text:
Radar Assaults & Faraday Cages
"Radar emissions can travel through thick steal on navy ships, information for those who believe in the "tin foil hat" protect measure."
"One main area of focus in this subjugation routine are the testicles, destroying the fertility of males targeted in Quebec, ethnic cleansing"
The strategy of British regimes, their secret police, and police is denial that citizens are assaulted by radar energy assault weapons in attempts to subjugate them or inflict deadly cancers. It would be very easy for them to provide microwave spectrum equipment or RF police to detect and locate the origins of these assaults. The assaults are from neighboring homes, underground emitters that shoot upwards, weaponization of space, and in public places. Citizens are faced with denial and threats of police psychiatric intervention that leads to incarceration. Some would call this corruption, organized crime, or tyranny. In the french province of Quebec in Canada it is linked to threats of referendums, separation, land disputes, a secret police routine that uses homelessness to corner citizens for subjugation. In Quebec with their social programs and welfare the french still prospered, the English regime added energy assault weapons to corner targeted citizens through denial and to destroy their fertility, which is ethnic cleansing. The subjugation or degradation strategy is also in Pakistan, Bangladesh, acid violence over land disputes, Pakistan a British royal kingdom and Canada ally, Canada gave them nuclear missiles.
Human right defenders and citizens who are targeted by the secret police and mob in Canada need a faraday cage, the mob is using energy assault weapons, powerful radar, to inflict different deadly cancers. It involves workplace psychological harassment being extended to criminal harassment networks and their use of surveillance technology combined with energy assaults, subjugate or degrade through serious illness, cancer, castration, disfigure, homelessness, .. ,. It is a British regime hidden dictatorship strategy that involves subjugating the population through organized crime and "aggressive leadership" strategy.
Thick metal plates, thick copper wires or cables, and a good ground source like a city-household's copper pluming are what is needed for a good faraday cage and protection against radar assaults from neighboring homes or any other source.
Notes: Another problem technology used by organized crime, focused ultra sound, the weakness is water containers. Water for close proximity assaults from neighboring apartments, homes, underground emitters may not attenuate with water and may attenuate energy radar assaults from distant homes and the weaponization of space. The main factor is conductivity of the material. In metals the most conductive is silver followed by copper, aluminum, iron, galvanized steal, .. .
Electrical Conductivity, Dielectric Heating; 1) Dielectric Absorbers (ohmic energy loss of energy, conducting particles); 2) Magnetic Absorbers (the magnetic hysteresis). Sea Water is usually one of the highest ratings in radar attenuation, it has ions and conducts electricity, and absorbs energy.
If you think of a microwave oven water boils and metal "sparkles" because of their high dielectric ratings but safe for most dry, plastic and ceramic type, and non-metallic containers. If you think of a Faraday Cage, it's a metallic enclosure that is grounded, when microwaves or radar assaults hit the metal the energy is absorbed and conducted to the ground.
If you think about ground penetrating radar it is the moisture of the ground and its conductivity, clays, and the ferric content, ferric sand and rocks, slate with iron for example. If you think about the industry, it's about the thickness and density of concrete that contains metal.
If you look at this attenuation formula the two main components are electrical conductivity, like a faraday cage, and dielectric constant.
V = velocity in m/s,
ε = dielectric constant (dimensionless),
a = attenuation in decibels/m (db/m),
σ = electrical conductivity in mS/m.
GPR Attenuation Summary
The exponential attenuation coefficient, a, is primarily determined by the ability of the material to conduct electrical currents. In simple uniform materials this is usually the dominant factor; thus a measurement of electrical conductivity (or resistivity) determines attenuation.
In most materials energy is also lost to scattering from material variability and to water being present. Water has two effects; first, water contains ions which contribute to bulk conductivity. Second, the water molecule absorbs electromagnetic energy at high frequencies typically above 1000 MHz (exactly the same mechanism that accounts for why microwave ovens work).
Attenuation increases with frequency as depicted in Figure 2. In environments which are amenable to GPR sounding there is usually a plateau in the attenuation versus frequency curve which defines the "GPR window".
Attenuation varies with excitation frequency and material. This family of graphs depicts general trends. At low frequencies (<1 MHz) attenuation is primarily controlled by DC conductivity. At high frequencies (> 1000 MHz) water is a strong energy absorber.
Lowering frequency improves depth of exploration because attenuation primarily increases with frequency. As frequency decreases, however, two other fundamental aspects of the GPR measurement come into play.
"Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses a high-frequency (e.g. 40 to 1,500 MHz) EM pulse transmitted from a radar antenna to probe the earth." see Basic Concepts and Attenuation Chart
"At low frequencies (<1 MHz) attenuation is primarily controlled by DC conductivity. At high frequencies (> 1000 MHz) water is a strong energy absorber." see GPR Attenuation Summary
"The exponential attenuation coefficient, a, is primarily determined by the ability of the material to conduct electrical currents. In simple uniform materials this is usually the dominant factor; thus a measurement of electrical conductivity (or resistivity) determines attenuation."
Faraday Cages can be used to shield from and attenuate radar and microwaves. A faraday cage is simply a metal conductive inclosure that is grounded, as the radar hits the conductive metal inclosure the energy, the radar and microwaves, is absorbed and dispersed towards the ground.
Faraday cages cannot block static and slowly varying magnetic fields, such as Earth's magnetic field (a compass will still work inside). To a large degree though, they also shield the interior from external electromagnetic radiation, radar for example, if the conductor is thick enough, thick metal plates for example, and any holes are significantly smaller than the radiation's wavelength.
For example, certain computer forensic test procedures of electronic components or systems that require an environment devoid of electromagnetic interference may be conducted within a screen room. These screen rooms are essentially work areas that are completely enclosed by one or more layers of fine metal mesh or perforated sheet metal.
The metal layers are grounded to dissipate any electric currents generated from the external electromagnetic fields and thus block a large amount of the electromagnetic interference.
The reception of external radio signals, a form of electromagnetic radiation, through an antenna within a cage can be greatly attenuated or even completely blocked by the cage itself.
1. Metal Inclosure (if the conductor is think enough, ex: metal plates/sheet).
2. The metal layers are grounded to dissipate any electric currents generated from the external electromagnetic radiation (ex: radio waves, radar).
3. The reception of external radio signals, a form of electromagnetic radiation (radar for example), through an antenna within a cage can be greatly attenuated or even completely blocked by the cage itself.
Ground (electricity)
"In electronic circuit theory, a "ground" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential."
The Dirt On Ground Rods
"For installations with a longer service life, copper-bonded ground rods are the best fit. For many years, the copper cold water pipe has served as the primary grounding electrode for commercial & residential grounding."
Chemical Ground Electrode System
"ERITECH Chemical Ground Electrodes provide a low-impedance ground in locations of high soil resistivity. Together with GEM as backfill, the system dissipates lightning energy and other dangerous electrical fault currents, even in sandy or rocky soil conditions. Features -- 2-1/8 (54mm) OD Type K copper pipe contains natural electrolytic salts that permeate into the surrounding soil, lowering resistivity"
Microwave Spectrum Detection, RF Police
Silence! Scientists are listening to the universe
The area surrounding the Green Bank Radio Telescope may be the quietest place in America, banning cell phones, Wi-Fi, and other transmitters.
A List of Microwave Spectrum Detection Equipment
Taken from the "Green Bank Electronics Division Tools" website page
Major Test Equipment, Engineering Software, and other resources
The following provides a list of major test equipment, engineering software, and other resources available at the NRAO site in Green Bank, WV.
An ethernet local area network is available in all offices and laboratories, providing access to shared computer resources and the internet.
Microwave Test Equipment
Vector Network Analyzers
Anritsu 37397C Lightning VNA with time domain, 0.04-65.0 GHz in coax, with Oleson Microwave waveguide extender modules for 60-94 GHz in WR12, and 75-115 GHz in WR10. A Karl-Suss PM5 manual wafer probe machine is adjacent to the VNA, allowing on-wafer RF testing to 115 GHz.
HP 8720B VNA, 130MHz-20GHz with time domain.
HP 8753A VNA, 300kHz-3 GHz.
Noise Measurement
Agilent N8793A Noise Figure/Gain Analyzer, 10MHz-3GHz. Can control LOs to extend frequency range by using external converters.
NRAO built liquid nitrogen hot/cold loads and test sets for semi-automated swept noise temperature measurements.
Power Measurement
HP 436,437 Power Meter (3).
Agilent E4418B Power Meter (2).
Agilent E4416A Peak Power Meter with E9327A Peak Power Sensor.
Agilent 8487A,D 0.05-50GHz Power Sensors in 2.4mm Coax.
Agilent 8486 Waveguide Power Sensors in WR28,22,15, and 10 (26.5-110 GHz).
Other coaxial power sensors to 18 GHz.
Signal Sources
HP 83620A Synthesized Sweeper, 10MHz-20 GHz.
HP 83712B Synthesized Source, 10MHz-20 GHz.
Spectrum Measurement
HP 8566B Spectrum Analyzer, 100Hz-2.5GHz / 2-22 GHz.
HP 8563A Spectrum Analyzer, 9KHz-26.5GHz with external harmonic mixer for 26-40GHz.
Advantest R3261A Spectrum Analyzer, 9kHz-2.6 GHz.
Motorola R2009D Communications Service Monitor.
HP 3561A Dynamic Signal Analyzer, 0.125millihertz-100kHz (2).
Tektronix 2755P Spectrum Analyzer, 50KHz-21GHz.
HP 3048A Phase Noise Analyzer - a rack mounted system that includes an 8663A signal generator, a 3585A spectrum analyzer, other instruments, and control and measurement software.
Digital Test Equipment
Optical Fiber Equipment
Sumitomo Type 35 Fusion Splicer
Photon Kinetics Model 4000 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
Alcatel ASM142 Leak Detector
Swagelok CWS-D100 Orbital TIG Tubing Welder
Engineering Software
EM/Optics Analysis
CST's Microwave Studio is available on the local network.
Focus Software's Zemax (Optical raytrace and design program).
Microwave Design
Applied Wave Research's Microwave Office (circuit analysis, optimization, and layout) is available on the local network.
Optotek's MMICAD (circuit analysis and optimization) is available on the local network.
General Circuit Design
Intusoft's ICAP/4Rx Interactive Spice.
Autodesk's Autocad is available on the local network.
Assembly Equipment
Westbond 747677E-79 combination ball and wedge ultrasonic bonder.
Hand-held tools for surface-mount circuit repair and assembly.
A Portable Microwave Emissions Measurement Setup Picture
Sea Water Faraday Cage
Free Sea Water can be added to free containers as a cheap attenuation solution for anyone targeted from neighboring homes, .. , radiation technology, powerful radar, serious illness, lung cancer, leukemia, human rights violations. The water is also good protection against focused ultrasound aka HSS or LRAD systems technologies. If these sea water containers are grounded they may act as a faraday cage too, to increase the radar attenuation.
Sea Water Salt contains Magnesium, Mg2+ 3.7%, an Earth Metal, which makes the water conduct electricity. The idea is that Mg plays a high role in attenuation along with the water, water is a dielectric. The composition of Sea Water Salt is Cl− 55%, Na+ 30.6%, SO2−4 7.7%, Mg2+ 3.7%, Ca2+ 1.2%, K+ 1.1%. -- The composition of Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt) MgSO47H2O.
Water is strongly polar, with a region of dispersion, at 20 °C, centred around 17 GHz. It is also intrinsically dissociated, so that even de-ionized water cannot be treated as a dielectric at frequencies much below 1 MHz. Measurements at the high frequencies of the dispersion range contain, before about 1953, many errors shown by values of ′ and ″ mutually inconsistent with the simple Debye equations. It is established that water obeys these with some accuracy, the value of the dispersion coefficient α in the Cole–Cole equation not exceeding 0.05.
At frequencies higher than about 1 MHz (where the loss tangent passes through a minimum of about 5 × 10−3) values of ′ and ″ can be calculated from the Debye equations given in the introduction to this section, with accuracy better than is obtainable by interpolation in a table. The necessary values of s, ∞ and τ follow, chosen to give the best fit with internally consistent data.
Epidemiologic evidence relevant to radar (microwave) effects
"Four types of effects were originally reported in multiple studies: increased spontaneous abortion, shifts in red and white blood cell counts, increased somatic mutation rates in lymphocytes, and increased childhood, testicular, and other cancers."
[7] Abstract
Public and occupational exposures to microwave (RF) are of two main types. The first type of exposures are those connected with military and industrial uses and, to some extent broadcast exposures. It is this type that most of the data cited in this study draw upon. The second type, cellular telephones and their associated broadcast requirements, have raised concerns about current exposures because of their increasingly widespread use. Four types of effects were originally reported in multiple studies: increased spontaneous abortion, shifts in red and white blood cell counts, increased somatic mutation rates in lymphocytes, and increased childhood, testicular, and other cancers. In addition, there is evidence of generalized increased disability rates from a variety of causes in one study and symptoms of sensitivity reactions and lenticular opacity in at least one other. These findings suggest that RF exposures are potentially carcinogenic and have other health effects. Therefore, prudent avoidance of unneeded exposures is recommended as a precautionary measure. Epidemiologic studies of occupational groups such as military users and air traffic controllers should have high priority because their exposures can be reasonably well characterized and the effects reported are suitable for epidemiologic monitoring. Additional community studies are needed.
The Reality
The oceans and sea water attenuate radar and microwaves very quickly because they are both a dielectric and grounded like a faraday cage. Water is a dielectric, and grounded sea water containers can act similar to a faraday cage, a sea water faraday cage.
The reality when under attack through organized crime in some regimes is that you need both thick metal plates that are grounded with thick copper wires to a good ground source, like a house-hold's copper pipes that are connected to the city's water supply, to attenuate powerful radar assaults from neighboring homes or any other source, weaponization of space, .. , . A wall of water bottles or containers to shield from focused ultrasound types of weapons. The water is a dielectric, which helps attenuate the radar assaults and if grounded may attenuate more radar due to the faraday cage mechanism that has been mentioned.
New long lasting metal roofs that are grounded, the weaponization of space and tyrannical regimes, may help shield from these. Aluminum siding that is grounded my help from neighboring home assaults.
"My experience has been powerful radar assaults from neighboring homes combined with false allegations by the police, unlawful entry and search of a home, unlawful seizure of personal computers, and unlawful assessment orders for non-criminal responsibility before trial that if successful finds the accused guilty without a trial, circumvents these charter of rights violations, and makes the seizure and copies of personal computers legal. This is also combined with several police psychiatric intervention attempts through calls of "suspicious vehicles" that leads to incarceration during long and delayed criminal proceedings, and participating defense lawyers. Attempts to attenuate powerful radar assaults is justification for police psychiatric intervention that leads to incarceration at a psychiatric ward. Several months later the assaults came from a location that I did not expect, from below the home, emitters slipped under the home. Several neighbors moving away and new ones in fluctuation."
Several Videos and Illustrations
When attacked by these technologies, powerful radar assaults, most people are faced with isolation, limited knowledge and resources, and mobbing or criminal harassment participants who try to miss lead them as to how to protect themselves from these assaults to make it as expensive as possible, frustrating, and vulnerable for as long as possible to the repetitive assaults aimed at inflicting deadly cancers on the long term. The misleading and deception is also a part of mobbing, manipulation to inflict bitterness and anger, hate, to "burn them" through repetitive provocation once the damages have been inflicted, infertility, cancer, .. , death.
Faraday Cage Upgrade, Feb 6, 2012, Granite and Lead Panels
Powerful radar shielding panels that are made from granite and lead, connected to a metal faraday cage through aluminum tape. *the faraday cage really does work but it is a question of metal thickness, it needs to be thick. Grounded sea water containers may work as a type of faraday cage, water bottles attenuate another mobbing weapon, focused ultrasound.* (see the Articles section Radar Attenuation Technology Blog below ..solutions that I am currently using 1. .. 2. .. 3. ..).
Coca-Cola Faraday Cage
The sea water or salt water faraday cage is probably the cheapest powerful radar attenuation method that I can think of and also shields from focused ultra sound technology or weapon type. Rocks or other material can also be placed inside the plastic containers with the sea water.
Water (Sea Water) Faraday Cage part 1
Ground Rods and Bottle of Salt for Potential 2
"I'm connecting bottles of salt to the ground rods in attempts to increase potential and radar attenuation for my faraday cage. I don't know if this actually works."
Faraday Cage Upgrade, Feb 6, 2012, Granite and Lead Panels
Faraday Cage Upgrade Dec 6, 2011
Faraday Cage Upgrade Dec 4, 2011
Faraday Cage Nov 24, 2011
Faraday Cage, Human Rights Defender in Canada
"The British regimes extended workplace psychological harassment to criminal harassment networks, they use homelessness to trap or corner targeted citizens for subjugation. With gun control a new subjugation measure has emerged in British regimes, which involves denial and ridicule. They combine police false allegations with repetitive energy assault weapons, powerful types of radar assaults "you have to turn or die of cancer" aka you have to be subjugated by organized crime, blame is directed towards the police to hide regime subjugation. Serious illness and cancer homicides are hidden through the medical system, a low gun homicide rate." -- "They surround a home with participants, targeted citizens are assaulted in there own homes from neighboring homes with energy assault weapons, underground emitters are slipped under a home that shoot upwards, weaponization of space that targets the top of the head and brain, and public places along with criminal harassment network participants."
A faraday cage connection bar I created using a copper pipe.
Dielectric shielding materials, one is 18" x 18" travertine tile (CaCO3) calcium an earth metal, and green shredded leaves in a water bottle.
Different electrical grounding technics for the faraday cage. One is the household copper plumbing linked to the city's water system and the other ground rods.
Metal roof plates and floor connections.
A van is already a faraday cage, connecting floor with faraday cage.
Very wet ground, copper pipe ground rods, house hold copper plumbing ground for faraday cage.
Faraday Cage and Dielectric Shielding, Travertine (Calcium)
A clip from inside my faraday cage, the side next to another home and closest proximity energy assault weapon, types of radar.
On this video you see about a foot thick of travertine, calcium carbonate, which is similar to limestone, and dolomite rocks in water containers, which contain calcium and magnesium. The main factor in energy assault weapons shielding from these types of radar is conductivity, a faraday cage, but dielectric material helps too. The faraday cage and its copper wire can also be seen.
A picture that illustrates a mobbing and homicide strategy - CNN iReport
A picture that illustrates a mobbing and homicide strategy, combining criminal allegations with powerful radar assaults with the intent on inflicting deadly cancers.
Evaluation of Road Pavement Density Using Ground Penetrating Radar
From the Fig. 6, it can be found that the density of the road pavement is proportional with attenuation for all the frequencies. In other words, the high density would produce the high attenuation. This due to the fact that the more electromagnetic energy will be absorbed more by the molecules of the road pavement with high density compared with the lower density. This is valid for all frequencies as can be seen in Fig. 6a-d. Besides, it also clearly can be seen that the increasing of the frequency would produced the highest attenuation. It can be proved in Fig. 6d, the highest frequency, 2.6 GHz produce the range of the attenuation is from 57.09 to 71.09 dB whereas the lowest frequency, 1.7 GHz produces the range from 38.88 to 50.98 dB as can be seen in Fig. 6d and a, respectively. Thus, it is interesting to note that density plays an important factor in causing a major difference in the attenuation of GPR signal. -- From Fig. 6, as expected, the attenuation increases with the increasing of density. Generally, the measured attenuation of various road pavement samples shows a good agreement and acceptable results. The proportional relationship between the attenuation and density show that this approach is suitable in this purpose. From the results, it is interesting to consider that based on the characteristic of road pavement molecules, a microwave passing through the road pavement is absorbed by the molecules and the quantity of attenuation change according to the density. --
This study discussed an approach to get a relationship between attenuation and density for various densities of pavement slab samples. From the results, it can be concluded that the different density of pavement slab sample gave an effect for received signal strength and attenuation where the attenuation will increase with the increasing of the density. It is found that density plays an important factor in causing a major difference in the recorded signal strength. Therefore ground penetrating radar data is influenced greatly by density, the void from the materials that will cause power strength data difference and frequencies used whether in the range of 1.7 GHz towards 2.6 GHz. It is also can be found that the increasing of the frequency will causes increasing of the attenuation. The recommended frequency in this study is 1.7 GHz because it gave a more consistent reading and low sensitivity compared with other frequencies such as 2.6 GHz. The four best fitting equations from the results also produce the linear equations where the density will increase with the increasing of attenuation. The figure can be used as a calibration chart where the values of density can be read out directly once the attenuation value are known at various testing. In future development, the GPR result from this study can be used for further GPR research that capable to characterize more properties of road pavement sample.
Ground-Penetrating Radar
Basic Concept
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses a high-frequency (e.g. 40 to 1,500 MHz) EM pulse transmitted from a radar antenna to probe the earth. The transmitted radar pulses are reflected from various interfaces within the ground, and this return is detected by the radar receiver. Reflecting interfaces may be soil horizons, the groundwater surface, soil/rock interfaces, man-made objects, or any other interface possessing a contrast in dielectric properties. The dielectric properties of materials correlate with many of the mechanical and geologic parameters of materials.
The radar signal is imparted to the ground by an antenna that is in close proximity to the ground. The reflected signals can be detected by the transmitting antenna or by a second, separate receiving antenna. The received signals are processed and displayed on a graphic recorder. As the antenna (or antenna pair) is moved along the surface, the graphic recorder displays results in a cross-section record or radar image of the earth. As GPR has short wavelengths in most earth materials, resolution of interfaces and discrete objects is very good. However, the attenuation of the signals in earth materials is high, and depths of penetration seldom exceed 10 m. Clay materials with a high cation exchange capacity increase the attenuation and decreasing penetration. Additonally, the presence of solutes or other substances which increase the electrical conductance of groundwater and have the same attenuation and penetration results.
The objective of GPR surveys is to map near-surface interfaces. For many surveys, the location of objects such as tanks or pipes in the subsurface is the objective. Dielectric properties of materials are not measured directly. The method is most useful for detecting changes in the geometry of subsurface interfaces.
Geologic problems conducive to solution by GPR methods are numerous and include the following: bedrock configuration, location of pipes and tanks, location of the groundwater surface, borrow investigations, and others. Geologic and geophysical objectives determine the specific field parameters and techniques. Delineation of the objectives and the envelope of acceptable parameters are specified in advance. However, as the results cannot be foreseen from the office, considerable latitude is given to the field geophysicist to incorporate changes in methods and techniques.
The following questions are important considerations in advance of a GPR survey.
What is the target depth? Though target detection has been reported under unusually favorable circumstances at depths of 100 m or more, a careful feasibility evaluation is necessary if the investigation depths need to exceed 10 m.
What is the target geometry? Size, orientation, and composition are important.
a) What are the electrical properties of the target? As with all geophysical methods, a contrast in physical properties must be present. Dielectric constant and electrical conductivity are the important parameters. Conductivity is most likely to be known or easily estimated.
b) What are the electrical properties of the host material? Both the electrical properties and homogeneity of the host must be evaluated. Attenuation of the signal is dependent on the electrical properties and on the number of minor interfaces that will scatter the signal.
c) Are there any possible interfering effects? Radio frequency transmitters, extensive metal structures (including cars) and power poles are probable interfering effects for GPR.
The physics of electromagnetic wave propagation are beyond the scope of this manual. However, there are two physical parameters of materials that are important in wave propagation at GPR frequencies. One property is conductivity (σ), the inverse of electrical resistivity (ρ). The relationships of earth material properties to conductivity, measured in mS/m (1/1,000 Ωm), are given in the section on electrical methods.
The other physical property of importance at GPR frequencies is the dielectric constant (ε), which is dimensionless. This property is related to how a material reacts to a steady-state electric field; that is, conditions where a potential difference exists but no charge is flowing. Such a condition exists between the plates of a charged capacitor. A vacuum has the lowest ε, and the performance of other materials is related to that of a vacuum. Materials made up of polar molecules, such as water, have a high ε. Physically, a great deal of the energy in an EM field is consumed in interaction with the molecules of water or other polarizable materials. Thus, waves propagating through such a material both go slower and are subject to more attenuation.
Earth Material Properties
The roles of two earth materials that cause important variations in the EM response in a GPR survey need to be appreciated. The ubiquitous component of earth materials is water; the other material is clay. At GPR frequencies, the polar nature of the water molecule causes it to contribute disproportionately to the displacement currents that dominate the current flow at GPR frequencies. Thus, if significant amounts of water are present, the ε will be high, and the velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic wave will be lowered. Clay materials with their trapped ions behave similarly. Additionally, many clay minerals also retain water.
The physical parameters in table 18 are typical for the Characterization of earth materials. The range for each parameter is large; thus, the application of these parameters for field use is not elementary.
Simplified equations for attenuation and velocity (at low loss) are:
V = velocity in m/s,
ε = dielectric constant (dimensionless),
a = attenuation in decibels/m (db/m),
σ = electrical conductivity in mS/m.
A common evaluation parameter is dynamic range or performance figure for the specific GPR system. The performance figure represents the total attenuation loss during the two-way transit of the EM wave that allows reception; greater losses will not be recorded. As sample calculations, consider a conductive material (σ = 100 mS/m) with some water content (ε=20). The above equations indicate a velocity of 0.07 m per nanosecond (m/ns) and an attenuation of 38 dB/m. A GPR system with 100 dB of dynamic range used for this material will cause the signal to become undetectable in 2.6 m of travel.
The transit time for 2.6 m of travel would be 37 to 38 ns. This case might correspond geologically to a clay material with some water saturation. Alternatively, consider a dry material (ε=5) with low conductivity (σ = 5 mS/m). The calculated velocity is 0.13 m/ns and the attenuation is 3.8 dB/m, corresponding to a distance of 26‑27 m for 100 dB of attenuation and a travel time of 200 ns or more. This example might correspond to dry sedimentary rocks.
These large variations in velocity and especially attenuation are the cause of success (target detection) and failure (insufficient penetration) for surveys in apparently similar geologic settings. As exhaustive catalogs of the properties of specific earth materials are not readily available, most GPR work is based on trial and error and empirical findings.
Table 1. Electromagnetic properties of earth materials.
Material | E | Condutivity |
Velocity, (m/ns)
Attenuation, (dB/m) |
Air | 1 | 0 |
0 |
Distilled Water | 80 | 0.001 |
0.002 |
Frest Water | 80 | 0.5 |
0.1 |
Sea Water | 80 | 3,000 |
1,000 |
Dry Sand | 3-5 | 0.01 |
0.01 |
Wet Sand | 20-30 | 0.1-1 |
0.03-0.3 |
Limestone | 4-8 | 0.5-2 |
0.4-1 |
Shales | 5-15 | 1-100 |
1-100 |
Silts | 5-30 | 1-100 |
1-100 |
Clays | 5-40 | 2-1,000 |
1-300 |
Granite | 4-6 | 0.01-1 |
0.01-1 |
Dry Salt | 5-6 | 0.01-1 |
0.01-1 |
Ice | 3-4 | 0.01 |
0.01 |
Metal |
Microwave Research: Industry Canada Spectrum Management and Telecommunications
Microwave (radar) Technology:
UWB 1.6–10.5 GHz 18.75 cm – 2.8 cm used for through-the-wall radar and imaging systems.
Weather Radar etc:
S 2–4 GHz 7.5–15 cm 'S' for 'short'
C 4–8 GHz 3.75–7.5 cm
X 8–12 GHz 2.5–3.75 cm
Longer waves like UWB can penetrate through walls or dry objects.
Radar frequency bands Band name Frequency range Wavelength range Notes
HF 3–30 MHz 10–100 m coastal radar systems, over-the-horizon radar (OTH) radars; 'high frequency'
P < 300 MHz 1 m+ 'P' for 'previous', applied retrospectively to early radar systems
VHF 30–300 MHz 1–10 m Very long range, ground penetrating; 'very high frequency'
UHF 300–1000 MHz 0.3–1 m Very long range (e.g. ballistic missile early warning), ground penetrating, foliage penetrating; 'ultra high frequency'
L 1–2 GHz 15–30 cm Long range air traffic control and surveillance; 'L' for 'long'
S 2–4 GHz 7.5–15 cm Moderate range surveillance, Terminal air traffic control, long-range weather, marine radar; 'S' for 'short'
C 4–8 GHz 3.75–7.5 cm Satellite transponders; a compromise (hence 'C') between X and S bands; weather; long range tracking
X 8–12 GHz 2.5–3.75 cm Missile guidance, marine radar, weather, medium-resolution mapping and ground surveillance; in the USA the narrow range 10.525 GHz ±25 MHz is used for airport radar; short range tracking. Named X band because the frequency was a secret during WW2.
Ku 12–18 GHz 1.67–2.5 cm high-resolution
K 18–24 GHz 1.11–1.67 cm from German kurz, meaning 'short'; limited use due to absorption by water vapour, so Ku and Ka were used instead for surveillance. K-band is used for detecting clouds by meteorologists, and by police for detecting speeding motorists. K-band radar guns operate at 24.150 ± 0.100 GHz.
Ka 24–40 GHz 0.75–1.11 cm mapping, short range, airport surveillance; frequency just above K band (hence 'a') Photo radar, used to trigger cameras which take pictures of license plates of cars running red lights, operates at 34.300 ± 0.100 GHz.
mm 40–300 GHz 7.5 mm – 1 mm millimetre band, subdivided as below. The frequency ranges depend on waveguide size. Multiple letters are assigned to these bands by different groups. These are from Baytron, a now defunct company that made test equipment.
V 40–75 GHz 4.0 - 7.5 mm Very strongly absorbed by atmospheric oxygen, which resonates at 60 GHz.
W 75–110 GHz 2.7 – 4.0 mm used as a visual sensor for experimental autonomous vehicles, high-resolution meteorological observation, and imaging.
UWB 1.6–10.5 GHz 18.75 cm – 2.8 cm used for through-the-wall radar and imaging systems.
Radar engineering: Radar components
A radars components are:
* A transmitter that generates the radio signal with an oscillator such as a klystron or a magnetron and controls its duration by a modulator.
* A waveguide that links the transmitter and the antenna.
* A duplexer that serves as a switch between the antenna and the transmitter or the receiver for the signal when the antenna is used in both situations.
* A receiver. Knowing the shape of the desired received signal (a pulse), an optimal receiver can be designed using a matched filter.
* An electronic section that controls all those devices and the antenna to perform the radar scan ordered by a software.
* A link to end users.
Dielectric Heating and RF Capacitance
"The listed dielectric constant values will assist you in determining when an RF Capacitance level monitor can be used. The lower the dielectric constant of the material the more difficult the material will be to detect. RF Capacitance probes can detect material with a minimum dielectric constant of 1.5. Some materials within this reference guide fall below this minimum dielectric constant, so RF Capacitance probes are not recommended for use with such materials. Contact the supplier when working with a low dielectric constant for application assistance."
A few listed dielectric values for their high RF Capacitance.
Limestone 20
Alcohol, methyl 33.6
Glycerine 47
Peat 80
Sea water 88
Corn, sugar, liquid 115
Water 45-120
Wet Foliage
"Wet foliage" is a radar attenuation term, and peat is a good dielectric, so a cheap dielectric solution may consist of placing green leaves in water containers.
Magnetic and Dielectric Microwave Absorbing Thin Sheets
The aim of this work is to present radar cross section (RCS) measurements of a panel constituted of a flat aluminum plate with and without radar absorbing materials (RAM) type thin rubber sheets, in the range of 8 – 12 GHz. Two different loads were evaluated in the RAM formulation: 1. Magnetic (ferrites - MnZn, NiZn and MgZn based), and 2. Dielectric (conducting polymers - polyaniline based). -- Radar absorbing materials can be classified in two broad categories, either dielectric or magnetic absorbers [1-7]. Dielectric absorbers depend on the ohmic loss of energy that can be achieved by loading lossy fillers like carbon, graphite, conducting polymers or metal particles/powder into a polymeric matrix. Among the dielectric properties can be cited the dielectric constant and the loss tangent (tan Æ). Magnetic absorbers depend on the magnetic hysteresis effect, which is obtained when particles like ferrites are filled into a polymeric matrix [4,5].
1. Magnetic: MnZn, NiZn, MgZn ferrites and iron carbonyl in an elastomeric matrix (urethane or silicone rubber), in the form of thin flexible sheets. The loads were filled in the matrix with ratio weight of 20% MnZn, 10%NiZn, 5% MgZn and 5% iron carbonyl. Physico-chemical characteristics of the fillers and the polyurethane and silicone resins as well as the sheet preparation procedures were previously described [1, 9-12, 14-16].
2. Dielectric: conducting polymer - based on polyaniline (PAni), in a elastomeric matrix (EPDM – etilene-propilenediene terpolymer), in form of thin flexible sheets. Blends of EPDM/doped PAni were prepared in an internal mixer coupled to a torque Rheometer (Haake Rheocord 90) in a ratio 70/30 w/w. This procedure was previously described [13,17-19]. III
The results showed a RCS reduction of 55-98% and of 40-95%, when the magnetic and the dielectric panels, were impinged at normal incidence, respectively.
The magnetic sheets showed more effective to attenuate the incident radiation that the RAM loaded with conducting polymer in the frequence range of 8-12 GHz. However, considering that PAni loaded RAM is nearly five times lighter than the magnetic one, its application in aeronautical field is very promising.
Radar absorbing materials based on titanium thin film
RAM are characterized by converting the energy of electromagnetic wave into thermal energy. Such materials are classified in two types, according to their interactions with the electromagnetic wave: materials with dielectric losses, which interact with the wave electric field, and materials with magnetic losses, which interact with the wave magnetic field.
The RAM studied in this paper is a metallic thin film with dielectric losses. In this case, when an external electric field is applied, several electric dipoles on the dielectric material (thin film) are formed. These dielectric dipoles are guided by the applied electric field. The interaction between the dipoles and the electric field leads to the formation of aligned dipoles, according to the applied electric field, enabling the material to store potential electric energy (Folgueras and Rezende, 2007). -- As mentioned in the literature, metals are excellent reflectors of microwaves, since they tend to keep null the electric field on their surfaces (Mayes, 2006). However, some metals and transition metals may behave as absorbers when reduced to nanometer thickness. As previously cited, Kantal films with thicknesses varying from 10 to 200 nm perform effectively as RAM when used as coating on waveguide internal walls (Bhat, Datta and Suresh, 1998). In comparison to conventional RAM, the nanometer films can present similar electromagnetic wave attenuation performance, but they are lighter. -- Therefore, thin films are able to interact with the electromagnetic wave, forming electric dipoles. In this particular case, the mechanism of absorption is based on the polarization of the metallic film and losses. Firstly, when the electromagnetic wave reaches the film it becomes polarized by the wave electric field and, consequently, electric current (Eddy currents) is produced due to the induced polarization. After that, the electromagnetic wave energy is changed into heat through the known Joule effect (Balanis, 1989; Nohara, 2003), due to the presence of defects in the crystalline structure of the nanofilm, which confers resistance to the electric current.
Aluminum is a very good conductor similar to Copper, Lead is very dense and used for this reason in many different industrial applications, Titanium is a very strong metal and microwaves can actually bounce because of this hardness, Magnesium is the earth metal in the oceans, high attenuation, and has different properties linked to its name, magnetic wave interference aka MgZn (magnetic hysteresis effects).
An enamel paint is a paint that dries to an especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Enamel paints sometimes contain glass powder or tiny metal flake fragments instead of the color pigments found in standard oil-based paints. Enamel paint is sometimes mixed with varnish or urethane to increase shine as well as assist its hardening process.
Pigment or Filler
Natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. -- Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalo blue, red iron oxide, and many others.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure and increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as diatomaceous earth, talc, lime, barytes, clay, etc. -- Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with the less toxic substitute, titanium white (titanium dioxide), -- Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. When used as a pigment, it is called Titanium White, Pigment White 6, or CI 77891. -- Baryte, or barite, (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate.[2] The baryte group consists of baryte, celestine, anglesite and anhydrite. Baryte itself is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of barium. Baryte and celestine form a solid solution (Ba,Sr)SO4.[1] -- Baryte that is used as an aggregate in a "heavy" cement -- Permanent White: Barium sulphate (heavy spar), used as a white pigment or paint, -- . Talc is a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2.
Magnesium (Mg)
In vegetation magnesium is the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers. -- (this is linked to a theory that trees and plant life absorb of radation from the sun, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, etc., and deforestation leads to increase the Earth's core temperature when it absorbs more radiation from the sun and through climate change, which is similar to the radiation being reflected back into space by the white ice sheets in the north and south poles. Increasing the Earth's core temperature is linked to increasing volcanic activity, which is linked to the 5 mass extinctions in Earth's history. See Inspired by the Movie 2012, .. (videos))
The Mg2+ cation is the second most abundant cation in seawater (occurring at about 12% of the mass of sodium there), which makes seawater and sea-salt an attractive commercial source of Mg. -- In 1618, a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well there. The cows refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste, but the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The substance became known as Epsom salts and its fame spread; it was eventually recognized to be hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4·7?H2O. -- Magnesium sulfate, as the heptahydrate called Epsom salts, is used as bath salts, as a laxative, and as a highly soluble fertilizer.
Magnesium chloride, oxide, gluconate, malate, orotate, glycinate and citrate are all used as oral magnesium supplements. Oral magnesium supplements have been claimed to be therapeutic for some individuals who suffer from Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS).[citation needed] -- Spices, nuts, cereals, coffee, cocoa, tea, and vegetables are rich sources of magnesium.[30] Green leafy vegetables such as spinach are also rich in magnesium as they contain chlorophyll. Observations of reduced dietary magnesium intake in modern Western countries compared to earlier generations may be related to food refining and modern fertilizers that contain no magnesium. -- There has been some speculation that magnesium deficiency can lead to depression. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) magnesium has been found low in treatment-resistant suicidal depression and in patients that have attempted suicide. Brain magnesium has been found low in TRD using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, an accurate means for measuring brain magnesium. Blood and CSF magnesium do not appear well-correlated with major depression.[37] Magnesium chloride in relatively small doses was found to be as effective in the treatment of depressed elderly type 2 diabetics with hypomagnesemia as imipramine 50 mg daily.[38]
Radar Attenuation: Slate and Granite
One x-ray and radar attenuation method consists of adding barite, Barium (Ba), to cement to increase its attenuation. Similar to lead it is dense, number 56 on the periodic table and an Earth Metal like Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca).
Dolomite is a carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2. The term is also used to describe the sedimentary carbonate rock dolostone. -- Dolostone (dolomite rock) is composed predominantly of the mineral dolomite with a stoichiometric ratio of 50% or greater content of magnesium replacing calcium, often as a result of diagenesis. Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is referred to as dolomitic limestone, or in old U.S. geologic literature as magnesian limestone.
Particle physics researchers prefer to build particle detectors under layers of dolomite to enable the detectors to detect the highest possible number of exotic particles. Because dolomite contains relatively minor quantities of radioactive materials, it can insulate against interference from cosmic rays without adding to background radiation levels.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera. -- Some limestones do not consist of grains at all, and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite, i.e. travertine. -- Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock. -- Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams, particularly where there are waterfalls, and around hot or cold springs. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the water leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls. Coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells. -- During regional metamorphism that occurs during the mountain building process (orogeny), limestone recrystallizes into marble. -- It is the raw material for the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide), slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), cement and mortar. -- Lime is a general term for calcium-containing inorganic materials, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. -- These materials are still used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, concrete and mortar) and as chemical feedstocks, among other uses. Lime industries and the use of many of the resulting products date from prehistoric periods in both the Old World and the New World. Lime is used extensively for waste water treatment with ferrous sulfate. -- The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, typically limestone or chalk, are composed primarily of calcium carbonate. They may be cut, crushed or pulverized and chemically altered. "Burning" (calcination) converts them into the highly caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and, through subsequent addition of water, into the less caustic (but still strongly alkaline) slaked lime or hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2), the process of which is called slaking of lime. -- Gypsum is a very soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
Magnesite is magnesium carbonate, MgCO3. Iron (as Fe2+) substitutes for magnesium (Mg) with a complete solution series with siderite, FeCO3. Calcium, manganese, cobalt, and nickel may also occur in small amounts. Dolomite, (Mg,Ca)CO3, is almost indistinguishable from magnesite.
Benitoite (ben-EE-toe-ite) is a rare blue barium titanium silicate mineral, found in hydrothermally altered serpentinite. Benitoite fluoresces under short wave ultraviolet light, appearing bright blue to bluish white in color. The more rarely seen clear to white benitoite crystals fluoresce red under long-wave UV light.
Ferric Slate Test
An example of ferric slate that would help attenuate microwaves and radar is rusty slate (rusty iron content) and charcoal slate (graphite/carbon dielectric). One radar attenuation research document claims that magnetic metals, MgZn and MnZn, are better than dielectric types carbon/graphite at attenuating radar. Lead is used in the industry for its density and relatively low cost but toxic, a neuro-toxin, iron is the cheapest metal. -- Grey Slate contains a high amount of alumina, aluminum is a metal and reflects radar, and Granites like Dark Granites can also contain aluminum, iron, titanium, etc.
Slate Stone
Description: Slate Stone or simply slate is compact metamorphic rock, composed primarily of silica and alumina. Alumina - Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) -- Chemical Properties of Slatestone -- The necessary mineral composition of a slate-stone consists of members of mica group and clay group. -- The mica group includes sericite and muscovite. Among these, sericite is an alteration mineral of plagioclase feldspars and muscovite is a phyllosilicate mineral of potassium and aluminum. -- The second group, i.e., clay group consists of paragonite, kaonilite, and chlorite. Oxides, quartz, feldspar, calcites, and little amount of ferro-magnesium constitutes the accessory minerals.
Granite - An unstratified igneous rock composed of coarse grains or crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica and sometimes hornblende.
Biotite - A dark, iron and magnesium-rich mica found in granite. Biotite or black mica, K(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)Si3O10(OH,F)2, is rich in iron and magnesium and typically occurs in mafic rocks. Biotite occurs widely throughout many different rock types, adding glitter to schist, "pepper" in salt-and-pepper granite, and darkness to sandstones. But it is the predominant mica in mafic rocks like gabbro.
Feldspar - Any of a group of crystalline minerals, all silicates of aluminum with either potassium, sodium, calcium, or barium. An essential constituent of nearly all crystalline rocks.
Hornblende - A group of minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, and aluminum silicates. -- Hornblende is the most common amphibole; it is usually black, shiny and brittle. A long, dark mineral with abundant cleavage faces in a granitic rock is hornblende more often than not. The chemical makeup of hornblende is quite variable, so its formula is ugly: (Ca,Na)2-3(Mg,Fe+2,Fe+3,Al)5(OH)2[(Si,Al)8O22]. Hornblende is usually black but can also be dark green or brown. It is a common primary mineral in granitic rocks and a common metamorphic mineral in gneiss and schist.
Kaolinite - A hydrous aluminum silicate mineral.
Muscovite - A white, aluminum-rich mica found in granite.
Gabbro is a dark plutonic rock that is considered to be the plutonic equivalent of basalt. -- This particular gabbro is mostly hornblende, magnetite and light-colored plagioclase.
Granite consists mainly of quartz, feldspar, and ferromagnesian ("dark") minerals: hornblende, augite, and biotite (though not necessarily). The overall color of granite is due mainly to the feldspar: pink, gray, greenish, white, and even bluish. Black-looking "granites" get their color from a high percentage of hornblende or other dark mineral; but by this point they are not really granites anymore (see "diorite" and "gabbro").
Microwave Oven (Wikipedia)
MICROWAVE OVEN, A microwave oven passes (non-ionizing) microwave radiation (at a frequency near 2.45 GHz) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water. Microwave ovens became common kitchen appliances in Western countries in the late 1970s, following development of inexpensive cavity magnetrons. Water in the liquid state possesses many molecular interactions that broaden the absorption peak. In the vapor phase, isolated water molecules absorb at around 22 GHz, almost ten times the frequency of the microwave oven.
PRINCIPLES, A microwave oven works by passing non-ionizing microwave radiation, usually at a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz (GHz)—a wavelength of 122 millimetres (4.80 in)—through the food. Microwave radiation is between common radio and infrared frequencies. Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating. Many molecules (such as those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electric field of the microwaves. Rotating molecules hit other molecules and put them into motion, thus dispersing energy. This energy, when dispersed as molecular vibration in solids and liquids (i.e., as both potential energy and kinetic energy of atoms), is heat.
Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on frozen water, where the movement of molecules is more restricted. It is also less efficient on fats and sugars (which have a smaller molecular dipole moment) than on liquid water.[10] Microwave heating is sometimes explained as a resonance of water molecules, but this is incorrect: such resonance only occurs in water vapor at much higher frequencies, at about 20 GHz.[11] Moreover, large industrial/commercial microwave ovens operating at the common large industrial-oven microwave heating frequency of 915 MHz—wavelength 328 millimetres (12.9 in)—also heat water and food perfectly well.[12]
FARADAY CAGE, The cooking chamber is in fact a Faraday cage, and it prevents the waves from coming out of the oven. The oven door usually has a window for easy viewing, but the window has a layer of conductive mesh some distance from the outer panel to maintain the shielding. Because the size of the perforations in the mesh is much less than the microwaves' wavelength, most of the microwave radiation cannot pass through the door, while visible light (with a much shorter wavelength) can.
METAL AND ALUMINUM, Frozen dinners, pies, and microwave popcorn bags often contain a thin susceptor made from aluminium film in the packaging or included on a small paper tray. The metal film absorbs microwave energy efficiently and consequently becomes extremely hot and radiates in the infrared, concentrating the heating of oil for popcorn or even browning surfaces of frozen foods. Heating packages or trays containing susceptors are designed for single use and are discarded as waste. -- Any metal or conductive object placed into the microwave will act as an antenna to some degree, resulting in an electric current. This causes the object to act as a heating element. This effect varies with the object's shape and composition, and is sometimes utilized for cooking.
Dear Lung Association
I would like to inform you and address a concern linked to lung cancer. -- Criminal harassment networks, organized crime, is using microwave technology, radiation, in this case and issue of concern microwave radar technology, which irritates the lungs, irritation is linked to inflammation, and inflammation is linked to cancer, in this case lung cancer. -- The use of microwave radar technology in this manner is linked to criminal harassment, intimidation, physical harm linked to cell damage and irritation, and cancer, which can lead to a person's death, a form of assassination or murder. -- Lung cancer being the #1 killer of men and women. -- Sincerely,
Microwave and Radiation:
"Childhood leukemia can occur if a fetus is exposed to x-rays during the first trimester of pregnancy." - Prescription for Nutritional Healing fourth edition p. 662
Ghost Rider, "You Can't Catch The Wind" or Focused Ultrasound and Energy Weapons Assaults
The mob using energy assault weapons, powerful radar, and focused ultrasound from neighboring homes along with provocation "you can't catch the wind" or focused ultrasound and energy assaults.
This video clip illustrates what organized crime is currently doing to targeted citizens and human right defenders in Canada. The mob in Canada is using energy assault weapons, powerful radar from neighboring homes, public places, and at the court house. They use LRAD and HSS focused ultrasound technology in the same manner for threats and provocation. The regime and authorities deny this and claim that there is no evidence, something organized crime would say too. They need a faraday cage to shield from the radar assaults and a wall of water bottles to shield from the focused ultrasound.
Logan's Run, "Run Runner!"
Logan's Run, Run Away Strategy "run away or get cancer".
The movie scene illustrates the use of an energy weapon "run runner", in reality the mob is using powerful radar assaults "run away or get cancer" aka "Run Runner!".
The reality is that the mob is using energy assault weapons, powerful radar aimed at inflicting deadly cancers "run away or get cancer" during criminal proceedings. Those that run away are recaptured and incarcerated and those that do not run away their behavior linked to attempts to protect themselves from these assaults, avoiding these or building a faraday cage, are used to justify police psychiatric intervention that leads to incarceration.
One assault pattern that they like to use is repetitive assaults to the testicles, to subjugate or degrade and castrate men. They assault the top of the head from the weaponization of space so men lift their hands towards their head and then assault the testicles from a neighboring home or underground emitter.
U.S. sees China launch as test of anti-satellite muscle -source - (Reuters)
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. government believes a Chinese missile launch this week was the first test of a new interceptor that could be used to destroy a satellite in orbit, a U.S. defense official told Reuters on Wednesday. China launched a rocket into space on Monday, but no objects were placed into orbit, the Pentagon said on Wednesday. The object re-entered Earth's atmosphere above the Indian Ocean. -- China has said the rocket, launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in western China, carried a science payload to study the earth's magnetosphere.
"I want to emphasize that China has consistently advocated for the peaceful use of outer space and opposes the weaponization of outer space as well as an arms race in outer space," Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei told reporters in Beijing.
Radar Attenuation, Calcium CaCO3 and Magnesium MgCO3 Carbonates - (news flash)
Marble, Limestone, and Travertine tiles (stones) are all different types of Calcium carbonate that attenuate powerful radar. Different types like Dolomite, Marble (dolomite) CaMg(CO3), Serpentine that contains Magnesium Mg, and Pewter that contains Tin Sn may increase this attenuation factor. A cheap source of radar attenuation is Green Foliage (leaves) in bottles with water, radar attenuation term is "wet foliage", these contain Magnesium Mg and Carbon C, the Chlorophyll.
The Mg+, magnesium ion, is at the center of chlorophyll, photosynthesis, converting light photons and energy into plant food, sugar, plants eat photons or energy. Recently I saw a TEDTalk on molten salt batteries that consisted of the Mg+, .. , that interesting idea is capturing these powerful radar assaults through a faraday cage in batteries similar to solar technology.
Human Rights Defender and RF Detection (censored)
http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-973299 (censored)
Dear Dr. Karen *******, Chuck, info
I am a human rights defender in Canada with a world leading website about workplace bullying, sexual harassment, discrimination, suicide factors and prevention, rage shooting factors, and much more. In recent years I have been under assault from different types of radar aimed at inflicting deadly cancers and criminal harassment participants, which I also document. I have been using a faraday cage and dielectric materials in attempts to protect myself during judicial proceedings that involved a published Mobbing Research article and still ongoing following these. I have looked into the issue of detecting these in the past but was not very successful and the equipment required very expensive. On May 15, 2013 I saw a report that involved the Green Bank Astronomy Observatory and the Microwave Police, Chuck Niday driving around with a vehicle to detect these. I have also added this video the page:
I may add this web url to the page as an information link.
I may add some of the technical data from this site to our web page.
The assaults are from neighboring homes, the weaponization of space, and a few months later from underground emitters that were slipped under the home and faraday cage (van). There is no support from the authorities, assault victims are faced with denial and police psychiatric intervention that leads to incarceration.
I would like to know what advice or technical guidelines you recommend for detecting these, the cheapest basic equipment, and if you have any used equipment that you would like to donate. I have recently updated the donate page to accept hosting, software, etc, and equipment to detect these would also be a welcome donation.
PS. you may also appreciate the Climate Change & Mass Extinction page on our site.
Thank you,
Danny Hunt
558 Felix
Laval (QC)
Canada H7P 3E3
cell: *******
Psychological Harassment Information Association
http://www.psychologicalharassment.com/ (html)
http://www.psychologicalharassment.org/ (joomla)
http://www.psychologicalharassment.net/ (new cms)
Dr. Karen *******
*******, Chuck
Green Bank West Virginia Telescope
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
P.O. Box 2
Green Bank, WV 24944 (USA)
Phone: *******
General Fax: *******
NRAO Technology Center [NTC] (includes Central Development Lab)
1180 Boxwood Estate Road
Charlottesville, VA 22903-4608 Phone: *******
Fax: *******
YouTube Channel
see our YouTube channel for videos on Technology
CNN iReport
Radar Microwave Technology Research


text:
cloudHQ is a unique service that, while not free, offers a very useful service. It allows you to backup and sync files between Google Drive, Dropbox, Sugarsync, Box, Basecamp, and Evernote. You can sync your notes and files between Basecamp, Dropbox and Evernote, back up your cloud data, and even synchronize docs and notes between Google Drive and Evernote in real time.
cloudHQ continuously syncs all of your files between your different cloud services in real-time.
This is very useful for backup and security, along with making files more accessible to others who need to use them, and even turning your Evernote notes into collaborative Docs in Google Drive.
The personal plan is $4.90 per month, or $49 per year. There are also premium and enterprise accounts for higher fees, with more features.
While not free, this could be a very useful service for many people who use a variety of cloud services.
Google Docs is excellent for collaboration. Evernote is perfect for note taking, web clips, etc.
Sync all your Evernote notes and Google Docs documents. So all your Evernote notes can be Google Docs and all your Google Docs documents can be in Evernote. It really simplified everything - because you can start something as a note and migrate into Google Docs for collaboration. Or you can think about this setup as a backup: Google Docs is backup of Evernote and Evernote is backup of Google Docs.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Albuquerque is the largest city in the state of New Mexico, United States. It is the county seat of Bernalillo County and is situated in the central part of the state, straddling the Rio Grande. The city population was 545,852 as of the 2010 Census and ranks as the 32nd-largest city in the U.S. As of June 2007, the city was the sixth fastest-growing in America. It has a metropolitan population of 887,077 as of the 2010 Census. Albuquerque is the 57th-largest United States metropolitan area. The Albuquerque MSA population includes the city of Rio Rancho. Albuquerque is home to the University of New Mexico, Kirtland Air Force Base, Sandia National Laboratories, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, and Petroglyph National Monument. The Sandia Mountains run along the eastern side of Albuquerque, and the Rio Grande flows through the city, north to south.
Some of the main highways in the city include:
Pan-American Freeway :248: More commonly known as Interstate 25 or "I-25", it is the main north–south highway on the city's eastern side of the Rio Grande. It is also the main north–south highway in the state (by connecting Albuquerque with Santa Fe and Las Cruces) and a plausible route of the eponymous Pan American Highway. Since Route 66 was decommissioned in the 1980s, the only remaining US highway in Albuquerque, unsigned US-85, shares its alignment with I-25. US-550 splits off to the northwest from I-25/US-85 in Bernalillo.
Coronado Freeway : More commonly known as Interstate 40 or "I-40", it is the city's main east–west traffic artery and an important transcontinental route. The freeway's name in the city is in reference to 16th century conquistador and explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado.
Paseo del Norte: Concurrent with State Highway 423, Paseo del Norte connects two parts of Albuquerque that are separated by the North Valley and by Los Ranchos de Albuquerque. Paseo del Norte is a freeway from Tramway Boulevard to Eagle Ranch Road, as it crosses the Rio Grande. A controversial extension of this road through Petroglyph National Monument was finally opened in 2007. Roughly parallel to Interstate 40 and approximately five miles to the north, Paseo Del Norte connects Interstate 25 and Coors Boulevard.
Coors Boulevard: Coors is the main north-south artery to the west of the Rio Grande in Albuquerque. There is one full interchange where it connects with Interstate 40. The rest of the route has stoplights, sidewalks and bike lanes. To the north of Interstate 40, part of the route is numbered as State Highway 448, while to the south, part of the route is numbered as State Highway 45.
Central Avenue: Central is one of the historical routings of Route 66, it is no longer a main through highway, its usefulness having been supplanted by Interstate 40.[44]:248
Tramway Boulevard: Serves as a bypass around the northeastern quadrant, the route is designated as NM-556. Tramway Boulevard starts at I-25 near Sandia Pueblo, and heads east as a two-lane road. It turns south near the base of the Sandia Peak Tramway and becomes a divided highway until its terminus near I-40 and Central Avenue by the western entrance to Tijeras Canyon.
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text:
August 26, 1999
Vallejo, CA -- Wednesday afternoon 28-passengers suddenly found themselves stranded 50-feet above the ground on the Boomerang roller coaster at Six Flags Marine World, after the car came to a sudden stop.
According to reports the passengers were stuck for up to 4 hours, while rescue crews went from car to car removing four passengers at a time.
Witnesses said that a cable used to tow the train up the initial lift hill snapped causing the train to start it's decent early.
The cable is a part of the lift hill leaving the station and is used to tow the 28-passenger, seven-car train up the 125-foot incline.
The Boomerang roller coaster was designed by Vekoma International and opened at Six Flags Marine World in 1998. The ride features three inversions, which passengers travel through going both forwards and then backwards.
The train stopped at approximately 3:45 p.m. in a short section of track between the first and second inversions. It is unknown if the train did not have enough momentum to make it through the second inversion or if some other factor caused it to stop.
Five of the passengers were taken to the hospital for heat exhaustion. Some of the 28-passeners on board had to sit in 100-degree weather for several hours while the rescue took place.
Six Flags Marine World officials have closed the ride for an investigation.


text:
Alexey Sutuga
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Released from prison in May 2017
On September 2014 Alexey was sentenced to 3 years and 1 month in the prison settlement.
Alexey Sutuga has been a member of Autonomous Action since the early 2000s. He was first active in Irkutsk and then in Moscow. He participated in every single major campaign of the anarchist movement in the past ten years, and supported the journal Avtonom. In 2007, he joined the ecological protest camp against uranium enrichment in city of Angarsk in Siberia, which was assaulted by nationalists in the early morning hours. Ilya Borodaenko from Nahodka of Pacific Ocean was murdered there, and a number of other visitors of the camp were seriously wounded.
On the 5 th of April Moscow anarchist and antifascist Alexey Sutuga was detained. He was going back with friends from the show in the club Rock House, when several plain clothes police officers approached to them near "Izmaylovskaya" metro station, they called themselves the criminal investigators from Petrovka, 38.
On the 7 th of April it became known that Sutuga is charged in the criminal offense ("hooliganism in the group of people"), to be exact, the fight with nazis on the 2 nd of January 2014. Alexey himself says that in the evening of the 2 nd of January he tried to intervene streetfighting between two groups of people he did not know in prior.
News on the persecution against Alexey Sutuga: http://avtonom.org/en/people/aleksei-sutuga
In 2012 he was accused of having taken part in an incident in the Moscow club "Vozdukh", where on 17th of December 2011, during a punk-hardcore concert, a conflict between the audience and the security took place. He was released on bail in July 2013, and amnestied in January 2014. More on the 2012 case of the Moscow anti-fascists: http://avtonom.org/en/mda
The Butyrka prison also has a form which can be used in order to send letters: http://wr1.fsin-service.ru/Letter-Client/main.html#new_letter However, this form is only in Russian and paying for this service (minimal payment is around 1.20 euros) requires either a Russian bank account or an account with some internet payment system, common in Russia (such as yandex.dengi or webmoney). In the form, you must indicate year of birth of Sutuga - - 1986.


text:
Focusing on punk's beginnings in NYC,
HEEBIE-JEEBIES at CBGB's proves that
punk was the most Jewish of rock
movements, in both makeup and attitude.
Punk rock has its origins in Manhattan's
Lower East Side in the early 1970s — the
apotheosis of a Jewish cultural tradition
that found its ultimate expression in the
generation born after the Holocaust.
© 2006
Steven Lee Beeber
- Site Design by
Got Your Nose


text:
Human rights
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are endowed by their Creator with. Socialist systems built on atheism as a foundational precept deny basic human rights in favor or a collective dictatorship.
Christianity and human rights
See: Christianity and human rights
"The year 2008 was characterized by three trends: a growing worldwide demand for greater personal and political freedom, governmental efforts to push back on those freedoms, and further confirmation that human rights flourish best in participatory democracies with vibrant civil societies." On the downside, "pushback against demands for greater personal and political freedom continued in many countries. A disturbing number of countries imposed burdensome, restrictive, or repressive laws and regulations against NGOs [non-governmental non-profit organizations] and the media, including the Internet. Many courageous human rights defenders who peacefully pressed for their own rights and those of their fellow countrymen and women were harassed, threatened, arrested and imprisoned, killed, or were subjected to violent extrajudicial means of reprisal."
At a structural level, "human rights abuses are less a matter of local tyrants and more a symptom of deeper dysfunctions within political systems. The most serious human rights abuses came in countries where unaccountable rulers wielded unchecked power or there was government failure or collapse, often exacerbated or caused by internal or external conflict."[1]
European history
The English Bill of Rights of 1689 was the world's first major declaration of rights, and it influenced the American, French and all other declarations. The French Revolution adopted a Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.
In the 19th century the concept spread rapidly through Europe and the colonial empires. Prime Minister William Gladstone, based British foreign policy in the late 19th century on opposition to violations of human rights, especially in the Ottoman Empire.
American History
The Declaration of Independence of the United States in 1776 proclaimed that all people are "endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
The American Bill of Rights of 1789 was based on the English Bill of Rights of 1689.
George Washington in his 1796 Farewell Address warned against foreign alliances and suggested the American mission to bring liberty to the world would be best served by avoiding wars, perfecting republicanism at home, and becoming a model for the world. Indeed, there were no foreign entanglements until 1917.
There was a strong sense—which continues to this day—that a major American mission is to spread democracy in the world, with the belief that democratic governments will avoid abuses of human rights.
In the late 19th century Americans paid more and more attention to human rights abuses abroad. The Irish Catholics were especially angry at British refusal to allow for the independence of Ireland. American Jews were alarmed at the murderous pogroms of Jews in Russia. All Americans were angered by the brutal Spanish suppression of freedom movements in Cuba; this anger directly caused the Spanish American War in 1898, which resulted in a small American empire. In each case Americans argued that the denial of democracy was the root cause of the human rights abuses.
American were outraged by German brutality in Belgium in 1914, and by the German sinking of an unarmed passenger liner the "Lusitania" in 1915. President Woodrow Wilson forced the Germans to abandon attacks on merchant ships—and when Germany resumed in 1917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war. Americans were aghast at the Turkish slaughter of Armenians—the Armenian Genocide of 1915; for a while in 1919 there was talk of making Armenia an American protectorate, but nothing came of that.
Meanwhile, Wilson was outraged at the extreme violations of human rights and democracy in Mexico, and intervened in the civil war raging there. The intervention ended in 1916 as the greater crisis of German threats was at hand.
Promoting Wilsonianism as the expression of American idealism in world affairs, especially regarding democracy and human rights,[2] Wilson promulgated the idealistic principles of the Fourteen Points, and at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 he exerted enormous influence to lead the world to democracy and a League of Nations that would prevent wars and promote democracy. He succeeded in part, and the LEague was created, but the U.S. Senate rejected the League and the U.S. never joined.
When Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 the U.S. refused to recognize the conquest. American sympathy was strongly on the side of the Chinese, thanks to Christian missionaries and publicists such as Pearl Buck and Henry Luce's Time magazine. When Japan launched a full-scale war in China in 1937, the U.S. funded the Chinese resistance, supplies arms, and even sent in an air force—the "Flying Tigers" under General Claire Chennault—to fight the Japanese invasion. President Roosevelt refused to compromise with the Japanese, and cut off their oil supplies in 1941 so they could no longer make war. They responded with a desperate attack on the United States and the British Empire that ended in total disaster for Japan. At the war's end the U.S. took over Japan with the goal of systematically creating a democratic nation, and succeeded under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur.
Cold War
Human rights in the Soviet Union
Carter's over-emphasis
President Jimmy Carter made human rights central to his foreign policy. This had the effect of ratcheting up pressure on the Soviet Union, especially after the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. However it also led to a disaster in Iran, where Carter allowed pro-American Shah to collapse because he had a poor record on human rights. Americans were horrified to discover see the Shah's militant replacements were far more brutal regarding human rights, and were violently anti-American as well. The net result of Carter's policies was a loss of human rights by millions of friends of the U.S.
Reagan's policies
Clinton and Bush
Post World War II
In the 20th century, secular concepts of human rights proliferated: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the American Convention on Human Rights; the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights; the European Convention of Human Rights; various UN conferences' declarations on the environment, economic development, AIDS, and other topics; and the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols.
In 1948, the United Nations issued the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, a list of human rights they deem inherent and inviolable.[3] This document contains thirty articles listing about fifty rights. It was developed by the Canadian and French delegations, with input from the American delegate Eleanor Roosevelt. At the time the UN Declaration was ratified by its members, it was hailed by Americans as a major advancement in the cause of liberty.
The Universal Declaration provides:
- Article 29 (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
The first International Conference on Human Rights was held in Tehran, Iran, in 1968. A powerful bloc of Asian, African, and Arab states successfully asserted their control over the UN Human Rights Program. Their aggressive conference diplomacy was the culmination of a major transition in UN politics, with supposedly Western notions of individual freedom rejected in favor of an agenda that privileged economic modernization and the collective rights of peoples in Third World nations over those of individuals in those nations. Twenty years after the iconic image of Eleanor Roosevelt holding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the residual elements of the program she presided over were repudiated in a storm of insistent demands from the new anti-colonial order.[4]
The UDHR implicitly asserted that human rights are superior to notions of state sovereignty and called for the imposing of moral standards across the globe. These notions of universal human rights derive in part from Wilsonianism—the efforts of President Woodrow Wilson after World War I. They were reiterated in 2002 by President George W. Bush in his refusal to recognize Iraqi sovereignty and his efforts to impose a new democratic system of governance upon Iraq, and are a component of the Neoconservative effort to spread democracy in the Middle East, even in places like Iraq and Afghanistan. The UN has supported this program, but the high cost has troubled Americans.
Liberals, however, have abused the term human rights to promote far-left agendas such as the promotion of homosexuality, with a particularly infamous example being Obama's trip to Kenya. Likewise, Jimmy Carter's platform on human rights resulted in Iran being taken over by Ayatollah Khomeini and the country committing even worse human rights abuses than under the Shah of Iran.
Deeply influenced by the UN's 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Indian constitution provides for a host of rights, including the right of equality, cultural and religious freedoms, and the right to education. Discrimination based on race, caste, gender, birthplace, and religion was subsequently outlawed. Yet, political and social realities have intruded. Because of India's multiplicity of religious and ethnic groups, each with their own traditions and beliefs, and the complex interplay between these groups, the principles contained in the constitution have not always been followed in practice.
Helsinki Accords
The European Convention of Human Rights, implemented in 1953, led later to the 1975 Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Accords). This document guaranteed the postwar borders of European states, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and respect for human rights. It regulated the principles of economic, scientific, and technological cooperation and provided for the exchange of printed, film, and televised information.
The Helsinki Accords were used by human rights activists and the Reagan Administration to pressure the Soviet Union to relax some of its totalitarianism, and to allow the escape of Soviet Jews. Mikhail Gorbachev finally unleashed "glasnost" and "perestroika" that energized human rights activists and led to the collapse of Communism in Europe, 1989–91.
State Department
Because the promotion of human rights is an important national interest, the United States seeks to:[5]
- Hold governments accountable to their obligations under universal human rights norms and international human rights instruments;
- Promote greater respect for human rights, including freedom from torture, freedom of expression, press freedom, women's rights, children's rights, and the protection of minorities;
- Promote the rule of law, seek accountability, and change cultures of impunity;
- Assist efforts to reform and strengthen the institutional capacity of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the UN Commission on Human Rights; and
- Coordinate human rights activities with important allies, including the EU, and regional organizations.
Country reports
Since 1999 the U.S. State Department has issued Country Reports on the status of human rights around the globe.
See also: Atheism and human rights violations
China is controlled by the Communist Party and its human rights record in 2008 remained poor and worsened in some areas. The government increased its severe cultural and religious repression of ethnic minorities in Tibetan areas and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR), increased detention and harassment of dissidents and petitioners, and maintained tight controls on freedom of speech and the Internet. Abuses peaked around high-profile events, such as the Olympics and the unrest in Tibet. As in previous years, citizens did not have the right to change their government. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), both local and international, continued to face intense scrutiny and restrictions. Other serious human rights abuses included extrajudicial killings, torture and coerced confessions of prisoners, and the use of forced labor, including prison labor. Workers cannot choose an independent union to represent them in the workplace, and the law does not protect workers' right to strike.[6]
Russia is no longer Communist, but it is increasingly an authoritarian state where democracy is weak. It has an increasingly centralized political system, with power concentrated in the hands of Vladimir Putin and his choices for top offices. International observers concluded that the December 2007 State Duma election (for parliament) was not fair, and neither was the March 2, 2008, election for president.
Human rights problems and abuses continued in 2008, though at a far lower level than the days of Communism (which ended in 1991). Putin's human rights record remained poor in the North Caucasus, where governments in Ingushetiya and Dagestan faced increased opposition from disaffected social groups and insurgencies, and the Chechen government forcibly reined in the Islamist insurgency that replaced the separatist insurgency as the main source of conflict. Russian security forces engaged in killings, torture, abuse, violence, and other brutal or humiliating treatment. In Chechnya, Ingushetiya, and Dagestan, security forces were involved in unlawful killings and politically motivated kidnappings. Chechen President Kadyrov continued his repressive control as federal forces withdrew. Federal and local security forces in Chechnya targeted families of suspected insurgents with impunity, and Kadyrov's private militia allegedly engaged in kidnapping and torture.[7]
Pressure from Putin's regime weakened freedom of expression and media independence, particularly of the major television networks. Five journalists were assassinated in 2008. As some print and Internet media reflected a widening range of views, the government restricted media freedom through direct ownership of media outlets, pressuring the owners of major media outlets to abstain from critical coverage, and harassing and intimidating journalists into practicing self-censorship. Local governments limited freedom of assembly, and police sometimes used violence to prevent groups from engaging in peaceful protest. The government limited freedom of association. The government restricted religious groups in some regions, and there were incidents of societal discrimination, harassment, and violence against religious minorities, including anti-Semitism.[8]
Atheism and human rights violations
See: Atheism and human rights violations
See also
- American Empire
- Declaration of the Rights of Women, French Revolution (1791)
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, French Revolution (1789)
- Declaration of Rights and Sentiments American women, (1848)
- Declaration of Independence U.S. (1776)
Further reading
- Burke, Roland. "From Individual Rights to National Development: the First UN International Conference on Human Rights, Tehran, 1968," Journal of World History 2008 19(3): 275–296, in EBSCO
- Devine, Carol et al. Human Rights: The Essential Reference (1999) online edition
- Langley, Winston E. Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues since 1945 (1999) online edition
- Smith, Tony. America's Mission the United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy of the Twentieth Century (1994) excerpt and text search
Primary sources
- U.S. State Department. Country Reports, annual since 1999
- UN. Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments - Vol. 1 pt. 1 (2002) by Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Geneva; online edition
- ↑ U.S. State Department 2008 Report
- ↑ the Term "human rights" was not commonly used before 1945.
- ↑ https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
- ↑ Burke (2008)
- ↑ See State Department website
- ↑ See 2008 Report
- ↑ see Country Report 2008
- ↑ see Country Report 2008
External links
- Who Determines 'Universal Values'? by Pat Buchanan, August 10, 2018.


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The Indiana Child Fatality Review Program attempts to better understand how and why children die, take action to prevent other deaths, and improve the health and safety of our children.
Understanding the circumstances causing a child's death will help prevent other deaths, poor health outcomes, and injury or disability in other children.
Overview of the Program:
Child Fatality Review (CFR) is a collaborative process that can help us better understand why child fatalities occur within the community and help us identify how we can prevent future deaths. CFR teams are multidisciplinary, professional teams that will conduct a comprehensive, in-depth review of a child's death and the circumstances and risk factors involved, and then seek to understand how and why the child died so that future injury and death can be prevented.
On July 1, 2013, a new Indiana law (IC 16-49) went into effect, requiring child fatality review teams in each county, with coordination and support for these teams to be provided by the Indiana Department of Health (IDOH). Prior to this, the local child fatality review teams fell under the auspices of the Indiana Department of Child Services (DCS) and were required in each of the 18 DCS regions. IC 16-49, also required that a coordinator position be created under the IDOH to help support and coordinate the local teams and Statewide Child Fatality Review Committee--whose members are appointed by the Governor.
The county prosecuting attorney in each county is required by this new legislation to establish a Child Fatality Committee whose membership includes: the prosecuting attorney or their representative, the county coroner or deputy coroner, and representatives from the local health department, DCS, and law enforcement. The Child Fatality Committee is responsible for selecting members to serve on the Local Child Fatality Review Team and determining whether to establish a county child fatality review team or enter into an agreement with another county or counties to form a regional child fatality review team.
Each local child fatality review team will be made up of a coroner/deputy coroner, a pathologist, and pediatrician or family practice physician, and local representatives from law enforcement, the local health department, DCS, emergency medical services, a school district within the region, fire responders, the prosecuting attorney's office, and the mental health community. The teams are required to review all deaths of children under the age of 18 that are sudden, unexpected or unexplained, all deaths that are assessed by DCS, and all deaths that are determined to be the result of homicide, suicide, accident, or are undetermined.
Essentially, the teams will review all child deaths that are not medically expected. To determine which cases meet the criteria for review, the local teams will examine death certificates provided to the team by the local health officer in each county. The local teams will provide the aggregate data collected from their reviews to the Statewide Child Fatality Review Committee. The Statewide Committee will then endeavor to classify the details of these deaths, identify trends, and inform efforts to implement effective statewide strategies designed to prevent injuries, disability, and death for our children. By working together to understand the circumstances involved in a child's death, we can make Indiana a healthier and safer place for our children.