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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Park Forest is no longer under a boil order.The boil order, which began Friday afternoon, was lifted Monday at 1:50 p.m. after village water samples taken over the weekend all came back clear.Residents may now resume normal water usage.Village officials first learned of a failed water sample late Wednesday, July 3. Of nearly 30 samples taken during routine tests, one sample taken in the area of Miami and Suwanee Streets tested positive for the bacteria total coliform and E.coli. When alerted to the failed sample Wednesday, village officials ordered a second round of tests to either confirm the findings or rule them out based on the possibility of a false positive.Park Forest conducted follow-up tests Thursday morning. Water was collected at nearly 30 locations and submitted to an Indiana lab – the closest independent lab to Park Forest – for processing. Results typically take 24 hours.On Friday afternoon, lab results confirmed one failed water sample did in fact contact the bacteria total coliform. E.coli was no longer present in follow-up sampling. The failed water sample again came from a sample station at Miami and Suwanee streets. No other samples of the nearly 60 samples taken over a two-day period around the Park Forest community failed to meet Illinois Environmental Protection Agency standards. Though village officials suspected the failed sample could have been the result of an issue isolated to the Miami and Suwanee sample station, a boil order was issued while crews further investigated.Park Forest officially announced the boil order Friday afternoon.
The village first issued a CodeRed alert to residents enrolled in the emergency notification system. An alert was also posted to the village's website along with more information on the situation. Some residents received a combination of phone calls, text messages and emails based on what notification systems they elected to enroll in.Additional outreach was done via the Village of Park Forest Facebook and Twitter social media pages. Numerous media outlets were also engaged to aid in alerting residents of the boil order. By 6 p.m. Friday, information on the Park Forest boil order was communicated by:CBS 2 ChicagoNBC 5 ChicagoABC 7 ChicagoThe Daily Southtown ENews Park ForestMore media outlets later published information on the Park Forest's boil order including:Patch.comWBBM NewsradioChicago Sun-TimesSouthland Voice Additional placements of the boil order announcement were made to:* The Orchard LED message board* Park Forest's cable station (channel 4 for Xfinity subscribers and channel 99 for AT&T subscribers)* Signage was posted to the doors of village facilitiesThe Village of Park Forest is providing answers to some frequently asked questions related to the now lifted boil order:What caused the water sample to fail to meet standards?Park Forest Public Works crews suspect the spigot at the Miami and Suwanee sample station was contaminated. The sample station was not utilized for nearly a year prior to last week's testing. Lack of usage combined with limited sanitizing of the spigot can result in water sample contamination.Did the contamination enter the system? No. Contamination was isolated to the Miami and Suwanee sample station. The presence of bacteria was on the exterior of the water system – likely on the spigot – and was not present in any of the nearly 60 other water samples taken across the village. Was my family at risk of getting sick?If the contaminant entered the system and traveled through the system, residents may have been at risk of coming in contact with the bacteria. As a result, the boil order was issued to protect residents from the possibility. Further lab tests show no contaminated water traveled through the system.
How often is Park Forest water sampled?Park Forest conducts monthly routine samples of water and uses an independent lab in Indiana to process the samples. Is there any connection between Park Forest and other communities experiencing problems with their water?No. Park Forest has its own water system. Six wells in Park Forest pump water to Park Forest's own water plant, built in 2007, where the water is treated and pumped back through the system.What if I was not notified?Park Forest utilizes several ways of alerting residents in the event of a boil order. CodeRed is the village's emergency notification system which residents must voluntarily enroll in. The village also uses the Village's website, social media pages, local cable channel, message boards, posts notices to village buildings, and utilizes media partnerships.


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Where is the best troubled teen school in Scranton, PA
The best troubled teen schools of Scranton, PA give parents a peace of mind, internal relief, and a sense of confidence that their child will be alright. Are you a parent of a hurting angry child? Do you need a peace of mind? Are you fearful about what will happen next? Naturally, parents of troubled teens are worried about the future of their child, and they should be. Almost all parents worry about the future of their child. Most parents have great hopes and aspirations for their child. But what happens when parents come to realize that their teen is "troubled" (acting out in defiance, rebellious, angry, abusing drugs, hanging out with thugs, skipping school, sleeping around, etc.)? Call us, we can help!
The prospect of not knowing what will will happen to your child in the near future can produce a lot of fear and anxiety and sleepless nights. Many parents realize that unless they find a therapeutic school or program for their defiant teen something bad will happen. If the fear is overwhelming then we can help. We help parents find the best troubled teen school near Scranton, PA.
Our job is to provide coaching, assistance, and guidance regarding therapeutic options for parents from Scranton, PA. We can help you with the research, educating you about the value of the many different options. There are schools for troubled children, treatment programs for adolescents, residential centers, and group homes to name a few. One of the best option is a therapeutic boarding school. We help parents by providing an in depth evaluation and assessment, and then make a referral. You are not alone, and we can help.
My teen is hanging out with a whole new crowd and I am worried. Is there help in Scranton, PA?
Have you recently realized that your child is hanging out with a new crowd? Are you anxious about all the changes with his or her friends? Have they changed their "style" (change of dress, look, language, likes and dislikes)? Is your child avoiding old friends (positive kids) because they are no longer chill?. If old friends suddenly seem like a bunch of goody-two-shoes to your son or daughter, chances are they are doing something the friends disapprove of. In fact, it might be that the friends are the ones avoiding your child, instead of vice versa. In that case, it's time to take a deeper look into your child's daily activities. What many parents find out when there is a major change is friends there is also changes in other aspects of his or her life. There is poor school performance (skipping classes or skipping school entirely), substance abuse (or at least experimentation), sexual acting out (sleeping around or dating older people). If this is the case with your child please call us. We can help you find answers and solutions. If things are spiraling out of control, remember... it usually does not get better without therapeutic intervention.
Famous Quotes; Look, I dont want to wax philosophic, but I will say that if youre alive youve got to flap your arms and legs, youve got to jump around a lot, for life is the very opposite of death, and therefore you must at very least think noisy and colorfully, or youre not alive. Mel Brooks
Famous Quotes: Where you end up is not the most important thing. Its the road you take to get there. The road is what youll look back on and call your life. Tim Willey

subset: commoncrawl


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Introducing the Hyper Touch Guitar. From the mind of Max Battaglia at Givingshape Design Studio, this unorthodox design replaces strings with a multi-touch screen, allowing the user to adjust the number of "strings" and frets, as well as tuning and sound effects. A wireless command center that permits endless customization and infinite possibilities of expression.
Designer: Max Battaglia


text: On Thu, 17 Jan 2002, Tony Stocker wrote: > I'm using the 'freebie' version of Scyld [27bz-8]. We are running several > tests on our cluster comparing performance of our algorithms versus some > heavy metal platforms. When running very I/O intensive algorithms over NFS > we see major performance hits, obviously. ... > I can create the directories (as root) just fine. But for some reason I can > not get the file/directory ownership to read the passwd file. It appears to > read the group file fine. What I did was copy over /etc/passwd and > /etc/group to the compute nodes' /etc directory. Verify that your /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file has both "bproc" and "files" entries. This file is created by /etc/beowulf/node_up (really /usr/lib/beoboot/bin/node_up) each time a slave node is started. > It's as if it's not bothering to look at the passwd file at all. Correct. For most cluster configurations there is no /etc/passwd file. User name (really password entry -- 'pwent') information is provided by the BeoNSS name service. When user starts a process on a cluster slave node, the only valid getpwent() entry for that process is that single user. If you do add "files" to the name service switch creation in the node_up script you might also want to 'scp -p /etc/passwd $NODE:/etc' in the script. Donald Becker becker at scyld.com Scyld Computing Corporation http://www.scyld.com 410 Severn Ave. Suite 210 Second Generation Beowulf Clusters Annapolis MD 21403 410-990-9993


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In Earth's future nature has to rebuild itself, in order to let the planet do all of the work citizens are kept inside of sealed up cities. Most human beings have never even seen a real blade of grass instead they spend their time using the AlterNet as an alternate reality. What happens when a group of gamers decide they are tired with their virtual hunts and want to go on a real one? I wonder if that military experiment that's gone awry and caused the dead to come back to life is going to affect them in any way.
Director: Eric Bilodeau
Starring: Patrice LeBlanc, Patrick Baby, Marie-Eve Lemire, Luc Rivard
"I didn't envision this trip to become so complicated."
Eric Bilodeau's Hunting Grounds is a low budget film set in a future that doesn't seem that hard to believe. During Hunting Grounds credit sequence the viewer is treated to hearing the history of what has happened on the planet Earth. Human beings have used up a lot of the resources of the planet and now nature simply has to rebuild itself. In order to let nature rebuild itself human beings are now kept inside of locked up city states, only 98% of the worlds population has ever had any real brush with nature in this new world. A new form of entertainment known as AlterNet has also been introduced to the citizens. Alternet allows its users to exist in a virtual reality, so realistic that most human beings never even leave their house. Alternet allows its users to play games or simply to visit with each other so it is entertaining and functional at the same time.
Alternet and its hunting games has started to leave main character Paul Austin quite bored. He and his cyber girlfriend Lexa have been doing the cyber hunts for some time and the thrill is gone. Paul wants to get out of the city state and into the forest so that he can actually go on a real live hunt. Lucky for him he has found a way out of the city state mainly due to his friend Sebastien who is the son of Conrad Mathieu an agent of national security.
Paul meets with Sebastien and another one of their friends to discuss the plan for their real life hunt. The friend although interested simply cannot do it. This is the first time in the film that we hear about the punishments one can get for leaving the city states. Some of these punishments are pretty light such as two years of community service; others are pretty strict like twenty years in prison. The men are about to do something highly illegal and there needs to be a group of four plus a guide in order to go through with the plan. Paul figures he has Lexa and Sebastien but the friend canceling has left them an empty space. To fill that empty space Paul suggests they use the man they know only as Redlinx for the trip. Redlinx has helped them on several virtual hunts and is a pretty good shot, now all the group needs to do is a find a tracker.
While the group is planning their trip out into nature the viewer is granted a glimpse at it via a military compound. Apparently in the future body piercings aren't frowned upon so much since Lt. Michelle Mason has a rather large spike going through her eyebrow. At the military base some experiments have been going on involving regeneration of tissue. After a test is performed in front of all of the agents of national security a horrible accident occurs at the base. A large vat of the serum used to regenerate has spilled into the ground around the compound causing the dead bodies that are buried near by to suddenly start clawing their way back out of their graves.
Sebastien informs Paul that he has found them a tracker and they decide on a meet up spot. Lexa shows up at Paul's apartment and it is obviously the very first time she has ever been there. She is baffled by just how realistic AlterNet's visions were since she feels like she has been there before. Director Eric Bilodeau goes into this detail several times in the film. The people in this future are so dependant on AlterNet for their communications that even the smallest thing like another human being touching another can set them off in a panic state of mind. The alternate reality has also caused some tension to grow between Sebastien and his father Conrad since the father constantly only chooses to see his son using the alternate reality.
The group begins to meet up and they meet their tracker, a man named Simon Roy. Simon doesn't come off as a very friendly person, but he does own his own truck and he has obviously done this several times before. While the group is starting to pack their equipment a strange woman approaches the group. The woman introduces herself as Redlinx, she explains to the guys that the reason they believed that she was a man is because she used her brother's avatar during their AlterNet sessions, her real name is Francine.
Francine is a ticking time bomb from her initial nervousness when meeting the group. The group realizes they are about to do something highly illegal, in order to get out of the city state the group is posing as agents of national security using Sebastien's father's connections. Just what are they going to do however when they get out into the wilderness and find that the wild animals aren't all they have to worry about?
I really think I would have enjoyed Eric Bilodeau's Hunting Grounds more if there weren't zombies in it. The zombies really don't play that big of a part, and in fact most of the sequences that involve the living dead look like the kind of film clips that would be used in video games. The make up on the zombies however is very top notch and they do look pretty good for the budget of the film.
For the budget of the film Hunting Grounds really does look good. The future city state looks stunning and the use of color and sets really does sell the setting. There is however a huge overuse of cgi effects in Hunting Grounds, mainly with dealing with the destruction of zombies. These cgi effects really do begin to hamper the film, particularly near the end when zombie's heads are blown completely off. Most of the early sequences however aren't hampered by the cgi, in fact it seems to help the look of the future society and the AlterNet universe.
The main plot twist of Hunting Grounds occurs when the group gets out into the wilderness and they suddenly find that they really can't trust each other. The group begins to turn on each other and instead of hunting the wild game as was originally intended they start to hunt each other. I like this idea and I really do wish that Eric Bilodeau would have focused more on this and left the zombies out of the equation, they just really didn't seem like they needed to be there.
Along with the overuse of the cgi Hunting Grounds soundtrack also leaves a lot to be desired.
The cast for the most part handle their roles very well, although Patrice LeBlanc who plays Paul does come off as wooden in several scenes including what could have been a great fight sequence near the end of the film.
Hunting grounds has a lot of good ideas and a very fresh look, I just really don't think the zombies or the whole military base experiment gone awry subplot needed to be there to.


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Organic CBD Oil 10% MCT 10 ml
Organic CBD oil 10% – 1000mg
Organic CBD oil full-spectrum 10% alcohol extracted.
Contains 10ml oil and 1000mg CBD total.
100% organic hemp oil. Laboratory tested and certified.
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Also contains Omega-3, Omega-6 fatty acids, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids from the hemp oil. Along with vitamins and minerals.
Contains about 300 drops.
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Our organic CBD oil full-spectrum 10% is extracted using alcohol. It is made from the best organically grown hemp available in Europe and is guaranteed EU certified organic. We work with bio-dynamic farmers who have worked with hemp for many years and have a wealth of experience cultivating hemp. It is important to achieve a good end result.
The hemp we use as raw material for our oils is harvested and cut manually. So you will not find any traces of diesel oil in the process nor the product itself.
It goes without saying that no pesticides have been used in the process either. It's a no go since they will end up in the oil and devalue the result.
In the process from raw hemp to the finished CBD oil, all impurities such as wax and most of the chlorophyll are removed from the oil. The resulting oil is a pure, high quality product. It is soft with a good and delicious taste of hemp but not as soft as the similar CO2 extracted. Our process of extraction ensures that there is a good composition of cannabionoids in the finished result. Hence the term full spectrum oil
Since the oil is produced using alcohol extraction – which is a higher temperature extraction – most of the CBDa and THCa are transformed into CBD and THC. Because of that we consider the oil to be a better match for pain relief than CO2 extracted oils.
We do NOT under any circumstances add CBD crystals to artificially boost the CBD content. What you see is what you get – a top quality organic CBD oil.
Fatty acids and amino acids
We use the whole plant for the extraction so the oil is a full spectrum 100% organic CBD oil, ie all cannabinoids are contained in the oil. In our opinion, this is the only type of oil that works properly.
The oil can be used by anyone and the amount of phytocannabinoids ensures that the effect is good – it is very potent.
The CBD mass is diluted with an organic high quality hemp oil which ensures that you get more of the hemp plant's DNA when you ingest it. In addition, there is a large amount of essential fatty acids, such as Omega-3 and Omega-6, among others, which are typically found primarily in fish.
Also, a wide range of essential amino acids is found in our hemp oil as well as vitamins and minerals. So use our oil as an organic vitamin pill for these properties alone.
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We do everything we can to deliver the best oil to our customers. We therefore work on the following critical standards:
- All our raw hemp is grown and supplied by bio-certified farmers with many years of experience. Some have grown hemp for more than 40 years. We make sure that the hemp is grown organically and certified organic by the EU labeling scheme.
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After this, the oil is ready to be diluted with our hemp oil. The result is a good oil with a good scent and taste. We have independent laboratory tests of the oil. Our oil is vegan and has not been tested on animals.
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Full spectrum organic CBD oil provides an Entourage effect where the active components work together to ensure absorption. Terpenes, bioflavonoids, amino acids and other phytochemicals help create the Entourage effect. Terpenes are especially important as they smooth the cell membrane so you can absorb the nutrients better.
The CBD oil is best consumed with the included pipette in the oral mucosa. Place the drops directly under the tongue and wait a few minutes to sink.
To be taken as needed. Typical morning, noon and evening. In some cases even before bed. Do not take in connection with a meal.
You cannot overdose on CBD oil. So don't panic if you inadvertently take more drops than you planned.
Read more here: CBD oil – that's how you get started.
This product contains 10ml organic CBD oil full spectrum 10%.
The CBD content is 100mg CBD per ml and 1000mg CBD total in the bottle.
The oil contains CBD, THC and a wide range of cannabionoids.
A bottle contains between 250 – 300 drops.
THC content is < 0.2% as the law prescribes.
Organic CBD, organic hemp oil. The oil is clean of pesticides, herbicides, and other toxic substances.
The oil cbd oil should be kept dark and protected from sun and heat. Do not store in refrigerator since it will cause the CBD to precipitate and hence lower the quality of the oil.
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Other information
CBD is not psychoactive, which means that when consumed, one does not become 'crooked' or high. The combination of CBD and THC increases the effect of the oil.
LOV regarding our Organic CBD Oil full spectrum:
The hemp used in the production of the oil is legally produced in the EU and, according to the EU trade law, must be sold legally in all other EU countries.
For legal reasons, this oil is sold as cosmetic oil.
For legal reasons, it is stated that this oil does not have scientific medical approval or proven medical properties.
Tags: Organic CBD oil alcohol extracted
In Danish: Økologisk CBD olie 10%
1 review for Organic CBD Oil 10% MCT 10 ml
This is a great oil. Not he horrible taste if grass and very efficient. I can only recommend it.


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Factor II (2) or prothrombin deficiency is an inherited bleeding disorder caused when a person's body does not produce as much of a protein in the blood (factor II) that helps blood clot as it needs to or the factor II doesn't work properly. It is very rare, affecting one out of 2,000,000 people, but is more common in communities where there is marriage between close relatives.
Factor II deficiency may also be acquired later in life if the body's production of prothrombin is slowed down or stopped by severe liver disease, some blood thinners such as coumadin or vitamin K deficiency. Acquired factor II deficiency is more common than the inherited form.
What Is Factor II Deficiency? (World Federation of Hemophilia) See the About Bleeding Disorders section. Explains the causes of FII deficiency, its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Factor II deficiency (Prothrombin deficiency) (Canadian Hemophilia Society, 2006) This booklet explains how factor II works, the causes of FII deficiency, symptoms, available treatments, healthy living and prevention.
Factor II deficiency (National Hemophilia Foundation, USA)
Source: What are rare clotting factor deficiencies? World Federation of Hemophilia, Montreal, Canada, 2009.
NB We provide these links as a service to the haemophilia community. As web sites can change or should you find a site to be no longer active please notify [email protected]. Haemophilia Foundation Australia is not responsible for the content of any external web sites. The featuring of a site on this page is not an endorsement by HFA of the information or views expressed therein.


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I've lost count of how many times the demise and resurrection of OLPC and Sugar have been proclaimed and celebrated. What makes these projects tick? Grow?  I ask myself this question whenever I start feeling burned out, wondering why I remain attached to the project and this green machine.
My own journey with OLPC, Sugar and all things related, has been underway for years. I'm a techie at heart, a "thinly-disguised" business school professor, teaching IT strategy and researching business models and consumer behavior. Every once in a while, I'll sit down and compile a kernel, or run a packet sniffer. Â (What can I say? It's instant gratification and a lot more fun 🙂
I think of the tech as the supply side of my interest: The XO makes for a great technology platform. The mesh (whether 802.11s or ad-hoc), suspend with the screen lit, robustness, low power, etc. is all very cool. Cool enough for a grown man to walk around with a funny-looking green machine slung around his shoulder. Â The software stack too is amazing, flexible, free. The content is rich. Wikipedia in a box? Awesome! The tech definitely keeps me tethered.
Then there's the demand side: a part of my family lives in rural India, in Bhagmalpur. A village where I have seen the simple life. Clean air, good food, quiet living. Its also stricken with poverty, sanitation issues, water shortages, and seriously untapped ingenuity.
As a kid, I used to hang around Maggu, while he milked a water buffalo, or Bahadur, while he made gold jewelry on a block of coal. Today I wonder what Maggu would do if he could learn about the rest of the world and its dairy achievements. How Bahadur's family could save the lost art of rural goldsmiths. Would they benefit from a peek into that Wikipedia in a box? You bet. In my mind, I can savor the possibilities of the supply, and imagine what it can do for the demand. I speak with my friend Javier Cardona about IEEE 802.11s, with Maggu on my mind. These worlds must meet.
Finally, there's the catalyst: my daughter Mira, now age five. She could open the XO, power it on, and turn it around into tablet mode when she was two. At three, she could play Implode on the XO with a finesse that amazed me. Children are like sponges; they soak up everything, and have incredibly simple solutions in their heads. Â I cherish Mira's curiosity and ingenuity, and she has been my catalyst for inspiration.
So that is my supply, my demand, and my catalyst. My story and my guide.
Every volunteer has her own story. Many come and go, some stay, but all leave a mark on the overall process. They all help us steer projects in new and meaningful ways. For instance, a little over two years ago in Austin the XO manual was written by volunteers to pave the way for a new kind of global user. Â Sugar hackers and tech writers of all flavors funded their own way to Austin, to gather and create a resource that is used everywhere today.
A year later, volunteers ganged up in Washington, DC (again on their own dime) to create 30+ OLPC community deployment success stories, compiled into the "Class Acts" repository of tips & tricks. Â I've dipped into this pool myself, asking my students to convert some of these into one-pagers. If you need a handout for a neighbor or school principal, grab this and print it!
And now we're preparing for a larger community event, with volunteers from all parts of the movement and from around the world, at the OLPCSF Community Summit. Stay tuned for details and a summit update tomorrow.
Sameer Verma is the chief organizer of the OLPC SF community. He is also Associate Professor of Information Systems in the College of Business at San Francisco State University.


text: Where in Europe is Carmen Sandiego __ __ __ | | | | | | | ) | | |\ | \ / \ / |--| |-- |-/ |-- | | \| \/ \/ | | |__ | \ |__ | | | __ __ _ __ __ __ | | | |__) / \ |__) | | / |-- | | | \ | | | |-- | \__ |__ \_/ | \ \_/ | |__ | ___) ___ _ ____ __ __ ____ __ _ / _| / \ | _ \ / \ / \ | __| | \ | | | / / _ \ | |_) | / /\ \// \ \ | |__ | \ | | | | | |_| | | / | | | | | | | __| | |\ \| | | | | _ | | |\ \ | | | | | | | | | | \ | | \_ | | | | | | \ \ | | | | | | | |__ | | \ | \___| |_| |_| |_| \_\ |_| |_| |_| |____| |_| |_| ____ _ __ _ _____ _ ____ ___ ____ / ___| / \ | \ | | | _ \ | | | __| / \ / \ | (__ / _ \ | \ | | | | \ | | | | |__ | /\_\ | /\ | \__ \ | |_| | | |\ \| | | | | | | | | __| | | ___ | | | | \ \ | _ | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | ||_ | | | | | ___/ / | | | | | | \ | | |_/ / | | | |__ | \/ / | \/ | |____/ |_| |_| |_| |_| |____/ |_| |____| \___/ \____/ =============================================================================== Table of Contents =============================================================================== [INTRO] Introduction [START] Getting Started [WALKT] Walkthrough [DOSSI] Dossiers [CLUES] Interpretation of Clues [QUEST] Frequently Asked Questions [VERSN] Version History [COPYR] Copyright [CONTC] Contact Information Navigation tip: Press Ctrl and F to bring down a search bar. Then type in the name of the section you're looking for - like [DOSSI] for the Dossiers. =============================================================================== Introduction [INTRO] =============================================================================== I can't believe I did it, but I've now successfully written a guide for each of the original five Carmen Sandiego games! I know there have been a few more Carmen games released since the first five, but someone named Rebecca Skinner (Karpah) has already written a guide for Space, and the newer games in the series use a radically different format. Really, it's been several years since any Carmen game has been released, and that's kind of sad. I'd love to see them remake the first five titles - especially Europe - with the old basic designs, the witty clues, and the bumbling V.I.L.E. henchmen, just updated to reflect advances in graphics and changes in borders and history. But most of these games were sold to schools, and in this test-obsessed era, the educational brass puts little emphasis on the "tainment" part of "edutainment." Anyway, Where in Europe is Carmen Sandiego is a great game, but today it's undoubtedly the least relevant title in the series. The biggest problem stems from the breakup of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia (and, for some versions, the reunification of Germany), which means that many of the clues refer to cities and regions that are now part of other countries. Even with the developments that have occurred since the release, though, the game remains a fun way to learn about European history and geography. The graphics are kind of grainy in the PC version, although the frequent animations are pretty fun, and there are lots of photos of famous landmarks that capture the feeling of the countries you're visiting. There's no in-game music, but there are plenty of PC speaker-based sound effects - some of which are great, while others can be loud and annoying. The controls are really easy - just use the arrow keys and ENTER to access the various screens. The Ctrl key accesses some of the other features. The game isn't that tough for someone who's good at history and has a couple of good reference books handy, but it may be pretty tough for many people, including some with college diplomas. Maybe it's just me, but I also feel this game lacks some of the wit and goofiness of the other Carmen games. Also irksome is the robotic sign-in screen, which takes forever to load. Overall, it's still a fun, educational game, just like all the others in the series. By the way, a very important note: I played this game on a PC/IBM-Compatible/ DOS computer and used Version 1.1 (released in 1990). This later version removes all clues that pertain to West and East Germany. =============================================================================== Getting Started [START] =============================================================================== Before you can play, you'll have to install the program. Simply create a new directory (probably something like C:\CARMEURO) and copy all the files on the disk(s) to that directory. Be patient; old floppies can be slow. When you're finished, change to that directory and type CARMEN (or double-click CARMEN.EXE from My Computer) to start the game. You shouldn't have to restart in MS-DOS mode to run Where in the Europe is Carmen Sandiego. First let's take a brief look at the controls and menu options: The main screen displays the current location, the day and time, a photo from the current country, and general information about where you are. The "Investigate" button is the most frequently-used choice. It takes you to a menu with three options - Question Witness, Search Scene, and Call Tipster - you can use to search for clues about the suspect's identity and whereabouts. All three choices do about the same thing, but remember that the more places you search, the longer each one will take proportionally. "Use Notebook" sends you to the crime notebook dialog. This allows you to input pieces of evidence into the various fields, such as eye color and favorite book genre. You can go here as often as you like without losing any time. "Visit Crime Lab" takes you to a screen with a variety of options, although it will cost you at least an hour. When you think you have enough clues to get a warrant, select "Enter Crime Notes" to get the warrant, which you'll need to make a valid arrest on the suspect. "Use Database" lets you see what countries have a particular flag, currency, or language; scroll through each option using the arrow keys. Each use of the database costs an hour, though, and all this information is available in any world almanac. Select "Return to Scene" when you're ready to return to investigating. This costs an hour, though, so don't visit the Crime Lab unless you really need to. "Save Case" ends your case and saves it so you can resume it at a later date. Remember that you won't overwrite another player's in-progress case when you save and quit. "Go to Airport" puts you on the airplane to the next destination; there will be four (sometimes three) options; one will usually be your previous location. Don't leave until you're pretty sure where to go next. If you go to the airport but then return to town, it'll cost you an hour of time. As for things you can do with the Ctrl key: ~ Ctrl-D (or Ctrl-L) shows the Detective Roster - a list of players who have signed in, along with their current levels and number of cases completed. If you want to delete a player, highlight the name and press ENTER. ~ Ctrl-F shows the Hall of Fame, a list of players who have completed many cases and beaten the game. Expect this elite group to be empty or short. ~ Ctrl-I toggles joystick support on or off. Even if you have a joystick equipped, it might not be compatible with a game this old. Personally, I always play using just the keyboard. ~ Ctrl-M is a substitute for ENTER. ~ Ctrl-Q ends the game and returns you to DOS or Windows without saving the case in progress. ~ Ctrl-R sends you back the sign-in screen without saving the current case. ~ Ctrl-S lets you turn off the sound. The PC speaker-based sound effects can be noisy, so you might want to uncheck this feature. ~ Ctrl-V tells you what version of the game you're playing. If it's 1.0, watch out for clues that mention East Germany. Don't forget that the Escape key can be used to back up to the previous screen. =============================================================================== Walkthrough [WALKT] =============================================================================== In this walkthrough, I'm going to direct you through a sample case, showing the methods and strategies used during the game. Most of these clues appear in the actual game, although this case is shorter than they will be in actual play. Load the game and sign in with your real name or your favorite alias. Our briefing tells us that a masked male has stolen Freud's couch from Austria. It's 1 P.M. Tuesday right now, so since there's a time limit of six days, we have to catch him by 1 P.M. Monday. Our mission begins in Vienna. There are a number of buttons on the screen, but for now we should select the one marked "Investigate." This is where we can search for clues regarding the suspect's whereabouts and physical appearance. We have three options: Question Witness, Search Scene, and Call Tipster. All of them will help us get in touch with people who know something about the case. It doesn't matter which order you check them in, but do consider this: The longer you stay, the more time the investigations will consume. The first person you check will cost one hour. The second investigation takes two hours, and the third place you investigate will set you back three hours! Anyway, let's talk to a witness, who tells us that the suspect was traveling to a country with one of the highest standards of living in the world. This clue really doesn't tell us a whole lot. Just before we get ready to conduct our next investigation, however, we get a phone call from ACME that tells us that the suspect can't pass up a good monster movie. This is closest to being a science fiction film, so we immediately take note. From the main screen, click on the "Use Notebook" button, which is where we enter information we've learned about the suspect's identity. Keep scrolling right on the "SEX:" entry until it comes to "Male." Do likewise with "MOVIE:" - "Sci-Fi." If you modify the wrong field, just keep scrolling until it's blank again. When you're finished, press ENTER to save the changes (or Escape to return to the previous screen if you make a mistake). We can't get a warrant yet because these clues aren't sufficient to narrow the list of possible suspects down to one. Next we choose Search Scene, where we find a suspicious car full of counterfeit kronas. A quick glance at a World Almanac shows there are two countries where the krona is the preferred currency: Iceland and Sweden. This should make it pretty easy. We can probably go ahead and leave now. Select the "Go to Airport" option and we're provided with a list of possible destinations - Budapest, Edinburgh, and Stockholm. If Reykjavik had been on the list, we would've had to return to town (costing us an extra hour) and investigated further. But fortunately, we can go to Stockholm with confidence. The flight takes just two hours - pretty groovy in the 21st century. Now start investigating in this new city. Hmm... someone's spying on us from inside a trash can. This vile-looking guy is a V.I.L.E. underling who has been summoned to keep an eye on you. When you see people like this, you know you're going in the right direction. The suspect himself, however, is not in this city, so we must investigate further. We call a tipster and learn that the suspect's ancestors were half-Arab, half-Sicilian. That sounds odd. We drive to the airport and see four options on the menu: Bucharest, Istanbul, Valletta, and Vienna. Vienna obviously isn't it, since we were there last time. Istanbul is a place with lots of Muslims, so we guess that's where to go next. In Istanbul, we talk to a witness who tells us we can find information in the Yellow Pages. What's more, we didn't see a V.I.L.E. henchman. We're in the wrong place, and we'll have to fly back to Stockholm to see if we can gather more information. This time, we talk to a witness, and we learn that the suspect was planning on going to an island south of Italy. This clears things up. Better yet, we learn that the suspect was seen reading a biography of Winston Churchill. On our notebook, we note "Biography" under the "BOOK" field. At the airport, we're now confident that Valletta in Malta should be our next stop. In Valletta, we search the scene. This looks dangerous - a huge safe falls, just barely missing our heads! A sarcastic V.I.L.E. agent chortles at us how we have the "wrong combination" this time. When dangerous events like this happen, you know you're very close to the crook! However, just finding him won't be good enough. You can't make a valid arrest for someone if you don't have a warrant - or if you have the warrant for the wrong person. Getting a warrant is not all that difficult if you've been playing carefully. Go to the Crime Lab and then select "Enter Crime Notes." If you've entered enough clues to narrow the list down to just one possible suspect, you'll get the warrant you need. If you haven't found enough clues, you'll be shown a list of possible suspects. And if all possibilities are eliminated, then you know you've made some kind of mistake entering clues. Remember that getting a warrant costs an hour of time, in addition to the hour it costs to visit the Crime Lab, so use my dossiers to make sure you know you can get a warrant when you try to. In general, obtaining a warrant requires two, sometimes three, character clues (besides gender). Usually you can get a warrant with just two clues, but occasionally you'll need three or even all four, especially if one of the possibilities is June Bug or Kitty Litter. Anyway, we should now have a warrant for the arrest of Chuck Roast - a rough name to go through life with. That's probably why he went into the crime business. We call a tipster, and someone hands us a bomb in a box! That's what happens when you open your presents too early (bwa ha ha). Then we talk to a witness. A suspicious car goes flying by... with the cops just behind! If you have a valid warrant, you'll reel Chuck in and put him in the pokey (at least until he escapes a few cases later). You'll also be one case closer to getting a promotion. After the message from ACME, press the Y key if you want to play again; strike N to return to the opening screen. =============================================================================== Dossiers [DOSSI] =============================================================================== A very useful section. Name Sex Hair Eyes Movie Book ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pete Moss male black brown sci-fi poetry Matt Knife male black hazel musical mystery Tab Stop male blond blue comedy poetry Miles Long male blond blue western history Chuck Roast male brown gray sci-fi biography Chips Motherboard male brown hazel western mystery Oly O'Leahy male red brown musical history Luke Warmwater male red gray comedy biography Carmen Sandiego female black brown musical biography Kim Chee female black gray sci-fi biography June Bug female blond gray comedy history Kitty Litter female blond hazel comedy history Patty Melt female brown blue western mystery Luce Leaf female brown brown musical poetry Lotta Style female red blue western poetry Claire d'Loon female red hazel sci-fi mystery Notice how each trait is evenly divided amongst all the suspects. =============================================================================== Interpretation of Clues [CLUES] =============================================================================== Please note that references to the male gender in this section are only intended to promote clarity and brevity. ---Hair--- Black hair - Ebony, midnight, raven Blond hair - Flaxen, peroxided, towhead Brown hair - Mahogany, Mousey brown Red hair - Auburn, carrot top, titian-haired ---Eyes--- Blue eyes - Baby-blue, eyes the color of the sky, intense blue eyes Brown eyes - Deep brown eyes, mahogany eyes Gray eyes - Eyes like a cloudy sky, slate eyes Hazel eyes - Hazel eyes ---Movie--- Comedy - Eddie Murphy, Woody Allen, likes comic films Musical - "Annie," "My Fair Lady," "The Sound of Music," likes movies with music in it, likes movies with songs in it Sci-Fi - Monster movies, Space-exploration flicks, "Star Wars" Western - Roy Rogers, dreams of riding the range, idolizes cowboys, likes movies set in the U.S., loves any movie set in the west, ---Book--- Biography - Read a book about Winston Churchill, read a De Gaulle book, likes books about the lives of people, reads about the lives of kings History - Read Durant's "Story of Civilization," likes reading about historic events, looks for first editions of European history, read a book on Europe in the Middle Ages Mystery - An Agatha Christie fan, likes Lord Peter Wimsey detective stories, last read "The Case of the Missing Missionary," likes to relax with a good detective story Poetry - Likes T.S. Eliot poems about cats, verses by Rudyard Kipling, first editions of Tennyson, volumes of verse by Yeats =============================================================================== Frequently Asked Questions [QUEST] =============================================================================== Q: What are the differences between each detective rank? A: As you progress through the ranks, cases gradually become longer and therefore more difficult to solve. Sometimes clues become a little more obscure on harder difficulty levels, too. Cases to Locations Promotion Gumshoe 4 0 Jr. Investigator 5 1 Investigator 6 3 Sr. Investigator 7 6 Inspector 8 9 Sr. Inspector 9 13 Jr. Detective 10 17 Detective 11 22 Sr. Detective 12 27 Master Detective 13 32 Super Sleuth 14 Catch Carmen Hall of Fame - 80 Q: How can I make the game run faster? A: If you're still playing Carmen on your 286, you'll get a much faster performance if you run it on a Pentium-era processor. Q: How long does it take to complete a case? A: It depends on the current detective rank. In game time, your time limit is six days, regardless of your rank, but you can complete even Super Sleuth-level cases in just four days. In terms of real-life time, for experienced players, approximately 30-60 seconds for each location visited. Early cases can be completed in less than five minutes; a complicated Super Sleuth case may take 15 minutes (or five if you're really skillful and a little lucky). Players who are less proficient at geography may take considerably longer. Q: How many locations are there in this game? A: 32 - Amsterdam, Andorra, Athens, Belgrade, Brussels, Budapest, Bucharest, Copenhagen, Dublin, Edinburgh, Helsinki, Istanbul, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lisbon, Luxembourg, Madrid, Marseille, Munich, Oslo, Prague, Reykjavik, San Marino, Sofia, Stockholm, Tirana, Vaduz, Valletta, Vatican City, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw, and Zurich. That's every independent European nation as of 1990. Remember that clues pertain to the entire country (and territories, too), not just that specific city. Q: Why no London? A: To the chagrin of any Scottish nationalists reading this, England and Scotland are both considered to be part of the United Kingdom in this game. The Scottish city of Edinburgh is the location that represents all of Great Britain. Remember that clues that mention a red, white, and blue flag may point toward Edinburgh. Q: I'm having trouble with a clue. What should I do? A: If it's a clue relating to the suspect's identifying features, check the "Interpretation of Clues" section of this guide. As for hints about where to go next, try looking up key names and places in an almanac, encyclopedia, atlas, dictionary, the Rand McNally's Concise Atlas of Europe that comes with the game, or other sources. You may find an older copy of the World Almanac and Book of Facts to be especially helpful for things like lists of pre-Euro national currencies and flag designs. If you can spare an hour of game time, try using the in-game database for clues that mention flags, currencies, or languages. Q: I'm close to the crook, but I don't have enough clues to get a warrant. What do I do? A: You're probably going to have to make a guess, unless you have time to return to your previous location in an attempt to gather more clues. Suppose you know the suspect is female and has blonde hair. Your two possibilities are Kitty Litter and June Bug. Fill in all of one of those suspects' features in the crime notebook and get a warrant. After all, it's better to go with a 50-50 chance of solving the case than 0% odds. Another option: Save your game and copy DETECTIV.DAT and the numbered save file to another directory (the save file is ordinarily deleted when you resume the game). Then resume the game and find out who the crook is. If you guess wrong, copy the old save files back to the game directory and resume the game from the same point as before. Knowing who the culprit is, solving the case will now be a piece of cake! This "save state" trick works best on longer cases or right before the end of a case where you're due for a promotion and you don't have the accompanying Rand McNally's Concise Atlas of Europe. Use this trick at your own risk. Q: Can I issue a warrant for more than one person? A: No. If you've gotten a warrant, and you select "Enter Crime Notes" to get a new one, the original warrant is invalidated. You might do this if you've forgotten whether you got a warrant earlier or if you've found new clues that contradict earlier information (because you made a mistake or misinterpreted a clue). Q: Why do I have to answer a question before I get promoted? A: This really isn't a test of your readiness for the next level; it was intended as a deterrent for people who made unauthorized copies of the game. This was something called "off-disk copy protection," and a fair number of games used it in the early 1990's. It usually involved answering a question about the manual, or in this case, a book that came with the game. But for those of you who have lost Rand McNally's Concise Atlas of Europe, the capital discussed on map page 80 is Stockholm. As for the color questions: Denmark p. 28 - yellow Bolivia p. 31 - green Czechoslovakia p. 40 - pink Austria p. 41 - green Italy p. 42 - blue Hungary p. 44 - blue Albania p. 54 - yellow Technically, Bolivia isn't a European country, so they probably mean Bulgaria. A few other questions ask you to input the first bold word from a certain page of the atlas. Really, since most of the questions are multiple-choice, and you have three chances to answer with four possible choices, the off-disk copy protection isn't very effective. By the way, you don't have to answer a question when you catch Carmen and become a Super Sleuth. Q: I tried to get a warrant, but I got an "All suspects eliminated" message. What now? A: This is not a good situation! See if you can remember how you got some clues - if one was a little ambiguous or might have been recorded improperly. Try leaving an additional evidence field empty - preferably one of the more dubious clues. Then issue a new warrant, and if you're lucky, you'll get one. Otherwise, use trial and error, leaving other fields blank, or just give up and start a new case. Q: What does V.I.L.E. stand for? A: Villain's International League of Evil. How vile! Q: What happens if you try to sign in using the name of a V.I.L.E. henchman? A: You get the following message: "You have a criminal record... Access denied!" Q: What other notes and tips do you have? A: Here are a few miscellaneous tips, tricks, hints, and observations for this game: * Be quick but take your time. It's faster to check two or three possible sources to get a more specific clue than to fly to a series of wrong locations or to be forced to return to your original location to gather more information. * In earlier cases, investigate each location to get sufficient character clues to obtain a warrant; as you move up the ranks, you'll need to investigate as quickly as possible, while still being careful to avoid going off course. As a Super Sleuth, try to get just one clue from a location if it's specific enough to tell you where to go next; you'll almost always get enough character clues to obtain a warrant. * Once you get a warrant, don't go sightseeing needlessly; only make enough investigations (ideally one) to know where to go next. * Identity clues only appear in messages from the Chief. * Carmen Sandiego herself will never appear until you become a Master Detective. For this reason, if you're following a black-haired woman who prefers biographies, you can usually be confident it's Kim Chee, not Carmen. * When you become a Master Detective, you'll have to catch Carmen Sandiego before being promoted to the final rank. If you learn that your suspect is male or doesn't have brown eyes (or otherwise can't be Carmen), don't quit the current game, as solving these cases will still count toward reaching the Hall of Fame. * It can be helpful to keep notes on paper while playing. For example, you may want to write down a certain clue or keep track of the locations you've been to, in case you need to backtrack after making a mistake. It can also be prudent to write down your case deadline in case you forget. * Clues that pertain to things like crops tend to be too vague to use. * The sign-in screen is case-insensitive (except for the first time you enter your name), as is the Promotion Quiz entry. * The closer a future destination is to your current location, the more willing you should be to go there without obtaining extensive evidence. It's more important to find many clues when traveling to a distant destination than when you're flying to a city that's 100 miles away. Suppose you're in Monaco. After investigating one source, you've got it narrowed down 50-50 between Vaduz and Reykjavik. If you fly to Vaduz and guess wrong, it won't cost any more time than it would've to gather more information. However, if you fly to Reykjavik and find you're off track, flying back to Monaco will end up costing you a day. * You have to sleep nine hours per day, and the sleep break never occurs while you're traveling. You may end up waking up as late as 4 P.M.! * Flights may take as little as one hour and as long as eleven. * Press ENTER to skip the opening sequence. I'd watch it at least once, though. * There's no way to skip the cutscenes showing the V.I.L.E. henchmen and underlings, however. * The judge looks like Ganon or maybe Satan. Some probably are. * The Ludwig's Castle reference does not refer to the castle atop Cookie Mountain in Super Mario World, nor does the traditional Portuguese music refer to any of the Zelda Fados. * "Pilsener" beer is usually spelled "Pilsner." * In Version 1.1, the game makers forgot to remove one reference to East Germany in one of the screens of text for Poland. * In the 34 cases I've completed, I've only guessed the wrong suspect a couple of times (mostly in the earlier ranks) and ran out of time once. No, I haven't gotten to the Hall of Fame yet, but I am a Super Sleuth. * In the sample cases in my five Carmen Sandiego walkthroughs, the culprit has been male three times and female twice. Sorry, ladies, you should've called "tails." * If this program is to be used in an educational setting, it may be advantageous or necessary to pair students up, especially since most young people have studied very little geography and history in the modern school system. Q: How many guides have you written? A: 63, depending on how you count. Currently I'm one of the world's 20 most prolific writers of complete FAQs. Visit www.gamefaqs.com/features/recognition/74793.html to see the whole list of VinnyVideo guides. =============================================================================== Version History [VERSN] =============================================================================== Date | Version | Size | --------|---------|------|----------------------------------------------------- 5-22-09 | 0.4 | 30KB | Began guide. Did the title art and the review. 5-23-09 | 0.8 | 32KB | Processed a few notes and finished walkthrough. 5-24-09 | 0.9 | 32KB | Proofread and reviewed part of the guide. 5-25-09 | 1.0 | 33KB | Finished guide. =============================================================================== Copyright [COPYR] =============================================================================== (c) 2009 Vinny Hamilton. All rights reserved. All copyrights mentioned in this guide are property of their respective holders. * You can print this guide out for your personal use. * You can download this guide to your computer for your personal use. * You can translate this guide into a foreign language as long as you ask permission first. * You can post this guide on your Web site as long as you give proper credit AND you don't change a single letter, number, or symbol (not even a tilde). The latest version will always be available at GameFAQs.com, but don't count on there being frequent (if any) updates. * You can't post this guide on your Web site and then say you wrote the guide yourself. * You can't post this guide on Web sites that contain (or have links to sites that contain) explicit depictions of naked humans (also known as pornography), racism, gambling, or flattery of totalitarian regimes. * You can't change anything in this guide that took me so many hours to write. If you don't comply with these guidelines, your hard drive will be reformatted inexplicably and you will suffer from constipation for the rest of your life. And then the zombies and/or evil mutants will get you. Heed this warning. =============================================================================== Contact Information [CONTC] =============================================================================== If you have any questions or comments about this guide, please send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. That's zero-zero-two, by the way. Remember that not all e-mail messages will be read. Please follow these guidelines: * Do include "Carmen Sandiego" in the subject line. * Do send polite suggestions for ways to make this walkthrough better. * Do tell me about any errors or omissions you find in this guide. * Do send information about any glitches, tricks, or codes you find. * Do ask any questions you have about Where in Europe is Carmen Sandiego gameplay. I will respond eventually if you follow all of these rules. * Do make a reasonable effort to use decent spelling, grammar, usage, punctuation, and capitalization so that I can understand what you're trying to say. * Do use patience. I check my messages quite sporadically. * Do not ask for technical support except as a last resort. * Do not send spam, pornography, chain letters, "flaming," or anything that contains profanity or vulgarity. Again, violating this rule will result in deletion of the message and permanent constipation. And lastly, a public service message: Fight for and affirm the rights of all humans, regardless of race, age, or creed! And... Please keep your vows. No one's going to read this, anyway. For N.P.


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Did the New England Patriots' low-ball offer to Wes Welker truly open up his free agency? That might be the case.
Free-agent tracker
Where will Greg Jennings wind up? Follow him and all the other NFL players on the move in our free-agent tracker. More ...
Sources told NFL.com's Albert Breer the Patriots' offer was "substantially lower" than Welker expected. Now teams believe he'll seriously consider leaving New England.
Did the rest of the NFL assume Welker would return and not bother making a legitimate run at the receiver? Possibly.
One thing is certain: Welker wasn't happy with the offer. And strange things can happen when someone feels slighted or disrespected. Welker carved out a niche (five 111-plus reception and 1,100-plus yard seasons) in New England, and despite any posturing, Welker probably thought the organization would present a workable deal. That, apparently, didn't happen.
Teams in the market for a receiver sound ready to jump into the mix.
Follow Kareem Copeland on Twitter @kareemcopeland.


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Pompano Beach Adventure
Easy access to I-95 and across from Pompano Community Park
Pull over for a stay at our Super 8 Pompano Beach hotel. We are conveniently located near I-95 and Federal Highway, just two miles from local beaches. Our hotel provides friendly service and easy access to area attractions.


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My Manicures Are Having A Moment On MTV Style
After spotting my recent "Out of the Blue" manicure, the editor behind the new MTV Style blog contacted me to contribute an article to their site featuring the gradation manicure. So fun, right?
In the post I share a few options for recreating the look at home in fun color ranges like turquoise/teal and orange but give more conservative alternatives like taupe and pink. Head on over to MTV Style and check out the look that's having a Manicure Moment.
Also, if you're into custom mixing, check out my original post on the look and see My Twist on the Ombre or Gradation Manicure.


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Immorality Is Fought by More Immorality in "Criminal"
- Annabelle Robertson Entertainment Critic
- Updated Jul 28, 2007
Release Date: September 10, 2004
Rating: R (for language)
Genre: Drama/Thriller
Run Time: 1 hr. 27 min.
Director: Gregory Jacobs
Actors: John C. Reilly, Diego Luna, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Jonathan Tucker, Peter Mullin, Zitto Kazaan
If it's a con movie you're after, with an "end justifies the means" comeuppance, this movie fits the bill. But look a little closer and you might notice some discrepancies.
When Richard Gaddis (John C. Reilly) spots Rodrigo (Diego Luna) conning casino waitresses, he impersonates a police officer and escorts the young man outside, where he proposes that they work together. Gaddis' partner, "The Jew," is otherwise occupied, and he needs a new one. Rodrigo accepts, because he's desperate to pay off his father's debt to the Russian mafia. Soon Gaddis is showing Rodrigo how to con old ladies and restaurants, although the Mexican "chole" has a few tricks of his own for Gaddis.
Things take an interesting turn when Gaddis' sister Valerie (Maggie Gyllenhaal) insists that he come to the upscale Beverly Hills hotel where she works. Gaddis' occasional business partner, Ochoa (Zitto Kazaan), has fallen in the hotel lobby and is screaming for Gaddis, making a scene that concierge Valerie is quick to stifle. Gaddis doesn't want anything to do with the guy, until he learns that Ochoa has a counterfeit 1878 Monroe Silver Certificate, which Ochoa's son-in-law, who works for the U.S. Treasury, confirms is one of the most valuable pieces of currency to have ever been printed. Ochoa was trying to sell it to the wealthy industrialist William Hannigan (Peter Mullins), who is staying at the hotel, when Valerie caught him. Ochoa knows Hannigan is interested, but the deal must be made quickly, because Hannigan's U.S. visa expires in a few hours.
Gaddis and Rodrigo strike a deal with Hannigan for $750,000, only to see their profits slowly eaten away by all the other people who want in. Ochoa wants cash up front for his stake, which means that Rodrigo must pony up the $38,000 he's saved for his father. Valerie wants another kind of payment for her involvement: Gaddis' confession to their brother Michael (Jonathan Tucker) that he's been conning them for the family inheritance. Then, to Gaddis' further dismay, Hannigan insists on a little signing bonus: an "evening" with Valerie. But who's conning whom, here? Can anyone be trusted?
A remake of Fabian Biellinsky's 2004 Argentinian film, "Nine Queens," this version is directed by Gregory Jacobs in his directorial debut (Jacobs has served as assistant director on a wide variety of films), and the effort isn't bad for a first-timer. Steven Soderbergh's script and the characters, however, hamper its flow. For example, Gaddis insists that you have to look like you have money to con people (he drives a new Mercedes), but doesn't make the grungy Rodrigo shave or even tuck in his shirt. After lecturing Rodrigo about measly $50 cons, Gaddis proceeds to do $100 cons, so it's not really clear whether he's a big- or small-time criminal. Rodrigo, on the other hand, has no problem scamming innocent waitresses, but is hesitant to rip off old ladies or run away with a woman's purse. These kinds of incongruities – which mount, at the end of the film – make the characters feel one-dimensional.
Although you will remember him from supporting roles in "Gangs of New York", "Chicago" and "The Perfect Storm," John C. Reilly takes the reins for his first starring role here. He's a fantastic actor who does a good job as Gaddis, but nevertheless seems a bit miscast as the hardened criminal who will con anyone. Luna carries off his role convincingly, but doesn't stand out. It's hard to look away from Gyllenhaal and Mullins, however, who are both mesmerizing onscreen and whose performances were flawless.
This film brings to mind David Mamet's "House of Games," which had a similar twisting plot and clipped, cynical characters. But Mamet is an expert, and this can't compare. Although the ruse worked, the plot – rather than the characters – drives the film. I also felt overwhelmed by the drab browns that dominate Chris Menge's Los Angeles landscape, and the paltry scores only served to underscore the film's blandness. It was all a bit too "'70s caper heist" for me – definitely nothing new under this sun.
"Criminal" ends with the "really" bad guy getting his due, while the "less bad" thieves and cons come out on top. It's a familiar take on the "honor among thieves" cliché which feels satisfying at first, until you realize that the comeuppance only comes at the price of an even bigger con. It's a common Hollywood plot construction, but it drives home the point that immorality can only be fought by more immorality – a tragic myth that leaves us to our own human devices.
Adult viewers may choose to use this opportunity to discuss what it means to "be as wise as serpents but as gentle as doves" when it comes to trusting strangers, how easy it is to be deceived, and the isolation that dishonesty inevitably brings.
- Drugs/Alcohol Content: Characters drink and smoke cigarettes in bars/restaurants/casinos.
- Language/Profanity: At least five dozen f—words, plus another 18 or so mild obscenities and profanities.
- Sexual Content/Nudity: Characters talk about f-ing in several scenes; character says he "can't be without a girl;" rear view of men (fully dressed) urinating; reference to someone looking like a "raped virgin."
- Violence: Characters wave guns around, yell and threaten violence; reference to the Russian mafia who will kill someone who doesn't pay his debt; pushing and shoving.


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Northampton County Bankruptcy Attorney C. Stephen Gurdin Jr. Northampton County Pennsylvania
Northampton County Bankruptcy Attorney C. Stephen Gurdin Jr. helps people in Northampton County Pennsylvania, suffering temporary or permanent loss of income or reduction in income due to work related injury. If you have suffered a work related injury and are receiving only medical assistance while waiting for the compensation for loss of income that you deserve, a bankruptcy may be the answer. The stay created by the filing of a bankruptcy can hold off creditors, even your mortgage, mortgage foreclosure and car payments and repossessions, while you apply for compensation or get back to work. Credit repair or credit counseling scams can put you so far behind that you just cannot catch up. Back taxes may be due and owing, but you may need time to address such issues while avoiding a wage attachment or a lien on or sale of your assets. Debt relief may be the answer. Such relief is a statutory right, although obtaining such relief involves complex laws and rules. A knowledgeable and experienced attorney can assist you in obtaining the relief to which you are entitled.
Chapter 7 Northampton County Bankruptcy is a liquidation proceeding, available to both corporations and individuals but individuals may be able to retain substantial amounts of property including residence, vehicles, household goods and furnishings, personal effects, tax sheltered retirement accounts, and some other financial accounts while discharging your personal debts.
Chapter 13 Northampton County Bankruptcy involves a repayment plan and is available only to individuals. The discharge is broader than that provided in a Chapter 7 proceeding but it only applies to creditors noticed and listed in the proceeding. You may retain substantial amounts of property in a chapter 13 proceeding.
Chapter 11 Northampton County Bankruptcy is available to both individuals and corporations and can be either a liquidating or a repayment proceeding or some combination.
If you have a business that has suffered a decline, a business bankruptcy may help you save your assets and business, reorganize, if necessary downsize, sell off some assets while retaining others, discharge most personal debts, and recover your financial prosperity. Business representation also may help you change the form of your business before, after, during a bankruptcy filing or in a non-bankruptcy context, (without any involvement in a bankruptcy proceeding). Proper structure will allow you to go forward protecting your assets while generating a cash stream which is exempt from withholdings. This can be done without exposing your business assets to Pennsylvania corporate franchise tax through the use of general or limited partnership forms alone or in combination with other forms. A business can also operate using multiple corporate form creating a separate corporation for each area or location of business, building up each area or location, and selling or leasing some or all area's or locations while retaining the core of your operations. All of this can be accomplished easily, quickly and affordably.
Northampton County Bankruptcy Attorney Gurdin offers services to protect creditor's rights whether of an individual, a lender, or other commercial enterprise, both in and outside of the bankruptcy setting in both Federal and State Court proceedings. Such proceedings include contract enforcement and defense, asset purchase and sale, buy-sell arrangements, enforcement as well as defense with regard to such agreements, drafting and review of commercial leases, drafting and review of both simple and complex security instruments, lender workouts, and general commercial litigation.
Litigation of any sort should not be left unattended whether in or outside of a debt relief proceeding. Some litigations are best pursued in state court while others are best handled in federal court. Experienced counsel can assist in choice of forum. Frequently cases commenced in one forum can be transferred to another forum by simply filing a notice of removal or a pursuing a remand.
In a Northampton County Bankruptcy proceeding attorney Gurdin handles the following commonly filed litigations sometimes on behalf of debtors, sometimes on behalf of creditors, sometimes as proponent and sometimes as defense counsel: claims litigation, turnover of property, preferences; relief and modification of the automatic stay; proceedings to determine, avoid or recover fraudulent conveyances pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 548 and 544(b); discharge-ability of particular debts; objections to discharge; validity, extend, or priority of liens; confirmation of plan; disclosure statement issues; orders approving the use, sale or lease of property, including the use of cash collateral; orders approving the sale of property other than property resulting from claims brought by the estate against persons who have not filed claims against the estate, and other proceedings affecting the liquidation of the assets of the state or the adjustment of debtor-creditor or equity security holder relationship; determination of core/non-core status, as well as non-core proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 157(b)(3), including reference actions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §157(d).
Outside of Northampton County Bankruptcy proceedings attorney Gurdin handles a full range of civil litigation excepting general consumer collections and domestic proceedings. Attorney Gurdin does not handle criminal proceedings.
Northampton County Bankruptcy Attorney Gurdin provides a full range of estate planning and estate administration and probate services in Northampton County Pennsylvania, for individuals and businesses. These services include, wills, general and special power of attorney, healthcare power and advance medical directive(living will), defense and enforcement of powers of attorney, guardianship, testamentary trust, intervivos trust(trusts funded during life of the donor), termination of trusts, amendment to trusts, family agreements, estate audit, business freeze, will contests, citations, and general Orphans Court litigation.
For help in filing for bankruptcy, Creditors Rights, assistance with Estate Planning, Estate Administration and Probate, or representation as to a broad range of Business Matters, Northampton County Pennsylvania, call Attorney C. Stephen Gurdin at, 570.826.0481.
Northampton County Bankruptcy, Creditors Rights, Estate Planning, administration and probate, lender workouts, business representation Lawyer Northampton County Pennsylvania | Chapter 7, Chapter 13 and Chapter 11, Bankruptcy, Creditor's Rights, Estate planning, Administration and Probate, and business representation, Northampton County Pennsylvania, Attorney C. Stephen Gurdin Jr..
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For help in filing for Northampton County Bankruptcy, Creditors Rights, Estate Planning, administration and probate, lender workouts and business representation matters, call Attorney C. Stephen Gurdin at, 570.826.0481.
I cover the following area.
Fountain Hill
Hanover Township
Heidelberg Township
Lower Macungie Township
Lower Milford Township
Lowhill Township
Lynn Township
North Whitehall Township
Salisbury Township
South Whitehall Township
Upper Macungie Township
Upper Milford Township
Upper Saucon Township
Washington Township
Weisenberg Township
Whitehall Township


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Upgrading a Points Distributor to an HEI System
Technically Speaking
Last month we described how to remove a first-generation ('74-'80) High Energy Ignition (HEI) distributor from your Corvette, disassemble it, test its individual components, and rebuild it. This month we pick up our discussion by examining how to upgrade a points distributor to an HEI system.A:
The demands for better emissions and fuel economy in the mid 1970s necessitated leaner fuel mixtures. These leaner mixtures required greater voltage and more spark to ignite. This challenge led GM engineers to design the HEI distributor, which effectively replaced the points-style systems that had been in service for decades.The GM HEI distributor incorporated a magnetic pick-up assembly that contained a permanent magnet, a pole piece with internal teeth, and a pick-up coil. This device senses pulses emanating from the distributor as it rotates, then provides a low-voltage digital on-off signal to the ignition module, where it is interpreted as an rpm signal. The ignition module uses this information to determine when to fire the ignition coil.
The HEI distributor is an inductive-discharge-style ignition, but with the points replaced by a solid-state switching device called an electronic ignition-control module. The module works like an electrical switch, turning power on and off to the ignition coil. This, in turn, causes the coil to generate spark.
One of the reasons HEI is able to deliver more spark is that, thanks to the electronic ignition-control module, it can safely operate at much higher current loads. On a points-style distributor, the ballast resistor wire limits voltage and reduces current to the distributor. It does this because points can't handle more than about 2 amps of primary current without having their operating life significantly reduced.
Another function of the control module is the management of the dwell circuit. Dwell is the amount of time the primary circuit is closed to let current flow through the ignition coil between each spark. Long dwell times are needed with inductive ignitions, to allow the ignition coil to become fully charged before firing. This is especially important during high-rpm operation, because there is less time to charge the coil between each spark.
Since an HEI system produces more voltage and amperage output than a points-style distributor, a larger-diameter distributor cap is needed to prevent voltage from cross-firing inside the cap. If you're thinking about an upgrade, make sure your vehicle has enough clearance between the engine and firewall. Note that these larger distributor caps also typically incorporate enough room for the ignition coil to be housed internally, making the HEI distributor a self-contained unit.
Upgrading from Points to HEI
There are a lot of options when upgrading from a points-style distributor to an HEI one. The first is to obtain a good salvage-yard replacement. Remember, the 1974-1980 HEI distributors used the same advance weights, springs, and stops as most of the points-type units, making this a great, economical upgrade. (Be sure to select a replacement distributor with a four-pin control module. The fifth pin was only used on vehicles equipped with knock sensors.)
Some of the early HEI distributors have a reputation for breaking up at around 5,000 rpm, so you may want to avoid units made in 1974 and 1975. Fortunately GM rectified this problem early on by upgrading the ignition modules and coils to offer greater spark energy at these higher engine-rpm levels.
Note that it's critical to provide key-on battery voltage to an HEI distributor. Remember, on a points-style distributor, an inline ballast resistor or resistance wire decreases the voltage from the battery to around 9.5 volts when running.
Points-style distributors do use 12 volts when cranking. This is achieved with a bypass wire located between the starter-solenoid (R) terminal and the coil (+) terminal. This terminal is only "hot" when the key is in the crank position.
On most 1970-and-earlier vehicles equipped an external voltage regulator, there will be two wires providing key-on voltage to the coil. One wire is hot when the ignition switch is in the crank position, providing battery voltage to the coil. The other wire is hot when the ignition switch is in the run position, providing approximately 9.5 volts.
Starting in 1971, vehicles using an alternator equipped with an internally regulated voltage regulator usually did not use an inline ballast resistor, but instead used a resistance wire.
When converting from a points-style distributor to an HEI unit on most 1970-and-earlier vehicles, it's a good idea to run a new 12-gauge wire from the BAT terminal in the HEI distributor cap, then splice into the ignition key on the main feed wire (usually the pink one). Be sure to install an inline fuse in this lead, and solder and shrink-wrap all the connections.
If the wiring harness has an inline ballast resistor, or the ignition switch is located in the dashboard, you may need to use the cranking bypass wire to supply the distributor with battery voltage when the switch is in the crank position.
You can use a test light or voltmeter to see if your newly installed key-on main feed wire has battery voltage when cranking. If necessary, splice the bypass wire with the new 12-gauge ignition-feed wire and eliminate the ballast resistor.
It's important to match the ignition coil and control module. For example, if you decide to run an aftermarket coil, it's a good idea to replace the module with one built (or at least recommended) by the same manufacturer. Most aftermarket ignition companies sell matched coil-and-module sets to ensure optimal ignition performance.
In testing aftermarket HEI conversions, I've found that a spark-plug gap of approximately 0.040-0.045 inch (up from the factory-recommended 0.035-inch) typically provides the best possible engine performance. Remember to also install new HEI plug wires.
All 1981-and-later HEI distributors employed Electronic Spark Timing (EST), meaning they were controlled electronically by the Electronic Control Module (ECM). The ECM monitored information from various engine sensors, computed the required spark timing, and then signaled the distributor to change the timing accordingly. With this system there was no longer a need for vacuum or mechanical advance. This makes these second-generation distributors impractical for use as a simple HEI replacement.
Installing HEI Conversion Kits
If you'd prefer to keep your engine looking stock, there are a few HEI conversion kits—such as the Pertronix Ignitor kit shown—that will fit inside your existing points distributor, where the points and condenser are mounted. This kit is essentially a Hall Effect trigger, with no external control module. In fact, the only evidence that you're running an electronic ignition is a small wire running to the positive side of the coil, and even this can be routed unobtrusively.
When using the Ignitor kit, Pertronix also recommends installing one of its Flame-Thrower coils. These coils are black, so if you peel off the label, they look similar to the factory piece.
If you plan on running your engine much past 5,000 rpm, the company recommends one of its full HEI ignition upgrades. These kits are good up to 7,500 rpm and come with everything you need to perform an HEI conversion, including the following:
- Adjustable vacuum advance with a range of 0 to 22 degrees
- A new ignition module with wiring harness and capacitor
- A selection of advance springs and weights
- An ignition coil
- A distributor cap with solid-brass terminals and ignition-rotor button
If you don't like the conversion idea, and a factory HEI distributor won't clear the firewall on your application, you could always install one of the custom billet distributors available in the aftermarket. The process of installing a billet distributor is similar to the stock-HEI conversion method.
I'm still an "old-school" guy at heart and believe in leaving everything stock. Even so, I have to admit that there are a lot of advantages to an HEI conversion. As for whether it's right for your Corvette, only can make that decision.
Got a question for our Tech Corner expert? Just jot it down on a paper towel or a lightly soiled shop rag and send it to us at VETTE Magazine, Attn: Technically Speaking, 9036 Brittany Way, Tampa, FL 33619. Alternatively, you can submit your question via the Web, by emailing it to us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Be sure to put "Technically Speaking" in the subject line.
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North Little Rock is a city in Pulaski County, Arkansas, across the Arkansas from Little Rock in the central part of the state. The population was 64,591 at the 2020 census. In 2019 the estimated population was 65,903, making it the seventh-most populous city in the state. North Little Rock, along with Little Rock and Conway, anchors the six-county Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area (2014 population 729,135), which is further included in the Little Rock-North Little Rock Combined Statistical Area with 902,443 residents. The city's downtown is anchored in the Argenta Historic District, the location of Dickey-Stephens Park, home of the Arkansas Travelers minor league baseball team, and Simmons Bank Arena, the metropolitan area's main entertainment venue.
17th Street Park, Amboy, Arkansas Little Rock Mission, Arrowhead Manor, Baucum, Big Dam Bridge, Burns Park, Campbell Lake Park, Colony West, Cook's Landing Park, Crestview Park, Downtown Little Rock Partnership, East Little Rock, Echo Valley Neighborhood Park, Emerald Park


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Subscribe to Cases that cite 296 U. S. 261U.S. Supreme Court
Clyde Mallory Lines v. Alabama, 296 U.S. 261 (1935)
Clyde Mallory Lines v. Alabama ex rel. State Docks Commission
No. 43
Argued November 15, 1935
Decided December 9, 1935
1. Article I, § 10, Clause 3, of the Constitution, providing that no State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, chanrobles.com-red
embraces taxes and duties which operate to impose a charge for the privilege of entering, trading in, or lying in a port. P. 296 U. S. 264.
2. Invalidity under this clause depends upon the basis of the exaction, not upon measure by tonnage. P. 296 U. S. 266.
3. This clause does not prevent a reasonable charge to defray the expense of policing service rendered by the State to insure safety and facility of movement of vessels using its harbors. P. 296 U. S. 266.
4. State harbor regulation, and charges to defray the cost, though they may incidentally affect foreign or interstate commerce, are not forbidden by the commerce clause so long as they do not impede the free flow of commerce or conflict with any regulation of Congress. P. 296 U. S. 267.
229 Ala. 624, 159 So. 53, affirmed.
Appeal from a judgment affirming a recovery of harbor fees, in an action by the Docks Commission against the Steamship Company.
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case is here on appeal under § 237(a) of the Judicial Code, 28 U.S.C. § 344(a), from a judgment of the Supreme Court of Alabama, 229 Ala. 624, 159 So. 53, which affirmed a money judgment of the Circuit Court of Mobile County for the recovery of "harbor fees" from appellant.
Appellee, the State Docks Commission, is a state agency authorized to conduct "the operation of all harbors and seaports within the State" and to "adopt rules not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act for the purpose of regulating, controlling and conducting the said operation" and with power
"to fix from time to time reasonable rates of charges for all services and for the use of all improvements and facilities provided under the authority
of this Act."
No. 303, Alabama Gen. Acts of 1923, p. 330; No. 1, Ala.Gen. Acts of 1927, pp. 1, 8, 12, 13.
By resolution of March 5, 1924, appellee adopted rules and regulations for the Port of Mobile, for the control, under the direction of a "chief wharfinger" or harbor master, of the movement, disposition, and anchorage of vessels passing in and out of and using the port. By resolution of February 11, 1928, these rules were readopted, and a new rule was added prohibiting the discharge of fuel oil into the harbor by vessels and manufacturing plants. The rules also established a schedule of "harbor fees," for mooring and shifting vessels in the harbor, and for all vessels of specified classes entering the harbor, including a fee of $7,50 for vessels "500 tons and over." Appellants operate vessels of more than 500 tons in the coastwise trade between New York and Mobile, and the present suit was brought by appellee to recover fees incurred by reason of the call of appellant's vessels at Mobile.
The authority of appellee, under the laws and Constitution of the state, to adopt the harbor rules and schedule of fees is not questioned, and the reasonableness of the $7.50 fee is conceded. But appellant insists that its imposition is prohibited by Art. I, § 10, Clause 3, of the Constitution, which provides that "no State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage," and that it is a burden on interstate commerce forbidden by the commerce clause.
The Supreme Court of Alabama found that the contested fee was a charge made for the policing of the harbor under the rules adopted by the appellee to insure the safety of vessels and the dispatch of shipping within the port, by regulating the speed of vessels, their movement and anchorage, and by providing for their protection from danger of fire occasioned by the uncontrolled discharge of oil into the harbor. chanrobles.com-red
The record amply supports this conclusion. Appellee's resolution adopting the harbor fees declared that they were
"for the purpose of meeting the expense attendant upon the supervision of the port and the execution of the regulations and providing for the proper accommodation of vessels at this port."
The rules are plainly devised to insure the safety of vessels and to facilitate their use of the harbor. They regulate, within the harbor, the disposition of the rigging of sailing ships, the speed and mooring of vessels, the selection and change of their anchorage, their loading and unloading, and the use of lighters, barges, and rafts. They require the arrival of all vessels at the port to be reported to the chief wharfinger, and charge him with
"responsibility for selecting and changing anchorages of and for the movements of vessels into and out of slips or berths, and with all other ship movements that effect a fair joint use of the facilities of the port."
The evidence shows that ship movements within the port are carried on under his active supervision and control.
The $7.50 fee is conceded not to be a charge for the use of the state docks or for mooring and shifting vessels, for which specific charges are levied. It is the only fee attributable to the general service rendered by the commission in securing the benefits and protection of the rules to shipping in the harbor. We accept the conclusion of the state court that it is charged for a policing service rendered by the state in the aid of the safe and efficient use of its port, and we address ourselves to the question whether such a fee is forbidden by the Constitution either because it is a "duty of tonnage" or an unwarranted burden on interstate commerce.
1. It seems clear that the prohibition against the imposition of any duty of tonnage was due to the desire of the framers to supplement Art. I, § 10, Clause 2, denying to the states power to lay duties on imports or exports, chanrobles.com-red
see 73 U. S. 35; Keokuk Northern Line Packet Co. v. Keokuk, 95 U. S. 80, 95 U. S. 87-88, by forbidding a corresponding tax on the privilege of access by vessels to the ports of a state, and to their doubts whether the commerce clause would accomplish that purpose. 296 U. S. 243. And duties of tonnage and duties on imports were known to commerce as levies upon the privilege of access by vessels or goods to the ports or to the territorial limits of a state and were distinct from fees or charges by authority of a state for services facilitating commerce, such as pilotage, towage, charges for loading and unloading cargoes, wharfage, storage, and the like. See 53 U. S. 314; Inman Steamship Co. v. Tinker, supra, 94 U. S. 243.
Hence, the prohibition against tonnage duties has been deemed to embrace all taxes and duties, regardless of their name or form, and even though not measured by the tonnage of the vessel, which operate to impose a charge for the chanrobles.com-red
privilege of entering, trading in, or lying in a port. Southern Steamship Co. v. Portwardens, supra; 79 U. S. 549-550. But it does not extend to charges made by state authority, even though graduated according to tonnage, for services rendered to and enjoyed by the vessel, such as pilotage, Cooley v. Board of Wardens, supra, or wharfage, Keokuk Northern Line Packet Co. v. Keokuk, supra; Northwestern Union Packet Co. v. St. Louis, 100 U. S. 423; Packet Co. v. Catlettsburg, 105 U. S. 559; Transportation Co. v. Parkersburg, 107 U. S. 691; Ouachita River Packet Co. v. Aiken, 121 U. S. 444, or charges for the use of locks on a navigable river, Huse v. Glover, supra, or fees for medical inspection, Morgan's Steamship Co. v. Board of Health,@ 118 U. S. 455.
Appellant places its reliance on those cases in which a tax, levied in the guise of wharfage or a charge for medical inspection, was condemned because imposed on all vessels entering a port, whether receiving the benefit of the service or not. See Southern Steamship Co. v. Portwardens, supra; Cannon v. New Orleans, supra; 86 U. S. Morgan, 19 Wall. 581. It argues that the present fees must similarly be condemned because imposed on all vessels entering the port, and points out that appellant has neither asked nor received any police service such as that which the state court regarded as the basis for the charge.
But the policing of a harbor so as to insure the safety and facility of movement of vessels using it differs from wharfage or other services which benefit only the particular vessels using them. It is not any the less a service beneficial to appellant because its vessels have not been given any special assistance. The benefits which flow from the enforcement of regulations, such as the present, to protect and facilitate traffic in a busy harbor inure to all who enter it. Upon this ground, among others, a chanrobles.com-red
fee for half pilotage imposed upon vessels such as were not required to take a pilot was upheld in Cooley v. Board of Wardens, supra, 53 U. S. 312-313. We conclude that a reasonable charge for a service such as the present is neither within the historic meaning of the phrase "duty of tonnage" nor the purpose of the constitutional prohibition.
It is unnecessary to consider other types of port charges, as for dredging or other forms of harbor improvement, with respect to which different considerations may apply.
2. The present fee to defray the cost of a purely local regulation of harbor traffic is not an objectionable burden on commerce. State regulations of harbor traffic, although they incidentally affect commerce, interstate or foreign, are of local concern. So long as they do not impede the free flow of commerce and are not made the subject of regulation by Congress, they are not forbidden. 27 U. S. 209; Cooley v. Board of Wardens, supra, 53 U. S. 314; 70 U. S. 631; Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U. S. 352, 363 [argument of counsel -- omitted], 230 U. S. 407. And charges levied by state authority to defray the cost of regulation or of facilities afforded in aid of interstate or foreign commerce have consistently been held to be permissible. Such charges were considered and upheld in Packet Co. v. Keokuk, supra; Morgan's Steamship Co. v. Board of Health, supra; Transportation Co. v. Parkersburg, supra, 107 U. S. 701, et seq.; Ouachita Packet Co. v. Aiken, supra, 121 U. S. 448 et seq.; Huse v. Glover, supra. See Sands v. Manistee River Improvement Co., 123 U. S. 288. A similar exercise of state power is the imposition of inspection chanrobles.com-red
or license fees incident to or in support of local regulations of interstate commerce. Patapsco Guano Co. v. Board of Agriculture, 171 U. S. 345; McLean & Co. v. Denver & Rio Grande R. Co., 203 U. S. 38, 203 U. S. 54; Red "C" Oil Mfg. Co. v. Board of Agriculture, 222 U. S. 380; Savage v. Jones, 225 U. S. 501; Merchants' Exchange v. Missouri, 248 U. S. 365; Pure Oil Co. v. Minnesota, 248 U. S. 158. Its most recent manifestation is the levy of a tax which represents a reasonable charge upon interstate automobile traffic passing over state highways, upheld in Kane v. New Jersey, 242 U. S. 160; Clark v. Poor, 274 U. S. 554; Interstate Busses Corp. v. Blodgett, 276 U. S. 245; Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U. S. 610.
* The adoption of the duty of tonnage clause followed a motion of Maryland delegates that "[n]o state shall be restricted from laying duties of tonnage for the purpose of clearing harbors and erecting light houses." Despite the assertion that such works were peculiarly necessary in the Chesapeake, the convention proved hostile to state tonnage levies. There was uncertainty whether the commerce clause would forbid such duties: Gouverneur Morris said that it would not, Madison thought that it should, Sherman argued for a concurrent power over commerce with power in the United States to control state regulations. Whereupon the clause was added in its present form. See Madison's Notes of the Convention (for Sept. 15, 1787).