deg.),
T1, T2 = Temperature on outside and inside respectively (degrees),
HA, HB = Horizontal end reaction moments at the left and right, respectively, and are positive clockwise (lbs, N),
I1, I2, and I3 = Respective area moments of inertia for bending in the plane of the frame for the three members (in4, mm4),
E1, E2, and E3 = Respective moduli of elasticity (lb/in2, Pa) Related: Modulus of Elasticity, Yield Strength;
γ1, γ2, and γ3 = Respective temperature coefficients of expansions unit strain per. degree ( in/in/°F, mm/mm/°C),
l1, l2, l3 = Member lengths respectively (in, mm),
Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain


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Freedom in the World 2012 - Trinidad and Tobago
- Document source:
7 September 2012
2012 Scores
Status: Free
Freedom Rating: 2.0
Civil Liberties: 2
Political Rights: 2
In August 2011, Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar declared a state of emergency in response to a spike in violent crime. The measure, which led to nearly 4,000 arrests and significant drug seizures, also raised concerns about violations of fundamental rights in the country.
Trinidad and Tobago, a member of the Commonwealth, achieved independence from Britain in 1962 and became a republic in 1976.
Patrick Manning of the People's National Movement (PNM) was reelected prime minister in the November 2007 elections; he had held the position since 2001, and was also prime minister from 1991 to 1995. The 2007 elections were considered free and fair. A Caribbean Community observer mission reported that voting was orderly and peaceful, representing a marked reduction in tension compared with previous elections.
In the face of a no-confidence vote, Manning dissolved Parliament in April 2010 and called elections for May. Kamla Persad-Bissessar's People's Partnership (PP) coalition – comprising the United National Congress (UNC), the Congress of the People, and the Tobago Organization of the People – won 29 of 41 seats, while Manning's PNM captured only 12. Persad-Bissessar's campaign was based on pledges to bring transparency and accountability to all areas of government. The PP's victory ended nearly 40 years of rule by the PNM.
Soon after becoming prime minister, Persad-Bissessar in July allowed the first local elections since 2003; they had been postponed four times by the Manning government. The PP dominated in the country's 14 city, borough, and regional corporations.
In August 2011, a state of emergency was imposed to address an increase in violent crime. Related provisions included an 11 p.m. curfew and police authority to conduct searches and seizures without warrants. In September, the state of emergency was extended by three months, with the government citing continued security concerns. By early October, almost 4,000 people had been arrested and about TT$750 million (US$117 million) in drugs had been seized. The state of emergency was criticized by the opposition and civic groups. The Trinidad & Tobago Transparency Institute demanded the names and locations of detainees, and the Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago called on the police to crack down on officers who used excessive force during the state of emergency.
Political Rights and Civil Liberties
Trinidad and Tobago is an electoral democracy. Tobago is a ward of Trinidad. The president is elected to a five-year term by a majority of the combined houses of Parliament, though executive authority rests with the prime minister. Parliament consists of the 41-member House of Representatives, elected to five-year terms, and the 31-member Senate, also serving five-year terms. The president appoints 16 senators on the advice of the prime minister, 6 on the advice of the opposition, and 9 at his or her own discretion.
Political parties are technically multiethnic, though the PNM is favored by Afro-Trinidadians, while the UNC is affiliated with Indo-Trinidadians. The PP coalition was multiethnic.
The country is believed to suffer from high levels of official corruption. Trinidad's Integrity Commission, established in 2000, has the power to investigate the financial and ethical performance of public functionaries. Following the resignations of several commission members in 2009 after their legal eligibility to serve came under scrutiny, a new Integrity Commission was appointed in 2010. Trinidad and Tobago was ranked 91 out of 183 countries surveyed in Transparency International's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index.
Freedom of speech is constitutionally guaranteed. Press outlets are privately owned and vigorous in their pluralistic views. There are four daily newspapers and several weeklies, as well as both private and public broadcast media outlets. Access to the internet is not restricted.
Freedom of religion is guaranteed under the constitution, and the government honors this provision in practice. Foreign missionaries are free to operate, but the government allows only 35 representatives of each denomination. Academic freedom is generally observed.
Freedoms of association and assembly are respected. Civil society is relatively robust, with a range of interest groups engaged in the political process. Labor unions are well organized and politically active, though union membership has declined in recent years. Strikes are legal and occur frequently.
The judicial branch is independent, though subject to some political pressure and corruption. As a result of rising crime rates, the court system is severely backlogged, with thousands of criminal cases awaiting trial. The government permits human rights monitors to visit prisons, which are severely overcrowded.
The government has struggled in recent years to address the problem of violent crime. Many Trinidadians of East Indian descent, who are disproportionately the targets of abduction, blame the increase in violence and kidnapping on government corruption and police collusion. Most abuses by the authorities go unpunished. In October 2011, Amnesty International released a report criticizing the use of excessive force by police, and noted that such violence was seldom investigated.
Drug-related corruption extends to the business community, and a significant amount of money is believed to be laundered through front companies. The 2000 Proceeds of Crime Act imposes severe penalties for money laundering and requires that major financial transactions be strictly monitored. The government works closely with U.S. law enforcement agencies to track drug shipments in and out of the country. Corruption in the police force, which is often drug related, is endemic, and law enforcement inefficiency results in the dismissal of some criminal cases.
The population is multiethnic, consisting of Afro-Trinidadians, Indo-Trinidadians, and those of mixed race. The Indo-Trinidadian community continues to edge toward numerical, and thus political, advantage. Racial disparities persist, with Indo-Trinidadians making up a disproportionate percentage of the country's upper class.
Women participate in high-level politics, holding 12 seats in the House of Representatives and 8 seats in the Senate. Domestic violence remains a significant concern. The Amnesty International 2011 report on Trinidad and Tobago noted that while violence against women and girls has increased, the conviction rate for sexual offenses was only 3 percent in 2009. A draft National Policy on Gender and Development, first proposed in 2009, has still not been implemented.
Disclaimer: © Freedom House, Inc. · All Rights Reserved
This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.


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Human Planet: The Douche
Pitch-perfect take-off of BBC's Human Planet nature series. The subject is The Douche, an urban-dwelling bottom feeder.
Among the progressive forward-thinking citizens, there stands a great cancer, a type of human that is not evolved like the rest of the race: The Douche. For the poor Douche, hunting is still its main priority. This type of human does not hunt for food; they are consistently trying to find their own self esteem.
Human Planet is a pretty great show, but I would love to see an entire series like this: Soccer Moms, The Hipster, Nerds, Trophy Wives, Eurotrash, The Academic, etc. (via devour)


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Imagine a world where you could never dine away from home, wear makeup, smell of sweet perfumes or eat a large percentage of food on store shelves. According to allergists at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) Annual Scientific Meeting that is kicking off today in Anaheim, Calif., that is the world for 2 to 3 percent of individuals living with a spice allergy.
Spices are one of the most widely used products found in foods, cosmetics and dental products. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not regulate spices, meaning they often are not noted on food labels, making spices possibly the most difficult allergen to identify or avoid. According to rough estimates, spice allergy is responsible for 2 percent of food allergies. However it is underdiagnosed, particularly due to the lack of reliable allergy skin tests or blood tests.
"While spice allergy seems to be rare, with the constantly increasing use of spices in the American diet and a variety of cosmetics, we anticipate more and more Americans will develop this allergy," said allergist Sami Bahna, M.D., ACAAI past president. "Patients with spice allergy often have to go through extreme measures to avoid the allergen. This can lead to strict dietary avoidance, low quality of life and sometimes malnutrition."
In his presentation, Dr. Bahna noted that due to the wide use of spice in cosmetics, women are more likely to develop spice allergy. Makeup, body oils, toothpaste and fragrances can all include one or more spices. Those with birch pollen or mugwort (a traditional herbal medicine used to relieve inflammatory conditions) allergy are also more prone to spice allergy.
Common spice allergy triggers include cinnamon and garlic, but can range from black pepper to vanilla. Several spice blends contain anywhere from three to 18 spices, and the hotter the spice, the greater the chance for allergy.
"Boiling, roasting, frying and other forms of applying heat to spices may reduce allergy causing agents, but can also enhance them depending on the spice," said Dr. Bahna. "Because of this allergy's complexity, allergists often recommend a treatment plan that includes strict avoidance which can be a major task."
An allergic reaction can be caused from breathing, eating or touching spices. Symptoms range from mild sneezing to a life-threating allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. According to Dr. Bahna, spice allergy should be suspected in individuals that have multiple reactions to unrelated foods, or those that react to foods when commercially prepared but not when cooked at home.
Even someone that is allergic to only one known spice can have a reaction to several spice blends. According to Dr. Bahna's presentation, there are several unique characteristics about spice blends, including:
Those that suspect they may have a spice allergy should see a board-certified allergist for proper diagnosis and a custom-made management plan. Patients should carefully keep track of what foods and other products trigger their allergy with MyNasalAllergyJournal.org.
Information about allergies and asthma can be found at AllergyAndAsthmaRelief.org. More news and research from the annual meeting, being held Nov. 8-13, 2012 can be followed via Twitter at #ACAAI.
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Materials provided by American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI). Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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