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News Archives
Date | Title | Intro | Author(s) | Source(s) |
09/01/2011 | Impact of Natural Gas Production on Rural Ohio Discussed at Farm Science Review 2011 | LONDON, Ohio – Natural gas production from shale has potential for significant impacts on rural Ohio. Experts from Ohio State University's College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences and OSU Extension will discuss opportunities and challenges for rural economies in developing this natural resource at the Farm Science Review, Sept. 20-22 near London. | Andy Vance | Stan Ernst |
08/09/2011 | Learn to Improve Soil Health at Field Days August 17, 18 | WAUSEON, Ohio – Understanding soil health and biology is critical to maximizing plant healthy and productivity, according to Ohio State University Extension educators, and will be the focus of two field days later this month. | Andy Vance | Greg LaBarge |
07/06/2011 | Repeal of Ohio Estate Tax Concerns Transition Planning Professionals | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Commonly referred to as the "Death Tax" by critics, estate tax is one of the more controversial issues in agricultural policy circles, said an Ohio State Extension agricultural law expert. | Andy Vance | Peggy Hall |
12/01/2011 | Genetic Improvement Propels Corn Yield Past Weather Woes | COLUMBUS, Ohio – Weather conditions at planting and harvest worked to stymie farmers in 2011. Despite frustrating meteorological developments, Ohio State University experts say continuous improvements in corn genetics and traits allowed producers to record impressive yields this year. | Andy Vance | Peter Thomison, Matt Sullivan |
07/28/2011 | Animal Rights Activists Target University Researchers, Students | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Activists promoting an agenda of animal rights have long protested the use of animals by major research universities and institutions. Earle Holland, Ohio State University's assistant vice president for Research Communications, said those activists are increasingly targeting students pursuing degrees in fields known for relying on laboratory animals to conduct research. | Andy Vance | Earle M. Holland |
12/01/2011 | Corn Harvest Winding Down, Yields Better Than Expected | COLUMBUS, Ohio – As farmers near completion of the 2011 harvest, Ohio State University corn extension specialist Peter Thomison said that despite major weather challenges at planting and harvest, yields were largely better than expected across much of Ohio. | Andy Vance | Peter Thomison |
07/06/2011 | Expansion of Sheep Industry Focus of Ohio Sheep Day July 16 | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Ohio needs more sheep. That's the conclusion of Ohio State Extension Sheep Specialist Roger High, coordinator of the annual Ohio Sheep Day slated for July 16 at Blue Heron Farm in Columbiana County. | Andy Vance | Roger High |
07/28/2011 | Common Sense Management Necessary to Minimize Heat Stress on Livestock | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Both man and beast suffer the effects of high heat and humidity in the dog days of summer, so cattle and sheep producers need to adopt basic strategies to keep animals calm, cool and collected through the year's hottest days. | Andy Vance | John F. Grimes, Roger A. High |
12/01/2011 | Nutrient Management Key Theme of Ohio No-Till Conference | CELINA, Ohio – Experts from Ohio State University Extension, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Ohio No-Till Council will discuss the critical importance of managing phosphorous and other nutrients through conservation tillage practices at the annual Ohio No-Till Conference, Dec. 6, 2011 in Plain City. | Andy Vance | Jim Hoorman |
07/06/2011 | June Plantings, Quarterly Stocks Reports Generally Bearish | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's June Plantings report released Thursday morning, U.S. farmers planted 1.5 million more corn acres than the market expected, said an Ohio State University agricultural economist. | Andy Vance | Carl Zulauf |
09/08/2011 | Trade Expecting Lower Corn Production In September Crop Report | COLUMBUS, Ohio – Commodity market analysts expect lower U.S. corn and soybean production estimates in next week's crop production report from the Department of Agriculture, and one Ohio State University agricultural economist says that could lead to marketing opportunities for farmers. | Andy Vance | Matt Roberts |
10/20/2011 | Cutworm Numbers Increasing, Not Yet Presenting Problems in Ohio | WOOSTER, Ohio – The number of adult moths of the western bean cutworm trapped by Ohio State University Extension professionals increased for the fifth straight year, but fortunately, larval infestations have yet to present an economic impact on Ohio farms. | Andy Vance | Ron Hammond |
09/08/2011 | 'Question the Authorities' on Ag Economy, Markets and Policy at Farm Science Review | LONDON, Ohio – Experts from Ohio State University's Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics will present a series of updates on the agricultural economy, commodity markets and policy issues at the 2011 Farm Science Review, Sept. 20-22 at the Molly Caren Agricultural Center near London. | Andy Vance | Stan Ernst |
08/11/2011 | 100-Bushel Soybeans Possible, Farmers Should Master Basics First | URBANA, Ohio -- With continuing improvements in plant genetics, biotechnology and farm management, producing high-yielding soybeans is more attainable than ever, according to one Ohio State University Extension expert. | Andy Vance | Harold Watters |
09/29/2011 | Fall Herbicide Application Later Than Normal Following Late Harvest | COLUMBUS, Ohio – Fall herbicide applications are still a good idea this year, despite a later-than-normal harvest, according to Ohio State University Extension weed specialist Mark Loux. | Andy Vance | Mark Loux |
08/11/2011 | Favorable midseason weather conditions mean near-trendline yield still possible | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Late planting conditions coupled with high heat and below-average rainfall throughout June and early July could have spelled disaster for Ohio's corn crop this year. A reversal of meteorological fortunes during critical phases of the growing season, however, means a near-trendline yield is still possible, according to Ohio State University experts. | Andy Vance | Peter Thomison, Harold Watters |
06/30/2011 | Markets Watching Tight Supplies, Question Demand Strength | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Volatility has been used to describe the grain markets with increasing frequency in recent years, and an Ohio State University agricultural economist expects the trend to continue throughout 2011. | Andy Vance | Carl Zulauf |
09/29/2011 | Ag, Rural Issues Central to New Ohio State Center for Subsurface Energy | COLUMBUS, Ohio – Natural gas production from shale deposits could significantly change the rural economic landscape in states like Ohio, and will be a key focus of Ohio State University's new Subsurface Energy Resource Center, according to the Center's co-director, agricultural economist Douglas Southgate. | Andy Vance | Douglas Southgate |
10/19/2011 | Proposed Regulations Could Mean Big Changes For Farm Youth Labor | COLUMBUS, Ohio – An update of federal labor regulations governing youth employment could mean significant changes in the types of work young people can do on the farm, according to the leader of Ohio State University Extension's Agricultural Safety and Health program. | Andy Vance | Dee Jepsen |
08/11/2011 | Markets Remain Tight As USDA Trims Corn, Soybean Production | COLUMBUS, Ohio – An already tight grain and oilseed market got even tighter Thursday as the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) released its August crop production and supply and demand estimates. | Andy Vance | Matthew C. Roberts |
11/17/2011 | Kudzu Presents Problems, Not Yet Running Rampant in the North | WOOSTER, Ohio – An invasive species synonymous with the South has taken root in the Eastern Corn Belt, but according to Ohio State University Extension field crop pathologist Anne Dorrance, it doesn't yet present quite the headaches for farmers above the Mason-Dixon Line as it has below. | Andy Vance | Anne Dorrance |
06/30/2011 | Wet Spring Stresses Pastures and Forages, Changes Grazing Plans | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Rain kept farmers from planting corn and soybeans for several weeks, but the relatively unprecedented precipitation this spring had another significant consequence: pasture and forage stress. | Andy Vance | John Grimes |
11/17/2011 | Following Harvest, Farmers Have Plenty of Work Ahead | URBANA, Ohio – As farmers wrap up harvesting corn and soybeans across the Eastern Corn Belt, the work is just getting started on many farms, with fertilizer, herbicide and tillage applications planned in the waning weeks of productivity for 2011. | Andy Vance | Harold Watters |
07/26/2011 | EPDs Help Cattlemen Make Better Genetic Improvement Decisions | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Better data yields better decision-making in genetic selection, according to Ohio State University Extension beef coordinator John Grimes. A new EPD from the American Angus Association and improvements in DNA technologies mean even better data for beef producers. | Andy Vance | John F. Grimes |
07/26/2011 | Corn and Soybeans Trading Weather Now Until August Reports | COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Market volatility is a regular feature of the grain and oilseed market this growing season according to one Ohio State agricultural economist, and will remain so until at least the next USDA production reports due in mid-August. | Andy Vance | Matthew C. Roberts |
10/17/2011 | Corn, Soybean Input Costs Expected to Climb 10-20% in 2012 | COLUMBUS, Ohio – Led by increases in fertilizer and seed, farmers can expect to spend as much as 20 percent more to produce corn and soybeans in 2012 than they did in 2011, according to Ohio State University Extension experts. | Andy Vance | Dee Jepsen |
11/17/2011 | Post-USDA Reports, Market Focus Likely Shifts to 2012 | COLUMBUS, Ohio – After a November U.S. Department of Agriculture crop report described as "pretty boring," Ohio State University Extension economist Matt Roberts said the grain markets are largely watching other markets and awaiting thoughts of buying acres for 2012 production. | Andy Vance | Matt Roberts |
07/01/2011 | Tough Year for Wheat Production, Yields Highly Varied | WOOSTER, Ohio -- The significance of Ohio's extremely wet spring is well documented in terms of corn and soybean production, but wheat fields also suffered considerably from the abundant precipitation. | Andy Vance | Pierce Paul |
09/12/2011 | USDA Secretary Vilsack: 'Agriculture is Cool Again' | COLUMBUS, Ohio – Ohio's number one industry and economic driver is again attracting the attention of young, talented people interested in a career in food and resource production and related sciences, according to the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. | Andy Vance | Tom Vilsack, Bobby Moser |
11/17/2011 | Ohio State's Hall to Lead American Agricultural Law Association | COLUMBUS, Ohio – Members of the American Agricultural Law Association (AALA) elected Peggy Kirk Hall of The Ohio State University as its next president during the organization's annual conference in late October. Hall is the director of Ohio State's Agricultural and Resource Law Program. | Andy Vance | Peggy Kirk Hall |


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Many people turn away from riding with the bit. We all can see how much abuse is happening in the today's world connected with misusage of the bits, pulling and
"My horse doesn't want to move forward" One of the most common signs of that the horse, even a very young horse, is suffering from the Digestive Tract tensions is
Although the RELAX THAT STOMACH Technique (from the Optimal Performance Program) is dedicated to the topic of relaxation of the digestive tract (stomach & guts) for horses, I promised my
In this article you will learn how tensions limit performance, and affect number of behaviors horses can offer due to skeletal muscle tensions. You will also discover how and why
This Easter take yourself home. Coming home is not reserved for returning to the place you share with your family, and it's not about coming back to the place that
I believe that there is no other activity that can tell as much about the horse, his character, attitude, heart and body awareness as walking with him together in the
How many breaks do you take when you train your horse? And how often do you take them? Would you be surprised to learn that I can take a break
Your desire is the fuel of your Life. When you follow your desires, you allow yourself to fulfil your destiny. You know that you are fulfilling your destiny when you
For every little gift, that had the power of changing us eternally, we say THANK YOU For every moment of life, that you enriched, we say THANK YOU For every


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Residents of Java flee from ash cloud after volcanic eruption
Jakarta, Dec 4 (EFE).- Residents from several towns in Indonesia fled on Saturday from a huge cloud of ash caused by the eruption of an active volcano.
Videos posted on social media showed local residents of the town of Lumajang, in the southeast of the volcano, running away from a thick black cloud after the Semeru volcano, one of the most active in the country, spewed plumes of ashes.
The unexpected eruption occurred in broad daylight, at 15:30 local time (8:30 GMT), when the thick black cloud loomed over the towns forcing people to flee.
The Indonesian volcanology service has placed the area at level 2 risk (out of a maximum of 4) and issued a flight alert for aircraft flying in the region.
No casualties have been reported yet.
The Indonesian archipelago sits within the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of high seismic activity with 127 active volcanoes and is shaken by thousands of tremors a year, most of low magnitude. EFE


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Remaining Work:
- Black Gold was on site today, Tuesday, June 27, and completed the repaving of the asphalt driveways.
- K&R will be on site Thursday, June 29, and will touch up lawn restoration along the road and driveway edges prior to the July 4th holiday. K&R will restore along the edges of the new road and driveways but does not plan to redo any of the areas not impacted by the repaving work. Homeowners must continue to water the new grass to promote good grass growth. Routine grass cutting and fertilizer applications are also required to control weeds.
Please contact any project representative if you have questions or concerns.


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LAS VEGAS, Nev. (Jan. 27, 2023) – EngineQuest shares the wealth with drivers in four IMCA divisions again in 2023.
Notably, the Las Vegas, Nev., cylinder head and engine component manufacturer returns as title sponsor for both EQ Cylinder Heads Northern and Southern Regions for IMCA Sunoco Stock Cars for the ninth consecutive year, providing a portion of $3,750 point funds paid in each.
EQ cash, products and product certificates will also be awarded to IMCA Sunoco Hobby Stock, Friesen Performance IMCA Northern and Smiley's Racing Products IMCA Southern SportMod drivers.
"Our association as a sponsor with IMCA for the last 18 years has been a good fit that I believe has benefited both EngineQuest and IMCA," said EngineQuest Manager Scott Stolberg. "We look forward to celebrating our 20th year together soon and continuing to grow as the IMCA evolves."
EQ Cylinder Heads Northern Region tracks are located in eastern Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, Saskatchewan, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Wyoming, while EQ Cylinder Heads Southern Region tracks are in Arizona, Arkansas, California, western Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas and Utah.
"We have enjoyed considerable growth in our Stock Car division, in terms of both new states and new tracks, particularly during EQ's tenure as title sponsor of the Northern and Southern regions for the division," noted IMCA Marketing Integration and Sponsorship Director Carson Becker-Gramm.
"The relationship we've built has benefitted IMCA Hobby Stock and SportMod drivers as well," he continued. "We appreciate everything EQ has done for our member drivers over nearly two decades and look forward to celebrating their 20th season as an IMCA sponsor in just two short years."
Stock Car, Northern SportMod and Southern SportMod national champions, and the Northern SportMod national rookie of the year all receive EQ branded sets of cylinder heads.
Stock, Hobby and SportMod drivers winning multiple track championships earn $200 cash bonuses. Those winning track titles with claim engines receive certificates good for $50 off the purchase of a set of cylinder heads.
The Stock Car champion and highest finishing Hobby Stock and Northern SportMod finishers in main events at the IMCA Speedway Motors Super Nationals fueled by Casey's get cylinder head sets, with $250 awarded to Hobby Stock and Northern SportMod champions if competing with a claim engine.
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Federal Bureau of Prisons sued for records about week-long power outage at New York City jail
It comes as there has been no clear answer from BOP why the power went out
In late January and early February, the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn experienced a power outage that darkened the jail for days as temperatures dropped well below freezing.
Now, American Oversight, a nonpartisan organization, is suing for records regarding that week-long outage. The lawsuit alleges the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) did not adequately respond to American Oversight's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests raising questions about how the power outage was handled.
"The way we treat our most vulnerable populations is reflective of our values," Austin Evers, executive director of American Oversight said in a statement. "No one should ever be subject to such cruel conditions, especially at the hands of our government. We need to know how the Trump administration and prison officials handled this disastrous situation."
The lawsuit alleges a failure to comply with time limited portion of a FOIA and American Oversight says that they "exhausted its administrative remedies" and now, a lawsuit is appropriate given the circumstances, to get the documents.
The Bureau of Prisons and the U.S. Department of Justice inspector general are currently investigating the "BOP's management of the electrical and heating issues."
American Oversight is asking for all the records they requested through the FOIA from the power outage.
While the inmates stayed confined to their cells, correctional officers also felt the effects of the prison condition, BOP union officials said at the time of the outage.
Despite claims of "inhumane treatment" in one federal lawsuit filed in February, the Department of Justice said they "are committed to the safe and humane living and working conditions of all inmates and employees," a DOJ official said in a statement when the investigation was first announced.
A source familiar with the matter confirmed to ABC News that the person in charge of overseeing the MDC Brooklyn, Herman E. Quay, was recently promoted to a different prison closer to his home in Pennsylvania. The Bureau of Prisons denied that Quay was promoted, rather that he did not receive a promotion as a result of his move to a new facility.
The source also said Quay was not in town at the time of the outage and, according to this source, did not want to stay through the weekend. The outage started on a Saturday.
The Bureau of Prisons told ABC News they would not comment any further because of ongoing legal proceedings or pending litigation.


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OLDER– Gillian Brock –
1. Introduction
I am very grateful to Cindy Holder and Bruce Landesman for providing such thought-provoking critical discussion on the work begun in Global Justice.1 In
this article I try to address just a few of the important criticisms raised by each au-thor.
Bruce Landesman poses several interesting challenges. He has doubts about my commitment to equality, and so wonders whether my ultimate aims are "truly cosmopolitan". As it is unclear how much inequality I permit, my commitment to egalitarianism is in doubt, and as such commitment is central to the cosmopolitan outlook, whether my account is cosmopolitan is in question. Landesman therefore invites me to clarify the role of equality and equality of opportunity in my account of what it is to have a decent life. In addition, Landesman argues that I do not con-sider the arguments from reciprocity to members of our society seriously enough. He believes there is too little room in my account for showing preference to cona-tionals. This lack of space for partiality, he thinks, will not give enough comfort to liberal nationalists. (Sitting rather in tension with the last point, however, is his claim that my view does not differ in sufficient detail from that of the liberal na-tionalist whose views I reject.) Landesman also invites me to clarify the floor for which I advocate as that which is sufficient for a decent life: whether it is quite low, very high, or something in the mid-range.
Cindy Holder also presents many important crticisms. She notes, for in-stance, that even though I seem to reject arguments from gratitude, I rely on some-thing quite like an argument from gratitude when I argue that states are permitted to set conditions on the international mobility of health care workers, on the grounds that a state's investment in the training of such workers establishes re-sponsibilities for those workers to ensure that some benefits accrue to states from
that training. More generally, she thinks my position embraces some tensions which mean that I should clarify the role of the state in my account of global jus-tice. She argues that my focus on institutional and policy prescriptions as candi-dates for compelling duties of global justice forces us to grapple with exactly what the relevance of sharing a state is and also how, in the absence of shared state structures, we are to see our options for ensuring that our institutions treat all human beings as having equal moral worth.
In the next section I discuss in more detail the content of what we owe one another and the scope for concern with inequality. As I indicate further below, my view is that when we understand all the components of what it is to have a decent life, including providing for all the needs endorsed, protecting the liberties, ensur-ing fair terms of co-operation and social and political arrangements that support these core ingredients for decent lives, this will commit us to a much richer picture of what we owe one another than is commonly assumed when talking of decent lives. There is also considerable scope for concern with inequality when that fuller picture is presented. So I agree with Landesman that justice cannot have as its tar-get objective bringing people just beyond the threshold of poverty and misery. I think my account has in view a much more ambitious goal than poverty relief, as traditionally understood.
Then in section 3 I discuss and clarify the importance of a shared state in se-curing global justice and also how, in the absence of shared state structures, we are to see our options for ensuring that our institutions treat all human beings as hav-ing equal moral worth. There is scope for compatriot partiality and appropriate attention to non-compatriots. I explain how these can readily be combined.
2. The content of what we owe one another and scope for concern with inequality
Let us turn next to examine more closely my account of what we owe one another at both state and global level. There is space for concern with inequality and I need to say more so we can appreciate when equality matters. I agree that on the usual conception of what our basic needs are, simply meeting this bare mini-mum standard (as it is usually understood) would be inadequate. But my account endorses a much higher threshold of what is required for a decent life. Indeed, I have tested this rich account and found a high level of support for it. (See Ap-pendix 1 for an outline of the version tested in fieldwork and some results.)
First, some background to situate both the debate and my position in rela-tion to it. A dominant grounding for the egalitarian commitment to matters of jus-tice is heavily influenced by a luck egalitarian intuition. Luck egalitarianism is a view according to which the purpose of distributive principles of justice should
be to mitigate the influence that luck has on individuals' life prospects. Consider how it is a matter of luck whether one is born into an affluent, developed country or a poor, developing nation. Yet where one happens to have been born has such an important bearing on how one's life will go. The current distribution of global wealth and opportunities does not track persons' choices and efforts but rather is greatly influenced and distorted by luck. What is objectionable here is that existing social and political institutions have converted contingent brute facts about people's lives into significant social disadvantages for some and advantages for others. Persons as moral equals can demand that any common order that they im-pose on one another start from a default assumption of equality and departures from this be justified to those who stand to be adversely affected.
Though I concede luck egalitarians start with a powerful intuition and have some quite good arguments, I reject luck egalitarianism on now familiar grounds made famous by Elizabeth Anderson in her influential article, "What is the Point of Equality?",2 namely that the concern with equalizing luck focuses on the wrong
object in attempting to address inequality. As we see with real-world egalitarian social movements, the focus should rightly be on creating relations of equality which have as their focus not equalizing luck but rather eliminating sources of domination and oppression that preclude standing in the right kinds of relations with one another, namely those characterized by equal respect, recognition, and power. I endorse relational equality, as I discuss in Global Justice, Chapter 12. The power of relational equality is under-appreciated in my view. It sometimes gets us to some quite strong commitments, indeed ones that might even converge with those egalitarians, more traditionally conceived, would endorse.
In this section I explore important ways in which the sufficientarian ideal of ensuring people have the prospects for decent lives can rightly lead to concern with equality. Even if we focus only on obligations to ensure people have enough for a decent life, this sometimes entails appropriate concern for equality. I first out-line what ensuring people have the prospects for a decent life consists in on my view. I also examine how concern for equality, especially relational equality, fits into this account. Then, I briefly argue that the gap between my account and what egalitarians should rightly be concerned with may not be all that great. By appeal-ing to Thomas Scanlon's views about when equality matters (a theorist to which Bruce Landesman also appeals), I make a succinct case for possible convergence for an important range of cases.
My aim in Global Justice is to develop a cosmopolitan model of global justice that takes seriously the equal moral worth of persons, yet leaves scope for defensi-ble forms of nationalism along with other legitimate identifications and affilia-tions. What can we reasonably expect of one another in the domain of justice? An alternative Rawlsian-style normative thought experiment offers a systematic and vivid way for thinking through such issues (though the arguments stand alone as well).3 The main issue delegates to a hypothetical conference must entertain
con-cerns what basic framework governing the world's inhabitants we can reasonably expect to agree on as fair.4 After considerable argument about what that entails,
I endorse the following position: global justice requires that all are adequately po-sitioned to enjoy prospects for a decent life, which requires we attend especially to enabling need satisfaction, protecting basic freedom, ensuring fair terms of coop-eration in collective endeavours, and social and political arrangements that can underwrite these important goods are in place.
All four of these components constitute the basis for grounding claims of entitlement. The detail of which claims they ground is begun by considering five domains in which our entitlements can be specified in more particular terms, con-cerning global poverty, taxation, liberty protections, humanitarian intervention, immigration, and the global economic order. There is no easy or straightforward way to move from the four categories that describe the contours of a decent life to obligations to secure these for others. Moving from items on the list of what is needed to secure a decent life to obligations requires some significant discussion of empirical theories dealing with causes, contributory factors, and obstacles to the realisation of goals listed. It also requires discussion of mechanisms available for protecting the goods enumerated, for enforcing obligations, and the like.
3 In arguing for what we are all owed as human beings, I argue for what our reasonable expecta-tions of one another should be, especially in situaexpecta-tions of ongoing cooperation. The set-up of a normative thought experiment simply aims to make this more vivid to us, but the basic idea can be argued for independently of that framework. When properly set up, such thought experiments are a good way to flesh out what we can reasonably expect of one another in a way that avoids inappropriate partiality: if people do not know what positions they might find themselves in dur-ing the lottery of life, they will pay more attention to what would constitute fair arrangements. 4 I will not be able to cover the details of the normative thought experiment here, but I can give a brief sketch of some of the main moves. An easy way to enter the thought experiment is to im-agine that a global conference has been organized. You have been randomly selected to be a deci-sion-making delegate to this conference. You are to participate in deciding what would be a fair framework for interactions and relations among the world's inhabitants. Though you have been invited to the decision-making forum, you do not know anything about what allegiances you have (or may have after the conference concludes), but you do know that decisions made at this confe-rence will be binding. It may turn out that you belong to a developing nation, occupy a territory with poor natural resources, and so forth. Given these sorts of possibilities, you are provided with reasons to care about what you would be prepared to tolerate in a range of different circumstances.
times appropriate mechanisms to secure elements may not be straightforward or obvious, as is the case when we consider the role freedom of the press has in se-curing adequate protection for basic liberties. Similarly, when we consider our taxation and accounting regimes we see much scope for reforms that would better protect and secure countries' abilities to assist their citizens in meeting basic needs.
How does equality matter in my account? In virtue of the four central com-ponents of my account of global justice, equality can matter in significant ways. Recall that global justice requires that all are adequately positioned to enjoy pros-pects for a decent life, which entails that we attend especially to (i) enabling need satisfaction, (ii) protecting basic freedom, (iii) ensuring fair terms of cooperation in collective endeavours, and (iv) social and political arrangements that can under-write the important goods outlined in (i) - (iii). The basic account of global justice has these four central components, which can all have implications for equality. Consider, for instance, that one of our basic needs is for autonomy, which means we must be vigilant for ways in which autonomy can be undermined by condi-tions conducive to domination. When inequality gives rise to such opportunities, such situations become a matter of normative concern. It is also important to em-phasize that the commitment to fair terms of cooperation in collective endeavours will often entail a concern for equality. In addition to the basic account, I endorse a number of other views that have a bearing on how demanding this account is, and also how equality matters in it. For instance, I am also committed to an ideal of democratic equality. This requires that we promote standing in relations of equality with one another, notably those that promote equal respect, recognition, and power.5
To illustrate how all of this works in favour of a concern for equality within states, let us start with a specific form of the worry about inequality: is it permissi-ble to provide adequate but unequal (and inferior) healthcare or education to girls in a particular society, when boys within that society receive much better health-care or education? If a good is being provided to boys, there is much in my ac-count that would support the view that it should be equally provided for girls. Consider the idea that democratic equality requires standing in relations of equali-ty with one another. Standing in relations of equaliequali-ty with others in the same so-ciety requires equal provision of certain goods, such as voting and education. We also have a basic need for autonomy, which requires that we are vigilant for ways in which features of our societal arrangements might promote domination. Insofar
as boys' superior health or education fosters such opportunities, further support can be marshaled against the idea of endorsing adequate but inferior heathcare or education for girls. Support for equal provision can also be derived from the commitment to fair terms of cooperation in collective endeavours. The fourth cen-tral criterion that seeks social and political arrangements that promote the preced-ing three important goods would require this as well (at least in virtue of the need for autonomy and fair terms of cooperation). Unequal provision would not be consistent with a background social and political culture that appropriately ex-presses our equal moral worth, a commitment to promotion of our equal basic li-berties or equal promotion of needs-fulfillment, fair terms of co-operation, and the like.
Concerns with relational equality, non-domination and fair terms of co-operation that often yield a concern for more equality within states attract parallel attention in the global sphere. Indeed, there is a significant need for improved global regulation as an effective and neglected way of honoring our global justice commitments. As we see then, fostering relational equality is the goal and distribu-tional issues are important to that goal, but they do not and should not exhaust our concern with equality. By looking at where unequal provision does under-mine standing in relations of equality with one another and where it does not, and, importantly, where other factors not related to individual holdings under-mine standing in relations of equality, we are able to assemble a more nuanced account of when and how our equality matters. The argument has to be made in domain- and good-specific terms. For certain goods, equality is part of adequacy. Education and voting would seem to be paradigm cases. But equal provision need not be important for all goods. Equal provision of housing may be one example. Moreover, in many cases, relevant concern with equality should guide us towards a focus on improved regulation rather than distribution per se, since what blocks the possibility of standing in relations of equality is the exercise of unequal power. Improved regulation in the areas of taxation and accounting, securing public goods, promoting press freedom, better protecting the architecture of international justice and promoting a culture of accountability are the sorts of reforms which would have a more profound effect on promoting the kind of equality to which we should aspire.6
I also maintain that aiming at relational equality better captures the moral equality to which cosmopolitans are committed than rival conceptions which are exclusively attuned to distributional issues. A central component to being a
mopolitan is recognition of our equal moral worth and entitlement to equal re-spect. What is common to various formulations of cosmopolitanism is commit-ment to the idea that all human beings deserve moral consideration and that in some sense we should treat their claims equally.7 The question of what it is to treat
people as equals has generated an enormous literature.8 Clearly, what such
treat-ment involves can vary significantly depending on contexts, especially when we focus on who is distributing what to whom. Let us then focus on the global setting and assume that we are trying to establish a just global structure or just global in-stitutions.
What is it to treat people as equals in this context? It is hard to come up with an answer that does not rely at some level on a conception of fairness, of what fair terms of co-operation might consist in, or of what counts as a fair share of burdens and benefits. For instance, to treat A as an equal with B, where A needs B's help, is for B to recognize A's reasonable demands on her, and to treat B as an equal to A is to recognize what is a reasonable view of the kind of burden A might legitimately ask B to bear and also what burdens A can be expected to assume in helping herself appropriately. However, distributional issues do not exhaust our legitimate concern with equality. Standing in relations of equality requires atten-tion to distribuatten-tional issues, to be sure, but issues of how we show equal recogni-tion may be just as profound. Institurecogni-tions that create and protect the precondirecogni-tions for showing equal recognition have an enormously valuable role to play.
It is commonly held that equality matters because of its effects on power. Inequality of wealth can translate into inequality in influence and power, which can be used to entrench further inequalities through (for instance) getting to de-termine the rules of global institutions. So, a common reason cited as to why we should be concerned with material inequalities is that it leads to objectionable power inequalities, which can limit abilities to participate with others on equal terms. I too am concerned with the way radical inequality in holdings can under-mine equality, but I argue that quite comprehensive solutions are required in or-der to counteract the problem. Consior-der a case such as the aggressive recruiting of health care workers from developing countries to work in developed ones, which has the effect of entirely stripping a community of all its health care workers. Those health care organizations that have deep pockets will have great purchasing power. If we are concerned about vulnerability to coercion or oppression, or any-thing else in this vicinity, why stop at regulating the distribution of resources to
7 Miller [2007] p. 27.
individuals when organizations can be so much better endowed and diminish cru-cial aspects of life prospects more dramatically? And why consider only inequali-ties of wealth, when there are many other ways inequaliinequali-ties can render one vul-nerable to exploitation, domination, or other unfairness? If people are to be free and equal in determining the conditions of their own existence, an array of protec-tions must be in place. When absence of public funding for electoral processes undermines political participation, when a lack of public funding is available to secure an adequate public education or health system, or when freedom of expres-sion is threatened by a monopoly on ownership of the media, these can greatly undermine our freedom and equality. Unequal access to various resources, such as water or nuclear technology, can have a more profound impact on our abilities to be self-determining than our holdings. Inequality of holdings is just one facet of what prevents us standing in the relevant relations of equality.
It is plausible that my views converge with recommendations egalitarians
should endorse from their preferred accounts. There is insufficient attention paid to
the issue of just when equality matters. Equality does not always matter, as many egalitarians, of course, admit.9 In order to make this case quite succinctly I discuss
Thomas Scanlon's position. In "When Does Equality Matter?" Scanlon identifies five kinds of reasons for objecting to inequality and for seeking to eliminate or re-duce these.10 First, "we often have reason to reduce inequalities for essentially
hu-manitarian reasons, because taking from those who have more is the only, or the
best, way to alleviate the hardships of those who have less".11 A second type of
reason derives from concern with status: concern for reducing inequality is often merited because of the humiliating differences in status that are created. A third reason derives from concerns about power, especially, the unacceptable exercise of power of those who have more over those who have less. Fourth, there are con-cerns related to fairness: sometimes eliminating inequalities is necessary "to pre-serve the equality of starting places that is required if our institutions are to be fair. Great inequality of wealth and income can, for example, undermine equality of
9 Darrel Moellendorf gives at least 4 kinds of cases where equality is not required. The presump-tion in favor of egalitarianism is defeasible – there can be morally relevant reasons for diverging from equality such as: (i) because of what some have done to harm the interests of others, some persons can deserve to have their interests given less weight, (ii) some might voluntarily consent to lesser realization of interests or absorbing higher risks, (iii) some might have different morally re-levant needs requiring more resources, or (iv) offering incentives might be more beneficial for all. See Moellendorf [2009].
10 Scanlon [2007]. 11 Ibidem, p. 15.
opportunity and the fairness of political institutions".12 And the fifth reason is that
at least sometimes "if an agency is obligated to deliver some good to various bene-ficiaries, it must, absent special justification, deliver it in equal measure to all of them".13 Scanlon conjectures that these "reasons may provide a full account of the
role that substantive equality has in our thinking about social justice".14
Scanlon's astute views seem to have helpfully identified the occasions on which we should be concerned with equality. But if these are the occasions on which we should be concerned with equality, it seems that what egalitarians should be con-cerned with converges importantly with my own view. Recall that on my account eliminating neediness, attending to situations in which people stand in relations of inequality with one another, eliminating opportunities for domination, and fair terms of co-operation (inter alia), are what should command our normative atten-tion. These foci correspond strikingly well with the occasions Scanlon identifies as warranting attention from a more traditionally egalitarian perspective.15
Landesman also asks me to clarify my views about the importance of equal-ity of opportunequal-ity, so I try to do that very briefly next. My critical views in the book about the positive ideal of equality of opportunity entirely surround the con-fidence we are entitled to have in our being satisfied that we have achieved the goal
of genuinely equal opportunities. Admittedly, this is a fairly theoretical worry given
our current circumstances. The concerns expressed centre on the way in which cultures' influences make difficult the calculations about whether equal opportun-ities are even approximated, and this is problematic for theories that make central the goal of ensuring global equality of opportunity. Though I am a bit skeptical about an over-emphasis on equality of opportunity as a stand-alone target goal of global justice, I believe equality does matter in certain important kinds of cases, especially fostering relational equality – standing in relations of equality with one another, as I hope to have shown above.
3. The role of the state in my account of Global Justice
According to Landesman, we owe a fair distribution of benefits and bur-dens to fellow citizens because we exist with them in a single cooperative scheme
12 Ibidem. 13 Ibidem, p. 16. 14 Ibidem.
15 Scanlon notes "The importance of eliminating stigmatizing differences in status also depends on a kind of proximity. Where people reasonably compare their lives and conditions with each other, differences in level can lead to reasonable feelings of loss of esteem" (Scanlon [2007] p. 17). This is important and again seems to place notable constraints on which inequalities matter.
in which benefits are produced and burdens borne for the production of those benefits. He notes that though I seem to reject reciprocity arguments while ar-guing against the liberal nationalists, I also seem to endorse reciprocity arguments in other parts of the book, namely when discussing what we owe one another in the global context. I explain how to resolve this tension shortly, but continue for now with cataloguing some of Landesman's views and critiques.
Landesman resists the idea that we are part of global cooperative schemes and therefore owe benefits more widely than nationalists or statists assume, on the grounds that the connections to members of our own states are deeper and wider still, and so give rise to stronger obligations. I agree with him when he also notes that our lives are "lived within an infrastructure without which most of the things we do would not be possible. Thus we rely or would like to rely on a well ma-naged economy, on educational institutions, on roads, parks, libraries, on clean air and water and more. All these are provided by the actions of our fellow citizens living life together with us, especially their willingness to pay the taxes that sup-port these goods". (Though compatriots' co-operation is certainly relevant here, I would argue that so is the co-operation of non-compatriots in securing such goods. More about this in due course, as well.) Because of the obligations of reci-procity, it seems permissible to favor the interests of fellow citizens over the inter-ests of non-citizens, even their more urgent interinter-ests.
Landesman asks me to clarify my way of resolving the preference for co-nationals. As he points out, my view is that where appropriate institutions have been set up which have as their target ensuring that everyone's interests are ade-quately protected, we may then prioritise compatriots needs. Against a backdrop of globally just institutions that we cooperate in sustaining, we may act in ways that focus on compatriot needs. Landesman does not think a liberal nationalist can accept such a view. But I do not see why not. We do not have to have succeeded in securing justice for all. Rather, all we have to do is cooperate in establishing and maintaining the institutions that would secure justice for all. So, for instance, we need to ensure the institutions are in place to secure liberties and accountability, such as through supporting relevant institutions that promote press freedom, the architecture of international justice, transparency in resource sales, and the like. So long as we are doing our part in sustaining these institutions we are playing our role, taking up a share of the responsibility for securing global justice. Then we may turn our attention to securing also the institutions that will secure domestic justice. In reality, however, the way I see this is that we work on both objectives all the time, playing our parts in both projects. It is not a question of choosing one at the expense of the other, or which has priority, but rather doing both in a
sus-tained and interlocking way. Indeed, each can help to secure and strengthen the other project. Domestic justice is fragile in a world in which global justice is inse-cure. And global justice is unattainable where domestic justice is absent.
I continue to address Landesman's and Holder's concerns about the role of the state shortly, but first some relevant background might assist. I take as a point of departure that many people value their attachments to cultural and national groups. My purpose is to show how such attachments can be consistent with a commitment to global justice. So long as people are playing their part in fulfil-ling their obligations of global justice, there is room for legitimate attachments, such as those to compatriots. The emphasis in my view is on showing when and how the attachments are compatible with a commitment to global justice, leaving considerable discretion for nationalists or statists to then pursue nation- or state-strengthening projects and the like. So long as nations are playing their part in the regulatory reform and construction necessary to undergird global justice – such as ensuring the necessary tax and accounting reforms are enacted in their jurisdiction or that global institutions of accountability, such as a free press and the Interna-tional Criminal Court, flourish through their relevant support -- it is permissible for additional resources to be spent also on further fortifying local institutions of accountability or indeed other legitimate projects that strengthen nations.
One of the important features of my account that I want to stress is that there is much that we can do to secure global justice that in no way threatens compatriots' interests, on the contrary helps fortify these. Supporting various global institutions (such as the International Criminal Court) or regulatory reforms (such as, those that would reduce tax evasion and escape), not only works to pro-tect non-compatriots' interests, but also those of compatriots. A world in which more accountability and tax compliance and collection are promoted, benefits eve-ryone in important ways. Too much is made of the conflicts and I want to emphas-ize rather the considerable scope for harmonization.
The needs I endorse as basic are derived from the prerequisites of agency – what it is to be a human agent. Analyzing these preconditions produces the fol-lowing list: Sufficient physical and psychological health, security, understanding, autonomy, and decent social relations. All of these are argued to be integral to be-ing a human agent in a number of ways. Conceptual and empirical support is of-fered for these claims. Enjoying decent social relations with at least some others is integral to meeting needs: as I argue, on plausible accounts of what it is to be able to function minimally well as a human agent, we have social needs, and social re-lations also help us meet needs, notably psychological ones, such as for
connec-tedness, intimacy, recognition, esteem, or respect.16 The decent social relations that
I see as important can take the form of cultural or national affiliations, but they need not. Consider needs such as for recognition, intimacy, esteem and connec-tedness. Typically these needs are satisfied, at least initially, from small-scale inte-ractions with a few highly involved people. For some people meeting the needs might expand to include whole cultural communities, but they need not do so, and can be well satisfied by just a handful of people both initially and throughout one's life. So, the need for decent social relations can be satisfied in many and va-ried forms.
Some may, for whatever reason, find their psychological health intimately bound up with their nation's fortunes. Perhaps they chose an identity as fully au-tonomous adults that has the implication that cultural relations or national stand-ing matters greatly to that identity, and their psychological health is badly under-mined when their culture is under physical or existential threat. In so far as such cultural attachment meets a fairly low moral acceptability threshold, there is no problem in finding room for such attachment in an account of global justice.
As Holder suggests, I seem to eschew the force of the gratitude argument when arguing against liberal nationalists and yet seem to make use of it somewhat in arguing for the permissibility of imposing conditions on would-be migrants who wish to leave a state. Is there some important tension between my concern with detrimental effects of out-migration and a failure to wholeheartedly endorse the gratitude argument, the liberal nationalist position to which it seems to lead, or the role of the state in matters of justice? Let me explain why I do not think so. In many cases the losses that I identify as associated with out-migration take the form of setbacks to fundamental identifiable interests such as setbacks to health for remaining citizens, institutional losses, or lost opportunities for development. Frequently, the loss takes the form of lost opportunities for institutions to be de-veloped or strengthened. These are serious losses because many of the important reforms that are needed to address poverty are of an institutional nature. Accord-ing to the institutional view of what promotes prosperity, a key factor in address-ing poverty is improvaddress-ing the quality of local institutions, for instance the rule of law that operates in the country, which includes institutions that provide depend-able property rights, can manage conflict, maintain law and order, endepend-able social and political stability, and sustain its regulatory capacity.17 Institutions that
pro-mote the rule of law make for an environment conducive to growth and
16 Brock [2009] Chapter 3, especially pp. 63-69.
tion (which some maintain are key drivers of prosperity),18 but also make for an
environment conducive to investment in education, health, and infrastructure, all key ingredients for lifting people out of poverty. Creating better institutions is a significant component in helping people out of poverty. As proponents of the institutional view, we can object then to those activities that undermine institu-tions of the relevant kind without any kind of commitment to the non-instru- mental importance of states.
Furthermore, we might observe that given the way the world is now, people are deeply connected to their national communities. This can be conceded without commitment to a view that national communities must have enduring value. Alternative configurations of human societies have certainly produced oth-er attachments (to the tribe, the band, the village, the clan, and the like). And fu-ture innovations could certainly inspire others. Though I think it important to make space for national affiliation in the world we live in, I remain open to the possibility that this is but a temporary phase and may yield to another set of at-tachments in some transition to more cosmopolitan possibilities. National identifi-cation is not necessarily an enduring feature of the human condition, as is obvious when we reflect on the history and variety of forms of human attachment that have existed and exist today.
Having said that, the role I see for the state in our current world and for the foreseeable future is substantial. There is no question that states can and should play an important role in underwriting and securing key ingredients for a decent life. A few important points to note about this claim and Holder's and Landes-man's critiques.
First, we should find force in arguments based on gratitude and reciprocity, but the point is that the boundaries of states should not act as the defensible limit on the scope of those to whom we have obligations of justice. In virtue of consid-erations of gratitude and reciprocity we have duties to a much wider set of people than we typically presume and those arguments marshaled by liberal nationalists are intended to show. The source and objects of the obligations in virtue of grati-tude and reciprocity extend widely to include all humanity, since all persons' re-straint and co-operation is needed to secure the most valuable goods that our well-being presupposes, such as the peacefulness and relative security which most productive and beneficial action requires.
Second, the international community can do much to fortify state's capacity to provide decent lives for its citizens and this is an important part of the work in
Global Justice. There are many ways in which the international community can and
should provide support to states in securing decent lives for citizens, such as forti-fying the architecture of international justice and accountability, reforming tax and accounting practices that thwart state's abilities to provide public goods and basic resources for its citizens, or supporting mechanisms that strengthen freedom of the press.19
Third, all states have internal and external responsibilities. So long as they are discharging these appropriately, they may be permitted to show further par-tiality towards citizens or be permitted a robust sphere for self-determination. So there is scope for partiality to compatriots so long as sufficient attention has also been paid to the responsibilities we have to provide the necessary framework in which decent lives are achievable.20
All in all then, states are highly valuable agents in the pursuit of global jus-tice. Indeed, for those whose identity is importantly tied in with the flourishing of their states, states' flourishing is an important part of contributing to individual's well-being.
Appendix 1
I have been involved in a research project that engages in some empirical testing of models of well-being and what it is to have a decent life. The first phase of the research project involved testing the cross-cultural robustness of a list of capabilities. The second phase involved learning from the results of the first and testing an alternative framework, namely the one I explore in Global Justice, and sketched above in section 2. Here are three of the questions we asked, along with what was provided to interview subjects.
(a) Extract from interview schedule
Question 1:
A recent model of what it is to have a decent life proposes 4 major catego-ries that deserve attention. An outline of the model follows. For each category we would like to know (a) what you think about the importance of the items listed, especially your view of the importance of failing to achieve any of these items. We would also like to know (b) whether you think there are important omissions that should be added to this account of what it is to live a decent life.
19 For more on the details of these claims see Brock [2009], Chapters 5-13. 20 This is discussed in more detail in Brock [2009], Chapter 11, inter alia.
I. Enabling people to meet basic needs
There are 5 important categories of basic needs that are especially worthy of attention:21
1) Health (both (i) physical and (ii) psychological) (i) To be enabled to enjoy physical health
For instance:
To be adequately nourished.
To have adequate protection from the elements, such as ade-quate shelter would provide.
To enjoy reproductive health.
(ii) To be enabled to enjoy psychological health For instance:
To enjoy a healthy emotional life. This involves special care in early childhood and the nurturance of key capacities such as for empathy, also being able to express and manage emotions (such as anger).
To have self-esteem, self-respect, and confidence.
To be resilient to important external stressors (being able to learn to deal with setbacks and resistance).22
2) Security
To feel safe and secure (for good reason), in at least some places, particular-ly one's home.
(See also further categories below especially II.) 3) Understanding
To think, reflect, reason, and imagine, in ways informed by adequate educa-tion.
To engage in reflection and planning about one's life.
21 For all needs listed under Category I, these should be understood as "enabled to…". So, for in-stance, "enabled to be adequately nourished" rather than "to be adequately nourished". I found the continual repetition unnecessary (and perhaps to put the emphasis in the wrong place) hence the more succinct version.
22 Note that there is much scope for our concern with relational equality to make inroads here. Consider, for instance, how radical inequality can undermine a sense of one's own value. This does perhaps put some limits on permissible inequality in virtue of our concern with creating conditions conducive to self-esteem, self-respect and the like. But it could also point to the need for develop-ing more psychological resilience in the face of a hostile world. It is not clear which of these paths is recommended. Almost certainly both will have a role to play. Some empirical literature is rele-vant to making more detailed proposals.
4) Autonomy
To participate in choices that govern one's life; to have some control over one's life. To make plans for one's life. To implement some actions in re-sponse to reflection and deliberation.
5) Decent Social Relations
To have attachments to people; to love and care for those who love and care for us.
To live in a way that shows respect and concern for other human beings. To contribute to others' well-being.
To feel supported in at least some environments; having support systems. Having people around who you can trust and rely on; not feeling alone, iso-lated, and unsupported.
II. Having Protection for Basic Liberties
Some of the important freedoms that need protection include:
a. Freedom from assault: being able to be reasonably secure against physical assault (including domestic violence and sexual abuse)
b. Freedom of conscience, religion, and dissent c. Freedom of expression and speech
d. Freedom of movement: having some ability to move freely from place to place, within one's community
e. Freedom to participate in political life
III. Enjoying fair terms of cooperation in collective endeavours
For instance, agreements, policies, or institutions should endeavour to avoid exploitation and, more generally, seek to take the interests of all affected, especially the most vulnerable parties, into account, so that these are fair to every-one affected (as much as this is possible).
Some examples might be:
Laws which prescribe a minimum wage. Laws against abusive forms of child labour. Having fair opportunities to seek employment.
IV. Social and Political Arrangements That Support I. - III. Above
Illustrations include these:
Not being socially stigmatized. Not being discriminated against on the basis of gender, religion, race, ethnicity, and other possible areas of vulnerability.
Having opportunities for people to feel valued, acknowledged, and ac-cepted.
Being able to enjoy balance in one's life: that there is space for work, leisure, and other important domains of life.
Question 2: Decent life – priorities
Which of the four categories listed above do you think matters most to a decent life? Are they all equally important or are some categories more impor-tant to a decent life than others?
Question 3: Equality
Do you think the notion of equality matters to what a decent life consists in? If so, how does equality matter?
(b) Some discussion of the results of these questions
The answers to Question 1(a) show excellent confirmation that the central categories of what makes for a decent life do resonate with people's experiences. Indeed, there is unanimous support that all items mentioned are important for a decent life.23
The answers to question 2, concerning how to prioritise the categories I through IV confirms what was hypothesized, which was that either people would say they cannot be prioritized, as they are all important, or if pressed, they would pick out category I, being enabled to meet basic needs, as especially salient. About half went for the former strategy with almost all the rest selecting category I as most important.
We also asked the questions of whether and if so, how equality matters to a decent life. At least eighty percent of our sample believed that equality does mat-ter to a decent life. Most people think equality matmat-ters, when it does, because of relational factors – how people stand in relation to each other. It is also notable that people often mistake a concern for equality with concern for sufficiency.
23 It is notable that there is a much higher level of support for the importance of all items indicated than in Phase I of the project in which a list of capabilities formed the basic taxonomy to be tested. In Phase I there was some variance as to whether respondents thought items important or not (the lowest item scored a 42% agreement rating as to the importance of the value of life, and while health did get a 100% agreement rating, for thirteen of the fourteen categories, some respondents disagreed that the item was important for well-being.)
Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson [2001] – D. Acemoglu, S. Johnson, J. Robinson, The Colonial
Origins of Comparative Development An Empirical Investigation, "American Economic
Review" 91 (5) 2001.
Anderson [1999] – E. Anderson, What is the Point of Equality?, "Ethics" (109) 1999.
Brock [2009] – G. Brock, Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009.
Miller [2007] – D. Miller, National Responsibility and Global Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
Moellendorf [2009] – D. Moellendorf, Global Inequality Matters, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndsmills 2009.
North [1990] – D. North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, Cam-bridge University Press, CamCam-bridge 1990.
Scanlon [2007] – T.M. Scanlon, When Does Equality Matter?, unpublished paper presented to a workshop at Stanford University in 2007, available at: http://politicalscience.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/workshop-materials/pt _scanlon.pdf.


text:
Try this Butterscotch Pancakes recipe, or contribute your own.
Suggest a better description1 Heat a large flat griddle. Sieve the flour and salt into a bowl and make a well in the centre. 2 Break in the egg, pour in the buttermilk and whisk to a smooth batter. 3 Smear some oil onto the hot griddle pan and ladle in small amounts of batter to make pancakes 3"/7.5cm in diameter. Make three pancakes. 4 Cook the pancakes for a minute or so until bubbles start to appear, then flip over and cook for another minute until lightly golden. 5 Transfer to a plate and cover with a square of parchment paper to prevent sticking. 6 For the butterscotch sauce: Melt 115g/4oz butter in a heavy based pan. Add the muscovado sugar and stir for a few minutes until dissolved. 7 Pour in 3/4 double cream and bring the sauce to a simmer. Reduce the heat and cook for 2-3 minutes until thickened and toffee like. 8 Heat a wok or a saute pan. Peel and slice the bananas. Add the remaining 25g/1oz butter to the pan and add the bananas and a squeeze of lime juice. 9 Saute over a fairly high heat until the bananas are slightly caramelised. 10 Add about 1/3 butterscotch sauce to the bananas, stirring gently to combine, then remove from the heat. 11 Place a pancake on the plate and spoon over some of the banana mixture. 12 Add a sprinkling of blueberries and then a spoonful of butterscotch sauce. Continue to layer in this way until all the ingredients are used up. 13 Sprinkle the plate with a few blueberries and some icing sugar, drizzle the rest of the cream around the plate and serve with a scoop of vanilla ice cream. Recipe by: Cant Cook Wont Cook
View line-by-line Nutrition Insights™: Discover which ingredients contribute the calories/sodium/etc.
Serving Size: 1 Serving (216g) | ||
Recipe Makes: 6 Servings | ||
Calories: 516 | ||
Calories from Fat: 283 (55%) | ||
Amt Per Serving | % DV | |
Total Fat 31.5g | 42 % | |
Saturated Fat 19.4g | 97 % | |
Monounsaturated Fat 8.4g | ||
Polyunsanturated Fat 1.4g | ||
Cholesterol 123.3mg | 38 % | |
Sodium 322.6mg | 11 % | |
Potassium 349.4mg | 9 % | |
Total Carbohydrate 55.5g | 16 % | |
Dietary Fiber 2.5g | 10 % | |
Sugars, other 53g | ||
Protein 6.1g | 9 % | |
Powered by: USDA Nutrition Database Disclaimer: Nutrition facts are derived from linked ingredients (shown at left in colored bullets) and may or may not be complete. Always consult a licensed nutritionist or doctor if you have a nutrition-related medical condition. |
Calories per serving: 516
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Subscribe to The Carolina Line on your favorite podcast platform: Apple Podcasts/Google Podcasts/Spotify/RSS
Al Wallace and Kevin Donnalley are here to talk you off the ledge – the season is not over only two weeks into the NFL season. But they'll talk about why it's hard to coach superstars, what the difference between practice and game reps are like and how to mentor the young folks.
Al will detail why – from a defensive linemen's perspective – Cam Newton isn't quite as hard to prepare for as he used to be and why guys like Shaq Barrett were able to come screaming off the edge with ease. If the Panthers are going to be successful, it's going to start with Cam's legs; and no one is going to be sad to see "Happy Cam" in the huddle. They'll talk Greg Little vs. Daryl Williams vs. Taylor Moton, what the keys to the Cards matchup is on Sunday and how the Panthers can make Cam's life easier.
Then Kevin will talk about how he kicked another player in the jaw on the field, how a sewing needle worked it's way into an NFL pileup – for real, and what it looks like when the league is going to fine you — oh, and Al Wallace choking people out on special teams. Plus, a new host with the most joins the show!
The Carolina Line is a proud part of The Riot Network powered by OrthoCarolina. Please rate, review and subscribe wherever your local podcasts are sold.


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Stuttgart Airport (EDDS)
Five webcams to choose from. See the aircraft moving around the apron, or view inside a terminal building.
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11385 people online
11385 people online
Why we are the number one online dating app for over fifty years old seeking love and romance on internet today? That's a very sensible question for anyone who wants to experience a unique and enjoyable change of life and who is looking for like minded couples and singles. The answer should be easy to understand once you have found our dating website in Connecticut and our social media are so exciting. On the one hand, thanks to our online chat rooms, you can meet local people and have a very meaningful conversation. On the other hand, thanks to our sophisticated chat rooms and to our advanced matchmaking technology, we are able to find the perfect match with people living in your area. So, if you are a senior woman or man searching for a partner in Connecticut or in nearby parts, then you should go into our free online dating chatrooms and start having a pleasant conversation. On the site, you will be able not only to meet local mature ladies and men who are seeking to form a romantic or platonic relationship but also singles who would like to take your friendship one step further. It is a very interesting experience that everyone should try at least once in his life. In fact, we are helping seniors over the age of fifty years old and we are also providing an adult service for those under 18 years old in California, Indiana, or Missouri. This is an extraordinary service that allows under 18s to meet mature singles in the chatrooms for only ten minutes.
Looking for senior-friendly places in Connecticut to date this lady might be a good way because you can enjoy an unforgettable afternoon with your match in a very romantic place. This is a very good idea because there is nothing more romantic than a romantic senior date in a romantic place. So it is better to go to a romantic place with a person you love and admire if you want to have a lovely moment together that will be engraved in your mind forever. On top of that, it will be perfect to meet a woman if you have not yet dated a woman and get to know her better. Why not and just think about these reasons to go out with your match and start dating her? Be nice and talk as you can, if your match likes to chat than it will be an added bonus for you because you will be able to talk, share and make a great relationship between the two of you. Of course before anything your match should accept meeting you in real or she will not go on a date with you, but this is a way for you to show her that you really want to meet, date and start a relationship with her. So for an enjoyable moment and to be able to get to know your lover better, choose a place where people from the same social and economic background live so that you will enjoy an easy conversation together over this dating chat. Be really honest and sincere, because you are both mature people living in Connecticut and you do not need to hide anything to her.
Connecticut is the US county where most of the best dating sites are organized. This is why we gathered here a list of all the best and most interesting dating sites for singles in Connecticut including several senior dating apps, chat and singles communities where you can meet the most mature senior in your city. As such, all the profiles of our users are real seniors who have already visited our websites and who are really looking for a partner in order to find love. By joining our dating platform you will thus have the opportunity to match with senior ladies and men and to start a true romantic relationship with them. This is therefore a great way to meet singles interested in finding love with you, a perfect arrangement for getting married or having a family and a great option for seniors over 50 looking for someone to share quality time with. There are also a lot of benefits to our website, the primary one being actually that we also offer lots of services to our members and because of that we are constantly looking at ways to improve and innovate as opposed to most of our competitors and rivals who stop at simple advertising. By joining our site you will not be in trouble because we have everything you need including our own mobile app allowing you to chat while taking a walk of your own town. It's very easy to flirt online! Just join for a free registration in order for us to have access to your email address so that we may contact you later if you are interested.


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University City Apartments
Luxury apartments for rent in University City from $1,400
children's hospital of philadelphia (CHOP)
Upenn HOSPITAL & residency / fellowship programs
PENN Perelman
School of
Medicine / PENN MEDICINE
Drexel University College of Medicine
Welcome to University City Apartments in Philadelphia. We offer off-campus housing and apartments for rent starting at $1,400 and only a 15 minute walk to the University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, CHOP, and Penn Medicine, along with USciences and Saint Joseph's University. The top-top affordable living option near UPENN and Drexel University for off-campus living in University City, Philadelphia with elevator, study room, lobby, Amazon package area, gym, secured access, and picturesque roofdeck overlooking the Philadelphia skyline from University City. You will enjoy a varied selection of 2 bedroom and 1 bedroom unit apartments near University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University, Penn Medicine, UPENN, and CHOP (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Perelman School of Medicine, and Presbyterian Medical Center, and USciences. We cater to residents seeking peace and quiet after long days of work and study. We ask all residents to maintain a quiet living environment with no loud parties and no blasting music. We encourage an atmosphere of study, relaxation, and quiet co-working. We welcome most pets, but they must be well-behaved, clean, trained, and quiet. Most tenants include working medical and corporate professionals, along with graduate level students, fellows, medical residents, and Ph.D candidates. Perfect graduate level housing for Penn, UPENN, Drexel and even Temple, Jefferson, Saint Joseph's University, and Villanova students. Only a 10 minute walk to campus! Our apartments are strategically placed near various amenities such as restaurants, cafes, retail shops, and parks, making your stay with us a convenient and comfortable experience.
Our main amenity is location. Both 40/Spring Lofts and Haverford Lofts are in the same vicinity, just 3 blocks from each other. 40/Spring Lofts is located at 437 N 40th Street and Haverford Lofts is located at 4070 Haverford Ave. Conveniently located in University City across the Schuylkill River from Center City, just minutes from University of Pennsylvania, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, and Drexel University. Easy access to public transportation and 15-20 minute walk to most PENN and Drexel locations. Located at the epicenter of top-rated academics, world-renowned research, and leading global innovation.
Walk score: 90
University City in Philadelphia is considered as "Walking paradise". University City is one of the most walkable neighborhood in Philadelphia with a Walk Score of 90.
Transit score: 95
Transit and transportation score are one of the highest score in whole Philadelphia due to convenient location, developed transportation infrastructure and proximity to center city.
Bike score: 95
University City is great neighborhood for bike commuters according to walkscore.com.
You'll appreciate the intimate community feel. Designed with modern elements of earth tones and zen inspirations. We encourage residents to utilize our roofdeck for meditation, yoga, and relaxation. Contemporary yet calming décor with open ducts, exposed beams, and natural sunlight. The historic building exterior has been handsomely preserved and restored. All bedrooms have actual windows for fresh air and sunlight, bathtubs for ultimate relaxation, granite counters, stainless steel appliances, breakfast bars, and private washers/dryers. We offer shared WiFi for basic usage, and residents are able to establish private high-speed accounts with either Comcast or Verizon FIOS. Take advantage of other amenities, including the study lounge and weight room. Our goal is to offer ultimate comfort to our residents.
Breakfast Bars
Bathtubs for Relaxation
Easy access to Public Transit
Co-working and Study Lounge
Yoga and Weights Room
University City District Patrol Area
Yoga and Relaxation Rooftop
Real Windows & Sunlight
Stainless Steel & Granite
Washer / Dryer in Every Unit
Central Air
Bike Parking
Quiet pets welcome
Quiet living
Contact US
40/Spring Lofts
437 N 40th St,
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Haverford Lofts
4070 Haverford Ave,
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Leasing Office
Phone: 215-331-5252
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
about University City Philadelphia
University City is a vibrant, educational and cultural hub located in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The name "University City" is derived from the high concentration of universities and other educational institutions in the area, contributing to a diverse, intellectually stimulating environment. The district's boundaries are roughly defined as the Schuylkill River to the east, Spring Garden Street to the north, 52nd Street to the west, and Woodland Avenue, University Avenue, and Civic Center Boulevard to the south.
It is home to several prestigious higher education institutions, including the University of Pennsylvania, commonly referred to as UPENN, and Drexel University. The University of the Sciences and the Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College are also found here. This neighborhood is known for its stately, often historic, campuses, innovative research, cultural and arts institutions, and dynamic food scene. It is a beacon for students, academics, and professionals from around the world.
40/Spring Lofts – 437 N 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Located at the corner of 40th Street and Spring Garden Street.
Haverford Lofts – 4070 Haverford Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Located at the corner of Budd Street and Haverford Ave
No, we rent only the entire apartment. We do not rent rooms as we cater to graduate-level students and working professionals. You can have roommates, but you will all be on 1 lease where everyone is responsible for themselves and each other (Joint and Several Liability). This means you choose your own roommates or have no roommates.
Tenants pay electric and water fees which cover usage of washer/dryers.
The units do not come furnished. However, there are options available from 3rd party vendors which offer monthly furniture rentals. Please contact our office if furniture is required.
Street parking only. However, this area is not as congested as the prime center city, so it's pretty easy to find a spot. Haverford Lofts may have some parking spots in the rear available for rent, inquire with the leasing office.
Yes – you can use our building wifi. However, if you want a private connection to be more secure or faster, you can get private service from Comcast.
There is a common trash area.
Each unit has a mailbox, so letters are no problem. You can order larger packages and they are usually left near the mailboxes in the lobby area. If you are receiving Amazon packages, we have an Amazon HUB in our lobby, or you can use Amazon@Penn in 1920 Commons along Locust Walk.


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Tesla's Semi is "Semi-sational" by setting new industry benchmarks.
Its electric powertrain redefines efficiency and performance for trucks.
The Semi encourages competitors to adopt cleaner, electric technologies.
With cutting-edge features, it raises the bar for driver experience and safety.
Tesla's innovation challenges traditional standards in the trucking sector.
The industry is embracing change as Tesla's electric truck leads the way.
Efficiency, sustainability, and technology combine to create a "Semi-sational" future.
Tesla's standards push the envelope for greener and smarter trucking.


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What is latest version of 70-357 dumps certification? Microsoft 70-357 certification exam is the best way to update your knowledge and skills in MCSD field. Candidates can prepare for pass4itsure 70-357 dumps pdf exam by taking the course, "Developing Mobile Apps". Developing Mobile Apps is the exam name of 70-357 Visual Studio test that the computer-based, multiple-choice exam tests the candidate's knowledge with the Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) design pattern and Entity Framework, along with authentication technologies. Visual Studio 2015 experience is highly recommended.
A lot of companies are offering cheap 70-357 dumps for Developing Mobile Apps exam but with little to no good results. stumbling on this stage, you will find out the ways of passing the MCSD 70-357 test questions on the first try. Here you can download free practice tests 70-357 Visual Studio: Developing Mobile Apps. Not only has this but Developing Mobile Apps exam also makes you sure about progress in IT field. Again if you want to get inspiring jobs in IT enterprises, the Visual Studio Community 70-357 dumps certification exam is the ultimate solution. The Developing Mobile Apps (70-357 Visual Studio) exam is a 52q question assessment that is associated with the MCP, MCSA certification.


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The Shapeshifting Detective is a supernatural-noir murder mystery FMV game where you play as a detective who can shapeshift into other characters, allowing you to unlock secret conversations and private encounters.
Dorota Shaw is dead. And the prime suspects are three tarot readers with the uncanny ability to predict murder - or commit it. It's your job to find out what else they know - but they won't reveal their dark secrets to just anyone… Luckily, you can be anyone you want to be. Even the next victim.
The game features more than 1600 full HD video responses, a simple questioning interface with unique 'delete' mechanic, and a randomly chosen murderer at the start of the game. Developed by the World Record-breaking makers of "The Infectious Madness of Doctor Dekker".
As you explore the town of August, you'll be treated to a streaming radio broadcast of specially selected dark fiction read out by some of our favourite content creators...
Jesse Cox
Tex Murphy (Chris Jones)
Adam Day (CallOfCthulhu)
Brandy Clarke (Brandykins)
Jessa (The Jessa Channel)
John Mark Clawson
Laceya Finley
The Raw Geek
Tim Leftwich
Venomous Platypus
More Info
Developer: D'Avekki Studios Ltd, Wales Interactive
Publisher: Wales Interactive
Genre: Adventure, Puzzles, Interactive, Indie
Language: EN / Multi5
Treatment: Included
Release Date: 2018
Minimum System Requirements
CPU: Intel i5-4590 / AMD FX 8350 equivalent or greater
OS: Windows 7 / 8 / 10 (64-bit)
Video Card: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 260 / AMD Radeon HD 5750. OpenGL 3.3
Free Disk Space: 6 GB
Gameplay Trailer & Screenshots
1. Copy the game to any place on your hard drive.
2. Copy content of the folder "Crack" to the games directory
3. Run the game from the file "ShapeshiftingDetective.exe" as an administrator (Right-click on the file – Properties – Compatibility – Run this program as administrator)
4. Play.


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Frederick Douglass statue vandalized, ripped from base in New York
Posted on AllSides July 7th, 2020
From The Center
A statue of Frederick Douglass was ripped from its pedestal in upstate New York on Sunday, the day marking the 168th anniversary of the American abolitionist giving one of his most seminal speeches condemning slavery.
Rochester police said that the statue was taken from its base in Maplewood Park and carried about 50 feet to a site near the Genesee River gorge, according to The Associated Press. The base, lower part of the statue and a finger on its left hand were reportedly damaged.
Carvin Eison, a leader of...


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Airbus A400M Grizzly Landing Gear
This is another of SAC's drop-in replacement landing gear sets. It is meant for the Revell 1/72 scale Airbus A400M Grizzly kit. As you can see from the pictures, they're a direct replacement for the kit parts. With the A400M being such a large aircraft, the extra support of the metal landing gear could be vital over time.
There are a lot of parts in this set, with basically six of everything except the nose gear parts. There are gear struts, strut braces, and wheel hub/axles for the mains, plus the main gear, V-strut, and retraction strut for the nose gear.
The detail on the parts is sharp and should paint up very nicely. The parts require minor cleanup of mold seams, easily done with a knife blade. Some small parts may have been slightly bent during shipping but they are easily straightened. This set is certainly recommended.
Thanks go to Scale Aircraft Conversions for the landing gear set and to IPMS/USA for the opportunity to review it.


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This summer, VOGO keeps going on car races! After covering the "GP de France Historique", VOGO is going to Spain for 4 hours of pure endurance racing…
Since the 2000s, the European Le Mans Series (ELMS) has hosted many pilots on Europe's most beautiful circuits. The championship lasts 24 hours in total, divided into 6 stages of 4 hours each. This stage takes place today on July 20, 2019 on the Barcelona-Catalunya circuit (Montmeló, Spain).
Stop & GO, specialized in live recording and video content production, is deploying the VOGO SPORT Live & Replay solution. Spectators in the VIP areas can follow the entire race via their smartphones and tablets (VOGO SPORT app. available on App Store and Google Play), or via a large touch screen.
An enriched and unique experience for motorsport fans!


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Fingerprint devices
We install fingerprint devices to help companies record and follow up on employee attendance and departure at the actual time and date.
These devices are used in accordance with the policies of each company to obtain a daily, monthly and annual report and record for each employee.
The services of supplying and installing fingerprintDevices that TeamWay provide
- Providing the most appropriate devices for the nature of the work.
- Program the devices, recording employees data; With training on how devices work and how to pull data.
- Providing technical support in the event of any malfunction during work.


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If you're searching for the best pho restaurants in Austin, Texas, then we're here to help. Whether you're from Austin, Texas, or other places globally, there's no doubt that pho is a satisfying meal that's great for brunch or dinner.
1. Pho Hoang Restaurant
If you are searching for a casual Vietnamese spot that serves up delicious Vietnamese dishes, Pho Hoang Restaurant is the spot for you. On the menu at Pho Hoang Restaurant are delicious stir-fry dishes, spring rolls, and noodles soups.
This family-owned Vietnamese restaurant pours its hearts out and homestyle flavors on all the meals they serve. This helps give it that special kick.
Pho Hoang Restaurant Details
- Name: Pho Hoang Restaurant
- Address: 399 W Louis Henna Blvd c, Austin, TX 78728, United States
- Website: Pho Hoang Restaurant
- Facebook: Pho Hoang Restaurant
- Yelp: Pho Hoang Restaurant
- Instagram: Pho Hoang (@phohoangtx)
- Phone Number: (512) 238-8008
- Email: [email protected]
2. Pho Phi Restaurant
Pho Phi Restaurant is a family-owned Vietnamese eatery that serves delicious authentic Vietnamese cuisine. On the menu at Pho Phi Restaurant include traditional appetizers, grilled fare dishes, and beef noodle soups (Pho).
They also serve up national favorites such as Vietnamese egg rolls (Chả giò) and crystal rolls (gỏi cuốn). Notably, Pho Phi restaurants offer a gluten-free menu.
Pho Phi Restaurant Details
- Name: Pho Phi Restaurant
- Address: 1700 W Parmer Ln #610, Austin, TX 78727, United States
- Website: Pho Phi Restaurant
- Facebook: Pho Phi Restaurant
- Yelp: Pho Phi Restaurant
- Phone Number: (512) 596-2746
- Email: [email protected]
3. Pho MPH
Pho MPH promises their diners mouthwatering Vietnamese and Asia cuisine and drinks. At Pho MPH, diners have the likes of Pho, Egg Roll, Vietnamese Subs, Poke Bowl, Chicken Teriyaki, Noodle, Pad Thai, Traditional Vietnamese Noodles, and much more.
They prepare all dishes with love, and extra attention is given to every dish to ensure that the seasoning and flavoring are perfect. Pho MPH has a vegetarian menu to cater to vegetarians.
Pho MPH Details
- Name: Pho MPH
- Location: Residences at The Triangle
- Address: 4616 Triangle Ave Ste 203, Austin, TX 78751, United States
- Website: Pho MPH
- Facebook: Pho MPH
- Yelp: Pho MPH
- Phone Number: (512) 852-8008
- Email: [email protected]
4. Phở Tin
Last on the list of the best pho restaurants in Austin, Texas, is "Phở Tin." Phở Tin is a bustling quick-service local chain Vietnamese restaurant that serves up Vietnamese specialties in a vibrant modern surrounding.
In addition to Vietnamese cuisine, Phở Tin is also popular for its Thai dishes served with fresh ingredients. On the menu of Phở Tin, diners will find Vietnamese, Japanese, and Thai favorites like Pho, sushi, banh mi, and curry. They also serve spicy Singaporean dishes for lovers of all food in Singapore.
Phở Tin Details
- Name: Phở Tin
- Location: West Anderson Plaza
- Address: 2438 W Anderson Ln Suite A3, Austin, TX 78757, United States
- Website: Phở Tin
- Facebook: Phở Tin
- Yelp: Phở Tin
- Phone Number: (512) 420-0001
- Email: [email protected]
Conclusion For The "Best Pho Restaurants in Austin, Texas"
We hope this list of pho restaurants in Austin, Texas, will help you find your go-to spot. In Austin, Texas, one of our favorites is pho brisket. If you ever have the chance to try it, we highly recommend getting your pho with brisket, add a little lime, bean sprouts, and Sriracha.
For more guides similar to this list of pho restaurants in Austin, Texas, you can check out:
Before you go to a pho restaurant in Austin, Texas, you can learn more by watching "How to Make Quick Beef Pho with Jet Tila" down below:


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Canadian post-rock/doom four-piece Loviatar (pronounced low-vye-ah-tar) just posted a lyric video taken from the band's self-titled debut full-length, which is due out worldwide on July 28th, 2017 via Prosthetic Records.
The track "Nascent" is the first of the three-part "Stygian Wyrm" opus and can be heard below. Loviatar comments "'Nascent' is… Read More/Discuss on Metal Underground.com


text: 22. 3. 2016 DSC_1401 Original 1920px The cave city of Vardzia: Situated in the Lesser Caucasus, it was created in the 12th century. The site is now part museum, part monastery. Additional info Original 1920px Original 1920px File type: JPGDimensions: 2500 × 1664 pxPublished: 22. 3. 2016 Tags Combi Octavia Scout


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An official modernized trailer has been released for Tim Burton's classic 1989 movie Batman. It's fascinating to see how they might market this film today, but it doesn't make a lick of sense to me that they didn't fully utilize Danny Elfman's great musical score in it.
In 1989, the world changed forever when the first modern superhero movie arrived. Tim Burton brought together Michael Keaton, Jack Nicholson, and Kim Basinger to create an instant classic. Hopefully this modern recut inspires you to view BATMAN (1989) in a fresh light.
Watch the original trailer first so you can compare the two.