text:
Comparison in Growth, Feeding, and Metabolism Between a Fast-Growing Selective Strain and a Cultured Population of Pearl Oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii)
- 1State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- 2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
Pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii) is the main species cultured for marine pearls in the world. A breeding program was carried out for desirable production traits, including high growth rate, and a fast-growing selective strain of pearl oysters was established. In the current study, we compared the growth characteristics between a selective strain and a cultured population of P. f. martensii in Beihai, Guangxi Province, China. Large size (SL) and small size (SS) individuals of the selective strain were selected, and the differences of physiological and metabolic indexes, such as feeding, respiration, excretion, and enzyme activities between SL and SS and cultured population (CL), were also compared. The results showed that at the age of 6 months, pearl oysters of the selective strain were 14.61% larger than CL, and the proportion of SL (30–40 mm) was 59%, which was two times higher than CL (28%). SL with a rapid growth rate had a high clearance rate (CR), and the CR of SL was about 1.8 times higher than that of CL and 5 times higher than that of SS. In addition, the activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, pepsin, and lipase) and growth-related carbonic anhydrase enzymes in SL were higher than those in the other two groups (p < 0.05). SS with a slow growth rate had higher oxygen consumption (OCR) and ammonia excretion (AER) rates than SL and CL (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the rapid growth of the selective strain P. f. martensii can be attributed to increased energy intake and reduced energy consumption.
The pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, belonging to the family Pteriidae (Pterioida, Bivalvia), is naturally distributed in countries along the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, such as China, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines (Wang et al., 2004). P. f. martensii is the primary species cultured for marine pearls in China and Japan (Wang et al., 2011a). The pearl oyster industry has become one of the most important mariculture industries in several southern provinces of China, including Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan (Wang et al., 2004; Deng et al., 2009a, 2011; He et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2021). However, the conditions are changing due to the slow growth and mass mortalities of oysters (Deng et al., 2011; Gu et al., 2011). Pearl production dropped sharply in recent years, and the cultivate industry was dealt a huge blow. A selective breeding program toward P. f. martensii was carried out in 2000. A rapid growth selective strain was obtained through hybrid breeding with the Indian population as the male parent and the Chinese Sanya population as the female parent (Wang et al., 2000, 2004). After seven generations of selection, remarkable genetic gains for growth rate and a high proportion of high-quality pearls were achieved in the selected strain (Wang et al., 2011b).
Specific mechanisms associated with fast growth rate in bivalves include the efficacies of processes of food acquisition and metabolic rates in resting or active states (Bayne, 1999, 2000; Bayne et al., 1999; Tamayo et al., 2011, 2014, 2015). Physiological processes related to these mechanisms include clearance rate (CR), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ammonia excretion rate (AER), and enzyme activities. Therefore, ingestion and energy metabolism of some commercial bivalve species have received considerable attention (Ibarrola et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018). Individuals might exhibit faster growth due to increased energy acquisition and maintenance or growth costs (Bayne et al., 1999; Meyer and Manahan, 2010; Tamayo et al., 2011), and this explanation is applicable for other bivalve larval stages (Pace et al., 2006; Tamayo et al., 2014). Furthermore, in bivalves, the process of biological mineralization is closely related to shell growth. Carbonic anhydrase is one of the most important indicators of biological mineralization (Medaković, 2000; Cardoso et al., 2019).
Processes related to energy utilization and growth efficiency of mollusks are largely controlled by genetics, such as in oysters (Bayne et al., 1999; Parker et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2019b), abalone (Gonzalez et al., 2010), and green-lipped mussels (Ibarrola et al., 2017). These theories provide a feasible scheme for improving the growth characteristics of bivalves (Newkirk, 1980; Evans and Langdon, 2006; Schöne et al., 2021). Numerous studies have confirmed effective improvement in commercial traits of bivalve species through selective experiments (Deng et al., 2009b; Gu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2018). Physiological differences between improved selected and non-selected groups were explored (Bayne et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2018). However, the relationship between fast-growth and physiological factors of P. f. martensii has not been documented. Therefore, the study aimed to figure out the physiological processes related to fast-growth, including CR (energy acquisition), OCR and AER (metabolic rate), and digestive enzyme and carbonic anhydrase activities in P. f. martensii, determine the physiological parameters leading to the existence of differences in the growth potential of the selective strain, and explore the mechanism of selected strain of fast-growing P. f. martensii from a physiological point of view.
Materials and Methods
Pearl Oyster Collection
On June 10, 2020, two different stocks, A and B, of P. f. martensii were selected to conduct mass selection experiments at a shellfish hatchery in Beihai, Guangxi Province, China. Stock A descended from the fast-growing selective strain. Stock B was a cultured population without artificial selection. For the two stocks, 50 individuals were selected as parents in each group, and the two groups were inseminated to obtain progeny. Larval rearing was similar to the process previously described by Zheng et al. (2004) and Deng et al. (2011). After 30 d, juveniles from each group were taken from the polyethylene bags and raised in coastal areas suspended on a raft. The two groups were cultured in the same area located at Beihai, China (21°26′-21°55′ N, 108°50′-109°47′ E).
The polyethylene bags were cleaned periodically, and the oyster shell height was measured monthly. On November 10, 2020, a total of 270 randomly selected individuals from each group were taken to the laboratory and used in a physiological experiment. Pearl oysters of the selected strain were divided into two groups (SL, shell height 37.56 ± 9.01 mm; SS, shell height 10.01 ± 0.31 mm) based on shell height. Large-sized individuals from the cultured population (CL, shell height 36.76 ± 9.88 mm) were selected to compare the physiological differences between the populations (inter-population) (Table 1).
From December 10, 2020, the oyster shell height was measured for 6 months. A total of 100 oysters of the selective strain and cultured population were randomly selected to determine the size-frequency distribution (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Growth of shell height of selective strain and cultured population pearl oysters. *p < 0.05.
Experimental Design
After 24 h of starvation, the SL, SS, and CL oysters were placed in 100 L buckets, with 30 individuals per bucket. Each group was replicated thrice and domesticated in the laboratory for 7 d. Pearl oysters were fed twice a day with a microalgae diet of Isochrysis galbana (3 × 104 cells/mL). Water temperature and salinity were maintained at 19 ± 0.5°C and 30 ± 0.5‰, respectively. Seawater was stored and aerated after precipitation and sand filtration before each experiment.
Physiological Parameters Determination
After a week of acclimation, 10 pearl oysters from each of the three groups (SL, SS, and CL) were randomly collected and placed in 1 L beakers. Each treatment was replicated thrice. One blank beaker with no pearl oysters was set as the control group for each treatment. Pearl oysters were fed with I. galbana (6 × 104 cells mL−1). The experiment lasted for 3 h, and the concentration of algae was calculated under a microscope by a hemocytometer.
CR (clearance rate) is defined as the volume of water cleared of algal cells per hour. The value of CR (L/h) was estimated following the equation (Zhang et al., 2018):
where V = volume (L) of beaker, t = duration of the measurement (h), C0 = concentration of unicellular algae at initial time, and Ct = concentration of unicellular algae at t time. Cell concentrations were measured by direct counting with a haemocytometer. Sd = variable coefficient of the control group unicellular algae. W = dry weight of the pearl oyster soft tissues.
Metabolism Measurements
Closed-chamber respiration methods were employed to determine oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia excretion rate (AER). Six pearl oysters were placed in 3 L glass respiration chamber at test SL, SS, and CL, which was aerated for at least 1 h to reach oxygen saturation before the measurement. Each group was replicated thrice and one blank chamber with no oysters was used as the control. The experiment lasted for 3 h. Water samples were collected by siphoning, and dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured at the start and end of the experiment. DO was measured by the YSI (5331) polarographic electrode coupled with a micro-oxymeter (Yellow Springs, OH, USA). Ammonia determination was done by the sodium hypobromite method (Gu et al., 2020). The DO and ammonia of blank seawater were carried out and then subtracted from the experimental units to correct for autogenic trends. DO was not <4.2 mg/L (more than 70% of total DO) in test vessels at the end of the experiment. Ammonia accumulation did not exceed the maximum values of ammonium concentration (0.04 mg/L).
OCR (mg/h) was calculated using the following equation:
The initial and final concentrations of DO are expressed as DO0 and DOt, t = duration of measurement (h), V = volume of the chamber (L), and W= dry weight of soft tissues.
AER (mg/L) was measured using the following equation:
The initial and final concentrations of AER are expressed as N0 and Nt, t = duration of measurement (h), V = volume of the chamber (L), and W = dry weight of the soft tissues.
The oxygen: nitrogen (O/N) atomic ratio was used to estimate the proportion of protein in relation to lipids or carbohydrates for metabolism, which was calculated as follows:
Digestive Enzyme and Carbonic Anhydrase Activities
Before the experiment, three groups of pearl oysters were starved for 1 d. Ten oysters were randomly selected from each group. The visceral mass was removed from each oyster by vivisection on a liquid nitrogen cold plate, rapidly frozen, and stored at −80°C. The visceral mass was shredded with a tissue mashing instrument, and then the analytical balance was used to weigh visceral mass (0.01 g), diluted 10 times with sterilized normal saline, and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Then, each supernatant was collected in an Eppendorf tube and stored at 4°C. Amylase, lipase, pepsin, and carbon acid anhydride enzyme activities were determined using commercial assay kits (Nanjing Jian-cheng Institute, Nanjing, China).
Amylase activity was determined by the method described by Vega-Villasante et al. (1993), using starch as a substrate. The samples were read spectrophotometrically at 540 nm, and results were expressed in units per milligram of protein (U/mg protein). Lipase activity was determined by the method described by Li et al. (2020), using β-naphthyl-caprylate as a substrate. The activity was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 540 nm, and the specific activity was expressed in units per milligram of protein (U/mg protein). Pepsin activity was determined by the method described by Li et al. (2020), using hydrolyzed proteins to produce amino acids containing phenols as a substrate. The samples were read spectrophotometrically at 660 nm, and results were expressed in units per milligram of protein (U/mg protein). Carbon acid anhydride enzyme activities were measured using the classical phenol red method (Roy et al., 2012). The samples were read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm, and results were expressed in units per milligram of protein (U/g protein).
Statistical Analysis
The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (S.D.). The differences in physiological measurements among different categories were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the significant differences among the treatments at p < 0.05. If the main effects were significant, Tukey's multiple range test was used to compare the mean values (p < 0.05) between individual treatments. Analysis was conducted using SPSS statistics 20.0 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Growth Rate Comparisons
In 6 months, selective breeding pearl oysters had a higher phenotypic (shell height) mean than the cultured population (Figure 1). At the age of 6 months, the average shell height was 3.9 mm (14.61%), which was higher than the cultured population (p < 0.05). The cultured population had a higher value of phenotypic variation (CV) (Table 2). In the selective strain (Figure 1), the proportion of large size (30–40 mm) individuals was higher (59%) than the control group (28%). The proportion of 20–30 mm pearl oysters was the highest among the cultured population, accounting for 60% (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Size distribution of selective strain and cultured population pearl oysters at 6-month-old.
Differences in Physiological Performance
CRs of pearl oysters of three groups are shown in Figure 3A. SL had a higher CR than the other two groups (p < 0.05) (Table 3). The value was about 1.8 times higher than CL and 5 times higher than SS.
Figure 3. (A–D) The clearance rate, oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate, and O/N rate of P. f. martensii in SL, CL, and SS groups. Means ± S.D. are presented. n = 3 replicate per treatment. Different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
Table 3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test of clearance rate, oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate, and O/N rate of P. f. martensii in the three groups.
OCR and AER
There were significant differences in OCR and AER between the SL and SS and CL (Figures 3B,C). ANOVA test showed that weight traits were significantly correlated with the changes of AER and OCR (p < 0.05) (Table 3). The AER and OCR decreased as the dry weight of soft tissues increased, and there was a negative correlation between them. The AER and OCR of SS were significantly higher than that in SL (p < 0.05). Under the same specifications, the AER and OCR in SL were significantly higher than that in CL (p < 0.05).
Comparison of Enzyme Activities
Enzyme activities of the three groups are presented in Figure 4. For the three digestive enzymes, the activities of SL were significantly higher than those of SS and CL (p < 0.05). Amylase activity of SL was about 10 times higher than that of SS and 1.7 times higher than that of CL (Figure 4A). Although the specifications of CL and SS differ greatly, there was no significant difference in lipase activity between them (Figure 4B). When comparing the pepsin activity, significant differences were observed among three groups, and the activity in SL was about 3 times higher than that of SS (Figure 4C). For carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme activity in SL and CL was significantly higher than that in SS (p < 0.05) (Figure 4D).
Figure 4. (A–D) Specific activities of amylase, pepsin, lipase, and carbonic anhydrase activities in the visceral mass of P. f. martensii. Means ± S.D. are presented. n = 3 replicate per treatment. Different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).
In the present study, we compared the growth differences between the selective strain of P. f. martensii and the control group, and results showed that the growth rate of selective strain was significantly improved (14.61%) (p < 0.05), which was consistent with the previous study on 1-year-old selective strain pearl oyster (15.31%) (Wang et al., 2011a). The proportion of large-size (30–40 mm) oysters in the selected strain was two times higher than the cultured population. In addition, the median of shell height of the selected strain was larger, and the coefficient of variation was smaller, indicating that the cumulative multi-generation selection breeding improved the growth rate and reduced the phenotypic differences of the young generations (Wang et al., 2011b).
The differences of growth rate or survival were mainly caused by physiological variety, such as feeding, respiration, or enzyme activities (Bayne, 2000; Tamayo et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2019a, 2020). Feeding, respiration, and excretion are the most important basic forms of metabolism in organisms. In this study, we examined the difference of feeding and metabolism between the selected strain and cultured population of P. f. martensii and identified the mechanism responsible for the improved growth performance in the selective breeding of pearl oysters.
In this study, mean CR values in P. f. martensii ranged from 0.4 to 1.6 (L/g*h), which were close to the values of Tapes decussatus and banded carpet-shell clams Paphia rhomboïdes (Savina and Pouvreau, 2004), but comparatively lower than the values of the Indo-Pacific mytilid Brachidontes pharaonis (Sara et al., 2008) and clams Ruditapes decussatus (Sobral and Widdows, 1997). Inter-tidal species living in highly variable habitats should seize an immediate advantage from every profitable environmental situation allowing them to acquire energy to be allocated to growth and reproduction (Wang et al., 2015a). Pearl oysters showed a relatively low food acquisition speed, which explained that the species lived in an invariable condition. This hypothesis was proven by a study, which reported that ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) under subtidal zone conditions exhibited lower CR than intertidal conspecific (Charles and Newell, 1997). P. f. martensii is a species distributed in the subtidal zone (Wang et al., 2004). CR of the selected strain pearl oysters with a highly homologous genetic basis was significantly different, indicating that feeding rates were highly correlated with growth within species (Vladimirova et al., 2003). In the comparison between the selective strain and cultured population, CR values of the same size were also significantly different, which showed a reduced ecological footprint of the selective strain oysters (Hall et al., 2020). The results were similar to Tamayo et al. (2012), who found that the rapid growth of R. philippinarum showed a significantly higher CR than slow-growing ones, irrespective of temperature. Correlations between growth and CR have been published in several marine bivalves (Sousa et al., 2011; Tamayo et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2018). The individuals with rapid growth had relatively higher clearance rate and absorption rate and lower metabolic cost (Hall et al., 2020). Bivalves may maximize energy for growth through rapid feeding. This hypothesis was supported by Bayne et al. (1999), who reported that rapid growth in Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialism) was positively related to increased food acquisition.
OCR is a crucial physiological parameter that reflects the energy metabolism level of aerobic respiration (Zhang et al., 2018). AER is considered an index to evaluate the tolerance of bivalves to environmental stress (Nie et al., 2017). In this study, OCR values ranged from 0.45 to 2.30 (mg/g*h), and AER values ranged from 0.07 to 0.19 (mg/g*h), which were different from the results reported by Wang et al. (2009). These differences may be caused by different temperatures, as temperature is a fundamental factor influencing energy metabolism in marine bivalves (Tamayo et al., 2015). Wang et al. (2009) also confirmed that OCR and AER of P. f. martensii were positively associated with temperature. The fast-growing selective strain of pearl oysters was obtained through generations of intensive mass selection. Therefore, the genetic basis was highly homologous (Wang et al., 2011a). According to the current study (showed in Figure 3), OCR and AER of SS pearl oysters were comparatively higher than SL. Such metabolic behavior was previously reported in R. philippinarum (Tamayo et al., 2011, 2012) and oyster (C. gigas) (Zhang et al., 2018), indicating that the size of an organism was closely associated with the metabolic rate (Kang et al., 2010). Generally, metabolic rate of the small specification was significantly faster than large ones, including the larval stage (Beiras and Camacho, 1994; Kang et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2020). Higher metabolic rate in SS was associated with a smaller deficiency in heterozygote frequencies, a genetic condition imposing raised metabolic costs associated with elevated protein turnover rates (Hawkins et al., 1989; Hawkins, 1995; Tremblay et al., 1998; Myrand et al., 2002). As shown in Figure 3, both OCR and AER of metabolism were significantly higher in SL and SS than CL (p < 0.05). A similar metabolism behavior was reported in the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), where the selective bred of hard clam showed a 33% increment in their standard OCR compared to the wild individuals (Pernet et al., 2006). It suggests that the differences in growth and metabolism of P. f. martensii are caused by genetic variation, and the genes that control growth are pleiotropic or closely linked to the genes determining physiological traits (Wang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2018).
O/N represents the ratio of protein to fat and carbohydrate catabolism in organism (Mayzaud, 1976). If the energy is completely supplied by protein, the O/N value is 7. If the energy is supplied by protein and fat, the ratio is 24. If the energy is completely supplied by fat or carbohydrate, the ratio will become infinite (Mayzaud, 1976). For SL and CL, the main energy supply was protein, followed by fat and carbohydrate, while the proportion of protein oxidation energy supply decreased for SS in this study. The results were consistent with R. philippinarum (Nie et al., 2017).
For energy utilization during the metabolic process, various complex organic compounds are hydrolyzed to monomeric subunits, including glucose, fatty acid, and amino acids (Boetius and Felbeck, 1995). Marine molluscs obtain multiple nutritional requirements by utilizing various digestive enzymes, such as amylase, lipase, trypsin, pepsin, and lysozyme, to catalyze and decompose different types of substrates (Weel, 1961; Wang et al., 2015b; Martínez-Montaño et al., 2018; Kong et al., 2019). In this study, we observed three typical digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and pepsin) in P. f. martensii. The types and activities of enzymes were different from those reported by Wang et al. (2010), for example, the value of amylase activity was comparatively lower than in their studies. The difference in the type and level of digestive enzymatic activity may be due to differences in diet (Fernández-Reiriz et al., 2001; Labarta et al., 2002; Alberto et al., 2020). In the experiment, we found no cellulase activity in any of the test tubes. During the experiment, the enzyme activity was examined to reduce the types of error in the feed. All groups were fed I. galbana for domestication, which was considered common feed for bivalves (Cheng et al., 2020). I. galbana has a naked cell without cell walls, but cellulase is related to the digestion of cell walls (Cheng et al., 2020), indicating the absence of cellulase in pearl oysters (P. f. martensii). In addition, digestive enzyme activity was strongly correlated with body size. A study on Aulacomya ater showed that increasing body-size increased specific amylase activity (Ibarrola et al., 2012). However, increasing body-size promoted a significant reduction in protease activity in M. chilensis, chorus mussel (Choromytilus chorus), and A. ater (Ibarrola et al., 2012). In the current study, the activities of three digestive enzymes were higher in large individuals (SL and CL) than SS, indicating a relatively higher food processing capacity in the gut of fast-growing pearl oysters (Tamayo et al., 2012). Metabonomics and transcriptome studies have showed that fast-growing pearl oysters (P. f. martensii) exhibited higher digestion, anabolic ability, and osmotic regulation ability than the slow-growing group (Hao et al., 2019).
The successive selection of fast-growing bivalves may have positive effects on hydrolytic activities of gland tissues and enzyme activities in digestive glands, which are closely correlated with the digestive capacities of bivalves (Ibarrola et al., 2000; Tamayo et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2018). Studies on bivalves had confirmed that a significant degree of genetic control was exerted over parameters influencing energy utilization and growth efficiency, including oysters (Bayne et al., 1999; Parker et al., 2010) and green-lipped mussels (Ibarrola et al., 2017). By comparing first-generation yellow shell color and cultivated stocks of P. f. martensii, the digestive enzyme activity was effectively increased through breeding (Wang et al., 2010). We also obtained similar results for digestive enzyme activity.
Carbonic anhydrase, one of the major biocatalysts for carbon capture and storage, is involved in shell formation processes in bivalves. The activity of carbonic anhydrase in the mantle tissue of European abalone (Haliotis tuberculate) was closely related to the formation of shell structure (prismatic and nacreous layers) (Roy et al., 2012). Carbonic anhydrase plays a key role in regulating mineralized structures through calcium carbonate crystal formation (Cardoso et al., 2019). In the internal selected strain, SL had a higher carbonic anhydrase activity than SS, indicating that larger pearl oysters had a higher calcium carbonate formation and shell mineralization. Studies on blue mussels (M. edulis) have confirmed that carbonic anhydrase activity is essential for rapid shell development (Medaković, 2000). Wilbur and Anderson (1950) also reported that enzyme content might increase with the development of shellfish.
In summary, pearl oysters (P. f. martensii) from the fast-growing selective strain had more efficient food ingestion, food digestion, and energy absorption compared to the cultured population. In the inter selective strain, the OCR of SS was nearly 3 times higher than that of SL, and the AER of SS was 1.5 times higher than that of SL, which proved that a combination of fast feeding and reduced metabolic costs would enable SL to increase their growth rate. In order to identify growth-related regulatory genes, further investigation is required to compare gene expression in contrasting physiological phenotypes.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics Statement
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Committee and Laboratory Animal Department of Hainan University. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.
Author Contributions
AW and CL designed the experiment. BY and ML performed the experiment. ZG analyzed the experimental data and draw diagrams. XZ wrote the paper. SY revised the paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
This research was supported financially by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0900704), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (1772847), and the Talent Development Program of Hainan Province (HD-YSZX-202011).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.770702/full#supplementary-material
Alberto, P. R., Gabriela, M. A., Regina, E. G., Gabriela, M. C., Dariel, T. R., and Cristina, E. F. (2020). Seaweed single cell detritus effects on the digestive enzymes activity and microbiota of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. J. Appl. Phycol. 32, 3481–3493. doi: 10.1007/s10811-020-02167-4
Bayne, B. L. (1999). Physiological components of growth differences between individual oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and a comparison with Saccostrea commercialis. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 72:705. doi: 10.1086/316714
Bayne, B. L. (2000). Relations between variable rates of growth, metabolic costs and growth efficiencies in individual Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialis). J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 251, 185–203. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00211-2
Bayne, B. L., Svensson, S., and Nell, J. A. (1999). The physiological basis for faster growth in the sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis. Biol. Bull–US. 197, 377–387. doi: 10.2307/1542792
Beiras, R., and Camacho, A. P. (1994). Influence of food concentration on the physiological energetics and growth of Ostrea edulis larvae. Mar. Biol. 120, 427–435. doi: 10.1007/bf00680217
Boetius, A., and Felbeck, H. (1995). Digestive enzymes in marine invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments. Mar. Biol. 122, 105–113. doi: 10.1007/BF00349283
Cardoso, J. C. R., Ferreira, V., Zhang, X., Anjos, L., Félix, R. C., Batista, F. M., et al. (2019). Evolution and diversity of alpha-carbonic anhydrases in the mantle of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Sci. Rep. 9:10400. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46913-2
Charles, F., and Newell, R. (1997). Digestive physiology of the ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn) held at different tidal heights. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 209, 201–213. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02694-9
Cheng, P., Zhou, C., Chu, R., Chang, T., Xu, J., Ruan, R., et al. (2020). Effect of microalgae diet and culture system on the rearing of bivalve mollusks: Nutritional properties and potential cost improvements. Algal. Research. 51:102076. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102076
Deng, Y., Du, X., and Wang, Q. (2009a). Selection for fast growth in the chinese pearl oyster, pinctada martensii: response of the first generation line. J. World. Aquacult. Soc. 40, 843–847. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00307.x
Deng, Y., Fu, S., Du, X., and Wang, Q. (2009b). Realized heritability and genetic gain estimates of larval shell length in the chinese pearl oyster pinctada martensii at three different salinities. N. Am. J. Aquacult. 71, 302–306. doi: 10.1577/A08-024.1
Deng, Y., Yu, Z., Du, X., Wang, Q., and Fu, S. (2011). Growth performance and physiological parameters of the second generation selected and control groups of pinctada martensii. Acta. Oceanol. Sin. 30, 120–125. doi: 10.1007/s13131-011-0112-9
Evans, S., and Langdon, C. (2006). Direct and indirect responses to selection on individual body weight in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture 261, 546–555. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.07.037
Fernández-Reiriz, M., Labarta, U., Navarro, J., and Velasco, A. (2001). Enzymatic digestive activity in Mytilus chilensis (Hupé 1854) in response to food regimes and past feeding history. J. Comp. Physiol. B. 171, 449–456. doi: 10.1007/s003600100194
Gonzalez, G. G., Brokordt, K. B., and Winkler, F. E. (2010). Repeatability of physiological traits in juvenile Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Mar. Biol. 157, 2195–2203. doi: 10.1007/s00227-010-1485-6
Gu, Z., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., and Wang, A. (2011). Heritable characteristics in the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii: comparisons of growth and shell morphology of Chinese and Indian populations, and reciprocal crosses. J. Shellfish Res. 30, 241–246. doi: 10.2983/035.030.0207
Gu, Z., Wei, H., Cheng, F., Wang, A., and Liu, C. (2020). Effects of air exposure time and temperature on physiological energetics and oxidative stress of winged pearl oyster (Pteria penguin). Aquacult. Rep. 17:100384. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100384
Hall, S. A., Méthé, D., Stewart-Clark, S. E., Clark, K. F., and Tremblay, R. (2020). Comparison of absorption efficiency and metabolic rate between wild and aquaculture oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Aquaculture. Rep. 16:100263. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100263
Hao, R., Du, X., Yang, C., Deng, Y., Zheng, Z., and Wang, Q. (2019). Integrated application of transcriptomics and metabolomics provides insights into unsynchronized growth in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Sci. Total Environ. 666, 46–56. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.221
Hawkins, A. J. S. (1995). Effects of temperature change on ectotherm metabolism and evolution: Metabolic and physiological interrelations underlying the superiority of multi-locus heterozygotes in heterogeneous environments. J. Therm. Biol. 20, 23–33. doi: 10.1016/0306-4565(94)00023-C
Hawkins, A. J. S., Widdows, J., and Bayne, B. L. (1989). The relevance of whole-body protein metabolism to measured costs of maintenance and growth in Mytilus edulis. Physiol. Zool. 62, 745–763. doi: 10.1086/physzool.62.3.30157925
He, G., Liu, X., Xu, Y., Liang, J., Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021). Repeated exposure to simulated marine heatwaves enhances the thermal tolerance in pearl oysters. Aquat. Toxicol. 239:105959. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105959
Ibarrola, I., Arambalza, U., Navarro, J. M., Urrutia, M. B., and Navarro, E. (2012). Allometric relationships in feeding and digestion in the Chilean mytilids Mytilus chilensis (Hupé), Choromytilus chorus (Molina) and Aulacomya ater (Molina): A comparative study. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 426–427, 18–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2012.05.012
Ibarrola, I., Etxeberria, M., Iglesias, J. I. P., Urrutia, M. B., and Angulo, E. (2000). Acute and acclimated digestive responses of the cockle Cerastoderma edule (L.) to changes in the food quality and quantity II. Enzymatic, cellular and tissular responses of the digestive gland. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 21, 181–198. doi: 10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00233-1
Ibarrola, I., Hilton, Z., and Ragg, N. L. C. (2017). Physiological basis of inter-population, inter-familiar and intra-familiar differences in growth rate in the green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus. Aquaculture 479, 544–555. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.06.031
Kang, K. H., Haemgoong, P., Kim, Y. H., Seon, S. C., and Zhou, B. (2010). Filtration and oxygen consumption rates on various growth stages of Scapharca broughtonii spat. Aquaculture. Res. 39, 195–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01879.x
Kong, H., Wu, F., Jiang, X., Wang, T., Hu, M., Chen, J., et al. (2019). Nano-TiO2 impairs digestive enzyme activities of marine mussels under ocean acidification. Chemosphere 237:124561. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124561
Labarta, U., Fernández-Reiriz, M. J., Navarro, J. M., and Velasco, A. (2002). Enzymatic digestive activity in epifaunal (Mytilus chilensis) and infaunal (Mulinia edulis) bivalves in response to changes in food regimes in a natural environment. Marine Biol. 140, 669–676. doi: 10.1007/s00227-001-0742-0
Li, C., Liu, E., Li, T., Wang, A., Liu, C., and Gu, Z. (2020). Suitability of three seaweeds as feed in culturing strawberry conch Strombus luhuanus. Aquaculture 519:734761. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734761
Li, Q., Wang, Q., Liu, S., and Kong, L. (2011). Selection response and realized heritability for growth in three stocks of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Fisheries. Sci. 77, 643–648. doi: 10.1007/s12562-011-0369-0
Martínez-Montaño, E., Uriarte, I., Rosas, C., Amthauer, R., Romero, A., and Farías, A. (2018). Replacing live feed with formulated diets in juvenile Patagonian red octopus (Enteroctopus megalocyathus). Aquacult. Nutr. 24, 633–643. doi: 10.1111/anu.12589
Mayzaud, P. (1976). Respiration and nitrogen excretion of zooplankton. IV. The influence of starvation on the metabolism and the biochemical composition of some species. Mar. Biol. 37, 47–58. doi: 10.1007/BF00386778
Medaković, D. (2000). Carbonic anhydrase activity and biomineralization process in embryos, larvae and adult blue mussels Mytilus edulis L. Helgol. Mar. Res. 54, 1–6. doi: 10.1007/s101520050030
Meyer, E., and Manahan, D. T. (2010). Gene expression profiling of genetically determined growth variation in bivalve larvae (Crassostrea gigas). J. Exp. Biol. 213:749. doi: 10.1242/jeb.037242
Myrand, B., Tremblay, R., and Sévigny, J. M. (2002). Selection against blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) homozygotes under various stressful conditions. J. Hered. 93, 238–248. doi: 10.1093/jhered/93.4.238
Newkirk, G. F. (1980). Review of the genetics and the potential for selective breeding of commercially important bivalves. Aquaculture 19, 209–228. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(80)90045-9
Nie, H. T., Huo, Z. M., Hou, X. L., Chen, Y., Yang, F., Yan, X. W., et al. (2017). Comparison study on the effect of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in zebra strain and wild ruditapes philippinarum. Acta. Hydrobiol. Sinica 41, 121–126.
Pace, D. A., Marsh, A. G., Leong, P. K., Green, A. J. D, and Hedgecock Manahan, D. T. (2006). Physiological bases of genetically determined variation in growth of marine invertebrate larvae: A study of growth heterosis in the bivalve Crassostrea gigas. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 335, 188–209. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2006.03.005
Parker, L. M., Ross, P. M., and O'Connor, W. A. (2010). Comparing the effect of elevated pCO2 and temperature on the fertilization and early development of two species of oysters. Mar. Biol. 157, 2435–2452. doi: 10.1007/s00227-010-1508-3
Pernet, F., Tremblay, R., Gionet, C., and Landry, T. (2006). Lipid remodeling in wild and selectively bred hard clams at low temperatures in relation to genetic and physiological parameters. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 4663–4675. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02581
Roy, N. L., Marie, B., Gaume, B., Guichard, N., Delgado, S., Zanella-Cléon, I., et al. (2012). Identification of two carbonic anhydrases in the mantle of the european abalone Haliotis tuberculata (Gastropoda, Haliotidae): Phylogenetic Implications. J. Exp. Zool. Part. B. 318, 353–367. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.22452
Sara, G., Romano, C., Widdows, J., and Staff, F. J. (2008). Effect of salinity and temperature on feeding physiology and scope for growth of an invasive species (Brachidontes pharaonis-mollusca: bivalvia) within the Mediterranean sea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 363, 130–136. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.06.030
Savina, M., and Pouvreau, S. (2004). A comparative ecophysiological study of two infaunal filter-feeding bivalves: Paphia rhombodes and Glycymeris glycymeris. Aquaculture 239, 289–306. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.05.029
Schöne, B. R., Huang, X., Zettler, M. L., Zhao, L., Mertz-Kraus, R., Jochum, K. P., et al. (2021). Mn/Ca in shells of Arctica islandica (Baltic Sea) – A potential proxy for ocean hypoxia? Estuar. Coast Shelf S 251:107257. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107257
Sobral, P., and Widdows, J. (1997). Effects of elevated temperatures on the scope for growth and resistance to air exposure of the clam Ruditapes decussatus (L.), from southern Portugal. Sci. Mar. 61:1128. doi: 10.1023/A:1018435711128
Sousa, J., Matias, D., Joaquim, S., Ben-Hamadou, R., and Leitão, A. (2011). Growth variation in bivalves: New insights into growth, physiology and somatic aneuploidy in the carpet shell Ruditapes decussatus. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 406, 46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.06.001
Tamayo, D., Ibarrola, I., Cigarria, J., and Navarro, E. (2015). The effect of food conditioning on feeding and growth responses to variable rations in fast and slow growing spat of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 471, 92–103. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2015.05.017
Tamayo, D., Ibarrola, I., and Navarro, E. (2012). Thermal dependency of clearance and metabolic rates in slow and fast growing spat of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 163, 893–904. doi: 10.1007/s00360-013-0764-1
Tamayo, D., Ibarrola, I., Urrutia, M. B., and Navarro, E. (2011). The physiological basis for inter-individual growth variability in the spat of clams (Ruditapes philippinarum). Aquaculture 321, 113–120. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.08.024
Tamayo, D., Ibarrola, I., Urrutxurtu, I., and Navarro, E. (2014). Physiological basis of extreme growth rate differences in the spat of oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Mar. Biol. 161, 1627–1637. doi: 10.1007/s00227-014-2447-1
Tremblay, R., Myrand, B., Sevigny, J. M., Blier, P., and Guderley, H. (1998). Bioenergetic and genetic parameters in relation to susceptibility of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis (L.) to summer mortality. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 221, 27–58. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00114-7
Vega-Villasante, F., Nolasco, H., and Civera, R. (1993). The digestive enzymes of the pacific brown shrimp penaeus californiensis.: I—properties of amylase activity in the digestive tract. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B. 106, 547–550. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90130-W
Vladimirova, I. G., Kleimenov, S. Y., and Radzinskaya, L. I. (2003). The relation of energy metabolism and body weight in bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Biol. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. 30, 392–399. doi: 10.1023/A:1024822225406
Wang, A., Deng, F., Zhang, X., Yan, B., and Zhang, M. (2000). RAPD Analysis on genetic diversity of Pinctada martensii Dunker. Wuhan University J. 46, 467–470.
Wang, A., Shi, Y., and Zhou, Z. (2004). Morphological trait parameters and their correlations of the first generation from matings and crosses of geographical populations of Pinctada martensii (Dunker). Mar. Fish. Res. 25, 39–45.
Wang, A., Wang, Y., Gu, Z., Li, S., Shi, Y., Guo, X., et al. (2011a). Development of expressed sequence tags from the pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii Dunker. Mar. Biotechnol. 13, 275–283. doi: 10.1007/s10126-010-9296-9
Wang, J., Zhao, L., Liu, J., Wang, H., and Xiao, S. (2015a). Effect of potential probiotic Rhodotorula benthica D30 on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immunity in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish. Shellfish. Immun. 43, 330–336. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.028
Wang, Q., Deng, Y., Du, X., Fu, S., and Lu, Y. (2011b). Realized heritability and genetic gains of three generations for superior growth in the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii. Acta Ecol. Sinica 31, 108–111. doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2010.12.001
Wang, Q., Zhang, S., Du, X., Deng, Y., and Huang, R. (2009). Comparison of oxygen consumption rate and NH3 excretion rate of the first-generation yellow shell color and control groups at different temperatures and salinities. J. Fish. China 33, 790–796.
Wang, Q., Zhang, S., Du, X., Deng, Y., and Huang, R. (2010). A comparative analysis of digestive enzyme activities of first generation yellow shell color and cultivated stocks of Pinctada martensii at suitable growth temperatures. J. Fish. Sci. China. 6, 1351–1356. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2010.01351
Wang, Y., Li, L., Hu, M., and Lu, W. (2015b). Physiological energetics of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to seawater acidification and thermal stress. Sci. Total. Environ. 514, 261–272. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.092
Weel, P. B. V. (1961). The comparative physiology of digestion in molluscs. Am. Zool. 1, 245–252. doi: 10.1093/icb/1.2.245
Wilbur, K. M., and Anderson, N. G. (1950). Carbonic anhydrase and growth in the oyster and busycon. Biol. Bull. 98, 19–24. doi: 10.2307/1538594
Xu, C., Li, Q., and Chong, J. (2020). Combined effect of temperature, salinity, and rearing density on the larval growth of the black shell strain and wild population of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Aquacult. Int. 28, 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s10499-019-00465-4
Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., Liang, J., He, G., Liu, X., Zheng, Z., et al. (2021). Impacts of marine heatwaves on pearl oysters are alleviated following repeated exposure. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 173:112932. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112932
Zhang, J., Li, Q., Liu, S., and Yu, H. (2018). The effect of temperature on physiological energetics of a fast-growing selective strain and a hatchery population of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Aquac. Res. 49, 2844–2851. doi: 10.1111/are.13747
Zhao, L., Liu, L., Liu, B., Liang, J., Lu, Y., and Yang, F. (2019a). Antioxidant responses to seawater acidification in an invasive fouling mussel are alleviated by transgenerational acclimation. Aquat. Toxicol. 217:105331. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105331
Zhao, L., Shirai, K., Tanaka, K., Milano, S., Higuchi, T., Murakami-Sugihara, N., et al. (2020). A review of transgenerational effects of ocean acidification on marine bivalves and their implications for sclerochronology. Estuar. Coast Shelf S 235:106620. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106620
Zhao, L., Zuykov, M., Tanaka, K., Shirai, K., Anderson, J., McKindsey, C. W., et al. (2019b). New insight into ligh-enhanced calcification in mytilid mussels, Mytilus sp., infected with photosynthetic algae Coccomyxa sp.: δ13C value and metabolic carbon record in shells. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 520:151211. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151211
Keywords: pearl oyster, selective strain, physiological, feeding, metabolism
Citation: Zhang X, Ye B, Gu Z, Li M, Yang S, Wang A and Liu C (2021) Comparison in Growth, Feeding, and Metabolism Between a Fast-Growing Selective Strain and a Cultured Population of Pearl Oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii). Front. Mar. Sci. 8:770702. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.770702
Received: 04 September 2021; Accepted: 12 October 2021;
Published: 30 November 2021.
Edited by:
Liqiang Zhao, Guangdong Ocean University, ChinaReviewed by:
Pengzhi Qi, Zhejiang Ocean University, ChinaChuangye Yang, Guangdong Ocean University, China
Linda Adzigbli, University of Rostock, Germany
Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Ye, Gu, Li, Yang, Wang and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Aimin Wang, firstname.lastname@example.com; Chunsheng Liu, firstname.lastname@example.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work


text:
10 months after
Celebrating 4/20 the Smokers holiday with some classic smokers vibes…🌳💨🚀🍄
2 years after
w/ Michelle Mitchell
Love the 80's as much as we do? We are playing all 80s top hits till we can't go anymore. 🎧 Listen i...
2 years after
w/ ThePlaylist (Mecca Jones), Michelle Mitchell
Get engulfed with Reggaton as we celebrate Friday end of the workday and start of our weekend!
2 years after
2 years after
w/ Dan De La Ghetto, Brendan Andre, DJ Marty McFly, Morgan Francis, Zeta The Star Child, Séverine Breton
3 years after
w/ Hannah Nisha, Muzz Quadri, DJ Marty McFly, Soul Seeker
Pull up with your voice, instrument of choice or just you. Whatever it is, let's vibe out and make s...
3 years after
w/ DJ Marty McFly
Come kickback with us while you work. Taking song request and setting a positive/productive work en...
3 years after
w/ Ghost
The official soundtrack to your 3rd shift lifestyle...Live mixing New & Old school R&B #Earg...
3 years after
w/ Stephanie Ward, Quinton williams
Come listen to Quinton play piano for us.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
White Florence Top
This number represents the "Original Retail" or "Comparable Value" price. Items may be in the rental rotation for multiple seasons after these prices are set. For more info on these prices, see our FAQs
Product Details
White lace (100% Polyester). Top. Long sleeves. High neckline. Hidden back zipper with hook-and-eye closure. Partially lined. 24" from shoulder to hemline. Imported.
Stylist Notes
Calling all girly girls, this AMUR top is a versatile top for the season. Rendered in feminine lace, it's made with a stylish sheer neckline and balloon sleeves.
Size & Fit
This top runs true to size. We recommend going one size up for backup (see following fit notes for exceptions).
BUST: Works best for A to C cup sizes (fitted at bust)
WAIST: Fitted, fitted throughout midsection
UNDERGARMENTS: May be worn with any standard bra
FABRIC: Fabric has no stretch
GREAT FOR: Apple, Athletic, Pear, Petite, Straight & Narrow body types
(Model's height is 5'10").
(24) | |
(38) | |
(3) |


text:
About the Class
With this, we travel to Gujarat and learn the techniques from one of the most popular Gujarati Barfi – Mohanthal. Roasted Besan being the most prominent flavour, together with the Sponge and Crumble, will surprise you with every bite.
Layers –
1) Crunchy Sable
2) Roasted Semolina Sponge
3) Tuvar Dal Crumble
4) Signature Mohanthal Mousseline
5) Cookie Decorations


text:
soul stress
mountains of regret
currents of new endeavors
four buckets of rest
Inspired by chapter 23, "'A New Ambition."
Leaving some whitespace here this month as I rest with Bonnie.
I'm reading and writing on a chapter a day.
In the stillness,
This post is part of the "Finding Spiritual Whitespace Blog Tour" which I am a part of, along with a group of soulful, journeying kindreds. To learn more and join us, click here.
With Holley


text:
We ship Internationally and Australia wide | Phytosanitary Certificates available for international orders.
Pak Choi Green is a fast-growing Asian vegetable that produces apple green stems and thick smooth round green leaves with an outstanding, tender, texture, and flavour.
Ready to harvest in 30 days from sowing as 'baby leaf' or 45-70 days as semi-mature to full-size heads.
Grow notes:
Prefers well-composted, well-drained soil in a sunny position.
Tropical: Autumn to Spring
Temperate: Spring to Autumn
Cool climate: Spring to late summer
Sow: 3 mm deep
For best results sow direct and thin or grow in seed-raising trays of a quality seed-raising mix. Transplant when 5-7cm high.
Plant space: 30 cm
Row Space: 40 cm
Germination: 6-10 days
We now stock a range of Propagation Accessories including the popular Aquamiser Propagation Kits, Pots, Native and Forestry Tubes, Trays, Labels and more.
We can only ship these items to Australian locations, international customers please request shipping quotation prior to purchasing.


text:
If you are facing issues with your Hisense Android TV, resetting it can help solve most of the problems. Resetting the TV is a straightforward process and can be done in a few simple steps. In this article, we will guide you through the process of resetting your Hisense Android TV.
Step 1: Accessing the Settings Menu
The first step is to access the settings menu on your Hisense Android TV. You can do this by pressing the Home button on your remote control and selecting the gear icon on the right-hand side of the screen. This will open the settings menu.
Step 2: Selecting Device Preferences
Once you are in the settings menu, scroll down and select the "Device Preferences" option. This will open a new menu with various options.
Step 3: Selecting Reset
In the Device Preferences menu, scroll down and select the "Reset" option. This will give you two options: "Reset Wi-Fi, mobile & Bluetooth" and "Erase all data (factory reset)".
Step 4: Choosing the Reset Option
If you want to reset only the network settings, select the "Reset Wi-Fi, mobile & Bluetooth" option. If you want to reset the TV to its factory settings, select the "Erase all data (factory reset)" option. Selecting the factory reset option will erase all data on your TV, including installed apps and user data, so make sure you have a backup of important data before proceeding.
Step 5: Confirming the Reset
After selecting the desired reset option, you will be asked to confirm your choice. Select "Erase everything" to proceed with the factory reset or "Reset settings" to reset only the network settings.
Step 6: Wait for the Reset to Complete
Once you confirm the reset, the TV will restart and begin the resetting process. Wait for the process to complete. This may take a few minutes, and the TV will restart several times during the process.
Step 7: Set up the TV
After the reset is complete, you will need to set up your Hisense Android TV again. Follow the on-screen instructions to set up the TV, including Wi-Fi network and Google account.
Step 8: Install Apps
Once you have set up the TV, you can install apps from the Google Play Store. Sign in to your Google account and download your favorite apps.
Step 9: Troubleshooting
If you are still facing issues with your Hisense Android TV after resetting it, you can try troubleshooting the problem. Check the Hisense website for firmware updates or contact Hisense customer support for further assistance.
Step 10: Conclusion
Resetting your Hisense Android TV can help solve most of the problems you may encounter. Follow the steps outlined in this article to reset your TV and get it back to its default settings. If you have any questions or need further assistance, feel free to contact Hisense customer support.


text:
Experience ultimate comfort and style with our Women's Chicago Cubs Colorblock Zip Hoodie, showcasing the perfect fusion of team pride and modern design. Stay cozy while displaying your love for the Cubs in this fashion-forward hoodie that's perfect for every fan.
Product ID: 533372
Officially licensed by Major League Baseball
Brand: New Era Cap Company
Join the club for exclusive access to special promotions and limited-edition releases celebrating everything Chicago, the Cubs and Wrigley Field.


text:
In Stock
Cotton/Synthetic, 56" wide.
With a unique and elegant design, this fabric will add luxury to any home. Decorate by refreshing your furniture with this lovely upholstery that is soft, durable, medium weight, and structured for various projects like upholstering furniture, accent pillows, duvet covers, headboards, ottomans, and more.
Dry clean only or wipe with fabric cleaner.
Repeat 12" X 12".


text:
By the immense grace of Sri Swamiji and Sri Premika Varadha Takurji, more and more families are inviting Atlanta Satsang Bhagawathas for Nama Biksha. While some families had prayer requests, some celebrated milestones and some families offered gratitude Nama. Over 10 hours of Nama was chanted during Nama Biksha and saw a participation of around 275 devotees among whom close to 120 devotees chanted Nama for the first time.
3 families celebrated important life events by performing Radha Kalyanam at their residences. All 3 celebrations were grand and saw many new families joining the celebrations.
Nikunjotsavam was celebrated at a private residence. Sri Madhurageetham Arpanam by Sow. Akshara Ramji on Vocal, Accompanied by Chi. Anirudhah Narayanan on Mridangam, Chi. Skanda Bharadhwaj, on Violin Click on the link below to enjoy the beautiful offering https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fgVXxFwJzk
Nikunjotsavam at a private residence. Sri Madhurageeta arpanam by Smt Parimala ji and Sou Hamsini. Click on the link below to watch the beautiful celebration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sR8FS95EoUY


text:
Curtis Lumber
Shop with confidence
All Cards are covered by our 45 Day Guarantee
Digital Cards: Most eGift Cards are delivered to your Card Depot account instantly, but please allow up to 24 hours.Physical Cards: Physical cards are shipped out on the next business day. Please allow 1-2 weeks for delivery.
Tackle your home improvement projects and pocket the savings with discount Curtis Lumber gift cards on CardDepot.com! These gift cards offer exceptional discounts on Curtis Lumber's extensive selection of quality building materials, home improvement products, and expert services. Whether you're renovating your home or starting a DIY project, these gift cards make your ventures more affordable. With CardDepot.com, achieving your home goals with Curtis Lumber doesn't have to strain your budget. Begin your journey to a better home today and enjoy exceptional quality for less with Curtis Lumber and CardDepot.com!


text:
Slot Info
- Software
- NetEnt
- Type
- Video
- Reels
- 5
- Paylines
- 243
- 96.23%
- Volatility
- Medium
- Min Bet
- 0.40
- Max Bet
- 100
- Top Win
- 300
- Themes
- Action & Adventure, TV & Movies
Bonus Features
- 5 Reels
- Yes
- Free Spins
- Yes
- Medium volatility
- Yes
- Multiplier
- Yes
- Scatter Symbol
- Yes
- Wild Symbol
- Yes
Narcos Slot Review
The Narcos slot from the NetEnt provider went public on May 23, 2019.
The maximum winning amount in this slot is x300 of the initial bet. This indicator is below average, which is compensated by the style of the game based on the popular TV series.
Narcos slot is a standard playing field, consisting of five reels, each of which contains three symbols. The number of pay lines is not fixed so that you can win by means of 243 possible combinations.
The minimum bet is $ 0.20, and the maximum bet is $ 400 per spin!
To win, the player must catch a continuous combination of the same symbols on three or more reels in a row. In this case, any symbol can be replaced with a special one – WILD. The size of the win depends on the number, value, and length of winning combinations.
There is no game for doubling in the slot, so the winnings cannot be multiplied.
There are four special modes in the Narcos slot:
- Walking Wilds Feature – randomly activated. Any WILD symbol can remain in its place after a spin and then move to the left one reel for each spin.
- Drive-By Feature – randomly activated. One of the large symbols turns into a WILD symbol. This function only works in the normal game.
- Locked Up Feature – Activated randomly. A certain symbol is shifted to the left and remains in place until there are no such symbols on the repeated spins. After that, the payment is made.
- Free Spins – Launched when three or more scatters hit. The number of free spins does not depend on the number of scatters, so there are always ten of them. In each spin, one of the symbols can change to WILD.
The design of the Narcos slot is made in the style of the TV series of the same name. This feature will not affect those who have not seen a single episode, but fans of the series will certainly like it. A high-quality soundtrack perfectly complements the overall style of the slot, creating a unique atmosphere.
In the course of the game, you may come across several inscriptions that may seem incomprehensible to beginners. Here is a detailed description of each function
- I – menu with rules and pay tables;
- Bet – the current bet size;
- Level – rate level;
- Coins – the number of coins in your account;
- Coin Value – the value of one coin;
- Max Bet – start the game at the maximum bet;
- Auto Play – starts an automatic game.
At the bottom of the screen, you will find three labels that reflect:
- Cash – your current balance in currency;
- Bet – your current rate in currency;
- Win – your current winnings in currency.
On the lower left side of the screen, you will find a set of flexible settings that allow you to change the sound volume, picture quality, and animation. Moreover, there you can start the fast spins mode, which allows you to do more spins in a certain period of time.
The game has a mobile version, which is in no way inferior to the version for computer browsers. You can play the slot both on smartphones and tablets with iOS, Android, and Windows Phone systems.
Narcos is an exciting game that masterfully conveys the atmosphere and style of the series, after which it is named. One design is enough to give the slot a high rating. The advantages are excellent graphics, as well as a lot of interesting special features that make the game even more exciting.
Narcos Slot FAQ
What is the RTP of the Narcos?
The Return to the player in this slot is 96.23%, which is an excellent indicator.
How to play Narcos?
The online slot has 243 ways to win, and there is a flat bet of 20 coins. You can change the value of your coin starting at just 0.01 coins. The maximum bet is 400 coins.
Can I play Narcos for free?
Yes, you can play this slot in the demo. This is a great way to learn how bonus features work and find out if the graphics and features are right for you.
Is it possible to play Narcos from a mobile device?
Narcos is a vibrant and dynamic online slot that will look great on any tablet, smartphone, or personal computer. It works well on any device.


text:
"This is the first study ever conducted in
Such a national plan will need to take into account women's concerns about
The draft bill has other troubling aspects. The police, known for ignoring and trivializing domestic violence in
Psychiatrists and some police have joined women's groups in criticizing the bill. They say it doesn't address the problem of marital rape and may not apply to gay couples. Further, an "accident" provision could provide a loophole that would allow abusers to avoid prosecution. A three month statute of limitations is considered too short, and weak sentencing is a concern. Critics allege that the emphasis on family over victim's rights is detrimental, and worry that the police, the courts, and victims' relatives have too much say in deciding the victims' futures. They are also advocating for the training of police and judges.
First introduced in 2002, the bill has been approved by the Cabinet and its details are now under scrutiny by the Council of State, the government's legal arm. Once it passes the council's review, it will go to Parliament for debate and voting. Public hearings are scheduled to take place around the country; they are likely to be watched closely in view of remarks made recently by Watana Muangsook, head of the sponsoring Social Development and Human Security Ministry, who called for women to be subservient to their husbands.
The WHO report, based on interviews with more than 24,000 women in 11 countries, reveals that domestic violence is more widespread than formerly acknowledged. Intimate partner violence is the most prevalent form in women's lives, far exceeding assault or rape by strangers or acquaintances. "The study shows how important it is to shine a spotlight on domestic violence globally and treat it as a major public health issue," said Dr. Lee Jong-wook, director general of WHO when the study was released in
The study recommends a range of interventions aimed at changing attitudes and challenging social norms that perpetuate abuse. It promotes the idea of integrating violence prevention programming into ongoing initiatives targeting children, youth, HIV/AIDS, and sexual and reproductive health. Training health care providers and strengthening support systems are also among the recommendations.
"Domestic violence can be prevented and governments and communities need to mobilize to fight this widespread problem," said Dr. Claudia Garcia Moreno, the WHO study's coordinator. "We need to stop the violence from happening in the first place, and to provide help and support to women who are in abusive relationships."
According to WHO, domestic violence affects women's sexual and reproductive health and can increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Pregnancy, often viewed as a time to protect women, can make women more vulnerable to violence. In some countries, between four and 12 percent of women report being beaten while pregnant, more than 90 percent of them by the father of the unborn baby.
"For policymakers, the greatest challenge is that abuse remains hidden," the report states. But
Elayne Clift writes about women, health, and development. She is spending a year teaching and writing in


text:
Word Count:
For the best Pilates Mat company, call Cara McGrath Pilates.
Everyone on the earth needs cardiovascular exercise. It is necessary for a healthy body and a quality way of life. Cardiovascular exercise has a plethora of benefits and will make you feel more well in all phases of your life. Aerobic exercise-why should you do it?
exercise, aerobics, anaerobics, cardiovascular exercise, weight loss, aerobic exercise
To find the best Pilates Mat company, click here for Cara McGrath Pilates.
Everyone on the planet has to have aerobic exercise. A healthy constitution and quality way of life requires it. It has a lot of perks and will make you perform improved in all areas of your life. So why should you do aerobic exercise?
Aerobic exercise is beneficial to you by developing the lungs to be stronger by boosting levels of oxygen to the body and the heart by helping it to use that oxygen more efficiently. The word aerobic translates to with oxygen, or with air. Exercise that is less intense and longer in duration is aerobic. With aerobic sessions, an athlete implements the same big muscle area in a steady motion for between fifteen and thirty. A maximum heart rate of about sixty to eighty % is the goal to maintain. Swimming, cycling, light running, and walking are some examples of aerobic exercises. These exercises should be able to be done without someone breathing hard. If you cannot carry on a short conversation while working out, you may be moving it up a level by anaerobically exercising.
Muscle groups get extra blood and oxygen from the body during an aerobic exercise session. Halting all of a sudden in the midst of an aerobic session is not a wise move. This can lead to dizziness and muscular cramping. After a fairly intense work out, a cool off session is usually a wise idea. Moving in place for a few minutes is a good idea if somebody gets too exhausted during a work out session. Anaerobic exercise is different from aerobic in that it is usually shorter in time span and greater in intensity. With anaerobics the body wears down faster and muscles build more quickly. Football, soccer, skiing, basketball, and weight lifting are sports considered anaerobic exercises. Sprinting or running is another example. Anaerobic exercise will escalate the chances of the body being sore.
Working a certain group of muscles for a specific amount of time to reach your target heart rate is the point of aerobic exercise. This exercises the heart out better and has the body expend more calories. The aerobic curve is something some people will often hit. This is when you begin working out and elevate your intensity to the max then slow down gradually. Keeping a continuous heart rate is more efficient. The lungs and heart endure longer and work more efficiently when they are trained. People who perform aerobic exercise on a steady basis will have to exercise longer to achieve their target heart rate as their stamina increases. People that are only beginning will achieve their target heart rate quickly until their body gets adjusted to the exercise.
Aerobic exercise has so many benefits that it is strange to imagine that we often fail to take the time to do it for ourselves. It controls and lowers body fat, expands our whole endurance, gives us more energy, aids our resistance to tiredness, develops our muscles, and increases our lean body mass. It also aids us mentally by lifting mood, lowering anxiety, reducing depression, reducing tension, and making us sleep better at night. Who can't benefit a bit from all that?These are advantages that people would all use.
An aerobics class might be a good beginning for people who want to reap the rewards of aerobic exercise and aren't sure how to begin. In an aerobics class, you can do higher or lower intensity exercise. The class instructor should be able to show class members how to do these moves either way. How much you carry your limbs up during the aerobic session is how the intensity is measured. Athletes must perform at the level of intensity pertaining to their level of fitness and the frequency of their exercise sessions.
This type exercise is without a doubt essential for cardiovascular fitness even though it may be a little hard at first. A good body requires regular cardiovascular sessions and is a continuous process. People who have already achieved good cardiovascular condition can keep this by exercising a minimum of three times a week. Four to five intervals a week should be the intervals of people who are attempting to lose weight and elevate their level of health.
Paving & Driveways Tips & Tricks


text:
Copy the page URI to the clipboard
Hughes, Sioned; Makara Fuller, Kara; Morrison-Love, David and Wallis, Rachel
The new purpose-led 'Curriculum for Wales' (Donaldson, 2015) will be structured around six Areas of Learning and Experience (AoLEs): Expressive Arts; Health and Wellbeing; Humanities; Languages, Literacy and Communication; Mathematics and Numeracy; and Science and Technology, with literacy, numeracy and digital competence as cross-curricular responsibilities.
Wales' approach to incorporating learning progression within curriculum design is innovative in bringing together multiple forms of evidence, for example, research on learning progression, teacher and pupil understandings of progression, and insights from other national frameworks, in order to create bespoke progression frameworks for each AoLE tailored to the needs of young people in Wales (Hayward et al., 2018).
This paper draws on the authors' experience and research from working with curriculum 'pioneer' schools as part of the 'CAMAU' project, designed to facilitate research-informed learning progressions for the new curriculum. It reports on its early findings, with particular focus on the Humanities and Mathematics and Numeracy AoLEs, and considers the processes and tensions that arose in the creation of progression frameworks.
Viewing alternatives
Download history
Item Actions
- Item ORO ID
- 85502
- Item Type
- Conference or Workshop Item
- Academic Unit or School
Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies (WELS) > Education, Childhood, Youth and Sport > Education
Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies (WELS) > Education, Childhood, Youth and Sport
Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies (WELS) - Depositing User
- Rachel Wallis


text:
Friday Things #421
1. We hit another major milestone on Joseph's allergy journey this week. (For those that are new, he's been doing oral immunotherapy for his peanut, cashew, and pistachio allergies for nearly two years. He "graduated" from peanuts back in September.) He completed his final cashew challenge without any problems! We go back in two weeks for him to do pistachio (cashew and pistachio are the same protein so treating cashew has also treated pistachio, but we still do a separate challenge to make sure), and he is now on "maintenance" which means he eats a minimum amount of peanuts and cashews each day to maintain his desensitization. He will have blood work done every 6 months to monitor his allergy levels as it pertains to the individual proteins. This has been a process, but I'm so grateful this treatment has been available to us!
2. Isabelle has been obsessed with rhyming words ever since Dominic's preschool class was working on it a few weeks ago. She's actually fantastic at it! And she is SO excited to go to preschool in the fall :)
3. We had some fun with Dominic's hair after a recent shower… I think it matches his personality perfectly! 😃
4. This meme is 100% accurate…
5. Earlier this week an Amy Grant song came on the radio and I was immediately transported back to grade school sleepovers. I'm not sure why that particular memory popped up, but I'm sure we probably rocked out to Amy Grant while we were all hanging out in our sleeping bags on someone's living room floor. I also vividly remember that when it was time for lights out, we would all listen to our Walkmans (cassette tapes and all!) while we fell asleep.
6. Also, as a parent now, can I just say God bless all those dear parents that put up with living rooms full of giggling 8 to 10-year-olds? Saints, I tell you! I have so many wonderful memories of all those nights spent in sleeping bags on the floor, I'm so grateful.
7. It's that time of year! Who's going to keep the refrigerator bread and butter pickles in the fridge all summer?!
8. Great tips on how not to waste space in the fridge and freezer. I banished round containers years ago!
9. We started a new show a couple of nights ago – George Gently (on AcornTV). We like it so far!
10. TGIF! Duke wishes you a fantastic weekend!


text:
Mega Bears Fan
While I was searching the PlayStation Store for some VR games to play on my PSVR2 headset (and on a PS4 VR headset that a friend let me borrow, since the PSVR2 headset isn't backwards-compatible), I stumbled upon an old sci-fi game that had apparently slipped under my radar when it released back in 2016. That game is a near-future space disaster game called ADR1FT. Unfortunately, this particular game doesn't have PSVR support, even though it apparently does have PC VR support, but it looked pretty and intriguing, so I bought it anyway.
In ADR1FT, the player plays as an astronaut who is a survivor of a catastrophic disaster aboard an orbital space station. The entire station has broken apart, and even the sections that are still intact are without power or life support. It is up to the player to explore the debris, look for any other survivors, and restore enough power and computer functionality to escape back to Earth in an Emergency Escape Vehicle (EEV). Personally, I think it's silly that an Emergency Escape Vehicle would be rendered useless in the event of an emergency that disables power and computer functionality. Kind of defeats the purpose of such a vehicle. One would think that such a vehicle would have an independent power supply and computer, and some way of detaching or ejecting the vehicle without the station being powered -- like, I don't know, some kind of explosive decompression of the clamps that attach the escape vehicle to the station, which works based on simple physics, rather than requiring power or computers.
But whatever, suspension of disbelief. I have to restore power to the main computer to get the escape pods to work. Fine. I can live with that contrivance.
The space catastrophe itself is loaded with striking visual details. From the vistas of the Earth spinning below, to the fields of debris suspended in space, to water bubbles floating around certain chambers, ADR1FT really sells the look and feel of being trapped on a near-future destroyed space station. This includes the feeling of isolation, loneliness, and hopelessness of being trapped in space. In fact, it might be too good at selling this aesthetic, because it does so to the point of occasional frustration.
Tags:Adr1ft, adrift, science fiction, space, space station, disaster, oxygen, gravity
It's really nice to be seeing more pure science fiction games. Not sci-fi action games like Mass Effect or sci-fi horror games like Prey, in which the sci-fi is just incidental set dressing. But actual science fiction games that explore the human condition as it relates to our advancing technology and understanding of the universe. Games like Outer Wilds, Tacoma, Silicon Dreams, Event [0], and others have been a nice distraction from shooting endless hordes of zombies, demons, and robots.
This is especially true considering that most sci-fi movies and TV shows are more action-heavy and less cerebral. While a movie like Arrival or The Martian comes around every few years and totally blows me away, the days of movies like 2001: A Space Odyssey and Close Encounters of the Third Kind are long gone. Even my beloved Star Trek is trying too hard to look and feel like Star Wars, instead of embracing the low-budget stories and techno-babble that helped make The Next Generation so beloved.
Well, the indie gaming sphere has been pumping out new sci-fi games pretty reliably over the past few years. But they can't all be gems like Outer Wilds. Most are pretty mediocre. Deliver Us The Moon has the potential to be a real gem, but it is held back by poor technical performance (on the PS5) and a final chapter that dragged on and had me more frustrated than contemplative.
The basic concept is that, in the coming decades, humans discover a new isotope of helium on the moon. This isotope is a potent energy source that is mined and processed on the moon, and beamed back to the Earth to supply almost all of humanity's energy needs. However, after years of successful operation (and after humans on Earth have become dependent on the cheap, abundant moon power), the moon colony suddenly shuts down with no word or warning as to why. After years of silence and darkness, our playable character is launched to the moon to figure out why the energy stopped flowing, and to hopefully turn it back on.
Right off the bat, I was annoyed by the camera controls. Within 10 minutes or so of starting Deliver Us The Moon, I had to go into the settings to increase the camera's sensitivity on the X-axis. Even after doing this, rotating the camera still felt sluggish. I'm not sure how much of this is deliberate. An astronaut in a space suit should feel a bit clunky to move around. But movement and camera panning are different things, and I don't know if clunky movement for an astronaut should translate to sluggish movement by the camera. This wasn't helped by the fact that quickly panning the camera often caused the framerate to stutter (which may also have been a reason for the slow default camera speed).
I was surprised and disappointed by how poorly Deliver Us The Moon performs on the PS5, especially considering that it's a pretty small game that mostly takes place in the confines of a small moon base. It's not like it's rendering a massive open world, or computing enemy pathfinding, or combat A.I., or supporting dozens of players in multiplayer. Yet the framerate is constantly dropping while just walking around the station.
In one case, I walked around a desk to check if the computer had any open emails that I could read, the game just crashed completely. It autosaves frequently, so I only lost a minute or 2 of progress. But still, why does such a simple little game have such horrendous performance problems on a "next-gen" console? I don't know if the PC or XBox versions are this bad, but regardless of which platform you play on, be prepared for crashed, freezes, and framerate drops.
Tags:Deliver Us The Moon, KeokeN Interactive, indie gaming, science fiction, climate change, space, moon, gravity, helium
It is going to be impossible to ignore the comparisons between Silicon Dreams and Papers, Please. This game was basically pitched to me as "Papers, Please but sci-fi". I loved Papers, Please, and I love sci-fi, so I bought it. As is typical for indie games, it sat in my Steam backlog for well over a year until the post-holidays release draught gave me a chance to dive into that backlog.
Basically, the player of Silicon Dreams plays as an android working as quality assurance for a monopolistic android-manufacturing conglomerate. You interview damaged or defective androids in order to determine if they need repairs, or if they can be returned to their owners, or if they are so badly damaged that they need to be "decommissioned" entirely. However, these are sentient androids, with feelings. Even repairs require wiping the android's memory, which destroys any personality they have developed and erases everything they've learned. Further, the corporation also has its own expectations and public relations that the player must consider. In some cases, the corporation pre-determines what they want you to do with the android in question and expect you to rubber stamp what is, effectively, an execution.
As the cases go on, they become more complicated and enter into moral and ethical grey areas. The game brings up compelling questions regarding A.I. ethics. Are the androids truly sentient? Or are they merely simulating sentience? Where is the line between an "appliance" and a "slave"? What is the responsibility of the corporation and of broader society towards these androids? Are you complicit in the company's mis-treatment of androids merely by working for them, even if you try to walk the tightrope of following your conscience whenever possible, while also keeping a low profile? And so forth.
The interview process is mostly straight forward. There's a wheel of topics, and each topic has one or more questions. However, the android may not be willing to answer all of your questions. Each android has a set of emotions as well as a trust level with the player. The android will only give answers to certain questions if they're in the proper emotional state or if they trust the player enough to give an answer to a sensitive or incriminating question.
You have to manipulate the subject's emotions, but these emotions change and degrade with each new line of dialogue. You have a set of generic questions related to each of the subject's emotions, and also one about trust. But you can only ask each of these once. If you run out of questions to ask about a particular topic that triggers an emotional reaction, then you can potentially become locked out of getting answers to other questions that are locked behind certain emotion thresholds.
As such, you have to be very careful and thoughtful about which questions you ask, and in what order. You have to kind of probe into each topic to find out if the subject is going to clam up, so that you can change topics to try to manipulate them into opening up. In some cases, you may have to scare a subject into a confession. If you use up your threats early, before you how to get that confession, then the intervening topics may defuse the subject's emotional state to the point that it is impossible to get them afraid enough to make the confession.
Tags:Silicon Dreams, Clockwork Bird, indie gaming, Steam, PC, science fiction, android, rights, civil rights, interrogation, quality assurance, morality, ethics, corporate dystopia, bureaucracy, dystopia, terrorism, Papers Please
I'm gonna be perfectly honest with you right up front: I'm coming into this review with a negative bias. This is a remake that does not need to exist. Dead Space is only 10 years old, is an HD game that still looks fine. It is designed around gameplay conventions that are still standard practice today, and so the original still holds up well, outside of some mildly-dated presentation. I get the desire to remake or re-imagine older games that actually are dated, like Resident Evil 2 or Final Fantasy VII, which were both completely redesigned with modern gameplay conventions and (in especially in the case of Final Fantasy VII) bold new creative and narrative decisions. I would also understand the desire to go back and take another stab at more recent games which are really good, but which may have been virtually unplayable due to technical problems. Fallout: New Vegas comes to mind.
But this recent fad of rote remasts or remakes of PS3-era games that were already highly-polished and still modern-feeling (and thus hold up well today) just feels like lazy, cynical cash-grabs to me. Games like Dead Space, The Last of Us, and Mass Effect just feel like completely unnecessary remakes -- especially if they're going to be direct recreations of the original with little-to-no creative liberty. Heck, even the Demon's Souls remake feels unnecessary. I would much rather than Sony and FromSoft just release a digital version of the PS3 game on the PS4 and PS5 storefronts and keep the servers going. Maybe even patch the PS3 game with some of the ease-of-use features that were added for the PS5 remake. I'm still on the fence about Silent Hill 2 and Resident Evil 4, since those remakes might take enough creative liberty to justify their existence (assuming they don't shit the bed in doing so). As such, I did not buy this remake of Dead Space retail. I bought a used, second-hand copy in order to save a few bucks and to not give money to EA (and so as not to seem to give implicit support for this trend of unnecessary remakes).
All that being said, having just recently come off of playing through The Callisto Protocol, the difference is night-and-day. This Dead Space remake is, by far, the much better game. It's a good remake of a good game, and it's a good survival horror game in its own right.
Dead Space is a pretty straight-forward, by-the-numbers recreation of the original game, with only a few creative liberties taken. It's still a 3rd person shooter built around the challenge of shooting off the limbs of zombies and monsters instead of aiming for the center of mass or going for head shots. The story, mission structure, map, and many set pieces will all be completely recognizable to anyone who played the original game, even though some things here and there might be a little different.
As such, pretty much any review of the original Dead Space still holds mostly true here. All the things that I liked about the original game are still present. Unfortunately, I never reviewed the first Dead Space on this blog, so I can't just link you to that. I'll have to just summarize my feelings here.
The enemies are threatening, and the combat is challenging. The non-traditional weapons, combined with kinesis and stasis and creative enemy design, provide a lot of variety and strategy in combat that goes far beyond just "shoot bad guy in the head". The setting and lighting really help to sell the sci-fi horror aesthetic. The in-universe, diegetic, holographic interface holds up well and never pulls the player out of the immersive environment. The Ishimura itself still feels like a believable, functional place. The story is derivative, cliché, and cringe-worthy in some parts, but I do like the religious undertones and parody of Scientology.
Tags:Dead Space, Electronic Arts, Motive, Visceral, remake, horror, survival horror, science fiction, shooter, zombie, necromorph, dismemberment, religion, Scientology, Unitology
I saw a lot of social media posts in the days after Callisto Protocol's release complaining about the game being awful. Some said it was buggy and riddled with performance issues. Others said it was just a bad game, and would be bad even if it were stable.
I didn't experience a lot of the technical issues (on PS5) that others were reporting. But I also didn't start playing till later that weekend, so had the benefit of the day-1 patch. Maybe that fixed a lot of the technical complaints? Yeah, there were still some lingering technical issues, but they were mostly nagging problems that I could look past.
So I went through most of the first half of the game thinking "This ain't so bad." It wasn't very good either. But it seemed like it was being unfairly maligned. It's Dead Space, but just ... not good.
But as I got into the middle of the game's campaign, my opinion began to change. The issues and frustrations mounted until they boiled over in the game's first boss fight (which doesn't happen until more than halfway through the campaign). Callisto Protocol is just not very well designed or though-out. It suffers at fundamental levels of gameplay design.
Callisto Protocol's problems start with the awful melee and dodge system -- which is kind of the whole gimmick of the game. Instead of pressing a button to trigger a dodge, the character automatically dodges left or right if the player is pressing the left analog stick left or right (respectively when the enemy makes an attack. The character will also block if the player is pressing backwards when the enemy attacks.
It's a system that feels more like Mike Tyson's Punchout than any action shooter I've ever played. But where Punchout is a boxing game that features a stationary opponent ducking left or right to dodge the punches of a single opponent lined up directly in front of you, Callisto Protocol is ... not that. The character in Callisto Protocol is ambulatory, and attempting to navigate an environment while also fighting multiple enemies at both melee and at range.
I found it very difficult to get the hang of the melee combat -- at least outside of boss fights. Strangely, the boss fights seemed to have the most clearly telegraphed attacks and reliable dodging. Outside of boss fights, however, enemies are frequently zombie-like monsters that rush at the player and shamble around, making it difficult to read their movements. As such, I never know which direction to dodge. And even when I do seem to correctly dodge, I sometimes take damage anyway, which leads to the next big problem. Pretty much every time I had to engage in melee combat, I would die and have to retry.
Tags:The Callisto Protocol, Striking Distance Studios, Krafton, quicktime event, melee, dodge, science fiction, horror, shooter, zombie, arcade, Dead Space
© 2011-2024 Mega Bears Fan. All other trademarks and copyright are property of their respective owners. Driven by modded version of B|063n61n3 d0t N3T 22.214.171.124. Theme by chichian.
Welcome to Mega Bears Fan's blog, and thanks for visiting! This blog is mostly dedicated to game reviews, strategies, and analysis of my favorite games. I also talk about my other interests, like football, science and technology, movies, and so on. Feel free to read more about the blog.
Check out my YouTube content at YouTube.com/MegaBearsFan.
Follow me on Twitter at: twitter.com/MegaBearsFan
If you enjoy my content, please consider Supporting me on Patreon: Patreon.com/MegaBearsFan
FTC guidelines require me to disclose that as an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases made by clicking on Amazon product links on this site. All Amazon Associate links are for products relevant to the given blog post, and are usually posted because I recommend the product.
And check out my colleague, David Pax's novel Without Gravity on his website!
The Humanity of NCAA Football's In-Season Recruiting08/01/2022 If you're a fan of college football video games, then I'm sure you're excited by the news from early 2021 that EA will be reviving its college football series. They will be doing so without the NCAA license, and under the new title, EA Sports College Football. I guess Bill Walsh wasn't available for licensing either? Expectations...
Dark Souls II uncomfortably combines design elements of its predecessors with technical refinement and less artistry08/22/2014 Despite being very excited about this game and pre-ordering the collector's edition (contrary to my typical avoidance of pre-orders), it took a couple months before I was able to spend much time with it. My strategy guides for Civilization V: Brave New World was a lot of work and took up a lot of time. I was only able to play...


text:
Bitcoin, the world's first and most widely used cryptocurrency, has been the subject of much controversy and speculation since its inception in 2009. Despite its increasing mainstream adoption and recognition by financial institutions, there are still many misconceptions and myths surrounding Bitcoin. In this blog post, you'll look closely at some of the most common myths about Bitcoin and separate fact from fiction. know more about immediate bitcoin app by clicking here.
Myths and Facts about Bitcoin
1. Myth #1: Bitcoin is Anonymous
One of the prevalent misconceptions regarding Bitcoin is that it's 100 percent anonymous. But because Bitcoin payments are stored on the blockchain, a global database, they are entirely visible and traceable.
While it is possible to use Bitcoin anonymously, it requires extra steps and precautions, such as using a virtual private network (VPN) and a new address for each transaction. In reality, most Bitcoin users are not anonymous, as they typically link their Bitcoin wallet to a bank account or credit card for easy purchasing and selling.
2. Myth #2: Bitcoin is a Ponzi Scheme
A deceptive investment program called a "Ponzi scheme" pays returns to previous shareholders utilizing the money put up by later investors instead of utilizing any genuine profits made. Some people believe Bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme because it relies on a network of users to verify and validate transactions rather than being backed by a central authority or tangible asset.
However, Bitcoin is not a Ponzi scheme. It is a decentralized digital currency that operates on a peer-to-peer network, meaning that any single entity or organization does not control it. While the value of Bitcoin can fluctuate, it is not a get-rich-quick scheme and requires a genuine understanding of the technology and market.
3. Myth #3: The Bitcoin Bubble
A further prevalent misconception regarding Bitcoin is that this bubble might eventually explode.
Every commodity is susceptible to marketplace volatility, including conventional real estate, equities, and fiat money. The critical difference is that Bitcoin is a relatively new and highly volatile asset, which can make it seem riskier to some people. However, as Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies continue to gain mainstream adoption and recognition, their price will likely become more stable over time.
4. Myth #4: Only illicit activities employ bitcoin.
Another of the major misconceptions regarding Bitcoin is that it is solely employed for nefarious objectives like drug trafficking, money laundering and much other illicit activity.
While it is true that Bitcoin has been used in some illegal transactions, it is also used for a wide range of legitimate purposes, including online purchases, international money transfers, and investments.
Mainstream merchants and financial institutions are increasingly accepting Bitcoin as a legitimate payment. It is important to note that Bitcoin is not inherently illegal, and its use for illegal purposes is no different than using cash or any other financial instrument for illicit activities.
5. Myth #5: Bitcoin is Only for Tech-Savvy People
One of the commonest things which you will get to hear about bitcoin is that, it is only designed for tech savvy folks and not everyone. While it is true that Bitcoin does require a basic understanding of how it works and how to manage a digital wallet, it is for more than just tech-savvy individuals.
In reality, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are becoming increasingly user-friendly and accessible to the general public. Numerous tools and resources are available to help people get started with Bitcoin, including user-friendly wallet apps and educational resources. Additionally, the growing mainstream adoption of Bitcoin means it is becoming easier to purchase and use, even for those needing more technical expertise. So, it is a myth that Bitcoin is only for tech-savvy people.
In conclusion, Bitcoin is a complex and misunderstood digital asset that has been the subject of many myths and misconceptions. While it is true that Bitcoin has its fair share of risks and uncertainties, it is crucial to separate fact from fiction to understand its true nature and potential. Bitcoin is not anonymous, a Ponzi scheme, a bubble, or only used for illegal activities, and it does have value as a decentralized and valuable digital asset. Visit if you wish to know about Ethereum code and various trading strategies. Before drawing any conclusions regarding Cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, it is crucial to conduct thorough research and due diligence, just like with any investment.


text:
A Piece of Mary Blair's 'Peter Pan' Artwork Is Coming Up For Auction
If you've ever dreamed of owning a piece of Disney history now is your chance! According to a recent piece by BleedingCool, an original Disney piece created by Mary Blair is coming up for auction!
Mary Blair was an absolute icon and her colorful unique aesthetic can be found on attractions like "Alice in Wonderland" and of course "it's a small world. Blair also drew concept art for several classic Disney films including greats like Peter Pan, Dumbo, Fantasia, Lady and the Tramp, Cinderella and more.
If you've ever visited Disney's Contemporary Resort on Disney World's monorail line then you've also seen Mary Blair's towering Mosaic in the atrium. With all of this rich history, wouldn't it be amazing to own an original piece of Mary Blair artwork?
The item coming up for auction is a Mary Blair concept art/color key painting that depicts Peter Pan and Tinker Bell leading the Lost Boys, Michael, John and Wendy through Neverland. The gouache painting is 19″ x 9″ and is in Very Good Condition. There are some pinholes in the corners as well as minor handling. The item will be going up for auction via Heritage, with proxy bidding ending on June 20.
We can't imagine a more perfect treat for fans of Mary Blair's distinct style or animation enthusiasts. For those interestsed in bidding on this rare item you'll need a Heritage account which is FREE to set up. You also never know what other fun treasures might await.
So happy bidding! With a bit of faith, trust and pixie dust this Mary Blair original could be yours!
Readers are encouraged to keep following along with MickeyBlog for the latest Disney related news and updates.
Thinking about a visit to Disney World? Getting started is easy! Simply fill out our form below to get your FREE, no-obligation quote from MickeyTravels.
Find articles like this helpful? Then why not consider working with an Authorized Disney Vacation Planner? As an agent with MickeyTravels, I'll be on hand to assist you with everything from finding your perfect package to helping you plan lots of special touches to make your visit truly magical. Best of all my services are absolutely FREE. Get in touch at 1.800.801.4025 via email at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow along on Facebook
Source: BleedingCool