text:
This interview was found on the Web archive in Oct 2007 at: http://web.archive.org/web/20010222060611/www.rjh.org.uk/PAW/m1105.htm
"Programmers at Work: Interviews, 1st Series. By Susan Lammers"
apparently listed the above title and a list of interviewees including Gates, Kildall, Bricklin and more, 20 in total.
The interviews were published in the book: "Programmers at Work: Interviews" By Susan M. Lammers, Published 1986, Microsoft Press, 392 pages. ISBN 0914845713
-- Herb Johnson, Feb 2009
As the founder and chairman of the board of Digital Research, Gary A. Kildall developed the first operating system for a microcomputer during 1972 and 1973. He called it the CP/M (Control Program/Monitor) operating system and it became his company's first product. In addition, he designed the DR Logo programming language for the IBM PC and he developed PL/1, one of the first high-level languages for microcomputers.
A native of Seattle, Kildall was born on May 19, 1942. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Washington in 1972. He then joined the Navy and taught computer science at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, where he continued to teach after his discharge from the Navy.
In 1984 Kildall formed a new company called Activenture Corporation (recently renamed KnowledgeSet Corporation) to explore the potential of optical-disc publishing. In 1985, Activenture announced they would publish Grolier's Encyclopedia in a CD ROM format. Kildall retains the position of chairman of the board at Digital Research along with his position as president of KnowledgeSet Corporation.
We went to Digital Research on a Monday morning via Highway 1 along the California coastline. The scenery is some of the most spectacular in the country and the coastline is dotted with more resorts than computer-related businesses. Digital Research and KnowledgeSet, both started by Gary Kildall, are two of the few high-tech companies in the area. I couldn't help but wonder how one could coop oneself up in the characteristic dingy, dimly lit office to write source code, knowing that such stunning beauty was right outside the door. But Gary Kildall seems to have no difficulty devoting attention to his work, and appreciating the surroundings during his leisure time. Kildall likes to work and play equally hard. His "toys" include a new Lamborghini Countach, a Pitts aerobatic biplane, and a Rolls Royce.
Gary came to meet with us in a conference room around noon. He is tall, with red hair and a trim beard, and he was wearing crisp new western-style blue jeans, a white cowboy snap shirt, and boots. Having just come from a weekend in Tahoe where, he confessed, he ate too much, he ordered a Diet Pepsi while the rest of us called for sandwiches. And with that, Gary, in his reserved and calculated manner, discussed programming with great seriousness and passion. In fact, we had pulled him away from writing source code for his latest CD ROM encyclopedia project in order to do the interview. One reason he had started KnowledgeSet was so that he could get back to the nuts and bolts of programming, away from the management demands of his first company, Digital Research, which has grown so large. Gary often turned to the white board to draw diagrams or illustrate important points as he explained the meticulous, creative process he goes through to write code that makes computers perform.
INTERVIEWER: You taught at the Naval Postgraduate School. If you were to go back and teach again, would you teach any differently?
KILDALL: Probably not, because I don't program any differently now than when I was teaching. I would teach the course I enjoyed most, the data-structures course. It goes back to the fundamentals of programming: simplifying the problem. Part of the programming process is general problem solving. How do you solve a problem that's complex, whether it's designing a computer program or constructing a building? You start at the point where you think it's too hard to solve, and then you break it down into smaller pieces. That's what I try to teach.
INTERVIEWER: It's difficult to teach problem-solving principles. How did you go about it?
KILDALL: On the first day in a particular data-structures class, I said, "We're going to have a little test. Put your books on the floor and get a piece of paper. I want you to write a program that will symbolically solve differential equations. Given a polynomial, the program should differentiate the polynomial and produce the symbolic, not numeric, result." So the students started writing away, thinking, and scratching their heads. This went on for about ten minutes, then I told everyone to stop. I asked them to think about how they approached solving that problem. What tools were they using? Were they starting to write a program? Were they thinking about mathematics? Were they starting to write little examples down? That whole quarter we worked with the techniques and tools of problem solving. Then, in the final exam, I gave them the same problem I had given them to solve on the very first day.
INTERVIEWER: What were the most important principles your students had learned when they completed your classes?
KILDALL: I taught two things that are important for students to learn: problem solving and how to study. Knowing how to study takes care of getting through tests and leads to other school-survival skills. And if you learn how to solve problems, you can go through life and do pretty well.
INTERVIEWER: How would you characterize your own particular style of writing programs?
KILDALL: I follow very definite procedures which work for me, though they may not work for other people. I start with drawing the data structures, and I spend a lot of time thinking about them. I also think about what the program has to go through before I start writing code.
Programs are like mechanical devices; the way one piece of code works with another is very similar to the way one gear meshes with another gear. Building code is a little like building a transmission. The PL/1 compiler I wrote a few years back is a good example. People said it was impossible to write a compiler on a microcomputer, but after a couple years of work, it was considered one of the best optimizing compilers around.
Once the data structures are developed, I start writing small chunks of code that I improve and monitor along the way. Checking them as I go assures me that the changes I make are localized; and if I have problems, I discover them immediately. This whole process of iterative improvement requires speed, so for me at least, it's very important to have fast edit, execute, and debug cycles. This method doesn't work as well on a mainframe or a card-batch system because you can't make small changes and check them out.
INTERVIEWER: Do you prefer to work in an interpretive environment?
KILDALL: No, I don't like existing interpreters very much. I'd like to have one for a systems language like C that would parallel an existing compiler, but it's still questionable how well that would work, because most systems programs are performance-oriented or timing-dependent. If I had a very effective interpreter--something like I used when I developed PL/M, or now maybe C--an interpreter might be worthwhile using.
INTERVIEWER: How did you get interested in programming?
KILDALL: I originally planned to be a high school math teacher, and started taking math courses at the University of Washington. But a friend of mine had this FORTRAN statement card, showed it to me, and told me it was going to be a really big thing. I became so intrigued I had to get into it. So I took an assembly-language programming course and FORTRAN right after that, and I was hooked. I found I liked programming for the same reasons I liked to build models, cars, and things of that sort. I found constructing a program to be a similar experience.
INTERVIEWER: Do you remember the first program you wrote?
KILDALL: Yes. It calculated the number of seconds between any two times of the day and any two calendar dates. That program is still around; every time I clean my desk I find it, like old clothes I find in my closet.
INTERVIEWER: What about the first professional program you wrote?
KILDALL: I wrote it at the navigation school my father owned. We used to prepare tide tables by hand for one of the local publishing companies in Seattle. I wrote a FORTRAN program that calculated the tides. It was the first program I made money on--$500 or so.
INTERVIEWER: So how did you happen to begin working on the CP/M operating system?
KILDALL: The operating system was actually just a little fragment of a very large project. I was working with XPL, a language for mainframe computers, written by Bill McKeeman at Stanford. I developed a similar language called PL/M, a programming language for microcomputers. I was trying to get PL/M to run resident on the 8080 microprocessor, and I had to write an interface to communicate with a disk drive. It turned out that the operating system, which was called CP/M for Control Program for Micros, was useful too, fortunately.
INTERVIEWER: So when you were developing CP/M you had no idea it would be so successful?
KILDALL: No, I didn't know CP/M would be such a hit, but it was very clear to me that floppy disks would be. I had been working with paper tapes for a year and a half. A floppy-disk drive was $500 and a paper-tape reader with a fancy punch was over $2,000. Just by looking at the cost comparision of the two drives, I realized the floppy disk would be a commercial success.
INTERVIEWER: Some programmers throw out code and start over when they run into extremely serious problems with their code. Do you ever do that?
KILDALL: No, because my problems never get serious enough to start over. I never would have been coding if I didn't think I had the right data structure. Whenever I tear code apart, it is usually because the underlying data structures weren't any good, not because of the algorithms I applied.
INTERVIEWER: Do you use comments when you write code?
KILDALL: Rarely, except at the beginning of procedures, and then I only comment on the data structure. I don't comment on the code itself because I feel that properly written code is very much self-documented. Once I get the algorithms down, I start writing code directly on the machine. I don't even write it on a piece of paper before it goes into the computer; it just doesn't seem necessary. The actual coding process has always been a little scary for me because I don't know if I'm writing the right code, nor do I know what I'll write next. It just seems to come out. Sometimes I realize the code's not exactly right, but I also realize intuitively that it will relate to something else--it will factor out and become right even if I don't know exactly how at the time I'm writing it.
The magical part is that, at some point, all at once the whole thing comes together. It's like taking a logical Boolean expression that simplifies and simplifies until, bam, you've got it. When I reach the point where the code coalesces, I'm certain the program will work, and I also have no doubt I did it about the best way it could be done. I don't completely understand the process, but it sure seems to work for me, even when I make fairly massive changes to data structures and algorithms.
INTERVIEWER: Is writing code always an unknown and difficult process?
KILDALL: No. When I code without pressure to meet a deadline, it's very relaxing. Sometimes when I'm scheduled for a long plane ride, I'll take a little portable along and code just for fun. In fact, even when there's a deadline, it's fun to sit at a terminal and let the code flow. It sounds strange, but it just comes out of my brain; once I'm started, I don't have to think about it.
INTERVIEWER: Have you ever been unable to get the code to work just the way you envision?
KILDALL: There are very few cases where someone has gone into my code and said, "We could have done it a lot better," but there are times when it just doesn't come together. The editor in the DR Logo interpreter is a good example. I had some pieces of code I knew were not quite right--it worked fine but hadn't factored out correctly and just wasn't right. The engineers who took over the code zeroed in on that piece of programming, but we didn't have time to make changes because we had to get the product out. That's the kind of thing you hope never happens, but it does sometimes, so you go back and fix it, and learn something about your style.
INTERVIEWER: Do you think programming is something you can practice as you would practice the piano?
KILDALL: Well, you can practice in a sense. Seymour Papert has this notion that kids learn to be inventive by tinkering with gears and other mechanical gadgets. The skills you learn and practice with this kind of play carry over into other areas. Papert is certainly talking about my childhood experience. My father was a great craftsman. I used to stay and watch him by the hour, and then I would go outside and try to imitate him with my own hammer and nails.
Data structures, which are the foundations of programs, are mechanical by nature, like the things I played with as a kid. So, in that sense, I practiced programming. The big difference is that building something out of wood or steel takes hours of labor; if you don't do it right, you have to go back and rebuild. Programs can be altered instantly.
INTERVIEWER: How else can you build your repertoire as a programmer?
KILDALL: You need to study other people's work. Their approaches to problem solving and the tools they use give you a fresh way to look at your own work. You need to learn only a small set of procedures before you can write a program. For example, when you're writing compilers, the first thing you write is a scanner, which is a little tool you use a lot. Once you learn those tools, it becomes a matter of putting pieces together. You grab pieces from here and there and stick them all together. Looking at programs others have written gives you new ideas for constructing coherent code. That's why, as a teacher, I spent a lot of time with students showing them clean algorithms I had picked up.
INTERVIEWER: You've talked about how you taught others. Has anyone or anything influenced your style of programming?
KILDALL: I'm very pragmatic. I like to build programs that are fast and small, and use clear, concise algorithms. I learned that style from the early Burroughs 5500, a very advanced machine for the day, which was based upon the ALGOL philosophy of block-structured languages. The ALGOL compiler was probably one of the nicest pieces of code to come out at that time. I spent hours trying to fix and change the compiler. Working with it so closely affected the way I think about programming and had a profound influence on my style. Fortunately, the ALGOL philosophy became the basis for design of popular languages like Pascal and C, so the style works for me.
INTERVIEWER: One hears stories about the crazy hours programmers keep. How about you? Do you have a certain routine?
KILDALL: My pace varies during the development of the program. At some points, the code gets explosive and I have everything inside my brain at one time: all the variable names and how they relate to one another, where the pointers start and where they end, disk access, et cetera. All sorts of things go on in my brain that I can't put on paper simply because I'm always changing them. I'd spend more time writing than I would coding, and I'd never get the project done in a reasonable amount of time.
When the data structures are so new, they require intense concentration to keep them organized in your head. So at this point in the process, I'll usually start at 3:00 a.m. and work until maybe 6:00 p.m. Then I'll have dinner, go to bed early, get up again pretty early in the morning, and keep banging on it until things are calmer.
During the calm times, when my pace is more relaxed, I come up with solutions for the next phase. When I'm trying to solve a problem that has a series of steps, I take them in order, one at a time--step A, step B, then step C. I've tried, but I just can't work on C until B has been Completed.
I take short vacations during the lulls because I like to enjoy life, too. That's the time I go out and fly airplanes just to get away. It's good for my work, because I always come back with some fresh ideas.
INTERVIEWER: Does your flying airplanes have any other impact on your programming?
KILDALL: I certainly hope my program planning is better than my flying. I've heard that quite a few programmers are also fliers. I know Charles Simonyi flies a helicopter. And both Fred Gibbons and Vern Rayburn were very interested in flying.
Programmers like flying a plane because it is a mechanical process just like programming. Also, people who like computers like gadgets, and airplanes are just loaded with gadgets. They've got all the dials and wheels and knobs you could ever want to play with. You get to play a little dangerously because it's the real thing, not just a video game. Computers are very abstract, but airplanes are real.
INTERVIEWER: Do you ever get tired of programming?
KILDALL: I don't think of my work as tedious, if that's what you mean. When I go on vacation I look forward to returning to work. The only time I don't want to come back is when the code explodes. Then it becomes tough because I'm working under pressure to get the code back together. When you've got the code all ripped apart, it's like a car that's all disassembled. You've got all the parts lying all over your garage and you have to replace the broken part or the car will never run. It's not fun until the code gets back to the baseline again.
INTERVIEWER: Do you find anything aesthetically pleasing in your work?
KILDALL: Oh, absolutely. When a program is clean and neat, nicely structured, and consistent, it can be beautiful. I guess I wouldn't compare a program with the Mona Lisa, but it does have a simplicity and elegance that's quite handsome. Stylistic distinctions of different programs are intriguing, very much like the differences art critics might see between Leonardo's Mona Lisa and a Van Gogh. I like the LISP programming language so much because it's so pleasing. There's a concise form of LISP called the M expressions. When you write an algorithm using M expressions, it's so beautiful you almost feel it could be framed and hung on a wall.
When I was working on my Ph.D. thesis, I was trying to solve a difficult global flow analysis problem. I knew there had to be a solution, but I just couldn't crack it. Finally, when I got a clean mathematical model, I coded the algorithms in LISP. The program took only two hours to write, and it was beautiful; it did exactly what I wanted it to do. At that point, I had no direct proof the program worked, but every example I ran through LISP was functioning the way I expected. I wrote the same program in XPL, which is a systems language for running compilers. Later, when I got proof that the program was correct, I found it was based on the concepts of the very pretty LISP program, not the concepts developed in the relatively ugly XPL program.
INTERVIEWER: Do you consider programming to be an art or a science?
KILDALL: There certainly is some art in it. But a lot of programming is invention and engineering. It's much like a carpenter who has a mental picture of a cabinet he's trying to build. He has to wrestle with the design and construction to get it into a physical form. That's very much what I do in programming.
Programming has some science as well, though not a lot. Experimental science means you hypothesize, try things, and compare results, and in that way programming is science. You may have a concept of how a retrieval system should work, but it's not until you run it with sufficient data that you can see the mechanism operating and get some statistics.
But remember, I'm in one special area of programming: compilers, operating systems, retrieval, and other system software. A programmer who specializes in graphics, for example, may have an entirely different view of the programming world. Because graphics programmers are dealing more with the physical world--talking about the way light sources affect objects, for instance--there may be a lot more mathematics and science involved in their work. You know, I also think programming is very much a religious experience for a lot of people.
INTERVIEWER: What do you mean when you say programming is a religious experience for a lot of people?
KILDALL: Well, if you talk about programming to a group of programmers who use the same language, they can become almost evangelistic about the language. They form a tight-knit community, hold to certain beliefs, and follow certain rules in their programming. It's like a church with a programming language for a Bible.
FORTH is a good example; it's a programming language that is probably close to being a religious experience for many people. When FORTH first came out, its disciples claimed any algorithm could be done ten times faster. That was a typical claim. If you argued that point or any other, you found yourself talking to a brick wall and you definitely weren't allowed in the church. Now I don't mean to be derogatory about the people who use that language. It's a very supportive group and a very effective language, but the discussions were not based on reason. They were based on belief. By saying this, I'll probably get about a thousand letters about FORTH and the religious experience people are having over it. But I'm not putting myself in a special category either; I can preach about the wonders of LISP all day.
INTERVIEWER: What do you think will be the future role of computers?
KILDALL: Basically, our technology tends to simplify mechanical processes. That's why computers have been so successful: We take things normally done with cogs, wheels, and relays, and do them with vacuum tubes and then with semiconductors. Look at automobiles, for example. More and more of the processes in the automobile, like in the 1984 Corvette, are being turned over to the semiconductor or its equivalent. When semiconductors take the place of speedometer cables and tachometers, they turn the car into a less expensive and more reliable product that is easier to produce. Computer systems are going through identical changes right now; the hard disk drive is a mechanical device. Because it is mechanical, we know it will eventually go away. We don't know how it will go away, but we know it's a prime target.
Some gadgets and processes will continue to function mechanically, such as wheel bearings on cars, because it's pretty hard to make those from a semiconductor. But many other things in our daily lives will go through the transition from mechanical to electronic. The print industry is a good example; CD ROMs and optical storage are becoming important there now. Computers help to get away from the mechanical processes of printing: running printing presses, laying out and pasting up by hand, setting up the cameras. The semiconductor will take over the mechanical process. But computers won't stop there. Right now they control the production of print but not the actual display of information.
Right now, a very big bottleneck--one of the reasons why the personal computer industry is in the doldrums--is that we have a difficult time thinking about what to do with computers once we get past spreadsheets and word processing. We don't know what the next step is. We're stuck.
It goes back to what I was saying about the dependence of programming on beliefs rather than reason. Ultimately the problem is that we, as a society, took the big computers that we understood and applied their underlying architecture, languages, and concepts to the development of microcomputers. As we move toward using computers as controllers, we will find that communication between processors will become more important than the processes they are carrying out. Then we will be forced to change the way we code. That will be a very slow evolutionary process.
INTERVIEWER: So the future really depends on our ability to free ourselves from old patterns of thinking?
KILDALL: I felt strongly in the early days of microprocessors that they should be used primarily as embedded processors, talking to one another and coordinating the transition from mechanical to electronic processes. That's where I felt the computer industry was going. I saw them as replacements for random logic, with engineers being the primary users of these small machines. In fact, someone from Lawrence Livermore Labs suggested I develop a BASIC for the microcomputer--that was probably in 1974. I told him that was the most stupid idea I had ever heard. Who would want to do a BASIC for microprocessors when they were being put into such tools as inventory-control systems, cathode-ray tube displays, and word processors? Obviously, I was wrong about that. It turns out that one of my thesis students, Gordon Eubanks, did very well with C BASIC, as did Paul Allen and Bill Gates.
Somehow we have to break loose from the ways we think about microcomputers if we want to stimulate advances in computers. People at home don't want to buy another computer system. They bought one and there was no real use for it. They don't want to be ripped off again. And we're talking about 95 percent, not 5 percent, of computer users. There are 16 million television sets sold every year; there's no reason why we shouldn't sell 16 million gizmos with embedded microprocessors.
INTERVIEWER: You mentioned CD ROM a minute ago, and its potential impact on the printing industry. Will it have any other role in the evolution of computers?
KILDALL: Optical storage will clearly pull the computer industry in a new direction. When we worked with floppy disks, we were just making little machines out of big machines. And we haven't yet gone a whole lot farther than that today.
Optical storage is completely different. We're not talking about computing anymore; we're talking about putting information into people's hands. People now might buy personal computers because somebody else told them they should, but with optical storage, people will buy computers because they want the information. Computers will be competing more with publishing.
INTERVIEWER: So information could take the form of an electronic encyclopedia, like the one you're putting on CD ROM? How do you envision the design--both the retrieval system and the enhancements?
KILDALL: I take the concept for the initial product, get an overall idea of what I want to do, and start coding right from the nucleus, letting it expand in the direction it flows. As long as I don't limit the fundamental data structures, features can be added. We did a videodisc called the Knowledge Disc, which carried over nicely into CD ROM retrieval systems. All text was done with bit-mapped fonts at the pixel level. A very nice side effect of working with pixels is that pictures go into the whole thing very cleanly and nicely. So we don't have to go back and do total redesigns of anything to add images to text that already exists on the CD ROM.
It's a problem if the design doesn't let you add features at a later date. If you have to redo a program, the hours you spend can cause you to lose your competitive edge. A flexible program demonstrates the difference between a good designer and someone who is just getting a piece of code out.
Right now, we're going full speed ahead just to blast as many people out of the water as we possibly can. We're hoping to be ready by the first part of 1986. Economically, we have no choice but to go fast and to use this technology. It's the best. Then we make sure that we license the rights to it.
INTERVIEWER: Are knowledge systems part of where you see the home market going?
KILDALL: Yes. People don't usually go home to work. Some tasks people do at home are related to work, like keeping track of taxes or running a little home business. But mostly they go home to relax. I think games and entertainment are valuable. We have a lot of trouble figuring out how to entertain people at home. And TV does a good job right now; competing with "Dynasty" is extremely difficult.
One possible computer application is something to help kids study. My fourteen-year-old daughter is taking some hard courses and she needs help studying. Computer applications like that would give me a direct benefit: My child does better and that helps her in the future. That's clearly an important area for development.
Another area for development is providing general information about selected subjects, such as medicine. People go to doctors for many reasons. Some are psychological. But sometimes they only want medical information. It costs a lot to go to the doctor, and if people had less expensive ways to access that data, they would. Here's another example: When I want a car, I try and shop L.A., San Francisco, and San Jose to get the best prices. But it's virtually impossible to get the facts about car dealers because people who don't want you to be able to shop like that are protecting the information. I'd be a candidate for that information because it could save me thousands of dollars, not to mention a lot of time. I'd pay a reasonable amount to get it.
We want to develop applications that will give people a definite economic advantage if they buy them. That's why we went for an encyclopedia as the first CD ROM application. Everyone knows encyclopedias usually cost about $1,000. Someone can rationalize buying a computer that has the encyclopedia, if it's in the same price range as the printed encyclopedia.
INTERVIEWER: How friendly will this machine be?
KILDALL: Well, I don't think it's a matter of friendliness, because ultimately if the program is going to accomplish anything of value, it will probably be relatively complex.
Some people suggest that machines would be friendlier if input could be in a natural language. But natural language is probably the worst kind of input because it can be quite ambiguous. The process of retrieving information from the computer would be so time-consuming that you would be better off spending that time getting the information directly from an expert.
Expert systems will be the ultimate in user friendliness. But we're a long way from having the expert in the box. The doctor-in-a-box, although a phenomenal product, is incredibly complex. It would have to be perfect. Someday, we'll have programs like that. I just don't know how far off they are, and there are lots of problems to solve along the way, but that's the fun part.


text:
TLC is excited to announce that in the Year 2022, more than 60 technicians became licensed Journeyman, together earning more than 100 licenses. These technicians have put in many hours gaining experience and studying for their Journeyman exams. Licenses that have been earned by TLC technicians this year include but are not limited to: B01, B02, JP, JG, JR, LPs, … Read More
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If you were watching the news this week, you may have caught the story of Modesto Montano, a Rio Rancho resident who fell from his ladder and injured himself while repairing his swamp cooler on Monday. Adrian Tenorio, an astute 5th grader, noticed the incident and called 911. His quick thinking made the news, but the story doesn't end there. … Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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If you run an office or are a student, you are probably familiar with the high costs of printing. There may be times that printing is not as important and costs are low. However, if you need to print reports, papers, bills, pictures, and other documents, the cost of printing can really add up.
One option is to print at a printing shop. There are many consumer-oriented shops that operate on a 24/7 basis, so you can print your items whenever you are ready. If you are printing an item in bulk or that is not the standard letter size, this might actually be a good bargain. In some cases, you can even leave the file to be printed with one of the employees. This can also save time, as well as money. Using print shops is a great for printing of banners and other large format items. These shops are also helpful if you are printing for a special occasion or need a high quality printout. Remember that these shops provide professional printing results. If the print quality is low or the colors don't match the items on the screen, you can ask the shop for a free reprint. These shops are expected to have a higher printer calibration than your home printer, resulting in a better color match to your final printout. This is one of the reasons that you would use them instead of printing at home.
Of course, if you need to print often, you probably are the proud owner of a home printer. These printers are great for everyday printing. They are also easy to obtain for a reasonable price, both new and used. Once you select a good printer, you can use it for years. However, the highest cost of printing can be from your paper and ink supply. There are ways to avoid or minimize these high costs.
One of the ways to save on paper is to utilize your print preview in various programs before printing. Also, test prints can be done on your inexpensive papers with low cost inks, leaving your best paper for the final print. This may not seem necessary for occasional printing. However, if you print a large amount of material or need a close color match in a photo, this process can make a huge difference in paper costs.
When you chose a printer, it is best to select one that allows for multiple ink cartridge colors, such as one space for black and a separate one for color. People tend to print mostly in black. If you use just one cartridge, then you may have to replace it if just the black ink has run out. On the other hand, with separate cartridges, you only need to replace the black and can keep using the other cartridges for a much longer period of time. If you're printer allows it, when the printer indicates needing a change, you might try removing and reinserting the same used cartridge. It may still have some ink left, allowing you to get some more printouts. The quality should remain quite similar until the ink is almost finished. If you are printing important papers or pictures, this might not be worthwhile. However, it could be a lifesaver if you don't have a new cartridge on hand and need to print a document.
There are a few choices available if would like to save on printer ink. Some companies offer ink-filling kits that you can fill yourself using additional supplies. This can be helpful if you don't mind refilling cartridges on your own. If not, there are other companies that offer remanufactured cartridges with recycled parts. There are also companies that offer generic and discount cartridges. One such company offers FREE SHIPPING on orders over $50 at TomatoInk.com . Generic cartridges can be either compatible with or remanufacterd to original equipment specifications. Compatible cartridges are brand new. Using these cartridges, instead of brand name ones can save you a significant amount of money. This is especially true for laser and toner ink for copiers. These larger generic items can be as much as 50% or more lower in price than their brand-name equivalents.
If you only use brand name print cartridges, you can help the environment and save some money by returning them for credit in participating stores. One well-known office supply store, at one time, was providing a free pack of copy paper for the return of one or two ink cartridges of particular brand names. However, this offer was discontinued at that particular store. This same store now gives you a store credit for each returned cartridge that can be applied to any of their products. Check with the office supply or similar stores in your area for these types of offers.
Regardless of the type of company that you use to supply your printing needs, it is best to make sure that there is a solid return policy. Before ordering, try to find out how exchanges and returns will be handled. Also, remember to factor in the cost of shipping for online orders and gas for purchases in a store.


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This is being hosted by two of the sweetest people I have the privilege of knowing in real life, Kate and Kim. Sadly we don't talk like we use to because you know real life happens but there is not a day that goes by that I don't think of them both.
Its hard to believe that I am back doing another Sunday's In Bed With…post. Where did the week go? thankfully it wasn't a super busy week which was good because I started my MS preventive medication and we kept things low key because we didn't know if I would suffer from any side effects which thankfully wasn't to bad.
Now I am just trying to avoid getting sick or being around anyone who is sick because for a little while because my immune system will be compromised until the medication does it thing.
Anyways last week was a really good reading week as you can see I finished up these books:
Currently reading:
What did you read this past week? What are you reading this week?


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Looking for How Much Can I Make As A Therapist On Better Help?…Lets talk about something called much better aid which is an online therapy platform and I'm likewise going to inform you how you can get 2 weeks free of much better assistance services but first if you're brand-new to the channel my name is Lauren and I make articles about what it resembles coping with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder okay so prior to I get started I just wish to let you understand that there is a link in the description below to access the two weeks totally free trial membership to much better aid you can try it entirely risk totally free no strings attached and see how you like it um so what is better assistance much better help is an online therapy service that is sort of an option to in-person treatment a subscription to much better help gives you
access to a therapist generally whenever and it consists of unrestricted text audio and video messaging as well as a weekly live session now I've tried this out and my therapist stated that you can type of separate those weekly sessions nevertheless you see fit – so she stated you can have perhaps three 20-minute sessions or a one-hour session it's kind of whatever fits your schedule and whatever fits your needs the very best so I myself have actually tried it out like I stated I have a therapist through better assistance and it's really really basic interacting with them they have a site that's extremely simple to connect with along with an app on your phone that you can send instant messages through you can you can voice call through you can even video chat through and it's truly truly easy to browse so I want to speak to you a bit more about my experience with better help to sort of provide you a concept about what it's like using it so it took me a while to find the ideal therapist if I'm being sincere so um I checked out a few therapists to begin with none actually felt like a good fit and that's truly important I believe even when discovering a therapist out in the real life with in-person interactions is that you need to truly operate at finding one who's going to be an actually good suitable for you and there's this it's no exception for much better help either so
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From the age of about 13 onwards, I have actually suffered from higher-than-seems-normal levels of anxiety, and while I have actually mostly come to terms with being tense and a bit doomy, I certainly wouldn't mind being less so. I have actually had counselling before, and it does help.
And drawing back from my own (fairly subtle) problems for a moment, could e-counselling be the answer to the mental health concerns escalating amongst under-30s? With cuts to psychological health services actually starting to bite, digitised therapy could be simply the ticket for young adults who already filter almost every aspect of their lives– good friends, work, sex, home entertainment– through a screen.
Not everybody is totally convinced that shifting psychological health care online is the way forward. "For me, what works in treatment is when you satisfy someone face-to-face, in the same space," says London-based psychotherapist Sandra Tapie. "You get to know not only what it resembles to talk with the individual, but how it feels to be in a space with them. Using Skype is the next best thing: it's 'good enough', however it does not produce the closeness, the intimacy, that really gets individuals to open and check out things.".
" I have actually carried out some research study into Skype counselling," says London-based psychotherapist Dr Aaron Balick, "and it's not the 'practical equivalent' of conventional counselling; it's simply not quite the very same thing. It's truly essential that individuals who take part in it understand that it's a various experience from remaining in the room with someone, speaking face-to-face." How Much Can I Make As A Therapist On Better Help


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Liberty Parks & Rec crews have taken advantage of the warmer January days and finished installing the baskets for the new Bennett Park Disc Golf Course. The course is playable now and the concrete tee pads will be installed in the coming weeks as weather permits. The pads are temporarily identified with flags and paint, and the baskets are numbered.
This nine hole course was a collaborative effort between citizens and LPR to create a smaller course encouraging beginners to play disc golf. We received feedback from the community asking for more visibility (cleared vegetation and brush) throughout Bennett Park and more activities to utilize the space.
We are excited to add this new amenity to our park system. This is a great course to complement the more challenging Bad Rock Creek Disc Golf Course at Stocksdale Park, which is one of the top rated courses in the KC metro area.
View the course map online.


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Gust's Atelier series dates all the way back to 1997 and has been a relatively niche franchise since. However, 2019's Atelier Ryza: Ever Darkness & the Secret Hideout became its most popular entry yet, and now it has a direct sequel. It's a pleasure to say that Atelier Ryza 2: Lost Legends & the Secret Fairy is a worthy entry that builds upon its predecessor.
This sequel takes place three years after the events of the first game, with protagonist Ryza arriving in the new city of Ashra-am Baird. Ryza is given a shiny stone that she finds out is actually an egg when a mysterious creature, Fi, hatches from it. While in the city, she encounters all of her comrades from her previous adventure, as well as new ones. Together, she and her group of friends embark on a new journey to uncover secret ruins and learn more about Fi's origins.
Story progression in Atelier Ryza 2 is largely the same from the first game. After clearing some critical path objectives, sometimes you'll be tasked to create certain items to move the story forward. In order to advance in the previous game, you were sometimes required to pass time by doing alchemy or just sleeping it away. This time there are more optional character quests to fill the downtime between story beats.They are great ways to learn more about the individual characters both in your party and around the world.
A new story mechanic introduced is the Exploration Diary. As you traverse through the different ruins on your adventure, the diary has side objectives, called the Research List, to fulfill, like finding a certain treasure chest or defeating a specific miniboss in the area. Completing all of these will cause glowing objects and new "shadow" enemies to spawn, which also drop these new items. These glowing objects contain memory fragments and ruin fragments of the past civilization that inhabited the area.
In the Exploration Diary, you match up the context clues written in different memory fragments and place them into separate slots in the ruin fragments to complete an excerpt about the past civilization. While a large portion of this is optional, pursuing these provides extra context about the world around Ryza, as well as information about Fi. It also incentivizes exploration as you scour every nook and cranny in the ruins for the fragments. To help exploration, Ryza also has expanded traversal options in the field, including swimming, rope swinging, and shimmying across ledges.
The battle system is largely unchanged. Both allies and enemies are on a timeline, and when their respective icons cross a certain point, they can perform actions like attacking or using items. Action Orders return too. Sometimes your allies will recommend you use a certain type of attack, be it a magical or physical attack, or one with a specific element, and the ally who called for it will follow up with an additional attack automatically without using up their own turn or impeding their place in the timeline.
The system has a number of small refinements. In the first game, you would accumulate Ability Points, or AP, through normal attacks and then spend the AP to pull off Skills. If you had a max AP gauge, then you were instead able to spend it all to increase your Tactics Level for that specific fight, allowing you more normal hits per turn that would subsequently build more AP faster.
In Atelier Ryza 2, that's not the case. Now, your Tactics Level automatically builds up when you execute Skills by spending AP. This change is very welcome because now that the Tactics Level isn't directly tied to your max AP limit, you're incentivized to whip out flashier attacks, making for much faster-paced and more exciting battles. There's no more hesitation around the decision whether to spend your precious AP using Skills to inflict more damage or save them up to increase your Tactics Level.
However, one large change that I didn't appreciate was the removal of the Extra Order mechanic. Previously, you could spend an additional 10 AP in order to immediately perform another action without waiting for your next turn to come around. This was helpful if you needed to finish off a powerful enemy or break its guard before it could unleash its ultimate special attack. In Atelier Ryza 2, the mechanic is just completely gone and isn't replaced with anything. It's a bizarre omission considering I utilized it quite a bit during the first game.
The progression for alchemy has been changed too. In the previous game, creating items gave you experience points to increase Ryza's alchemy level. This has been replaced with a Skill Point, or SP, system. In Ryza's skill tree, you can spend points to learn new recipes and alchemy skills. SP can be gained through a variety of ways, including making more items through alchemy, completing parts of the Exploration Diary, and fulfilling menial fetch quests from the city's bulletin board. You don't have to hunt down any additional recipes like in the first game as it's now all in the Skill Tree.
The actual item crafting process is much the same. As you collect materials out in the field and bring them back, you use those materials to craft items. Using higher-quality items, as indicated by a higher number on the individual material, results in better items. Equipment Reinforcing and Gem Reduction make their way back from the first game too. New to the sequel are Evolution Link and Essence Refinement. Evolution Link allows Ryza to combine items and accessories with other objects, creating a special EV-Effect, such as more protection from Thunder elemental attacks. Combining certain items can also create new ones. Essence Purification also lets Ryza change elemental properties of her item during the alchemical process.
One thing that I'm still disappointed by is the lack of English voice acting. Earlier games in the series had fantastic English dubs, but a few games ago (starting with Atelier Lydie & Suelle), it was decided it wasn't worth including them anymore. There are many instances in the game where Ryza comes across large landmarks and makes a comment, characters will shout lines during battle, or Ryza will mutter to herself when crafting items through alchemy. Not knowing Japanese, I don't know what any of these lines are saying — and there aren't any subtitles to accompany these extra bits of exposition that add so much more character and nuance to the game's world. It's a shame as it definitely would have deepened my immersion.
I've always loved developer Gust's 2D artwork. It's incredibly clean and sharp, and the CGs reflects that. The Atelier series as a whole isn't really about graphics — so you're not going to see the most jaw-dropping visuals ever — but the 3D battle animations are attractive and the environments are colorful. Also, the good news is that the native PlayStation 5 version of the game runs at a stable frame rate with no noticeable performance issues. Additionally, loading times are blazingly fast and at times seem virtually nonexistent.
Atelier Ryza 2: Lost Legends & the Secret Fairy is a strong entry in the series and is an improvement on the previous game. It introduces new mechanics that fit well within the context of the story without feeling like they were forcibly implemented just for the sake of it, while also refining existing core gameplay elements. While I'm not entirely satisfied with a change, or lack thereof, here and there, this game is certainly worth your time, especially if you enjoyed Ryza's first adventure.


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PW793 MACS Administrative Suite
This project will renovate the administrative suite for the Marine and Coastal Sciences department in SMATE. Construction is anticipated during the summer of 2023. Expect construction noise and limited local shutdowns.
Contact Information
Mark Holsman, Project Manager, (360) 650-4042
Jonathan Higgins, Director, University Communications, (360) 650-3350


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CHARLTON crashed to their third consecutive defeat in the space of seven days at Portman Road.
The loss to one of their play-off rivals places a major question mark over Charlton's ever decreasing chances of promotion.
Nicky Weaver produced an excellent stop to deny Alex Bruce in the 13th minute when his close range shot was pushed over the bar.
Greg Halford was denied five minutes later when his header from Darren Ambrose's corner cannoned back off the bar.
Charlton paid the price two minutes later when Ipswich broke the deadlock.
Owen Garvan's cross from the left deceived Addicks keeper Weaver and sailed over him into the corner of the net.
Weaver had to be at his best eight minutes later to deny Pablo Counago.
Ambrose had the ball in the back of the net 60 seconds later, but his effort was ruled out for offside.
Leroy Lita tested Stephen Bywater with a decent shot on the 39th minute but Ipswich should have made it 2-0 three minutes later when Alan Lee inexplicably headed over.
However, the Tractor Boys did get a deserved second goal seven minutes after the restart when substitute Danny Haynes smacked home a volley from the edge of the area.
Lita claimed he had been bundled over in the box two minutes later, but his pleas were ignored.
Alan Pardew introduced Chris Iwelumo for Jose Semedo on the hour in a desperate bid to get the visitors back in contention.
It did not work as the Addicks struggled to create any serious chances and Charlton's play-off hopes are receding by the week.
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Tobias Felix Rohner
Selina Many
Transfer of the registered office to Switzerland - A case for the old reserve practice?
The problem of old reserves has become an integral part of daily tax consulting practice in Switzerland. The corresponding problem will be examined in this article on the basis of a transfer of the registered office of a foreign company to Switzerland. Here, too, the Federal Tax Administration (FTA) initially assumed that the "old reserves" brought into Switzerland were subject to Swiss abuse practice without restriction.
The paper examines the question of whether reserves existing at the time of the move from abroad to Switzerland can be considered "old reserves" in respect of which withholding tax relief can be denied in whole or in part after a subsequent restructuring. While the Federal Tax Administration (FTA) seems to affirm this in the case of retained earnings, the authors are critical of this approach.
On the one hand, it is questionable whether retained earnings created prior to the inflow should not, for reasons of tax system, be regarded from the outset as capital contribution reserves that can be repaid free of withholding tax. However, even if this were not the case, previous case law on old reserves shows that withholding tax relief may only be denied in exceptional cases, namely if additional elements are added in addition to a previous retention of profits. The authors therefore conclude that the application of the old reserves practice by the administration clearly goes too far and should not be applied as a rule, especially with regard to imported reserves.
Please log in to read the article or to download it as PDF...


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US plans to invest billions in manufacturing COVID-19 vaccine
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – The United States plans to invest billions of dollars in expanding COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing capacity and make available an additional one billion doses per year, White House COVID-19 coordinator Jeff Zients said on Wednesday.
Activists have pressured President Joe Biden's administration to increase vaccine supply to poorer countries.
Zients said the government was preparing to offer makers of the mRNA vaccines substantial help to expand infrastructure and capacity, including facilities, equipment, staff or training.


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Here the spirit of Beauty keepeth
Jubilee for evermore;
Here the voice of Gladness leapeth,
Echoing from shore to shore.
O'er the hidden watery valley,
O'er each buried wood and glade,
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Through the sunlight and the shade;
Dances o'er the granite cells,
Where the soul of Beauty dwells;
Here the flowers are ever springing,
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Back to Charles Sangster


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While Canada's economy is considered to be among the developed ones globally, it would be more appropriate to call its e-commerce market developing due to the high rates of annual growth it's been experiencing, according to a report by Admitad.
In its annual report for 2018-2019, the global affiliate network, which helps advertisers and publishers develop their online business around the world, cites eMarketer data indicating the volume of online retail in Canada for 2018 promised to grow by 26.3 per cent and reach almost $43 billion (nine per cent of the total Canadian retail income). It also said Statista believes that the volume of online retail in the country by 2023 will reach $55.4 million.
"As far as industry coverage is concerned, there are at least 26.8 million unique users in Canada. In 2018, more than 72.6 per cent of the population made purchases online, and by 2023 the proportion of online purchases promises to exceed 75 per cent annually," says the Admitad report.
"The average purchase amount per user for the year is $1,493. The main payment method is credit cards; 71 per cent of buyers prefer to pay online. E-wallets and debit cards rank second. The hottest season in Canada is the end of the year, just like in the USA. It is worth noting that the highest average amount is due to such events as Christmas, Black Friday and Cyber Monday, as well as the end of school holidays (back-to-school) in August, Mother's Day (May), Father's Day (June), St. Valentine's Day and Thanksgiving Day."
Admitad says that in 2018 mobile devices brought about 30 per cent of all sales to online retailers which is about 2.6 per cent of the total retail income.
"Canada is the largest US neighbor in the Americas, and this largely determines the structure of its e-commerce market. Almost all of the largest online trading sites are American services such as Amazon, eBay, Etsy, Walmart, Best Buy, Newegg. Separately, it is worth highlighting Shopify as this service allows creating own online store (including work on a dropshipping model through partner networks)," says the report.
It says the largest category of Canadian e-commerce is "Clothing & Shoes", which in 2018 online retailers saw at least $11.8 billion, or 29.5 per cent of total income.
"The main trends in the e-commerce market are active mobilization, multi-channel sales (omnichannel) and cross-border trade. By some estimates, nearly half of Canadian customers buy goods from abroad.
This trend may be due to two factors: the high users' dependence on retailers from the US and the inability of Canadian business to compete with them. Moreover, almost half of the local small business representatives do not even have their own website," says Admitad.
"During the year, a total of 1.25 million sales were made, of which almost half has accounted for the fourth quarter. The average monthly number of sales exceeded 104,000. The percentage of deviation from the highest average sales amount was 20.8 per cent; on the decline it was 26.6 per cent. The most active months by dynamics of consumer activity were October (126,000) and November (121,600). The smallest number of sales was observed in February (76,600); the maximum deviation the monthly average back then was as high as 27,700 orders."
The report says the average amount for all categories in 2018 is $103.5. The highest average amount is in March ($131.3) and September ($125.8). November hit the lowest point with $77.1, another significant decline was noted in April ($77.6).
The largest category in Canadian e-commerce was Goods from China.
While consumers are getting better deals from international retailers who don't have to charge a tax like the GST/HST, it puts Canadian online retailers at a disadvantage in terms of competitive pricing.
But that also has a broader context. It hurts the Canadian economy in general not having those taxes collected on international retail purchases.
"The internet has no borders and the popularity of online shopping is growing every year. Governments in Canada have sadly lagged on the related tax and duty collection and Canadian retailers have been directly impacted," said Michael Kehoe, Broker / Owner of Fairfield Commercial Real Estate Inc. in Calgary and Government Affairs Chair Prairie Provinces for the International Council of Shopping Centres.
"Canadian couriers by licence must collect and submit duty and taxes owing on the delivery of goods purchased outside the country. Postal service is another issue and Canada is losing significant tax revenue. At present there are three postal stations for parcels in Canada; Vancouver, Montreal and Toronto. Vancouver is now automated for duty and tax collections while Montreal and Toronto should be automated by spring of 2020. Canada Customs is working with Canada Post Corporation to move forward to develop a level playing field for Canadian retailers. It has been estimated that Canada and Provinces lose $1 billion per year in uncollected duty and tax related to online shopping. All are small dollar value amounts averaging around $10.
"Canada Post Corporation is estimating a 10 per cent annual increase in postal parcel imports in the near-term. Canadian online retailers work hard to compete and the current value of the Canadian dollar compared to the American dollar or the Euro can be advantageous to creating retail sales. HST is not a factor on exported goods. The retail industry in Canada has been seeking tax fairness and a level playing field for years."
The Admitad report also found:
The number of people purchasing goods in online stores is steadily growing. In 2018, the number of customers on the web was close to 1.8 billion people, and in 2019 it is expected to exceed 1.9 billion. This is almost a quarter of the world population;
The average penetration rate of online shopping in the world is expected to reach 63 per cent in 2019;
The share of e-commerce in retail keeps increasing. Although in 2017 the world average share barely exceeded 10 per cent, in 2018 the figure rose to almost 12 per cent. According to Statista, the share of e-commerce in 2019 can grow to 13.7 per cent;
The costs of online mobile advertising keep growing. In the US, by 2020 the volume of the mobile advertising market will exceed all other "traditional" channels;
The total volume of online retail sales is also growing, promising to step over $3 trillion in 2019. According to preliminary data, in 2018 it has not yet reached the mark;
Amazon is the world's largest e-commerce platform with a capitalization of more than $810 billion, followed by Alibaba Group with $393.8 billion as of early January; and
Credit cards are currently the most frequently preferred means of payment (30 per cent), followed by debit cards and digital wallets (21 per cent each). In 2019 online wallets, such as PayPal and AliPay, may become the most preferable means of payment. Judging by the forecast, they are expected to become responsible for over 30 per cent of all sales.


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The greatest deception of Spartak Moscow came seconds before kick-off against Liverpool in Moscow.
Unfurling a banner which covered half a stand, the words 'Win or Die' instructed and warned the home players.
Ninety-eight minutes of retreat, after which the hosts somehow escaped with a point, exposed the sham. The Russians were relieved and elated having defied Liverpool with a combination of goalkeeping excellence and unforeseen profligacy from Jurgen Klopp's attacking line-up.
It was another evening in Europe promising more than it delivered for Klopp, although it is inexplicable his side did not claim the victory.
This may yet prove a useful away point, but if there is an art to playing well and not winning Liverpool have mastered it.
Liverpool created plenty and yet again paid for their only blemish at the back. It a theme; it is habitual. There is so much to be excited about when they play like this, but without an end product they will only ever be admired rather than feared.
Despite packing his side with all the ammunition at his disposal, Klopp could only fling his arms in disbelief as the opportunities came and went.
It even needed two keepers to keep Liverpool out. First Artem Rebrov gave what must have been the performance of his career, and then when he was injured his deputy Aleksandr Selikhov defied the visitors with similar reflexes, particularly from a late Mohamed Salah header.
Rarely, if ever, could Klopp have seen such a one-sided contest go with such paltry reward, and he had to consider if this was luck or a lack of clinical edge. In truth, perhaps both.
"At this moment we are not the most lucky team in world football. We did really well against a defensive orientated team," said Klopp.
"Both games we could and should have won. That is our fault. It was not a perfect game but there were a lot of good things."
In all, 17 chances came and went. The list would take up this report, suffice to say Sadio Mane, Salah, Roberto Firmino and Daniel Sturridge were all culpable.
Klopp had said his answer to defensive vulnerabilities is to advance further forward. He was not bluffing.
In their 50 years of European travel, Liverpool could never have fielded such an attacking line-up. Whether the inclusion of so many creative players is considered bold, reckless, naïve or all three, it certainly deserved more.
Philippe Coutinho scored his second in two games, his road to redemption after summer tetchiness already paved with good intentions. But that cancelled out Fernando's free-kick, Liverpool again looking suspiciously towards their goalkeeper – in this case Loris Karius.
There is an established blueprint for a tricky European away tie. Keep it tight, quieten the crowd, wait for home frustration to kick in and then pounce the longer the game proceeds.
Klopp evidently has a different perspective, and the way in which Liverpool dominated possession suggested the manager correctly calculated his defence would not need much protection. As ever with this side, a combination of squandering too many chances, and conceding under the minimum of pressure, ensured there was a dangerous familiarity to proceedings.
Spartak scored with their only attempt. Coutinho was adjudged to have fouled Aleksandr Samedov, and Fernando strode forward to hit the free-kick beyond Karius. At first glance it seemed the German keeper - preferred to Simon Mignolet on Champions League duty - was hesitant, regardless of how powerfully struck the set-piece.
One shot, one goal. That kind of consistency rate is alarmingly frequent for Liverpool's defence, albeit none of the back four were culpable here.
There was no cause for panic at that stage, only 23 minutes played, and the response was impressive. When Mane ran, the Spartak defenders' legs visibly wobbled. He combined with Coutinho to create the equaliser on 31 minutes. This was the kind of football which makes Klopp's time so pleasing to watch; quick, incisive, penetrative and clinical. When they get it right it is marvellous, and Coutinho's finish gave the advancing Rebrov no chance.
The chances kept coming; Klopp's initially enthusiastic applause for his side going close turning to howls of frustration.
Substitute Sturridge should have won it in the last five minutes, and then Salah in the eight minutes of injury time, but dominance and frustration have become Anfield twins in recent weeks.
A draw was hardly a calamity, but Liverpool's eight-year wait for a win in the group stage of this competition is extended. Despite this, Klopp is convinced his team will progress.
"Yes, I saw enough," said Klopp.
"In both games we were the better side. They had some injuries and will have better players next time, but we are strong enough to go through and we have to do it.
"When the door is open you have to go through. Sometimes you have situations like this. Carry on, work hard and you succeed in the end."


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Israel Pulled Negotiators Out of Qatar and Struck Gaza
World | December 3, 2023, Sunday // 10:18| viewsIsrael withdrew its negotiating team from Qatar and launched airstrikes in the Gaza Strip in the new phase of its offensive against Hamas after a week-long truce. The Islamist group said it would continue negotiations for the release of more hostages only after the end of the war in Gaza. According to Hamas, the new Israeli attacks have claimed more than 190 victims.
Israel announced that an airstrike killed a Hamas commander directly involved in the bloody attack on October 7, which triggered the Israeli offensive in the Gaza Strip.
Hamas' military wing said it fired a barrage of rockets at Tel Aviv in response to Israel's continued attacks on the Gaza Strip.
Israeli negotiators will return home, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office announced. The statement said the group had failed to honor its part of the agreement to release child and female hostages. Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant said 15 women and two children were still among the hostages held by Hamas. Meanwhile, Hamas has said that until Israel ceases fire in Gaza, there will be no new exchange.
During last week's ceasefire, Hamas released 105 hostages and Israel released 240 Palestinian prisoners.
Israel suggests a total of 137 hostages are still being held in Gaza.
US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin has pointed to the need for Israel to protect civilians in Gaza, calling them the "center of gravity" in Israel's war with the radical Palestinian movement Hamas.
"I have repeatedly made it clear to Israel's leaders that protecting Palestinian civilians in Gaza is both a moral responsibility and a strategic obligation," he added.
US Vice President Kamala Harris presented US goals regarding the end of the conflict between Israel and Hamas. Harris emphasized that once the war is over, reconstruction efforts must be undertaken "within the context of a clear political horizon for the Palestinian people towards a state of their own, led by a renewed Palestinian Authority, as well as having significant support from the international community and from countries in the region", the statement added.
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an anarchic internationalist movement in art and literature which originated in Zurich in 1916, where the Cabaret Voltaire, a café opened by Hugo Ball, a German theatrical producer, provided a focus for exhibitions, readings, and other more experimental forms of creative activity. Dada, a French word for 'hobby-horse' chosen on impulse from a dictionary by Ball, formed a conscious reaction by various expatriate artists to the apparent futility of the First World War and the cultural failure it implied. The Zurich group included the Romanian poets Marcel Janco and Tristan Tzara, the movement's eventual leader, and the painters Hans Richter, Max Ernst, and Jean Arp. Initially sympathetic to Futurism and Cubism, as their belief in nihilism and disorder evolved, the Dadaists repudiated these movements as excessively programmatic; Tzara spoke of Dada's 'great task of destruction and negation' and Richter defined its sole principle as 'to outrage public opinion'. Although not named as such, characteristically Dadaist work was also produced in New York around 1916 by the photographer Man Ray, the sculptor Marcel Duchamp, and the painter Francis Picabia; with Dadaists from Berlin, Hanover, Barcelona, and other parts of Europe to which the movement had spread, they arrived in Paris in 1919–20. German Dada's early expiry resulted from the increasingly political motivation of its exponents, among whom were the writer Richard Huelsenbeck, the painter George Grosz, and the celebrated photo-montagist John Heartfield. Tzara quickly assumed a dominant position in the Paris group, who also included the French writers André Breton, Louis Aragon, and Paul Eluard. The movement climaxed in a series of energetically chaotic 'manifestations' in Paris in 1920 and 1921, after which rivalry developed between Breton, who advocated political purpose, and the resolutely nihilistic Tzara. From 1922 onward, Breton and his associates gradually transmuted Dada into Surrealism.
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Literature Reference: American Literature, English Literature, Classics & Modern FictionEncyclopedia of Literature: Cwmfelinfach (Cŏomvĕlĭnvahχ) Monmouthshire to Walter de la Mare Biography


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The California Golden Bears will not be taking an extra trip overseas next season. The rumored Australia game with the Baylor Bears has been circulated, was nixed, was revived, and now appears to be dead for good.
Baylor AD Ian McCaw said potential international game in 2016 is no longer a possibility but he will continue to look overseas in future.
— John Werner (@JohnWernerTrib) September 8, 2015
Although it would have provided for a cool amount of exposure, this is a trip that wouldn't have made much sense for Cal at all. They are likely to be replacing almost all their skill talent on offense and plenty on defense too. To go overseas and play a potential top ten team when they already have to host one Big 12 opponent in Texas in non-conference play (along with San Diego State and South Dakota) didn't make a whole lot of sense. Cal doesn't need a 13 game schedule that would probably require a game in mid-August that includes thousands of miles crossing the Pacific.
Oh. But that doesn't mean it's dead.
I've learned 2 opponents for game in Australia in 2016 that originally targeted @BUFootball, will now be Hawaii vs California. @NCAAFootball
— David Smoak (@DavidSmoak) September 9, 2015
I mean. I guess?
The Hawaii game has been a dead zone for Pac-12 opponents recently, so I wouldn't be a huge fan of playing this game on the isles. As a neutral site game a long ways away, it's less of a waste and should be a chance at picking up an extra victory before ferocious Pac-12 play.
It could provide for a better barometer for Sonny Dykes as he makes the full transition to his own players in his offense. How effective will they be in what looks like a rebuilding year with new faces everywhere?
So it will be cool to kick off major college football for the rest of the country as a lone single Saturday night event on ESPN (Sunday afternoon in Australia I'd guess). Then we get an extra bye week before kicking off our season and an extra game to watch the Bears with what should be a rebuilding team gearing up for 2017-18.
(Note: If we don't get the bye week in-between opponents, I'm really against this.)
Cal basketball recently completed their own exhibition tour of Australia, going 3-1 on the trip.
After talking with my sources, and based on the level of interaction that I've had with this current athletic administration, the Bears will only do the game in Australia with Hawaii (or another team) if things make sense, across the board, including factors like scheduling (starting practices earlier, having a bye week in between this potential game and the second game of the season), practice times and financial incentives.
Deals like this don't happen overnight. There are a lot of logistics that need to be ironed out with both the participating teams and the NCAA.


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The theory regarding the transfer of life from the Earth to another planet in the universe is known as panspermia. Panspermia-theory says that, "Panspermia is a Greek word that translates literally as seeds everywhere." The seeding of life to other worlds is categorized into three different types of transfer.
Lithopanspermia is the interstellar transfer of life from one solar system to another. The distance to Alpha Centauri, the nearest solar system to Earth, is 4.22 light years. It is unknown if life could survive eons of travel in outer space.
Ballistic panspermia is where rocks or particles are sheared off of one planet and are transferred to another planet in the same solar system. The transfer of life in this manner would seem a lot more likely to succeed.
Direct panspermia is where human beings would intentionally send the seeds of life to another planet or solar system. It has been suggested by some scientists that mankind send oxygen producing life to Mars to rebuild its atmosphere for future colonization. Since they are still unsure if life already exists on Mars, there are moral questions to be addressed before proceeding.
In the 4.5 billion years that Earth has been orbiting the sun, there have been numerous occasions where asteroids and comets have impacted the Earth. During the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago, the Earth suffered an impact that sent a huge amount of rocky material into outer space. In those rocks, Life from the Earth could be in outer space right now waiting to be drawn in by gravity to another planet.
Extremophiles, as explained by Carleton College, are forms of life that can exist under conditions that no other creatures can. It would be an extremophile embedded in a rock or particle that has been ejected from planet Earth to make lithopanspermia a reality. Because of the Earth's close proximity to the sun, this type of life relocation would be difficult. The strong gravitational pull from the sun on those rocks and particles would prevent most of them from leaving this solar system.
In conclusion, life could be transferred from the Earth to another solar system. A collision with another planet would produce enough force to expel life bearing rocky material from the Earth to space. There is a theoretical "Planet X" roaming the universe that some say could strike the Earth or pass by close enough to cause the Earth's crust to be torn away into space. The theory of spreading life throughout the universe from Earth is sound. The search for life beyond planet Earth will continue until it is found.


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NEW: Yacht Coatings Technical Insight course
The Marine Surveying Academy, a subsidiary of the International Institute of Marine Surveying, is delighted to announce the success of its new, recently held Yacht Coatings Technical Insight Pilot course, held in Southampton.
Following positive feedback from the pilot course, the team is now working to finalise plans to deliver the training at various locations around the world on an ongoing basis in conjunction with the expert tutors. A series of venues and costs will be announced shortly.
The Yacht Coatings Technical Insight course is a subset of the successful RMCI – Registered Marine Coatings Inspector programme.
So, what's this new course about?
It is a technical two-day in-person coatings course for those who wish to have a deeper technical understanding of yacht coatings, their management and the coatings process in general without becoming an expert RMCI.
There are current market challenges caused by increased demand, reduced timescales, and the cost of complaints and litigation.
The course aims to:
– Provide greater understanding of coatings in the leisure market;
– Improve the management of coatings projects;
– Improve communication and relationships;
– Reduce complaints for all parties;
– Support all those involved in the coating project.
Who should attend?
The course is likely to appeal to vessel managers, client representatives, project managers in new build and refit yards, applicator managers, paint company representatives, general and technical expert coatings and marine surveyors, flag state inspectors, marine underwriters and insurers – in fact anyone who requires a deeper understanding of coatings.
What should I do next?
If you would like to receive more information about the Yacht Coatings Technical Insight course when it becomes available, please either email Sharon Holland at email@example.com or click here to complete the online form to express your interest in the programme. This does not commit you at this stage.


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What you see is what you get! Send me messages if you have a offers/questions. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Decorative Collectibles\Other Decorative Collectibles". The seller is "orel_silver" and is located in this country: IL.
This item can be shipped worldwide.


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Srinagar, January 28, 2018 (PPI-OT):In occupied Kashmir, normal life was paralyzed by complete shutdown, today, against the killing of two youth in firing by Indian troops on peaceful protesters in Shopian district. Call for the strike was given by the Joint Resistance Leadership comprising Syed Ali Gilani, Mirwaiz Umar Farooq and Muhammad Yasin Malik. All shops and business establishments remained closed while traffic was off the road in Srinagar, Badgam, Ganderbal Pulwama, Shopian, Islamabad, Kulgam, Baramulla, Kupwara and Bandipora districts.
The authorities had imposed curfew-like restrictions in Srinagar and other parts of the territory to prevent anti-India protests. Especial restrictions were imposed in Nowhatta, Khanyar, Rainawari, Kralkhud, Maisuma, Maharaj Gunj and Safakadal areas of Srinagar. Additional paramilitary and police personnel were deployed on bridges and streets in all small and major towns of occupied Kashmir. The authorities suspended train service in South Kashmir, while mobile and internet services were snapped in the Valley.
Two civilians identified as Javaid Ahmad Butt and Suhail Javaid Lone were martyred and many other were injured when the troops had opened fire on peaceful protesters in Ganowpora area of Shopian district, yesterday. Meanwhile, thousands of people participated in the funerals of the martyred youth in their native Balpora and Gawanpora villages. They were laid to rest amid anti-India and pro-freedom slogans.
Almost all Hurriyat leaders and organizations in their separate statements issued in Srinagar strongly condemned the unprovoked killing of Javaid and Suhail. They termed the murder as part of a well-planned strategy to commit genocide of the Kashmiri youth.
On the other hand, popular social networking website Facebook has blocked the page of the 'Kashmir Global Campaign' on its website across India. The campaign was launched by non-resident Kashmiris in the United Kingdom with an aim to create awareness and highlight the Kashmir issue.
For more information, contact:
Kashmir Media Service
Phone: +92-51-4435548, +92-51-4435549
Fax: +92-51-4861736
Email: email@example.com
Website: www.kmsnews.org