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Use of in-vitro experimental results to model in-situ experiments: bio-denitrification under geological disposal conditions
SpringerPlus volume 2, Article number: 339 (2013)
Some of the low level radioactive wastes from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels contain nitrates. Nitrates can be present in the form of soluble salts and can be reduced by various reactions. Among them, reduction by metal compounds and microorganisms seems to be important in the underground repository. Reduction by microorganism is more important in near field area than inside the repository because high pH and extremely high salt concentration would prevent microorganism activities. In the near field, pH is more moderate (pH is around 8) and salt concentration is lower. However, the electron donor may be limited there and it might be the control factor for microorganism's denitrification activities. In this study, in-vitro experiments of the nitrate reduction reaction were conducted using model organic materials purported to exist in underground conditions relevant to geological disposal. Two kinds of organic materials were selected. A super plasticizer was selected as being representative of the geological disposal system and humic acid was selected as being representative of pre-existing organic materials in the bedrock. Nitrates were reduced almost to N2 gas in the existence of super plasticizer. In the case of humic acids, although nitrates were reduced, the rate was much lower and, in this case, dead organism was used as an electron donor instead of humic acids. A reaction model was developed based on the in-vitro experiments and verified by running simulations against data obtained from in-situ experiments using actual groundwaters and microorganisms. The simulation showed a good correlation with the experimental data and contributes to the understanding of microbially mediated denitrification in geological disposal systems.
Some of the low level radioactive waste (LLW) from reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel is planned to be disposed of in a purpose built repository at a depth of more than 300 m in the geosphere (geological disposal). In such LLW, nitrates can be present in the form of soluble salts and change to various redox states, such as N(V) as nitrate (NO3 –), N(III) as nitrite (NO2 –), N(0) as nitrogen gas (N2), and/or N(−III) as ammonia (NH3). It is therefore necessary to understand the fate of NO3 – and any changes it can provide to the redox environment of the geological disposal system (Japan Atomic Energy Agency and The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan 2007). In earlier works of some of the current authors, experimental investigations of the chemical reaction between NO3 – species and coexisting metallic materials (mainly carbon steel) were used to underpin numerical modeling of the NO3 – reduction reaction in combination with the corrosion of carbon steel (Honda et al. 2006;Honda et al. 2009;Honda et al. 2011).
The role played by microorganisms in the NO3 – reduction reaction has been recognized as being an important factor in conditioning the underground chemical environments relevant to geological disposal (Chapelle 2000;Pedersen 2005;Hallbeck & Pedersen 2008;Eydal et al. 2009;Nielsen et al. 2006;Pedersen 2012a;Pedersen 2012b). Previous studies of the underground environment have identified the existence of microorganisms below depths of 300 m, including some NO3 – reducing microorganisms (Nielsen et al. 2006). In order to establish a proper safety case for the geological disposal system, it is therefore important to construct an evaluation model of NO3 – behavior including the denitrification process mediated by microorganisms.
The purpose of this study is to adopt a bio-denitrification process to the numerical modeling developed for the environment with metals (Honda et al. 2006;Honda et al. 2009;Honda et al. 2011). In the repository areas, high pH (>12) due to cementitious barriers as well as extremely low water activity due to extremely high nitrate concentrations (about 7 mol/dm3) might prevent bioactivities. Therefore, the bio-denitrification model of this study is mainly focused on the near field of the repository. For the near field environment, pH was assumed to be around 8 based on the hypothetical groundwater called "Fresh Reducing High pH" in the report (Japan Atomic Energy Agency and The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan 2007).
Mathematical models have been developed for NO3 – reduction by microorganisms (Henze et al. 2000;Duthy 1993;Clement 1977;Andre et al. 2011;Mcguire et al. 2002). Among such models, the activated sludge model (ASM) is reasonably well-known, focusing on the industrial and practical use of managing the denitrification process of municipal sewage (Henze et al. 2000). In the ASM, like other proposed models, under anaerobic conditions, the NO3 – reduction reaction is understood as the coupling of an oxidation reaction of organic materials (electron donors) and a reduction reaction of NO3 – (electron acceptor) instead of gaseous oxygen.
One of the experimental studies on the NO3 – reduction, in an in-situ subsurface environment, was carried out at a site denoted the "MICROBE laboratory" (Pedersen 2005;Hallbeck & Pedersen 2008;Eydal et al. 2009; Nielsen et al.2006;Pedersen 2012a;Pedersen 2012b) at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden. The HRL is an underground facility for demonstrating, testing and researching high level radioactive waste disposal concepts. The HRL is situated under the island of Äspö on the Baltic coast of Sweden, approximately 400 km south of Stockholm. The HRL extends to a depth of 460 m in crystalline igneous rock, where the MICROBE laboratory was established at a depth of 450 m (Pedersen 2005).
In the current study, two kinds of organic materials were selected to investigate NO3 – reduction under geological disposal conditions. A super plasticizer used in the construction of cementitious components was selected as being representative of the geological disposal system and humic acid was selected as being representative of pre-existing organic materials in the bedrock. Firstly, a matrix of in-vitro experiments was conducted using these organic materials and typical microorganisms to identify key controlling parameters in the denitrification process. Data obtained from the in-vitro experiments were used to develop a NO3 – reduction reaction model. The NO3 – reduction reaction model was verified by simulating the data obtained from in-situ experiments at the Äspö MICROBE laboratory.
Activated sludge sampled from municipal waste water and Azoarcus tolulyticus (A. tolulyticus), an underground bacteria identified as having NO3 – reduction activity (Zhou et al. 1995), were used as representative microorganisms. Activated sludge was selected in addition to A. tolulyticus because the activated sludge is a mixture of various kinds of microorganisms, there should be at least one bacterium that can acclimatize to any given environment, in this case, conditions relevant to geological disposal. Activated sludge was used after the removal of contaminants by washing five times with physiological saline solution. A. tolulyticus, isolated from a subsurface aquifer, was provided from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) through Summit Pharmaceuticals International Corporation (SPI). The strain (ATCC-51758) was cultivated in a liquid medium under aerobic conditions following ATCC's instructions. After repeating the above procedure five times, solutions for the experiments were prepared. Turbidity (absorbance at 610 nm) was adjusted to the same value as that of 1000 mg solution of the activated sludge. The concentration of the so obtained solution of A. tolulyticus was defined as 1000 mg/dm3. For cultivation, typical media used for the evaluation of denitrification activity was used, replacing ammonium ion by sodium ion in order to avoid uncertainty in material balance analysis of nitrogen.
Variation of microorganism concentration was evaluated by Lumitester of Kikkoman Corporation, by which microorganism concentration is evaluated as intensity of luminescence released when the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is transformed to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) in the presence of luciferaze. In this study, the intensity of luminescence of the initial solution was set to 1.0 and the relative intensity of the sample was evaluated as the variation of microbial population (relative growth rate).
Samples and reagents
Two kinds of humic acid were provided by the Japanese Humic Substances Society (JHSS) (Watanabe et al. 1944). Humic acids from Dando and Inogashira provided by JHSS were mixed at a mass ratio 1:1. The other humic acid was a reagent grade sodium salt from Aldrich and used as received.
A super plasticizer used for the in-vitro experiments was Mity 3000S from Kao Corporation, consisting of polyether compounds containing carboxylic groups as main components. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) of the solution was adjusted to a designated value by dilution. In order to respond to a recent view that the molecular weight distribution of organic compounds originated from super plasticizers in the solution of cement pores tends to decrease in comparison with that of the original plasticizers (Suguro et al. 2011;Fujita et al. 2008), the super plasticizer solution for the in-situ experiments was prepared by the following procedure. A super plasticizer, Reobuild SF8LS from BASF, was mixed with a Portland cement to adsorb to the cement materials. The cement slurry was made up by mixing the Portland cement and distilled water (mass ratio of cement/water was 2), followed by the removal of soluble alkaline materials (principally Na and K) by replacing the supernatant with fresh distilled water after overnight storage of the slurry. After replacing the supernatant three times, the soluble alkaline component was removed and a cement hydrate containing 50 wt % water was obtained. This cement hydrate was mixed with solution containing 2 wt % of the super plasticizer and 0.2 wt % of ethylene glycol. The mass ratio of the cement hydrate to the solution containing organic materials was 100 to 20. After this mixture was stored for 7 days under ambient conditions, the supernatant was separated by centrifugation to provide the sample solution containing the extracts of the super plasticizer. The molecular weight of organic materials in the solution was 200 to 300, which was similar to that of organics in the solution of cement pores reported previously (Suguro et al. 2011;Fujita et al. 2008). The solution was then bubbled with carbon dioxide to fix the pH to 8 with the precipitate of calcium carbonate removed by filtration using 0.45 μm membrane filter. The final concentration of the solution was set to a designated concentration by removing water through evaporation.
A NO3 – solution was prepared by dissolution of NaNO3 into pure water and pH was adjusted to 8 (except Run1 and Run2, pH7) by NaOH. NaNO3 and NaOH used were JIS special grade chemicals from Wako Chemicals Corporation.
In-vitro experiments
In vitro experiments were carried out using ampule experiments and vial experiments described below. To ensure long-term anaerobic conditions and to analyze nitrogen contents, while avoiding air contamination, the so-called ampule experiment (Honda et al. 1999) was conducted (details shown in Table 1). A test solution was made up by mixing of solution containing microorganism and solution containing the nitrate and organics in a glove box (Argon [Ar] atmosphere, oxygen concentration < 0.1 ppm) followed by Ar gas sparging to remove dissolved oxygen from the solution. The solution was then placed in the designated glass tube (volume ≈ 0.08 dm3) and the spout fusion sealed to prevent any atmospheric contamination. The sealed glass tubes were then taken out of the glove box and stored in a thermostat oven at 35°C for a designated time of 1–50 days. After storage, the ampule seal was broken in a vacuum chamber connected to the injection port of a gas chromatograph (GC), so that the composition of the production gas could be analyzed without air contamination. For tests to investigate time dependence, ampules were prepared for every experiment run. Shortly after the opening the ampules, NO3 – and NO2 — of the solution were analyzed by ion chromatography, NH3 by UV spectrometer and TOC by furnace-infrared method. The solid fraction was separated by filtration using a 0.2 μm membrane filter and its C, H and N content was analyzed by a CHN coder (Yanako MT700 CHN).
In addition to the ampule tests, vial tests were also conducted to investigate the effects of using different microorganisms and organic materials (details shown in Table 1). In the vial tests, gases in the liquid and gaseous phase in the vial tubes were replaced by Ar and spouts were sealed with silicon rubber to keep the interior of the tubes anaerobic. The volume of the vial tubes was 0.05 dm3 and solution volume was 0.03 dm3. After storage for a designated period of 1–50 days at room temperature, the gaseous phase was transferred to a gas bag through a syringe and N2 analyzed by GC. Analysis of the liquid phase used the same methods as the ampule tests described above.
As shown in Table 1, ampule and vial tests were carried out in the combination of variation of organic materials and microorganisms in series A to E.
In-situ experiments
A series of in-situ experiments were conducted at the MICROBE Laboratory situated at the Äspö HRL (Pedersen 2005). The flow system setup in the MICROBE Laboratory consists of four flow cells; details can be found in Pederson (Pedersen 2005). Flow cells were dried after sterilize with 70% ethanol. Each cell was subsequently filled with crushed (2–4 mm) and heat sterilized (433K for 5 hrs) rocks from the drill core of the test site, to give a total crushed rock mass = 440 g. Groundwater was then fed into the flow cell. The ground water was introduced from drill core into the inlet of the flow cells, drawn from outlet and circulated to drill core. This circulation was carried out for 30 days at a flow rate of approximately 20 ml/min, a pressure of 2.5 MPa and a temperature of 17°C until bio-films had grown on the crushed rock surface. After the one-through circulation was shutoff, the groundwater was circulated in the flow cells. The solution containing NO3 – and organic materials was injected. The organic materials were extracts from the mixture of super plasticizer and cementitious materials; described in sample and reagents. The solution was sampled periodically and NO3 — concentration and number of microorganism was analyzed. Sampling periods were 0, 0.9, 3.9, 8.9, 17 and 31 day. Solution sampled through 0.2 μm sterilized filters was used for analyses of chemical species as a microorganism free solution. Total number of cells of microorganisms (TNC) was determined using the acridine orange direct count method (Pedersen & Ekendahl 1990). The quantitative polymerase reactions (Q-PCR) were run in duplicate. Primers for the gene NarG (Henry et al. 2004) were used. The PCR mixture contained 1.0 μL of the primer (10 pmol/μL), 16 ng of DNA, 12.5 μL Stratagene Brilliant SYBR II Q-PCR Mastermix 2X (AH Diagnostics AB, Skarholmen, Sweden), and sterile water to a final reaction volume of 25 μL. Amplification was carried out on a Stratagene Mx35005P Q-PCR thermal cycler (AH Diagnostics AB). The primers were temperature optimized and the products with the standard samples were checked on agarose gels to verify the size of the fragments. The dissociation curves (melting curves) were also checked to evaluate the specificity of the primers. Pseudomonas fluorescence was used as standard.
In-vitro experiments
Analytical data obtained from the in-vitro experiments are shown in Table 2 (ampule tests) and Table 3 (vial tests). The results from each series are described separately below.
In series A, Run 1 was run as a blank and Run 2 contained super plasticizer in order to elucidate the potential of super plasticizer as an electron donor on the behavior of NO3 – reduction using activated sludge as the microorganism. The temporal changes in the composition of nitrogen compounds in Run 1 and Run 2 are shown in Figure 1. Although NO3 – was consumed in the blank test (Run 1), more NO3 – was reduced to produce more N2 by the presence of super plasticizers (Run 2). The consumption of NO3 – in the blank test will be discussed in more detail later. The material balance of nitrogen classified according to species (NO3 –, NO2 –, NH3, N2 or solid phase [Nsolid]) is shown in Figure 2. Nsolid was calculated from nitrogen contents of the solid fraction. In the Figure 2, 2N2 was used for direct comparison in atomic nitrogen base. In Run 2, NO3 – initially accounted for all nitrogen not in the solid phase. The production of NH3 and the appearance of NO2 – was limited to the first 6 days of reaction. Consequently, the NO3 – decrease could be broadly correlated with the production of N2.
In series B (Runs 3–7), humic acids were used as electron donors with activated sludge as the microorganism. Ampule tests were carried out in Run 3 and Run 4 with changes in the initial NO3 – concentration, while vial tests were carried out in Run 5–7 to investigate temporal changes. The nitrogen balance in Run 3 and 4 (Figure 3) shows that the main reaction is the reduction of NO3 – to N2 in the case of the humic acids; as was found for the super plasticizers (Figure 2). Comparison of the NO3 – reduction rate in the presence of humic acid with super plasticizers (Figure 4) demonstrates that the amount of NO3 – reduced in any of Runs 5–7 was much lower than that of Run 2. Furthermore, there was no dependence of NO3 – reduction rate on the initial NO3 – concentration (Figure 4).
In series C (Runs 8–11), tests were carried out using humic acids with A. tolulyticus as the microorganism. Run 8 was a blank test without humic acids and Runs 9–11 were with different concentrations of humic acids. There was no significant difference in the NO3 – reduction reaction and the growth of microorganisms between the blank (Run 8) and those with humic acids (Runs 9–11) (Figure 5). In each case, the concentration of microorganisms after eleven days decreased below one tenth of the initial value. By contrast, the activity of A. tolulyticus was confirmed in the experiments in series D (Runs 12 and 13) (Figure 6). In this series, glucose was used in Run 12 because it is easily decomposable in comparison with the humic acid used in Run 13. As shown in Figure 6, NO3 – was reduced within two days in the presence of glucose, significantly faster than in the presence of humic acids. This result indicates that A. tolulyticus can adequately reduce NO3 – in the presence of easily decomposable organics. It was therefore concluded that no significant denitrification using humic acids could be observed and might be due to a lack of decomposable organics initially introduced. This lack of initial decomposable organics could be a consequence of a dissolved portion of dead microorganisms acting as electron donors instead of the humic acids.
Figure 7 shows the material balance of organic carbon in the presence of humic acid. Humic acids correspond to the soluble carbon component, because humic acids used for these experiments were sodium salts from Aldrich, and the microorganisms correspond to the solid carbon. Based on these assumptions, it is shown that carbon in the solid decreased and that carbon in the solution increased with time, indicating that some portion of the solid carbon dissolved. These results imply that soluble carbon produced from the debris of dead microorganisms is consumed by living microorganisms with NO3 – reduction occurring to some extent.
In order to evaluate a consumption rate, the initial concentration of microorganisms should be low enough to avoid influence of the reuse of soluble organics from dead microorganisms. Thus, in additional set of experiments, series E (Runs 14 and 15), the initial concentration of microorganisms was set to 10 mg/dm3.
In Run14 and 15, vial tests were carried out for 50 days to compare NO3 – reduction rate without and with the addition of humic acids, respectively (Figure 8). The amount of N2 gas produced was more in Run 15 than in Run 14 and suggests that the consumption rate of humic acids by microorganisms as electron donors might not be zero, but slower than that of other organic materials including organics from dead microorganisms.
In-situ experiments
Results of the NO3 – reduction reaction using microorganisms from actual groundwater at Äspö HRL and an extract of the mixture of super plasticizers and cementitious materials are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Table 4 shows concentrations of NO3 –, NO2 – and NH3 and Table 5 shows data obtained from TNC and Q-PCR analyses. Samples were named S-1 to S-6 with regard to sampling times from 0 to 30 days (Table 5). Sample S-1 is the solution sampled before the injection of NO3 – and super plasticizer solution. After the injection of NO3 – and organics, NO3 – concentration decreased and the number of microorganisms increased and so confirmed that the extract of super plasticizer acts as an electron donor for the NO3 – reducing bacteria from actual groundwater.
Reaction model outline
The reaction was modeled with reference to the anaerobic respiration process in ASM1 and ASM3C [12.13]. The ASM1 is the most fundamental model and ASM3C is constracuted with TOC-base (unit of both organics and microorganism is in TOC (g-C/dm3 or mol-C/dm3). Under anaerobic conditions where the electron acceptor is limited to NO3 –, the growth rate of microorganisms with time, dxB/dt(mol-TOC/dm3/d), without considering their death, is modeled as (Henze et al. 2000;Duthy 1993):
where k3 is a rate constant (d-1), sS, sNO3, xB are concentrations of soluble organic materials (mol-TOC/dm3), NO3 – (mol-N/dm3) and microorganism (mol-C/dm3), respectively, and KsS and KsNO3 are half saturation concentration of organic materials (mol-TOC/dm3) and NO3 – (mol-N/dm3), respectively. Describing the death rate of microorganisms by bH·xB, where bH is the death rate constant (d-1), Equation (1) can be rewritten as:
Soluble organics, sS, are consumed by the activity of bacteria and their rate of change is described by:
where x is the specific growth rate given as the ratio of amount of organics to be transformed to the amount of consumed organics (mol/mol).
Furthermore, the changing rate of NO3 – (electron acceptor) concentration and those of soluble organics (electron donor) can be related by
where z [(mol-N)/(mol-C)] is the N/C ratio of the above pair of reactions.
According to experimental studies of this work, when the above reactions are modeled, the following items should be considered:
The growth rate and the NO3 – reduction rate depend on the consumption of organic materials. Among the organic materials examined in this study, humic acids were not easily consumed.
By contrast, when no organic material exists or only hard-bio-decomposable organic materials exist, like humic acids, soluble organics produced from dead microorganisms can act as electron donors. In view of the results obtained in this study, organic materials can be listed in the order of ease of microorganism usage as:
glucose > plasticizer > organic fraction produced from dead microorganisms > humic acids
Biogenic reduction products of NO3 – are almost exclusively N2, but in some cases, depending on the species of microorganisms for example, products may include small amounts of NO2 – or NH3.
In order to construct a reaction model considering these phenomena, the standard model, as adopted in the ASM, needs to be modified by the addition of reaction processes and parameters as described below.
Organics should be categorized based on the degradability and reaction rate equation and parameters should be assigned to each category. From the viewpoint of geological disposal, important organics are super plasticizers, humic acids and also organics originating from dead microorganisms.
In the ASM, production process of soluble organic materials from dead cell is described as hydration reaction of solid organics of dead cell. However, the results of this study suggest that it is also necessary to consider the direct production process of soluble organics from dead microorganisms. It is understood that this direct process may be important in the case of geological disposal environments where the existence of easy-biodegradable organic materials may be low.
The NO3 – reduction reaction by microorganisms is known to follow the sequence of NO3 – → NO2 – → N2. In general, however, bio-modeling, including the ASM approach, adopts the direct process of N2 production from NO3 – reduction, neglecting any intermediate steps. Similarly, the modeling in this study adopts the direct process, given that NO2 – production was very low, even when actual groundwater was used (shown in Table 4).
Model parameters
Before constructing a predictive model, data from the in-situ experiments were adapted for use in accordance with the following procedure:
The groundwater flow experiment was conducted for thirty days, after which time bio-films had grown on the crushed rock surface. Therefore, the concentration of microorganisms was taken as the sum of those in the solution and in the bio-films.
Concentration of microorganisms in the bio-films on TNC (total number of cells of microorganisms described in "in-situ experiments") base was calculated from the Q-PCR of solution and bio-films correlating with TNC of the solution. Bacteria concentrations from the sum of solution and bio-films on the TNC base were estimated from the sum of Q-PCR data of solution and bio-film, applying a factor obtained by correlating TNC and Q-PCR of the same solution.
TNC was transformed to TOC because the model of this study uses microorganism concentrations in TOC base. Assuming that half of the decrease of TOC in the solution was used for the growth of bacteria (x = 0.5), a correlation factor was obtained by calculating the ratio of TOC decrease and microorganism increase throughout the experiment. The microorganism concentration of each time step was then transformed to TOC base using the above correlation factor.
A ratio of NO3 – required to that of carbon used for bacteria growth was also calculated from the experimental data.
The resulting adapted data used for the predictive model are shown in Table 6.
Model verification
The reaction model was applied to the interpretation of in-situ experimental results. From an estimated N/C = 1.0 (Table 6) and using k3 = 0.1 d-1 and bH = 0.005 d-1, parameters concerned with the growth rate of microorganisms, provided a good correlation with the prepared in-situ data (Figure 9). As indicated by the experiments, microorganisms grew very slowly using the extract of the mixture of super plasticizers and cementitious materials as an electron donor.
Table 7 shows values of k3 and bH obtained by this study compared with other values reported in the literature (Henze et al. 2000;Duthy 1993). A typical value for k3, the maximum rate constant (corresponding to μH) in the ASM, is 1.0 to 2.0 d-1. This is about ten times larger than the k3 = 0.1 d-1 found in this study. However, typical values of bH in the ASM is 0.05 to 0.1 d-1 and is about 2.5 to 10% of the maximum rate constant, which is compatible with the relation of bH and k3 (5%) found in this study. The k3 reported for the experiment using ethyl alcohol as an electron donor (Duthy 1993) was also ten times larger than the k3 value found in this study.
From the in-vitro experiments, the extract of super plasticizers is a more bio-degradable organic material than humic acids, but less bio-degradable than easy-decomposable organic materials such as citric acid. The results shown in Table 7 support such an interpretation. Furthermore, the fact that bH was found to be low suggests that microorganisms originated from actual groundwater have relatively slow cycles of growth and death using hard-biodegradable organics instead of easy-biodegradable organics.
A series of in-vitro and in-situ experiments were conducted to investigate the NO3 – reduction reaction relevant to the geological disposal of NO3 – containing radioactive wastes. The NO3 – reduction reaction rate was found to be strongly affected by the degree of degradability of the existing organic materials. Data obtained from the in-vitro experiments, using activated sludge or microorganisms originating from an underground environment suggested that de-nitrofication rate using super plasticizer as electron donors were higher than humic acids. In the case of humic acids, the rate was found very low so that organics originated from dead microorganism could act as electron donors. The results were used to develop a NO3 – reduction reaction model. The model was verified by simulating data obtained from in-situ experiments using actual groundwater and microorganisms and provided a good correlation microorganism growth and organics consumption. Although obtained de-nitrification rate parameter for extracts from super plasticizer in the in-situ experiment was about one tenth of those obtained by the experiments using more decomposable organic compounds, nitrated reduction in near field of the repository might occur.
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This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry through the program "Combined development of nitrate salt removal technology and an assessment system for the impact of nitrate on the co-locational disposal of TRU waste and HLW"(2007–2011). We also thank Dr. Pedersen of Microbial Analytics Sweden AB for suggestions on planning the on-site experiments at Äspö HRL.
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KM, HM, KY, OK, KK and AH were members of a project team studying this issue. AH was a project leader and planned the principle scheme of the studies. Every in-vitro experiment was planned by KM and the plan was revised after discussing with OK and KK. Final conditions were confirmed by OK and AH. In-situ experiments were planned by OK and confirmed by HM. Data analyses and modeling studies were carried out by KM discussing with OK, KK, HM and AH. Parameter fitting for applying the bio-model to the in-situ experiments was carried out by KM, HM and KY using a computer program made by KM. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Cite this article
Masuda, K., Murakami, H., Kurimoto, Y. et al. Use of in-vitro experimental results to model in-situ experiments: bio-denitrification under geological disposal conditions. SpringerPlus 2, 339 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-339
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-339


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Days of Our Lives Spoiler: Shawn Learns About Claire's Showdown and Blames Tripp
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Days of Our Lives spoilers tease that Shawn-Douglas Brady (Brandon Beemer) will lash out at an injured Tripp Dalton (Lucas Adams) when he and his wife, Belle Black Brady (Martha Madison) find out that their daughter Claire Brady (Olivia Rose Keegan) has been charged with two arsons, four attempted murders by arson, and possibly assault and battery of Tripp!
Days of Our Lives viewers know that Shawn-Douglas will probably have a knee-jerk reaction, not knowing the whole story and basing his reactions off a previous conversation with Claire when he comforted her over the breakup with Tripp. Many Days of Our Lives viewers would agree that it was wrong of Tripp to help Haley Chen (Thia Megia) by participating in a green card marriage with her when he was still involved with Claire, and expecting her to just cooperate and step aside!
More than likely both his mother, Hope Brady (Kristian Alfonso) and Belle's stepmother Dr. Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) and possibly John Black (Drake Hogestyn) will explain everything that has happened to Shawn and Belle. By this time, Claire will be sedated and in either Salem University Hospital on a 48 hour psych hold or possibly have been admitted straight into Bayview, Salem's psychiatric hospital.
Dr. Kayla Johnson (Mary Beth Evans) will be staying close by Tripp and will undoubtedly stop Shawn from giving her stepson too much of a tongue lashing; he will have a gash on his neck from Claire pinning him down with a knife to his throat, although it will be a flesh wound; the area of concern will be his head, which is shown in Days of Our Lives promo stills with a large bandage completely encircling it.
Ciara needs some help! 😩 #DAYS pic.twitter.com/yrbuFcJ1AI
— Days of our Lives (@DaysPeacock) July 2, 2019
He will probably be under observation for concussion or brain swelling for at least a couple of days, although he would certainly have been admitted to the intensive care unit if medical personnel had suspected a skull fracture. Claire must have knocked him out with a heavy blunt object of some kind when she kidnapped Ciara Brady (Victoria Konefal) from the loft.
Shawn may calm down a bit once he has heard that Claire tried to kill his younger sister as well as Tripp, plus Haley Chen! She tried to kill Ciara twice, and may have intended to this time as well!
Days of Our Lives spoilers say Olivia Rose Keegan's last airdate will be July 8, next week, so this storyline is near its conclusion.
Stay tuned to Days of Our Lives and keep checking Days of Our Lives spoilers for all the latest news, updates and developments!
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A global management consulting firm
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Render Some One Fall For Your Online
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Practical Question now's exactly how …
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In a connection, everyone get complacent after quite some time. It's a standard event, particularly to those who're together for a long time. Anything gets a routine, uniform sex is like it is just something you have to do. It is nice having certain guidelines your arm to help make their partnership better, but it is in addition crucial to reconnect intimately together with your lover. You need to take control and know tips how-to enhance the love life. Can you love to have that passionate fire burning once again? Continue reading.
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Undoubtedly, gender is actually big! Precisely why possess else a lot of people found myself in problem and investing much time only to get it? Most of you don't know that the good thing having gender is not only the orgasm perse, you could see substantial physical and emotional positive by participating in it frequently. Supported by quantitative and qualitative data, the pros become defined below.
While having sex, IgA (Immunoglobulin A), a certain kind of antibody considerably boosts. This really prevents you against finding common colds, flu virus as well as other various attacks. Tests Also Show that folks who engages …
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Positive, fearless, amazing – these are the characteristics demonstrate that you really have lifetime with each other. Women that tend to be responsible, can supporting by themselves and more importantly, never rely on a guy being living, are the qualities that most men are seeking now. These are the type that people pursue after rather than others method around.
But when you look at the internet dating globe, as much as females wish plan this feeling they are uninformed which they show up needy and very desperate just as if only a guy can satisfy their particular happiness. Attempt studying between your lines, ladies who posses …
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Why is whenever older guys date ladies who happen to be 10 years and on occasion even younger than all of them, it's perfectly ok, but once ladies do this type thing, it appears as though its a taboo when you look at the community? I simply don't get it. A good way that'll gain all of us would be to shake off all prejudices we were increased with and break out from the censoring beliefs brought by people. There's no total reason female should not date younger people. All things considered, age doesn't issue, right?
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Online dating try a contemporary method to fulfill other people and much more and a lot more individuals have found success to find their own real love. You may have heard lots of appreciate story that began on the web, that is certainly quite incredible initially. However these types romance manage happen, they really truly are present. Online dating sites is unquestionably an exceptional strategy to meet amazing individuals that display common welfare. If and only IF, you're not Catfished.
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University of Mostar (SUM) is a public institution of higher education and a scientific research whose primary activity is education, scientific and artistic research. University consists of 10 faculties, one academy and 9 institutes. The University has around 12000 students, 1000 teachers and 190 administration staff and includes Student Centre, University Library and The Student Council. SUM has successfully participated in international educational projects as a partner and project coordinator. (TEMPUS, ERASMUS,IPA,INTERREG and others).
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Computing and Electrical Engineering is department of the University whose primary activity is the education and training of mechanical engineers, computing science engineers, and electrical engineers. Through its work, Faculty tries to connect the education of the students with real needs of the labor market. Faculty is one of the "Economic council" founders, which is the organization that involves entrepreneurs and gives advices how to adapt curriculums for improving the internships with needs of the SME. The faculty is also one of the founders of Metal and Plastic Cluster along with the most developed export-oriented companies in BiH. Aware of the fact that system of education is connected with technological progress, Faculty started a study program of electrical engineering in 2016/17. The Faculty also participates in several international projects (INTERREG, TEMPUS, EU Prolocal..) and has strong cooperation with local industrial partners through student practical work in last semester of Master studies and relation of projects. Trough Eu Prolocal project, Faculty establishment a Learning Factory which simulates conditions of the real factory (as much as it is possible). In Learning Factory students gain practical knowledge in the designing, production, assembly and packaging process. Learning Factory will contribute to harmonize the curriculums with the real needs of the labor market.


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From playing basketball in country Victoria one minute to being selected in the 24-member squad for the 2022 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup, it's been a sharp rise for University of Canberra Capitals player Jade Melbourne.
The catalyst for her rapid career progression was a move to Canberra at the end of 2018 to take up a scholarship with the AIS.
"It's been huge," says Jade, 19. "I would not be in the position I am today without moving up to Canberra.
"The AIS is the best facility in Australia. The coaches and the resources there are unbelievable.
"I'm super fortunate to have received that [scholarship]. It's had a massive impact on my career and my development. Now I'm just starting out on a new chapter with the University of Canberra Capitals, but I'm very excited."
Jade was named in the 34-woman squad for the tournament in September 2022, and impressed in her showing at the 2021 FIBA Asian Cup in Jordan in September 2021.
"I was just super excited get the call up to go to Asia and just tried to do my best there, on and off the court," she says.
"I just tried to embrace the opportunity, and the other day Sandy [Brondello, Opals coach] gave me the call and told me I was in the 24-person squad."
When asked about some of the recent controversy surrounding the Opals squad and player Liz Cambage, Jade says it's not something she wants to think about as she attempts to forge her own path with the national team.
"It's kind of a new chapter now," she says. "Obviously they didn't get the results they wanted to in Tokyo [at the Olympic Games] so it's kind of a rebuilding phase essentially.
"For me, as a young player, I don't know too much about the Opals culture so it's making sure I absorb everything like a sponge and make the most of the opportunity."
As for the prospect of playing in a FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup game in front of a home crowd in Sydney, Jade struggles to hide her excitement.
"To have a World Cup with such prestigious talent on offer in our own backyard is really cool," she says.
"It would be unbelievable to be named in that side and play in front of family and friends at a packed-out stadium where everyone is cheering for you."
Jade prides herself on offering a lot of energy to the Capitals, both on and off the court. She describes herself as a reliable defender who likes to get to the rim and create shots individually and for her teammates.
It's been an interesting couple of weeks for the young Capitals star, who was named Canberra's 'Rising Star' at the CBR Sport Awards in early December.
"I did some research on how prestigious the award is in Canberra, and it is a huge honour to win that as there were some pretty good people in the Rising Star category," says Jade.
A week later, the UC Capitals had a positive COVID-19 case attend a full-team training session, and the whole squad and staff were sent into a week of isolation, meaning they also had to forfeit their round-two WNBL game against the Sydney Uni Flames.
Despite all the distractions, Jade's eyes remain firmly on the ultimate end-of-season prize.
"I just want to win a championship," she says.
"This team has always had a real winning culture and that's something I want to be a part of. We definitely have the group and the capability to do it."


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HORI is pleased to announce the Nintendo Switch™ Mario Kart™ Racing Wheel Pro. Get Ready, Set, Go to race Mario and the crew with the new Nintendo Switch Mario Kart Racing Wheel Pro Mini. Race just like your favorite Mario Kart driver on the Nintendo Switch with your own compact sized racing wheel and pedals. It can be used even without the pedals. This racing wheel is ideal for the Mario Kart fan and racing gamer. Officially licensed by Nintendo.
Brand Name | HORI |
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eToro is a widely known Israeli fintech business and a social trading broker, established in 2007. How To Fix Stop Loss On Etoro
eToro serves UK clients through an unit controlled by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and Australians through an Australian Securities and Financial Investment Commission (ASIC)- regulated entity. All other clients are served by a Cypriot unit that is regulated by the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC).
is not noted on any stock exchange, does not disclose its annual report on its website and does not have a bank parent.
Being regulated by the top-tier FCA and ASIC is a great sign for s security.
Disclaimer: CFDs are complicated instruments and include a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 68% of retail financier accounts lose cash when trading CFDs with this provider. You must think about whether you understand how CFDs work and whether you can afford to take the high danger of losing your cash.
eToro is a Jack of all Sell the online investment area, with the broker using a full series of possession types that can be acquired at the click of a button. On top of standard stocks, ETFs, and countless CFD (Contract For Differences) items (CFDs are not available in the US though)– also permits you to buy and sell cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
If you are thinking of using I welcome you to read my thorough review. I cover the ins and outs of what you require to understand prior to opening an account– consisting of metrics surrounding guideline, fees, commissions, payment methods, and of course– safety.
eToro advantages and disadvantages
deals commission-free stock trading, and the account opening procedure is smooth and quick. It has ingenious functions like social trading, which lets you copy the methods of other traders.
On the negative side,'s non-trading costs are high as there are charges for withdrawal and inactivity. Withdrawals can be sluggish and USD is the only currency you can hold your cash in. It's difficult to contact customer assistance.
How we ranked charges
We ranked cost levels as low, high or average based on how they compare to those of all examined brokers.
First, let's go over some fundamental terms related to broker costs What you need to keep an eye on are trading costs and non-trading charges.
Trading charges occur when you trade. These can be commissions, spreads, financing rates and conversion costs.
Non-trading fees include charges not directly related to trading, like withdrawal fees or lack of exercise charges.
In the areas listed below, you will discover the most appropriate charges of o for each asset class. For instance, when it comes to forex and stock index trading the most important costs are spreads, commissions and funding rates.
We likewise compared s charges with those of 2 similar brokers we chose, XTB and Trading 212. This selection is based upon unbiased aspects such as products used, customer profile, fee structure, etc. See a more in-depth rundown of options.
To have a clear overview of o, let's start with its trading costs.
As a member of the site, you will have access to a complete range of asset classes. In terms of standard ownership– you can sell and purchase over 800 stocks from a number of international markets, as can you do with ETFs.
This is because you can invest in digital currencies and keep complete ownership of the possession, or additionally, trade through CFDs. Rather, you will require to keep your coins on the platform, making it a better option for those who want to benefit from trading rather than hold crypto assets for the long term.
The online broker is likewise understood for its headline commission-free trade offering. This is readily available on cryptocurrencies, stocks, and etfs– as long as you do not short-sell the possession. You will, naturally, require to watch on the spread, which can be rather high at eToro.
eToro trading fees. How To Fix Stop Loss On Etoro
Is eToro worth it? eToro trading charges are low.
We understand it's hard to compare trading fees for CFD brokers. So how did we approach the issue of making their fees comparable and clear? We compare brokers by calculating all the fees of a common trade for selected items.
We selected popular instruments within each asset class:
Stock index CFDs: SPX and EUSTX50
Stock CFDs: Apple and Vodafone
Forex: EURUSD, GBPUSD, AUDUSD, EURCHF and EURGBP
A common trade implies buying a leveraged position, holding it for one week and after that selling. For the volume, we selected a $2,000 position for the stock index and stock CFDs and $20,000 for the forex transactions. The utilize we utilized was:
20:1 for stock index CFDs
5:1 for stock CFDs
30:1 for forex
These catch-all benfees.
Stock and ETF costs
deals zero-commission genuine stock trading. Considering that May 2020, this stands for all countries, but for customers from Australia commission-free trading just applies to United States stocks. Keep in mind that with the free feature, you're purchasing the real stock, not a CFD item, and you can not utilize utilize.
used to be mainly a CFD broker that let you trade stocks and ETFs also in the form of CFDs, if you set the utilize to greater than one. How To Fix Stop Loss On Etoro
Trades that include stocks not sold USD (like UK or European stocks) will be transformed to USD at the real market prices by without taking any commission or markup. If you trade on the UK market, what's more will likewise soak up any tax duty that may be due.


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Team History
National Tournament Competitors
1955 Paul Walter
1983 Don Bugg
1984 Elisha Tarter
1985 Don Bugg
Stacey Skeels
1986 Sandy Gasseling
1987 David Evans
Karyn Fleshman
Julie Loktev
1991 Tewana Wilkerson
1998 Ryan Green
2020 Alexander DeMartine
Dominic DeMartine
Caitlin Tapia
2021 Emma Balwin
Ramona Edwards
Aiden Hurst
Anna Sundheim
Caitlin Tapia
2022 Anna Sundheim
Lilie Kamakele
Aiden Hurst
Lauren "L" Strait
Ramona Edwards
Preston Roundy
Emma Baldwin
Chloe Domago
2023 Anna Sundheim
Lilie Kamakele
Aiden Hurst
Preston Roundy
Emma Baldwin
Teddy Jacobson
Lauren "L" Strait
Top NSDA Honor Society Merit Points All Time
NSDA All State Award
Each year, the NSDA All-State award is given to the top overall points earners in each State, of which no more than 25% can come from service points. To qualify, a student must have competed once at Nationals.
2021-2022 #8 Anna Sundheim
#22 Ramona Edwards
2022-2023 #4 Anna Sundheim
#11 Aiden Hurst
#12 Emma Hurst
Diamond Coaches
1986 Terry Roulier - 1st Diamond
2023 Patrick DeMartine - 1st Diamond
News Archive
Dr. Rachel Konda-Sundheim earns the District Volunteer of the Year Award for 21-22
The District Volunteer of the Year Award showcases individuals who have given extraordinary time and talent to the mission of meaningfully involving more students in speech and debate. Below is the winning nomination submission:
I would like to nominate Dr. Rachel Konda-Sundheim for volunteer of the year for the district. Dr. Rachel has been selfless with her time. Whenever we needed a judge, chaperone, or both, Dr. Konda-Sundheim always made herself available. She is an experienced judge at the national level that I can depend on when we need her the most. Those with the least time tend to be the most generous. Frankly, we could not run the program without her, especially on overnight trips, and her being a pediatrician certainly puts my mind at ease. Dr. Rachel has been instrumental in our ability to attend tournaments with as many students as we have. She is an asset to our program and the entire district, with as many rounds as she has consistently judged.
Loveland HS Qualifies 8 Students to 2022 National Tournament
Loveland High School is excited to announce that Anna Sundheim, Ramona Edwards, Aiden Hurst, Lilie Kamakele, Lauren "L" Strait, Emma Balwin, and Chloe Domago qualified for the National Speech and Debate Association's National Tournament in Louisville, KY. Only 1% of National Speech and Debate Association members qualify for the tournament, which is the pinnacle of competitive public speaking.
More than 6,000 students from 1,200 schools are expected to compete at the 2022 National Speech and Debate Tournament. The tournament offers 22 competitive events in debate, acting, and other public speaking. More than $150,000 in scholarships will be awarded to students
Since 1925, the National Speech & Debate Association has recognized student and coach speech and debate achievements. The National Tournament is one of the ways this is done, by allowing students from across the country to compete in a week-long competition that emphasizes excellence, academic achievement, advocacy, and fostering future leaders.
Ramona Earns the District Student of the Year Award for 21-22
Each NSDA District has the opportunity to name a District Student of the Year. Coaches may nominate a graduating senior who best represents the tenets of the Association's Code of Honor: humility, equity, integrity, respect, leadership, and service.
Congratulations to Ramona Edwards for being voted the District Student of the Year by the Rocky Mountain North District coaches. This is a huge honor since there are many exceptional students graduating this year that their coaches nominated with an average GPA of 4.34. Ramona won it by representing the core tenants as the best of all the nominated students.
Ramona Reaches 1500 NSDA's Honor Ponts!
Ramona Edwards reached the Premier Distinction level in the NDSA Honor Society, the second in school history. This is an incredible milestone in a remarkable speech and debate career for this fantastic student.
Loveland HS has 5 Finalists at the State 5A Tournament
Loveland High School is honored to announce that Anna Sundheim earned 2nd place in Congressional Debate, Emma Baldwin and Aiden Hurst earned 2nd place in Public Forum Debate, Preston Roundy earned 5th place in Humorous Interpretation, and Ramona Edwards was in Congressional Debate finals.
Loveland HS Qualifies 7 Students to 2021 State 5A Tournament
Loveland High School proudly announces that Anna Sundheim, Emma Balwin, Aiden Hurst, Preston Roundy, Lilie Kamakele, Triston Robertson, and Ramona Edwards qualified for the Colorado High School Activities Association's 5A State Tournament. Less than 10% of speech and debate students in the state qualify for the tournament, which has the state's largest, most competitive schools. Next year there will be no qualifier since 4A and 5A tournaments will be run as different events.
Anna Earns NSDA's Academic All-American Award!
Congratulations Anna Sundheim on earning the prestigious NSDA Academic All-American Award. The Academic All-American award recognizes high school students who have earned the degree of Superior Distinction (750 points); completed at least five semesters of high school; demonstrated outstanding character and leadership; and earned a GPA of 3.7 on a 4.0 scale (or its equivalent). Less than 2% of speech and debate competitors earn this prestigious award! Anna blew past most of the criteria for this award, and it is an honor and privilege to coach such an exceptional student in speech and debate. She is the third student in Loveland High School history to achieve this fantastic award. She continues the tradition of sharing her success with a cupcake.
Anna Reaches 1500 NSDA Honor Society Points!
Anna has a few celebrations this week. The first is that she has reached the Premier Distinction level in the NSDA Honor Society. To reach that level, especially as early as she did shows a level of excellence and commitment to Speech and Debate.
Since she was the first, she got to choose the celebration that hopefully becomes a tradition, a Premier Pinada! I got a Minecraft pinata since that is a source of discussion and debate with the team and I filled it will only strawberry candy since that is her favorite flavor.
Coach D earns 2021 NSDA District Leader Commendation
District chairpersons nominate leaders for their outstanding service and contributions to the speech and debate community. The National Office evaluates those nominations for awards. Coach D was recognized at the 2021 National Tournament for earning a District Leader Commendation Award. Below is the nominating text:
Patrick DeMartine is the reason tournaments run in Northern Colorado. Whether it be presenting at CHSAA Coaching Conference on how to effectively utilize Tabroom, pairing rounds on Saturday speech and debate tournaments, or simply helping judges understand how to correctly render a decision, Pat DeMartine is your person.
He selflessly gives of himself as a resource and guide for hosting and tabbing tournaments for coaches every weekend a tournament runs in our district. He has spent countless hours setting up invitationals to serve the students of Northern Colorado, many of whom would not otherwise have had opportunities and access to compete. Pat is an eternally optimistic, thoughtful, and ultimately kind presence as he guides new and seasoned coaches alike into the brave new world of online tournaments. There is not a tournament in the district that did not run due to his commitment and love of the activity.
Without his guidance, help, and can-do attitude our district would have suffered severely. It is people like Patrick DeMartine who embody the NSDA's values of service and hard work. His spirit of service radiates through his own speech program, and his alumni are often the ones who pick up extra rounds of judging. Every. Single. Saturday.
Pat is an excellent coach, brilliant communicator, and thoughtful leader in our community. We would be lost without him. Please consider him for a National Commendation. In our estimation, he has already earned this award.
Seth Wilden
District Chair
NSDA Rocky Mountain North District
Loveland HS Attends 10th National Tournament
Congratulations! It is my pleasure to inform you that the 2021 National Speech & Debate Tournament marked the 10th time Loveland High School attended the tournament. It is a tremendous thing to attend the National Tournament once and a truly outstanding achievement to attend 10 times. Few schools can claim such an accomplishment.
It is only through the support and dedication of advisors and administrators that an achievement like this is possible. Your program's dedication to speech and debate activities is evident and your support of the activity is greatly appreciated. Thank you for everything that you do to empower students at Loveland High School through speech and debate. We hope for many more years of you and your school's involvement in our community.
J. Scott Wunn
Executive Director
National Speech and Debate Association
Coach D elected Rocky Mountain North District Chair for 21-23
District chairpersons are elected by the coaches from the district with a ranked-choice vote. District chairpersons serve a two-year term where the primary responsibility is to run the district qualifiers for the annual National Tournament and to advocate and nurture the academic activity of speech and debate for all students and schools in the district. District leaders play a very important role in shaping the success of speech and debate in your community and across the country. As a local representative of the Association, you have the unique opportunity to connect, support, and inspire local students, coaches, and community members to strengthen your district.
20-21 Speech and Debate Season
Alex DeMartine earns the District Alumni Award for 20-21
The District Alumni Achievement Award showcases a speech and debate alumni from the district who has utilized their speech and debate talents to achieve success for the speech and debate community. Below is the winning nomination submission:
I would like to nominate Alex DeMartine. He has been instrumental to our Northern Colorado community in several ways. First, he has judged every weekend in just about every round. He has always taken rounds when most judges are setting availability to be very limited. From a Loveland perspective, he has allowed our students to double-enter and beyond so that our students are able to participate well past single or double events. Many schools really enjoy Alex's thorough feedback and style which makes speech and debate even more enjoyable.
Beyond judging, Alex has helped coach the Loveland squad. I could not have made it through the season without him. He took over the PF and LD debate teams and really helped them grow. So much so that he got our freshman team to be competitive with the best teams in the district. Getting them to qualify for State and Almost into elimination round at Nat Quals. He got a first-year LD debater to qualify for State and competitive at Districts. His presence has kept our team together and I am very thankful that he helped every week. He would answer questions and help at any hour and any day they needed him.
Coach GS earns the District Volunteer of the Year Award for 20-21
The District Volunteer of the Year Award showcases individuals who have given extraordinary time and talents to the mission of meaningfully involving more students in speech and debate. Below is the winning nomination submission:
I would like to nominate Everett Graves-Swinney for volunteer of the year for the district. Everett found my program last year and I have been grateful ever since. It isn't every day a two-time national qualifier asks if he can help coach the students. He has been amazing working with the students in debate and extemp creating a competitive edge for Loveland where we didn't have one previously. He has been truely selfless with his incredibly valuable time.
Everett has judged every weekend and we are lucky to have him week in and out regardless if we have enough judges or not. Having such an experienced judge who is willing to judge everything while providing top-notch feedback on what to improve has been a source of pride in what we can offer the district.
Loveland HS Qualifies 5 Students for the 2021 National Tournament
Loveland High School is proud to announce that Caitlin Tapia, Anna Sundheim, Emma Balwin, Aiden Hurst, and Ramona Edwards qualified to the National Speech and Debate Association's National Tournament. Only 1% of National Speech and Debate Association members qualify for the tournament, which is the pinnacle of competitive public speaking.
More than 6,000 students from 1,200 schools are expected to compete at the 2021 National Speech and Debate Tournament. The tournament offers 22 different competitive events in debate, acting, and other public speaking events. More than $150,000 in scholarships will be awarded to students
Since 1925, the National Speech & Debate Association has been recognizing student and coach achievements in speech and debate. The National Tournament is one of the ways this is done, by allowing students from across the country to compete in a week-long competition that emphasizes excellence, academic achievement, advocacy, as well as fostering future leaders.
Loveland HS Qualifies 7 Students to 2021 State 5A Tournament
Loveland High School is proud to announce that Caitlin Tapia, Anna Sundheim, Emma Balwin, Aiden Hurst, Alice Bradley, Chloe Domago, and Ramona Edwards qualified to the Colorado High School Activities Association's 5A State Tournament. Less than 10% of speech and debate students in the state qualify for the tournament, which has the largest, most competitive schools in the state.


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Flick Pad
Get 850 VI Points for this purchase.
Instantly and visually change a picture or word with a simple Flick!
"Flick Pad" is a versatile utility. It's a great way to reveal or change predictions in mentalism routines or also make things appear or disappear as part of a close up magic routine.
Your mind won't stop running with ideas of how to take advantage of "Flick Pad".
Comes with pad, refills and instructions.
Have a question about this product? It's possible others do too. Ask here and other Vanishing Inc. Magic customers will be able to respond with assistance! Alternatively, email us and we can help too.
Andy asks: I'm a newcomer to the world of magic so still developingmy skills. How difficult is this trick to perform?
Leandro asks: Hi! Taking a different perspective on this, could it be use as a Add A Number Pad?
We ship to you directly from within the UK. While most other UK magic shops hide what happens behind the scenes, we want you to know exactly how things work. Here's the timeline:
Typically takes 2 - 3 days
We send UK orders in batch to the UK from our USA warehouse every day. This way you avoid expensive international shipping fees and taxes.
We keep our most popular products in stock in the UK so often this step is skipped.
Same day
We send packages out the same day that we receive them using the shipping method you choose on checkout.


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Matthew McConaughey Courts Controversy With His Stance On Vaccination
Matthew McConaughey is not making anyone feel alright, alright, alright with what he's saying about the Covid-19 vaccine!
This article is more than 2 years old
Matthew McConaughey made headlines last Wednesday when he chose to speak out against the mandate to vaccinate children. Although the actor and the adult members of his family have all gotten the Covid-19 vaccine, in an interview with the New York Times, McConaughey said that he would not vaccinate his younger children. Now, in response to the blowback, the Interstellar star is clarifying his controversial comments.
Now that a week has passed since Matthew McConaughey's initial comments about vaccinating children hit the airwaves, the actor took to Instagram (via Bounding Into Comics) to claim that his words have been taken out of context by the media. According to McConaughey, the notion that he's against the vaccination of children is false. "What was not clear is that I was referring specifically to the 5-11-year-old mandate," McConaughey wrote in his Instagram stories. "What is NOT true, and insinuated with the clickbait headlines since is that I am against vaccinating kids at all. This is false." He added that his "eldest son 13 year old son Levi is fully vaccinated for Covid 19."
The controversy may understandably be confusing to Matthew McConaughey fans considering what the actor has said in the past. For example, last July McConaughey posted a video to his Instagram account in which he encouraged his followers to "wear the damn mask." As Bounding Into Comics notes, he's also been known to post pictures of himself in nature, with no one else in sight, wearing a mask.
So it was likely surprising for many when fans heard Matthew McConaughey answer a question from the New York Times about vaccine mandates with, "We're over here just trying to live as healthy a lifestyle as possible. But I couldn't mandate it for kids just yet. No." At the same time, he said that he has received the COVID-19 vaccine as have his his wife and mother.
In response to Matthew McConaughey's discussion with the New York Times, US Surgeon General Dr. Vivek Murthy said highlighted that "Covid is not harmless in our children." On CNN's Outfront, Dr. Murthy warned, "Many kids have died. Sadly, hundreds of children — thousands — have been hospitalized, and as a dad of a child who has been hospitalized several years ago for another illness, I would never wish upon any parent they have a child that ends up in the hospital."
Matthew McConaughey has been reported to be looking into making a run in the next Texas gubernatorial race, and a poll conducted earlier this year showed the actor having a stronger lead than the current governor, Greg Abbot. Should McConaughey take the plunge, the recent controversy may very well have an impact on how voters swing, though it isn't clear if it could help or hurt his chances. Some polls coming out of the Lone Star state say most Texans are in favor of the Covid-19 vaccine, while others suggest they're wary of getting vaccinated.


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Samsung has finally revealed their latest product, Samsung Galaxy Note 8, earlier this week. The phone enthusiasts and Samsung fans were treated with the first details about the device and they were not disappointed.
The giant 6.3-inch phablet is released almost a year after the previous device, Samsung Galaxy Note 7, which was pulled from sale because of a battery defect that tended to overheat.
However, Samsung is still going ahead with these models and has big hopes for the Galaxy Note 8. The latest Galaxy Note 8 promises to reboot the popular franchise and that can be easily achieved since the device has curved infinity display, a more accurate S Pen and the latest octa-core processor. Moreover, the latest Galaxy Note 8 comes equipped with 64GB of expandable memory and wireless charging.
There is no doubt that these new features impress and excite the Samsung fans, but one particular feature is the most attractive one, its dual-lens camera. The dual-lens camera was expected to appear on Samsung Galaxy S8, but Samsung took their time in order to achieve perfection.
The latest dual-lens camera includes 12MP with Optical Image Stabilization, wide-angle and telephoto lens which allows the phablet to zoom and add DSLR-style depth of field to pictures. Up to this point, there is nothing new compared to iPhone's features, but Samsung added a new option which enables the user to adjust the blur of the image.
The Live Focus bokeh effect can be removed completely after the user took the picture and this is something that can't be done on an iPhone. Another feature the Samsung Galaxy Note 8 provides is the Dual Capture Mode.
This mode allows both rear cameras to snap two pictures at the same time and save them both; there is one close-up taken with the telephoto lens and another with wide-angle that shows the whole background.
Here's a great hands on video review by The Verge.


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Did you know that after Dutch builder Moonen Yachts handed over the brand new 36metre/120ft superyacht BOTTI this year, her owners decided to bring her straight across the Atlantic on her maiden voyage? Now that's real trust in Moonen Yachts quality, reliability and support! Find out how we did in this interview with Captain Matthew Curtis. He shares the crew's experience on the transatlantic maiden voyage from the Netherlands and cruising with the owners on the United States eastern seaboard. Have you spotted BOTTI in the United States this summer?
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Cisco certification may be the first and basic dependence on working as a network professional in most organizations. Having recently passed the Implementing Cisco Collaboration Applications certification exam I desired to share with you some of my study experiences and tips with anyone that could be working towards their CCNP Collaboration cert. If you're seeking the key lesson on passing CLICA then you certainly should be thinking of ab muscles common question "How may i plan my Cisco 300-810 CLICA certification exam?"
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The Cisco certification doesn't just open the doors to networking success. It enables your profile being marketed being a networking expert with global recognition. You might be knowledgeable than non-certified peers.
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The 300-810 exam made available from Cisco includes a variety of topics according to networking on the most comprehensive Collaboration. With the much to examine, the exams may look tough to crack. However, it can be understood any particular one should mainly concentrate on all sorts of Cisco exams.
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Cisco is Marketable
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? Before you truly commence with the syllabus books, learn how to work with Binary Mathematics. You ought to be able to calculate within your sleep!
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Schedule CCNP Collaboration practice tests far ahead of time with the final exam date. Represent yourself a deadline and check that which you have already been able to perform. There is always scope to improve and also the rest of the days ought to be befitting.
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Governor Uba Sani inaugurates 400-bed girls hostel and Zaria Metropolitan Authority complex.
By Aminu Dalhatu
Governor Uba Sani of Kaduna State has inaugurated blocks of 400-bed hostel at Government Girls Secondary School, Kawo and the office complex of Zaria Metropolitan Authority.
Speaking at the Inauguration as part of activities lined up for the celebration of his 100 days in office, Governor Sani said the completion of the hostel block was a fulfillment of the promised made to accord priority in the area of education during his campaign.
The Governor who said the School hostel was gutted by fire in year 2020, expressed happiness for the reconstructed the hostel and built additional blocks of classroom aimed at supporting Girls Child Education.
According to him, it would go along way is supporting the development of education.
Also Speaking, the Principal of GGSS Kawo, Kaduna, Mrs Victoria Hassan expressed excitement over the commissioning of the facilities in the school by Governor Uba Sani,.
Mrs Hassan said the school hostels were burnt in a fire incident in 2020, stressing that, with the new facilities, students would now enjoy conducive learning environment.
"Following the fire incident, we were relocated to Rimi college here in Kaduna, while the State government gave the contract for the renovation of our school to Agile projects company, Kaduna. They have built the hostels, and in each hostel we have 400 capacity of students. New toilets of 35 numbers were added to the old ones. A block of six classrooms and a block of four classrooms were being constructed and renovated under old blocks.
Similarly, Governor Uba Sani has also inaugurated Zaria Metropolitan Authority Complex.
According to him, the Zaria Metropolitan Authority Complex, is like its Kaduna and Kafanchan counterparts were designed based on the Abuja model to serve as city managers, carrying out statutory roles of the local governments like road construction, waste management and business environment regulation.
He reiterated the commitment of his administration towards rapid development of Kaduna state, nothing that he will not relent in its efforts to revamp infrastructure, build human capacity and promote economic growth of the state.
Earlier, the Administrator, Zaria Metropolitan Authority, Hajiya Balaraba noted that, Since the creation of the authority many projects had been carried out such as roads construction and digitised the entire metropolitan in conjunction with KADGIS, Kasupda and other agencies as well as waste evacuation among others.


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LPS Superintendent Gives Some Insight on How School Closures, Snow Days are Handled
LINCOLN–(KFOR Jan. 23)–You may have thought that there were allotment of snow days built into the Lincoln Public Schools academic year calendar, but they aren't.
That's according to LPS Superintendent Dr. Paul Gausman. During a recent update on the district's methods for school closures, Gausman said LPS has more instructional hours than the required minimum from the Nebraska Department of Education. He added this allows the district to account for snow days or other emergency closures without adding school days or additional educational minutes.
"When making the decision, we have to consider things such as will our buses start and safely run? How long can an individual be outside before they might get frostbite? Can our hardworking custodial teams get the school grounds clear for school so that they're safe," Gausman said.
A storm's timing also can weigh "very carefully" in the decision making process, according to Gausman, adding that students and families are foremost in the minds of officials making the decision.
Gausman says while ensuring they've met the required educational hours set by the Nebraska Department of Education, LPS looks at various solutions if considering a school closure. That includes adjusting daily schedules and early release days.