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Part VI: Evidence - Witnesses, Affidavits and Exhibits
56. Witnesses
Issuance of subpoenas Release of witness upon completion of evidence56A. Giving of evidence by person outside Singapore through live video or live television link in any proceedings (other than proceedings in a criminal matter)57. Form of affidavits58. Non-documentary exhibits to affidavits59. Documentary exhibits to affidavits
More than 10 documentary exhibits Pagination Dividing sheets Bookmarks Numbering References to exhibits in text of affidavit References to exhibits in other affidavits Related documents59A. Swearing and signing of affidavits in Singapore before, and completing of attestation by, commissioner for oaths through live video link or live television link60. Swearing or affirming of documents by deponents who are blind or illiterate in English61. Effect of non-compliance62. Objections to the contents of affidavits of evidence-in-chief63. Order 41 of the Rules of Court63A. Lead Counsel's Statement on Trial Proceedings
Issuance of subpoenas
(1) An application for a subpoena shall be made by way of filing a subpoena in Form 67 in Appendix A of the Rules of Court. The subpoena is deemed to be issued when it is sealed by an officer of the Registry pursuant to Order 38, Rule 14(2).
(2) Where the issuance of a subpoena is made under any written law for the purposes of a cause or matter that is not before the Court (e.g, before an arbitration tribunal or a disciplinary tribunal), the party must submit to the Registry 1 hard copy each of his or her Request and the subpoena to be sealed. The subpoena is issued when the hard copy is sealed by an officer of the Registry.
Release of witness upon completion of evidence
(3) Every witness will be released by the Court upon completion of his evidence and it is the duty of counsel to apply to the Court if counsel desires the witness to remain.
(1) Any application for leave for any person outside Singapore to give evidence by live video or live television link in any proceedings (other than proceedings in a criminal matter) must be made expeditiously and, in any case, unless the Court otherwise directs, not later than eight weeks before the date of commencement of the hearing at which the person is to give evidence. The application may also contain a prayer for the issue of a letter of request, to the relevant authorities of a foreign jurisdiction, for permission for evidence to be given by live video or live television link by a person located in that jurisdiction, if the laws of that jurisdiction require the issue of such a letter of request.
(2) A party applying for leave for any person outside Singapore to give evidence by live video or live television link must take note of the relevant legislation and requirements in force in the foreign country or territory where the person is giving evidence. Certain countries or territories may impose prohibitions against, restrictions on, or requirements to obtain permission for or relating to, the giving of evidence by a person in that country or territory for court proceedings in a different country or territory. The party applying for leave must make all necessary enquiries, and take all necessary steps, to ensure that the foreign country or territory where the person is giving evidence raises no objection, to the giving of evidence in that country or territory for court proceedings in Singapore. This may be done by any means that the party considers appropriate, including:
(a) obtaining advice from a foreign lawyer qualified to advise on the laws of the relevant foreign country or territory;(b) making enquiries with the relevant authorities; or(c) obtaining permission from the relevant foreign country or territory, in accordance with any applicable procedure, for evidence to be given by a person located in that country or territory through a live video or live television link, if such permission is required.
(3) An application for the issue of a letter of request, to the relevant authorities of a foreign jurisdiction, for permission for evidence to be given by live video or live television link by a person located in that jurisdiction, if not contained in an application mentioned in sub-paragraph (1), must be made expeditiously and, in any case, unless the Court otherwise directs, not later than eight weeks before the date of commencement of the hearing at which the person is to give evidence.
(4) To avoid doubt, the proceedings mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) include all civil proceedings involving the examination of any person.
(1) Affidavits shall have a blank margin not less than 35mm wide on all 4 sides of the page. They shall be printed or typed and double-spaced.
(2) When filing affidavits for use during a hearing of an interlocutory application, the number of the interlocutory application must be provided in the Electronic Filing Service in addition to the case number of the suit or matter.
(3) The textual portion of the affidavits, as opposed to the exhibits, must be printed on white paper.
(4) At the top right hand corner of the first page of every affidavit the following information shall be typed or printed in a single line:
(a) the party on whose behalf the affidavit is filed;(b) the name of the deponent;(c) the ordinal number of the affidavit in relation to the previous affidavits filed in the cause or matter by the deponent;(d) the date the affidavit is to be filed;For example, "2nd Deft; Tan Ah Kow; 4th; 15.12.2012".(e) for affidavits filed in respect of matrimonial proceedings under Part X of the Women's Charter 1961,(i) the top right hand corner of the first page of every affidavit shall also state whether the affidavit has been filed in respect of a summons (SUM), ancillary matters (AM) or originating summons (OS) hearing. If the affidavit is filed in respect of a summons hearing, it shall state the number of the said summons, where the number is available. For example, "Respondent: Tan Ah Kow: 4th: 15.4.2012: AM hearing"; and "Respondent: Tan Ah Kow: 4th: 15.4.2012: SUM hearing: SUM no. 1234 of 2012"; and(ii) the document name that is selected in the electronic filing service for an affidavit for ancillary matters hearing shall be "Affidavit for AM".
(5) Every page of the affidavit (including separators and exhibits) shall be paginated consecutively, and the page number shall be inserted at the centre top of the page.
(6) Every affidavit which is filed in conjunction with a summons (but not those filed in conjunction with an originating summons) must have endorsed at the top left-hand corner of the first page of the affidavit the entered number of the summons.
(7) Hard copies of affidavits may be printed on one side or both sides of each page.
(1) Non-documentary exhibits (e.g., tapes, samples of merchandise, etc.) shall be clearly marked with the exhibit mark in such a manner that there is no likelihood of the exhibit being separated or misplaced. The affidavit should indicate that the exhibit (e.g., tapes, samples of merchandise, etc.) is a non-documentary exhibit and refer to it according to the relevant exhibit number.
(2) Where the exhibit consists of more than one item (e.g., CD-ROMs in a box) each and every such separate item of the exhibits shall similarly be separately marked with enough of the usual exhibit marks to ensure precise identification.
(3) Where it is impracticable to mark on the article itself, such article or the container thereof shall be tagged or labelled with the exhibit mark securely attached to the exhibit in such a manner that it is not easily removable.
(4) Very small non-documentary exhibits shall be enclosed or mounted in a sealed transparent container and tagged or labelled as aforesaid. An enlarged photograph showing the relevant characteristics of such exhibits shall, where applicable, be exhibited in the affidavit.
(1) Every page of every exhibit must be fully and clearly legible. Where necessary, magnified copies of the relevant pages should be inserted in appropriate places.
More than 10 documentary exhibits
(2) When there are more than 10 different documentary exhibits in an affidavit:
(a) there shall be a table of contents of the documentary exhibits inserted before the first of such exhibits enumerating every exhibit in the affidavit in the manner of the example set out below:
Reference in affidavit | Nature of Exhibit | Page No. |
"TAK-1" | Certificate of marriage | 6 |
"TAK-2" | Certificate of birth | 7 |
and(b) exhibits shall be set out in the sequence in which references are made to them in the affidavit.
(3) Every page of the exhibits, including cover pages, dividing sheets or separators between exhibits, shall be consecutively numbered at the top right hand corner of each page, following from the page numbers of the affidavit (i.e. the first page of the exhibits shall take the number following the last sheet of the affidavit's main text). The page number of the affidavit must correspond to the page number in the Portable Document Format (PDF) version that is filed through the Electronic Filing Service.
Dividing sheets
(4) The exhibits in an affidavit shall be prefaced by a dividing sheet, marked, typed or stamped clearly with an exhibit mark as follows:
"This is the exhibit marked [letter of the alphabet or a number] referred to in the affidavit of [name of the deponent] and sworn/affirmed before me this [date on which the affidavit is sworn or affirmed].
Before me,
A Commissioner for Oaths"
(5) Each exhibit in the affidavit must be separately bookmarked in the Portable Document Format (PDF) document that is filed. The names of the bookmarks should follow the initials of the deponent of the affidavit, e.g., "TAK-1", "TAK-2".
(6) Where a deponent deposes to more than one affidavit with exhibits in the same action, the numbering of the exhibits in all subsequent affidavits shall run consecutively throughout, and not begin again with each affidavit. For instance, where a deponent in his first affidavit has marked two exhibits as "TAK-1" and "TAK-2", the first exhibit in his second affidavit should be marked as "TAK-3" instead of "TAK-1".
References to exhibits in text of affidavit
(6A) Where the text of an affidavit makes reference to a documentary exhibit, the page number(s) of the affidavit where the relevant portions of the documentary exhibit can be found should be set out alongside the number of the exhibit in question.
References to exhibits in other affidavits
(7) Where a deponent wishes to refer to documents already exhibited to another deponent's affidavit, he shall be required to exhibit them to his own affidavit pursuant to Order 41, Rule 11 of the Rules of Court, which provides as follows:
Document to be used in conjunction with affidavit to be exhibited to it (O. 41, r. 11)11. —(1) Any document to be used in conjunction with an affidavit must be exhibited and a copy thereof annexed to the affidavit, unless the Court otherwise orders.(2) Any exhibit to an affidavit must be identified by a certificate of the person before whom the affidavit is sworn.The certificate must be entitled in the same manner as the affidavit and Rule 1 (1), (2) and (3) shall apply accordingly.
Related documents
(8) Related documents (e.g., correspondence and invoices) may be collected together and collectively exhibited as one exhibit arranged in chronological order, beginning with the earliest at the top, paginated in accordance with sub-paragraph (3) above, and the exhibit must have a front page showing the table of contents of the items in the exhibit.
(1) A remote communication technology mentioned in Order 41, Rule 13(1) of the Rules of Court must be capable of creating a live video link or live television link through which a commissioner for oaths is able to do all of the things mentioned in Order 41, Rule 13(3) of the Rules of Court.
(2) For the purposes of Order 41, Rule 13(2) of the Rules of Court, the deponent and the commissioner for oaths may sign the affidavit electronically by applying a security procedure that results in a secure electronic signature under section 18 of the Electronic Transactions Act 2010.
(3) Where an affidavit is made pursuant to Order 41, Rule 13 of the Rules of Court, the affidavit should be made, as far as possible, as if the deponent were appearing before the commissioner for oaths in person, and the attestation must state that the affidavit was sworn (or affirmed) and signed in Singapore with the deponent appearing before the commissioner for oaths through a live video link or live television link, or that the affidavit was signed by the deponent and/or the commissioner for oaths electronically in Singapore, or both, as the case may be.
(1) Rule 8 of the Commissioners for Oaths Rules (Cap. 322, Rule 3) restricts advocates and solicitors who are appointed as commissioners for oaths to taking affidavits or statutory declarations, or administering oaths, for deponents who speak and understand English. In view of this, many deponents who are illiterate in English are brought by solicitors to Supreme Court commissioners for oaths to swear or affirm affidavits and statutory declarations. As the Supreme Court commissioners for oaths are under a duty to ensure that the deponent understands the document being deposed to, they are obliged to interpret the document to intended deponents; this is also the case in relation to blind deponents. This necessary exercise may take a considerable time and may cause long delays for other persons who wish to take affidavits or statutory declarations before the Supreme Court commissioners for oaths.
(2) Accordingly, solicitors who wish to bring illiterate or blind deponents before the Supreme Court commissioners for oaths should first estimate the time that will be taken to interpret the document or documents to be deposed to. If it is estimated that the total time required for interpretation of the documents will be more than 20 minutes, the solicitor must contact the appropriate Supreme Court Head Interpreter and arrange for a special appointment for the documents to be sworn or affirmed. The solicitor should not bring the deponent before the duty commissioner for oaths without such an appointment.
(3) If an illiterate or a blind deponent is brought before the duty Supreme Court commissioner for oaths and the interpretation of the document or documents takes more than 20 minutes, the commissioner for oaths will refer the solicitor and the deponent to the appropriate Head Interpreter for a special appointment to be made for the documents to be deposed to.
(4) The appropriate Supreme Court Head Interpreter may be contacted at the following telephone numbers:
(a) Head Interpreter (Chinese languages) - 6332 3940.(b) Head Interpreter (Indian languages) - 6332 3930.(c) Head Interpreter (Malay languages) - 6332 3970.
Any affidavit or exhibit which does not comply with the directions contained in this Part may be rejected by the Court and made the subject of an order for costs.
(1) If, on an application for directions under Order 25, Rule 3 or Order 37, Rule 1 of the Rules of Court or otherwise, orders are made prescribing the time within which objection to the contents of affidavits of evidence-in-chief must be taken, the objections must be taken in accordance with the directions contained in this paragraph and not otherwise.
(2) Objections to the contents of affidavits of evidence-in-chief filed pursuant to an order of Court made under Order 25, Rule 3 or Order 37, Rule 1 or otherwise, must be taken by filing and serving a notice in Form 9 of Appendix A of these Practice Directions.
(3) The notice in Form 9 should set out all the objections to the contents of affidavits of evidence-in-chief that will be raised at the hearing of the cause or matter and all the grounds thereof.
(4) An adjudication on the material objected to in affidavits of evidence-in-chief filed pursuant to an order of Court should only be sought at the trial or hearing of the cause or matter for which the affidavits of evidence-in-chief were filed, and not before. If an adjudication is sought prior to the trial or hearing of the cause or matter, the application for the adjudication will be adjourned to be dealt with at the trial or hearing of the cause or matter, and the applicant may be ordered to pay the costs of the adjournment.
(1) For the avoidance of doubt, the provisions of Order 41 of the Rules of Court shall continue to apply.
(2) The attention of solicitors is drawn especially to Order 41, Rule 1(4):
Every affidavit must be expressed in the first person and, unless the Court otherwise directs, must state the place of residence of the deponent and his occupation or, if he has none, his description, and if he is, or is employed by, a party to the cause or matter in which the affidavit is sworn, the affidavit must state that fact:Provided that in the case of a deponent who is giving evidence in a professional, business or other occupational capacity the affidavit may, instead of stating the deponent's place of residence, state the address at which he works, the position he holds and the name of his firm or employer, if any.
Non-compliance with any of the requirements of Order 41, Rule 1(4) may result in an order of costs being made against the solicitor personally.
(1) For every case proceeding to trial in the General Division, each party shall file and serve a Lead Counsel's Statement in Form 9A of Appendix A of these Practice Directions to provide a list of issues for trial and an accurate estimation of the trial days needed after taking into account the time needed for the examination of each witness. The Lead Counsel's Statement shall be filed and served within one week after objections to affidavits of evidence-in-chief are taken, unless the Court otherwise directs.


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Schmitte - Cigar Lounge
For cigar lovers: Our Cigar Lounge in the 16th century Schmitte offers the right ambience to enjoy in peace.
Next to the wine cellar, in the centuries-old blacksmith's shop, horseshoes are no longer available - but a carefully compiled cigar menu is. Here you can enjoy to the full while a cosy fire burns in the centuries-old fireplace. Perhaps you will be seduced by the view into the historic wine cellar vault - our wine specialist Hans Rhyners can recommend the right drop for every occasion.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dracaena Burley Large
Dracaena Burley offers a punch of green with bright yellow streaks to your space horizontally as it is pretty bushy! 😉 Burley likes bright indirect light. Place him by a bright window and he should be happy as a clam although he can tolerate lower light levels.
He is also drought tolerant and does not like wet feet. Watering once a week or once the soil starts to dry at the top. Use fingers to feel soil moisture. Pretty easy to care for and not a fussy house plant. Burley is a good air purifier for your home as well as being a member of the Dracaena family.
Plant comes in a ceramic pot along with a plastic saucer.
Diameter of pot : 30cm
Plant height including pot : 3-4ft
- Description
- Reviews (0)
Light: Medium 250-1000FC. Read more about sunlight requirement here
Water: Water when top 1-2 inches of soil is dry. Read more about water requirement here
Pet Friendly? No. Best to keep away from pets and small children.
Plant Disclaimer:
- The actual color, size, height, and appearance of the plants may vary due to the natural conditions of livestock. daun.com.my will, however, make sure that the plants delivered are healthy and somewhat similar to the image shown on the website the best we can.
- Descriptions and advice on how to take care of the plants are just a guideline to care for your plants. Best care practices are subjected and based on the conditions your environment (e.g. weather, placement of plant and how much sunlight your plants receives)
- Plants growing under different conditions may vary considerably in characteristics, and there is no guarantee that any given plant will always conform to the known information in the environment in which they will now live.
There are no reviews yet.


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If you're a guitarist, you know that the scale length of your guitar is an important factor in determining its playability and sound.
Measuring your guitar's scale length may seem daunting, but with some simple tools and techniques, it's quite easy.
In this article, we'll walk you through everything you need to know about measuring guitar scale length. We'll cover the differences between long and short-scale guitars, explain the standard scale length for different types of guitars, and give you tips on choosing the right scale length for your needs.
We'll also discuss how scale length affects playability and sound quality, as well as other factors to consider when selecting a new set of strings for your instrument.
So whether you're a seasoned pro or just starting out on your musical journey, read on to learn all about measuring guitar scale length!
What does guitar scale length mean?
Scale length is the distance between the nut and the bridge of your guitar, and it can vary depending on the type of guitar you have.
Simply put, it's the length of the vibrating string between these two points that determine the pitch of each note.
The scale length can vary from one guitar to another, with some guitars having shorter scales than others.
Shorter scales tend to have less tension on their strings, making it easier to bend notes or play faster runs. Longer scales require more tension on their strings, producing a brighter tone and better intonation.
Knowing your guitar's scale length will help you select appropriate string gauges and set up your instrument correctly for optimal performance.
How to measure guitar scale length
Measuring the scale length of a guitar is a straightforward process that involves measuring from the nut to the bridge. You'll be amazed at how easy it is to get the perfect fit for your strings by following these simple steps:
- Remove all the strings from your guitar.
- Place a ruler or measuring tape on top of the fretboard, aligning it with the nut and covering the entire length of the fretboard.
- Locate the 12th fret marker on your guitar (usually marked by two dots).
- Measure from the 12th fret marker to where the ruler meets the bridge saddles.
- This measurement will give you the accurate scale length of your guitar.
Well, that's it! Now you know how to measure your guitar scale length.
But if you want to have a better understanding of scale length, you definitely should continue reading.
Long scale vs short scale guitars: understanding the scale length
Guitars can be categorized into two groups: long scale or short scale, determined by their length. Surprisingly, scale length plays a significant role in shaping the overall playability of the instrument.
Now, we explore all the differences between long-scale and short-scale guitars.
Differences in length
When it comes to steel-string acoustic guitars, a scale length of 25.4 inches, 25.5 inches, or beyond is classified as long, while anything shorter is deemed as short.
The commonly utilized short scales typically range from 25 to 24.625 inches, with measurements such as 24.9, 24.75, and 24.625 inches being popular.
However, it's worth noting that nylon-string and classical guitars have their own distinct categories of long and short scale lengths, with the majority exceeding 25.5 inches.
Differences about comfort
When it comes to comfort, the scale length of a guitar plays a significant role in its overall playability.
Short scale guitars typically require less tension to bring the strings to pitch, making them generally easier to play. On the other hand, long scale guitars necessitate more tension in the strings, resulting in a greater challenge for the fretting hand.
However, it's important to note that comfort is not the sole determining factor. Other aspects such as tonal characteristics, string tension preferences, and playing style also come into play when choosing between long scale and short scale guitars.
Differences in fret spacing
The difference in scale length between long and short scale guitars affects the distance between frets.
Short-scale guitars have frets that are closer together, but they can still have the same number of frets as long-scale guitars.
Short-scale guitars are better for players with narrow or short fingers, while long-scale guitars are preferable for those with thicker or longer fingers.
The choice between long and short scales depends on individual finger size and playing style.
Differences in articulation
The length of a guitar's scale affects how well the notes are heard when playing.
Long scale guitars have more tension in the strings, which makes them more responsive with better note separation. They're also louder when strummed.
Short-scale guitars highlight the middle sounds better, but aren't as loud. The choice between long and short scale guitars depends on the type of music and sound preferred.
Differences in playing techniques
The scale length of a guitar influences the ease of performing various playing techniques.
Short scale guitars, with their smaller scale length, make it simpler to perform techniques like bends. For instance, bending strings on a guitar with a 24.75″ scale is generally easier compared to a guitar with a longer 27″ scale, assuming they use the same string gauge.
On the other hand, long scale guitars often lend themselves well to flatpicking, making them favorable for players who prefer that style.
The choice between long scale and short scale guitars depends on the desired playing techniques and individual playing preferences.
What is the standard guitar scale length?
For standard scale length is considered 25.5 inches (647.7mm). But let's see what are the usual scale lengths of the main guitar types:
Acoustic guitar scale length
Typically, the standard scale length for acoustic guitars is 25.5 inches. However, manufacturers may use scale lengths ranging from 24.75 to 25.6 inches for their 6-string acoustic guitars.
For 12-string acoustic guitars, the standard scale length is also 25.5 inches, but different models may have varying scale lengths that range from 24.724 to 25.6 inches.
Electric guitar scale length
Electric guitar scale lengths vary, but the most common scale length is also 25.5 inches. This scale length is associated with many iconic guitar models, such as the fender stratocaster and telecaster.
Extended range guitars
Extended-range guitars or multi-scale guitars, are instruments designed to offer additional low-end range beyond the traditional six-string guitar. They have a longer scale length than traditional six-string electric guitars.
Seven-string electric guitars typically have scale lengths ranging from 25.5 inches to 26.5 inches.
In the case of 8-string electric guitars, scale lengths generally fall within the range of 27 inches to 29.4 inches.
Classical guitar scale length
The typical scale length for classical guitars is 25.5 inches.
It is uncommon to find standard-sized classical guitars with shorter scale lengths, as this would result in loose strings and a muddled, unclear sound. Instead, regular-sized classical guitars often feature slightly longer scale lengths, slightly surpassing the 25.5-inch mark, to ensure proper string tension and optimal sound quality.
Guitar Type | Scale Length Range (inches) |
Acoustic (6-string) | 24.75 – 25.6 |
Acoustic (12-string) | 24.724 – 25.6 |
Electric | Varies, but common: 25.5 |
Seven-string electric | 25.5 – 26.5 |
Eight-string electric | 27 – 29.4 |
Classical | Typically 25.5 |
First and foremost, when it comes to choosing the right guitar scale length, it's crucial to have hands-on experience.
We highly recommend testing guitars with various scale lengths to truly understand the feel and playability they offer. By playing different guitars, you'll develop a better sense of which scale length suits your playing style and preferences.
Once you've had the chance to explore guitars with different scale lengths, it's important to weigh the pros and cons associated with each option. While personal preference plays a significant role, understanding the potential advantages and disadvantages can help inform your decision.
Standard scale length
Pros of standard scale length:
- Snappy and firm feel: guitars with standard scale lengths often offer a snappy and firm feel, striking a balance between responsiveness and ease of play. This can provide a comfortable and versatile playing experience for a wide range of guitarists.
- Suitable for super low action: standard scale length guitars can work well with super low action setups. The moderate string tension allows for lower string heights without sacrificing playability, enabling smooth and effortless fretting.
- Compatible with drop tunings: standard scale length guitars are generally well-suited for drop tunings. The balanced string tension helps maintain proper intonation and string stability, ensuring clear and defined notes even when playing in lower tunings.
- Bright, crisp, snappy tone: standard scale length guitars often produce a bright, crisp, and snappy tone. This tonal characteristic can be desirable for genres and playing styles that require clarity, note definition, and a lively sound.
- Frets with sufficient room for larger hands: standard scale length guitars typically offer frets with adequate room for larger hands. This ensures comfortable finger placement and minimizes the risk of accidental muting or buzzing, accommodating players with bigger hands.
Cons of standard scale length:
- Increased string difficulty: standard scale length guitars may require more finger strength to press down the strings compared to shorter scale guitars, which can be a drawback for some players who prefer a lighter touch or have less hand strength.
- Less warm tone: standard scale length guitars generally have a brighter and more focused tone, which may not be ideal for those who prefer a warmer and mellower sound.
- Larger and farther frets: standard scale length guitars often have larger and more spaced-out frets, which may not be an issue for most players, but could be slightly less comfortable for individuals with smaller hands or those accustomed to narrower fret spacing.
Short scale length
Pros of short scale length:
- Easier string pressing and bending: short scale length guitars feature looser strings that require less finger strength to press down and bend. This can be beneficial for players who prefer a lighter touch or those with less hand strength, as it allows for effortless fretting and more comfortable bending.
- Closer fret spacing: guitars with short scale lengths typically have frets that are closer to each other. This is advantageous for players with smaller hands or those who prefer a compact feel, as it reduces the stretch between frets, making it easier to navigate the fretboard and reach complex chord shapes and intricate melodies.
- Warm and mellow tone: short scale length guitars often produce a warm and mellow tone. The reduced string tension and shorter vibrating length contribute to a softer and more rounded sound, which can be particularly desirable for certain musical genres and playing styles.
Cons of short scale length:
- Limited brightness and articulation: short scale length guitars generally produce a softer and less articulate sound. This may not be ideal for players seeking a bright and crisp tone with clear note definition.
- Fret buzz with drop tunings: short scale length guitars are more prone to fret buzz when played in drop tunings. This can be mitigated by using strings specifically designed for drop tunings, but it may still require some adjustments in setup and playing technique.
- Limited super low action: the looser string tension of short scale length guitars may not always be conducive to super low action setups. This can affect playability and fretting accuracy, especially for players who prefer very low string heights.
- Challenging fret spacing for large hands: short scale length guitars have frets that are closer to each other, which may pose a challenge for players with larger hands. The reduced fret spacing can make it more difficult to place fingers accurately and comfortably on the fretboard, requiring some adaptation in playing technique.
Multi-scale guitars
Pros of multi-scale guitars:
- Improved ergonomics and reduced wrist pain: the fanned or angled fret design of multi-scale guitars can provide better ergonomics and reduce wrist pain. The varying fret angles allow for a more natural hand position and can minimize the strain on the wrist, making it easier to play for longer periods.
- Enhanced playability and sound with drop tunings: multi-scale guitars are well-suited for drop tunings as they help to eliminate loose and buzzing strings. The varying string lengths provide optimal tension across all strings, resulting in improved playability and sound quality.
- Versatile tone and string feel: the thicker strings on multi-scale guitars feel firm and produce a rich, full-bodied sound, while the lighter strings feel smooth to bend and produce a more delicate, nuanced sound. This allows for greater versatility in tone and string feel, catering to a wide range of playing styles and preferences.
- Unique and aesthetically pleasing design: multi-scale guitars have a distinctive and eye-catching appearance. The fanned or angled frets create an unusual, yet aesthetically pleasing visual effect that sets them apart from conventional guitars.
Cons of multi-scale guitars:
- Higher price: multi-scale guitars are generally more expensive than traditional guitars due to the additional design and manufacturing requirements.
- Angled frets: the angled frets of multi-scale guitars can take some time to get used to, especially if you are transitioning from a traditional guitar. The varying string lengths and fret angles may require some adjustment to your playing style.
- Adjusting picking hand position: the non-linear placement of saddles on multi-scale guitars means that you may need to adjust the positioning of your picking hand when palm muting different strings. While some multi-scale guitars have a more regular bridge design, this can still be a factor to consider when playing.
Guitar Type | Pros | Cons |
Standard Scale Length | – Snappy and firm feel – Suitable for super low action – Compatible with drop tunings – Bright, crisp, snappy tone – Frets with sufficient room for larger hands | – Increased string difficulty – Less warm tone – Larger and farther frets |
Short Scale Length | – Easier string pressing and bending – Closer fret spacing – Warm and mellow tone | – Limited brightness and articulation – Fret buzz with drop tunings – Limited super low action – Challenging fret spacing for large hands |
Multi-scale Guitars | – Improved ergonomics and reduced wrist pain – Enhanced playability and sound with drop tunings – Versatile tone and string feel – Unique and aesthetically pleasing design | – Higher price – Angled frets may require adjustment to playing style – Adjusting picking hand position for palm muting |
Does guitar scale length affect the playability?
Scale length plays a significant role in the playability of a guitar. Here are some key points to consider:
- As scale length increases, so does the string tension. Longer scale lengths result in higher string tension, while shorter scale lengths have less tension.
- If you prefer a slinky feel and enjoy bending strings effortlessly, a shorter scale length may be a suitable choice. With lower string tension, it becomes easier to bend strings to your desired pitch. Shorter scale lengths also make fretting notes and pressing the strings down easier due to the reduced tension.
- Standard scale length guitars are often favored by those who prefer a firm and snappy feel. The balanced string tension in standard scale guitars provides a responsive and dynamic playing experience.
- If you are used to with playing 25.5″ scale guitars, shorter scale guitars may initially feel unfamiliar. Likewise, transitioning from shorter scale guitars to a standard scale length might require some adjustment. It's important to consider your comfort and adaptability when choosing a scale length.
- Some players enjoy the feel of both standard and shorter-scale guitars, appreciating the unique characteristics each offers.
Does guitar scale length affect the sound of a guitar?
Scale length does have a minor impact on the tone and sound of a guitar, but it's not a game-changer.
When it comes to acoustic guitars, scale length plays a smaller role in shaping the sound compared to factors like tonewoods and pickups (for plugged-in tone).
Shorter scale length acoustic guitars may have a slightly less snappy and bright sound, but it's not a major concern.
For electric guitars, the pickup type, model, and position have a much greater influence on the sound than the scale length itself.
In what other ways does guitar scale length affect the guitar?
Scale length plays a role in several aspects of a guitar.
Firstly, it determines the length of the vibrating strings. A longer scale length means longer strings, and vice versa.
Secondly, scale length affects the spacing between the frets. As the scale length increases, the frets are placed farther apart.
In terms of tone, shorter scale length guitars tend to have a slightly less bright and snappy sound compared to longer scale length guitars.
Playability is also influenced by scale length. Shorter scale guitars can be more comfortable for players with small hands, thanks to their lower string tension and shorter fret spacing.
When it comes to different tunings, scale length matters. Short scale guitars with already low string tension may experience buzzing and muddled sound when tuned to drop d or c tunings due to the loose strings.
Lastly, the combination of shorter scale length and super low action can sometimes result in fret buzz. The lower string tension in shorter scale guitars makes them more susceptible to buzzing when the action is set very low.
What gauge strings are best for different scale lengths?
There are no strict rules for choosing string gauge or type for different guitar scale lengths, as each combination has its own pros and cons.
Lower string gauge (009-042) with shorter scale guitar:
- Strings feel really loose.
- Easier to achieve lower action without fret buzz.
- Light strings are extremely easy to fret.
- Tricky to use drop tunings without buzz.
Lower string gauge (009-042) with standard scale guitar:
- Strings feel looser than with thick strings.
- Less tension in the strings.
Higher string gauge (011-050) with shorter scales:
- Strings have a firmer feel.
- Enables smoother use of drop tunings.
- Harder to achieve super low action.
Higher string gauge (011-050) with standard scale guitar:
- Smooth use of drop tunings.
- Strings can feel quite tense and hard to press down if you're used to playing short-scale guitars.
Measuring the scale length of a guitar gives you the power to choose the right strings, tweak your setup, and ensure your instrument matches your style. It doesn't matter if you're a guitar guru or a newbie, understanding scale length opens up a world of possibilities.
So, get your measuring tape ready and dive into the thrilling quest of discovering your perfect scale length. Let the musical adventure unfold, and enjoy the journey!
Can you use the same measurement technique for both acoustic and electric guitars when measuring scale length?
The process of measuring scale length is essentially the same for both types of guitars. However, it's important to note that there may be slight variations in scale length between individual models and brands.
So, while the technique may be the same, it's always best to double-check the manufacturer's specifications before making any final measurements.
How does the number of frets on a guitar affect the scale length?
The number of frets doesn't necessarily affect this measurement, as it mainly determines the range of notes that can be played on each string.
However, guitars with more frets will typically have a longer overall length due to their extended fingerboard.
Are there any notable guitar models that deviate from the standard scale length?
The fender jaguar has a 24-inch scale length instead of the typical 25.5 inches found in most fender models. This shorter distance between the nut and bridge creates a more compact and twangy sound that suits alternative rock or surf music styles.
On the other hand, gibson's iconic les paul model comes with either a 24.75 or 25-inch scale length depending on the year of production. This difference may seem small, but it can affect how tight or loose the strings feel when playing chords or soloing.
Other guitar makers like prs, ibanez, or schecter also offer variations in scale length to cater to different players' preferences and needs.
Whether you're looking for more sustain, clarity, or ease of playability, exploring non-standard scale lengths could open up new sonic possibilities for your music-making journey.
Is it possible to modify a guitar's scale length, and if so, what are the potential risks and benefits?
It's possible to modify the scale length, but it requires significant modifications to the neck and fretboard.
There are potential benefits, such as changing the playing feel or intonation of the instrument, but there are also risks involved.
A modified guitar may not hold its value as well as an unmodified one, and poorly executed modifications can damage or even ruin the instrument entirely.
If you're thinking about making this kind of modification, it's important to work with a skilled luthier who can guide you through the process. They can ensure that you end up with an instrument that meets your needs without sacrificing quality or playability.


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Do you want to study in Sweden? When you study in Sweden, you're encouraged to think independently, creatively and critically. For you, here we have listed top-ranked universities in our directory of "best Universities in Sweden" that will surely help you to pursue your education in Sweden.
Fortunately, there are thousands of universities in Sweden that can offer the best of the undergraduate, graduate as well as postgraduate courses in order to enhance the knowledge of the students, coming from all over the world.
If you have started to search some of the best Sweden universities for your education then our list will help you surely. View our complete list and find all information about the best universities in Sweden. Good Luck!
Page Contents
- 10 Best Universities in Sweden For International Students
- 1. Karolinska Institute
- 2. Uppsala University
- 3. Lund University
- 4. Stockholm University
- 5. KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 6. University of Gothenburg
- 7. Chalmers University of Technology
- 8. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
- 9. Umeå University
- 10. Linköping University
10 Best Universities in Sweden For International Students
Sweden is a country that has a good number of universities, and they are also very prestigious. The country has been rated as the best country in the world for education by the World Economic Forum. There are several universities in Sweden that offer courses to international students who would like to study in this country. Here is a look at some of the most popular universities in Sweden for international students.
1. Karolinska Institute
Karolinska Institute is a public research university in Stockholm, Sweden, founded in 1810 on the basis of the medical school at the Royal Caroline Institute. Today, the Karolinska Institute is a highly respected university and ranks consistently among the top universities in Europe and the world. The Karolinska Institute has about 40,000 students and 2,100 faculty members. It cooperates with many universities and research institutions across the globe through cross-institutional collaboration agreements.
The Karolinska Institute is well known for its research into basic medical science and biomedical issues. It has been ranked among the top five medical schools in the world by QS World University Rankings six times since 2004. In 2010, it was named one of Europe's best universities by Times Higher Education (THE).
The Karolinska Institute offers courses leading to degrees at Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral levels in natural sciences as well as social sciences. In addition to these conventional degree programmes, there are also programmes that allow students to study while working part-time or while being employed full time by companies or other organisations within industry or commerce.
Tuition & Fees: 45,000 SEK
2. Uppsala University
Uppsala University is one of the top universities in Sweden. It was established in 1477 and is one of the oldest universities in Europe. The university has a total student population of about 40,000 students, with an international student population of about 3000 students from 120 different countries.
The university offers degrees in almost all major fields of study including humanities, social sciences, engineering and technology, medicine and health sciences, law as well as natural sciences.
The university also has many international agreements with other universities around the world for joint research projects and study abroad programmes for their students. Some of these include agreement with Harvard University, Yale University and Duke University among others.
Uppsala University also offers several scholarships for international students including Erasmus Mundus Scholarships which are awarded to outstanding students from partner countries who wish to pursue studies at Uppsala University's partner universities abroad.
The best thing about studying at Uppsala University is that you will get a chance to experience both the traditional Swedish culture as well as enjoy the modern lifestyle found in most European cities today.
Tuition & Fees: Varies between SEK 50,000 and SEK 72,500 per semester
3. Lund University
Lund University is one of the best universities in Sweden for international students. In fact, it is the second largest university in Scandinavia with over 50,000 students and 7,000 employees. The university was established in 1666 as a theological seminary but it now offers courses across a variety of disciplines including science, technology and social sciences.
The university has been ranked among the top 100 universities worldwide by Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016-17. It also ranks well on QS World University Rankings 2019 with a place in top 200+ rankings for Arts & Humanities, Clinical Medicine & Pharmacy and Social Sciences & Management subjects.
Lund University provides excellent facilities for international students including student accommodation, computer labs and language courses. The university also offers various scholarships for international students including scholarships for doctoral candidates and those pursuing studies in humanities subjects.
Tuition & Fees: 435,900 SEK
4. Stockholm University
Stockholm University is one of the best universities in Sweden. It has a very good reputation and is one of the largest universities in Sweden with around 45,000 students.
The university offers degrees in many fields, including business administration, engineering, law and medicine.
It also has several international programs including an English-language Master's degree in International Business Administration (MBA), taught together with a leading business school in the United States.
Stockholm University accepts international students and offers them a range of scholarships and financial support packages.
Tuition & Fees: 90 000 SEK / year
5. KTH Royal Institute of Technology
KTH Royal Institute of Technology is one of the best universities in Sweden for international students due to its high standards, excellent facilities and being situated in the capital city Stockholm.
The university was founded in 1827 as the world's first polytechnic institute and has since been home to Nobel Prize winners and other notable alumni, such as Raoul Wallenberg.
The university's degree programmes are offered across six faculties: architecture, civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial economics, information technology and mechanical engineering. It also offers undergraduate programmes in English at certain locations around Sweden.
The university's main campus is located in central Stockholm and has around 28,000 students enrolled across all levels of study. It also has smaller campuses located in towns throughout Sweden such as Gothenburg, Lund and Umeå.
Tuition & Fees: £14,355- £24,255
6. University of Gothenburg
The University of Gothenburg is one of Scandinavia's oldest universities and has been ranked among the world's leading young universities. The University of Gothenburg is located in Gothenburg, Sweden, and was founded in 1891. The university has over 42,000 students (as of 2013) and offers courses in science, technology and medicine.
The university is divided into nine schools: School of Technology and Health Sciences; School of Science; School of Social Sciences; School of Economics, Law and Library Science; School of Fine Arts, Communication and Culture; School of Humanities and Education; School of Food Science; Scania University Hospital, which trains doctors for clinical practice at all levels. The university also offers courses taught by visiting professors from all over the world.
Tuition & Fees: 136900 SEK
7. Chalmers University of Technology
Chalmers University of Technology is one of the best universities for international students in Sweden. The university has a strong reputation for engineering and technology and offers more than 200 master's programmes, as well as postgraduate courses, PhDs and research internships.
Chalmers was founded in 1829 by King Gustav IV Adolf to create a centre of learning in the country's industrial heartland: Gothenburg. Today, it has grown into one of Europe's largest technical universities with some 28,000 students (of whom 11% are international) across six faculties: Architecture; Civil Engineering and Geoscience; Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Control; Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science; Industrial Economics and Management; Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science.
As well as being one of the most popular destinations for international students looking to study abroad in Sweden, Chalmers is known for its friendly environment and social life. It also hosts a number of student organisations such as Chalmers Model United Nations Club (CMUNC), which allows you to develop your leadership skills while meeting like-minded people from all over the world.
Tuition & Fees: SEK 95 000 per semester
8. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) is a public university established in 1953. It is one of the largest universities in Sweden, with more than 40,000 students and 3,600 staff members. The university has two campuses: Örebro and Alnarp.
The university has five faculties: Faculty of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Economic Sciences and Social Studies and Faculty of Humanities. The university offers study programmes at all levels from bachelor's degrees to doctorates.
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences is an international institution that provides cross-disciplinary education through research-based teaching. Students from around the world come here to pursue their studies at SLU because it offers high quality education at affordable costs with an excellent student support system.
The university offers degrees at all levels including undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate programs. The courses offered include agriculture sciences, environmental science, forestry science, natural resources management, food science and technology and landscape ecology among others.
Tuition & Fees: SEK 900 (approximately EUR 100)
9. Umeå University
Umeå University is one of the best universities in Sweden for international students. It offers top-quality education, good research and innovation, and a wide range of study programmes.
The university has a long tradition in social sciences, human geography and languages. It has more than 40 departments and about 30 research centres. The university offers over 80 bachelor's degree programmes and over 120 master's degree programmes.
There are about 14 500 students at Umeå University from more than 130 countries around the world.
The university has many exchange agreements with universities all over the world. The International Office arranges the exchange visits for both incoming and outgoing students so that they can study at partner institutions abroad as part of their degree programme in Sweden.
Tuition & Fees: SEK 90,000 to SEK 140,000 per year
10. Linköping University
Linköping University is one of Sweden's top universities and is regularly ranked among the world's top 100.
The university was founded in 1975 as a result of a merger between Linköping University College and the Medical School of Östergötland. It has since expanded to include more than 50 departments within six faculties: Engineering, Science and Health (including medicine), Humanities, Social Sciences, Education and Theology.
The university has more than 40,000 students and 2,300 employees across its 13 campuses in Linköping and Norrköping. It also has a number of international partnerships with other prestigious universities around the world that allow students to spend part of their studies abroad if they wish to do so.
Linköping University offers a wide range of undergraduate degrees as well as postgraduate degrees at both Masters level and PhD level in areas such as engineering, natural sciences, social sciences and medicine.
Tuition & Fees: Between SEK 80,000 and SEK 136,000
There you have it — the top 10 best universities in Sweden for international students! We hope this list has given you some good ideas about where to study if you're looking to come to Sweden for your education. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to leave them below.


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Kyle Rittenhouse is no hero
The actions of the Illinois teenage vigilante should not be viewed as brave nor commendable
On Nov. 19, Kyle Rittenhouse was acquitted on all charges. After 25-hours of deliberation, the jury came to the verdict that let him leave the court a free man.
From the charges and through the verdict, Rittenhouse has garnered extensive support and praise from various groups and individuals. Although Rittenhouse was pronounced not guilty, two people are still dead due to his reckless actions and in no way should we be celebrating what he did in Kenosha, guilty or not.
In the wake of the death of Jacob Blake, an African-American left paralyzed after being shot at by a white police officer, violent protests erupted in Kenosha. 18-year-old Kyle Rittenhouse was recruited in order to "protect" Car Source, family-owned car dealership, following the damage against the dealership the previous night.
He armed himself with an AR-15 style rifle, and on the night of August 25, 2020, Rittenhouse's shots injured a paramedic and killed two others. His charges included one count of first-degree reckless homicide, two counts of first-degree recklessly endangering safety, one count of first-degree intentional homicide, and one count of attempted first-degree intentional homicide.
The conservatives' response to Rittenhouse's verdict is ridiculous. Regardless of the verdict, Rittenhouse still did something violent and terrible: he murdered two people and injured another.
Since the civil unrest in Kenosha, Rittenhouse has become a figure praised for his thoughtless and violent actions. Some of his celebrators have included former-President Donald Trump, the Proud Boys, neofacist, white- supremacy group, and Republican Congressmen.
Rittenhouse and Trump have become quite the pair in the media's headlines. Shortly following his verdict, Trump made comments on Laura Ingraham's Fox News show in which he described Rittenhouse as a "poster boy" for self-defense. Trump had also deemed
Rittenhouse as "brave" and hosted him at his residence Florida after his acquittal. Sure, he killed two people but let's slap him on a poster with an American flag flowing in the background and teach his valiant story fondly in history classes. This celebration of Rittenhouse is the exact opposite of how we as a nation should be handling him.
Furthermore, just after Rittenhouse pleaded not guilty to murder and weapons charges, he was found at a bar in Wisconsin. According to ABC News, at the bar, the 18-year-old is said to have drunk three beers and posed for photos with the Proud Boys where Rittenhouse held up a white power sign. Other far-right groups, including the Proud Boys, have considered Rittenhouse "a hero." Personally, I'd consider it to be a negative thing to have such a hateful group praising me, but Rittenhouse seems to have been enjoying himself.
In addition, Republican Floridian Representative Matt Gaetz offered Rittenhouse a Congressional Internship, and after the verdict, Representative Madison Cawthorn from North Carolina also offered Rittenhouse an internship on Capitol Hill. It's quite unsettling to see Congressmen, our lawmakers, aiding a murderer in his "redemption" after his trial. Cawthorn also encouraged Americans, much like Rittenhouse, to essentially "be dangerous" in the name of self-defense.
The conservative's response to Rittenhouse's verdict is ridiculous. Regardless of the verdict, Rittenhouse still did something violent and terrible: he murdered two people and injured another.
The jury found that Rittenhouse's actions were legal in the name of self-defense, but America should not perpetuate the notion that Rittenhouse is a good person. He acted as a senseless vigilante in a situation he had no part being involved in with a gun that he had no right to carry. He added lethal violence to a situation that may have only brought about bruises and broken bones. Rittenhouse should not be let off the hook just because the jury found him to be innocent in this case.
Creating a narrative that Rittenhouse is some hero is completely dangerous as it could spark others to act "in the name of self-defense" and kill other American citizens.
The praise and opportunities Rittenhouse has received establish a rhetoric that killing can bring internships and attention. Others may be interested in getting some of those benefits for themselves and will senselessly enter a future situation with the intent of supplementing the already bubbling-over violence.
Politicians, as prominent figures with—at least you'd think—an education, should not be acting as foolishly as they have.
Rittenhouse and his actions should not be a source of celebration. Yes, the jury deemed him innocent, yet that does not make him deserving of commendation. He should still pay a price for leaving two people dead. Though he will face no formal punishment, the American public should not welcome him back into our good graces with internships and meetings with former-presidents. He's a murderer, not a hero.


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Long live the King. #WakandaForever pic.twitter.com/FHiJDVQ3NS
— Marvel Studios (@MarvelStudios) November 29, 2020
Mark Ruffalo, who plays Bruce Banner/Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, also took the time to celebrate Boseman by sharing a behind-the-scenes look at a birthday celebration for the Black Panther star with many other MCU characters around him in costume.
"Thinking of your passion, love, and your light today, @ChadwickBoseman. Ruffalo wrote. "Happy Birthday. Wishing we could time travel back to this moment."
These are two examples of the many ways those around the world have celebrated the life of Boseman, including an ABC News special on Disney+ called Chadwick Boseman: A Tribute for a King - A Special Edition of 20/20 that looks back at his life, legacy, career, and the cultural imprint he made on and off-screen.
Black Panther director Ryan Coogler also released a touching statement to the star of his film, and other tributes have been found in Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales for PS5. Have a tip for us? Want to discuss a possible story? Please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Adam Bankhurst is a news writer for IGN. You can follow him on Twitter @AdamBankhurst and on Twitch.


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Renovations with
Greater ROI
Renovations with
Greater ROI
Making changes to your home is a major decision, as there are so many ways things could go wrong and the cost might not pay for itself. In order to make the best financial decision, it is important to stay up to date on which projects will lead to a greater return on investment. Here is a list of the top five best renovations to make on your home based on an annual report from Remodeling Magazine, a reliable source for remodeling projects. Remodeling Magazine has done extensive housing market research based on a myriad of factors such as interviews with agents, data on home sales, and more. It is no surprise that the majority of popular renovations this year are for outdoor spaces as the COVID-19 pandemic has forced people to spend more time outside. Continue reading to learn more about renovations with Greater ROI
It is important to note that for any exterior renovation project, many HOAs require plan submission for approval, but also limit materials allowed to be used. It's always important to start with your community HOA before beginning any project.
1. Garage Door Replacement
This home project is recognized as the best project a homeowner can make to their property as it is cost effective and can make a big change to the curb appeal of your home. The cost of the project for a new two-car garage door was $3,907 while the resale value was estimated to be $3,663 or a 93.8 percent return on investment. While changing your garage door might not seem like it would make a large impact, don't underestimate the power of first impressions. Double-car garage doors stand out so making subtle changes can go a long way into providing prospective buyers with positive impressions.
2. Manufactured Stone Veneer
While this renovation is much larger than replacing a garage door, it has a great return on investment. The job cost is estimated to be $10,386 with a 92.1 percent return of an estimated $9,571. Adding adhered manufactured stone veneer, or simply fake stone that looks natural, to the side of your house can make a huge impact on the curb appeal with potential buyers seeing the "good bones" of the property.
3. Minor Kitchen Remodel
The average cost of a minor kitchen remodel is predicted to be $26,214 with a resale value of $18,927 or a 72.2 percent return on investment. Kitchens and bathrooms are the rooms paid most attention to while potential buyers assess and make important decisions. Remodeling your kitchen for even minor repairs such as replacing cabinet fronts, appliances, or hardware can go a long way as well.
4. Siding Replacement
Another profitable renovation seen by homeowners this year had to do with replacing the siding. It is more cost effective to use fiber cement, a popular material that mimics both the look and durability of wood but requires little maintenance. Using fiber cement will cost around $19,626 with an estimated $13,618 in resale value making a 69.4 percent return on investment. Another popular material with a slightly lower return on investment is vinyl siding with a 68.3 percent ROI.
5. Window Replacement
This renovation is another easy cost-effective project that maximizes functionality and can even work to reduce energy consumption. The window frames can be purchased in a variety of materials, and vinyl alternatives are the most economical. With an estimated cost of $19,385, a resale value of $13,297 which makes a 68.8 percent return on investment. Wooden replacements are also effective with a cost of $23,219 and allows for a 67.4 percent recoup of the cost.
If you have questions regarding a possible renovation project or are weighing options between home renovation or selling, don't hesitate to reach out!


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Club Electroputere (CEP) is a Craiova based center for contemporary art, founded in 2009 by Adrian Bojenoiu and Alexandru Niculescu. The centre for contemporary culture Club Electroputere works as an independent structure, flexible and connected to the communitys life, mediating a new status of culture through a constant dialogue between the cultural producers and their public. The centres activity focuses on producing and researching contemporary cultural manifestations. CEP promotes especially alternative art, new creative media, multiculturalism and interdisciplinarity, attempting to create connections between the local context and the international cultural environment. Basically, Electroputere is the name of a plant of electrical transformers of high voltage and locomotives.
Founded in 1949, at Craiova, the plant used to be considered – until 1989 – one of the greatest success of industrialization. During the communist time, Electroputere became a concept that designated the industrial power and the social evolution.
CEP is active in Craiova and Bucharest.


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Olli Self Driving Minibus
Here is what ought to have happened seven-hundred trillion is an abundance of cash, if they might have despatched every family a verify with stipulations hooked up, you must pay your mortgage, your vehicle, your taxes and so on. assured the foreclosures would have stabilized, automobiles wouldn't have been repossessed and job loss would not have climbed. Thus big companies would not have been knocking on the door for money we do not need. However as a result of Country that we're God forbid that our Country give again to the people they took from. It isn't an advanced task if solely companies would not fear about filling their pockets and their CEO's were not nervous about their bonuses and buyers did not want to make a fast buck we wouldn't have been in such a multitude.
Well, it's, and it is not. It's true that Tesla's two-day rise in … Read more
Meaning Of Automaker In Longman Dictionary Of Contemporary English
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Tesla was buying and selling up … Read more
Automaker Definition And Meaning
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Nissan Is Now The World's Largest Automaker
Tesla is on a roll. In the final three months, it has passed GM, Ford, and now BMW to grow to be the world's fourth most precious automaker on the inventory market. While the world's biggest automakers deliver 2 million to 10 million autos a yr, Tesla delivered seventy six,230 autos last yr. Yet Tesla's current market cap is $60 billion. BMW, the company Tesla handed earlier this month, offered 2,367,603 BMWs, Minis and Rolls-Royces final 12 months and has a market cap of $fifty five billion.
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Robox Update Automaker To V2.01.02
Tesla ( TSLA +1.6{7e402eb9dd02607d0a9d1fa2526c8002b690942bcb3d9c6d04a3312138558802}) handed BMW ( OTCPK:BMWYY ) in market cap this morning and now ranks behind only Toyota (NYSE: TM ), Daimler ( OTCPK:DDAIF ) and Volkswagen ( OTCPK:VLKAY ) in valuation, based on quantity counting from Bloomberg.
It was a day that many enthusiastic traders likely knew was coming, however did they know it would occur so quickly? Tesla Motors ( TSLA ) ended the buying and selling day with a $48.7 billion market cap, topping Ford's ( F ) market cap of $forty five.3 billion. It's just $2.four billion away from surpassing General Motors' ( GM ) market cap of $51.1 billion. I really enjoyed this data. I discovered one thing and it was properly written. Thank you for sharing. 🙂 I passed it on , voted up and shared too. Now, I actually have some ideas on my bussiness logo and easy methods to go … Read more


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Active Roster
Marriage Mentorship Silver Level
Coaching Program
For the entrepreneurial Couple who want to take
their relationship to the next level,
This is the perfect group for you.
You receive ALL the monthly Gold member benefits (see below), AND you will receive the following Silver Member Benefits:
- An enhanced newsletter with specific relationships tools that will increase the ROI in the Boardroom and the Bedroom.
- A 30 minute initial consultation call with Brett or Gina to get you started on the right foot.
- Silver Only Call each month focused on the needs and goals of each couple on the call. These interactive calls
will give you time in a group setting with your peers to seek specific feedback and support for your goals. - Business relationship tools insert to the newsletter to help you run your business like a Marriage Worth Millions.
- Each monthly mailer will include one Done For You Date Night box and ideas for the other 3 weeks.
- Paid access to one 3 Day Weekend Away. Three fun and relationship focused days to make your Marriage Worth Milions.
- BONUS - Silver Level Members will receive the audio program Bankruptcy Proofing Your Marriage.
- Silver Members can invest in the Rock-Solid Relationship Roadmap with an automatic 10% discount.
Your membership will include the following Gold Level benefits.
Monthly Mentoring Call. Every month you and the other members join Brett and Gina and the other mentors for a power-packed romance-enhancing call that is designed to get you closer. No one...and I mean, no one has the knowledge Brett and Gina have or a better network of guests that we bring you every month .
A recording of the call on mp3 for download and repeat listening. Our most-successful members take it with them in the car to the office or even listen in to it during date-night.
A recording of the call on CD for repeat listening. That way you can build your library...while you get more & better "connection" and ARE there for each other.
Ability to ask questions at the end of the live call. Imagine the power of being in a couples coaching environment every single month. The kind of place where you can meet & know some of the best entrepreneurial minds in the country. Then imagine that you can do it all from the comfort of your very own home.
Bonus #1: The 3 Ways To Better ROI in the bedroom audio series. Every marriage needs to have a strong and rewarding sex life. We'll throw in this bonus to show you how each of you can really heat things up.
Bonus #2: Access to and ability to apply for Weekend Away Elite Retreat. Let me be very blunt. There is not a relationship retreat on the planet like ours. If you want to be one of the happiest couples in the world, you need to be here. Period.
Bonus #3: A 15 30 minute phone consultation session with either Brett or Gina.
Nothing could be better than a personal session with skilled and knowledgeable entrepreneurs who understand marriage and relationships! No other marriage success coaches have ever been so accessible to you. Ask anything you want, the time is yours.
And a bunch of surprise bonuses and gifts reserved only for Mentoring Club members! These include extra calls, bonus audios, books, and business training opportunities to help you truly make a Marriage Worth MILLIONS!
Very seriously…we want you to be completely satisfied. Plus, we are sure that once you begin to see the results in your marriage and business, you'll want to remain a member for life.
So, be sure to act now and process your enrollment. You can't lose, unless you procrastinate and miss out on this program launch offer.
Yes! Brett and Gina, I want to invest in my Fortune and Family. Enroll me in the Marriage Silver Coaching Membership.


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Pups available
🐾🏠 Calling all dog lovers! 🏠🐾
🐶🐶 Exciting news! We currently have TWO adorable pups who are ready to find their forever homes! 🐶🐶
1⃣ Meet our delightful Chocolate Sable Cockapoo Female! 🍫🌸 This little girl is a perfect blend of sweetness and playfulness. With her stunning coat and charming personality, she's sure to melt hearts wherever she goes. Get ready for endless snuggles and adorable adventures with this furry companion!
2⃣ Introducing our handsome Dark Grey Male Maltipoo! 🖤🐩 This little guy is as dashing as can be. His silky coat and captivating eyes make him an absolute head-turner. He's not just good looks, though—this pup has a heart full of love to share with his new family. Prepare for a lifetime of laughter, love, and unforgettable moments with this furry bundle of joy!
📅 Both of these adorable pups will be ready to go to their new homes on June 13th. They will come fully prepared for their new journey, including a vet check, first shots, deworming, and their FL Health Certificate. Our priority is ensuring their health and happiness before they join your family.
💲 The adoption fee for each pup is $2500, with a deposit of $500 required to hold your chosen fur baby. We want the adoption process to be simple and easy for you, so we gladly accept credit cards as a convenient payment method.
📣 Don't miss out on the opportunity to bring home these delightful companions! If you're interested in welcoming one of these lovable pups into your family, please [provide contact information and any relevant details about the adoption process].
🐶🏡 Let's find these adorable pups their forever homes where they'll be showered with love and care. Share this post with your friends and family who might be looking for a furry addition to their lives. Together, let's make tails wag and hearts full of joy! ❤🐾
#PuppiesForSale #CockapooFemale #MaltipooMale #AdorableCompanions #ReadyForNewHomes #FurryFamilyMember #EasyAdoptionProcess


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Finding a balance between healthy habits and damaging habits can be difficult, specifically when it comes to keeping your hair healthy. While there are plenty of ways you can damage your hair, there are also some easy preventative measures you can take to keep your locks looking their best for as long as possible. Unfortunately, our daily routines typically result in excess stress on our hair. Stress from; weather, humid air after a shower, or vigorous activities like running or soccer. The very best method to keep your head healthy and avoid damage to the hair is by incorporating a couple of preventative measures into your everyday routine. Whether you're trying to prevent damage in the first place or keeping damage under control once it has already begun, these tips will have you feeling fantastic in no time!
Eat Healthy and Stay Hydrated For Healthy Hair
Keeping your body healthy is among the very best methods to keep your hair healthy.
Maintaining a healthy weight and eating a well-balanced diet is important for promoting hair growth and avoiding damage. In addition to your diet, staying hydrated is vital for the health of your hair. Healthy hair is hair that is completely hydrated from the inside out. Surprisingly excess alcohol consumption can lead to extreme drying of the hair and eventually damage. Alcohol hinders the scalp's ability to maintain moisture levels in the hair, causing excessive dryness and possible damage. Lessening alcohol consumption is important to prevent damage to your hair and the rest of your body will be happy.
Exercise Regularly
Another interesting fact is that hair is comprised of keratin, a protein that makes up 85% of your hair's structure. Therefore, working out frequently will not only help you feel much better, but it will also benefit your efforts to have healthy hair.
Routine exercise, such as yoga, walking, and even weightlifting, helps to improve circulation in the scalp while also increasing blood flow to the scalp.
This, in turn, promotes better hair growth and a much healthier head of hair. Additionally, exercise has actually been shown to minimize stress and enhance psychological health, both of which can be beneficial for your head and hair as well.
Keep your hair protected and dry
Although your hair may look like it can handle being dragged across a cement floor, this is just not the case. Avoid extreme tugging on your hair and avoid pulling your hair back while wet, as both scenarios, can cause damage. Damage can also be triggered by excessive brushing, which can result in breakage and damage to the hair shaft, which can lead to thinning and even bald spots. If you have braids, they can get wet in the shower, pool, and when it's drizzling.
However, we do recommend taking specific preventative measures to protect your braids from fungal growth, hair damage, frizz, and unraveling.
Be sure to dry your braids completely. You can begin with a large microfiber towel. Wrap it around your head and press it into the braids. You can also wrap the towel around a few braids at a time and carefully squeeze them. Then let them air dry the rest of the way. Avoid tying up your braids in a ponytail or bun while they are still damp; let them dry in the open air over the course of a day. If you don't have time to air-dry your hair, you can use a blow-dryer on its "cool" setting to speed up the process a bit. A bonnet hair dryer (or hooded dryer) will also do the trick– it ought to only take a couple of hours at most.
Protect your hair from the sun and humidity
Sun exposure and humidity can be two of the most harmful factors for your hair.
Being aware of the amount of sunshine you expose your hair to and avoiding extreme humidity in the air can help to keep your hair healthy and prevent damage. Excessive sunshine with direct exposure, especially if you are in a warm climate, can be a lot more harmful if you have just dried your hair. Not to mention how excessive humidity can make hair frizzy and curly due to the high levels of water in the air. We're betting that you or someone you know has canceled a date, an event, or called off work all due to a bad hair day. Ohhh the missed opportunities! Beat the heat and humidity with a fantastic protective style that matches your hair texture.
Then cover it with a scarf. Make sure to hydrate your scalp and hair with the proper oils. We prefer 4Tress Daily roll-on oil for healthy hair and scalp. Developed using 10 of the most highly recommended essential oils including Jamaican Black Caster and Morula oils, our scalp moisturizing solution will become your go-to oil treatment product.
Rich in omega fatty acids and antioxidants, 4Tress Daily nourishes at a cellular level to reduce itching and flaking, plus revitalizes your scalp to promote healthy hair growth.
For Healthy Hair Take Breaks Between Protective Styles
Protective styles pull on your hair and cause tension and pressure. This will damage your hair over time as your follicles are stressed when the hair is pulled into place. The longer you leave your braids in, the more likely they are to become matted. If you leave them enough time, they might even begin to lock up! Matted hair can take hours to detangle and may even end up being so bad that you consider cutting your hair off.
This definitely defeats the purpose of getting your protective style in the first place. Appropriate care with the best products while not wearing your style is just as essential as when you are. You should concentrate on hydration.
Use the right hair care products for your hair texture and scalp. Avoid products with silicone in them. Although they make sleek protective barriers from heat styling, they prevent moisture from getting in the hair follicle and shaft. Excessive silicone and the end result is broken, damaged hair. Try a product with hyaluronic acids instead. It's fantastic for moisture and healthy hair.
Speak to your stylist to identify how long your specific braids ought to remain in to maintain the health of your hair and scalp, however as a general guideline try to keep your braids in for no longer than 8 weeks at a time for optimum scalp and hair health.
As you can see, the most important thing when it concerns keeping your hair healthy is to be consistent. You can't just eat healthily, exercise frequently, then expose yourself to damaging aspects, and anticipate your hair to be fine.
Being consistent with your daily routines and taking care of your scalp and hair is the very best method to ensure your hair stays healthy and damage-free. If you make the effort to include a few of these tips in your routine, you will be well on your way to healthy hair for years to come.


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Chyelle works as a contract author for The Daily Beast and edited articles for Forbes, Inc.com, Fox News and different evaluation websites. She researches services and products associated to web consumption and works on TechRadar Pro on SAAS choices. Customization choices are limited to colors, languages, and branding choices. You can't customize the chat widget to match the feel and appear of your site. Reviewing the chat transcripts as a class or in small groups may also help to bolster new abilities. Students can transfer what they've discovered to new experiences. In phrases of reporting, you get a pleasant snapshot view into how your agents are doing .
Explore best practices on improving student assist in a digitally-demanding world. If you want to match your website's type, you possibly can customise the chat messenger with provided styles and colour schemes. Notes function that permits you to hold observe of earlier contacts with customers. It's free, which is nice for small companies that want to give the concept of reside chat a strive. Anyone can choose up the chat, however this might be a bit cumbersome for larger implementations. After confirming my e mail tackle, I was redirected to the web app the place a brief onboarding course of was waiting for me. There aren't any options available for deleting one's account.
Only the huge outcry from the site's members to keep the service up and operating stored the equally mysterious developers from completely shutting down the program. It also allows you to monitor your website exercise and identify the visitors sources of your guests. The app additionally offers a reporting function so you can understand how your chat sessions are performing. The software program only ensures the privateness, safety, and security of your info and conversations, nonetheless it doesn't vouch for Hangouts customers or their intentions.
However, you can nonetheless log in on E-chat in your mobile phone by way of your cellphone's browser. While it does not beat the comfort of getting an actual cellular app for this, it is nonetheless an alternative. Although, this would dock some points for this review since the market is already full of dozens of instant messaging apps for each enterprise and pleasure.
Writer's Evaluation Score Breakdown
Thinking and presentation instruments that make sharing and collaborating easy. When you meet someone online through social community and the man or girl on the other finish leaves for a while to seek the assistance of with an excellent pal to approve you. Talking real-time with strangers is one factor that's still fairly widespread. Also, it should be well-known that country based totally hat rooms are utilized by a quantity of individuals in numerous elements of the world. It's additionally lucky that the software is so easy to use, as a end result of we did discover the support articles slightly lacking. You get dialog history , referral source, location, and pages the contact has visited. You can display an e mail kind, show an unavailable message, or just select not to show the chat field.
- It's an excellent system to handle customer communication with out spending time directly responding to every inquiry.
- In addition to that, it is feasible for you to to kick/ban individuals and remove messages from the chat.
- I needed to let students get the standard hello's and funny messages out of the way but after they did it was nice and amazing.
- We recommend querying after the time the market suggests to question.
- There just isn't a profile to fret about on the E-Chat platform.
It provides a slick interface that makes interacting with the product a breeze. Next to the polished chat console, there are apps for PC/Mac as properly as iOS and Android. But possibly the icing on the cake is its free plan, which comes with limitless chats and a 30-day chat history. One of the most effective methods to provide a better customer expertise is thru conversational marketing.
Am I Ready To Deactivate My Account?
Transition from phone to digital for higher effectivity, ROI, and customer satisfaction. They combine with Content Management and Shopping Cart Systems corresponding to WordPress, Magento and Shopify and many others. I didn't find the integration with Google Analytics although. To create a chatroom, you'll only should click on on the "Create new chatroom" choice found on the backside of the web page echat. You shall be directed to a web page where you'll find a way to name your personal chatroom. After creating the chatroom, you ought to have entry to a moderator's panel where you can customise your individual chat group. If for some cause, you cannot discover a chatroom that caters to your undiscovered interests, you'll be able to create your own!
This, nevertheless, is often a double-edged sword since having a fast registration with not even a slight vetting can also imply that anyone can create an account. One large power of E-chat is its no-nonsense, straight up registration process. Signing up does not require any email addresses, private information, credit card info or any information at all. You just simply have to sort in your preferred username, enter a secure password and re-type it to substantiate the password.
Plans And Costs
I had students posting sentences and asking for assist editing them and I had college students asking me important questions on initiatives. The purposes are limitless and I want to use it to allow my college students to collaborate with others st … Excellent spot to sit back out, take pleasure in your self, and keep romantic. There just isn't a profile to fret about on the E-Chat platform.
Possibly, I'm merely a great deal much less choosy versus others, but usually, I assume I'm fortunate. Numerous other people would possibly require further time discover like-minds. All chat transcripts are automatically saved and can be searched. You can even tag each contacts and transcripts (e.g. 'support queries', 'sales queries') to organize them.
What offers E-chat a slight edge is its active and numerous members. Upon logging in, we now have joined a number of chatrooms and have obtained 3 non-public messages in each one on average. With the premise that anyone can meet anyone here, you are certain to have good conversations and some rotten ones. If you have lucked out on a great dialog with someone, your chat historical past won't be deleted subsequently you can go reread your conversation or message the individual again. ProProfs Live Chat is a stay chat software that may reply your customer's questions in your website in real-time. It works as an integration you presumably can add to your site so you possibly can always sustain with all the questions thrown your way.
Tawk To Live Chat Evaluation
It offers a decent set of options for a free app and won't try to limit you at each step of the method in which by capping your chats or the variety of people using the app at the identical time. The ProProfs Live Chat web site interface is simple to browse. You can examine plans and costs, take a glance at the options, and even view the sorts of data analytics the software will store. Once you begin using ProProfs Live Chat, you'll be succesful of see statistics on what occurs when somebody visits your web site, which answers work and which ones do not. Pure Chat understands this and supplies numerous helpful features within the progress plan that make an immense impact general.
They can enter into predominantly pleasant rooms, nevertheless there are additionally choices when trying to focus on chat rooms with grownup content material materials. Some of the distinctive chat rooms on this platform could be discussing random options like espresso breaks. In transient, there are a ton of chat rooms on this platform, and prospects are unlikely to be left momentary in this regard. The signup course of is then full, and the particular person is directed to the account. After spending some time attending to know Pure Chat, I have to say my emotions towards it are somewhat combined.
Completing the CAPTCHA proves you're a human and provides you temporary access to the web property. BotPenguin is highly dependable, at all times delivering on time and with a top quality. Their consideration to detail, professionalism, and responsiveness contribute to a rewarding collaboration. Our usage-based pricing is based on the number of send credit you need. Common Sense is the nation's main independent non-profit organization dedicated to empowering children to thrive in a world of media and expertise. Tools to build great studying experiences for distant college students.
Present Support Cons
The platform is very easy to navigate, with a handful of manageable menu options. We'd like to see a slightly more modern and exciting design, however it's actually not a dealbreaker. However, we couldn't discover a straightforward way to entry the assist guides from inside the platform, which might be useful. While it's potential to arrange chat widgets in a couple of language, the system isn't really constructed to help this. While you probably can take advantage of a free 30-day trial, you'll have to opt for certainly one of Pure Chat's paid plans to proceed using the service. Pure Chat isn't exactly a pioneer in the reside chat business, nevertheless it is one of the better-known names, particularly in the US.
Backchannel Chat
Asynchronous messaging just isn't obtainable, which is a shame as many opponents offer this. Pure Chat was acquired by virtual receptionist company Ruby in late 2020, and curiously , it doesn't appear to be a lot has been up to date since then. Its standalone AI-powered chatbot device, ArtiBot.ai, doesn't seem to get a lot of a point out on its web site both. Because your people and processes matter as a lot because the expertise you select. Everything you need to know about establishing and using Comm100 and all its options. Provide your customers with your individual distinctive blend of human, self-serve, and automated support. The industry's highest potential availability due to our proprietary uptime technology.
Males may barely outnumber the females, however that doesn't really matter. Each chatroom will have an uneven number of individuals. Sometimes, one chat room has more females than males or vice versa. In comparison to different suppliers E-chat is freed from charge.