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Where to Buy DWN Trees
- Overview
- Retail Nurseries, Northern Calif. Coastal Counties
- Retail Nurseries, Northern California Inland Counties
- Retail Nurseries, Southern California
- Retail Nurseries Outside California
- Mail Order Availability
- Variety Finder
- Map - DWN Retail Sources, U.S.
- Map - DWN Retailers, Northern & Central Calif.
- Map - DWN Retailers, Southern Calif.
- Map - Nearest Retailers, No. Calif. (enter a ZIP)
- Map - Nearest Retailers, So. Calif. (enter a ZIP)
Hofman's Nursery
12491 West Lacey Blvd.
Hanford, California 93230
Plant varieties ordered from Dave Wilson Nursery for 2024:
Fuji Apple
Introduction from Japan that quickly became California's favorite apple. Sweet, very crisp and flavorful, excellent keeper. Dull reddish orange skin, sometimes russeted. Ripe mid-September. Excellent pollenizer for other apple varieties. Low chilling requirement - less than 500 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 4-9.
Gala Apple
Wonderful dessert apple from New Zealand. Crisp, nice blend of sweetness and tartness, rich flavor. Skin reddish orange over yellow. Early harvest, 2 - 3 weeks before Red Delicious. Good pollenizer for other varieties. Adapted to cold- and warm-winter climates. Chilling requirement less than 500 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 4-10.
Granny Smith Apple
From New Zealand. Large, late, green, all-purpose. Crisp, tart, excellent keeper. Requires long summer. Thrives in hot climates. 400 hours. Prolonged bloom: good pollenizer for other apples. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 6-9.
Gravenstein Apple
(Green Gravenstein) Famous for sauce and baking, also used fresh. Crisp, juicy, flavorful & tart. Early bloom, early harvest. 700 hours. Proven very productive in trial with much less chilling than the estimated requirement.Pollenizer required: Empire, Fuji, Gala, Red Delicious. USDA Zones 2-9.
Multi-Bud Apple Low-Chill, Anna-Fuji-Dorsett Gldn-Gordon
Anna, Fuji, Dorsett Golden and Gordon budded onto M-111 rootstock. Finished trees include 4n1's plus assorted 3n1's and 2n1's.
Multi-Bud Apple, Fuji-Gala-Golden Delicious-Granny Smith
Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith budded onto M-111 rootstock. Finished trees include 4n1's plus assorted 3n1's and 2n1's.
Pink Lady® Apple
Hot climate apple from Western Australia. Very crisp, sweet tart, distinct flavor, good keeper. Skin reddish pink over green when ripe. White flesh resists browning. Harvest begins late October in Central CA, about three weeks after Fuji. Self-fruitful in many western U.S. climates; pollenizer recommended for best production. 300-400 hours. USDA Zones 6-9.
Red Fuji Apple
Redder skinned bud sport of Fuji. Sweet, very crisp and flavorful, excellent keeper. Ripe September-October in Central CA. Excellent pollenizer for other apple varieties. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 5-9.
Blenheim (Royal) Apricot
All-purpose freestone. Sweet, aromatic, flavorful - the long-time No. 1 apricot in California. Early bloom. Late June harvest in Central CA. 400 hours or less. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 7-9.
Earli-Autumn Apricot
Wonderful flavor as tested by Dave Wilson Nursery both fresh and dried. Will please even the most critical of apricot lovers. Late harvest, first two weeks of August. 500 hours or less. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 7-9. (Zaiger)
Harcot Apricot
From Canada. Frost hardy late bloom. Resists brown rot and perennial canker. Medium to large fruit ripens early to mid-June in Central CA. Sweet, juicy, rich flavor - one of the best. 700 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 4-9.
Harglow Apricot
Late-blooming, productive tree, proven in coastal Northwestern climates. Medium size, bright orange fruit sometimes blushed red. Orange freestone flesh is firm, sweet, flavorful. Resistant to perennial canker and brown rot, resists cracking. Originated in Ontario, Canada. Introduced in 1982. 800 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 4-9.
Katy Apricot
Large, all-purpose, flavorful freestone. Tree-ripe fruit is subacid (not tart). A favorite apricot for warm-winter climates. Early harvest, 3-4 weeks before Blenheim (Royal). 200 to 300 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 7-9. (Zaiger)
Moorpark Apricot
Long-time favorite of apricot fanciers for its exceptionally rich flavor and aroma. Reliable producer. Used fresh and for canning. 600 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 6-9.
Tilton Apricot
Best apricot for canning, excellent fresh or dried as well. Medium to large, firm, rich flavor - one of the best. Widely adapted. Early July in Central CA. 600 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 5-9.
Cot-N-Candy White Aprium® Interspecific Apricot
White flesh apricot-plum hybrid. Medium-sized with incredible flavor, very sweet and juicy. Ripens early- to mid-July. Self-fruitful. 400 hours. USDA Zones 7-10. (Pat. No. 17827) (Zaiger)
Flavor Delight Aprium® Interspecific Apricot
Apricot-plum hybrid. Resembles an apricot but with a distinctive flavor and texture all its own. High taste-test scores, one of the most flavorful early season fruits. Early June. Very low chilling requirement, less than 300 hours. Self-fruitful, but largest crops when pollenized by another apricot. (Zaiger)
Shinko Asian Pear
Late ripening - September in Central CA - and excellent quality. Juicy, sweet, flavorful, refreshing, crisp like an apple. Golden brown russeted skin. Shows fire blight resistance. 450 hours. Pollenized by Hosui, Chojuro, Kikusui, Bartlett
Bing Cherry
Large, firm, juicy, sweet, nearly black when ripe. Superb flavor, the No. 1 cherry. Midseason. Large vigorous tree. Pollenized by Black Tart, Van, Rainier and Lapins. Also Stella in colder climates. 700 hours. USDA Zones 5-9.
Lapins Cherry
Self-fruitful, dark red sweet cherry from Canada. Large, firm, good flavor. Similar to Van in color, Bing in shape. Sometimes sold as 'Self-fertile Bing.' Ripens 4 days after Bing. 500 hours or less. USDA Zones 5-9.
Multi-Bud Cherry, Black Tartarian-Bing-Lapins-Van
Black Tartarian, Bing, Lapins and Van budded onto Maxma 14® (semi-dwarf) or Mazzard (standard) rootstock. Finished trees include 4n1's plus assorted 3n1's and 2n1's.
Multi-Bud Cherry, Rainier-Bing-Lapins-Van
Rainier, Bing, Lapins and Van budded onto Mazzard rootstock. Finished trees include 4n1's plus assorted 3n1's and 2n1's.
Royal Crimson Cherry
The long-awaited low-chill self-fruitful sweet cherry from Zaiger Genetics, Royal Crimson is a consistent producer of large, tasty, crimson-red fruit. Harvest is early to mid May. This important new variety is also an excellent pollenizer for Minnie Royal and Royal Lee. Estimated chill requirement 200-300 hours. Patent applied for. (Zaiger)
Royal Lee Cherry
Medium-sized red cherry, very firm with excellent flavor. Ripens 11-14 days ahead of Bing, Tree is very productive with a low chill requirement. Pollenized by Minnie Royal and Royal Crimson. 200 to 300 hours. (Pat. No.12417) (Zaiger)
Royal Rainier Cherry
Large yellow cherry with slightly more red blush than Rainier. Excellent flavor, taste test winner. Ripens early, about 3-5 days ahead of Rainier. Chill requirement 500 hours. Pollenized by Bing, Black Tartarian and Lapins. USDA Zones 5-9. (Zaiger)
Black Mission Fig
The industry standard. Purplish-black skin, strawberry-colored flesh, rich flavor. Heavy bearing, long-lived, large tree. Coast or inland. Coast or inland. Fresh/dry/can. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 7-9.
Improved Brown Turkey Fig
Large, brown skin, pink flesh. Sweet, rich flavor, used fresh. Widely adapted - coast or inland climate. Small tree, prune to any shape. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 7-9.
Kadota Fig
Large, light greenish-yellow 'white' skin, amber flesh. Long-lived, vigorous. Prune to any shape. Very sweet fruit needs hot weather to ripen. Fresh/dry/can. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 7-9.
Violette de Bordeaux Fig
Small to medium size purple-black fruit with a very deep red strawberry pulp and distinctive, sweet, rich flavor. Brebas are pear-shaped with a thick, tapering neck; main crop figs are variable, often without neck. Medium eye. Excellent fresh or dried. A naturally small (semi dwarf) tree. Frost hardy. Good for container culture or small spaces. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 5-10.
Multi-Bud Fruit Salad, Cold Hardy, Polly-Hrkn-Hrko-Hrct-Supr
Polly White Peach, Harken Peach, Harko Nectarine, Harcot Apricot and Superior Plum budded onto Citation rootstock. Finished trees include 5n1's plus assorted 4n1's and 3n1's.
Multi-Bud Fruit Salad, JulElb-Fantasia-Babcock-SRosa-Blenh
July Elberta Peach, Fantasia Nectarine, Babcock White Peach, Santa Rosa Plum and Blenheim Apricot budded onto Nemaguard rootstock. Finished trees include 5n1's plus assorted 4n1's and 3n1's.
Honey Jar Jujube
"Chinese date." Extremely sweet, small to medium sized round fruit. Compact tree-form does well in drought conditions. Party self-fruitful. 200 hours USDA Zones 5-9.
Sugar Cane Jujube
Round fruit is smaller than Li. Sweet, crunchy flesh. Tree is precocious, hardy, drought resistant, virtually pest and disease free. Requires long, hot summer. Very low chill requirement. Partly self-fruitful.
Arctic Jay White Nectarine
Taste test winner. Very attractive, firm, freestone fruit is richly flavored, with a balance of acid and sugar. Ripens between Arctic Glo and Heavenly White white nectarines. 500 hours or less. Self-fruitful. (Zaiger)
Arctic Star White Nectarine
Earliest to ripen of the low acid, super-sweet white nectarines. Rave reviews in trial tastings. Beautiful dark red skin, snow white semi-freestone flesh. Ripens mid-June in Central CA, 4-5 weeks ahead of Arctic Rose. Low winter chilling requirement, about 300 hours. Self-fruitful. (Pat. No. 9332) (Zaiger)
Goldmine White Nectarine
Long-time favorite in California and Western Oregon. Small to medium-sized white-fleshed freestone. Aromatic, juicy and sweet. Ripe in August. 400 hours. Self-fruitful.
Honey Kist Nectarine
Early-ripening yellow nectarine with high sugar and low acid (no tartness). Harvest begins late June in Central CA,about with Independence nectarine. (Begin picking before the fruit begins to soften, the subacid varieties have the advantage of being good to eat before they reach peak ripeness.) 500 hours. Self-fruitful. (Pat. No. 9333) (Zaiger)
Independence Nectarine
Bright red skin, firm yellow freestone. Rich flavor, tangy and sweet, one of the best. Consistently very high-scoring in taste tests. Winter and frost hardy, very reliable producer. Early July in Central CA. 700 hours. Self-fruitful.
Snow Queen White Nectarine
Taste test winner. Sweet, juicy, early season white freestone. Late June harvest in Central CA, 2-3 weeks ahead of Babcock peach. Long-time favorite in So. Calif. Low chilling requirement, 250-300 hours. Self-fruitful.
Arctic Babe Miniature Interspecific Nectarine
From world famous Floyd Zaiger, a genetic dwarf white nectarine, the first of its kind. Reliable, self-fruitful. Ripe late May to early June in Central CA. 700 hours or less. (Zaiger)
Sol Dorado Miniature Nectarine
Large yellow flesh freestone, with yellow/red skin. Wonderful acidic nectarine flavor in a true dwarf tree. Harvest end of June in Central CA. Heavy bearing tree, large for a dwarf, at least 6 feet. 500 hours or less. Self-fruitful. (Zaiger)
August Pride Peach
Large, all-purpose yellow freestone for mild-winter climates. Sweet, aromatic, rich flavor, one of the very best. Ripens 3-4 weeks after Mid-Pride. Chilling requirement less than 300 hours. Self-fruitful. (Zaiger)
Babcock White Peach
Long-time favorite white-fleshed freestone. Sweet and juicy, aromatic, low in acid. High scoring in taste tests. Ripens mid-July in Central CA. Widely adapted (low chill requirement, yet not early blooming). 250-300 hours. Self-fruitful.
Bonanza Miniature Peach
Popular yellow freestone. Large fruit is sweet, low in acid, with a mild, refreshing flavor. Mid to late June in Central CA, earlier in low desert climates. 5-6 ft. tree. Chilling requirement very low, 250 hours or less. Self-fruitful.
Carnival Peach
Very late season yellow freestone. Large red-skinned fruit ripens late September/early October in Central CA. Vigorous, productive tree. Estimated chilling requirement 500 hours or less. Self-fruitful.
Elberta Peach
Famous yellow freestone. Classic, rich peach flavor: high scoring in taste tests. Use fresh, canned or cooked. Ripe late July/early August in Central CA, up to 3-4 weeks later in colder climates. 600 hours. Self-fruitful.
Eva's Pride Peach
Delicious, fine flavored peach with very low chilling requirement ripens 2-3 weeks before Mid-Pride. Medium to large-sized yellow freestone - also recommended as early season peach for moderate climates - harvest 3 weeks before July Elberta. 100-200 hours. Self- fruitful. (Zaiger)
Fay Elberta Peach
Popular yellow freestone: juicy, moderately sweet, flavorful. Fresh/can/freeze/dry. Ripens 1-2 days later than Elberta in Central CA. (August 1st), but blooms earlier. 700 hours. Self-fruitful.
Fortyniner Peach
Large yellow freestone, similar to its parent J.H. Hale. Excellent dessert quality. Ripens late July in Central CA, one week before Fay Elberta. 700 hours. Self-fruitful.
Galaxy White Peach
Saucer style white-fleshed peach, similar to Stark Saturn but larger, 6 oz fruit. Cream skin, blushed red. Sweet, flavorful flesh. Developed by USDA research station in San Joaquin Valley, CA. Ripens late June. Self-fruitful. 450 hours. USDA Zones 5-10.
Garden Gold Miniature Peach
Delicious yellow freestone, ripe 2 weeks after Elberta, more vigorous than other miniatures. Later bloom, less susceptible to frost damage. Showy blossoms. 5-6 ft. tree. 500 hours or less. Self-fruitful. (Zaiger)
Indian Blood Cling Peach
Large, late season canning peach. Red skin, red flesh, rich flavor. Blooms late, sets heavy crops. 800 hours. Self-fruitful.
Indian Free White Peach
Taste test winner, one of the all-time highest rated fruits at Dave Wilson Nursery fruit tastings. Large freestone, firm crimson and cream colored flesh. Tart until fully ripe, then highly aromatic with a rich, distinctive flavor. Highly resistant to peach leaf curl. Late season. 700 hours. Another nectarine or peach needed as pollenizer.
July (Kim) Elberta Peach
Also called Early Elberta. Reliable heavy crops. Juicy, sweet, very flavorful yellow freestone fruit for canning, freezing, or fresh use. 400-500 hours. Self-fruitful.
May Pride Peach
Very early peach for warm winter climates. Ripens in May, about with Desert Gold. Delicious, sweet and tangy, semi-freestone when fully ripe. Very large for such an early peach. Large, showy pink blossoms. 150-200 hours. Self-fruitful. (Zaiger)
O'Henry Peach
Popular fresh market yellow freestone and an excellent choice for home planting. Large, firm, full red skin, superb flavor. Ripens early to mid-August in Central CA. Good for freezing. Strong, vigorous, heavy bearing tree. 750 hours. Self-fruitful.
Saturn Peach
Flowering/fruiting. Spectacular large dark pink double blossoms. Yellow freestone fruit is large, juicy, sweet, low in acid, with a fine flavor. Mid-July in Central California. Long-time favorite in So. Calif. Low chilling requirement, 250-300 hours. Self-fruitful.
Sauzee Swirl White Peach
Medium size, saucer style peach with white flesh swirled red. Skin is tinted pink to dark red. Fruit is quite ornamental hanging in the tree. Harvest mid to late May. 400 hours. Self-fruitful. (Zaiger)
Snow Babe Miniature White Peach
Medium size fruit ripens mid July in Central CA. Delicious, white flesh freestone, beautiful white skin, blushed red. 4 to 5 foot tree. 400 hours or less. Self-fruitful. (Zaiger)
Suncrest Peach
Large, very firm, fine-flavored, yellow freestone. Bright red skin over yellow. Suncrest is the peach immortalized by the book "Epitaph for a Peach: Four Seasons on My Family Farm", by David Mas Masumoto (1995). Harvest late July in Central CA. Frost hardy blossoms, consistent producer. Originated in Fresno, CA. Introduced in 1959. 500 hours. Self-fruitful.
Tropic Snow White Peach
Delicious white freestone for warm-winter climates: balanced acid and sugar, superb flavor. Harvest begins mid-June in Central CA, about three weeks before Babcock. Showy blossoms in spring. From Florida, introduced in 1988. Very low winter chilling requirement, about 200 hours. Self-fruitful.
Tri-Lite Peach-Plum Interspecific Peach
A popular variety at DWN fruit tastings, this white flesh peach x plum can be eaten firm. A mild, classic white peach flavor and wonderful plum aftertaste make this fruit a unique treat. Early ripening, in June. Superior quality canning clingstone. 400-500 hours. (Zaiger)
Multi-Bud Pear Asian, Hosui-Shinseiki-20thCent-Chojuro
Hosui, Shinseiki, 20th Century and Chojuro budded onto OHxF333 rootstock. Finished trees include 4n1's plus assorted 3n1's and 2n1's.
Seckel Pear
Connoisseurs' favorite. Sweet, flavorful, aromatic, spicy, perhaps the best dessert pear. Russeted brown skin. Resists fire blight. 500 hours. Self-fruitful in most climates of Western U.S. Elsewhere, pollenized by Bosc, D'Anjou, or other pear, but not Bartlett.
Chocolate Persimmon
Small to medium size, oblong, bright red skin. Sweet, spicy, firm, brown flesh, superb flavor - the choice of connoisseurs. 200 hours. Self-fruitful.
Coffeecake Persimmon
Unique spicy sweet flavor that instantly evokes images of cinnamon pastry, hot coffee and morning sunshine. Coffeecake ripens about the same time as Chocolate and about three weeks to one month earlier than Fuyu. Coffeecake Persimmon is non-astringent and can be eaten while still firm. Hardy, attractive tree, practically free of pests and disease. Estimated chilling requirement: 200 hours or less. Another persimmon variety required as a pollenizer. Gosho or Chocolate are the best pollenizers for Coffeecake.
Fuyu (Jiro) Persimmon
("Apple Persimmon") Medium size, flat shape, still crunchy when ripe, non-astringent. Cool or hot climate. Hardy, attractive tree, practically pest free. Fall harvest. 200 hours. Self-fruitful.
Giant Fuyu Persimmon
Larger, not as flat as Fuyu. Crunchy when ripe like Fuyu. Sweet, flavorful, non astringent. Easy to grow, cool or hot climates. Fall harvest. 200 hours. Self-fruitful.
Hachiya Persimmon
Large, deep orange-red, acorn-shaped. Hot summer required to mature the fruit. Sweet, flavorful, astringent until soft ripe. Mature fruit can be frozen and thawed to ripen. Productive, ornamental tree. 200 hours. Self-fruitful.
Candy Heart Pluerry™ Interspecific Plum
A cross between a plum and a sweet cherry, Candy Heart is a real treat. Skin is dark speckled red, flesh is amber/red with a wonderful unique flavor. Candy Heart has an extended hang time, but reaches peak ripeness around mid August. Tested as 32MF92. Pollinated by Sweet Treat Pluerry™ & Burgundy plum. 500 hours or less. (Pat. No. 28308) (Zaiger)
Sugar Twist Pluerry™ Interspecific Plum
Harvest mid June. Red skin, yellow flesh. Tested as 46MC410. Pollenized by Flavor King Pluot®, Emerald Beaut plum and most mid to late blooming varieties of Pluot®, Pluerry™ and Japanese plum. Estimated to require 500 chill hours or fewer. Patent Pending. (Zaiger)
Burgundy Plum
Maroon colored skin and semi-freestone flesh. Sweet, with little or no tartness and a very pleasing, mild flavor. High taste test scores. Prolonged harvest, mid-July to mid-August in Central CA. Very productive tree with narrow, upright habit. 300 hours. Self-fruitful. USDA Zones 5-9.
Elephant Heart Plum
Home orchard favorite: large, heart-shaped fruit with sweet, juicy, richly flavored, firm red flesh. Dark reddish-purple mottled skin. Long harvest season - September in Central CA. Hardy, heavy bearing tree. 500 hours or less. Pollenize with Beauty or Santa Rosa.
Emerald Beaut Plum
One of the highest-rated plums in blind fruit tastings at DWN. Light green skin, greenish-yellow to orange freestone flesh. Harvest begins late August in Central CA. Ripe fruit continues to sweeten, becoming exceptionally sweet, but remaining crisp and crunchy. Ripe fruit holds on tree longer than any other stone fruit: two months or more! 600-700 hours. Pollenizer required: Beauty, Burgundy, Late Santa Rosa, Nubiana, Flavor King Pluot. (Pat. No. 9162) (Zaiger)
Santa Rosa Plum
Most popular plum in California & Arizona. Juicy, tangy and flavorful. Reddish purple skin, amber flesh tinged red. Late June in Central CA. 300 hours. Self-fruitful.
Dapple Dandy Pluot® Interspecific Plum
Taste test winner. Ranks with Flavor King and Flavor Supreme Pluot® varieties as best-flavored fruit at Dave Wilson Nursery tastings. Creamy white and red fleshed freestone with wonderful plum-apricot flavor. Skin greenish-yellow with red spots, turning to a maroon and yellow dapple. August harvest in Central CA. 400-500 hours. USDA Zones 5-10. Pollenized by Flavor Supreme Pluot®, Flavor King Pluot®, Santa Rosa, Catalina or Burgundy Plum. (Zaiger)
Flavor Grenade Pluot® Interspecific Plum
Elongated green fruit with red blush. Crisp texture, explosive flavor. Taste test winner. Hangs on the tree for 4-6 weeks. Pollenized by Flavor King Pluot®, Dapple Dandy Pluot®, Emerald Drop Pluot® or Santa Rosa plum. 300-400 hours. (Pat. No. 12097) (Zaiger)
Flavor King Pluot® Interspecific Plum
Taste test winner. Unique plum-apricot hybrid with sensational bouquet and sweet, spicy flavor. Reddish-purple skin, crimson flesh. Harvest mid-August in Central CA. Naturally small tree. 400 hours or less. Pollenized by Flavor Supreme Pluot® or Dapple Dandy Pluot® and Santa Rosa or Late Santa Rosa plum. (Zaiger)
Multi-Bud Pluot® I.S. Plum, Fl King-Fl Queen-Fl Supr-DapDan
Flavor King, Flavor Queen, Flavor Supreme and Dapple Dandy budded onto Citation rootstock. Finished trees include 4n1's plus assorted 3n1's and 2n1's.
Splash Pluot® Interspecific Plum
Small to medium-sized red-orange colored fruit, with very sweet orange flesh. Consistently among the highest scoring varieties at Dave Wilson formal fruit tastings. Round to heart-shaped fruit is excellent eaten fresh, dried or in desserts. Upright tree sets large crops once established. 400 hours or less. Pollenized by Santa Rosa plum or Flavor Grenade Pluot®. (Pat No. 14583) (Zaiger).
Red Silk Pomegranate
Medium to large-sized fruit with a brilliant red silky exterior. Large, firm yet edible seeds have a sweet berry flavor and a great acid/sugar balance. Naturally semi-dwarf tree has a slightly spreading growth habit and sets large crops. Grow as a tree or shrub and keep at any height by summer pruning. Excellent source of antioxidants. Eat fresh or use in cooking. 150-200 hours. Self-fruitful.
Sweet Pomegranate
Sweeter fruit than Wonderful, more widely adapted (better quality in cool-summer climates). Small, glossy-leafed, ornamental tree with showy orange-red blossoms in late spring. Very suitable to espalier and container growing. Harvest late summer. Unsplit ripe fruit stores in cool, dry place for two months or more. Very low chilling requirement, about 100 hours. Self-fruitful.
Wonderful Pomegranate
Large, purple-red fruit with delicious, tangy flavor. Best quality in hot inland climate. Gaudy red orange bloom, ornamental foliage. Long-lived, any soil. 150 hours. Self-fruitful.
Cooke's Jumbo Quince
Extremely large fruit: twice the size of other quince varieties. Pear-shaped, with yellowish-green skin and white flesh. Good for cooking, pies, candy, jelly. Discovered at Dinuba, CA. Self-fertile. Mature height 12-15 ft. 100 hours. Cold hardy to zone 5.
Bluecrop Northern Highbush Blueberry
No. 1 variety, the standard of excellence. Upright, vigorous, Northern Highbush. Very productive. Large, firm, great flavor. Fruit does not drop or crack. Tolerates hot summers if soil is moist, acidic, and high in humus. 800 hours. Self-fruitful.
Elliott Northern Highbush Blueberry
Very late ripening Northern Highbush. Medium-sized light blue berries with high acid, slightly tart flavor. Plant is upright, vigorous and a heavy producer, with an extended harvest period of four to five weeks.
Emerald Southern Highbush Blueberry
Produces abundant clusters of large to very large berries with tasty, balanced sweet flavor. Very productive and highly rated. Zones 7-10. Self-fruitful. Estimated at 250 hours chill or less. (U.S. Plant Patent #12165)
Jewel Southern Highbush Blueberry
One of California's leading commercial varieties due to its high adaptability. Exceptional growth and high yields. Midseason harvest of large to very large berries with tangy sweet flavor. Chill requirement estimated at 200 hours. Self-fruitful, zones 7-10. (U.S Plant Patent #11807)
Jubilee Southern Highbush Blueberry
Southern Highbush. Midseason, sweet, firm berry. Upright and quite compact, with fruit borne on the outer periphery of the bush. Chilling requirement is estimated at 400-500 hours.
Misty Southern Highbush Blueberry
Southern Highbush. Early season. In the West Misty is quite vigorous, growing very well on the coast and in the inland heat. This especially flavorful fruit does well in areas with chilling as low as 150 hours and all areas with mild winters and hot summers.
O'Neal Southern Highbush Blueberry
Southern Highbush (low chill, tolerates heat). Large fruit is especially sweet and flavorful. Early season. Soil must be acidic, high in humus. 5-6 ft. bush. 200 hours. Self-fruitful, but plant two varieties for largest crops.
Reveille Southern Highbush Blueberry
Southern Highbush. Midseason. DWN house favorite. This berry has pleasing crunchy texture and excellent flavor. Chilling hours are listed at 400-500 hours.
Sharpblue Southern Highbush Blueberry
Southern highbush. Excellent flavor. Nearly evergreen in mild winter climates. Bears fruit nearly year-round. Vigorous plant to 6 ft. Dime-sized dark blue fruit. 200 hours.
Sunshine Blue Southern Highbush Blueberry
Southern highbush. Great flavored firm berries. Ripens May 10 through June 15 at Gainesville, Florida. Semi-dwarf evergreen bush with great fall color. Showy hot pink flowers fade to white in spring. Self-fruitful. Estimated chilling required 150 hours, but very cold hardy as well.
Top Hat Southern Highbush Blueberry
Northern Highbush hybrid, a lowbush dwarf variety growing to 16-24" tall. Medium, firm, sweet, light blue berries that last for several weeks. Good flavor. Completely covered with white, bell shaped flowers for several weeks. Great fall color. Self-fruitful. Perfect for growing in a pot on the patio or indoors in a sunny window. Hardy in USDA Zones 3-8.
Baba Red Raspberry
Everbearing Red Raspberry - Extra large berries up to 1 1/2" long. Wonderful warm weather variety particularly well suited to Southern California's coastal and inland valleys. Fine flavor and good for all uses. Bears heavy crop May-July with a smaller late summer crop through fall. Hardy to zero degrees. Self-fruitful. Best in zones 6-11.
Black Satin Blackberry
Thornless - Large firm berries 1.5" to 2", glossy black color fading to dull when ripe. Highly productive, semi-trailing vine with minimal suckering. Midseason harvest. Self- fruitful, but more productive with a second variety. Best in zones 5-9.
Boysenberry Thornless
Rubus ursinus var. loganobaccus, a hybrid of blackberry, raspberry, dewberry and loganberry. Very large berry up to 2.5", dark maroon in color with an intense, tangy, sweet flavor. Excellent quality with few seeds and a pleasant aroma. Vine-like trailing growth habit. Harvest through summer. Self-fruitful, best in zones 5-10.
Canby Thornless Raspberry
Thornless - the only red thornless raspberry. Large to very large fruit are firm, juicy and of fine flavor. Good for all uses. Viroid and aphid resistant. Very winter hardy, grows best in cooler summer areas. Harvest June, July. Self-fruitful, best in zones 4-9.
Heritage Raspberry
Everbearing - Large, sweet, dark red berries. Mild flavor and excellent quality. Good for all uses. Moderate early crop in June, July. Heavier late crop August through fall. Berries keep well on or off the vine. Upright growth habit. Self-fruitful. Best in Zones 4-11.
Marion Blackberry
Medium to large size firm, sweet, bright berries. Excellent for fresh and dessert use. Rated by many as the best pie berry. Long harvest June through summer. Cross of Olallieberry developed in Oregon where it is a major commercial variety. Very long, vine-like canes require support. Self-fruitful. Best in zones 6 - 9
Navaho Blackberry
Upright, thornless. 1988 University of Arkansas introduction. Superb flavor in a small berry. Fruit is firm with significantly smaller seeds than other thornless varieties. Upright canes require no support. Popular with home gardeners and commercial producers alike. USDA Zone 6-10.
("Olallieberry") - Rubus argutus - Medium size berries are sweeter than tart with an old- fashioned wild blackberry flavor. Developed in Oregon but does extremely well in California. Harvest July through summer. Highly adaptable. Self-fruitful. Best in zones 4- 11.
Raspberry Shortcake®
This dwarf, thornless bush raspberry thrives in a patio pot or in the landscape. It produces an abundant crop of sweet raspberries in midsummer. Self-fruitful. Zones 4-9. Est. chill requirement 500 hours or less. U.S. plant patent no. 22141.
Triple Crown Blackberry
Thornless - Named for its three crowning attributes: flavor, productivity and vigor. Large, firm and flavorful berries. Can produce up to 30 lbs. of fruit per vine. Great for fresh use and canning. Long, semi-trailing canes require support. Highly adaptable. Summer harvest. Self-fruitful. Best in zones 5-10.
Canadice Seedless Grape
Early ripening red seedless grape derived from Himrod. Extremely winter hardy. First choice seedless grape for cold winter climates. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. Spur prune.
Concord (Eastern) Grape
Versatile, long-time favorite American grape. Blue-black berry with rich, distinctive flavor, used for table, juice, jelly and wine. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. Cane prune.
Concord Seedless Grape
American grape, a sport of Concord. Berries very similar to Concord, but seedless (or seeds very rare). Bluish-black skin, green flesh, distinctive Concord flavor. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. Cane prune.
Crimson Seedless Grape
Newer late season seedless grape, ripens early October in Fresno, CA. Medium size, firm, very sweet, excellent quality. Cane prune. 100 hours. Self-fruitful.
Princess Seedless Grape
Exceptional, seedless, greenish-white table grape with a mild Muscat flavor. Released in 1999 by USDA Ag Research Station in Fresno. Considered by many to be an "Improved Thompson Seedless". Ripens late July- midAugust in Central Calif. Large, firm fruit in large, semi-compact clusters. 100 hours. Self- fruitful. Cane prune.
Ruby Seedless Grape
Dark red, sweet, crisp, excellent fresh or for raisins. Ripens after Thompson Seedless. Requires less summer heat than Thompson or Flame. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. Cane or spur prune.
Thompson Seedless Grape
Most popular grape in CA, AZ. Fresh and raisins. Pale green, very sweet. Thin the clusters for larger berries. Needs plenty of heat. 100 hours. Self-fruitful. Cane prune.
Jenny Self Fertile Kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosa. The first self-fertile fuzzy kiwi! Large, pubescent, heart-shaped leaves. The vine grows to 15-20 ft. Egg-shaped fruit with fuzzy brown skin and green flesh. Harvest late summer/early fall.
Tomuri Male Kiwi
Actinidia chinensis, aka A. deliciosa. Pollenizer for Vincent female. Does not bear fruit. One male can pollenize up to eight Vincent females.
Vincent Female Kiwi
Actinidia chinesis, aka A. deliciousa. Low chilling requirement, adapted to Southern CA. Tasty, well-regarded fuzzy-skinned fruit. Pollenized by Tomuri Male.
Mohawk Pecan
Very large, thin-shelled nut, excellent quality. Earliest maturing, so more widely adapted than others. Attractive tree is vigorous, bears young and heavy. Good choice for home planting. 250 hours. Self-fruitful.
Western Schley Pecan
Easy to grow, hardy tree. Less fussy about soil and nutrition. Long, tapered, medium-sized, thin-shelled nuts. Fine quality, midseason. 250 hours. Self-fruitful
Kerman Female Pistachio
Long hot summers required to ripen. Plant from containers only, do not disturb root ball when handling. Very slow-growing to 20-30 ft. Drought-resistant. 800 hours. Pollenized by Peters.
Peters Male Pistachio
Pollenizer for Kerman. Does not bear fruit. One Peters pollenizes up to eleven females. Plant from containers only. Drought-resistant once established. 800 hours.
Purple Pony Flowering Plum
Prunus cerasifera 'Purple Pony'
Showy purple foliage holds its color all season. Believed to be sterile. Height at full maturity 10-12 feet. Single pale pink flower. Hardy to USDA Zone 5.
Purple Pony Flowering Plum High-Head
Prunus cerasifera 'Purple Pony'
Showy purple foliage holds its color all season. Believed to be sterile (no fruit). Height at full maturity 10-12 feet. Single pale pink flower. Hardy to USDA Zone 5. Grown and sold as low-head (18" trunk) and high-head (3 ft. trunk).
Fruitless Mulberry
Morus alba 'Fruitless'
Fast-growing, to 40 by 50 ft., dense shade. Tolerates summer heat, alkaline soil. Drought tolerant, but best with ample water and feeding. Not necessary to prune back to trunk each winter. All zones.
Mexican Redbud
Cercis canadensis mexicana 'Wilson'
(Cercis canadensis mexicana) Profuse pinkish-purple flowers in spring. Glossy, scalloped, blue-green leaves. Tolerates hot summers. Smaller than other redbuds, to 15-20 ft. USDA Zones 7-10.
Oklahoma Redbud
Cercis canadensis 'Oklahoma'
(Cercis canadensis 'Oklahoma') Spectacular purplish-red flower clusters in early spring (after flowering plums, before flowering crabapples). Attractive tree with round-shaped canopy and glossy, heart-shaped leaves. Tolerates hot summers. Largest of the redbuds, to 30-35 ft. USDA Zones 4-9.
Weeping Willow
Salix babylonica
Fast-growing, cold hardy, short dormant period. Long narrow leaves, pronounced weeping growth habit. Needs plenty of water. Stake high to develop usable area underneath. 30 by 30 ft. or larger.


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Anyone else sensing the first signs of spring? Okay, so we're still deep in the throngs of winter, and there's a fair way to go. But the days are getting longer, and the PS5 release schedule is heating up. Here's what's keeping us busy this weekend.
Aaron Bayne
I'm pushing on with my Death Stranding playthrough (will it ever end?!) and playing a little more of the Dead Space remake.
Jamie O'Neill
I guess lightning strikes more than twice, because I was overjoyed recently when a third PS Plus Classic game was updated with a new Trophy list, and I don't need an excuse to hop back into PS1 Jumping Flash! for another playthrough.
John McCormick
I've started 2023 not by working on my ludicrous backlog or by opening any of the eight different games I got from Santa Claus late last year. No, I started 2023 by deciding now was a good time to replay both Persona 5 Royal and The Witcher 3 on PS5. I've been switching between them. I'm going for the Platinum on Persona 5 Royal (again). I've been getting all the little question marks on The Witcher and everything. Hopefully I finish one of them this weekend. Pray for me.
Liam Croft
I'm playing a video game I can't talk about yet. Sorry!
Robert Ramsey
I'm taking a trip to Review City this weekend. Unfortunately, that means I can't actually tell you what I'm playing, you'll just have to guess!
Sammy Barker
I'm genuinely still hooked on Genshin Impact, and I'm finding it hard to divert my attention elsewhere. Oh no!
Scott McCrae
I'm still plucking away at Hi-Fi Rush over on Xbox, and I picked up Daytona USA over there since it's getting delisted next week so there' s bound to be a lot of that. On PS5 I'm trying to blast through the Fortnite Battle Pass to get Doomguy before the season ends.
Simon Fitzgerald
With just three weekends of hype remaining until the PSVR2 release, I guess now would be a good time for me to get in those last play sessions on its predecessor. No doubt I'll end up on Beat Saber, I just can't not play it when I load up VR. When not in VR I may dabble in some Hot Wheels Unleashed and a few rounds of Battlefield 2042.
Stephen Tailby
I'm swamped with work-related gaming for now, though hopefully I can get back to playing Dragon Quest XI S in the near future.
That's a lot of staffers, with a lot of WAYP entries. There's some impressive variety from our team, though, we don't think any two members mentioned the same game. We wonder if you lot can maintain that record in the comments section below.

subset: commoncrawl


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Rapper 50 Cent recently shared an image with the words 'Vice City' on it, which was possibly leaked from GTA 6. Is that the title of the upcoming game?
Rapper 50 Cent may have just leaked an image from GTA 6
Grand Theft Auto 6 is undoubtedly in the works, and it will most likely be titled 'Vice City,' if legendary rapper 50 Cent is to be believed. In the tweet we mentioned, he didn't provide context, instead simply saying, "I will explain this later" and adding, "bigger than POWER trust me," referring to the TV crime drama he co-produces.
This tweet is no longer available, but you can see a screenshot of it below.
50 Cent is not the only legendary rapper rumored to be a part of the upcoming game. In a late 2021 Rolling Stone interview, Snoop Dogg 'accidentally' revealed that he and Dr. Dre are working on music for the sixth installment of Grand Theft Auto.
Snoop said of a Dr Dre collaboration: "I do know he's in the studio. I do know he's making great f**king music. And some of his music is connected to the GTA game that's coming out. So I think that will be the way that his music is released, through the GTA video game."
Following leaks of early development gameplay footage last year, excitement for Rockstar's latest Grand Theft Auto title has grown. Clips allegedly leaked from the game show that it features the series' first playable female protagonist.
Aside from confirming that a new GTA is in the works, Rockstar has remained tight-lipped about the details and hasn't released any official gameplay images or footage.
Some GTA fans are even taking matters into their own hands by creating fan-made versions of what they believe the game will look like using Unreal Engine 5.
Whether the image shared by 50 Cent is true or not, we still have to wait for official words from Rockstar.


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Romanzo Giallo Film
- 2022
When danger threatens her camp, the fierce and highly skilled Comanche warrior Naru sets out to protect her people. But the prey she stalks turns out...
- 2024
After suffering from serial paranormal events, a wealthy family living in LA summons a young rising shaman duo Hwa-rim and Bong-gil to save the...
- 2023
Anatomy of a Fall
Anatomy of a Fall7.7162023HD
A woman is suspected of her husband's murder, and their blind son faces a moral dilemma as the sole witness.
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The Flood
The Flood6.6012023HD
A horde of giant hungry alligators is unleashed on a group of in-transit prisoners and their guards after a massive hurricane floods Louisiana.
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The Batman
The Batman7.6872022HD
In his second year of fighting crime, Batman uncovers corruption in Gotham City that connects to his own family while facing a serial killer known as...
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Sayen: Desert Road
Sayen: Desert Road6.3772023HD
Sayen follows a lead to the picturesque desolation of the Atacama Desert. There, she reluctantly teams up with a young Atacameño girl, Quimal,...
- 2022
Medical examiner and pathologist Lisa examines a fresh corpse and discovers that the deceased is her accidental lover, and on her body there is an...
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Talk to Me
Talk to Me7.1992023HD
When a group of friends discover how to conjure spirits using an embalmed hand, they become hooked on the new thrill, until one of them goes too far...
- 2023
Saw X
Saw X7.3362023HD
Between the events of 'Saw' and 'Saw II', a sick and desperate John Kramer travels to Mexico for a risky and experimental medical procedure in hopes...
- 2021
Wrath of Man
Wrath of Man7.652021HD
A cold and mysterious new security guard for a Los Angeles cash truck company surprises his co-workers when he unleashes precision skills during a...
- 2023
Sniper: G.R.I.T. - Global Response & Intelligence Team
Sniper: G.R.I.T. - Global Response & Intelligence Team6.8852023HD
When an international terrorist cult threatens global political stability and kidnaps a fellow agent, Ace Sniper Brandon Beckett and the newly-formed...
- 2023
The Collective
The Collective5.9112023HD
A group of righteous assassins called The Collective take aim at a highly sophisticated human trafficking ring backed by a network of untouchable...
- 2020
Woman of the Photographs
Woman of the Photographs62020HD
Solitary and skilled photographer Kai is afraid of women. When he encounters a beautiful model, Kyoko suffering from body dysmorphia, they begin a...
- 2024
Night Swim
Night Swim5.9172024HD
Forced into early retirement by a degenerative illness, former baseball player Ray Waller moves into a new house with his wife and two children. He...
- 2024
Janice's steamy obsession to imitate Lexi propels them to campus stardom. But dark secrets blur the lines between authenticity and seductive...
- 2023
Mob Land
Mob Land5.622023HD
A sheriff tries to keep the peace when a desperate family man violently robs a pill mill with his brother-in-law, alerting an enforcer for the New...
- 2023
The Kill Room
The Kill Room6.2832023HD
A hitman, his boss, an art dealer and a money-laundering scheme that accidentally turns the assassin into an overnight avant-garde sensation, one...
- 1994
Pulp Fiction
Pulp Fiction8.491994HD
A burger-loving hit man, his philosophical partner, a drug-addled gangster's moll and a washed-up boxer converge in this sprawling, comedic crime...
- 2015
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades of Grey5.882015HD
When college senior Anastasia Steele steps in for her sick roommate to interview prominent businessman Christian Grey for their campus paper, little...
- 2014
The Maze Runner
The Maze Runner7.1772014HD
Set in a post-apocalyptic world, young Thomas is deposited in a community of boys after his memory is erased, soon learning they're all trapped in a...


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New product
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The ultimate Microsoft Fabric, Power BI, Azure AI & SQL learning event! Join us in Las Vegas from March 26-28, 2024. Use code MSCUST for a $100 discount. Register Now
Does anyone know of a way to work with Power Query in a much faster way?
I am merging 3 different tables, which have infinite rows, because they are tables that come from combinations of several other tables. But, always to do any transformation or merge, it takes a long time to load.
Does anyone know a way to make it faster, so I don't lose so much time?
Performance depends on a lot of specific details. If there were optimizations that were universally true, then they would be built in. If your tables have infinite rows, then loading or transforming will take an infinite amount of time regardless of the rate involved.
Assuming you're asking about real-world (finite) load, to help determine if optimizations are possible, we'd need to know what data sources (e.g. CSV, folder, SQL server, SharePoint, etc.) you're working with and the approximate number of rows from each (just the order of magnitude is fine but infinite isn't a real answer). If they're all from a single SQL database, then you're much more likely to be able to make things faster than if you're trying to merge huge tables from separate sources.
Dude, it has about 500,000 rows. I pulled the data through a folder, where there were several CSV files and merged them to have only one table. This final table has more or less 500,000 rows.
I had the same issue in the past. Turned out my issue wasn't with rows as Power BI is more than capable of handling 500k rows. My issue was appending the csv. The more csv files I threw it at, the slower it got regardless of how many rows it was in total. That's just one downside to using a sharepoint folder and appending several files with power query. POwer Query is not that good handling it in my personal experience.
I've since moved on and started using power automate to append new csv data onto a base csv file and using that csv as source.
@Imrans123 Raw text files like CSV just aren't a very efficient source to load data from but it's definitely faster to load from one big one than from lots of smaller ones. Appending incrementally with Power Automate is a nice way to do the appending once rather than every time you refresh the query. You could get even better query performance if you used Power Automate to load the data to something more like a database with a query engine rather than a text file.
So, but on that particular report you will have no updates.
OK. Half a million rows is likely small enough to buffer the component tables so you can join them in memory. Loading CSVs from a folder will be slow no matter what but if you buffer them after loading, you should be able to do merges and transformations pretty quickly on tables that small.
I'd recommend checking out @parry2k's post here for more detail on buffering:
Join us at our first-ever Microsoft Fabric Community Conference, March 26-28, 2024 in Las Vegas with 100+ sessions by community experts and Microsoft engineering.
Check out the February 2024 Power BI update to learn about new features.


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U.S. light vehicle sales are likely to remain low until this summer. A rebound is expected to bring volume for the year to 15.7 million units, according to the National Automobile Dealers Association. (Light vehicles sold at an annualized rate of only 15.2 million in January).
Last year's sales were 16.15 million, and other forecasts for this year range from 15.5 million to 16 million.
NADA economist Paul Taylor predicts that the high cost of gasoline and heating fuel will continue to drain household budgets and put a damper on consumer spending despite the federal government's $168 billion economic stimulus package. He expects unemployment to peak at 5.3% this year; it was 4.9% in January.
Taylor expects credit troubles to linger through the first half of 2008 in spite of interest rate cuts from the Federal Reserve. The housing market in about half the country will probably remain weak into next year, he adds.


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COP26: Gender, and Science and Innovation Day
Published on 9th Nov 2021
Welcome to the seventh instalment of our daily COP26 updates: a digest of what is on the agenda each day, and a review of the previous day's events.
Review of yesterday's events
Monday's agenda at COP26 focussed on adaptation, loss and damage, where the spotlight was on communities who are marginalised from the climate change discussion, and on delegates from developed countries that are expected to commit finance towards adaptation schemes for these vulnerable people. Highlights included:
- Tuvalu's Minister for Justice, Communications & Foreign Affairs, Simon Kofe, recorded a speech addressed to COP26 while fully-suited and standing knee-deep in sea water in order to highlight the impact of climate change on his island nation. In his speech, he emphasised the juxtaposition of "the COP26 setting with the real-life situations faced in Tuvalu due to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise".
- In light of the experiences of vulnerable communities, global leaders have committed to locally-led adaptation strategies via 70 endorsements to the Principles for Locally-Led Adaptation and the mobilisation of over $450 million for initiatives which enhance locally-led approaches (including the Taskforce on Access to Finance).
- Countries (including the UK, the USA, Germany, Spain and Sweden) have pledged $232 million to the Adaptation Fund, which represents the highest mobilisation to this fund to date.
- In total, the UK has announced a commitment of £290 million in new funding to support adaptation and resilience initiatives around the world. This figure comprises a £274 million investment into communities in Asia and the Pacific, the establishment of a £15 million adaptation fund for developing countries, and a £1 million pledge to support the humanitarian response to climate change.
- Marking the day focussed on adaptation, 88 countries have now announced and adopted Adaptation Communications or National Adaptation Plans (with 33 being published in the last year). These strategies ensure that a country is prepared for the impact of climate change and identify areas of risk where innovation or reform is required.
On the agenda today
Today's COP26 events will be split between the topics of gender, and science and innovation. An event focussing on gender will highlight how women are disproportionately affected by climate change, and the importance of female leadership in driving solutions. In terms of science and innovation, events will discuss the current and future scientific solutions which are required to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C. Key events will include:
- Advancing Gender Equality in Climate Action – Further to the UN Women-convened action coalition on Feminist Action for Climate Justice and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Gender Action Plan, this event will bring together delegates to strengthen commitments towards gender equality and female leadership in the context of climate change. It will showcase the most progressive examples of gender equality in climate action.
- Responding to the IPCC report: keeping 1.5°C alive – For the headline event for Science and Innovation at COP26, delegates will be discussing what is required from the UNFCCC process, the COP26 outcomes and climate action to respond to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report and ensure that 1.5°C remains achievable.
- Accelerating innovation: cooperation for a Net Zero future – This event will bring together delegates from around the world to discuss clean energy solutions. It is anticipated that the event will result in new commitments to international cooperation and innovation to help deliver the shared goals under the Paris Agreement.


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Thank you Samik! I have been mourning for 10 years the death of a loved one and your words helped me to understand that it is time to enjoy wholeness and the joy of all the love I received from my Mom.
A powerful question...a question to repeat in morning before starting the day...everyday!
If we don´t answer for ourselves, someone will and it might not be the answer we are looking for.


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We are,
Since we love,
We live,
As we breathe!
We appreciate,
Since God deserves so,
We rejoice,
As humans we are!
We make love,
To be more attached!
- Unrhymed Poetenry: Poems of Ten Lines
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
I would like to translate this poem


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Knock Knock Who's there? Hutch! Hutch who? Bless you, and I'm right out of tissues!
Many of the jokes are contributions from our users. If you find anything offensive and against our policy please report it here with a link to the page. We will do everything to make this an enjoyable platform for everyone.


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Whether you are hoping to meet Latin lonely hearts in the Usa Expresses or abroad, serious latin dating sites provide a safe, easy way to connect with like-minded people. These sites as well help you find an appropriate person based upon your areas and pursuits.
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What Am I Supposed To Do When The World Is Falling?
That's the question, right? Look around. Things seem bad and only getting worse, right? What are Christians supposed to do when a world continues to move further away? Maybe it's what you are looking at in our political systems. Perhaps it's the hate and condemnation that many are throwing at others. What about our school system? How about areas where it seems like many are silent?
Here is the thing we need to respond to overreact. Too many are reacting to something we see or hear, and at the moment, it becomes a heightened reaction, or might I say an overreaction. And it is easy to see in Scripture that our responses are essential. Things will happen, bad things, in our world and in the global church. But how we react matters.
I would like to share a few crucial ways that we can look at to discover better ways for us as Christians to respond during tenacious moments.
Maybe you need to hear that today. God is still in control. GOD'S GOT THIS. God is not surprised by this, and we should not be either. Scripture shares this image of those that choose their own way over God's. And God doesn't just predict, but He does what he predicts. So, if God is not shocked by things taking place, neither should we.
So if we can remember that God is in control, we can trust Him and what He is doing. That means there is no reason to live in fear. Anytime we are afraid of what is happening around us, we are either not remembering God is in control, not believing it, or taking things into our own hands because we think we can do it better. Drop your pride and continue to trust God.
This truth also sets us free from attempting to take control and work to 'fix things. Think about this... Everyone desires to create a society/world that is at complete peace, unity, and justice. But, we as humans will never accomplish this. Never. Because of sin, because humanity is corrupted at its core. And it will only come about through the Word of God when Christ returns to reign. This does not mean that we are not called to do something, but I think it is essential to look at how. Too many of us come up with solutions to problems much more significant than us. And maybe a little humility would be necessary.
Some of you need to hear this. There is spiritual warfare. And too many of us are pointing the blame at others instead of seeing that spiritual warfare is abound and division, judgment, and condemnation are the evil goal. We must realize this; prayer is the most powerful weapon we have. So use it!
Paul writes to a young leader in Titus and reminds him to continue to live a righteous life, to remain pure. It is not the matter of being perfect, but it is essential to allow God's Word to humble us and direct us. Remain faithful to the Word of God. I can guarantee that if you continue to trust and follow the Word of God, you will only experience fulfillment and purpose. It truly is a blessed life.
Can I tell you I think the best move for us as followers of Christ is not to yell God's truth in a post on social media but in moments that God provides? I love having difficult conversations with people, but I believe the best way for this is at a table. Where I can listen and hear, and I can speak and share. And when there is a misunderstanding (there always is miscommunication), we can listen to each other and make sure our words are accurate. I truly believe God will provide opportunities where you can share the truth that God gives. It will set people free, but I think it is not your job to force it but to engage when He provides it.
Those are some of my thoughts lately. Do you agree? What would you add or change? Comment below, and let's have a healthy discussion.


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Strickland State Forest Exploratory Adventure - Saturday 29 October 2022
A magical day was had exploring the beauty of the Strickland State Forest with its many diverse forest habitats and easy walking trails (some mud thrown in for good measure!). It was a beautiful sunny day with a balmy breeze which made for an enjoyable day out exploring the many walking trails that link up through the forest. Following our exploratory expedition through the forest we then headed to the beautiful Mount Penang Gardens for afternoon tea with kookaburras!


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leading from
a) Harrison's Take
a.i) Certainty that Deckard was not a replicant?
Harrison Ford however was on record saying that Deckard was not a replicant.
On the other hand that was when the movie came out and twenty years later he'd given up and said to Ridley, "Okay mate. You win! Anything! Just put it to rest."
- Wired: Harrison Ford is on record saying Deckard is not a replicant.
Scott: Yeah, but that was, like, 20 years ago. He's given up now. He said, "OK, mate. You win! Anything! Just put it to rest."(http://archive.wired.com/)
a.ii) No straight answer from Ridley
the time of the making of the movie, Harrison asked Ridley whether or
not he though that the character he was playing was a Replicant.
didn't give him a straight answer as if to preserve his options, which
to Harrison was okay, although the unicorn origami would have been an
indication that Deckard was a replicant.
- Harrison Ford: I was moved to ask Ridley whether or not he thought that the character I was playing was a Replicant. Well, I never got a straight answer. Which is okay, I guess. But I thought it was important that the audience be able to have a human representative on screen, somebody that they could have an emotional understanding of. Ridley didn't think that was all that important. (AFI event, 2013, text taken from http://www.digitalspy.co.uk)
a.iii) Wanting Deckard to be human
thought himself that it was important that the audience be able to have
a human representative on screen who was somebody that they could have
an emotional understanding of.
Having said that he resisted the idea of being a replicant, as he supposed a replicant would, or simply he felt that the replicants would
want to believe that they were human, or at least this one, Deckard, did,
It also seemed to him as if Ridley didn't think it was all that important.
the other hand, Ridley might have wanted Harrison to play the role that
he was given as a human and that human being might have had some
uncertainty about whether he was a replicant or not,
- Harrison Ford: There was a bit of contest between Ridley and I over whether or not Deckard, the character I played, was a, was a replicant or not, and erm, erm, Ridley preserved his options, erm and he did at the end indicate, er, er, with one little, erm, bit of origami, erm, that er, that Deckard may in fact be a replicant. From myself, I, I, I felt that it was important for the audience to have a, a human representation, on er, on screen that they could identify with, so I resisted the idea of being a replicant, I suppose, as a replicant would. (American Film Institute, uploaded 2010, https://www.youtube.com)
- Harrison Ford: I always knew that I was a replicant. I just wanted to push back against it though. I think a replicant would want to believe that they're human. At least this one did. (Harrison Ford On De-Aged Indiana Jones & the Real Reason He Joined Marvel | Explain This | Esquire, 31st May 2023)
b) The Views of the other actors
b.i) Who else didn't know that Deckard was a replicant
Sean Young wasn't made aware of this idea about Deckard being a replicant, neither was M Emmet Walsh who played Bryant.
- Interviewer:Was Deckard a replicant? Sean Young: No, I don't , I don't know, because it's not like Ridley would tell me what he was telling Harrison (Future Shocks)
- M. Emmet Walsh: I don't know, i don't know (Future Shocks)
b.ii) Edward J Olmos was aware
Edward J Olmos who played Gaff was aware of what his character was
doing with the unicorn origami to share with Deckard that he was a
replicant also and perhaps was only too glad to follow the intracy of
the this situation as long as it was done in a subtle way.
- Edward James Olmos: Of course the ending is based on Gaff leaving at the base of the elevator to share with Deckard the fact that he was a replicant also.(Future Shocks)
- Edward J Olmos: There's a line I like a lot that very few people pick up on, up there on the roof. That's the one where Gaff says "You've done a man's job, sir" You know what that was supposed to be? Ambiguous. A reference to Deckard maybe being a replicant. In fact I saw one script where Gaff made this even more explicit. He said the same thing - 'You've done a man's job' - but then Gaff went on to say 'But are you a man? It's getting hard to tell around here." But I'm glad they cut that out. The line is a lot more subtle. (Future Noir, hardback version, p198-199)
b.iii) Rutger Hauer's awareness
Hauer as much as he was aware of what Ridley wanted Deckard to be, he
only saw it as on one level a mattering of emotional understanding.
Deckard behaves like a replicant because he's programmed so, but
ironically, the viewer, through the very actions of the replicants ,
would understand that it is they who are free.
On another level it seemed to be almost like a joke and that's where the unicorn came from
- Rutger Hauer: I always felt the subject of Deckard being a replicant was a matter of emotional understanding. He certainly behaves like a replicant because he's so programmed. Ironically, through their very actions, you understand that it is the replicants who are free . (Future Noir, hardback version, p201)
- Rutger Hauer: I know that Ridley wanted him to be but I think that's kind of like a joke, and that's where the unicorn came from. (On the Edge of Blade Runner documentary)
c.) Views of the production staff
c.i) Trumbull and Snyder's response
Further behind the scenes, Douglas Trumbull in charge of special effects didn't know, would never know but he felt that was the enigma, and then the art director David Snyder only assumed he was a
c.ii) Syd Mead's respons
However the concept artist Syd Mead as with the way Ridley thought,
that it was that Deckard as a replicant was only possible conclusion.
But he thought that it
was because you didn't need just one more super intelligent detective
hunting these replicants down.
So he thought that this is why Bryant
called him in.
Then in the room, everyone apart from Deckard knew about
the fact.
- Syd Mead:Yes, of course he is , otherwise the movie doesn't make sense, you don't need just one more super intelligent detective you know, hunting these people down. Erm, Bryant calls him in deliberately. He's a replicant and they all know it except Deckard (On the Edge of Blade Runner documentary)
c.iii) Hampton's response to the Unicorn origami
Hampton Fancher the earlier script writer only talked about about how when he saw the unicorn in the director's cut.
He saw it as a symbol but it didn't mean that someone should say "Oh, that shows that Deckard's a replicant."
If someone thought that, then he could have thought they were wrong despite what Ridley might have said.
Ridley came up with the concept of an origami unicorn and a full-sized
one, Hampton initially rejected the concept, but when he saw the movie,
he was in a way happy about how Ridley had handled it.
tin foil origami hit a lot of levels for him. It offered a question
that seemed interesting to him although it resulted in an answer that he
found stupid.
- Hampton Fancher: When I saw the unicorn in the director's cut, I, I thought of it as a symbol.
And that's the beauty of something that's good, I guess. You know, you could-- It's ambiguous.
And my interpretation had nothing to do with: "Oh, that shows that Deckard's a replicant." I don't think that anything should show that Deckard's a replicant. If you think that, you're already wrong. You know? I mean, it says, it's just the question mark is what's interesting.
The answer is stupid. (Dangerous Days documentary) - Collider: There
is, there's always a debate amongst everyone, is he or isn't he a
replicant? One of the things that is great is you see the question is
still out there, is he or isn't he a replicant. Personally not as a
screen writer and not a fault in the movie in any shape or form, do you
have an opinion on it in terms of personally do you believe one way or
the other?
Hampton Fancher: Yeah, I always did, he's not a replicant
Collider: You see
Hampton Fancher: I thought if he was a replicant, then the game's over, I think he doesn't know or so, so to make him a replicant was a Ridley was for from you know the beginning he's a replicant and I from the beginning, he's not, we shouldn't if he is, I shouldn't if he is, the person who's always asked me, I don't know, and when Ridley put in the, you know, the ostensible evidence that he is, you know, the red eyes or whatever in Blade Runner One, I didn't, I didn't like that.
Michael Green: That's the first time I ever heard anyone one called Blade Runner One
Hampton Fancher: I never said it beforeMichael Green: I'm glad it was you. I would have been okay. I think for me it's, erm, I don't, the fact that it's a question is what's important, it's that the the the puzzle of Blade Runner, the reason it is, one of the many reasons it's the classic it is is that, the chasing for authenticity is akin to the narrative of the story and to the meta-narrative of the film that there is that there is no authentic answer to that question which has meant that telling the further story, that had to be baked into the story as well that everyone who watches it has that question, which version should I watch, what does that mean, and the answer is that you don't get to know. Generally American audiences are very uncomfortable with that level of irresolution. Blade Runner challenges that and it's not just an American favourite, it's a world favourite ( 'Blade Runner 2049' Writers on the Ending, If Deckard Is a Replicant, More , Published on 19 Oct 2017 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1ibTaoVU4g) - CJ Paschall: So
in your original screenplay for Blade Runner, going to your original
for the moment , did you intend, so this is a question that , it's been
around since the movie came out and especially as we gotten the final
cut , got the director's cut conversation coming into this movie, in
your original screenplay, where did you land on the question of Deckard
being a replicant, were you...Hampton Fancher: Not!CJ Paschall: Did you write him as human, you did not, not , not a replicant, I meanHampton Fancher: I mean it wasn't an absolute "Not", God will never be sureCJ Paschall: Hmm, yeahHampton Fancher: I didn't want him to be sure, I thought in m-m-my last line on that, once the cat is out of the bag, the game is overCJ Paschall: Hmm, that's trueHampton Fancher: Someone to keep the cat in the bagCJ Paschall: Hmm, and er, it's definitely something that carried over into this film, you can tell they never directly, directly even mention ermHampton Fancher: Right. So it's like it's a it's a, I mean, not to be cute but, ambiguity is very importantCJ Paschall: HmmHampton Fancher: You know, dramatically and existentially, ontologicallyCJ Paschall: HmmHampton Fancher: Ambiguity is inbuilt, I think it's a truth. I mean I'm pretty sure I'm not a replicantCJ Paschall: (Chuckle)Hampton Fancher: But there's a lot of other things that I'm not sure about.CJ Paschall: That's true. Who knows, the real Hampton Fancher was replaced long ago, uh noHampton Fancher: Yuh, the real Hampton Fancher, is, i don't think that anybody would agree on the real Hampton Fancher.CJ Paschall: (Chuckle)Hampton Fancher:Hampton Fancher is definitely a fucking chicken shit spoilt coward,CJ Paschall: (Chuckle)Hampton Fancher: But most people say, oh no, Hampton's quite, you know you can count of Hampton, you knowCJ Paschall: The Nexus Six version of HamptonHampton Fancher: Yeah, there's a difference, you know, it's the interpretations of what we are.CJ Paschall: HmmHampton Fancher:Are very material (The Mutual Interviews https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wbgw5b-Kr8k)


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Umm el-Fahm was not originally part of Israel. Jordan consented to include the strategically located community – then a town of 4,500 – on the Israeli side of the 1949 armistice line established after theWar of Independence.
But some Israeli Jews want to reverse that decision of 62 years ago. Reducing the number Arab citizens, now 20 percent of the population, they believe, would benefit the country's future. Umm el-Fahm, its largest Arab city, with a population of 43,000, is therefore a target.
Umm el-Fahm, as far as we know, was not one of the Arab communities that, according to the 'Palestine Papers' released in January, then foreign minister Tzipi Livni proposed to include in a Palestinian state during bilateral peace negotiations in 2008.
Baka al-Gharbiya and Barta were mentioned. However, with few exceptions, the residents of these and other Arab towns would oppose such a proposition. They want to fulfill their aspirations as Israeli citizens.
Still, it has become clear that a permanent peace agreement will involve a land swap. This accommodation will meet the need to include most of the Jewish settlers in West Bank communities near the Green Line, and the Palestinian desire to secure the equivalent of virtually every inch of land in the West Bank and Gaza.
While most reports and maps indicate that the area offered for a swap does not include Arab communities, the conflict has engendered an undercurrent of distrust among Israel's population.
THE ISRAEL Democracy Institute found last year, as it did in 2009 in its annual Democracy Index report, that 53% of Israeli Jews agree that the government should encourage Arab emigration.
This antagonism toward Arab citizens is more prevalent among immigrants from the former Soviet Union.
The IDI report revealed that 71% of them, compared to 50% of long-time Israelis, would favor the departure of Arabs.
The sizable and influential FSU population's long-term impact on policy is potentially significant. Indeed, Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman gives Jews from the FSU, including those in the US, where they comprise some 25% of New York City's Jewish population, enormous pride.
But Lieberman's Israel Beiteinu ran in the 2009 Knesset elections on a platform hostile to the Arab minority.
Since joining the Likud-led coalition two years ago as the second-largest faction, Israel Beiteinu has introduced a number of bills aimed at the Arab minority.
It advocates a territorial swap that includes existing populations. "The responsibility for primarily Arab areas such as Umm el-Fahm and the Triangle will be transferred to the Palestinian Authority. In parallel, Israel will officially annex Jewish areas in Judea and Samaria. Israel is our home; Palestine is theirs," states the party on its website.
Inspired by this contentious political atmosphere, Baruch Marzel and Itamar Ben-Gvir organized a demonstration in Umm el- Fahm last October to coincide with the anniversary of Rabbi Meir Kahane's assassination in New York. In July 2009, a protest in the Beduin town of Rahat was yet another attempt to intimidate, or provoke, Israeli Arabs. That march, led by MK Michael Ben-Ari of the National Union, followed another protest at Umm el- Fahm in March, also led by Marzel.
In response, Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin visited the city and made it clear that it was an inseparable part of the country. Indeed, the Declaration of Independence recognizes the Arab minority as an integral part of the country.
Other political leaders need to emphasize that Arab citizens are safe. Schools must work harder to inculcate in young Israelis – both Arabs and Jews – understanding and appreciation for each other. Civil society groups dedicated to advancing Jewish-Arab relations are critical to these efforts.
Jews in the Diaspora, including those from the FSU who have settled in the US and attained leadership postions, also have a responsibility to speak out. After all, the values that undergird the American Jewish community are also at the bedrock of Israel.
Twenty-six years ago American Jewish organizations galvanized in response to a member of Knesset elected on a platform to push Arabs out. A nationwide effort succeeded in banning Kahane from speaking engagements in Jewish communities across the US. The notion that any politician might still contemplate some kind of population exchange is anathema, and should be vigorously opposed. Ultimately, such rhetoric threatens not just one group, but the very fabric of democracy.
The writer is director of communications for the American Jewish Committee.
What is to be done between now and 2SS? | September 17, 2017 |
The settlers will rise in power in Israel's new government | March 14, 2013 |
Israeli Apartheid | March 14, 2013 |
Israel forces launch arrest raids across West Bank | March 14, 2013 |
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Obama may scrap visit to Ramallah | March 14, 2013 |
Obama's Middle East trip: Lessons from Bill Clinton | March 14, 2013 |
Settlers steal IDF tent erected to prevent Palestinian encampment | March 14, 2013 |
Intifada far off | March 14, 2013 |


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Nepal Government - 2003 https://theodora.com/wfb2003/nepal/nepal_government.html SOURCE: 2003 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Country name: conventional long form: Kingdom of Nepal conventional short form: Nepal
NOTE: The information regarding Nepal on this page is re-published from the 2003 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Guinea Geography 2003 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Nepal Government 2003 should be addressed to the CIA. |


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Feeling Bloated? Try These Tips to Heal Your Belly Before the Wedding
No one, I repeat, no one wants a swollen tummy - especially right before their wedding day! So, o combat any last-minute bloating voes, follow easy tips to keep bloating at bay & your perfection in place!
Image Courtesy: Lin & Jirsa Photography
Most people experience bloating at some point in there life and we don't have to tell you that it is highly uncomfortable and slightly painful too! Especially, when you have your wedding day coming and you know that you will have to tiptoe your way through your wedding venue, perhaps in high heels and a bridal lehenga worthy of every second glance that it surely would get.
So, ladies, it is a big no-no. Since this is unarguably going to be one of the most special days of your life - we would want you to be comfortable and make the most of this blissful journey! So, check out these quick remedies and learn ways to combat bloating!
Why Does It Happen?
Image Courtesy: Pinterest
Well, for those of you who didn't know, bloating is usually caused when there is an excess of gas in a person's intestines and stomach. So, it is safe to say that you will survive this and all you really need to keep in mind are some lifestyle changes that will take you a very long way!
A Person Who Goes for Long Walks & Does Yoga Has Nothing to Worry About
Image Courtesy: Pinterest
Haven't we all heard that working out is the single best things we could do for our bodies? We know we have! And, that stands just as valid when it comes to combating bloating ladies! So, it is about time you put on those kicks and get into your sleek gym wear and hit the tracks! And, while you're at it try some of these Yoga poses to improve your life quality.
Yoga Poses To Try: Child's Pose, Happy Baby Pose, and Squats
Your Daily Dose of Probiotics Honey
Image Courtesy: Kefirko
Bloating = Bad!
Probiotics & a broad spectrum of bacterias = Great! Probiotics are specially created healthy drinks that contain bacteria strains that help your stomach and intestines. So, if you want to keep the bloating at bay, we say, include these tiny babies in your diet!
Let's Cut Down on That Extra Dose Of Sugar, Honey!
Image Courtesy: Wallpapers Craft
"High fructose corn syrup, table sugar, and alcohol, which breaks down into sugar - these are all but many ways how higher sugar intake leads to the swelling of the stomach. Now no matter how much you are craving that chocolate bar right before your wedding day, it is a big no-no!
Keep Them Nightshade Vegetables Off The Hook From Your Diet
Image Courtesy: Pinterest
What are nightshade vegetables? Well, don't worry, we've got you covered! Potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants are high in solanine and solanine in most cases can be toxic and thus lead to intestinal inflammation. So, post sundown try and avoid consuming these vegetables and eat to your heart's delight for lunch! At least, till your wedding day mate!
Balancing Your Hormones, Just Like You Balance Everything Else
Image Courtesy: Max Living
Hormonal imbalances are often a direct cause of stress. And, if there is one thing we know for sure, then it is that wedding comes with an array of problems which directly results in bucket loads of stress! So we recommend drinking milk thistle or dandelion root teas and eating steamed broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. You may ask why? Well, because all of these help the liver metabolize and reduce estrogen.
Kickstart The Day With Some Detox Mocktail
Image Courtesy: Pinterest
Yeah, yeah we all enjoy Instagramming our OTT mocktail glasses. Well, not let's drink some and Instagram later. Shall we? Try mixing a teaspoon of apple cider vinegar with water and lemon to stimulate your stomach acid. Throw in a couple of your favourite berries and voila!
Eat Your Fibres, Stat
Image Courtesy: Marilyn Denis
Want to feel spectacular on your big day? Well, wonderful! Then you better start eating your fibres right and stat! While we understand that eating junk food has it's own pleasure and yes it is absolutely sinful. But, just this one trust in the power of fibres!
You Don't Need No Chewing Gum Anymore
Image Courtesy: HDQ Wallpapers
A lot of women have complained of bloating after an increase in how much chewing they had been chewing. A chewing gum, sounds harmless right? But, the fun fact is that the sugar alcohols in gum can cause bloating in some people. so ladies, no gums for at least a week before the big day!
Cutting Down On Salt Is A Must
Image Courtesy: Kisonak
Remember when our gm trainer used to strain on the fact that 'no salt post 8 pm'. Yeah, well turns out he really did mean it! An excess of sodium causes our body to retain excess water and especially when you consume it post sundown. So, if you don't want to wake up with a swollen tummy and puffy eyes, then no salt post 8 pm. Capiche?
Take a Warm, Fuzzy Bath Before The Day Approaches
Image Courtesy: Chris Andre Photography
Let go of all that stress baby, you deserve it! Throw in some floral petals, a bath bomb perhaps, sip your favourite drinks and let go! Relaxing in some water ill wash away all that extra stress!
We understand that this is hands down the single most important month of your life. But, you don't have to let stress take the better of you! And you believe it or not, but bloating is a directly result of all those stress lines across your foreheads. So, relax and believe that everything will be just as you had planned it and that your wedding day would be more magical than you had initially planned on!
Share with us your story? How stressed were you on the night before you tied the knot? And, did bloating get the best of you? We hope not!


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Programming Language C & C++ Training in Bangalore
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C Programming
Course Type: Self-paced Course
Estimated Time of Completion: 30 hours
Content Outline
- Introduction to the C Language
- The C Language and its Advantages
- The Structure of a C Program
- Writing C Programs
- Building an Executable Version of a C Program
- Debugging a C Program
- Examining and Running a C Application Program
- Data Types and Variables
- Data Types
- Operands, Operators, and Arithmetic Expressions
- Input/Output Management
- Input/Output Management
- The getchar() and putchar() Functions and Single-character I/O
- Formatted Input and the scanf() Function
- Control-flow Statements
- The Control-flow Program Statements
- Looping Statements
- The Data-checking Process
- Modular Programming with Functions
- The C Function
- Passing Data to Functions
- Passing an Address to Modify a Value in Memory
- Using Functions in the Checkbook Program
- The C Standard Library Functions
- Arrays, Pointers, and Strings
- Arrays
- Pointers
- Strings
- Using Arrays, Strings, and Pointers in the Checkbook Program
C Language
- Introduction to C Programming
- Introduction to the Course
- Overview to C Programming
- Why use C?
- Uses of C
- A Brief History of C
- C for Personal Computers
- Running C Programs
- The Edit-Compile-Link-Execute Process
- Using Microsoft C
- Unix systems
- Structure of C Programs
- C's Character Set
- The form of a C Program
- The layout of C Programs
- Pre-processor Directives
- Your First Program
- Add Comments to a Program
- Data Types
- Integer Number Variables
- Decimal Number Variables
- Character Variables
- Assignment Statement
- Arithmetic Ordering
- Something To Declare
- More on Initializing Variables
- Input and Output Functions
- On The Run
- Input and Output Functions in More Detail
- The % Format Specifiers
- Formatting Your Output
- Custom Libraries
- Summing It Up
- Conditional Execution
- Program Control
- Logical Expressions
- True and False in C
- Using break and continue Within Loops
- Select Paths with switch
- Structure and Nesting
- Think of a number
- Functions and Prototypes
- Functions – C's Building Blocks
- Functions and Local Variables
- Making The Connections
- Functions and Prototypes
- What is ANSI C?
- The Standard Library Functions
- Throwing The Dice
- Data Types Part II
- Global variables
- Constant Data Types
- Arrays
- Advanced Data Types
- In Dis-array
- Pointers
- Point to Point
- Swap Shop
- Pointers And Arrays
- Strings
- Stringing Along
- As easy as… B or C?
- A Sort Of Bubble Program
- Structures
- Defining A New Type
- Structures and Functions
- Pointers to Structures
- Malloc
- Structures and Linked Lists
- Structures and C++
- Header Files
- File Handling
- The Stream File
- Text File Functions
- Binary File Functions
- File System Functions
- Command Line Parameters
C++ Programming
Object Oriented Features – Fundamental OO features, embodied in C++ classes
- Basic OO concepts, example
- Classes: definition, attributes, methods
- Customer class: definition/declaration, implementation
- File organization: header files, implementation files
- Minimum class functions: declaration, implementation
Objects – Two different types of C++ objects and safe ways of handling them
- Definition, UML syntax, comparison with classes
- Creating C++ objects: automatic, dynamic
- Automatic objects: syntax, proper style, common mistakes
- Dynamic objects: syntax, features, common mistakes
- Managing object pointers to keep them safe.
What we've seen so far… – Reviewing the C++ / OO world
- OO concepts
- C++ Keywords
- C++ features
- C++ class versus the UML analysis model
- C++ class versus the UML design model
- C++ Application Code – Building a basic C++ application
- The required main() function
- The main() function file
- Application files
Lab One – Building the Customer C++ application
- The Customer application in C++
- Project, directories and files
- Running the application
Constructors – A fundamental OO feature
- Constructor role, syntax
- Example: header file, implementation file
- Constructor with default parameter values
- Constructor header, implementation and usage
- What we just learned
Encapsulating into an object – How a String class can be designed to greatly simplify the Customer class, according to OO strategies
- We can accomplish more
- Impact of a String object to the Customer class
- The String class: features, design, attributes, methods
- Lab Two – Appreciating the power of encapsulation and specialization
- String class implementation
- Using the String class in the Customer class
- Code review and discussion
Destructors – The art of describing complex object interactions
- Role, syntax, usage
- Code examples with the Customer and Credit classes
- Header and implementation files for destructors
Lab Three – Implementing the String destructor
- Dynamic de-allocation
- Array de-allocation
- Run, test, debug
- Associations – How objects stay in touch with each other
- Self-reference, the this pointer
- Credit and Customer class associations code
- main(): how the association is used
- Association UML syntax and examples
- Reflexive associations for diagraphs, linked lists, hierarchies
- Association roles
Lab Four – Making objects interact with each other in C++
- Applications made of interacting objects
- Simple linked list example
- List and Link class members
- Putting Customer objects in the list
- Write, test, debug and extra credits
Inner Classes – The proper syntax for private objects and true encapsulation
- Principles
- Inline Syntax
- Header / implementation syntax
- Code example
- Lab Five – Inner classes at work
- Link as an inner class of List
- Credit as an inner class of Customer
- Code, test, debug
- Code review
- Solution discussion
What we've learned… – Summarizing the key OO features and techniques, implemented in C++
- Encapsulating string matters in a String class
- C++ application architecture
- Allocation / de-allocation of objects
- Encapsulation / specialization
- Constructors / Destructors
- Associations
- this self reference
- Object design fundamental strategies
- Inner classes
C++ References – A nicer and safer syntax to handle objects
- Concept and formal syntax
- Example with the Person class
- Methods returning a reference to self
- Example
- Brief exercise
Initialization – Starting with a value
- Object initialization
- Declaration, implementation, usage
- Member initialization
- Example with the String and Person classes
- Initializing primitive type members
- Formal syntax
Lab Six – Initializing many objects and members
- Initializing String members in Customer and Credit classes
- Initializing List using either references or pointers
- Write, run, test, debug
- Solution walk through
C++ Operators – A simple and powerful syntax to handle a natural need
- A natural need
- Alternate syntax for methods
- Examples and formal syntax
- Complete case: the Complex class
- Internal and external operators
Lab Seven – Creating your own operators
- String class assignment and append operators
- Write, run, test, debug
- Solution walkthrough
Static Class members as opposed to object members
- Beyond objects: class members
- Examples, allocation, initialization
- Brief exercise
Composition / Aggregation – Objects containing or owning other objects
- Definition and UML syntax
- The real composition concept
- Multiple parts
- Aggregation versus composition
- Inner class notation
- Class type notation
- Examples in C++
- Brief exercise
Constant members (const) – A simple syntax to enforce proper OO design strategies
- Const members
- Const parameters
- Const variables
- Const methods
- Examples
- Brief exercise
Inheritance – Modeling type hierarchies
- Definition and UML syntax
- Instantiation limitations
- Inheritance versus the Is A relationship
- Inherited object examples
- Multiple sub-classes and multiple inheritance
Inheritance C++ syntax – Coding inheritance in C++
- Derivation model and code: simple inheritance
- Multiple inheritance
- Initialization according to constructor needs
- Initialization according to inheritance type
- Example with Contract / Development / Maintenance
- Virtual methods
Lab Eight – Coding a C++ project involving inheritance, associations, aggregation
- The Retail problem domain model
- Associations, compositions
- Inheritance and virtual methods
- show() and getPrice() methods
- Write, test, debug and solution code walkthrough
Interfaces – Generalizing a group of methods that form a functional concept
- The concept of interface and UML notation
- Pure virtual classes and inheritance for interfaces
- C++ examples
- Brief exercise
Exception Handling – Encapsulating and processing exceptions outside the main business logic
- Inner class exception type and value
- try, throw and catch
- Call stack handling
- Throwing objects for better exception handling
- Building self-contained exception classes
- Building exception class hierarchies
- Exceptions with templates
- Exceptions and constructors
- Exception interface specification
- Examples
- Exercise
Object Design – Fundamental principles and basic patterns
- Specialization, self-sufficiency, interface
- Delegation, propagation
- A common object design pattern
- Application to the Deal model
- Multiple and cascading object interactions in C++
- Object sequence and collaboration diagrams
- Examples
- Brief exercise
C++ implementation of associations and association classes – Design and coding of the most common relationships
- Implementation algorithm
- Single or multiple links
- Single or bi-directional traversals
- References or lists of references
- Association classes implementation
- Examples
- Brief exercise
Templates – Beyond classes and models: templates and meta models
- Concept, flexibility and power
- Examples, formal syntax
- Header and implementation parts (both in header file)
- Complex class complete example
- Brief exercise on the Complex class
Lab Nine – Implementing a whole template
- Concept of a parametized List
- Implementing the Link template
- Implementing the List template
- Additional methods
- Write, test, debug and solution code walk through
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