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Kids Clothing and Accessories
Gigi's Vogue
Sale price $25.00 Regular price $60.00
Super-Cute Handmade Farm Animal Barn Set is your child's favorite farm-to-go animal playset. Individually hand-crafted with felted wool for a soft look and feel. Certainly a great gift for all ages.
Includes (1) Plush Button-down Barn set plus Five (5) Individual Designed Plush Farm Animal Friends set.
It's a unique and perfect gift! They will love it!
Ask about your 20% coupon on your second purchase.


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Interior decoration is an art as well as science that aims to make spaces healthier as well as a lot more aesthetically pleasing. Inside developers plan, study, and also coordinate projects. They additionally carry out research to identify what aspects are needed to make areas much more gorgeous and also functional. If you have an interest in ending up being an indoor developer, you may intend to continue reading for more details about the occupation.
Styles of interior design
There are a number of different styles of interior decoration Each has a distinct feel, and also each highlights a different facet of house style. Commercial design is one example, as it concentrates on performance and performance, but it can additionally be defined by a rustic attraction and also organic significance. This style can be attained by integrating contemporary trends with rustic appeal and also making use of all-natural products such as wood and raw blocks.
Timeless design is another style. This style goes back to the early 1900s. It combines the best aspects of standard and also contemporary modern-day styles. It features airy, roomy rooms, luxurious home furnishings, and bent lines. This style is typically connected with greater social standing, as well as original items are typically pricey. However, reproductions are usually of top quality as well as can be found for a practical rate. In this design, vibrant shades are leading, but some homeowner favor off-white and also off-white tones.
Refine of interior decoration.
When it concerns interior decoration, there are lots of phases that have to occur in order for the end product to come to fulfillment. This includes the first appointment stage, the layout development phase, and the execution stage. The design development phase entails the execution of illustrations and a rough layout, permitting the client to evaluate the proposition as well as make adjustments. Once the customer is satisfied with the last design, it will certainly be secured as the end product.
After the examination stage is complete, the layout team moves to the construction stage, which can take anywhere from 6 to eight weeks. During this time, the interior developer will certainly deal with contractors to bring the layout to life. They will certainly also work with local building authorities to secure a building permit for the task.
Education called for
To become an interior developer, you require to have an imaginative eye, imaginative capabilities, and also computer abilities. The standard method to discover this occupation is by enrolling in an affiliate's level program. Depending on the kind of interior decoration you want to pursue, you may likewise have to take CAD training. This is because much of the interior decoration process involves utilizing computer programs. You also require to know exactly how to select colors, furniture, and also materials that will certainly complement the total layout as well as satisfy the needs of the clients.
Some states need interior developers to be licensed. However, other states might enable unlicensed specialists to practice. Obtaining your license indicates passing an exam accepted by your state. The National Council for Interior Decoration Certification (NCIDQ) is the most acknowledged qualification program for interior developers You can additionally earn a certification with the American Society of Inside Designers or get licensed as a Qualified Inside Designer. These 2 organizations, nonetheless, do not need the same instructional or experience needs as NCIDQ.
Occupation overview for indoor designers.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Stats, the task expectation for indoor designers is favorable through 2021, though employment development will be slower than the standard of 8.8%. Nonetheless, these estimates do not think about regional problems and also are no guarantee of actual task development. This suggests that aspiring indoor developers ought to prepare for an affordable work market.
The need for indoor developers is anticipated to remain to increase through 2028. This growth is mainly as a result of the makeover of existing houses as well as buildings, as well as renovations for colleges as well as offices. There is likewise a rise in public recognition of environmental quality, which is expected to increase demand for green layout. Those who have actually progressed degrees or accreditations in this area will have much better work potential customers.

subset: commoncrawl


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The holidays are almost here; a time when holiday party style and gift-giving ideas are top of mind. From stocking stuffers for dad, to suits to wear to a holiday party or even comfy Christmas morning essentials, now more than ever, Canadians are looking for premium, stylish apparel.
Whether you're on the hunt for the perfect party suit, colourful socks, lounge wear or coats to keep warm, Tip Top has something for all those stylish people on your list!


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Bright Heart (2023)
A young man, Jahid, runs away in the night from a dangerous biker and takes refuge in a strangely quiet museum. There he meets unusual characters and faces extraordinary events. Throughout this initiatory journey, Jahid confronts the improbable and goes through the exploration of beauty, political awareness as well as the surrounding danger.
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Genre: Uncategorized


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How to Increase Website Traffic in 2023?
The eCommerce industry is growing tremendously giving rise to a stiff competition among the businesses for capturing the attention of the customers. The global eCommerce market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 14.7% from 2020 to 2027.
Most eCommerce businesses today find it challenging to reach out to their customers and engage them with their respective brands organically. They are investing in paid advertising to make their brands stand out amidst the competition.
However, not all businesses have the required budget for paid ads. Hence, getting the audience to visit the website is the only option. There are various ways to ensure a streamlined flow of visitors to your online store.
In this post, we shall learn how eCommerce businesses can increase the traffic on their websites by following these five simple tactics.
5 Ways to Boost Your Website Traffic
Optimize Your Ecommerce Website
The first step toward ensuring traffic to your online store is optimizing your eCommerce website for sales. If your website is unprofessional or disorganized, your customers might struggle to complete their purchases. Hence, it is critical for businesses to regularly check the shopping experience they provide to the customers.
Did you know that 48% of customers say that website design plays an important role in deciding the brand's credibility? Around 88%
Here are a few tactics that you can implement to optimize your website for increased sales.
- Site navigability - Organize your website to have clear structures and CTA. Your customers must be able to find the products they are looking for without any hassles. Set up a simple yet attractive website with easily scannable content, clear menus with proper product categories, and more.
- Product search and filters - Install smart product search and filters plugin like Sparq to improve product discovery on the website and boost conversions.
- Website loading speed - The longer your website takes to load, the higher are the chances that your customers might leave your website. The ideal eCommerce website load should be around 2 seconds.
- Product descriptions - Write accurate and detailed product descriptions to provide the customers with the right information about the products. Leverage product photos and videos to let the customers see how the product looks in real-life. You can also use user-generated images for showcasing the products.
- Checkout process - Simplify the checkout process by providing various payment options, such as card payment, UPI, POD, and BNPL.
Work on Your Website SEO
There are approximately 12-24 million eCommerce websites across the world. Imagine there will be hundreds of websites offering the same products as you. So, the competition for getting your products to the desired target audience is getting fiercer every day.
Ecommerce SEO ensures that your website turns up on the top of the SERPs whenever your customers search for your products online. It drives organic traffic to your website and strengthens your brand awareness.
You can start optimizing your website for search engines and increase your store's discoverability by following these simple tactics.
- Research for relevant keywords and optimize your website content including the product descriptions for the same.
- Change your product page titles to match the search intent.
- Write proper meta titles and descriptions for the website pages.
- Ensure that the page URLs are SEO-friendly. These URLs must be short and rich in keywords.
- Do not forget to link the website pages together for better crawlability.
Leverage Content Marketing
Publishing original content on your eCommerce website blog can help you increase your website traffic. According to a recent survey conducted by Content Marketing Institute, 88% of marketers have successfully leveraged content marketing to create brand awareness and build credibility.
You can create various types of content to educate your customers about your products. Some of them are -
- Blog posts
- Articles
- Product videos
- Tutorials
- Infographics
- Ebooks
- Podcasts
This short guide on eCommerce content marketing will help you devise a solid content plan for your business.
- Establish your goals. Ask yourself why you are creating content and associate the same to your business goals. For example, one of the goals could be generating more sales.
- Understand your target audience and their pain points to devise a content strategy that addresses the same.
- Write original and engaging content for your audience. For example, share tips or best practices about using your products in a blog. You can also review your existing content and revise it to match your audience's interests.
- Leverage SEO to ensure that your content performs the best across various platforms, such as search engines, social media, and more.
- Decide on a publishing schedule for posting your content. Do not forget to promote your content on your website, social media, emails, and more.
- Monitor the performance of your content on a regular basis and refine the same to ensure greater success.
Invest in Social Media Marketing
The average time a person spends on social media is found to be 2 hours and 29 minutes. Imagine the potential social media has in redirecting traffic to your online store.
Leverage social media to increase your website traffic from both existing customers and new prospects. Focus on increasing your social media presence with the help of the right social media marketing strategy. Here are a few tips to help you build your eCommerce brand on social media.
- Identify the platforms where your target customers are the most active on and suit your business the best.
- Brainstorm ideas to create a content calendar and start sharing it on social media.
- Create a community for your followers on social media by engaging with them. Reply to their comments, share their posts, answer their queries, and more.
- Organize giveaways and contests to increase social media engagement and offer exciting prizes in exchange for participation.
- Introduce a referral program for the customers and ask them to share your product recommendations in their connections for some tangible incentives.
- Collaborate with the industry influencers and bloggers to promote your products and boost brand awareness.
Make the Most of Email Marketing
Although social media has become the primary means for businesses to connect with customers, email marketing has still not lost its charm. Email marketing provides eCommerce businesses with numerous benefits that help in connecting with customers and prospects, collecting their feedback, promoting products, and more.
In fact, 99% of customers check their emails every day and prefer to receive updates from their favorite brands.
Email marketing helps you connect with highly-targeted audiences who are interested in purchasing from you. All you need to do is build an email list and plan an email marketing strategy.
Decide on the type of emails - promotional, educational, business updates, and more you wish to send to the customers. Choose the frequency of the emails. You can send order updates on a timely basis while promotional and educational emails can be sent out once a week.
Keep your email content clear and short. Add the necessary call-to-action i.e directing your customers to your website. Tailor your email messages to connect with the customers on a personal level. Send product recommendations, back-in-stock notifications, promotional offers , discounts and more to encourage your customers to make additional purchases.
Wrapping Up
Driving traffic to your eCommerce website is not a tedious task. You need to gradually implement all the tactics mentioned in this post and monitor the results. Do not hurry into implementing all these techniques in one go. It is always ideal to plan your actions and scale your efforts accordingly.


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G: aufsätze
Much has changed in Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall in November, 1989 and the official reunification of the country in October, 1990. The one aspect that has received the most international media attention is the number of violent acts perpetrated on German streets in the past few years. In the context of this essay, the term "violent acts" does not refer to "criminal" violence in the usual sense of the word. (For decades, the number of murders in the former West Germany was about the same as that of Detroit or Houston. In the East, murders were extremely rare. Even now, the murder rate in Germany as a whole is about one tenth that of the US.) It denotes acts of violence against non-Germans, mainly so-called "guest workers" (Gastarbeiter) and asylum seekers.(1) Some of these incidences have come to represent the very essence of brutality and xenophobia. In September, 1991, 150 young neo-Nazis attacked an apartment building occupied by foreigners in Hoyerswerda. In August, 1992, skinheads and local youths lay siege to a building in Rostock occupied by asylum seekers. This went on for five nights, and the police did little about it. In November,1992, an arsonist set fire to a building in Mölln occupied by Turkish families. A woman and two young girls were killed. In May, 1993, the home of a Turkish family in Solingen was set aflame, killing four children and a young woman.(2) The first two incidents took place in the East, the last two in the West. These have been the most spectacular cases, but the final chapter has yet to be written, as two other less publicized examples illustrate: In October, 1995, four youths attacked a man from Togo, kicking him and beating him with baseball bats. This happened in Nordhausen, a town near the Harz mountains in the former GDR. About a month later in the university town of Greifswald, ten youths ambushed a student from Afghanistan, kicked him repeatedly and wounded him with a knife.(3) A less random act was the (second!) firebombing of the Lübeck synagogue on May 7, 1995, just before the ceremonies marking the fiftieth anniversary of the defeat of the Third Reich.(4)
In light of such horrors, the results of an opinion poll conducted in Germany fifty years after the end of World War II are not without interest. 79% of the Germans see May 8, 1945, as a day of liberation rather than defeat. 92% say the Nazis were able to commit their crimes because they were unopposed by large parts of the bureaucracy. Only 5% say that only a small clique was responsible for the injustices of the Third Reich. A full 95% reject the so-called "Auschwitz lie" that the victorious Allies made up the story of the Holocaust. Only 5% of youths would ever vote for an extreme right-wing party and only 1% could imagine joining such a group. There is a generational divide, however. 87% of the people under 30 think of May 8 as a day of liberation, but only 67% of those over 50.(5) Despite these figures, violence and right-wing politics in Germany are never portrayed exclusively as present-day phenomena in the media--there is always a historical dimension or echo as well. There are at least three main reasons for this.
First of all, symbols and relics of the Nazi past are constantly coming into view. An Amtrak train is sabotaged in Arizona, and the saboteurs leave behind a note signed "Sons of the Gestapo."(6) Israeli historian Moshe Zimmermann is denounced as a demagogue and parasite for having said that the "little Nazi" is lurking in everyone--even in Israel.(7) American Gary Lauck is arrested in Denmark at a neo-Nazi gathering. The German government succeeds in having him extradited to Germany, where he stands trial for disseminating Nazi propaganda from his home base in Nebraska. (Lauck's newsletter, the Kampfruf is being distributed on the Internet by means of an America Online account.) At the same time, Danish neo-Nazis begin broadcasting on their own radio station.(8) A Sunday edition of the New York Times prominently displays a long article about neo-Nazis in cyberspace.(9) New York Times reporter Alan Cowell, writing about the deployment of German warplanes in Bosnia, emphasizes that the missions are "heavy in symbolism."(10) A German WW II veteran comments that these planes have as much place in Bosnia as some old Waffen-SS tourists in Auschwitz.(11) Adolf Eichmann's deputy Alois Brunner is sought in Latin America, and SS officer Erich Priebke is tried for the murder of Italian prisoners in 1944.(12) Eric Borel, a 16-year-old French schoolboy from Toulon, murders his family, his best friend, and eight others before committing suicide. After his death, police search his room and find swastikas, racist graffiti, and a red flag with a stylized swastika---as well as videos like The Silence of the Lambs and the Terminator (starring perhaps the most famous Austrian of the postwar period).(13)
Secondly, there is, among Europeans and others, an undercurrent of anxiety regarding Germany's economic and political ascendancy. Many Europeans will recall the famous statement by François Mauriac: "I love Germany so dearly that I hope there will always be two of them."(14) A more recent formulation appeared in a New York Times article about Helmut Kohl: "The fear for some Europeans ... is Teutonic knights in three-piece suits." (An unnamed diplomat is being quoted here.)(15) The new European currency will also probably be called the "euro" and not the "euromark" as proposed by German finance minister Theo Waigel.(16) Under the guise of criticizing EC policies banning British beef possibly affected with BSE or "mad cow disease," the yellow press in the UK launches an all-out offensive against the "Krauts," engaging in defamation of the German national character, to put it mildly.(17)
Finally, the Third Reich has become more than a historical episode. It is now a symbol of evil per se. In earlier times, one might have heard names like Genghis Khan, Tamerlane, Ivan the Terrible, Robespierre, or "the Kaiser,", i.e., Wilhelm II. None of these can compare with Hitler--not even Stalin, despite the Gulag. "Stalinist" has never been a powerful epithet. Those who wish to shock invoke Hitler as a great man, as Louis Farrakhan has done on occasion.(18) According to Joachim Fest, whose Hitler biography has been reissued in Germany, Hitler has become a myth encompassing everything sinister and repugnant in the history of humankind. From Fest's vantage point, our secularized world has bid farewell to the devil as the personification of evil, but the abstract concept of evil still needs a visual expression, so Hitler is indispensable.(19) Needless to say, the choice of Hitler for this role is a source of no little discomfort for today's Germans, many of whom have publicly and privately agonized over the past for decades. The new nationalism presently being articulated by certain intellectuals in Germany is clearly an attempt to make a clean break with the past and to normalize the perception (also the self-perception) of Germany and the Germans. Behind this attempt is the need to create a national identity of which one need not be ashamed. To put it simply, it is still difficult to be a German, and this is even true of the post-fascist generations. A brief passage from the liberal weekly Die Zeit illustrates this phenomenon. In a 1994 article about multiculturalism in the US, reporter Robin Detje wrote the following about his stay in San Francisco: He was able to disappear "in der Menge der Menschen verschiedenster Ethnien, denen ihre Verschiedenheit auf fröhlichste Weise wurst zu sein scheint," and, even more significantly, he could be "nicht mehr so deutsch ..., sondern mehr Mensch. Das erleichtert.(20) It is hard to imagine any other Western Europeans saying such a thing. (Along this line, anyone visiting a German elementary school would hardly find young girls named Ingeborg, Irmtraud, or Sieglinde, but there would be a plethora of Jennifers, Jessicas, and Nicoles. Siegfried, Volker, and Adolf have of course also given way to less Germanic sounding names.)(21)
The acts of non-Germans also do not produce the sort of outcry which would be de rigueur if they were Teutonic in origin. A few examples: The newly-elected mayor of Toulon, Jean-Marie de Chevallier of Le Pen's National Front, has demanded that the children of foreigners be put in separate schools away from French children.(22) If the mayor of Freiburg, a city of comparable size, had made such a statement, there would have been calls for his immediate resignation from across the globe. The same is true for Aimone Finestra, mayor of Latina, a city of ca. 90,000 south of Rome. Mayor Finestra recently decided to name a new city park after Arnaldo Mussolini, the Duce's younger brother.(23) A "Hitler Park" on the edge of Greater Berlin would be unthinkable. In a similar vein, no German intellectual could have shrugged off the dangers of nuclear testing like "new philosopher" Bernard-Henri Lévy did. Despite world-wide protests against French tests in the South Pacific, Lévy could calmly state: "Nuclear tests: Why not?"(24) As a footnote to this, one might point out that the Austrians have apparently succeeded in uncoupling themselves from the Germans in public perception. If they had not, there would now be an international media blitz directed toward the picturesque Alpenrepublik, since self-styled "right-wing populist" Jörg Haider of the Freedom Party is a major player on the political stage there. Although he did not realize his dream of a share in national power in the 1995 Austrian elections, he still commands about 22% of voter support, a figure which would make even Le Pen--let alone Germany's Franz Schönhuber--envious. No German politician could survive the scandal surrounding Haider's speech at a meeting of Austrian Waffen-SS veterans.(25) One must conclude that Austria has successfully marketed its postwar self-image as the first victim of National Socialism, rather than its primary collaborator.
As one would expect, the events in Hoyerswerda, Rostock, Mölln, Solingen and elsewhere have forced German writers to once again come to terms with the past--or rather its apparent perpetuation in the post-unification present. Writers were involved in the Lichterketten, or candlelight vigils, which brought tens of thousands of anti-racist demonstrators to the streets of Munich, Hamburg, and elsewhere a few years ago. Several anthologies have also appeared, with titles like Schweigen ist Schuld or "Denk ich an Deutschland ..." - Stimmen der Befremdung.(26) In the fall of 1995, Austrian writer Robert Menasse began his opening speech at the Frankfurt Book Fair with the following words: "Im 16. Jahrhundert schrieb ein Amsterdamer Rabbi den Satz: `Was einmal wirklich war, bleibt ewig möglich.' Er bezog sich mit diesem Satz auf die kurz zuvor den Juden widerfahrenen Greuel im Zuge ihrer Vertreibung von der iberischen Halbinsel."(27)
Menasse then mentioned, almost as an aside, that the same sentence can be found in Theodor Adorno's reflections on Auschwitz. In the context of this essay, I will limit myself to an analysis of two essays and two dramas which revolve around the nexus between violence and the German character.
By far the most controversial of these is "Anschwellender Bocksgesang", an essay by dramatist and poet Botho Strauß (b. 1944).(28) The title means something akin to "impending tragedy." ("Bocksgesang," a word not found in most German dictionaries, is a literal and humorous translation of the word tragedy, namely "song of the billy goat.") Critic Thomas Assheuer has characterized this piece as "ein unerhörtes Dokument - das erste aus dem Neuen Deutschland,"(29) whereas others have been a bit more blunt, asking the question: "Ist Botho Strauß ein Faschist?"(30) Such reactions were provoked by desultory musings written in a highly convoluted style meant to be comprehensible solely for the chosen few. This is a polemic against the left (even the term "left" has purportedly been a synonym for "wrong" since time immemorial)(31), specifically against the "generation of `68," whose rejection of the past has supposedly led to "die Verhöhnung des Eros, die Verhöhnung des Soldaten, die Verhöhnung von Kirche, Tradition und Autorität." 203 In a passage reminiscent of Neil Postman, Strauß also attacks the mass media for trivializing all of human experience and making true communication and edification impossible. 207 German intellectuals are castigated for embracing everything foreign, including foreigners themselves, in the hope that the foreign element will destroy Germany once and for all. 203 (Even Günter Grass, who is not mentioned by Strauß, wrote a utopian--or dystopian, depending on one's perspective--novel in which the eventual extinction of the Germans is seen as the only way to make people forget Auschwitz and remember the positive aspects of German culture.)(32) According to Strauß, the spirit of tolerance and xenophilia conjured up by many German intellectuals and politicians is ultimately an expression of self-hatred, and anti-fascism is often a manifestation of mental disorder rather than political consciousness. 204 It is not that such things have not been said in Germany since 1945. What lends these words impact is the fact that they are being uttered by a respected, hitherto `enlightened and progressive' writer, not an incorrigible representative of an SS solidarity group. (Strauß himself had actually touched on similar themes in his dramas and poems of the 1980's, but on this occasion, he spoke for the first time not as an imaginative writer, but as a cultural critic.) Echoing right-wing criticism of Germany's liberal political asylum law--which has since been made much more restrictive--, Strauß states: "Es ist verwerflich ohne jede Einschränkung, sich an Fremden zu vergreifen - es ist verwerflich, Horden von Unbehausbaren, Unwirtbaren ahnungslos hereinzulassen."(33) This has been interpreted as a gesture of support for those youthful vandals who have taken the law into their own hands. Strauß even goes on to assert that enlightened intellectuals are at a loss to understand such youths, because they no longer understand the concept of "Verhängnis." 204 This word can be translated as misfortune, destiny, or tragic fate. Since Strauß also laments the loss of such Prussian virtues as sacrifice and service, one can imagine how German readers could see the ghosts of 1933 on the horizon. This is ultimately a misunderstanding, however, because Strauß actually dreams of returning to the world as it was before the Enlightenment, not just before the collapse of National Socialism. His juxtaposition of elitism and conservatism is not new in German cultural history.(34)
Hans Magnus Enzensberger, a leading representative of the intellectual avant-garde in Germany since the 1950's, also published a controversial essay in 1993. Enzensberger, whose roles have included gadfly of the oppressive Wirtschaftswunder era, spiritus rector of the student movement, and skeptical analyst of the television culture, had already shocked the left-liberal camp in 1991 with an article equating Saddam Hussein with Hitler, thus justifying the Gulf War.(35) His 1993 essay, "Ausblicke auf den Bürgerkrieg,"(36) describes the "New World Order" as a chaotic state of affairs in which civil war is the norm rather than the exception. Now that the rhetoric of the Cold War has vanished, none of the combatants can justify their actions with respect to political philosophy or even propagandistic boilerplate. They seem to be devoid of beliefs, he maintains. Enzensberger goes so far as to say that these mindless warriors are "autistisch," driven by a strange longing for "kollektive Selbstverstümmelung," and incapable of distinguishing between destruction and self-destruction. 171-172
Beyond such global pronouncements, which are certainly debatable,(37) Enzensberger does not ignore the recent eruptions of savagery on German soil. Given the observations quoted above, it should come as no surprise that he refuses to call the perpetrators of violence against foreigners "Rechtsradikale" or "Neonazis:" "Vom Nationalsozialismus weiß er nichts. Die Geschichte interessiert ihn nicht. Hakenkreuz und Hitler-Gruß sind beliebige Requisiten. Seine Klamotten-, Musik- und Videokultur ist durch und durch amerikanisch. ... `Deutschtum' ist ein Slogan ohne jeden Inhalt, der nur dazu dient, die Leerstellen im Gehirn zu besetzen."172 One should not assume, however, that ignoring such people is an option for Enzensberger. Eliminating the anti-social violence from German society is, in fact, at the top of his political agenda. If the Germans were to simply look the other way, they would hardly be credible critics vis-à-vis injustices abroad: "Es steht den Deutschen schlecht an, sich als Garanten des Friedens und als Weltmeister der Menschenrechte aufzuführen, solange deutsche Schläger- und Mordbrennerbanden Tag und Nacht Furcht und Schrecken verbreiten."175 This is not the voice of a neoconservative à la Strauß. It is an expression of resignation stemming from the realization that the universalist morality of the Enlightenment cannot--or has yet to be--accepted as a code of personal, political, and societal behavior. Unlike Strauß, Enzensberger can find no solace in an idealized past or in a feeling of splendid isolation. He can concur with Hannah Arendt's analysis of totalitarianism, but only with respect to the past. The cultural pessimism we find here is not coupled with a call to return to traditional values and/or the cultural leadership of the Bildungsbürgertum. It is an appeal to Germans from all parts of the political spectrum to save what is left of civil society before it is too late. This is quite a limited agenda in comparison to the utopian visions of the student movement which Enzensberger once helped to inspire.
The 1994 play Jagdzeit (38) is in part a dramatic illustration of Enzensberger's views. The author, acclaimed actress Gundi Ellert (b. 1951), is not content to discuss violence--she attempts to shock her audience by filling the stage with violent acts, blood, and gore. It is ironic that the administrators of the Munich Residenztheater, where the premiere performance was held in September, 1994, decided to invite not graying season-ticket holders, but rather a group of young people to the theater, assuming that they were more `accustomed' to violent images.(39) Ellert portrays a society built on violence and lies, one in which the older generation battles both the younger generation and foreign infiltration, the younger generation despises the older generation, and would-be saviors attempt to take control. Ellert has emphasized that she wanted to write neither a documentary play nor a didactic one ("Zeigefingerdrama"). Instead, she hoped to illustrate the potential for violence in all of us--a potential that can be tapped under oppressive conditions in the family and the society as a whole.(40) In the framework of the post-1989 debate about perpetrators and victims in Germany (Täter-Opfer-Debatte), Ellert portrays brutalized victims who become violent themselves. In her play, the victims are mainly youths, and the females are no less violent than the males.(41)
The action takes place in a border town run by the Christian Democrats, where the powers that be are xenophobic and nostalgic about the old days, i.e., the Third Reich. A number of their children (in their late teens and early 20's) meet in secret, carrying out burglaries and dreaming of a new heroic era. Their group is dominated by a charismatic leader, Robert (in his mid-30's), who has political ambitions. Robert's Weltanschauung is a hodgepodge of millenarianism and visions of German greatness:
"Wir sind ein stolzes Volk das keine Schwächen erträgt ... Ihr seid die Erwählten ... Die Gewalt ist nur der Übergang zu besseren Zeiten / Und dann ersteht die Welt in unserem Glanz ... Wir sind die Kreuzritter der neuen Zeit / Wir werden ins Geschichtsbuch geschrieben ... Das Gute wird über das Böse siegen / Das ist der Wille des Herrn / Und für seinen Willen seid ihr das Werkzeug ... Die Masse hat Angst / Der Masse hat man das Rückgrat gebrochen / Doch wir sind der Arm der Bewegung ... Ich zeige euch den Weg / Folgt mir getrost / Ich führe euch ... Wenn wir siegen verändert sich die Welt / Nichts mehr wird sein wie es war" 36
An American audience would be reminded of David Koresh, and it does turn out that Robert sexually exploits the women in the group. In the end, however, he absconds with the stolen money and uses it to co-found a new right-wing party (led by a man named Merkler, who sounds like a Schönhuber clone). The disciples that he leaves behind see themselves not as politicians, but as "Rebellen" and "Räuber."36 In the course of one break-in, an elderly woman is brutally murdered by Marie, one of the young women in the group. The victim, Frau Gruber, had been a guard in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, but this does not make an impression on the murderers. They even read letters from her husband describing his suffering as a soldier on the Eastern Front, and think that such people were "idiots" for dying for the fatherland. Later, the group kidnaps a young woman whom they think is a Gypsy and asylum seeker. During her captivity, she is brutally tortured and molested. One of her captors parades around in Frau Gruber's old camp uniform from time to time. This would be an example of Enzensberger's comments on the use of "props" devoid of historical meaning. In the end, most of the gang members are rehabilitated by the establishment, since it is opportune to blame the crime wave on foreigners.
Ellert offers neither historical-political analysis nor solutions. Her text is the highly emotional outcry of a tortured soul longing for a humane society.(42) One is, however, left with the impression that German society has no future. The only figure in the play who argues against the neo-Nazis is the Christian-Democratic mayor, who sees everything in purely economic terms:
"In der Wirtschaft denkt man global / Das müßt ihr euch merken / Da gibt es kein Ausland ... Die Gesellschaft im dritten Jahrtausend / Braucht Käufer / Käufer / Keine Arbeitskräfte / Das ist das große Problem / Weltweit ... "32-33
One of the linchpins of the Strauß essay discussed above is a critique of mindless consumerism as the end of all true culture and humanity. Strauß believes that a society that can fulfill only economic needs is on the road to ruin. This assessment has much to recommend it, but it unfortunately implies that present-day Germany is an affluent society from top to bottom. In the harsh climate of the new global economy, many Germans can only dream of the full-employment days of the 1960's, and the "road to ruin" is already lined with almost one-half million homeless, making prosperous Germany the home to almost half of the homeless people in the EC.(43) This is the stuff of which major societal explosions are made.
A microcosmic portrayal of such explosions lies at the center of Tankred Dorst's 1994 play Die Schattenlinie (44). Dorst is one of Germany's most honored and most prolific playwrights, and he has been fascinated with the relationship of creative artists and critical intellectuals to society since the 1960's. This theme was first treated in his 1968 drama Toller, which is based on the literary career and political activities of poet, dramatist, and cultural critic Ernst Toller (1893-1939). Dorst has never been primarily a political dramatist, however. He is more concerned with the existential dilemmas of individual characters in specific situations.(45) Schattenlinie is somewhat of an anomaly in Dorst's oeuvre, in that political matters are not submerged in the biographical context. The play is preceded by an untitled preface in which the author's distress is manifest. Dorst is clearly horrified by the acts of violence in his country--and elsewhere--and even more disturbed by the diffidence of his fellow citizens:
"Hört denn niemand das Geschrei ringsumher? Der ganze Erdball ist erfüllt davon. ... Vieles wird gesagt, aber niemand spricht aus, daß in Wahrheit eine immer mehr um sich greifende Lust am Töten, eine fiebrige Gier, alles, was geschaffen ist, wieder zu zerstören, die Ursache ist, daß Städte in Trümmer fallen, Brückenpfeiler einknicken, hundertstöckige Bauwerke in sich zusammenstürzen, zerhackte, zerstückelte Menschen mit Lebenden zusammen in Kalkgruben gekippt werden. Die Geräusche des Schreckens und der Gewalttaten sind während der folgenden Handlung immer wahrzunehmen, manchmal deutlich und von ganz nah, manchmal nur von fern, wie der Nachhall oder der allmähliche Beginn schrecklicher Ereignisse." 9-10 The last phrase of this apocalyptic scenario could be a paraphrase of the title of Strauß' essay "Anschwellender Bocksgesang." There is much in the play to confirm this suspicion.
In contrast to Ellert, who starts from the premise that the breakdown of the traditional family structure is the root cause of violence, Dorst illustrates his view that it is the denial of violence on the part of what some would call "knee-jerk liberals" that is one of the causes of the problem in the first place. (Such a denial is also sharply criticized by Strauß, who quotes from the book Violence and the Sacred by French anthropologist and literary critic René Girard.) Dorst's protagonist, a late-40ish "68er" named Malthus, is the prototype of the politically correct liberal intellectual--at least in his writings and public pronouncements, in which he proclaims the guilt of the "civilized" West vis-à-vis the exploited Third World (his research project is entitled "Harmonie und Gewalt in den Kulturen der Menschheit"). At home, things are quite different. His wife Lil, a Latvian who was `liberated' from the Soviet bloc by Malthus, feels oppressed by her hyperrational and often emotionless husband. Their first child, Benny, suffers from a kind of autism, and his torments have almost ruined their life together. The other son, Jens, is an intelligent and extremely violent youth who has joined a group of xenophobic skinheads. The daughter, Jennifer, has been somewhat more accessible to Malthus' pacifistic, moralizing, anti-consumer child rearing, but even she allows herself to be abused by a disgusting character during a one-night stand at a hotel. The deterioration of civility in the family culminates in a brutal fight between Malthus and the jackbooted Jens.
This neo-Ibsenite family drama is complemented by scenes which take place on another plane. A mysterious black man--it is never clear whether he is a figment of the European family's imagination or a real economist from Sierra Leone--appears from time to time and interrupts the action. In a surrealistic twist to the first scene, for example, this man begins to sing and dance while running after his own head. Here he is obviously the European's idea of the instinctual primitive. In the middle of the play, he becomes a sort of post-modernist docent, lecturing Malthus about "degenerate whites" who suffer from the disease of monocausal thinking: "Es gibt aber doch so viele Wahrheiten über jedes Ding, sie sind unzählig, wie Regentropfen!" 39(46) Finally, he is murdered by skinhead Jens, who fantasizes about using Zyklon B against all the black "Kakerlaken." 57(47) In a grotesque courtroom scene analogous to the trial in Solingen that concluded in October, 1995, a chorus of black mothers laments the African's death in a highly emotional fashion, only to be called to task by the judge, who accuses them of perpetuating "die Klischees vom primitiven Schwarzen."66 (Strauß railed against xenophilic Germans, one recalls.) In the end, Malthus decides to drop out of society, living in an old trailer at a garbage dump and calling himself "Nigger zwei." He departs on an inner journey, submitting voluntarily to reeducation--as opposed to the Germans in 1945, who were `pushed' back into the West, as it were.
It is unclear if Dorst sees this as a real alternative, but the atmosphere of destructiveness and murderous mania described in the preface prevails until the final curtain. He leaves it to us to decide whether this atmosphere is indeed the last remnant or the mere herald of individual and societal tragedy. Many books have already been written about this question, and many more will be written, but the ultimate answer will be found in Germany's corporate boardrooms, factories, living rooms, neighborhoods, parliament, playgrounds, schools, and streets. It remains to be seen whether the cries of the literary Cassandras will be heard and reflected upon in these venues. Xenophobia and the breakdown of social order are not exclusively German concerns, but in light of their recent history, the Germans have a special obligation to stand up against such developments. Were they to do so, they would not only render a great service to humankind, but also contribute to the reconstruction of a German identity that would be less of a burden for future generations. One thing is clear: ignoring or rejecting said obligation, as some have done, could have disastrous consequences.
*All translations from German into English are my own.
1 A related phenomenon, one that will not be discussed here, is the frequency of attacks on homosexuals and those with disabilities. These two groups represent a discernible other just as the foreigners do.
2 After the arson in Mölln, a French commentator spoke of historic errors (erreurs historiques) committed by the government and the police. He also asserted that an antidemocratic spectre (le spectre antidémocratique) was haunting the Federal Republic more than at any other time in the past forty years. Cf. Lucas Delattre, Allemagne: "L'état contre les racistes," L'Express, 11 December 1992, 9-10.
The following articles deal with the verdict in the Solingen case:
"Hohe Strafen für Solinger Brandanschlag," Die Welt, 14 October 1995. Online; Joachim Neander, "Die Leiden des Strafrechts bei politischen Verbrechen," Die Welt, 14 October 1995. Online; Hans-Werner Loose, "Schuld im Übermaß," Die Welt, 14 October 1995. Online; "Überlebende: Solingen-Urteil gerecht," Die Welt, 16 October 1995. Online; Alan Cowell, "Germans Sentenced in Arson Killing of Turks," New York Times, 15 October 1995. Online; Walter Jakobs, "Bis zum Urteil bleibt nur beten," taz (=die tageszeitung), 13 October 1995. Online; Walter Jakobs, "Höchststrafen für Solinger Mörder," taz, 14 October 1995. Online; Bernd Neubacher, "Was passiert ist, ist passiert," taz, 14 October 1995. Online; Walter Jakobs, "Geschlagen, behütet, abgerutscht," taz, 14 October 1995. Online; hwl, "Vier Verurteilungen, viermal Revision," Die Welt, 11 March 1996. Online; Hans-W. Loose, "Man hat mir nur die Lügerei geglaubt," Die Welt, 11 March 1996. Online. The arson in Solingen is the starting point for a play which I unfortunately have not been able to obtain. The author is one John von Düffel, and the play (Solingen) had its premiere at the Staatstheater Oldenburg in 1995. Cf. kc, Solingen, Kulturchronik 6/1995, 17.
3 German News, 29 October and 22 November 1995. Online.
4 "Erneuter Brandanschlag auf Lübecker Synagoge," Deutschland Nachrichten, 12 May 1995, 2. After the fire at a home for asylum seekers in Lübeck (10 residents died, and over 30 were injured) on 18 January 1996, the taz published a chronicle of arson in Germany: "Folgenschwere Brandanschläge mit fremdenfeindlichem Hintergrund," taz, 19 January 1996. Online. At this writing, the Lübeck case had not yet been solved. Some were quick to assign blame, however. Cf. Diehart Goos, Juso-Flugblatt: "Das ist Kohls Deutschland," Die Welt, 30 January 1996. Online.
5 Reuter dispatch, 4 May 1995. Online. The statistics were taken from a Forsa study originally published in the weekly Die Woche. Similar results are found in the Emnid poll conducted for Der Spiegel. Cf. "Die Jungen denken anders," Der Spiegel, 8 May 1995. 76-77.
6 Ronald J. Ostrow and David Willman, "Strangers in land of terrorism," Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana), 10 October 1995. The article was taken from the Los Angeles Times.
7 Gisela Dachs, "Wie in der Hitlerjugend," Die Zeit, 26 May 1995 (overseas edition).
8 Ingrid Raagaard, "Eigenes Radio für Neonazis," Die Welt , 25 July 1995. Online. The leader of the DNSB (Dänische Nationalsozialistische Bewegung), Jonni Hansen, plans to use the station as part of his struggle for "ein rassenreines Dänemark." Here are a few of the many articles about Lauck that have appeared in the German press: Marco Carini and Andreas Speit, "Von Neonazi-Freunden überführt," taz , 8 May 1996. Online; Annette Rogalla, "Diener zweier Herren," taz, 8 May 1996. Online; has, "Gary Lauck verweigert die Aussage," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 10 May 1996. Online; Michaela Haas, "Der Großlieferant des rechten Wahns," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 13 May 1996.
9 Alan Cowell, Neo-Nazis Now Network on Line and Underground, New York Times, 22 October 1995, 3. Of related interest: Peter Scherer, "Wir drin, der Staat draußen. Deutsche Rechts-extreme kommunizieren bundesweit via Mailbox," Die Welt, 19 December 1995. Online; Axel Mergler, "Kindersicherung im Internet. CompuServe bietet jetzt Filter gegen Rechtsextremismus und Pornographie an," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 17 February 1996. Online.
10 Alan Cowell, "German Air Force Planes Fly Reconnaissance Over Bosnia," New York Times, 2 September 1995. Online.
11 Rolf Winter, "Perverser Realismus," taz, 28 July 1995. Online.
12 Bernard Edinger, Reuter dispatch, 18 May 1995. Online. Rose-M. Borngässer, "Ich vertraue auf Italiens Justiz," Die Welt, 22 November 1995. Online. Priebke s acquittal caused much consternation in Italy and elsewhere. Cf. the report "Sturm von Zorn und Trauer," Der Spiegel, 5 August 1996, 120-122.
13 Barbara Supp, "Eine Art von Rache," Der Spiegel, 9 October 1995, 186-188. See also Constance Knitter, "Kinder sind Frankreichs jüngste Gefahr. Gewaltbereitschaft der Minderjährigen wächst ...," Die Welt, 14 October 1995.
14 Cited in Walter Isaacson, "Is One Germany Better Than Two?", Time, 20 November 1989, 36. Here is a more recent French formulation, taken from Le Figaro: "... auch Frankreich hat Grund zur Sorge. Seit der deutschen Wiedervereinigung hat Deutschland das doppelte ökonomische Gewicht wie Frankreich. Hinter zäheren Bankiers und besser verkaufenden Industriellen wächst die politische und vielleicht auch die militärische Rolle Deutschlands." Quoted in Le Figaro : "Frankreichs Sorgen gegenüber Deutschland," Germany Live (dpa/eu), 5 June 1996. Online.
15 Alan Cowell, Helmut Kohl, "Germany's Enduring Heavyweight," New York Times, 16 September 1995. Online.
16 "EU's money may have name at last (AP)," Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana), 9 October 1995.
17 In one letter received by the German Embassy in London, the irate writer expressed the opinion that the Germans wanted to kill 11 million British cattle, after having murdered 6 million Jews. Cf. Reiner Gatermann, "Die Deutschen als Sündenböcke," Die Welt, 6 May 1996. Online. The weekly Focus reprinted from The Sun a list of 20 measures to be taken against Germans. They ranged from the harmless (#19: Sind Deutsche in der Nähe, scherzen und lachen Sie so laut wie möglich. Deutsche haben keinen Humor. ) to the provocative (#12: Sollten Sie eine deutsche Fahne besitzen, verbrennen Sie sie und schicken Sie die Asche Helmut Kohl. ). Georg Meck et al., "Kriegserklärung," Focus, 25 May 1996, online.
18 In March, 1994, Farrakhan said: "Hitler was a genius. He was a great man - but he was wickedly great." Ten years earlier, he had said: "Jews don't like Farrakhan, so they call me Hitler. Well, that's a good name. Hitler was a very great man." Cited in "Farrakhan said," Journal and Courier (Lafayette, Indiana), 15 October 1995.
19 Joachim Fest, "Zeitgenosse Hitler," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 7 October 1995. This text is the new forward to Fest's biography of Hitler.
20 Robin Detje, "Ein Stalinist, wer da nicht lacht," Die Zeit (overseas edition), 20 May 1994, 15. Reflecting a conscious editorial decision or simply the Zeitgeist (no pun intended), the following page contains an article by Jürgen Habermas entitled "Die Last der doppelten Vergangenheit."
21 Cf. Elisabeth Höfl-Hielscher, "Grammophon und Doornkaat abgelehnt. Vornamen wie Keanu, Tinina und Alaska verdrängen die Klassiker," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 18 March 1996. In 1994, the most popular names in Western Germany were Alexander, Daniel, and Maximilian for boys and Julia, Katharina, and Maria for girls. In Eastern Germany, the winners were Philipp, Maximilian, and Paul / Lisa, Maria, and Julia. Cf. Alan Cowell, "Wolfgang, Yes; Woodstock Jr., No," New York Times, 3 September 1995. Online. In contrast to this, the online news service Carolina from Prague reported on 12 April 1996 that the most popular Czech names are the traditional Jan and Petr for boys and Jana and Marie for girls. In an article about Nazi-Kinder, the following passage is found at the top of the page: Die Wolframs und Sigrids, die Herwigs und Gudruns, die Kriegskinder: "Sie leben mit der Vergangenheit ihrer Nazi-Eltern und versuchen sich dieser zu entwinden." Sibylle Hamann and Eva Menasse, "Nazi-Kinder," profil, 15 January 1996, 57.
22 Christoph Winder, "Jean-Marie Le Chevallier. Ein netter Rassist von nebenan," Der Standard, 21 June 1995. Online.
23 "So geht s aber nicht! Faschistischer Bürgermeister von Latina plant Mussolini-Park," taz, 18 October 1995. Online. It would be interesting to compare the international reaction to plans for a supermarket near the KZ Ravensbrück to the response to a Polish entrepreneur's announcement that he would build a supermarket near Auschwitz. Cf. "Ravensbrück: Kein Supermarkt auf KZ-Gelände," Deutschland Nachrichten, 26 July 1991; Philipp Ther, "Schutzzone ohne Sicherung. Warum in unmittelbarer Nähe zum ehemaligen KZ Auschwitz ein Supermarkt entstehen sollte und die einheimischen Polen wieder einmal die Welt nicht verstehen," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 18 March 1996, online; Gabriele Lesser, "Gruppenfoto mit Hitlergruß. Polnische Neonazis marschieren im früheren KZ Auschwitz zu genehmigter Demonstration auf," taz, 9 April 1996, online. In commenting on the ill-fated Ravensbrück project, the Lübecker Nachrichten lamented that it was just such occurrences which conjured up the image of the ugly German. Cf. "Pressestimmen zu Supermarkt auf KZ-Gelände," Deutschland Nachrichten, 26 July 1991. At this writing, the Polish project is apparently on again--despite the protests against it. Cf. "Bauarbeiten am Supermarkt in Auschwitz," taz, 4 June 1996. Online; "Streit um Supermarkt," taz, 5 Juni 1996. Online.
24 Lévy's statement, made in his column in Le Point, is quoted in Fredy Gsteiger, "Atomtests: Warum nicht?", Die Zeit (overseas edition), 28 July 1995. Gsteiger compares the intellectual climate in France to that of Germany: "Die europäische, vor allem die deutsche Friedensbewegung blieb den Franzosen stets fremd. Genausowenig überzeugt sie übrigens auch der deutsche Verfassungspatriotismus. Regieren hat hier mit machtvollem Agieren zu tun und nicht mit Sozialmanagement. Die Nation ist nichts Antiquiertes, Überlebtes, Peinliches. In this atmosphere, it was only logical for French police to prevent Danish youths from walking through the streets of Paris wearing t-shirts with the slogan: Chirac, non!" Cf. "Kleiderordnung bombig," taz, 18 October 1995.
25 Haider referred to these veterans as "anständig[e] Menschen..., die ihrer Überzeugung bis heute treu geblieben sind." A videotape of the speech (provided by the German television network ARD) was shown on Austrian TV the night before the December, 1995 elections. Cf. Bernhard Küppers, "Schaudern nach Jörgls Gespensterstunde," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 27 December 1995. Online. Also Peter Michael Lingens, "Ein ganz gewöhnlicher Nazibua," Der Standard, 22 December 1995. Online; Haider vor Altnazis: Wir sind geistig überlegen, Der Standard, 16-17 December 1995. Online. For a report on a typical campaign speech by Haider, see Josef Ertl, "Ich werde ausmisten im Land," Der Standard, 13 December 1995. Online.
26 Schweigen ist Schuld. Ein Lesebuch der Verlagsinitiative gegen Gewalt und Fremdenhaß. (München, Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer / R. Piper Verlag, 1993). Denk ich an Deutschland ... Stimmen der Befremdung, ed. Wolfgang Balk and Sebastian Kleinschmidt (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1993).
27 Robert Menasse, "Geschichte war der größte historische Irrtum," Der Standard, 11 October 1995. Online.
28 Botho Strauß, "Anschwellender Bocksgesang," Der Spiegel, 8 February 1993, 202-207. Page references in the body of this paper.
29 Thomas Assheuer, "Was ist rechts? Botho Strauß bläst ins Bockshorn," Frankfurter Rundschau, 10 February 1993. Reprinted with other responses to Strauß in Deutscher Literatur 1993. Jahresrückblick, ed. Franz Josef Görtz et al. (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1994). Assheuer claims that the Strauß essay would have been unthinkable in the pre-1989 Bundesrepublik. It would be more accurate to state that such an essay would have been thinkable, but not from a writer like Strauß.
30 This is the title of an article that appeared in the taz on 13 February 1993. The debate has been raging for over three years, and no end is in sight. An entire conference of the Karl-Arnold-Akademie für politische Bildung (Bonn-Bad Godesberg) was devoted to Strauß in May, 1996. Cf. Tilman Krause, "Die gescheiten Schäfchen. Bewundert und viel gescholten - Botho Strauß unter der Lupe der Germanisten," Der Tagesspiegel, 22 May 1996. Online. The controversy is summarized in nuce in the letters to the editor of Der Spiegel that were published two weeks after the appearance of the "Bocksgesang." Here are the two opposite poles: "Als jemand, der auf die gebetsmühlenartige Phraseologie und das hohle Pathos vieler unserer Links-Intellektuellen zunehmend allergisch reagiert, habe ich die hervorragende Analyse von Botho Strauß mit großem Gewinn gelesen." [Wolfgang Labonde] "Die Botschaft, die uns Botho Strauß mit seinem blutigen Geraune mitteilen will, ist weder neu noch originell: Was da aufdämmert - Blutopfer, Mythos, Tiefenerinnerung, Initiation, Verhängnis, Schicksal, Opfergesänge -, hat vor 60 Jahren Hitler und seiner Partei zur Macht verholfen." [Cornelia Benz] From: Der Spiegel, 22 February 1993, 12.
31 202-203. This is pure folk etymology. The German word "links" originally had a secondary meaning of lame, or weak, but not wrong. Cf. link, Duden Etymologie (Mannheim/Wien/ Zürich: Dudenverlag, 1963), Der Duden in zehn Bänden, Vol. 7, 405. The political connotation has of course only existed since the French Revolution. Strauß is playing with language here, since "das Fehlgehende" (203) is not really a term denoting someone who is lame.
32 Günter Grass, Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus (Neuwied, Berlin: Luchterhand, 1980).
33 This formulation was omitted from the Spiegel version of the essay. It can be found in the original version from the conservative journal Der Pfahl, which has been reprinted in Die selbstbewußte Nation. Anschwellender Bocksgesang und weitere Beiträge zu einer deutschen Debatte, ed. Heimo Schwilk and Ulrich Schacht (Frankfurt am Main, Berlin: Ullstein, 1994; 3rd ed. 1995), 34. A recent editorial from the conservative daily Die Welt puts Strauß views in perspective. Cf. Herbert Kremp, "Deutschland braucht Einwanderer - um zu Überleben," Die Welt, 3 June 1996. Online. Kremp, who is concerned about the low birth rate and Überalterung, makes the following statement: "Die Deutschen brauchen Deutsche. Sie sind nicht Volk ohne Raum, sondern Raum ohne Volk. Die neue Lage erfordert ein Einwanderungsgesetz mit Qualifikationsmerkmalen. Denn eines steht schon fest: Über die Nation entscheidet nicht mehr nur das Blut, sondern auch das Plebiszit - der Wille, Deutscher zu sein."
34 I plan to delve into the historical roots and the present manifestation of this phenomenon in a book-length study.
35 Hans Magnus Enzensberger, "Hitlers Wiedergänger," Der Spiegel, 4 February 1991, 26-28.
36 Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Ausblicke auf den Bürgerkrieg, Der Spiegel, 21 June 1993, 170-175. This is an excerpt from the book-length version, i.e.: Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Aussichten auf den Bürgerkrieg (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1993). Page references in the body of this paper refer to the excerpt.
37 The various sides in the Bosnian conflict, for example, clearly view themselves as carrying out cultural, historical, and religious missions, even if the reality may involve primarily a struggle for land and power. Enzensberger appears to be thinking mainly of the situation in the developing countries, a risky business for a European theoretician.
38 Gundi Ellert, "Jagdzeit." Schauspiel in acht Bildern, Theater heute, 9/1994, 30-42. Page references in the body of this paper.
39 "Ein Fest der Folter," Der Spiegel, 19 September 1994, 204.
40 Gundi Ellert im Gespräch mit der Münchner Produktionsdramaturgin Anke Roeder, Theater heute, 9/1994, 29. Although Ellert portrays the young people as children of the Nazi generation (this is not quite accurate, since the fathers are between 40 and 52), she does not put forward a monocausal explanation for the violence. Such an explanation is more characteristic of a book like Jillian Becker's Hitler s Children: The Story of the Baader-Meinhof Terrorist Gang (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1977).
41 This is much like the position taken by former GDR author Helga Schubert in her 1990 book Judasfrauen: "Mich stört die Frauenveredelung: So sensibel, so zart, so kooperativ, so mütterlich, so mitleidig, so kreativ, so authentisch sind wir nicht. Wir sind auch böse und auch gefährlich, auf unsere Weise." H.S., Judasfrauen (München: dtv, 1992), 19.
42 At least one critic in sympathy with Ellert s viewpoint has found it difficult to accept the level of emotionality in the play. Cf. Benjamin Henrichs, "Es ist ein Weinen in dem Wald," Die Zeit (overseas edition), 30 September 1994.
43 Henning Lohse, "Deutschland hat die meisten Obdachlosen. Hier lebt fast jeder zweite wohnungslose Europäer - Immer mehr jungen Leuten fehlt ein Dach Über dem Kopf," Die Welt, 21 October 1995. Online. Of the 1.1 million homeless in the EC, Germany has 490,700, followed by Great Britain with 283,000. Lohse takes his figures from a Feantsa study done for the European Commission. Although the definition of a homeless person makes the situation in Germany seem worse than it actually is, there is more poverty in Europe s richest country than one might think. Much of this poverty is hidden, because most Germans would be ashamed to admit that they are needy.
44 Tankred Dorst, Schattenlinie (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1994). Page references in the body of this paper.
45 Commenting on Toller, he has said the following: "An den politischen Hintergrund bin ich zunächst eher notgedrungen durch die Biographie gekommen. Ich wollte kein Stück über die Münchner Räterepublik schreiben, sondern über einen Menschen, der eine Rolle spielt und diese Rolle auch braucht, um zu sich selbst zu kommen." Cited in "Wenn wir Zahnschmerzen haben, ist die Politik schon zu Ende." Ein Interview mit Tankred Dorst, Auskünfte von und über Tankred Dorst, ed. Markus Desaga et al. (Bamberg: Fußnoten zur neueren deutschen Literatur, 1991), 12. One critic has characterized Dorst's post-1968 works as follows: "Sein Interesse gilt nun der privaten Biographie im Horizont der Geschichte." Peter Bekes, "Tankred Dorst," Kritisches Lexikon zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur, 41. Neulieferung, ed. H.L. Arnold (München: text und kritik, 1978ff.), 7. Put another way: "Tankred Dorst ist ein Tüftler, der die Reflexe großer Entwicklungen im Alltäglichen aufzuspüren und diese in ihrer Konsequenz für das Individuum einleuchtend nachzuzeichnen vermag." Thomas Thieringer, "Stoffsammler und Texttüftler. Dem Dramatiker Tankred Dorst zum 70. Geburtstag," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 19 December 1995. Online.
46 The black man's monologue in this scene is a reversal of the discovery narrative: The blacks discover America and Europe, liberating the pathetic white natives who are obsessed with efficiency on the one hand and depressed "von einer altmodischen, freudlosen Religion on the other."(37-39)
47 In a later monologue, Jens claims that the entire human race is a "Fehlentwicklung," and he phantasizes about cleansing the earth of this "Abschaum" using H-bombs. (68-69) In this scene, he sounds like a prototype of Enzensberger's autistic terrorist.
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The First Night Deep Neckline Tie-Dye Printed Maxi Dress
(Non-Returnable Item)
- DTY brushed
- Long sleeves
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- Self-tie belt included
- Tie-dye printed
- Bodycon
- Maxi dress
- Has great stretch
- Available in rust
- Runs true to size
We accept returns within 15 days of receipt of delivery. Valid returns are refunded in the from of an EDGE store credit only. We do provide a pre-paid return label to only U.S. customers. We do not accept returns on final sale items.
Click here for additional information about Return Policy.


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To be a truly great place to work, organizations must have a strong, shared culture. Culture dictates how we interact with one another, support one another, and move our work forward. In this workshop, we showcase how defining your organizational culture through a set of explicit values can support your ability to attract, retain, and support staff.
What | A 90-minute workshop, facilitated by Jonathan Kaufman, Founder and Principal of Third Plateau
When | Tuesday, December 6, 11:00am-12:30pm CT
Activities | Formal presentation and breakout discussions


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Projects per year
In mammalian cardiac ventricular myocytes, Ca efflux via Na/Ca exchange (NCX) occurs predominantly at t-tubules. Heart failure is associated with disrupted t-tubule structure, but its effect on t-tubule function is less clear. We therefore investigated t-tubular NCX activity in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat hearts ~18 weeks after coronary artery ligation (CAL) or corresponding Sham operation. NCX current (INCX) and L-type Ca current (ICa) were recorded using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in intact and detubulated (DT) myocytes; intracellular ([Ca]i) was monitored simultaneously using fluo-4. INCX was activated and measured during application of caffeine to release Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Whole-cell INCX was not significantly different in Sham and CAL myocytes, and occurred predominantly in the t-tubules in Sham myocytes. CAL was associated with redistribution of INCX and ICa away from the t-tubules to the cell surface, and an increase in t-tubular INCX/ICa density from 0.12 in Sham to 0.30 in CAL myocytes. The decrease in t-tubular INCX in CAL myocytes was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of Ca sequestered by SR. However, SR Ca content was not significantly different in Sham, Sham DT and CAL myocytes, but was significantly increased by DT of CAL myocytes. In Sham myocytes there was hysteresis between INCX and [Ca]i, which was absent in DT Sham, but present in CAL and DT CAL, myocytes. These data suggest altered distribution of NCX in CAL myocytes.
Original language | English |
Pages (from-to) | H262-H268 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology |
Volume | 310 |
Issue number | 2 |
Early online date | 13 Nov 2015 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 15 Jan 2016 |
- Cardiac myocytes
- t-tubules
- intracellular Ca
- heart failure
Dive into the research topics of 'Altered Na/Ca exchange distribution and activity in ventricular myocytes from failing hearts'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.Projects
- 1 Finished
Role of cardiac t-tubules in Ca regulation and arrhythmogenesis
Bedford, A. M.
1/01/15 → 31/12/17
Project: Research


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Stroke patients with COVID fared worse than noninfected patients
Host Amber Smith: Upstate Medical University in Syracuse New York invites you to be "The Informed Patient," with the podcast that features experts from Central New York's only academic medical center. I'm your host, Amber Smith. People who had strokes during the pandemic and who were also found to be infected with COVID had worse outcomes than those who were COVID-free, according to research in the journal, neurology. I'll be talking about the possible reasons for this with Dr. Navreet Kaur, who is completing her fourth year of residency in neurology at Upstate. Welcome to "The Informed Patient," Dr. Kaur.
Navreet Kaur, MD: Good morning.
Host Amber Smith: The paper published in the journal Neurology references the global COVID-19 Stroke Registry. What is that?
Navreet Kaur, MD: The global registry is basically a database, which is IRB (Institutional Review Board) approved research where data is collected and coordinated at a specific site. So this site is affiliated with a center in Switzerland, and they did a couple of studies during the COVID time to obtain this data and research how the things were in the stroke world before pandemic and during pandemic.
So how many institutions across the world are part of the registry? And I'm assuming Upstate is one of them, right?
Yes, Upstate is one of them. So this particular study that we are talking about today involved 105 centers, from roughly 20-plus countries in the world. And then we got the approval from IRB before collecting the data and sending it to the coordinating site.
Host Amber Smith: Now this is a retrospective study, meaning researchers looked back at a group of patients after they received care. What time period did this cover?
Navreet Kaur, MD: This covered the time period from March 2020, which was beginning of the pandemic, till June 2021. So these were the initial time period where everything was new with regards to COVID and stroke care. So these time periods were covered among all the 105 centers from where data was collected.
Host Amber Smith: And which types of patients were included?
Navreet Kaur, MD: All the patients who had acute stroke concerns on admission, which we usually triage with one-sided weakness, numbness, speech trouble, vision trouble. So all those patients that had these symptoms within 24 hours of onset, and then they arrived in the hospital during that time, were screened and were given care based on the criteria they meet with two different therapies.
Host Amber Smith: What are the two different therapies?
Navreet Kaur, MD: One therapy is an intravenous injection. We call it clot-busting medication. That is given within four and a half hours of symptom onset. And another therapy is endovascular therapy, where doctors go all the way into the brain to take out the clot that is blocking large vessels in the brain, causing the stroke symptoms.
Host Amber Smith: Now before we get into the results or the findings, can you give us some background? Do doctors think there's a connection between COVID-19 and stroke?
Navreet Kaur, MD: Yes. I think COVID-19, the general decision is that it affects the lungs the first, that you'll get runny nose, fever, sore throat. But in fact, it does infect the multisystem organs, so it'll have effect on all the organs, primarily brain. It leads to damage to the vessels in the brain, can cause inflammation that leads to formation of more clots. And that leads to stroke. So there is a direct connection.
Host Amber Smith: So this inflammation affects the whole body, not just the lungs, certainly, and not just the neurological?
Navreet Kaur, MD: Yes. So there are different ways that COVID can affect us, so one being that it damages the vessels in the brain. We call it quote-unquote, "endothelial dysfunction." So our brain has small vessels that has the lining with the cells, and when we have any infections, be it COVID or anything else, it affects those vessels.
We discovered that COVID affected us more. It directly damages those blood vessels, and people far more clots that lead to stroke. Another thing being that it can lead to coagulopathy. That prompts us to make more strokes.
Host Amber Smith: And are those conditions that stay with a person forever after they've had COVID?
Navreet Kaur, MD: It is really hard to comment on that, but we do know that short-term effects are there, that predisposes patients to have more strokes. So when we say coagulopathy, just to describe it in a simple way, people will have a problem where they will form clot or break down clots. So both the things are affected. They will form more clots, and then those clots will break up more and they will go to the other parts of the body affecting us. In stroke, we say that the clots can break into small fragments, go with the blood flow to the brain, causing more strokes.
So that's kind of a cycle of more stroke clots, and then them breaking, giving more strokes.
Host Amber Smith: This is Upstate's "The Informed Patient" podcast. I'm your host, Amber Smith, and I'm talking with Dr. Navreet Kaur about an interesting global study she was involved in that looked at patients who had strokes during the pandemic and compared the outcomes between those who tested positive for COVID and those who were found to be COVID-free.
Now the global COVID-19 stroke registry included more than 15,000 patients from 105 centers. What percentage were found to have COVID-19?
Navreet Kaur, MD: Roughly 5.6% of the patients, a total of 853 patients in the study, were COVID-positive at the time of stroke.
Host Amber Smith: For the treatment, what percent of those got clot-busting medication, and what percent underwent the endovascular procedure you described?
Navreet Kaur, MD: Roughly 38% of the people got the IV medication that we were talking about, the clot-busting medication. And about 61% of the people got the endovascular therapy where we go all the way up in the brain to take the clot out.
Host Amber Smith: So looking at those with COVID-19, how did their outcomes compare with those who did not have COVID-19?
Navreet Kaur, MD: When we compared the patients with COVID positive and without COVID positive, we saw that the patient who had COVID during the time of the stroke had a worse outcome. So when we say in our stroke world, the worst outcome means their exam is worsening, like they are more weak, they're more numb. And we measure it with doing repeat scans of the brain.
So our threshold for doing a repeat scan is if their stroke scale is worse than more than four points of what was when they came in. So let's say they had a weakness, they had numbness, their stroke scale was 10. And then they got treated for the stroke, and now is 14. And then you see do a CAT scan, and there is a bleed. We say that that's significant. So these patients had more bleeds in the brain. They had poorer outcomes at 24 hours. And when we tracked them across the three-month period, they had worse outcomes as compared to people who were COVID negative at the time of stroke.
Host Amber Smith: Can you explain or can you speculate why their outcomes were so much worse?
Navreet Kaur, MD: From what we think, is that the same thing we were talking about earlier. More clot formation, more inflammation, more damage. So we realized that these people who were getting treated for stroke had more stroke within the acute short period when they were in the hospital or followed through.
One certain thing was that the clots, they were very difficult to take out. Like we have seen that the patients who required the interventional endovascular therapy, they had more failed outcomes, which we measure with the perfusion. Or the amount of blood they are taking back to the brain after we take the clot out. So they were not able to have that good blood supply and perfusion after the surgery, which tells us maybe these clots are different to take out as compared to normal.
Host Amber Smith: Now this study was from a time period before there was a vaccine available. Do you think the results would be different today if the patients testing positive for COVID had previously been vaccinated?
Navreet Kaur, MD: I think that would be very difficult to say as well because COVID has many variants, and some people get more inflammatory response as compared to others. So if we think in a way that patient who got vaccine, they're not that severely sick, perhaps they did not have that amount of damage or inflammation. So their symptoms and stroke symptoms were less severe. But we don't have any data or big study to prove that. So theoretically, maybe yes, they will have lesser stroke, but we need more research to conclude that point.
Host Amber Smith: Have the findings from this paper altered the way you treat patients with stroke? Who test positive for COVID-19?
Navreet Kaur, MD: We always do the same treatments for our patients, the intravenous therapy within four and a half hours and the endovascular therapy within 24 hours of the symptom onset.
The only thing we think that is a patient who had COVID, we have to be very vigilant that these patients have tendency to form more clots and have more strokes. So we do close monitoring for everyone. So we do them the same treatment. Although they did have worse outcomes in this study, still it's a standard of care and should be given to all the patients. So I think we, we are doing the things that we do with the known COVID patients as well, and we shall continue to do so until we have more data.
Host Amber Smith: Do you think any of the same concerns that apply to stroke patients who test positive might also apply to a stroke patient who survived COVID but has the lingering long COVID symptoms that we've heard about?
Navreet Kaur, MD: That is a great question. So, COVID we know that within six months to a year -- and there have been studies to say that -- that people have more tendency to form more clots within first six months to a year of a COVID infection. So perhaps yes.
In this particular study, we did not include the patients who were positive more than seven days before they received this treatment. So we just included the acute patients. But if we think about the inflammatory response that COVID brings to patients body, yes, there is a chance that they are hypercoagulable, which means they have more tendency to form clots within first few months, particularly three to six months of the infection. But again, we don't have any research to prove that.
Host Amber Smith: Dr. Kaur, thank you so much for making time for this interview.
Navreet Kaur, MD: Thank you so much for having me.
Host Amber Smith: My guest has been Dr. Navreet Kaur, who is finishing a four year residency in neurology at Upstate. "The Informed Patient" is a podcast covering health, science and medicine, brought to you by Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, New York, and produced by Jim Howe. Find our archive of previous episodes at Upstate.edu/Informed. This is your host, Amber Smith, thanking you for listening.


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
The Napa County EMS Agency administers certification/accreditation of pre-hospital care personnel. Information and forms for these services are available by following the links below.
Due to and changes in state regulations regarding the issuance of EMT certificates, applications may take up to 30 days to process. In some cases, additional processing time may be needed for issues related to background investigations. Napa County EMS Agency released an E-Licensing Portal where an individual can submit all the documents online or all the documents, along with the payment (cashiers check or money order) can be mailed to our office. For additional information contact the EMS Agency office at:
What are the requirements for:


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1 Carat Princess Cut Aquamarine And Diamond Leaf And Vine Wedding Ring Set In White Gold
Estimated Shipping Widget will be displayed here! (with custom color)
1 Carat Princess Cut Aquamarine And Diamond Leaf And Vine Wedding Ring Set In White Gold. She'll be delighted to say "Yes!" to this remarkable vintage bridal set. The wedding ring set highlights a beautifully handcrafted leaf and vine design that is undeniably eye-catching. The perfect blue aquamarine center stone and dazzling diamond side stones are prong-set securely holding the gemstones in place while maintaining brilliance. Handcrafted with passion, this vintage bridal set features a crystal clear blue princess-cut aquamarine, surrounded by, sparkling round diamond side stones for the gold rings and moissanite for the silver rings that weigh a total of 1 carat. Remarkable in white gold, this antique wedding ring set is also available in rose gold, yellow gold, and black gold. Also, it can be made between 18k gold over silver, 10k gold, or 14k gold depending on your preferred customization. Please kindly note for the silver ring option that silver is a very sensitive metal, any chemicals like hand creams, lotion, or sanitizers. etc., can affect the plating.
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start intro bio Brendan bio Stef contact
With the Irish bagpipes, concertina, mandolin, flutes and whistles and guitars we give you the good old jigs and reels that you love.
Brendan & Stef from Irland and Schweden, for 15 years a duo. Call us: 0041 79 216 70 04 or email: bowtriplets (at) shlink.ch
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Product Details:
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Copyright Office Issues Final Rule for Remitter Payment Options and Deposit Account Requirements
Issue No. 982 - September 30, 2022
The U.S. Copyright Office has issued a final rule amending its regulations governing remitter payments for its services and requirements for maintaining a deposit account. The final rule consolidates regulatory provisions related to payment options, which were previously addressed in various sections of Office regulations, and updates them to articulate current Office practices. The amended regulations also simplify requirements for maintaining a deposit account and clarify procedures related to noncompliant accounts.
Additional information on this rule is available here.


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Moon Alert
We have the "all clear" today to do business. The Moon is in Scorpio.
Aries (March 21-April 19)
People around you will notice that your reactions are emotionally intense today. You might also feel possessive about something that you own. You might not want to share things, or you might not agree about how things are divided or shared.
Taurus (April 20-May 20)
The Moon is opposite your sign today, which means you are more emotional, especially with conflicts. You might have a knee-jerk reaction to something, which is not really your style. If you disagree with someone, it will come out into the open. No bones about it.
Gemini (May 21-June 20)
Don't be critical of others today, especially at work. (This will go over like a lead balloon.) Just accept the fact that you might have to compromise and work more for others than yourself today. But hey, this is no biggie, is it?
Cancer (June 21-July 22)
This is a good day for you! Lovers will be passionate and everyone will be playful. You might feel more nurturing or protective to children, but basically you want to do exactly what you want. Guard against being too clingy with a loved one. (You know who you are.)
Leo (July 23-Aug. 22)
Today you want to chill at home or hide in familiar surroundings because you need a warm feeling in your tummy. That's OK. We all have days where we want to hide. Relations with a female family member could be significant.
Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22)
You are logical and analytical; nevertheless, today you will trust your hunches. And you can. In discussions with others, you want to get down to the nitty-gritty of things. ("How's your sex life?") You don't want to talk about the weather or how helpful melatonin is.
Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 22)
Money issues might get to you today. That is to say, you might have an emotional reaction about your finances or something that you own. What will please you is if you have a chance to protect what you own or repair or care for it. "My precious!"
Scorpio (Oct. 23-Nov. 21)
Today the Moon is in your sign, which will always make you feel more emotional about everything. But this could mean you are also emotionally giving. Nevertheless, your focus is more on yourself, which is necessary now and then in this interconnected binary universe. Ya think?
Sagittarius (Nov. 22-Dec. 21)
You have been working hard. (You work hard and party hard.) But today, you might feel better working alone or behind the scenes or withdrawing somewhat from the insane busy-ness around you. (Sigh.) You can't be all things to all people all the time.
Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19)
A female friend is important to you today. Perhaps this contact is more emotional than usual, or you feel protective about this person. You might even feel jealous if she pays more attention to someone else. (It happens.) Just remember: Friends don't let friends drive naked.
Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 18)
Today the Moon is at the top of your chart, which means (among other things) that personal details about your private life might be public. However, you will be more emotionally sensitive to others, especially those you work with. It's a good day for PR work and sales.
Pisces (Feb. 19-March 20)
You need to escape today! Do something that satisfies your urge for adventure and new scenery. Be a tourist in your own city. Take a different route to or from work. Visit ethnic restaurants. Go somewhere you've never been before. Shake things up a little!
If Your Birthday Is Today
Actress Polly Walker (1966) shares your birthday today. You are an energetic, fine communicator. Many of you are strong leaders as well. You will fight for justice, especially for the disenfranchised. In the next three years, you will experience a time of culmination, success and financial accumulation. That's why it is wise for you to settle your debts this year. This is also a social year that deals with the repercussions of last year's change.


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Ade Adesomoju, Abuja
The immediate-past National Security Adviser, Sambo Dasuki, has been released from the custody of the Department of State Services.
Confirming Dasuki's release to The PUNCH, the ex-NSA's lead counsel, Mr. Ahmed Raji (SAN), at about 8.11pm on Tuesday, said, "He was released a few minutes ago."
Dasuki was arrested by the DSS on December 29, 2015 and had remained in custody, in violation of a series of court orders issued for his release.
The Attorney-General of the Federation and Minister of Justice, Mr. Abubakar Malami, had earlier on Tuesday said he had directed the DSS to comply with the court order granting bail to Dasuki and the publisher of SaharaReporters, Omoyele Sowore.


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Current event calendar – HERE (most links contain info in English)
Latvian Federation of Sleddog Sports
Latvian Federation of Sleddog Sports (LFSS) was founded on 3rd of March 2008. The same year we joined IFSS and had our very first sleddog race (dryland) and soon afterwards also the first snow race in sprint distances.
See our club list here
We are not only an open membership society, but we are always open for cooperation with other sports organizations!
If you have trouble understanding Latvian, we recommend Google Translator (automatic translation of www.sleddog.lv here).
For contacts please look here.
Facebook page here.