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Best Cosplay Sewing Patterns – The Top 7 Sewing Machines Review
Best Cosplay Sewing Patterns
Are you a seamstress, a quilter, dressmaker, crafter, or a sewing fanatic? Whichever title fits you best, you are an artist waiting to develop your most current work of art with details material, shades of string and one-of-a-kind layouts. You are just one of the special individuals that develop attractive art via the eye of the sewing needle. Best Cosplay Sewing Patterns
Sewing is fun and fulfilling. From making basic things to producing masterful imaginative stitched garments, it all begins with an concept, a pattern, shade choices, styles as well as of course, a great embroidery maker. Picking the right stitching machine will save you time, energy as well as maintain stress at bay.
If you are a novice, simply beginning to dabble in the wonderful world of embroidery, or a experienced veteran, selecting the appropriate stitching machine is paramount. Prior to you even think about a details sewing maker, ask yourself what kind of sewage system you are or visualize to be?
After that you must decide what attributes are essential to you as well as your price array. Recognizing your needs ahead of time will help you pick the very best device for you.
There are generally two kinds of sewing machines: Mechanical as well as Electronic. A mechanical maker will require you to set and control the controls by hand, performing standard embroidery tasks such as threading the needle, sew size, hemming, creating buttonholes along with standard upkeep.
An electronic sewing maker will automate much of the basic features provided above, have an easily read LED display, deal attributes that are not available on a mechanical maker and also ease the concern of tedious sewing job.
A few attributes that are optimal are integrated lights to help with sewing darker products and for sewing during the night, a free arm for hemming, cuff stitching and also sleeves, blind sewing, buttonhole ability, a thread cutter, and also a needle threader.
A variety of versatile presser feet are important to control how the material is being held and also moving as you are sewing to prevent puckering and also undesirable extending of weaved textiles as well as other fine products. The completed product will look extra professional and enticing. Best Cosplay Sewing Patterns
I would certainly rule out any kind of device that does not come geared up with a minimum of 6-10 built-in stitches, a zipper foot, complimentary arm, drop-in bobbin, and also buttonhole maker that sews a buttonhole, preferably in one action getting rid of the demand for you to quit, turn the fabric and also readjust the dial.
Whether mechanical or digital, every one will certainly have standard functions as well as sew features that will certainly allow you to stitch a range of textiles utilizing straight or zigzag stitches as well as stitch lengths. Do not be satisfied with the fundamental performance however look past to the extra functions as well as devices that makes each stitching equipment one-of-a-kind to satisfy the needs you will certainly put on it.
You need to also ask how effective the motor is, the amount of stitches per min, and also how it is constructed. The electric motor is the life of any embroidery device. You do not intend to obtain caught without adequate power to finish your work.
Every embroidery equipment will certainly have some plastic on the outside. Nonetheless, if you are going to sew quite a bit, you must look at the indoor framework as well as layout. Plastic interiors have a tendency to malfunction and flex while sewing, which can cause the needle to move. On the other hand, a metal frame inside will provide years of durability and also accurate stitching.
I would certainly be remiss if I did not touch on guarantees. While not typical, occasionally a stitching equipment will break or malfunction. It is essential to recognize what the service warranty covers and for how long. It is best to be prepared needs to a situation develop that needs attention beyond straightforward upkeep.
Allow us consider certain sewing makers as well as that they are customized for.
Top 7 Machines for Sewing Reviewed
Let us look at details stitching machines and also that they are tailored for.
Singer Confidence Sewing Machine (7363)
A wonderful newbie version is appropriately called the "Confidence" by as it has all the functions required to offer you all the confidence you require to create superb jobs. The 7363 version consists of push-button stitch option, 30 integrated stitches, lock sewing for decorative embroidery, automated threader, tension control, as well as 1-step buttonhole manufacturer.
The structure is constructed out of steel offering overall resilience. This maker will grow with any newbie, from easy projects to a lot more intricate ones. supplies a 25-year limited warranty as well as a variety of valuable on-line video clip tutorials on utilizing the equipment essentials along with ideas and techniques to make sewing easier.
Singer 1304 Start Sewing Machine
likewise uses the 1304 "Start" sewing machine that anyone starting to stitch must consider acquiring. This is a economical basic equipment constructed with a strong steel structure. Although it only has 6 integrated stitches, various other attributes make this equipment rewarding so you can just start sewing right away. Best Cosplay Sewing Patterns
The preset stitch sizes and width take the uncertainty out of establishing the dials appropriately. The zigzag and straight sewing allows you to meddle stitching appliques or adding a ornamental scallop to the textile. The cost-free arm enables you to hem garments or service cuffs and also collars.
With twin spool pins, you can sew with a twin needle to increase sew in one pass. It has easy threading as well as bobbin winding along with an LED light. It is light-weight as well as can be taken anywhere.
Singer 2010 Superb Computerized Sewing Machine
For the advanced sewer as well as those seeking to move up to the next degree of stitching with haute couture as your location of focus, after that the Singer 2010 Superb Computerized Sewing Equipment will spur your creative thinking.
The Vocalist Superb is a full-featured high-grade version with remarkably excellent stitch high quality. It uses 210 integrated stitches, adjustable rate, automated needle threading and 10 presser feet for the liberty to allow your imagination radiate in your ended up project.
The 10 different presser feet variety, consisting of those used for zippers, hemming, as well as buttonholes, in addition to a drop-in bobbin and etched markings on the needle plate for a sewing guide. This machine can stitch 750 stitches per min at maximum speed.
Singer 4452 Heavy Duty Sewing Machine
Singer likewise has a really great durable sewing device if you are sewing lots of layers of fabric, jeans, plastic, canvas, pillows, drapes or developing outfits. The Singer sturdy 4452 stitching equipment is among the best on the marketplace.
It has a effective electric motor, dimension 16 long lasting needles and a non-stick foot that slides along the fabric as opposed to binding and drawing it. It can sew any kind of type of material, normal textile along with heavy-duty. Singer innovation uses a good embroidery application to offer support and also help anytime. Best Cosplay Sewing Patterns
Specialty machines
Brother SE625 Computerized Sewing and Embroidery Machine
If needlework is your desire plus embroidery, the Sibling SE625 is especially for embroidery. This equipment has many impressive features that include 80 built-in layouts besides having a USB drive to integrate your very own layouts. The Bro internet site additionally provides a wide variety of alternatives for this maker.
It has a color smart touch screen display to sneak peek your work. Design attributes include the ability to alter string shades in a layout, use specialty letters, monogram and so far more. There are 103 built-in stitches and also 7 quick-change stress feet.
A bright workplace is featured with an automated needle threader as well as free-motion embroidery is vital to stitching, crafts, and also style. What is neat is the built-in tutorials that can be seen straight on the stitching machine's screen. Making individualized clothes as well as gifts is only the begin of the products you can do with this stitching equipment.
Bernina 350 Patchwork Edition Sewing & Quilting Machine
Breakthrough quilters and embroiderers will absolutely fall for the Bernina 530 sewing machine. The Bernina name alone is quality and this maker will certainly bring out creative thinking. Using 148 stitches, the innovative drain can embark on any kind of needlework, quilting job while still having the functionality of all basic standard embroidery.
If you are an existing sewer searching for a first-rate sewing equipment upgrade, look no further than at Bernina equipments.
The Bernina 530 has 11 various needle placements, ideal stitch control, optional stitch regulator as well as an automated one-step buttonhole maker that provides you, the developer, control over all your tasks. It has an easy-to-use control board for fast accessibility to the settings and also patterns.
This equipment is a splendid sewing machine that can hold up against continuous usage and offers exceptional functions for a professional sewer. Identified with top quality, this luxury device supplies needlework, quilting, and also standard embroidery capacities.
With a collection of 148 stitches, nine buttonhole options, as well as 4 sewing alphabets, this device allows you to produce your own mixes of styles by remembering your precise stitch specs and textiles in the onboard memory.
Brother CS-5055 PRW Limited Edition Project Runway 50 Stitch Computerized Sewing Machine
Another specialized embroidery device is a Serger. A serger is distinctively different from a regular sewing device insofar as the serger stitches as well as cuts the product at the same time. You can consider it a details style of sewing maker that is usually described as an overlock embroidery maker. A serger utilizes 3 or 4 strings to create a secured stitch at a much faster sewing rate. Babylock has actually been a leader in serger innovation. It is best for completing garment sides, rolled hemming as well as Flatlock stitching. Clearly created for the advanced user.
The Sibling CS-5055 Project Path 50 Stitch Computerized Embroidery Maker is aptly called since this stitching device can take your sewing, style, as well as accessory designs to the following level. With 87 Integrated stitches and 5 styles of buttonhole choices, all will see your wonderfully influenced initial styles. Best Cosplay Sewing Patterns
No matter your experience, there is a sewing maker that satisfies your demands and also your spending plan. Vocalist, Bernina, Brother, and also Babylock are all popular quality suppliers of sewing equipments that have features that will certainly take your creative thinking to the following degree.
All the sewing makers noted can be found at sewingmachinesplus.com where the professional personnel can assist you with any kind of questions as well as get the most effective embroidery device to you swiftly. There is no need to wait on your desire stitching machine. If you can imagine it, you can produce it, and also we can put the right embroidery device in your hands today.
Discover your creative thinking today.
Visit sewingmachineplus.com today.


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A pathogen is a harmful software which could cause serious damage what is zoom to your COMPUTER, including a crash your computer or stealing your own information. With the ability to attack any system through dubious email attachments and hidden UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS drives. You might also be at risk if you visit questionable websites.
The best ant-virus programs will have good diagnosis rates and low fake positives. Essentially, you should choose a program that offers multiple protection choices and is compatible with the operating system. A lot of programs will notify you if your program has been attacked.
There are three main types of antivirus security: signature-based, behavior-based, and specific detection. Many software uses at least one of these 3 techniques.
Signature-based antivirus code readers look for the signature of an known virus when a new file comes. In some cases, the antivirus definitely will scan the file in real-time. If a document is contaminated, the antivirus will mark that for deletion.
Behavior-based detection is a approach that recognizes malware simply by analyzing how it works. Most malware software uses both signature-based and heuristic detection. Incorporating these two methods is a good way to detect and remove spyware and adware.
Businesses, in particular those with consumer info, are targeted by simply hackers. Cybercriminals are regularly developing new ways to harm the Internet. Each uses sophisticated strategies to penetrate any system.

subset: commoncrawl


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Can You Put a Rug on a Floor With Underfloor Heating?
Probably you have an open-plan living area or kitchen, and you intend to put a big rug on the floor. Will it affect your underfloor heating?
Well, underfloor heating is associated with numerous benefits over all traditional heating mechanisms. It eliminates the need for radiator installation, allows greater flexibility in the planning and organization of your home's space, and frees up the wall space for furniture and other items. Indeed, underfloor heating contributes to the clean lines sought as an integral part of an open-plan layout.
Besides, the entire floor acts as a heat source. Thus, both hot and cold spots are eliminated as the system offers a uniform and ambient gentle heat throughout the surface. Little heat is wasted as it rises to heat the entire room. This makes underfloor heating an efficient heating method.
Can you put a rug on the floor?
The efficiency of an underfloor heating system depends on the distances between the pipes, the depth of screed or slab above the heating pipes, the insulation level beneath the pipes, and the nature of the slab. The thermal conductivity of the screed or slab along with the flooring material placed on top will significantly affect the heat output and the heat-up time of your heating system.
It's wise to consider a rug's suitability as a flooring material. Are you going to lay the rug over timber flooring? As much as you want to put a beautiful rug on your timber flooring the rug will, to a greater extent, serve as a 'blanket' that locally 'restricts' the passage of heat from the heated slab into the room.
Timber floors have a particular top temperature restriction. That means putting a rug on your floor risks increasing the flooring temperature beyond this limit. In case there is humidity or moisture, the floorboard will swell, 'cup' and twist. If you have installed engineered floorboard, its layers will start delaminating because of the increased heat. Therefore, you should never put carpets or rugs on top of a wood floor where there is in-floor heating.
However, some rugs are suitable for use with the underfloor heating system. These rugs must have low thermal resistance and be hessian rather than felt-backed. Note that felt-backed rugs create a thermal block, preventing performance and potentially affecting the finished floor. Consider using a rug with a thermal resistance rating of 1 to 2.
Lastly, give careful thought to the thickness and the size of the carpet or rug to you intend to put on heated floors. In addition to the technical aspects mentioned, too big and thick rugs will create a cooler spot within the open area. This contradicts your intention to create a warm environment in your home. If you must use carpets or rugs, choose those that allow air circulation and don't act as insulators.
A perfect rug for heated floors must have a negligible effect on the performance of the underfloor heating system. It should also create a great atmosphere and a focal point for the overall open-plan area.


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Slow Cooker Beef Barley Soup
This Slow Cooker Beef Barley Soup is an easy crockpot meal perfect for fall or winter! Loaded with vegetables and tender chunks of beef.
There is just nothing better for cold weather comfort food than this Slow Cooker Beef Barley Soup. Why you will love this Beef and Barley Soup:
- It is cozy, hearty and loaded with flavor — plus the slow cooker means that it basically cooks itself! This classic Beef and Barley Soup is another favorite, but sometimes you just don't want to stand over the stove (or you can't!). The crockpot is a great option for those busy days.
- it's thick and chunky — I don't want to be hungry in an hour!
- It's loaded with vegetables, which is one of my favorite ways to get them in
- it slow cooks most of the day, which means your house will smell amazing and you don't have to worry about dinner at 5:00!
- it's big on flavor — browning the meat adds a ton of flavor, so don't skip that step if you've got a few minutes!
- it's healthy! Full of protein, whole grains, fibre, vegetables all in a neat little delicious package.
- 1 tablespoon oil
- 1 lb beef stewing meat
- 1 small onion finely diced
- 2 teaspoons minced garlic
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon Italian seasoning
- 1/4 teaspoon black pepper
- 3 large carrots peeled and chopped
- 2 ribs celery chopped
- 1/2 cup pearl or pot barley rinsed
- 2 tablespoons tomato paste
- 2 bay leaves
- 4 cups low sodium beef broth
- fresh parsley for serving
Prep Time:
15 minutes
Cook Time:
15 minutes
Total Time:
30 minutes


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Strawberry Kiwi Chilled by Moreish Puff features perfectly ripened strawberries with a sweet but tangy taste mixed with exotic Kiwis then served over ice for a cool exhale. Available in a 100ml 0mg short fill with room to add your own nicotine shots.
Moreish Puff e-liquid is available in 100ml short fill bottles of 0mg nicotine strength. These e-liquids feature a 70% VG ratio, ideal for use with sub-ohm devices and RDA/RTA's.
- 100ml Bottle
- Nicotine Strength of 0mg
- Intended For Sub-Ohm Devices and RDA/RTA's
- Made In The UK
- Childproof Cap
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Moreish Puff
Moreish Puff is a UK vape brand that makes premium e-liquids, the brand is manufactured under Cherish Vapor Limited and was established in 2018. Moreish Puff produces high-quality E-Juices with the most authentic flavours across a dozen or so ranges. Their E-Liquid is available in 100ml 0mg short fills and are designed for Sub Ohm Vape Kits.
Moreish Puff Disposable Air Bar's are also available in 20mg nicotine salt.


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How brands are getting creative with virtual events & entertainment experiences
Brand events have mostly shifted online this year, as the pandemic continues to disrupt peer pressure experiences.
Developing a prosperous digital event is no mean feat, of course, with consumers already experiencing display overload — another Zoom event is a tough issue to market.
Over the past couple of months, but we have seen agencies and brands pull together to make virtual occasions more engaging and immersive, with many utilizing live music or entertainment-driven adventures designed to engage consumers. Here are a few of the very best examples, and what makes them work.
Fenty Skin's 'House Party'
Launch parties really are a frequent occurrence in the beauty business, enabling brands to build prestige and excitement (which may even translate into internet participation ). This calendar year, Fenty Beauty maintained an electronic and VR-driven 'home party' at summer time for its launch of Fenty Skin, pitched as a way to "celebration with Rihanna".
We're live y'each of!! Come through to the digital #FentySkinLaunchParty for several of the dancing, drinks, Fenty Skin spa, live chats and more???????? https://t.co/kv1JJaznsL pic.twitter.com/4wvWEdSwYf
— FENTY SKIN (@fentyskin) July 30, 2020
Glossy reports that online attendees could input separate 'chambers ' such as a bar to detect cocktail recipes, plus a living area that featured livestreams with Rihanna and star guests such as Lil Nas X. Users were also able to click around in the digital beauty bar to discover more about Fenty Skin goods, such as the various ingredients used and their advantages.
While the occasion lacked particular bodily components — such as the capability to touch, feel, and odor merchandise — Fenty's event gave users access to an adventure that they might not have otherwise been part of, with added benefits like exclusive and early insight into new goods, as well as a sense of community and dialogue with Rihanna herself.
Tomorrowland 'Around the World' Digital festival
The huge majority of live festivals and concerts were cancelled 2020, apart from a couple of socially-distanced examples in the summertime. Some artists took to live-streaming rather, but Belgian festival Tomorrowland is one of the few to have pulled off a full-on digital festival, with over one million individuals finally tuning in to its extravaganza.
The immersive occasion was created in partnership with agency DogStudio, who made an immersive digital world (featuring eight 3D stages) called Pāpiliōnem for people to explore. To promote ticket revenue (where costs began at 20 euros to see the event live, or simply 12.50 euros into 're-live' it had been broadcast), Tomorrowland enlisted over 60 major name artists such as Katy Petty, David Guetta, along with Eric Prydz.
Tomorrowland — Around the World — The digital festival. On July 25th & 26th, the first chapter at The Reflection of Love will be composed. Prepare for a stunning two-day digital music festival experience on a new location. Tickets will go on sale on June 18th. pic.twitter.com/GWgf8SRtZS
— Tomorrowland (@tomorrowland) June 4, 2020
Employing technologies to recreate the sounds, sights, and senses of a music festival — finish with virtual robots and crowd cheers — Tomorrowland successfully attained its goal of producing an immersive gig encounter for individuals in the home. Despite the event only falling short of a gain, it was regarded as enough of a victory to plan a second one that is now scheduled for New Year's Eve.
The dearth of gain could have been down into the occasions ' royalty-sharing strategy, which saw artists paid depending on the amount of ticket sales as well as amount of views that their set obtained. No matter Tomorrowland's organisers have implied that virtual occasions like it might be an option in future, particularly for individuals who might otherwise miss out. Speaking to DJMag, Tomorrowland press officer Debby Wilmsen said: &ldquoWe think this could be a rather great thing next to the real festival. It gives many people the chance to experience the festival. People who are not able to visit Belgium [because of] age, visa, tickets, wellness; the digital festival is open for everybody. "
Indeed, availability is one of the largest advantages, eliminating barriers that could otherwise prevent individuals from attending in actual life (for example, budget or travel ), that still exist beyond this context of Covid.
Virtual occasions — How do you substitute the real thing without it being sour sweet?
Fortnite & Travis Scott's Astronomical concert
US rapper Travis Scott is also in the running for virtual gig of the year, having a whopping 12.3m people tuning to his concert held within the video game Fortnite back in April. The gig conquer Fortnite's preceding digital concert with Marshmello, that attracted about 10 million individuals in 2019.
Over 12.3 million concurrent players engaged live in Travis Scott's Astronomical, an all-time album!
Catch an encore performance before the excursion finishes: https://t.co/D7cfd2Vxcc
— Fortnite (@FortniteGame) April 24, 2020
While the Travis Scott gig might have pulled even bigger numbers due to the lockdown, it's also just a excellent example of how gambling can assist immersive experiences in almost any circumstance, driven by the strong investment and energy of gambling fans. Big brands within the entertainment industry are now beginning to capitalise on this opportunity, with many in the industry seeing Fortnite and Travis Scott as a good example of exactly what 's to emerge. Speaking to Campaign Live, Christophe Brumby, strategy director for Amplify said: "Not only do digital gigs make it possible for millions to enjoy an experience beyond boundaries, allowing brands and artists to reach new audiences at scale, but they also provide unlimited, out-of-this-world imaginative possibilities for audience engagement and involvement. "
While in-game occasions are nothing new, Covid-19 has accelerated the need for the caliber of these kinds of occasions, chiefly as a result of higher need for connection as well as virtual escapism during tough times.
Heineken's Champions League 'Kick Off'
Sports lovers have been not able to relish match adventures (or social viewings) since the stunt took hold, and that's why Heineken chose to make a digital event for lovers to celebrate the beginning of the UEFA Champions League, which the newest sponsors.
The wait is over! Let's celebrate the noise of #UCL's reunite at #TheKickOff livestream, powered by @DefectedRecords and presented by yours truly and @ChampionsLeague.
17.00 — 01:00 CEST across YouTube and Facebook that Sunday! pic.twitter.com/v1CSg2roAP
— Heineken (@Heineken) August 7, 2020
In partnership with Defected Records, Heineken hosted 'Kick Off' — an eight-hour digital music event featuring eight different DJs livestreaming from several areas such as Amsterdam's Heineken Experience and Lisbon's Estadio da Luz. The notion behind Kick Off was to bring the two worlds of music and football together, delving deeper to the combined interests of Heineken's target audience.
As well as generating involvement on Heineken's own channels, the occasion was also streamed on UEFA along with also Defected's social stations, increasing the chance for brand awareness throughout the board. A few of the movies have clocked up over one million viewpoints, with Idris Elba's performance alone creating 1.4m views on YouTube.
Could virtual occasions be here to stay?
Covid-19 has accelerated the digital event business, pushing what was once regarded as a pale imitation of the real thing to become — in some instances — an equally immersive and possibly even more pleasurable experience. Advances in engineering has certainly enabled this, with VR, 3D production, and other digital software now allowing brands to recreate real life components that were once impossible to replicate online.
With this, more availability — that opens up exclusive insight and entrance into occasions to a broader fanbase — means people can see more brands holding virtual entertainment adventures at the future. There are still lots of drawbacks, naturally, such as the lack of those deeper and more meaningful relationships that happen face-to-face. However, the aforementioned examples definitely demonstrate the advantages of simply logging in rather than traveling into an in-person occasion.
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#Occupy Nigeria Protests, Media Framing, Old Media, New Media, Social Movements
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Subject Areas: Journalism and Communication
1. Introduction
The Occupy Nigeria Protests were a collective rejection of the Nigerian Government's sudden increase of Premium Motor Spirits (PMS) from N65 to N140. This national outburst coincidentally took place at the heels of Global Occupy Protests and the Arab Spring. Like in these two uprisings, the social media forced international media attention on Nigeria [1] . As such, it was not unusual that the Nigerian protest was initially perceived as a continuation of the global protests against government high handedness which had commenced with the Arab Spring [2] - [10] .
The Nigerian government had based her argument of subsidy removal on channelling of the gains of subsidy to develop other sectors of the economy [11] . And the other reason was that major distributors after claiming subsidy for PMS would go ahead to supply the same product to the illegal petroleum markets in neighbouring countries at exorbitant costs. The government was inadvertently subsidizing corruption and yet unable to make PMS available for Nigerians [12] .
However, neither labour nor civil society accepted the propositions by the establishment. Besides, decades of continuous "broken promises" by government made these apparently sound economic reasons difficult to swallow by ordinary Nigerians [13] . On 1st January, 2012, Government went ahead and removed the subsidy. The effect of the withdrawal of subsidy was immediate, with transportation fares across the country soaring as high as 120% [14] - [16] . The resultant effect was an astronomical rise in the cost of living. Nigerians felt bad that the only "social security" available was withdrawn and untold hardship and frustration foisted on them [17] . Thus labour and civil society demanded an immediate reversal of the subsidy removal but government did not bulge. So on January 9, 2012, the Occupy Nigeria Protests started across the country and lasted officially for over two weeks.
This study will examine how three national newspapers: Guardian, Punch and the Nigerian Tribune framed the Occupy Nigeria protest. It will also compare these frames from the print media with those from four social media platforms: Twitter, Facebook, Nairaland and blog posts. The aim of this comparative analysis of both old and new media will be to determine which media―old or new―portray the protests better. To the best of our knowledge, no empirical research has investigated this yet and as such the problematic rhetoric of a revolution propelled by social media needs further investigation.
2. Theoretical Background
Framing is a theoretical framework in a process of evolution. Frames are the particular treatment or "spin" given to a message by an individual or organization [18] . While agenda-setting is choosing which stories to tell, framing is choosing how to tell them [19] . Framing calls "attention to some aspects of reality while obscuring other elements, which might lead audiences to have different reactions" [20] . The media provides "windows" for audiences to "understand" an issue. Expectation then is that the more media you consume―about the same issue― the more windows you encounter
Scholarly investigation on framing and social movements shows that "the framing processes have come to be regarded, alongside resource mobilization and political opportunity process, as a central dynamic in understanding the character and course of social movements" ( [21] ; p. 611). Collective action frames defines but also inspires and validates the organization and activities of SMOs. As cited earlier Benford and Snow [21] proposed three core framing tasks. Diagnostic frames ask the question: what is the cause of the problem? Prognostic framing aims at finding a solution while motivational framing defines and spurs mobilization, necessary for validation/legitimacy of campaigns by SMOs.
The significance of framing theory lies in its importance in a developing nation like Nigeria where the democratic experience is still being tested. Within the context of Occupy Nigeria Protest, this study hopes to add to the global conversation of framing theory.
3. Mass Media, Social Media, Social Movements and the Arab Spring
The relationship between SMOs and mass media is imbalanced, with media often distorting the message of movements. This asymmetrical dependency is seen in mass media preference for catchy headlines which promotes the deviant behaviour of protesters for instance. Thus media frames tend to ignore the message of SMO but rather hype sensational outbursts [22] - [24] , and as discussed elsewhere in Gitlin [18] . Yet, media attention is absolutely important for movements to mobilize but negative frames do not and cannot sell the movements since they diminish public support. In addition, it weakens the collective identity of the protesters since the "we" against "them" is necessary to ignite and sustain a protest.
The new media affords movements an opportunity to sidestep media gatekeepers [25] - [29] . Yet this was not always the case, as alternative media created some new problems for movements. For instance, mass self-com- munication generates a digital echo chamber of same minds, using the same platform but thinking that they are communicating with "many" people, Castells [25] .
There is some disagreement in scholarly research of the role of social media in the Arab Spring [30] - [34] . Chebib and Sohail [36] ascribed a strong causal role to Facebook and Twitter in the Egyptian revolt but such a narrative is now challenged as simplistic. Others provided a historical context of revolt in Egypt which showed that social media, just like Al Jazerra and interpersonal communication, contributed their due to the Arab Spring, as quoted earlier in Olorunnisola and Martin [31] , Tufekci and Wilson [33] . Many scholars insisted that dead, jailed or injured Egyptians could have been mobilized through social media (or through any other medium). As such, it would be unrealistic to infer that "Facebook or Twitter" was solely responsible for the decision to protest [37] [38] .
In summary, whilst a study of the Egyptian uprising revealed varying ideological positions on the role of social media, it did signify its growing power not only for agenda setting but also for framing in such social engagements. An analysis of the different roles of traditional media and social media in the Occupy Nigeria movement should enable us see the roles these two media played in framing.
4. Methods
A qualitative content analysis on the #Occupy Nigeria Protest (January 9 and 16, 2012) using manually filtered purposive sampling of news stories and opinion columns of newspapers (old media) and posts from social media sites published between January 9 and 31, 2012 was conducted. The date of samples studied was extended to capture stories after January 16, when labour pulled out officially from the protests. However, civil society groups continued their protests till the end of January.
The three Nigerian newspapers were: The Guardian, the Punch and the Nigerian Tribune. For the social media we analyzed: Facebook Group: "Nationwide Anti-Fuel Subsidy Removal: Strategies and Protests". Twitter feeds of the Occupy Nigeria Protests: the tweets were derived from #Occupy Nigeria and #fuel subsidy. Due to the one year anniversary of the Occupy Nigeria Protest in 2013 the entire tweet feed―which had earlier disappeared―became available. Blog posts: a Google search for "#Occupy Nigeria Protests" and "fuel subsidy removal Nigeria protest" was conducted and also Comments on Nairaland: an online discussion platform. Holsti's [39] formula for the reliability of nominal data in terms of percentage of agreement was used and the inter-coder reliability index was approximately 0.8.
5. Findings
This paper proposes three research questions to uncover how Nigerian newspapers and the social media framed the Occupy Nigeria Protest. They are: (1) How was the definition of Occupy Nigeria Protests framed in newspapers and social media? (2) How were the causes of the Occupy Nigeria Protests framed in newspapers and social media? (3) How were solutions advocated to end the Occupy Nigeria Protests framed in newspapers and social media?
1. How Was the Definition of Occupy Nigeria Protests Framed in Newspapers and Social Media?
Twelve pre-determined content categories were coded for social media and newspapers respectively: dictatorship by government; corruption in the petroleum industry; excessive government expenditure; oppression and insensitivity. The others are: foreign influence; opposition political groups; mass movement; generational transfer; revolution and ethnic/religious. The total texts analyzed in social media were: blogs (218), Nairaland (193), Tweets (818) and Facebook (118). The three newspapers had a total count of 520 for Punch, 488 for Guardian and 415 for Nigerian Tribune. Table 1 shows how the protest was defined in the various newspapers and social media platforms.
2. How Social Media Defined the Occupy Nigeria Protest?
As shown in Table 1, mass movement was the dominant frame in social media platforms. Results revealed that tweets ranked first with 54.4%, followed by comments in Nairaland (47.2%) and Facebook (29.7%), while blogs had 17.9% of their news articles defining the Occupy Nigeria Protests as a mass movement.
The qualitative data from the four social media platforms also defined the protest as a mass movement. For instance, Ogunyemi Olaitan Bukola said on Facebook: "Comrades, wake up early tomorrow Friday, January 6th, and MARCH down to Olaiya Roundabout in Osogbo by 8 am. It's time to make OUR voices heard; it's time to make OUR will hold!" These comments on Nairaland defined the protest as "peaceful demonstrations" and not "riots": "Ogugua88: this is the brand of the movement. Anyone in Nigeria, I urge you to go. …Please note, these are peaceful demonstrations, not riots!" Another NL commentator shared the following―Honeric01: "Less than 700,000 armed personal against more than 50 million people nationwide, we go see who go run."
Table 1. Definition of the occupy Nigeria protest in social media and newspapers.
The second prominent motivation frame elected by social media was "generational transfer": the mean value from Table 1 yielded 198 (14.8%) for social media and 46 (3.2%) for newspapers. This contrasts with the second best of newspapers which was "poverty" 173 (12.2%) as against 71 (5.3%) for social media. These are excerpts from two blog posts: "We young Nigerians want a change and we want it now. We demand for proper security of lives and properties across the entire nation and say A LOUD NO TO SUBSIDY REMOVAL" (Nigerian Students, Youths and other Professionals in the United Kingdom, "#Occupy Nigeria London―Fuel Subsidy Petition to President 'Good' luck Jonathan sent through the Nigeria High Commission in London", Friday, 6th January 2012). The tool the youths employed was social media: "Twitter rants and rebuffs abound. Also locally trending on Twitter are the all-important updates on the Occupy Nigeria movement around the country. Cyber-activists have also hacked into government agency sites, replacing their web pages with 'Occupy Nigeria'" (Philanterprise, "#Occupy Wall Street…Nigeria…Then?" January 14, 2012).
3. How Newspapers Defined the Occupy Nigeria Protest?
The three newspapers prominently defined the protest as a mass movement: Punch (42.9%), Guardian (35.7%) and Nigerian Tribune (42.2%). This Guardian headlines is precise with the number of protesters in Abuja:
The President of Trade Union Congress (TUC) Peter Esele told the crowd at the "Freedom Square" in Wuse Zone Four that Labour would mobilise 100,000 protesters for today's demonstrations. …At Monday's rally there were about 20,000 demonstrators but the number rose to about 40,000 according to data released by Labour (Oghoghe Obaywanna, John Ogbodo, Collins Olayinka, Seye Olumide and Tunde Akinola, The Guardian, January 11, 2012, p. 1).
The Punch, for instance, emphasized oppression (11.3%), poverty (9.6%) and insensitivity (8.8%) as second main themes. For Guardian, it was poverty (13.1%), insensitivity (12.7%) and corruption (10%). The Nigerian Tribune reported poverty (14.2%), insensitivity (11.8%) and oppression (9.4%). For instance, the Nigerian Tribune revealed the poverty frame (financial hardship) as shown in the hike in transportation fares:
Investigation by the Nigerian Tribune showed that fares had doubled, with commuters travelling to Lagos from Asaba paying as much as N5000; from Asaba to Benin N1000 while those returning to Abuja or Kano paid N8000 and N10,000 respectively, depending on comfort of the vehicle […] Also, intra-city and inter- city fares went up by 100 per cent (Our Reporters, Nigerian Tribune, January 2, 2012, p. 1-2).
The financial hardship as shown in the quote above has basis of credibility. Nigerian writer, Chimamanda Adichie wrote:
On New Year's Day, in my ancestral hometown of Abba in Anambra State in eastern Nigeria, my family and I woke up to unbelievable news: the price of petrol had doubled. Almost immediately, transport fares exploded and food prices rose astronomically. It used to cost 4000 naira―about $25―to fill my petrol tank. Then it cost 10,000 naira [40] .
We will end this section by looking at the "opposition party" frame. The ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) accused the opposition politicians of instigating the protests. A PDP Chieftain warned: "Organized labour and the civil society groups must not allow dangerous elements in the society to exploit their legitimate protests and rallies to attempt an assault on the unity of Nigeria People" (Nigerian Tribune, "Babatope Canvasses Dialogue over Fuel Subsidy Removal", January 11, 2012). This Guardian news story expresses similar sentiments: "There is no doubt that those engineering this strike are compromised by opposition politicians and beneficiaries of subsidy" (The Guardian, "Elechi, others caution Labour over protest", Thursday, 12 January 2012). Elechi's allegations were repeated by Rabiu Kwankwaso: "The situation in Kano is now being politicised. Information available to us indicates that there is a calculated attempt by a political party and a faith-based students' body to take control of the situation" (The Punch, "Subsidy: Protests Enter Day Four", January 6, 2012 by Our Correspondents).
4. How Were the Causes of the Occupy Nigeria Protests Framed in Newspapers and Social Media?
The second goal of this paper is to identify the causes of the Occupy Nigeria Protest by using nine content categories. The frames are: injustice, sympathy, legitimizing, delegitimizing, accountability, spectacle, contextual and trust deficit. The unit of analysis―text only―yielded the following figures. Social media: blogs (163), Nairaland (347), Tweets (929) and Facebook (163). The three newspapers had a total frequency count of: Punch (497), Guardian (637) and Tribune (474). The results of each of the two media are displayed in Table 2 below.
5. How the Causes of Occupy Nigeria Protest Was Framed by the Social Media?
Comments on Nairaland (32%), Tweets (41.2%) and Facebook (60.7%) had legitimizing frames. The only difference in the social media sample was seen in blogs where "accountability" and "injustice" shared the same frequency (17.2 %).
On Nairaland, these comments by 1st estees and belabela respectively, typify the legitimizing frames. 1st estees: "Ibadan, ours was a success story dis morning. We took off as planned at Makola roundabout by Tantalizers and matched slowly and peacefully. We were joined by students from D Polytechnic (sic) UI." Belabela was philosophical: "If you will protest courageously, and yet with dignity and Christian love, when the history books are written in future generations, the historians will have to pause and say, 'There lived a great people―a black people who injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization.'―Martin Luther King Jr., address to Holt Street Baptist Church, 5 December 1955".
The narration by 1st estees and belabela sought recognition or support for the protest and protesters―partici- pant narration. However, the legitimizing frames from Twitter had both support for the protest by non-protesters (foreign or local celebrities and religious leaders) and protesters narrative. For instance, Omojuwa (@omojuwa) tweeted: "Greek Newspaper Publishes #OccupyNigeria Story and Pictures…". The second tweet was from MC HAMMER (@MCHammer): "As we celebrate the Honorable Dr King Our Prayers go out to our Brothers and Sisters in Nigeria #OccupyNigeria". Nigerian celebrities supported the protest. For instance, Asa (asha) tweeting from @Asa_Official wrote: "Greetings from Australia #OccupyNigeria". Another musician, [David Omokekere] Davido (@iamDavido) tweeted: "RT @iamshizzi: Occupying Nigeria with @iamDavido… #OccupyNigeria". Although it might be argued that the two celebrities above could safely support the protest "from Australia" (Asa), however, Uche Jombo-Rodriguez―a Nigerian actor made two successive tweets which lays these doubts to rest―@uchejombo: "Those who cannot stand up for a good cause, should be given a good curse! #OccupyNigeria." Her second tweet read: "This is not a fight against the president or his ministers. It's a fight for what is right. #OccupyNigeria".
The religious support for the protest came from a revered Bishop, according to this tweet by Pdbraide (@pdbraide): "Catholic Bishop leads fuel protest… petitions Police, SSS 2 b proactive on security…#Occupy Nigeria". The tweet shared by Pdbraide was a link to a story reported in Daily Post (an online news portal) which reads thus: "Catholic Bishop ofEkiti Diocese, The Most Reverend Felix Femi Ajakaye, was among the protesters in Ado-Ekiti on Monday." (Daily Post, 2012).
Table 2 shows that Nairaland (NL) had the highest value for delegitimizing frames as the cause of the protest (13.5%) when compared to blogs (4.9%) tweets (3%) and Facebook (9.2%). For instance, Ogugua88, a commentator in Nairaland asserts: "and who are supposed to go out? The man who has his kids (sic) school fees to pay? …I am sorry to burst your bubble but there are many reasons why no protest would work…?" Similarly, Coogar insisted that the protest was uncalled for: "We are wise, dialogue is the way to go…Libya is yet to know peace, same with Egypt".
Two frames were peculiar to Nairaland. First, although all social media reported the fear of violence (spectacle frames) as the second dominant frame, however only NL commented about the violence associated with the protest. Lucida_ng―an NL commentator―queried: "What's the rationale for burning tires? Thought the idea was to use placards? I just pray that this protest remains peaceful…" Lucida_ng's fears were confirmed by Oyb: "they are rioting in Ilorin right now, my dad was attached (sic) while driving and they snatched his handset. Fuckers almost broke his windscreen…" In contrast, Twitter users focused on the celebration mood of protesters. Babatunde Rosanwo (@rosanwo): "#OccupyNigeria occupying police Hq in carnival like manner in Markurdi…" and Kathleen Ndogngmo (@KatheleenNdongwo): "No retreat. No surrender. Almost all of this (sic) crowd is the 'New Nigeria' "#OccupyNigeria…" On Facebook, Samuel Stephen-Wakdok stated: "In the next few days, our patience will be tested. This government and her sympathizers will begin to plant moles in our midst to create chaos and then kill the protesters. The idea is to discredit the movement…" Unlike in Nairaland, this Facebook commentator did not attribute that the violence to the protesters, rather he blamed it on conspiracy against the protesters.
Secondly, only in NL did we identify "delegitimizing frames" that were coloured by ethnic divides. Chuksikem blamed the Yoruba's: "…rubbish, just keep instigating dumb folks; I know your type, typical Yoruba blood, always bolting away at the slightest sound of violence, just the same way your folks did during the Lekki protest". Rich4god accused the Igbo's of cowardice: "what is happening to my brothers in SE, are we just going to swallow the effect without a fight..." On the other hand, Nadanbata said the protest was instigated by northerners: "Aboki don't play o… Waits for someone to come in and ask but what do you contribute to Naija?" [Aboki is an Hausa word meaning friend, but many people in the southern Nigeria use the word to derogatorily refer to Hausas in general.] Mukinawa2 said that northerners believe that the Niger Deltans are inferior: "Stop playing on our intelligence! WE ARE NOT ONE… for now it is a big NO. Hausa is not the head and Niger Delta the tail".
6. How the Causes of Occupy Nigeria Protest Was Framed by Newspapers?
The newspapers expressed similarity in attributing "legitimizing" as the majority cause of the protest?Punch (42.9%), Guardian (31%) and Nigerian Tribune (38.8%). On the other hand, "contextual" frames were the least
Table 2. Causes of the occupy Nigeria protest in social media and newspapers.
possible cause of the protests―Punch (1.2%), Guardian (1.7%) and Nigerian Tribune (1.9%). This is an example of legitimizing frame:
Prof. Wole Soyinka said: "Rarely has government alienation from the people it is meant to serve been so (sic) pronounced as demonstrated in the recent removal of the so-called oil subsidy. The bruited palliatives, as illusory as electoral promises, belong to what Nigerians routinely describe as 'medicine after death.' (The Guardian, "Soyinka, Braithwaite, Achebe, others stand with Nigerians in protest", Monday, January 9, 2013).
We also noticed that newspaper reports had a more balanced narrative than the social media. It was not uncommon, to find two contrasting stories―for or against the protest―in the same reportage. For instance the news story below carried both the sympathy (see first paragraph) and delegitimizing frames (see second paragraph) in the same reportage:
[…] Soldiers from the Presidential Villa under the command of the Commander of Brigade of Guards, Brig. Gen. Emmanuel Atewe, however, dispersed the protesters and arrested their leaders, including Melaye. […] The Presidency on Monday insisted that the cost of petrol in the country remained the cheapest in spite of the astronomical hike in its pump price. Presidential spokesman, Reuben Abati said, "This particular announcement had been foretold. Government had prepared the peoples' mind that in 2012 there will be no subsidy on PMS" (Our Correspondents, The Punch, "Fuel Subsidy Removal Stirs Anger, Protests", January 3, 2012).
In the Punch news story above, expressed both sympathy for the protesters due to harassment from soldiers and at the same time reported a lack of support for the protest by the presidential spokesman. The same is also evident in this news story from the Nigerian Tribune which has both legitimizing and delegitimizing frames reported side-by-side:
On the other hand, the Guardian news story combined both delegitimizing frames and trust deficit frame respectively. This first part of the story shows pro-subsidy removal supporters: "In Ebonyi, there was heavy traffic snarl on major streets of Abakaliki, the state capital yesterday as members of civil society groups numbering about 6,000 marched through the streets to demonstrate their support for the withdrawal of subsidy." The second part of the same Guardian story focused on the lack of trust as expressed by a leader of National Association of Nigerian Students, Mr Nwachukwu Okpalaoka: "…Nigeria runs the risk of losing the subsidy money to private pockets. The problem is that Nigerians are fast losing confidence in their leaders because of corruption" (The Guardian "Pro-subsidy removal rallies gather momentum", Thursday, 12 January 2012, From Isa Abdulsalami, Willie Etim, Emmanuel Badejo, et al.).
The above examples typify the dominant feature in the newspapers examined in this study, a deliberate effort to give a fair and balanced reportage to both parties. Other frames that were coded in newspaper reportage were injustice and spectacle frames. For instance, the only Editorial written by the Nigerian Tribune addressed the "injustice" afflicted by security agents on some protesters.
The only thing not in dispute is that a young man was killed in Ilorin on Tuesday, 3 January, 2012, during a protest against the increase in the price of petrol. Eyewitness said Muyideeen Mustapha was shot by one of the policemen deployed to keep a wary eye on the protesters, but the Kwara State Commissioner of Police, Mr Peter Gana, said the young man was stabbed by a protester because he refused to join the protest. How did the police commissioner know this? Is the person who allegedly stabbed the deceased in custody and did he confess to the crime? (Nigerian Tribune, Editorial, "The Police and Protesters", January 17, 2012, p. 51).
The Nigerian Tribune could not stand the violation of the right to life of a protester (injustice frame) and demanded justice for the young man who was killed by a policeman. Nonetheless, this same newspaper had a week earlier brought to public notice, the violence and deviance of some protesters (spectacle frame):
Protests in the suburb of Abuja were, however, hijacked by hoodlums, leading to confrontations and road blockades at Kuje, Gwagwalada, Nyanya and other parts of the territory…. The street protests also turned violent in Kano State, on Monday …. In Ibadan, the Oyo State capital, hoodlums took the advantage of the protest and started robbing residents, dispossessing them of their valuables. (Our Reporters, The Nigerian Tribune, "Hoodlums Hijack Protests", January 11, 2012, p. 4).
Some staffs of the Guardian newspapers were attacked by protesters: "Two members of staff of Guardian Newspapers Limited (GNL), Mr. Seye Olumide and Mr. Michael Mogaha Ikechukwu, suffered unprovoked attack by purported protesters in Lagos. The duo (sic) is now receiving treatment in a hospital." (The Guardian "Hoodlums attack The Guardian workers", Thursday, 12 January 2012, Isa Abdulsalami, Willie Etim, Emmanuel Badejo, Bertram Nwannekanma, Joseph Onyekwere, Leo Sobechi, and Uzoma Nzeagwu).
7. How Were The Solutions Advocated to End the Occupy Nigeria Protests Framed in Newspapers and Social Media?
The answers to the third research question above were achieved through a content analysis of texts from social media and newspapers. The eight main content categories coded are: resignation of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan (GEJ); the sacking of (Ngozi) Okonjo-Iweala (Finance and Coordinating Minister of the Economy); elimination of subsidy, reverting the price of fuel to status quo, investigating, prosecuting and jailing of convicted embezzlers of the subsidy money on fuel. The others are: cutting government spending, institutional reforms and restoring old refineries/building new ones. The table below shows the solutions advanced for ending the protest by the different media.
8. How the Solutions Advocated for Ending the Occupy Nigeria Protest Were Framed in the Social Media?
Three social media platforms proposed the "revert to old price" as their primary solution to end the protests: Nairaland (23.2%), Tweets (35.6%) and Facebook (32.5%). Bloggers differed as their main solution was institutional reforms (25.4%). The second solution advocated was: "revert to old price" blogs (19.3%); "jailing corrupt people" Nairaland (22.2%); "Institutional reforms" twitter (19.3%) and on Facebook it was "jailing corrupt people" (27.5%).
We will begin our unpacking of the numbers in Table 3 by providing qualitative data. Canary! (@ogundamisi) tweeted: "NLC/TUC to Nigerian Senate. WE SHALL CALL OFF STRIKE ONLY WHEN PRICE IS RETURNED TO FORMER PRICE… #OccupyNigeria". This blog post asserts that: "The Convener of the Save Nigeria Group (SNG), Pastor Tunde Bakare; Human Rights Lawyer, Mr. Femi Falana; and Founder of O'odua People's Congress (OPC), Dr. Fredrick Fasheun, along with other activists and artistes on (sic) yesterday in Lagos, asked President Goodluck Jonathan to resign or revert the pump price of fuel to N65 per litre." (Jobbers, The Info Strides "Situation Reports: Nigerian Fuel Subsidy Removal Protests", January 10, 2012).
This is a sampler of the social media position; revert to old price or nothing. Netizens were rigid because government had not addressed the corruption in petroleum industry and excess government spending.
The first argument by social media users were typified with these posts on Facebook, by Sani Garba Mohammed: "we do not need any compromise; it is either N65 or lower. NLC/TUC, don't cave in". Similarly Tijjani Muhammad Musa said: "N65/litre of petrol is no more acceptable! …we must not accept this reversal back (sic) to that price…" Chiebuka Nworah shared this: "We have to say no to fuel subsidy removal and to corruption. The leaders are ready to once again allow the masses to pay for their corruption and gross misma-
Table 3. Solutions advocated to end the occupy Nigeria protest.
nagement." 'Gbenga Sesan (@gbengasesan) tweeted: "N1.4Tr in subsidy payments is a lie! Our government is wasteful, not serious about fighting corruption! #OccupyNigeria".
Another argument by the government was that of a 'cabal' running the importation of petrol. DaLover in NL claims that: "3 individuals or families have been identified as major marketers, Adenuga, Tinubu and Otedola". Samuel Stephen-Wakdok commented on Facebook: "government cannot deal with corruption or is not willing to confront their buddies that are the 'cabal'. Was Femi Otedola (the Diesel Prince) not the biggest sponsor of the President's ambition in 2011?" Thus protesters were angry with these fuel importers, Eggheader Odewale (@eggheader): "FLASH: Today #OccupyNigeria protesters besieged d Lagos houses of Femi Otedola, Oba Otudeko and Wale Tinubu…." The protesters also wanted them prosecuted. Alj_harem commented on NL: "Worse still, government (sic) failure to tackle the 'cabal' which it claims at every instance is responsible for colossal fraud in oil importation and its failure to revamp the refineries…"
The second factor responsible for the rigidity of "reversal to old price" frame was "cutting government spending". 'Seun Fakuade (@seunfakze) was sarcastic: "OBAMA TO REDUCE SIZE OF GOVT. Jonathan see your mentor!!!... #OccupyNigeria". Sturvs Man (@sturvs) said: "N1 billion for feeding? Do u eat Louis vuitton rice and Gucci beans??? #OccupyNigeria". Profosahon, a Nairaland commentator asserts that: "We cannot tighten our belts when he cannot do same. Jonathan cut these outrageous expenditures and use the savings to fix our power and transport infrastructures…"
The above qualitative data and numbers in Table 3 explains why social media was rigid in their prognosis of "revert to old price" as a solution in ending the Occupy Nigeria protest. Consequently, their insistence on curbing government expenditure can be more clearly understood.
Table 3 shows that bloggers hinged the primary solution to end the protest on the "institutional reforms" frame. For instance Nneka (a blogger) suggested that protesters should: "Draw up a list of priorities that can be realistically accomplished in the next twenty-four months. These priorities should lay a foundation that allows for Nigerians to easily mitigate the effect of a full/partial deregulated downstream sector..." (Nneka, Personal Views, "Fuel Subsidy: When the Return to status quo is not the Victory Desired!" Thursday, January 12, 2012). In the end, it boiled down to a lack of trust ? that the funds saved from the removed subsidy might be misappropriated.
9. How the Solutions Advocated for Ending the Occupy Nigeria Protest Were Framed in Newspapers?
Like the social media platforms, the Punch (44.4%), Guardian (26.1%) and Nigerian Tribune (47.4%) also presented the solution of "reverting to the old price". Their second option was the "eliminating subsidy" frame. However, Punch shared this second option with the "cutting government expenses" (14.4%); Guardian (17.2%) and Nigerian Tribune (26.7%). The newspapers did not see the "resignation of GEJ" or the "sacking of Iwella" as reasonable solutions to resolve the conflict. Their values are revealing: Punch (1.1%); Guardian (0.6%) and Nigerian Tribune (0.9%).
However, the figures above do not narrate events that lead to the end of the protests. The Occupy Nigeria Protest was a reaction to the elimination of subsidy on PMS. Government insisted that there was no other alternative while labour and social movement organisations disagreed. "Governors ofthe 36 states ofthe federation have said that there was no alternative to deregulation of the downstream of petroleum industry to guarantee a better future for the country" (Leon Usigbe, "No alternative to subsidy removal―Govs" Nigerian Tribune, Sunday, 08 January 2012). However, labour and SMOs insisted on reducing excess government spending rather than removing the fuel subsidy: "What about the cost of governance and the financial burden to the people of Nigeria of Nigeria's brand of democracy―the undeserved super jumbo wages, allowances and perks for every so-called 'elected' (though not elected) of the cartels in the executive and the legislative arms of government in Nigeria?" (The Guardian, "Soyinka, Braithwaite, Achebe, others stand with Nigerians in protest" Monday, 09 January 2012).
The intensity of the protests and the insistence on government to cut its expenditure, led to a national broadcast by President Goodluck Jonathan. The president reaffirmed the irreversibility of the price increase but proposed to cut government spending.
On the part of government, we are taking several measures aimed at cutting the size and cost of governance, including on-going and continuous effort to reduce the size of our recurrent expenditure and increase capital spending. For the year 2012, the basic salaries of all political office holders in the executive arm of government will be reduced by 25% (President Goodluck Jonathan, "We'll Reduce Cost of Governance, Says President" Guardian, Sunday, 08 January 2012).
Nonetheless the president's proposal did not convince the protesters. Many believed that he was not sincere:
But while it is calling on Nigerians to sacrifice for a better future, the government itself is not willing to curb its own extravagance and waste, as components in the 2012 budget proposal currently awaiting the approval of the National Assembly have shown (Editorial Board, Punch "Fuel Subsidy and Waste in Budgeting", January 5, 2012).
As the protests progressed, even supporters of fuel subsidy elimination also asked government to cut its expenses and fight corruption in the petroleum industry.
The National Youth Council of Nigeria (NYCN) has said that the removal of fuel subsidy will revamp the various sectors in the nation's economy by stimulating foreign investment… The council, therefore, called on the Federal Government to immediately commence serious probing and sanitisation of the oil sector in order to properly utilise funds accruable from the deregulation policy (Nigerian Tribune "NYCN Backs Subsidy Removal" January 11, 2012)
Civil societies groups, however, remained adamant on the reversal of the fuel subsidy: "A coalition of civil society groups have insisted that a return to the N65 per litre for petrol will be the only basis for calling off street protests and demonstrations, to give room for further negotiations…" (John Alechenu, Emmanuel Obe and Allwell Okpi, Punch, "It's N65 per litre or nothing―Civil groups" January 15, 2012).
The Occupy Nigeria Protest, it would be recalled was championed by labour and civil liberty groups. Eventually only government and labour took the path of compromise: "The NLC president, Comrade Abdulwaheed Omar told State House correspondents that the Federal Government and NLC were prepared to shift grounds" (Leon Usigbe, Olawale Rasheed and Jacob Segun Olatunji, Nigerian Tribune, "Subsidy: FG, Labour Makes Progress, Agree To Shift Grounds, Meet Again On Saturday, Labour Orders Workers to Continue Strike", Abuja Friday, 13 January 2012). Thus in the early hours of January 16, 2012, President Jonathan in an national broadcast reduced the price of petrol from N140 to N97, the original price before the elimination of subsidy was N65. The president said: "government has approved the reduction of the pump price of petrol to N97 per litre" (Full Text of President Goodluck Jonathan Address to the Nation, The Punch "Petrol now N97 per litre" January 16, 2012). Later that same day the leaders of Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) and Trade Union Congress (TUC) suspended their industrial action and directed that the cessation of protests: "Labour and its allies formally announce the suspension of strikes, mass rallies and protests across the country" (Press Conference by NLC and TUC presidents, Abdulwaheed Omar and Peter Esele "Suspension of Strikes and Mass Protests against Hike in Fuel Prices" The Guardian Monday, 16 January 2012).
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Both newspapers and social media defined the protest as mass movement. SMOs have to justify their call to arms and this is important in mobilisation. However, this concordance between newspaper and social media definition rejects the thrust of asymmetrical dependency which has pitched movements at the mercy of old media. The newspapers also accused opposition politicians as the reason for the protest. This was justifiable because some vocal leaders of the civil society part of the Occupy Nigeria Protests were opposition politicians. For instance, Tunde Bakere, Dino Melaye and Nasir El-Rufai, are members of the opposition and vocal critiques of the ruling party. On the other hand, social media differed from newspapers with the predominance of generational frame. This is understandable since social media users want to recreate a Nigerian version of the Arab Spring. As such pictures of Christians forming a ring around praying Muslims or Muslims guarding Christian churches, same as what happened during the Egypt uprising, went viral on social media platforms. Finding also showed that social media protesters tried to mimic the Arab Spring occupation with phrases like: "Kano Liberation Square is turning into Tahrir Square in Egypt", "Slowly but certain, Kano may become the Benghazi of Nigeria" or "The Gani Fawehinmi Freedom Park at Ojota is indeed the Nigerian equivalent of the popular Tahrir Square occupation in Egypt" [4] . On the other hand, newspapers used the other popular definition like oppression and government insensitivity. This is understandable since the protest took place soon after the Boko haram terrorists bombed some churches in Abuja, the capital city of Nigeria on Christmas Day.
Findings show that both newspapers and social media validated the protest, their message and offered support to them. However, it was strange that the social media promoted the violence and protesters' deviant behaviour. This has been the exclusive preserve of traditional media and is one of the reasons for the asymmetrical media imbalance against movements. We think that the social media activists tended to emphasise the support that the protest enjoyed but went overboard by over focusing on the emotion and drama of protesters. Yet the balanced reportage by newspapers was confirmed with their second largest diagnosis of the protest, the delegitimizing frames. This not only confirmed their pluralism but also comparatively showed a lack of it in social media.
Both media showed concord in the solution of first choice they proposed to end the conflict which was the reversal of the price increase to its original cost. However, the gulf between newspapers and social media framing is seen in their second and third choices. The social media activists insisted on annihilating corruption in the petroleum industry and cutting government as a perquisite to withdrawing subsidy on PMS. On the other hand, journalists were more practical with a call for both parties in the conflict to seek a compromise. In the end, the crisis was resolved by both government and labour's adoption of a mean position, which leads to the end of the protest. Thus newspapers revealed a maturity that tempered the ideal with reality. This is essential in conflict resolution and always heralds peace. Unfortunately, the social media activists were obstinate in their long term solutions which left them to only refute solutions advocated by others without offering a better alternative.
In summary, the Occupy Nigeria Protests had similarities in the first choice of frames that defined, attributed causes and proposed solutions for the demonstrations. However, the differences in other predominant frames revealed that traditional media was more faithful to the message of the protest than social media. Social media users were either trying to impose an Arab Spring on Nigeria, showing the strength of their crowd but inadvertently hyping the violence or emotional drama or they were too idealistic in proposing a solution. On the other hand, journalists consistently offered the many sides of the protests. As much as newspapers did not deny government insensitivity as the trigger to the mass action, they also revealed how opposition politics defined the movement. The causes of the protests were not limited to validating the protesters, but often time placed side-by-side with contrary opinions that did not support the protest. The journalists' fair and balanced reportage was also the reason for the compromised they advocated between labour and government. This was absent in the social media narration, which were homogenous and lacked plurality.
As Nigeria deepens her democratic experience, there will be more movements that seek to effect a change or force government to reverse a policy. This study has shown that SMOs should only engage entities that share similar mission with them as the joint collaboration with labour is a disaster. Also movements should effectively engage traditional and social media. Civil societies over reliance on social media in the Occupy Nigeria protests diminish collective identity and crown individualism.
This paper does not have the last word on protests in Nigeria as we are unable to investigate the regional nuances and frames due to the unavailability of local newspapers we have intended to include as samples. Nonetheless, we hope that this study will serve as a catalyst for further investigation on framing, social movement/ media research in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


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Clinical Immunology of the Dog and Cat 2nd Edition
By Michael J. Day
Clinical Immunology of the Dog and Cat 2nd Edition PDF. The First Edition of this book (1999) was greeted by critical acclaim, became a bestseller and was translated into many languages. It proved useful for veterinarians in general practice who may have had limited exposure to the subject of immunology in training to help translate theory into clinical practice. The book details the manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of immune-related disease in the dog and cat. It is illustrated throughout in full colour, to show and explain to the reader as clearly as possible the complicated principles of disease and immunodiagnostic tests, supported by clinical cases, gross and histopathology, cytology, haematology, immunohistochemistry and other immunological tests. Since publication of the First Edition many advances have been made and the Second Edition incorporates these changes in focus and on techniques. There is an additional chapter on respiratory and cardiac disease, and given the continued focus of companion animal practitioners on vaccine-related issues, a new chapter is devoted entirely to the subject of vaccinology. The Second Edition includes approximately 200 new photographic images, an updated list of further reading and an extensive glossary of terms.
This Book is For Premium Members Only


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Herpes : : Negative Igg But Outbreak Symptoms Match Hsv2
I had an encounter with a CSW Feb 2015 that involved unprotected oral but protect vaginal sex. The next day I had a strong itch on my groin and the following day I had a blister cluster of about 6-8 blisters in that area. The blisters went away without any scabbing within 1 or 2 days and never reappeared. I have had a almost near constant itch/tingling in my crotch in the same area ever since.I had assumed this was a HSV-1/2 outbreak from what I had read, and I was unable to visit a clinic at the time. 13 months later, I get the IgG test and my results are:HSV1 < 0.1 negativeHSV2 < 0.1 negativeWhile initially relieved, I'm worried that this < 0.1 on both tests could possibly be a mis-test? I have seen many other tests here come up with number registering . Should I just retest or go for a Western Blot to settle this?
Am I At Risk For Chlamydia
Anyone who has sex can get chlamydia through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex. However, sexually active young people are at a higher risk of getting chlamydia. This is due to behaviors and biological factors common among young people. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men are also at risk since chlamydia can spread through oral and anal sex.
Have an honest and open talk with your health care provider. Ask whether you should be tested for chlamydia or other STDs. If you are a sexually active woman younger than 25 years, you should get a test for chlamydia every year. If you are an older woman with risk factors such as new or multiple sex partners, or a sex partner who has an STD, you should get a test for chlamydia every year. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men as well as pregnant women should also get tested for chlamydia.
Sti Masterclass: Breaking Through The Fear Shame And Stigma Of An Sti Diagnosis
If youre fed up with feeling unworthy, less-than, damaged, or limited by your STI, then join the next cohort in the 60-Day Masterclass, and leave feeling empowered, knowledgable, and confident again!
How to tell if you have it? Mycoplasma Genitalium Symptoms:
In most cases of mycoplasma, there are no symptoms. However, for people with vulvas/vaginas who have symptoms, they may include:
- Burning or painful sensation during urination
- Vaginal itching
- Pain during sex
For people with penises, mycoplasma is often diagnosed in those who suffer from Nongonococcal Urethritis which is not caused by gonorrhea. Symptoms may include:
- Urethral discharge
- Burning or painful sensation during urination
- Arthritis
How to know if you have it? Mycoplasma Tests:
Mycoplasma genitalium is tested by taking a urine sample or a urethral swab or a cervical swab of the secretions is taken.
Relief spells Mycoplasma Genitalium Treatment:
Mycoplasma genitalium is treated with antibiotics. Because Mycoplasma grows very slowly a prolonged course of therapy may be required to eradicate it.
Whats going to happen to me?!!?! Mycoplasma Genitalium Expectations:
A test is needed one month after treatment to make sure that the antibiotics worked. Very occasionally, a second course of antibiotics is required.
Things to be aware of Mycoplasma Complications:
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A Delay Or No Treatment
A false negative test can be a complete disaster, especially when you have your STD in the advanced stage and you require immediate medical attention or treatment. Chlamydia and Gonorrhea both are asymptomatic diseases in their respective initial stages, meaning they dont show much symptoms or signs on the body during their initial stages. False Negative test result may end up a person thinking that he is not suffering from any diseases. Thus, doesnt require any medical attention.
How Do The Symptoms Compare
Both men and women can get chlamydia or gonorrhea and never develop any symptoms.
With chlamydia, symptoms may not appear for a few weeks after youve contracted the infection. And with gonorrhea, women may never experience any symptoms at all or may only show mild symptoms, while men are more likely to have symptoms that are more severe.
A couple of the most telltale symptoms of these STIs overlap between the two , such as:
- burning when you pee
- abnormal, discolored discharge from the penis or vagina
- abnormal discharge from the rectum
- pain in the rectum
- bleeding from the rectum
With both gonorrhea and chlamydia, men may also experience abnormal swelling in their testicles and scrotum, and pain when they ejaculate.
You may also develop symptoms that affect your throat if you engage in oral sex with someone who has one of these conditions. This can cause mouth and throat symptoms, including sore throat and a cough.
Recommended Reading: How Soon Can I Test For Chlamydia
Chlamydia: I Never Told Anyone
I found out I had chlamydia just before I dated my boyfriend, when it began to be serious I got tested but I never told anyone the result. I took my medicine in secret and began to have sex without a condom once I was clean. I told him my test was negative. Since I have a âsex education roleâ towards my friends, I couldnât admit I made a mistake, and I never told my family because they are not open about sexuality in general. I had to face all this alone and I spent a lot of money for the test. It was a very stressful moment, I was not even 19 and in my country when you turn 18, all these tests arenât free anymore.âAnonymous, woman, France, 20
When A Disease Is Common
On the other hand, if half of the people have the disease, the situation is different. The disease will be detected in all of them. It will also be detected in a small number of people who aren't infected. But in that circumstance, the number of false positives is much smaller than the number of true positives.
How many people have the disease makes a huge difference in how tests work. That's why there is no simple answer to how accurate a test result is.
The fact that accuracy depends on disease prevalence is why testing companies and healthcare providers can't just give you a simple answer as to how likely your result is to be correct. It depends not only on the test but on the population it is used in.
Read Also: Things Not To Do When You Have Chlamydia
What Are The Signs Of Chlamydia Or Gonorrhea
Many people who have chlamydia or gonorrhea dont have any signs or symptoms. When there are symptoms, chlamydia and gonorrhea cause very similar things.
Women with symptoms may have:
- Abnormal discharge from the vagina
- Burning when they urinate
- Bleeding between periods
Men with symptoms may have:
- Abnormal discharge from the penis
- Burning when they urinate
- Painful or swollen testicles
Im Pregnant How Does Chlamydia Affect My Baby
If you are pregnant and have chlamydia, you can pass the infection to your baby during delivery. This could cause an eye infection or pneumonia in your newborn. Having chlamydia may also make it more likely to deliver your baby too early.
If you are pregnant, you should get tested for chlamydia at your first prenatal visit. Testing and treatment are the best ways to prevent health problems.
Recommended Reading: How Do Guys Test For Chlamydia
Why Take The Chlamydia And Gonorrhea Test
The Chlamydia and Gonorrhea tests are the best methods to screen and effectively diagnose an active infection. They also help monitor the effectiveness of a treatment path. If positively diagnosed, you are expected to repeat the test three months after completing the treatment. Most doctors opt for a combined test in order to have the right diagnosis and elimination tool.
For both sexually transmitted diseases, people who are at high risk of contracting any of these infections need to get tested routinely. Risk factors include being sexually active and under the age of 25 years, having numerous sex partners, not regularly using condoms, having a previous chlamydia or gonorrhea infection, being a drug addict, having a sex partner who have STD, as well as being HIV positive. Men who have sex with men are also at high risk of becoming infected. Having an early diagnosis can help prevent any complications arising from these infections.
Complications caused by untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea include:
Other complications witnessed by infected men are lymphadenitis, balanitis, urethral stricture, or fistula. To prevent these complications from arising and affecting the quality of your life, you have to be tested routinely and address the problem, effectively.
Can You Be A Carrier Of Chlamydia And Test Negative
07 September 2020
Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the UK and is easily passed from one person to another during sex or sexual contact. One of the reasons its passed on so easily is because many people show no symptoms and therefore dont realise they are infectious. In this blog we look at chlamydia testing and a number of different scenarios to answer the question of whether you can carry chlamydia, whilst still testing negative.
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Hpv: A Brush With Cancer
My annual pap smear came back abnormal. I waited 6 months, as per protocol and went for another one. Abnormal again. Went for an HPV screening and was tested positive for strains 16, 18 and 31âall very high risk strains, known for causing cervical cancer. I had been dating the same person for 5 years at that point, and it caused major strain in our relationship, not knowing where the virus came from or why it had popped up.
What is important to remember is that HPV can lie dormant in a carrier for a long time, so getting diagnosed with it does not necessarily mean your partner cheated. I felt incredibly alone and isolated, because my partner couldn't understand what I was going through, nor could my friends. After I was tested positive for HPV, I went for a colposcopy, which showed severe cervical dysplasia. I had to undergo a cone biopsy under general anaesthesia to remove CIN3, which was afterward identified as cancerous. It was a massive shock to my systemânot necessarily the op but the emotional impact which I did not expect. I was insecure and felt broken, like I would never be whole or myself again. It's now two years post op, all my pap smears have come back clean, and I'm only now feeling I'm getting back on track.
I Was Treated For Chlamydia When Can I Have Sex Again
You should not have sex again until you and your sex partner have completed treatment. If your doctor prescribes a single dose of medication, you should wait seven days after taking the medicine before having sex. If your doctor prescribes a medicine for you to take for seven days, you should wait until you have taken all of the doses before having sex.
Read Also: When Does Chlamydia Show Up
Which Std Test Results Are More Likely To Be False Negative
Although chances of false negative STD test results are very rare, they do happen. In the case of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are the disease where the False negative test result is observed. You can be a carrier of chlamydia or gonorrhea and test negative, but only to discover later that it was actually positive.
Hiv Symptoms But Oraquick Negative 6 / 12 Weeks And 6 / 12 Months
I had a exposure with HIV and tested like you are suppose to but now I quest if I used the right test. I tested at 6 weeks 12 weeks 6 months and 12 months all negative using Oraquick oral swab test. In the past year I have had many infections that I normally don't get and had a rash and sore throat for about 12 past 8 days after the incident. Now I have 2 cuts that won't heal after weeks. I get canker sores constantly and I never got them before and I don't have a appetite and lost 12 pounds over the last 6 months. Everything points to hiv and I wonder if I am one of the people that don't have enough antibodies to detect in my oral fluids area for the test. Do I need another test or is this true? accurate at 1 year.
Also Check: How Long Does Chlamydia Last Without Treatment
When And How To Test Again
Gersh recommends that people get tested once a year, or after every new partner whichever comes first!
Its also good practice to get site-specific STI tests before engaging in sex acts that incorporate a new part of the body.
For example, if you and your partner have never had anal sex and now want to, its a good move to get anal STI tested first.
To get tested, find an STI clinic that tests for all the STIs youre interested in getting tested for.
If you dont know which STIs you want to get tested for and are looking for a doctor to breakdown what STIs youre most at risk for given what sex acts are part of your sex life, its best to go to a clinic that *doesnt* specify one or two or three STIs in their online marketing.
Some clinics, for example, only test for HIV or only test for gonorrhea and chlamydia.
Who Should Get Tested
It's recommended you get tested if:
- you or your partner think you have symptoms of gonorrhoea
- you've had unprotected sex with a new partner
- you or your partner have had unprotected sex with other people
- you have another STI
- a sexual partner tells you they have an STI
- during a vaginal examination, your nurse or doctor tells you the cells of your cervix are inflamed or there's discharge
- you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy
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When Should I Get A Gonorrhea Test
Because many people who are infected with gonorrhea do not have any noticeable symptoms, a number of health organizations recommend regular gonorrhea screening for certain adolescents and adults between the ages of 15 and 65, including:
- Women under 25: All sexually active women younger than age 25 should get yearly screening for gonorrhea.
- Women 25 and older: Women 25 and older who have risk factors for gonorrhea infection should be screened yearly.
- Pregnant women: Because gonorrhea can be passed from mother to child during childbirth, all pregnant women under 25 should be tested. Pregnant women 25 and older should be screened if at an increased risk of gonorrhea infection.
- Men who have sex with men: Men who have sex with men should be screened annually for gonorrhea, or every 3 to 6 months if they are at an increased risk for contracting gonorrhea.
- People with HIV: People diagnosed with HIV should be screened for gonorrhea at least once per year.
Regular screening for gonorrhea in heterosexual men without symptoms is not generally recommended.
Risk factors that impact the frequency of gonorrhea screening include:
- A new sexual partner in the past 60 days
- Multiple sex partners
- Painful bowel movements
- Sore throat
After being treated for gonorrhea, its recommended to test for gonorrhea again three months after completing antibiotics.
Chlamydia : : Tested Negative But Having Symptoms
A little over a month ago I had unprotected intercourse with a girl at the small school I go to. Then I heard about a chlamydia outbreak among the athletes at the school and she was one. After I found this out, which was about 2 weeks after it happened, I went and got tested even though I had no symptoms. The results came back negative but after I got tested symptoms like a very slight irritation here and there. About 2 weeks ago I woke up with a lot of eye discharge but that went away and now the past week I have had very very slight clear and kind of sticky discharge. I didn't know if the test could have been wrong? If not, could this be from a lot of stress about it?
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Hiv Prevention : : Negative 8 Weeks Still Having Symptoms
Risk: unprotected cunnilingus and protected vaginal sex Symptoms: flu sore throat, white dry skin, black rash on arms, lymph nodes neck groin and armpits, white tongue, oral thrush, burning sensation back stomach lips groin and face, loose stool, dark colour urine, weight loss..Test: 6 and 8 weeks antibody and antigen.. negative results How accurate is hiv test at 8 weeks, I'm scared results would change when I test at 12 weeks because I'm still having a lot of symptoms including lymph nodes it driving me insane
How Much Does The Test Cost
The cost of gonorrhea testing depends on several factors, including a persons insurance coverage, the type of gonorrhea test, and where the test is performed. If the gonorrhea test is ordered by a doctor, insurance normally covers most of the cost, except for copays and deductibles. Its important to check with your health care provider for more information about specific costs.
The cost of at-home gonorrhea testing can range from $50 to over $100.
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How Can I Reduce My Risk Of Getting Chlamydia
The only way to avoid STDs is to not have vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
If you are sexually active, you can do the following things to lower your chances of getting chlamydia:
- Be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and has negative STD test results
- Use latex condoms the right way every time you have sex.


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Christopher Ryan Young goes for us today. I've been browsing the new Baseball Reference splits lately and CY's franchise splits for the Dodgers are interesting. Did you know that CY's given up more walks to the Dodgers than to any other franchise? CY's also allowed more stolen bases to the Dodgers. There's all kinds of ways to explain it away, but it's one of those sorts of facts you can tell your friends and they'll be like, that's a f_ckin' awesome bit of trivia.
Derek Christopher Lowe goes for the Dodgers and the most interesting bit of trivia that I could find for him is the fact that the Padres have an On Base Percentage of .309 against him and an even lower slugging percentage of .298. That's ummmm.... that's kinda discouraging considering our recent streak of not being able to hit extra base hits.
I started this GameThread with such high hopes. Now, I'm just anxious not to get smoked too bad.