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- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Structure and Chemistry in Determining Food Quality
- 1.3 Spectroscopic Methods for Determining Food Quality
- 1.3.1 UV–Visible Spectroscopy
- 1.3.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
- 1.3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
- 1.3.4 Mid-infrared Spectroscopy
- 1.3.5 Near-infrared Spectroscopy
- 1.3.6 Far-infrared Spectroscopy
- 1.3.7 Raman Spectroscopy
- 1.3.8 NMR Spectroscopy
- 1.3.9 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
- 1.4 Conclusion
- References
CHAPTER 1: Spectroscopic Techniques for the Analysis of Food Quality, Chemistry, and Function
Published:20 May 2022
Special Collection: 2022 ebook collection
M. Mishra, in Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques for Food Quality, ed. A. K. Shukla, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022, pp. 1-22.
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Food is a broad term covering a basic necessity of life. Food regulates our physiological and metabolic activity and hence our health. In the modern era, many transformations have been made to improve the properties of foods, and food colouring and processing have also changed the quality of many foods. These modified foods can also regulate the commencement of many diseases. As a consequence, it is essential to know the chemical and structural composition of foods. Many techniques have been applied to determine the quality of food, and spectroscopy has played a prominent role. This chapter summarizes various spectroscopic techniques that have been used to determine the quality of foodstuffs.
1.1 Introduction
The term 'food' is a compound word that is used to describe a material that provides nutritional support to alleviate the hunger of every organism.1 Materials covered by this broad term can be obtained from diverse resources such as plants, animals, and fungi. The food is ingested by different means to meet the physiological needs of a particular animal2 and, according to these needs, the types of food vary from animal to animal. Based on their food habits, animals can be classified as herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous.3 With the continuing advancement of science and technology, the quality of food consumed by humans has improved over time, and consequently surpluses and deficiencies in the amounts or types of food have occurred within the body, causing several metabolic disorders including diabetes. This suggests that food has a determinant role in regulating the physiological and metabolic activity of the organism.
The primary composition of foods includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals in different combinations. Phenols, flavones, and colourants are often found as secondary components of food.4 These secondary components help to enhance the aroma and taste of a food by stimulating the sensory organs.5,6 Similarly, the presence of bacteria can alter the metabolic, physiological, and behavioural conditions of humans. Recently, an oroneural connection was established in humans.7–9 Different types of food are also known to improve the psychological condition.10 As a consequence, the determination of food composition, authentication, assessment, prediction, and microbial composition are essential for determining the quality of foods11 (Figure 1.1).
1.2 Structure and Chemistry in Determining Food Quality
The structure of a food gives an impression of its quality at a first look. The nanostructures present in a food contribute to its colour and shape, which stimulate the sensory organs (Figure 1.2). For example, the actin–myosin complex in meat, starch granules of plant foods, and micelles of milk are nanostructures present within the food. The amorphous and helical region of starch determines the starch quality. Each food has a shelf life, which changes as a function of time. During processing of a food, consideration of the shelf life is important since it has a role in obesity and diabetes. Hence great importance is attached to understanding the structure of foods. Self-assembly of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin occurs in whey protein. A correlation between the particle size of a food and its effect on the tongue and palate has been described.12
In addition to nanostructure, other parameters are also used to detect the quality of food.13 One such parameter is flavonoids, which are low molecular weight polyphenolic substances having a heterocyclic ring (ring C). Flavonoids are resistant to heat, oxygen, humidity, and light. A hydroxyl group on C3 of ring C (flavanol) contributes to the photostability.14 The distribution of flavonoids is species specific for plants. Tea, red wine, fruits, and vegetables are enriched with flavonoids. Although quercetin is the main flavonoid, myricetin, kaempferol, apigenin, and luteolin are also found in foods. Humans need a minimum of 1 g per day of flavonoids for the body.15 The amount of flavanol can be determined from plasma and urine analyses, hence it is often used as a biomarker. External factors such as the season, ripeness, and food preparation and processing can change the amount of flavanol present. A minimum of 10 nM of flavanol is needed in our daily intake of food.16 The amount of quercetin depends on the types of bacteria present in the gut. Flavonoids are conjugated in the liver and are eliminated from the kidney. Flavonoids can be determined using many spectroscopic techniques.17 The matrix of the food is analysed in several industries such as the milk, meat, coffee, and wine trades.18 Although the quality of food can be roughly determined using the sensory organs, many sophisticated types of equipment are also used for this purpose.19
1.3 Spectroscopic Methods for Determining Food Quality
Among numerous techniques, spectroscopy is indispensable for determining the quality of foods.20–24 It is based on the combined action of absorption, transmission, and emission of electromagnetic light radiation with additional materials based on the wavelength of radiation.25 It is an interaction between light and the molecules following the effective collision theory. Light is electromagnetic radiation and the spectra vary according to the wavelength, frequency, and energy.26 It is used as an analytical tool in several branches of science. It can detect the composition of foods, microbes, pest pathogens, and adulteration that occur within the food27–29 (Figure 1.2). Spectroscopic techniques such as UV–visible, fluorescence, infrared, mid-infrared, near-infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used to determine food quality.
1.3.1 UV–Visible Spectroscopy
UV–visible spectroscopy is used in several food industries. It is based on the principle of the Beer–Lambert law30 (Figure 1.3):
where I0 is the intensity of the incident light, I is the intensity of the transmitted light, c is the concentration of the sample, l is the pathlength through which the light travels in the sample, and ε is the molar extinction coefficient at a particular wavelength.
UV–visible spectroscopy uses electromagnetic radiation in the range 100–750 nm. The UV range covers 100–380 nm and the visible range covers 380–750 nm.31 It detects two different aspects: (1) colour and (2) fat oxidation. In oils, the greater the carotenoid (a pigment or chromophore such as chlorophyll, which most plants contain) content, the better is the antioxidant activity.32–35 The presence of chlorophyll makes olive oil bitter.36,37 To determine the fat oxidation, the p-anisidine value (AV) is measured.38 This is the quantity of aldehyde produced during fat oxidation as a function of temperature, oxygen, and light.39 In oils, an AV of >8 is not permissible.
126.96.36.199 In the Oil Industry
UV–visible spectroscopy is widely used to determine the quality of oil by measuring anisidine, which is generated during the oxidation of food. The AV also determines the total oxidation value (Totox), which indicates the fat deterioration.40 The Totox value is represented by two times the peroxide value (PV) plus AV (2PV + AV). It is measured at 350 nm. The deterioration of fat is measured by the PV. When lipids are exposed to heat, daylight, and oxygen, they undergo decomposition and form peroxides and hydroperoxides. The PV value can be measured easily using a UV–visible spectrometer at an absorbance maximum of 240 nm.41 The quality of oil is also determined by the presence of chlorophyll and carotenoids. The greater the amount of carotenoids, the better antioxidant properties the oil has. Carotenoids can be determined at 440 nm42 and chlorophyll at 666 nm. The absorbance peak also varies with the solvent that is used in the analysis. The green colouration of olive oil is due to the presence41 of chlorophyll and pheophytin.43,44 Since pheophytin-α has oxidative properties, the lower its content the better is the oil quality.44
1.3.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
The application of fluorescence spectroscopy is a rapid means to analyse a sample in a non-destructive way. It detects the fluorescence based on a naturally present fluorophore within the sample.45 Many microbes and their colonies possess fluorescence, hence it is easy to detect the presence of any microbes based on their fluorescence spectra.46,47 Many foods possess fluorophores. There is also a chance that food may become contaminated due to the presence of microbes. Since foods contain fluorophores, many industries use the fluorescence technique to determine food quality. The method is based on the emission of light after absorption of ultraviolet or visible light by a fluorophore.48,49 The fluorophores present in foods include rhodamine B, quinine, Acridine Orange, fluorescein, and pyridine. This technique is often used in combination with other techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is a very sensitive method that can determine food quality with high specificity in several industries.
188.8.131.52 In the Dairy and Honey Industries
Milk possesses many proteins, amino acids, and vitamins that have fluorescence properties. Among the amino acids, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine are commonly found, and among the vitamins, vitamins A and B2 are found in milk. The numbers of vitamins, proteins, and amino acids within milk vary with how it has been processed. The fluorescence spectra of vitamin A present in cheese was found to vary among eight different types of cheese.50 Yogurt possesses three different types of fluorophore, tryptophan, riboflavin, and lumichrome, and the presence of these three fluorophores allows the determination of the quality of yogurt using fluorescence spectroscopy.51 Honey is a product made by bees from the nectar of flowers,52 and its properties change during packing and transportation. Honey possesses phenolic compounds that are derivatives of phenolic acid present within the flower. The amount of phenolic compounds can be determined by fluorescence spectroscopy.53
18.104.22.168 Meat and Seafood
Meat and seafood lose their quality owing to oxidation, autolysis of enzymes, and growth of microbes.54,55 All these phenomena can be detected by monitoring the fluorophores present within the sample. Meat possesses fluorophores such as tryptophan, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), porphyrins, riboflavin, and vitamin A.56,57 Collagen is present in the adipose or connective tissue58 and provides texture or tenderness to the tissue. The greater the amount of collagen, the better is the quality of the meat. Beef tenderness is detected using fluorescence properties.59 Fat/lean meat is also analysed by monitoring the fluorescence of tryptophan.60–62 In spoiled meat, oxidation of lipids and proteins occurs. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) is considered a parameter of lipid peroxidation.63 The amount of TBARS can be measured from the fluorescence spectra. The extent of oxidation varies within the meat product with different storage and processing conditions. Seafood and fish possess the naturally present fluorophore vitamin A, amino acids, NADH, riboflavin, and oxidation products.64 Oxidation causes spoiling of food. The quality of fish such as mackerel, salmon, and cod can be determined using fluorescence spectroscopy.65 The fluorescence spectra vary with the storage time in cold conditions.65
22.214.171.124 Detection of Bacteria
Microbes can degrade the quality of food and in extreme cases it can make it toxic. Hence it is essential to keep foods free from microbes. Fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used in poultry to distinguish different bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are often detected in sausages and can be identified using fluorescence spectroscopy.66 The toxins of these bacteria are identified using fluorescence spectroscopy.67–69 Salicylates can also be determined by using this technique. This method can also detect structural changes in proteins and carbohydrates. By altering the excitation and emission wavelengths, the food quality of several compounds can be determined. Most mycotoxins have blue fluorescence;70 the exception is aflatoxin G1 and G2, which have yellow–green fluorescence.71 Accordingly, using fluorescence spectroscopy, the toxin can be detected. Ochratoxin A, a fluorescent compound, may be present in roasted coffee, corn, and sorghum,72 and fluorescence spectroscopy can help to determine the food value of these materials. Cereals such as rice and maize have also been investigated using fluorescence techniques.73 In a corn sample, fluorescein was labeled to detect the fumonsin B1.74 For a rapid test for the toxin deoxynivalenol in wheat, a fluorescence polarization immunoassay was developed.75 Fluorescence spectroscopic properties can distinguish between rice and maize flour.76 For wheat kernels, red and white emission spectra were recorded.77 The morphological variation between two different varieties of wheat can be distinguished by using the fluorescence technique.78,79 The refinement and milling of wheat flour can be monitored by measuring the emission spectra of ferulic acid and riboflavin.80,81 The quality of olive oil was determined by using fluorescence spectroscopy.82 Oils such as sunflower, cotton, soybean, and corn oils have a fluorescence band at 439–450 nm.83 Only olive oil has a band at 440 and 455 nm, a medium band at 681 nm, and a strong band at 525 nm.84 The 681 nm band represents chlorophyll85 and the 525 nm band represents vitamin E.84 Fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to determine the anisidine and iodine values of oligomers and monomers.84
1.3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared (IR) radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.86 Its range varies between 78 nm and 1 mm. This technique uses the vibration of atoms and molecules. Different vibrations were observed in the IR region. IR spectra provide evidence of molecular structure from the frequency of the normal mode of vibration. In the case of the normal modes, the sample executes harmonic oscillations. There are six normal modes. The vibrations of functional groups such as OH, NH2, CH3, and C=O are responsible for bands near the IR spectrum.87 Any compound containing a C=O group shows strong bands at 1899 and 1650 cm−1. The NH2 group gives an IR band between 3400 and 3300 cm−1. A compound with a C6H5 group gives peaks at 1600 and 1500 cm−1. Thus the IR spectrum is considered as the fingerprint of the molecule. Based on the range, it is divided into three forms: (1) near-infrared (780 nm–5 µm), (2) mid-infrared (5–30 µm), and (3) far-infrared (30–1000 µm).88
1.3.4 Mid-infrared Spectroscopy
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy can detect functional groups and carbon, nitrogen, and lignin.89 It is used to study soil and food. MIR spectroscopy is used with attenuated total reflectance (ATR). It is also used in combination with the Fourier transform process. It uses the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) process. Soil properties, organic matter, and the presence of fungus in the food can be detected using this technique.
This technique helps to establish the structure–function relationships between foods, hence it is valuable in the food industry. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is widely used. The MIR region stretches from 4000 to 400 cm−1. The X–H range is 4000–2500 cm−1, triple bond 2500–2000 cm−1, and double bond 2000–1500 cm−1. The X–H stretch is due to the presence of O–H, C–H, and N–H stretching. The vibrations of C≡C, C≡N, C=C, C=O, and C=N can be determined using this technique. MIR spectroscopy is used to investigate the chemistry of fats and oils. The presence of a 996 cm−1 band corresponds to a trans double bond.90 Excess cis–trans conversion occurs during hydrogenation, the conversion of oil to fat, to enhance the oxidative stability of polyunsaturated oils.91 Spoiling of oils, fats, and lipids occurs due to lipid autoxidation. The peroxide value determines the oxidative status and firmness of refined and olive oil. This technique detects a peak at 3444 cm−1, which corresponds to hydroperoxide (–OOH). Corn, peanut, sunflower, cottonseed, and soybean oils are also analysed using this technique.
126.96.36.199 Soil Study
MIR spectroscopy detects the composition, properties, and organic matter present within a soil. The DRIFT technique can detect the composition of soil and humus chemically. ATR also detects soil organic matter.92 Using different MIR wavelengths, feldspars, quartz, silicates, clay, and minerals such as carbonates and calcites can be detected in soil.93 MIR spectroscopy can also detect the organic matter present within the soil, such as lignins, cellulose, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.94
184.108.40.206 Analysis of Humus
Natural compounds originating from plants and animals are present in soil, rivers, and coal. The composition of humus can be determined by using the DRIFT method.95
184.108.40.206 Quality Control
MIR spectroscopy is employed to detect fungal disease and mycotoxins in cereals during processing and storage.96,97
1.3.5 Near-infrared Spectroscopy
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a primary technique for the rapid detection of moisture, carbohydrates, proteins, and fat within a food. However, the composition of an unknown sample needs to be calibrated with a known sample, and recalibration is essential for each sample. Hence the method lacks sensitivity for a sample having only a minor amount of the component of interest. The vibration of C–H, O–H, N–H, S–H, and C=O bonds occurs with absorption in the NIR region.98 Wheat and wheat products are easily analysed using this technique.99 In Australia, the optimization of fertilizer is achieved by determining the total nitrogen and carbohydrate in plant tissue.100 Spectroscopy coupled with chromatography can be used to determine the quality of wheat.101 Seventy-five relative reflectance intensities were extracted from the scanned images of bulk wheat samples and used for the differentiation of wheat classes using a statistical classifier and an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier.102,103 It was found that kernels damaged by insects contained less starch than healthy kernels. NIR spectroscopy has also been used to check the adulteration of milk powder, orange juice, sugar, vegetables, and coffee, and also to measure the amount of dry matter as a parameter to determine the maturity of fruit and vegetables.104 The amount of dry matter indicates the right time to harvest the food product so that it can be transported and stored safely for a longer time.105 Other applications of NIR spectroscopy include maturity determination, processing, pest detection, toxin measurement, drought management, fertilizer application, and post-harvest quality control:
Processing: NIR spectroscopy is used to determine the dry matter and water content during the processing of food samples. It can be used to check the freshness of mushrooms, cereals, fruits, and vegetables.106
Pest, disease, and toxin detection: NIR spectroscopy can detect the amount of mycotoxin in cereals and grains.107
Drought management: The correct water level is essential for the proper growth of plants. The amount of water present can be determined so that appropriate irrigation can be applied to maintain the water supply.108
Application of fertilizer: The growth of desired plant leaves can be monitored so that the required nutrients can be added to improve the growth of the plant.109
Post-harvest control: After harvesting and during transportation and storage, damage may occur, which can be assessed by using NIR spectroscopy. The structure and ripeness of apples can be measured and the effect of the ethylene storage atmosphere can be determined.110
Several modern types of advanced optical equipment based on the NIR principle have been developed for fine-tuned analysis. An example is the Felix Instruments leaf spectrometer, used with a quality meter.111 The CI-710 Miniature Leaf Spectrometer was used to detect the leaf quality and the effects of pests, drought, and pathogens.112 The quality meter can detect the acidity, colour, and total soluble solids of fruit. The instrument is marketed as the F-750 product quality meter for mango113 and the F-751 quality meter for avocado testing.114
1.3.6 Far-infrared Spectroscopy
The far-infrared (FIR) region lies between 400 and 10 cm−1. The region below 200 cm−1 is difficult to interpret. Hydrogen atoms, organometallic compounds, and inorganic compounds absorb in the FIR region, and hydrogen bond stretching can also be detected in this region.
1.3.7 Raman Spectroscopy
When photons interact with molecules in matter the Raman effect or Raman scattering is produced. During this process, the photon loses vibrational energy in the Stokes process and gains vibrational energy in the anti-Stokes process. Such communication is possible for the interactions of atoms, which moderate the polarizability of the molecule. Such communication is possible for the cross-talk of incident photons with atoms. Intense Raman bands are detected from non-polar groups, predominantly from aromatic rings, and the vibrations produce an inflection of polarizability. The Raman spectrum is obtained as wavenumbers (cm−1) and the variation between excited and emitted energies is detected as vibrational spectra. This has a weak effect since the possibility of energy exchange is very small. For non-polar groups, particularly aromatic rings, the vibrations produce considerable modulation of the polarizability. Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that uses the Raman effect, and is used to identify molecules via the measurement of the vibration of atoms. Each molecule has its own identification features associated with the groups present within it, and the positions, widths, and intensities of bands can be measured. Raman spectroscopy has several advantages, e.g. (1) it uses the vibrations of atoms, (2) samples can be analysed in the normal environment with no interference from the solvent, (3) it shows a relative enhancement of intensity, and (4) it can analyse samples at the picosecond level.115 Raman spectroscopy is a complementary technique to IR spectroscopy and can detect carbohydrates, proteins, and fats present within a food.116 Interaction of water with food proteins causes a decreased intensity of H–H stretching at 3250 cm−1 and the C–H band at 2938–2942 cm−1,117 due to the interaction between water and food proteins. The –CO–NH– amide or peptide bond can be determined by many sensitive methods.118 Amide III bands have been used to detect the secondary structure of proteins.119 The storage process can modify the structure of carbohydrates, especially the presence of water, which can be detected by using Raman spectroscopy. The –CO–NH amide or peptide bond is used for secondary structure determination. Raman spectroscopy can characterize and quantify the lipid content of foods.120 It detects the degree of unsaturation of cis and trans isomers and alterations of foods, such as isomerization and autoxidation. The quality of olive oil can be determined by low-resolution Raman spectroscopy. The peroxide value can be determined directly using this technique. Soybean, corn, and olive residue quality can also be measured by Raman spectroscopy.121
More recently, Raman spectroscopy has been combined with microscopy to detect the chemical composition of heterogeneous foods.122 This combined technique uses quality and quantitative methods to detect food values. Several organic compounds can be identified from their unique absorption pattern. Microscopic samples can be analysed without changing their properties. Confocal Raman microscopy can determine the chemical composition of wheat.123,124 This technique can also determine the protein content during milling. Alterations of the secondary structure of proteins, conformational changes of puroindolines, and lipid-binding proteins can also be detected using Raman spectroscopy.125
1.3.8 NMR Spectroscopy
NMR spectroscopy uses the cross-talk between the magnetic properties of atoms and compounds and the applied magnetic field. It is used for measurements for soil testing, plant tissues, and food products.126 It can detect the genotype of grapes used to make wine. It also analyses the soil in which the vines are grown. It can monitor the ripening, drying, and adulteration of food materials. NMR spectroscopy provides information on mixtures of metabolites127,128 .1H NMR spectroscopy provides information on the metabolic composition of a sample without further knowledge of its composition.129,130 For liquid samples, preparation steps such as derivatization and centrifugation are not needed. NMR metal profiling has been carried out on grape samples.131 1H NMR spectroscopy is combined with multivariate analysis to determine the biotic and abiotic stress in plants132 and variations associated with genes.133,134 Metabolites in fruit juice, olive oil, wine, tomatoes, and beer were detected using this technique.135–138 Flavonoids are often detected using the NMR technique.17 Soluble sugars, organic acids, and amino acids can be distinguished by their 1H NMR spectra. 1H NMR spectroscopy cannot determine phenolic compounds in a precise manner. Phenols, flavanols, and anthocyanins can be determined in a more precise manner by using 2D NMR spectroscopy.139 1H NMR spectroscopy has also been used to determine the classical p-anisidine value (AV) of oil, and 79 edible oils were checked for their AV values.140 Portable NMR instrumentation is available for food analysis.141,142 The metabolomics of foods can be determined from NMR spectra. Since the spectra contain a considerable amount of information, they are analysed by using Student's t-test and analysis of variance. Overlapping of the spectra sometimes prevents the identification of compounds.
1.3.9 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is used to determine the chemicals and also elements present within foods. Light from a plasma or flame excites the atoms present within the sample, generating photons or light of a particular wavelength. AES can detect trace elements. Most foods include many major and minor elements, and also some trace elements such as arsenic, nickel, silicon, boron, and cobalt, which must be within permitted levels. Cadmium, iron, and sodium are mandatory elements and can be detected by AES. The medicinal properties of plants and the composition of wine have also been investigated using AES.
1.4 Conclusion
Spectroscopic techniques are indispensable methods for determining the quality and composition of foods, both quantitatively and qualitatively. They provide structure–function relationships between proteins, and can be used alone or in combination with other analytical techniques. For some spectroscopic techniques, sample preparation is not needed, which saves time. Spectroscopic techniques can measure the AV value, PV value, and colour to determine the quality of the food. They can rapidly differentiate the variations between different types of wheat and oils and bacterial infection. The lipid, carbohydrate, fat, and water content of foods can be determined easily using spectroscopic techniques.
The author's laboratory is supported by financial assistance from the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology [SERB/EMR/2017/003054, BT/PR21857/NNT/28/1238/2017, and Odisha DBT 3325/ST (BIO)-02/2017].


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David Steven Bell, a 51-year-old man, was booked in Buncombe County Jail over the weekend after a shocking moment was captured on video. Bell can be seen arguing with a group of girls in front of the Asheville Mall in North Carolina.
As the argument escalated, one of the young girls approached Bell, who cold-clocked the 11-year-old in the face and sent her falling to the ground unconscious.
Bell was arrested and charged with assault on a female under the age of 12 and two counts of assault, according to the Daily Mail.
Jail records show that Bell, who is listed at 6-foot-5, 250 pounds, was released from jail around 1:00 a.m. on Sunday.
"We are aware of the videos circulating on social media. 'The @AshevillePolice responded immediately and the situation was diffused. An arrest has been made," the Asheville Mall said in a statement on social media. "Please contact the Asheville Police Department with further questions."
The victim in the incident reportedly declined medical treatment. Police would not reveal the nature of any potential injuries, however.
Two other girls, both 13, also claim that Bell shoved them during the incident. Bell is due in court on February 5.
You can check out video of the incident below.
WARNING: Video contains graphic content that some viewers may find troubling.
According to at least one eye witness, Bell was attempting to break up a fight between two young girls when he got involved in the altercation. After the incident failed to de-escalate, he shoved a young girl in the chest. When the girl came back towards Bell, he threw the vicious punch to her face that knocked her unconscious.
Bell was arrested by an off-duty police officer.
Regardless of how Bell became involved in the altercation, there is never an excuse for a grown man to strike a young girl.

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On the Feast of the Holy Translators
In the month of October, Armenians all over the world celebrate the Feast of the Holy Translators. The Holy Translators were a group of Armenian scholars, headed by two towering Armenian churchmen, St. Sahag and St. Mesrob, who laid down the foundations of the Armenian literature in the fifth century A.D. That century was known as the Golden Age of Armenian Literature.
In order to understand and appreciate the magnitude of the work of the Holy Translators, one has to know the political and religious situation of Armenia at that time.
In 387 A.D., the two superpowers of the era, Byzantium and Sasanid Dynasty of Persia had partitioned Armenia into two sections, Western and Eastern Armenia. In Western Armenia, the official government language was Greek while in Eastern Armenia, it was Persian. Besides these two languages, Syriac was used because of its wide usage in religious literature. In fact, all Bible readings and liturgy were read from either Greek or Syriac texts and translated or interpreted by men who were known as "Translators."
St. Sahag Bartev (348-438) and St. Mesrob Mashdotz (361-439) saw the gravity of the political and religious state of the Armenian nation. They realized the importance of a literary Armenian language for the propagation of the Christian Faith among Armenians. They knew that without the Bible in the hands of the lay people, the Armenian Church not only would not grow but also could not stand very long in the midst of the pagan world.
St. Sahag and St. Mesrob also realized that a common literary language would unite the Armenian people in the Byzantine and Persian sections of Armenia. King Vramshabouh (Eastern Armenia) could see their logic, and thus, he lent his financial and moral support.
The only thing lacking was an Armenian alphabet. St. Mesrob was commissioned to do the task: inventing an Armenian alphabet as a tool for evangelism as well as a unifying force.
Mesrob traveled extensively, examined different alphabets. And finally, in 406 A.D., he invented the 36 letters of the Armenian alphabet.
The invention of the Armenian alphabet ushered in a new age of intellectual and spiritual enlightenment. The Armenian literary language and literature freed the Armenian people from the domination of the Persians, Syriac and Byzantine cultures. With the establishment of schools and the proliferation of writing, wider horizons opened up to the people and their national consciousness was solidified. A host of disciples were trained under the guidance of St. Sahag and Mesrob, ushering in a new period of translating the Bible, and other major Christian and philosophical texts into Armenian.
The group of scholars who launched the venture of translation of the Bible and other works came to be known as "The Holy Translators" or "Soorp Tarkmanitchk."
The first translation of the Bible into Armenian starting with the Book of Proverbs was made from one version of the Syriac text, probably the "Pershitta."
There was a second translation of the Bible into Armenian from the Greek Septuagint Bible under the supervision of Catholicos St. Sahag. The final revision was rendered between the years 432-438, and in 438, Catholicos Sahag approved it and authorized its use in the Armenian Church.
We owe an eternal debt to Saint Sahag and St. Mesrob, the chief architects of the Golden Age of the Armenian Literature, and their venerable disciples, the Holy Translators, who became a source of inspiration, generation after generation, to numerous Armenians, throughout our history.
Rev. Dr. Vahan H. Tootikian is the Minister Emeritus of the Armenian Congregational Church of Greater Detroit and the Executive Director of the Armenian Evangelical World Council.


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For many evolutionists, it means describing the fresh new palms from the types of feature adjustment. Additionally, it setting discussing assortment inside kinds. The overall draw of contemporary ideas from social progression is the insistence into need for social heredity-such various forms of studying of someone else-for of them inquiries. The new prima-facie circumstances to possess social evolutionary concepts is enticing. Members of our personal varieties are able to survive and you may duplicate simply because of patterns, know-just how and you can technical that are not just maintained of the studying of other people, they are very first made included in a cumulative enterprise that produces into breakthroughs from other people. And you will our personal varieties also contains sub-organizations with different models, know-just how and you will tech, which are once more produced and you may handled by way of societal discovering. Societal understanding is additionally an important broker regarding type, and maybe regarding speciation, when you look at the dogs. Practical question isn't a whole lot whether or not social advancement is very important, but how concepts of cultural evolution would be designed, and how they ought to be linked to more conventional understandings out-of natural evolution.
step 1. What is actually Cultural Advancement?
Ideas regarding social advancement should be well-known from ideas in this evolutionary therapy, whether or not each other get include an applying of evolutionary suggestions to the explanation off cultural phenomena. The newest evolutionary psychologist (elizabeth.grams. Tooby and you will Cosmides 1992) is likely to believe that the initial heredity apparatus in every species-our own included-is actually hereditary genetics. Evolutionary psychology relation the human head once the evolving by way of a conventional procedure of sheer selection performing on naturally passed down version. Particularly, an enthusiastic evolutionary psychologist you are going to give an explanation for widespread preference among people getting fats in terms of the advantages within our variety faraway prior out-of drinking as much pounds as you are able to to your those unusual times when the fresh affairs displayed by themselves. Such as for instance a hypothesis can also help to describe book cultural styles: the latest current upsurge in being obese try said as the result of a novel environment changes-the increased method of getting cheap, high-body weight items-acting in collaboration with an excellent once-adaptive, now risky, gustatory taste. Thus evolutionary mindset try rarely silent throughout the community and social changes. Even so, social evolutionary theorists usually lay more pressure on the part regarding low-genetic heredity, and specifically out of social inheritance mediated through understanding, given that the one thing to tackle an optimistic, imaginative part within the adapting species to their societal and you may physiological surroundings.
Darwin thought, as the would biologists today, one to absolute options is give an explanation for origin of numerous cutting-edge transformative faculties. In Darwins completely new speech away from natural options, he requires that moms and dad bacteria disagree within their performance in order to survive and you can replicate, and this youngsters wind up as the moms and dads with regards to the traits one to render otherwise inhibit these types of efficiency (Darwin 1859). It explanatory schema is largely neutral by what apparatus is the reason parent-offspring similarity. For example, children might understand experience from their parents, and you may and therefore reach be like her or him behaviourally. About angle regarding absolute possibilities grounds, it doesn't matter applications de rencontre de fessée why children end up like mothers, simply that they manage end up like her or him.
Social Advancement
Darwins theory of natural solutions explains type by the attractive to just what we currently call straight transmission-brand new genetics off parental traits of the young children. While we have experienced, cultural process such as for instance reading you'll, theoretically, underpin this kind of genetics. But we really do not know simply from our moms and dads-i and learn from peers, authority-data and so forth. This is exactly known as oblique transmission. Once we know the chance that learning is underpin pure possibilities, i along with know that a theory out of advancement-a theory and therefore aims to explain alter, also adaptive improvement in a society-may should be subsequent prolonged so you're able to encompass oblique indication. The latest admittance away from oblique signal toward evolutionary concept necessitates much more revolutionary revisions to antique Darwinian different types of development. For the reason that oblique transmission opens up the possibility that certain characteristics can get pass on thanks to an inhabitants regardless of the fact which they reduce the exercise of your people who sustain them.


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Klock Werks announced their top-secret, limited edition Artist Series apparel line for 2019.
Brian Klock, president and visionary for Klock Werks, and his team worked for months developing an idea to celebrate motorcycling through art, and will announce the first artist in the series within the next week.
"We commissioned some of the best artists in the motorcycle and hot rod industries to create one-of-a-kind pieces of art that will be offered as a limited edition line of apparel," Klock said.
The Artist Series is set to depict moments in powersports history, bikes that shaped the future and motorcycles. The series will have a limited number of shirts available. Each artist will be showcased separately, with a new series artist released once the current one is sold out.
"The art is so dynamic, people are going to want to own them all," said Karlee Cobb, apparel manager at Klock Werks.
Recognizing Andy Anderson of Nashville, Tennessee as an artist in his own right, Klock Werks has selected Anderson Studio, Inc. to produce the series apparel. Anderson's designs can be seen on t-shirts in the music industry with bands like Metallica, and solo artists like Taylor Swift and Garth Brooks.
Link: Klock Werks


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Visiting Zeny and Rina Fuentes in Oaxaca, Mexico
It isn't too late to join the SchoolArts/CRIZMAC's Folk Art & Culture of Mexico in Oaxaca, Mexico June 26-July 2. 2016. One of our stops will be the home and workshop of noted folk artists Zeny and Rina Fuentes. Learn more about how to join us at www.schoolarts.magazine.com/travel.
Zeno Fuentes carves his fanciful creatures from soft wood and his wife Rina and his daughters paint them.
Like many Oaxaca folk artists, the Fuentes live and work in an open air courtyard and home. Their daughters also work with them, painting many of the fanciful creatures Zeny carves. Folk art has provided them with an occupation.
It is fantastic to go to artists' homes and see how they live and work.
You'll see artwork in many stages.
And you can take photos and interact with the artists.


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Former Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets great and Atlanta Falcons wide receiver Drew Hill has passed away at the age of 54 following a series of strokes earlier this week. Hill was sent to Piedmont Hospital, where he died, after feeling unwell while playing golf.
↵He played for the Falcons at the end of his 14-year NFL career, totaling over 1,000 yards in his two Atlanta seasons. He's most known for his time with the Oilers, where he made two Pro Bowls while working as a deep threat in their wide-open, run-and-shoot system. Upon his retirement, he settled down in Newnan, getting into business and playing golf.
↵Hill played for the Yellow Jackets in the late-1970s, ranking among the best receivers to have ever played for Georgia Tech. It should have been no surprise that he blossomed in Houston's offense, as he set a Georgia Tech mark for career yards per catch that still stands as the program's fourth-best.
↵He was known as quiet and hard-working by many former teammates, including Warren Moon.
↵For more on Hill, visit From The Rumble Seat and SB Nation Houston.


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SERVPRO of Lafayette
Faster to Any Size Disaster
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SERVPRO of Lafayette is a local service provider helping residents of the greater Lafayette area with property restoration as well as commercial and private residential cleaning services. We believe in good communication, hiring staff local to the city and providing qualified restoration technicians to this community. You can communicate with us at any time by contacting our emergency 24-hour call-line and arranging a service. You can trust us because all of our crew chiefs are IICRC certificate holders in their specialized area including water damages, fire restoration, Biohazard, Airduct & HVAC cleaning, mold assessment & remediation and structural damages. By using us, you can rely on a service that treats you with integrity and respect by communicating with you every step of the way. Our core values have seen us grow into one of the most comprehensive restoration providers in this community which is backed up by our twenty-five year's worth of experience working in Greater Lafayette.
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SERVPRO has over 2210 Franchises ready to help across the U.S. and Canada and is a trusted leader in the restoration industry. SERVPRO of Lafayette has highly trained technicians and state-of-the-art equipment ready to respond and to properly clean and restore your house so that it feels like home again. Learn more about our residential services:
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Fire and water damage can interrupt your business operations in an instant without notice. An unexpected period of lost productivity and revenue can be devastating. SERVPRO of Lafayette has the training, equipment, and resources to get your commercial property back to business quickly. Learn more about our commercial services:
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SERVPRO of Lafayette is locally owned and operated, so we are part of this community too. When you have a cleaning or restoration need, we're already nearby and ready to help. We take pride in being a part of the Lafayette, IN community and want to do our part in making it the best it can be.
We are proud to serve our local communities:


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Fullness and Satisfaction are Not the Same
Fullness and satisfaction are not the same.
Satisfaction is completely different than being full after a meal or snack.
We can be full without being satisfied with a meal.
Every meal or snack doesn't need to be a perfect mix of flavors and textures that touches our soul and leaves us feeling completely content and satisfied.
However, there is a very good reason that Intuitive Eating includes a specific principle for honoring your hunger, feeling your fullness, AND discovering the satisfaction factor.
As with so many things in life, when we don't have some level of satisfaction, we are more likely to continue looking for that satisfaction, often in unhealthy or even harmful ways.
Think about relationships. How many times have we seen marriages break up because of infidelity where the couple drifted apart and one or both began looking for the satisfaction missing from their relationship in the arms of someone else?
Think about the workplace. People leave jobs all the time because they are not satisfied with the environment, people, work, pay, etc.
It happens with our eating as well.
When we don't prioritize satisfaction to some degree with our meals, we are much more prone to continue to seek that satisfaction one way or another and it can easily result in binges or other problematic eating habits/behaviors.
- Often, a few simple things can add a huge dose of satisfaction:
- Sit down to eat without distraction
- Add some ambiance
- Slow down and savor the flavors and textures
- Eat with others
- Use sauces and have dessert
- Ask yourself before choosing something to prepare or eat if it is actually going to satisfy you.
I could think of a lot more. But, you get the idea. Also, some of these things can also help you to better tune in to your hunger and satiety cues so that you not only leave more satisfied but eat the amount that is right for you and what your body needs.
For more on the topics of fullness and satisfaction, check out "Feel Your Fullness (Principle #6)" and "Discover the Satisfaction Factor (Principle #5)."


text: Tall Ship Cruise!A few of our awesome staff members got the opportunity to head out with S.A.L.T.S for a day on the water aboard one of their Tall Ships. Here is Miles, Sam S., Rob and Sam G. just before the leaving the Inner Harbour. https://vanislemarina.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/logo-web.png 0 0 Van Isle Marina https://vanislemarina.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/logo-web.png Van Isle Marina2015-06-13 14:09:082015-06-13 14:09:08Tall Ship Cruise!


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Dive Brief:
- Hostess announced Monday that the company had completed its debt refinancing, Food Business News reported.
- The company had its first lien term loan repriced to LIBOR plus 3% from LIBOR plus 3.50%. The company refinanced the $83 million left from the company's second lien term loan, which had an interest rate of LIBOR plus 7.50%, by using an incremental $83 million first lien term loan priced at LIBOR plus 3%.
- The company anticipates about $8 million of annual interest expense savings due to the refinanced capital structure.
Dive Insight:
This is a major step forward for Hostess, which has struggled through bankruptcies in the past. The comeback began when investment firms Metropoulos & Co. and Apollo Global Management LLC purchased the Hostess snack cake brands out of liquidation in 2013. Since then, Hostess has overhauled its supply chain model, added bread back to its lineup once again, made its frozen foods debut with Deep Fried Twinkies and acquired an in-store bakery company.
In July, Hostess' owners sold a majority stake in the company to Gores Holdings Inc., a publicly traded special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) sponsored by Gores Group LLC. Gores Holdings then took Hostess public earlier this month without needing to undergo an IPO because of the SPAC ownership structure.
Hostess has made minor adjustments to select products to better align them with consumers' health concerns. But the company has primarily pursued promoting the indulgent aspect of its portfolio. With many brands reformulating products to meet consumer demands for better-for-you snacks and desserts, Hostess recognized the role its products played as nostalgic sweet goods consumers still wanted.
Industry experts foresaw Hostess' success, with the Boston Consulting Group and IRI naming Hostess one of the fastest growing mid-sized CPG companies last year.


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Pick and Pack Fulfillment
We're Pick and Pack Pros!
At Teak & Twine, we specialize in partnering with high-volume e-commerce, Shopify, and Amazon stores and serve as an extension of their team!
We work with our partners to fill whatever gaps they need: snazzy custom packaging? Check! Kitting and assembly services? We've got your back! Order fulfillment? Consider it done!
We tackle all those pesky operational tasks so you don't have to — that way, you can get back to doing what you're awesome at!
Our Pick and Pack Fulfillment Services Include...
- A dedicated Kitting and Fulfillment Specialist
- Receiving inventory
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- Assembling kits and packages
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Get a Quote for Pick-and-Pack Fulfillment
For all pick-and-pack fulfillment projects, fill out the form below and we'll be in touch within one business day (usually sooner!) to get started. And if you can't wait to chat, give us a call at 571-347-7582.
Pick and Pack FAQs
What is pick and pack fulfillment?
To put it simply, pick and pack fulfillment is the process that happens after an order is placed from an online store. The items purchased are "picked" from their storage location in our warehouse and "packed" into the proper box or packaging. Then, we fulfill the orders by labeling and shipping them directly to the consumer or to the distribution center (like an Amazon distribution center!)
What are the benefits of using a pick and pack service?
Just to name a few, our pick and pack services help e-commerce businesses to…
- Ship items faster
- Focus on their business instead of logistics and fulfillment
- Avoid costly mistakes when shipping orders
- Scale their business
- Save time, space, and money!
Can we ship our inventory to be stored at Teak & Twine?
Yes! We will gladly receive your inventory, perform quality control, and provide safe storage in our warehouse.
Do you offer custom packaging?
Yes - custom branded packaging is totally our thing! Our team can design, source, and customize packaging to tailor the unique needs of your business — and make your brand look its best!
Do you offer kitting services?
Yes! Our team offers kitting and assembly services and can package your individual products into kits.
Do you offer FBA prep services for Amazon FBA?
Yes, we do! Our team specializes FBA prep services (Fulfillment by Amazon). We help Amazon stores with inventory, storage, and pick and pack fulfillment and will distribute your orders to local FBA distribution centers.
Do you do fulfillment for Shopify?
Yes, we do! We can auto-sync your Shopify store to fulfill your orders. Contact our team to learn more!


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Nov 6, 18 / Sag 02, 02 16:21 UTC
General News: Nov 6 ¶
Our Sun which sits in the center of our Solar System is believed to be just over 4.6 billion years old. Although that seems unfathomably old to a human, for a star, it's actually not all that impressive.
A new survey has found that one particular star here in our own Milky Way galaxy is much older than anyone thought. This incredibly old star is called 2MASS J18082002–5104378 B and astronomers now believe it to be a whopping 13.5 billion years old.
This discovery means more stars with very low mass and very low metal content are most likely out there—maybe even some of the universe's very first stars.
Researchers were able to determine how old this Star is due to its incredibly low mass and metal content. Researchers think that newer stars tend to be very high in metallicity, but the Old Star's metal content is extremely low. It's also tiny, weighing in at only around 1/10th of the mass of our own Sun.
Moreover, it's already been almost nine months since SpaceX launched its Falcon Heavy rocket, deploying a test payload into a Sun-centric orbit. Currently, the only passenger onboard, Tesla's Roadster, officially made its way past Mars, which marks another milestone for the private spaceflight leader.
This past weekend, SpaceX announced that Starman has made it past Mars' orbit, which was one of the more ambitious goals for the test launch. The Tesla Roadster and its "driver" are still zooming through space, but it won't go much further before looping back around towards the Sun again and repeating its trip for an undetermined amount of time.
In other news, for some time now experts believe there is a supermassive black hole situated at the center of our galaxy, called Sagittarius A*. Currently, scientists have found more evidence about the black hole which they released in an announcement on October 31.
The ESO released a video which portrays a stunning visualization of zooming into the black hole and seeing the swirling pattern of the flares that surround it.
This marks the first time that material has been so carefully observed to the event horizon of a black hole. The event horizon is an area around a black hole where nothing can escape — not matter or even light.
And in great news, according to a new United Nations report, Earth's ozone layer is finally repairing itself from damage that was a result of aerosol sprays and coolants.
Since the late 1970s, the ozone layer had been thinning. Fortunately, scientists sounded the alarm, and ozone-depleting chemicals were phased out globally.
Thus, the upper ozone layer above the Northern Hemisphere should be entirely healed by the 2030s, and the gaping Antarctic ozone hole should be fixed sometime by the 2060s, as per a scientific assessment unveiled Monday at a conference in Quito, Ecuador. The Southern Hemisphere is taking a bit longer, and its ozone layer should be repaired by mid-century.
Are you excited about the Ozone layer repairing itself? Do you think this could help address other aspects of climate change?
Let us know in the comments below!


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The ATF has been fighting a losing battle against "GLOCK switches" for years now.
It started as yet another illegal import from the likes of Wish.com.
ATF agents were scurrying around trying to chase down buyers of the switches. Back in 2019, they had their hands more than full trying to find he buyers of at least 2900 of the switches.
But thanks to 3D printing, there's less and less need to resort to Asia for illegal pistol conversion accessories when it's cheap and easy to produce them right here.
Continue reading VIDEO: Young Teens Show Off Their Illegal GLOCK Full-Auto Switches at The Truth About Guns.
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Olivier Héroguelle
MD - JCDecaux India.
"We are extremely happy and satisfied working with LOCAUDIT. This App has definitely increased efficiency of our operations as the real-time data exchange speeds up the tracking process. The tool helps us resolve the issues in a much more reactive manner, in the benefit of the advertisers and service users. LOCAUDIT helps us keep our promise to the officials and advertising clients. These undeniable benefits clearly encourage our organization to look at further developments in the near future."


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Can Michael be a girls name ???
Posted 13 January 2021 - 10:29 PM
Posted 25 January 2021 - 11:16 PM
I mean, I know that Michael can be used for a girl's name. The Bates Family did it. Their oldest daughter is named Michael, but I believe I've read that she goes by Michaella instead of Michael. But I personally would not use it for a girl. It's very masculine and it's never made sense to me for names like Michael to be used on girls and names like Kelly and Leslie to be used for boys. In the end, it's ultimately whether or not you would want to name your daughter Michael if you were considering it.
Posted 28 February 2021 - 04:05 AM
Posted 01 February 2022 - 02:27 PM
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A playful ring with a sense of movement, inspired by long prairie dresses with ric rac trims on warm hazy summer days. Great for stacking or as an alternative wedding band.
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Made to order this ring has a lead time of 2-3 weeks.
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Recycled Sterling silver or 9ct Yellow gold.
See image for size Dimensions


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QURECA Partners with Moody's to Develop "Quantum Computing for Quants" Training Course
Glasgow, 31 October 2023 - QURECA, a leading quantum technology education and training solutions provider, is excited to announce a strategic partnership with Moody's Analytics to create a comprehensive training course, "Quantum Computing for Quants". This initiative marks a significant
Overview of Quantum Initiatives Worldwide 2023
The global quantum effort leading to research and innovation in quantum science and technology is continually rising with current worldwide investments exceeding $38.6 billion. Overall, the global quantum technology market is projected to reach $106 billion by 2040 [1].
QURECA Launches the Qureka! Box on World Quantum Day to Celebrate Quantum Technology Education and Outreach
QURECA, the leading company in quantum training and resourcing, is proud to announce the launch of the Qureka! Box on World Quantum Day. The Qureka! Box is a ground-breaking quantum educational toolkit that brings the world of quantum computing to
QTIndu: Making European Industry Quantum Ready
Tackling the quantum skills bottleneck We are pleased to announce the commencement of the QTIndu (Quantum Technology Courses for Industry) Project, which will create industry-specific Quantum Technology (QT) training programs to address the growing needs of the quantum-ready workforce. Under the
Quantum Eastern Europe 2022 – Event Recap
For the very first time, a global event brought together the Eastern Europe Quantum Community under the same event to discuss opportunities and development, thanks to Qureca, along with QWorld and Hamilton Consulting who organised Quantum Eastern Europe 2022. The
Quantum Latino 8-10 June 2022 – Register now!
Be ready, here comes the second edition of Quantum Latino, 2022, the first large scale quantum event in Latin America. This year the event will take place on June 8-10, 2022, hosted in an hybrid form, online and with the
A Review of Global Quantum Education Initiatives
"How do I get started in quantum?" "What are the best resources for learning about quantum computing or other quantum technologies?" "How can I get a job in the quantum industry?" These are the questions often asked by anyone interested in quantum and
QURECA and Q-CTRL announce a collaboration to accelerate quantum learning for all
QURECA (Quantum Resources & Careers) has teamed with Q-CTRL, an Australian-based technology company using quantum control to make quantum technology useful, have together set an ambitious target to build a robust talent pipeline with a targeted focus on youth education
From a Career Fair to a Career in Quantum Machines
Lorenzo from Quantum Machines On March 3rd, 2022, QURECA Ltd, in a joint venture with The Quantum Insider, hosted the Career Quantum Fair 2022. Amongst the participating companies were Quantum Machines, one of the leading Quantum companies worldwide, providing Quantum Orchestration
Recap: Career in Quantum Technologies Fair on March 3rd, 2022
The Career in Quantum Technology Fair 2022 is an online event that gathers Quantum Technology experts and Academia to discuss the different opportunities available in the field to boost companies' productivity and enhance employment in this sector. The event is


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2134 Richmond Terrace, Staten Island, NY 10302
Community Health Action of Staten Island (CHASI) breaks down the barriers to care. We provide access to an extensive range of high-quality behavioral health care and social support services — all coordinated and tailored to your needs. CHASI is bringing communities back to health.
- Accept deliveries and donations and help with warehouse unloading, stocking, and organization of food items.
- Assist with the documentation of client information and data input.
- Process information for entry into a system
- Typing, navigate internet research projects
- Computer use, Networking, Tech Support
- A high degree of professionalism and the ability to follow instructions.
- Comfortable communicating clearly and professionally to diverse audiences.
- Appropriate work attire (no open-toe shoes)
- Bilingual language skill is a strong plus.
- Experience with Computers and Data
Schedule: TBD
Openings: 4
Job Category: community social service Human Services LTW
Job Type: In Person
Job Location: 10302 Staten Island
Applicant Age: 16+
Apply for this position
Please only apply for this position if you are an enrolled participant in NYCID\'s Workforce programs
Please apply up to 3 opportunities and ensure that you use the drop-down menu to identify your choices for each job.
IMPORTANT NOTE: If you do not meet all of the requirements of the job description, your application may not be selected for the position.


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MANILA, Philippines — Angel Canino expressed high respect for fellow rookie Trisha Tubu after La Salle and Adamson's marquee match in the UAAP Season 85 women's volleyball tournament on Sunday at Filoil EcoOil Centre.
Canino, who was under the weather last week, shook off her slow start before unleashing 21 points to propel La Salle's 22-25, 25-14, 25-16, 25-19 victory over Adamson and stay unbeaten in six games, nearing a first-round sweep.
The prized recruit from La Salle Zobel got the better of Adamson's leading scorer Tubu, but she's not putting too much into their head-to-head as a rivalry as she remained focused on helping her team.
"I don't see us as having a rivalry as super rookies. Respect to her because she is her own player and I am my own player," said Canino in Filipino after nailing 20 kills on top of 17 excellent receptions.
Canino, La Salle's leading scorer, has high respect for Tubu, who had 13 points.
"I have high respect for her because she contributes a lot to her team. And she's the kind of player who doesn't surrender. She's a player who is reliable for her team inside the court," she said in Filipino.
The former UAAP girls MVP said the Lady Spikers respect whoever they face inside the court.
"As our coaches said, we prepare for every team and we respect all of them. We always prepare for our game and our objective is to win," said Canino.
Canino and the Lady Spikers try to complete a first-round sweep against the defending champion National University Lady Bulldogs on Sunday at Mall of Asia Arena.


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If it's been a while since you last cleaned your carpet, then you might not be too worried. After all, if it doesn't look filthy, then it's probably fine, right? Unfortunately, there are many health problems that might be lurking beneath the surface of your carpet. For instance:
Mold can be a pretty serious health condition, especially if anyone in your house has a compromised immune or respiratory system. Spores can easily travel around the house, embedding themselves in your lungs and causing serious discomfort, if not health problems. On top of that, mold can actually be a lot harder to detect than you might imagine.
Mold tends to grow in damp, dark, warm areas, so its location might not be immediately obvious. It might have originated in a leak in your pipes in the floor, walls, or ceiling, but mold can grow fairly rapidly. In particular, if you do have carpets in areas of your home that are near any sources of water, such as sinks, toilets, or showers, then you should always be vigilant about the growth of mold. If you have a type of carpet that has long fibers, then you want to be doubly careful, since there could be a layer of mold that is concealed by the thick carpet.
Dust Mites
A little less terrifying are dust mites, which are small organisms that thrive in dirty carpets. They can eat the organic material that naturally builds up in carpets, breeding and multiplying. The real problem comes when they die, since their corpses are actually fairly dangerous to humans when inhaled. They certainly aren't lethal, but they can trigger allergies and can cause quite a bit of irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat.
Athlete's Foot
Finally, you want to be vigilant about athlete's foot, which is caused by fungal infection. Dirty carpets can be a breeding ground for these fungi, and if you happen to walk around your carpet while your feet have cuts or some other avenue for foreign material to enter your body, then you can easily catch athlete's foot as well. This can become even more problematic if you live with someone who already has a case of athlete's foot. Every time such a person walks around on your carpet with an infected foot, they increase the risk that everyone else will catch their disease as well, and that is the last thing you want.
For assistance in removing the dangers, call a professional carpet cleaner.


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News › Archive of November, 2022
Bertha's Revenge Gin Black Friday Sale
Don't miss out on our Bertha's Revenge Gin Black Friday Sale!
Head to our website shop.ballyvolanespirits.ie from this Thursday until Sunday to avail of a 20% discount on ALL items!
Read more ›
Castlelyons Christmas Market, Sunday, 27th November 2022
We are delighted to have a stall at "A Taste of Christmas" this coming Sunday, 27th November from 12noon to 4pm at Fr. Ferris Park in Castlelyons. Castlelyons is our local village and located only five minutes from our home.
Bertha's Revenge Gin in all its forms will be on sale. It's the perfect opportunity to do your Christmas shopping. Treat a loved-one, work colleague or client to Bertha tipples this Christmas. There will be lots of stall holders selling locally-made arts crafts and artisan food and drinks. It promises to be a fun day out and we are looking forward to it enormously.
Hope to see you there!
Read more ›


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Solar Charm Pendant
Gold Vermeil, Sterling Silver
- Diameter: 18 mm
- Thickness: 2.5 mm
With infinite ways to curate our collectible charms and charm pendants, it's easy to make a stack that's 100% your style. The hard part is choosing—but why pick one when you can collect them all?
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text: Democracy is under threat – we cannot afford any more backsliding Democracy exhibition installation (Credit: Westminster Foundation for Democracy) Maria Miller MP and Liz Saville Roberts MP 4 min read14 September 2023 As parliamentarians, we see every day that democracy is essential to tackling the challenges society faces and helps solve real-world problems. From the climate emergency to violent conflict, a strong democracy is the best structure to hold governments to account, nurture good ideas, address the needs of those we represent, and encourage co-operation with global allies. This Friday (15 September) is the International Day of Democracy, which presents a moment to reflect on the health of our democracy at home and of those abroad. With the ongoing war in Ukraine, democratic governance – and the freedoms it offers – has to remain central to the international policy agenda. However, global levels of democracy have declined for 17 years in a row. According to a recent report by Freedom House, just 20 per cent of the world's population currently live in a country rated as "free". Democracy is under direct assault, exacerbated by an ever-growing risk from disinformation, entrenched inequality, and extremism. As legislators, we must have an eye to ensuring our actions can never be used to strengthen autocrats This should worry us. Democracy underpins our shared security and prosperity: we know democracies tend to prioritise the things that most matter to a secure family life – from lower infant mortality rates to higher participation in secondary education, from helping to reduce the risk of conflict to supporting greater gender equality. The major threats to our security are rooted in, or exacerbated by, authoritarian regimes or weak democracies. The combination of democratic backsliding and authoritarian advance is a global challenge that the international community must address together to strengthen both emerging and established democracies. Part of this involves protecting our existing global alliances where shared values can help enhance an enduring bond. Also, building new alliances where we can play our part in promoting democratic values. Creating a united front with other nations through security alliances and economic partnerships strengthens our position to challenge those who work through authoritarian rule. The United Kingdom's long history of addressing democratic challenges at home, coupled with our diverse society and politics, means we have valuable experience to share with democracies everywhere, just as we can, in turn, learn from their experiences. With our historic commitment to democratic freedom comes responsibility and, as legislators, we must have an eye to ensuring our actions can never be used to strengthen autocrats. A recent Westminster Foundation for Democracy report by Professor Nic Cheeseman and Dr Marie-Eve Desrosiers titled How (not) to engage with authoritarian states explores just that. It urges not to simply disengage from authoritarian states but that we can, and should, "demonstrate belief in and the benefits of democracy" and make bolstering global democracy a "central aim" driving our foreign policy. The need to strengthen democracy has never been more urgent. Whether it's economic recovery, energy security, preparing for future pandemics, stopping the conflicts that drive illegal migration, protecting the rights of women and girls, of people with disabilities and of LGBTQ+ communities, or the governance of artificial intelligence systems, we need the rights and accountability that democracy brings. Around the world, too many people can't challenge their leaders, are unable to access impartial news or use the internet freely, can't rely on the police or courts, and don't trust their election process. In the UK, we must always be prepared to defend our own democracy, but also support reformers around the globe by sharing our own experiences and learning from each other. We must make it a priority to have a positive impact on democracy. The people we represent and people around the world deserve no less. Maria Miller and Liz Saville Roberts are on the board of governors at the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, whose Garden of Democracy exhibition is being held in Portcullis House until 13 October Related Rishi Sunak Promises "New Framework" To Tackle Extremism As Political Division Hots Up By Zoe Crowther 01 Mar PoliticsHome Newsletters Get the inside track on what MPs and Peers are talking about. Sign up to The House's morning email for the latest insight and reaction from Parliamentarians, policy-makers and organisations.


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On Wednesday, Daily Nigerian said its investigation with Kano Focus Newspapers revealed that the property, located at Ibrahim Dabo Road, was demolished to pave way for the ongoing flyover and underpass being constructed at the Dangi Roundabout area.
The demolition of structures within the land and the fence was supervised by the Commissioner of Works, Engineer Muaz Magaji, on Friday, 15 November, 2019, days before the Kano High Court presided by Justice Usman Na'abba nullified the law that created new emirates and the emirs in Kano.
On anonymity, some officials of the Ministry of Lands, disclosed that Emir Sanusi purchased the 1.2 hectare land in 2010 at the cost of N200million.
They added that the land was recently valued N250million at commercial rate, but the state government insisted that payment would be made in accordance with the statutory land rate.
Sanusi's Chief of Staff, Munir Sanusi, declined comment.
He explained that the monarch had not given him clearance to speak on the matter.
In his reaction, the commissioner claimed that the Kano government had paid compensation to the emir.
"I can tell you he got the alert. For eight months, this issue has stalled the project, and this project is for public interest. We were even hoping that the Emir would give us the land free to continue with the work", Magaji said.
"But since he did not give it to us, we decided to engage the service of valuers who valued it according to the statutory land rate because the government does not engage in commercial purchase".
The commissioner also confirmed that he personally mounted the Grade D9 bulldozer to pull down the said the structures.
But sources say statutory land rate the government paid Sanusi was a paltry N4million.


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§ MR. HOWELL (Bethnal Green, N.E.)said, he had to move that the Order for the committal of this Bill should be discharged, and that the Bill should be committed to a Select Committee of 11 Members, six to be nominated by the House, and five by the Committee of Selection. If hon. Members examined the Bill they would see that it affected a large number of interests and was of wide extent, and he thought they would agree with him it was one which should be dealt with as a, Public rather than a Private Bill. He had to complain of the comparative secrecy with which Bills of this kind were dealt with, and he might point out in reference to this Bill that had he not taken the present course of moving to refer it to a large Committee very few of those affected by this Bill would have known anything of its existence. He wished to make known a fact that might surprise the House as much as it surprised him. The Bill was read a second time on March 22, the day before Good Friday, when very few hon. Members were present. The Vestry of Chelsea had made application for a copy of the Bill, and were told that it was under revision, and that a copy would not serve their purpose at that particular time. A second application having been made, the clerk of the London County Council, in a, reply dated on the very day on which the Second Reading was taken, stated that the revision of the Bill was not sufficiently advanced to enable a copy to be furnished to the Vestry. That he held to be a very serious statement. The importance of the measure might be estimated by the fact that it- repealed 10 Public Acts, including Metropolitan Building Acts and Metropolis Manage- 1427 ment Acts. It professed to be a Consolidation Act. Hon. Members were aware that he was a strong advocate of consolidation, but this was a Consolidation Bill of a very peculiar character, changing the whole aspect of the law in relation to the matters to which he had referred. That being so, and looking to its wide-reaching nature, he wished to see the Bill referred to a large Committee. He appealed to his friends on the London County Council to support the Motion. It would be remembered that last April they had to call in question Acts relating to Eastbourne, Ower Darwen, and Reading, and to complain that in Private Bills legislation was introduced dealing with Public Acts. The tendency of late years in the House had been to minimise Private Bill legislation and to maximise legislation by Public Act, and it was in pursuance of that policy he asked for the appointment of this Committee. Hon. Members very seldom saw the Bills which were submitted to the House. Although they very properly trusted the Committees upstairs, they had a perfect right to see the Bill, and, having examined this measure, he had come to the conclusion that in consequence of its far-reaching character this was not one which should be left in the hands of an ordinary Committee. He appealed to the House not only to pass this Motion, but also to be always on the alert to see that private legislation was not allowed to overshadow public laws.
Motion made, and Question proposed,
That the Order for Committal be read, and discharged.
That the Bill be committed to a Select Committee of Eleven Members, Six to be nominated by the House and Five by the Committee of Selection.
That all Petitions against the Bill presented six clear days before the meeting of the Committee be referred to the Committee; and that such of the Petitioners as pray to be heard by themselves, their Counsel, Agents, or Witnesses, be heard on their Petitions against the Bill, if they think fit, and Counsel heard in support of the Bill against such Petitioners.
That the Committee have power to send for persons, papers, and records.
That Seven be the quorum."—(Mr. Howell.)
§ * THE ATTORNEY GENERAL (Sir C. RUSSELL,) Hackney, S.said, he had only a word or two in supporting the Motion. He wished to state that he had had communications from different parts of the Metropolis pointing out the ob- 1428 jections urged by his hon. Friend, and he hoped the House would see fit to support the Motion.
§ MR. COHEN) (Islington, E.said, he did not intend to oppose the Motion; but while sympathising with the general objections against attempts to alter public law by means of Private Bills, he submitted that in this case it was not only right, but almost the duty of the County Council to proceed in this matter by Private Bill. He had not been an advocate of the action of the London County Council in attempting to pass measures by means of private procedure, but he did fear that this Bill, which contained many valuable provisions affecting the health of the inhabitants of the Metropolis, would not have had the remotest chance of being passed if left to struggle in the crowd of public measures. He did appeal to hon. Members opposite to be a little consistent in these matters, and he would remind them that only this week the House decided that a Bill embodying very novel principles should go through by private procedure. Why should not this Bill have been treated in the same way. They had been told that in the last Parliament there were plenty of means of getting Bills like this through in the form of public legislation, and it was claimed that what was done by the last Parliament could be done by this. But he would reply to that that they now had not only a new Parliament but a new Government which was literally besieged by competitive claimants for Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, and it was probable that in the competition Bills to which nobody could object would lose all chance of becoming law. It was for this unfortunate but irresistible reason that he believed the London County Council were right in proceeding with that urgent measure by means of Private Bill legislation. Still, he welcomed the Motion of the hon. Member opposite, because he wished to see carefully examined some objectionable clauses which were contained in the Bill.
§ * MR. J. STUARTsaid, he was sure the House would be glad to hear he had no opposition to offer to that proposal. He was only sorry that advantage had been taken of that occasion to find fault with the action of the London County Council in their procedure in this matter, 1429 it being a difficult question to decide whether this ought to be a Public or a Private Bill. In making the present Motion his hon. Friend had only anticipated a step which the County Council themselves were prepared to take, as he had intended to move a Motion which would have secured the result aimed at by his hon. Friend. Under the circumstances, however, he would accept the Motion now moved.
§ Motion agreed to.


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By Norwegian Baseball and Softball Federation
Team Norway started off the tournament with a 13-10 victory over host country Slovenia, who were considered one of the favorites for this year's tournament since they had just been relegated from the B-Pool. With team captain Emil Fjellvang on the mound, Norway stayed calm after Slovenia scored two runs in the first inning and struck back in the third inning with three runs by Alejandro Perez, Jaliet Alvarez and Steffen Torgersen. Slovenia evened the score in the same inning, but Norway put up four runs in both the fourth and the fifth inning and defended their lead with solid relief pitching by Reynaldo Reyes, Andrew Johnson and Jaliet Alvarez until the end. The team did not lose focus even though the game was suspended in the ninth inning on Monday due to darkness and on Tuesday morning Norway held on to the 13-10 lead for their first win in the first game. Steffen Torgersen led the way with four hits, four runs and five RBI. Jaliet Alvarez scored four times as welland also closed out the game in the ninth. Emil Fjellvang conceded seven hits, eight runs (2 ER) and four base on balls in 5 1/3 innings to pick up the win.
Norway was back on the field a couple of hours later, losing 3-21 to Serbia in five innings. Six runs in the fourth and 11 in the fifth blew the score wide open. Despite the surprising win against Slovenia, Norway never managed to take control of the game and it was obvious that the short night of rest, the hot weather and the lack of experience took their toll on the team. Nicholas Bach took the loss, getting charged with ten hits, nine runs (8 ER) and three base on balls in 3 2/3 innings.
The team came back strong on Wednesday morning, however, wining 10-3 over Finland and thus taking revenge for losses in the 2014 edition of the European Championships as well as the Nordic Baseball Open in 2015. Norway scored in six of the nine innings played en route to the victory. Steffen Torgersen went the distance on the mound, allowing five hits, three runs and four walks. He struck out 11 and also hit a home run. Eight different Norge players crossed the plate for runs and at the end of the day Norway was leading the tournament standings with a 2-1 record.
After a day of rest on Thursday, only one more win against Ireland was needed to reach the final. Five runs in the first and three each in the third, fifth and sixth by the Irish pretty quickly destroyed the dreams unfortunately. In the end Norway lost 15-4 and thus didn't have a shot for the finals due to losing tiebreakers. Steffen Torgersen went 3-for-3 with two doubles and two runs scored for Norway, while Reynaldo Reyes got charged with the loss, surrendering one hit, five runs (3 ER) and three walks, while managing just one out in the first.
Despite coming "only" in fourth place, Team Norway surprised everyone by beating host country Slovenia and Nordic rival Finland, and only missing the final due to CEB tiebreaker rules. NSBF technical director Andrew Johnson: "I am immensely proud of what we accomplished. We played competitive baseball, even showed sparks of brilliance and we did a good job once again of being a classy organization and thus great ambassadors for Norway."
"Every single guy on the team played his role and contributed to the best-ever showing in a CEB sanctioned tournament in the history of Norwegian Baseball," said Head Coach Fabian Weber. "We have a great group of young athletes and the lessons we have learned about baseball, success and even more importantly failure, will pay dividends in the future. This will be a week we will never forget."


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