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Male heart disease is the leading cause of death. One in every four adult men will suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease at some time in their lives. However, some meals can help you avoid high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and even stroke. Try consuming those ingredients if you're looking for ways to improve your health.
Watercress is a healthful food that can be found in most supermarkets or farmer's markets. It is critical to purchase watercress that is fresh and whole, and to avoid stems that are yellow or damaged. It is also critical to store the watercress in the fridge with the stems down. When eating watercress, be sure you rinse it with bloodless water first.
Watercress has a lot of vitamins and minerals. Watercress contains Vitamin K, which is required for normal blood coagulation and protein synthesis. It also contains glucosinolates, which hinder the growth of most cancer cells. It also includes trace amounts of potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Which is also a hardy plant that can live in temperatures as low as -15 degrees Celsius.
Spinach is high in beta-carotene, which helps to maintain gastrointestinal health. This type of diet also provides protection against colorectal cancer cells. It also includes folate, which protects colon cells from harmful mutations. It is also a great source of zinc and magnesium, which help the body sleep well and recover from strenuous physical activity.
Spinach contains antioxidants that are beneficial to the health. One such compound is alpha-lipoic acid, which has been shown to lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity. It also aids in the fight against cancer-causing oxidative stress. Spinach also contains diet K, which helps to protect bones and improve calcium absorption. It is also an excellent source of fiber, which aids in the prevention of constipation.
The benefits of soy are well recognized. Asian men have lower rates of prostate cancer, according to studies. Researchers investigated if this was connected to soy intake.
Approximately 30 researches discovered a link between soy intake and a lower risk of prostate cancer. Soy does not appear to impact hormone levels or cause premature puberty in males, and it does not contribute to breast development.
If you are a human, you must consume substances that can improve your coronary heart health. Heart disease is the leading cause of death among young people. Cardiovascular disease kills one out of every four men. Fortunately, there are several meals that can help avoid coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and excessive cholesterol.
Legumes are a high-protein, high-fiber food. They also have a high iron, phosphorus, zinc, and potassium content. Additionally, they are a great source of B vitamins. Black beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, and chickpeas are all good options. You may also mix them into your cereal or smoothies.
Fish contains omega-3 fatty acids, which help reduce the risk of prostate cancer. In reality, a Harvard study of nearly 48,000 men discovered that men who ate fatty fish at least twice per week were 40% less likely to develop advanced prostate cancer. These defensive residences are caused by the high levels of omega-3s and vitamin D found in fatty fish.
Fish has high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for cardiovascular health. They also improve visual and cognitive sharpness. They also raise dopamine levels in the brain, which causes excitement. All of these advantages make fish an excellent choice for Male health.
It also has a high protein level and low saturated fat content. Furthermore, it is high in vitamins D, B, calcium, and potassium. The most recent dietary standards recommend eating at least three servings of fish every week.
Fish contains omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for Male health. These fatty acids help control blood pressure, stream, and heart rate. Fish fatty acids also protect the brain from cancer.


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Ticket Presale: New Edition Legacy Tour '23 (FTX Arena- Miami)
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Today, Dec 15 @ 10:00am – 11:59pm
TICKETS: ticketmaster.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Alkaline Battery Manufacturer in British Indian Ocean Territory
The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) is a remote archipelago located in the Indian Ocean. As a non-permanent resident population, the territory focuses on niche industries that can benefit its economy. One such industry is the manufacturing of alkaline batteries. Alkaline batteries are widely used in various devices and have a long shelf life, making them a popular choice for consumers. In this article, we will explore the alkaline battery manufacturing industry in BIOT and its potential for growth.
Unique Advantages in BIOT:
BIOT has several unique advantages that make it an ideal location for alkaline battery manufacturing. Firstly, the territory has a stable political environment and is under the jurisdiction of the UK government. This stability ensures a favorable business environment for manufacturing operations. Additionally, BIOT enjoys a strategic geographical position with easy access to shipping routes. This allows for efficient export of products to international markets.
Furthermore, BIOT has a relatively low population density, providing ample space for establishing manufacturing facilities. This advantage allows for the scaling up of production without limitations. Additionally, BIOT is known for its high-quality infrastructure, including reliable power supply and transportation systems. These factors contribute to the smooth operation of manufacturing plants.
Skilled Workforce:
Although BIOT has a small population, it boasts a skilled workforce that can support the manufacturing industry. The territory offers comprehensive vocational training programs, ensuring that workers possess the necessary skills for various manufacturing processes. The government of BIOT also encourages the workforce to undergo continuous professional development to stay up-to-date with the latest industry practices and technologies.
Moreover, with an emphasis on local employment, the alkaline battery manufacturing industry provides job opportunities for the residents of BIOT. This approach helps in the sustainable development of the territory by reducing dependence on external labor.
Sustainable Manufacturing Practices:
As the world becomes more conscious of environmental issues, sustainability has become a key consideration for industries. The alkaline battery manufacturing industry in BIOT is committed to adopting sustainable practices. This includes optimizing manufacturing processes to minimize energy consumption, reducing waste generation, and implementing proper waste management strategies. By focusing on sustainability, the industry aims to minimize its environmental impact.
Furthermore, BIOT has abundant renewable energy resources, such as solar and wind power. The alkaline battery manufacturing industry can take advantage of these resources to power its operations, thus reducing its reliance on non-renewable energy sources.
Potential for Growth:
The demand for alkaline batteries is expected to continue growing globally. With its unique advantages and focus on sustainability, the alkaline battery manufacturing industry in BIOT has significant potential for growth. The territory can attract investors looking to diversify their manufacturing operations or establish a presence in a stable and strategically located environment.
To further facilitate growth, the government of BIOT can offer incentives for investment in the alkaline battery manufacturing industry. These incentives may include tax benefits, streamlined regulatory processes, and support for research and development activities.
The alkaline battery manufacturing industry in BIOT has the potential to become a significant contributor to the territory's economy. With its unique advantages, skilled workforce, and commitment to sustainability, BIOT can attract investors and establish itself as a reliable manufacturer of alkaline batteries in the global market. By focusing on sustainable practices and offering incentives for investment, BIOT can ensure the long-term growth and success of its alkaline battery manufacturing industry.


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Price: ₹660.00 - ₹594.00
(as of Aug 13, 2021 09:34:18 UTC – Details)
Amla is considered as a power house of essential nutrients and minerals. It is traditionally known to promote longevity, enhance digestion, purify blood, benefit the eyes and stimulate hair growth. Amla juice is made using high quality Amla fruit, mantaining the highest standards of hygeine and safety.
Package Dimensions:25.7 x 22.3 x 9.9 cm; 3.35 Kilograms
Date First Available:16 July 2020
Manufacturer:Sriveda Sattva Pvt Ltd
Item part number:AUS-782
Country of Origin:India
Manufacturer:Sriveda Sattva Pvt Ltd
Item Weight:3 kg 350 g
Net Quantity:3.00 count
Promote longevity
Purify blood


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From the makers of Police Academy comes the feel-good forum experience of the season!
Hi all, back in Tallahassee. I sure hope Fran Alteri googles this sight! Patty, i also have a movie for you? Jeff, did you finish listening to Strauss' Electra yet? What did you think about this version compared to the Brigit Nilison version? Nilison has a better voice but Electra is "over the top" so I think this Norwegian singer on the disc I left in your car could be better....
Isn't Brigit Nilison that amazon blonde who was married to Sylvester Stallone? She's my Fran Alteri! Steve, send me your Tallahassee address and I'll tearfully part with your opera disc.
Hey all. I must say that I do not know anything about the Steve Alteri. Please fill me in. He sounds really important to JT Russ
Hey, Varg! Fran Altrei is the original "Lust Man" (well, besided me) of the Forum's own Chris Sleazy (in her sleazier days).
Ididn't think I knew who this person was. Varg


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text: Editorial: This issue of the Mineralogical Almanac is about the extraordinary complex of pegmatites and hydrothermalites of the Kukisvumchorr deposit in the Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, which has no analogues anywhere in the world. The workings and dumps of the famous Kirovskii apatite mine, which covers the area of only a few square kilometers, yielded more than 200 mineral species. One half of these minerals are represented by rare and extremely rare species. The main section of the issue describes the mineral diversity of the Kukisvumchorr deposit and characterizes the most interesting minerals. A large number of pegmatites and hydrothermalites are described in detail. Special attention is paid to the brightest events in the history of the discovery, study, and development of the deposit. Publication of this section was preceded by long and tedious work in libraries and archives. Illustrations to the issue include color and black-and-white photos of mineral specimens, pictures and drawings of pegmatite veins, crystal drawings, geological schemes, and historical photographic documents. The authors of the issue have been intensely studying the Kukisvumchorr pegmatites and hydrothermalites for many years. Igor Pekov, an acknowledged expert in the mineralogy of alkaline rocks, spent more than 10 years studying this object, discovered 6 new minerals in this depopsit, and published more than 40 scientific papers on Kukisvumchorr. Alexander Podlesnyi, an amateur mineralogist and high-level mineral collector, has been working at the Kirovskii Mine since 1977. For almost a quarter of a century, he has been putting together a detailed systematic collection of minerals and mineral assemblages, meticulously exploring all newly uncovered pegmatites and hydrothermal veins. Due to his enthusiastic efforts, rich and unique mineralogical material from operating mines has been preserved and made available for research. This issue is the result of the collaborative work of both authors. We hope it will attract attention of professional and amateur mineralogists and also the readers who are interested in history of geosciences and mining industry. Acknowledgements. Many thanks extended to Terry E. Huizing (Cincinnati, Ohio) - Representative of Mineralogical Almanac in United States of America and Canada and our friends Irena and Eric Rook (Tucson, Arizona) and Irina and Gregory Abramov (Denver, Colorado) for their continuing help and support of our publishing activity. Introduction: The Khibiny alkaline massif at the Kola Peninsula is one of the most amazing mineralogical objects over the world. The number of mineral species known at Khibiny is close to 450, with more than 70 of them were first discovered here. Due to the unceasing attention of researchers, the number of publications on this remarkable massif is very large. Nevertheless, every year results in new exciting discoveries. The giant apatite deposits of Khibiny have been developed for seventy five years. The economic development of the massif was started in 1929, when the first mine was opened at the Kukisvumchorr deposit, on southern part of Mountain Kukisvumchorr. This first mine in the Soviet Union situated above the Arctic Circle was originally named Apatitovyi Mine and then was renamed Kirovskii Mine in 1935. The Kirovskii Mine was the only working industrial source of apatite in Khibiny for more than twenty years. The underground working and quarries of the Kirovskii Mine have uncovered hundreds of pegmatites and hydrothermal bodies with diverse mineralization and continue to operate to date. The pegmatite-hydrothermalite complex of the Kukisvumchorr deposit is distinctly unusual even against the background of the unique mineralogy of the Khibiny massif. To date 212 mineral species have been found at the Kirovskii Mine. 19 of those species were first discovered here, and 39 species occur in Khibiny only at this particular locality. The most interesting specimens, including 16 new minerals, were found at deep levels of the deposit during the last quarter of the 20th century. The close vicinity of the active tectonic zone of the large Kukisvumchorr Fault resulted in the high intensity of the hydrothermal processes at this deposit. As a consequence, pegmatites in this zone have many large open cavities, which are quite atypical of Khibiny. These cavities contain wonderful crystals of a large number of minerals. The late formations of the Kukisvumchorr deposit are represented by potassium, strontium, barium, rare-earth, titanium, and niobium mineralization with zeolites, micas, and sulfides. Carbonates are the second most abundant class (after silicates) at this deposit. Due to intense mining at deep levels, we have an opportunity to study unaltered, unaffected by weathering, assemblages of high-alkaline minerals, which are unstable under atmospheric conditions. The Kirovskii Mine is a real mineralogical reserve, a source of rare museum-quality specimens, such as the world-best crystals of amicite, belovite-(La), kalborsite, lemmleinite-Ba, mckelveyite, nabaphite, natroxalate, pyatenkoite-(Y), and rasvumite. The individuals of canasite and Na-komarovite are unique in size. Among the collected specimens, we can see wonderful large crystals of barytocalcite, belovite-(Ce), burbankite, cancrisilite, carbocernaite, donnayite, eudialyte, ewaldite, fersmanite, hilairite, labuntsovite-group minerals, natrolite, natron, nepheline, pirssonite, pyrophanite, sodalite, trona, villiaumite, and vinogradovite. We also should note the small crystals and groups of bonshtedtite, calcio-ancylite-(Ce), delindeite, elpidite, epididymite, eudidymite, gobbinsite, mackinawite, merlinoite, neighborite, paranatrolite, sitinakite, zeophyllite in cavities, impressive spherulites of cafetite and tobermorite, abundant large segregations of delhayelite, djerfisherite, fenaksite, goetzenite, magnesium astrophyllite, shortite, rare specimens of manganokukisvumite, mongolite, murunskite, nafertisite, and nordite-(La). Such minerals as bussenite, isolueshite, kalifersite, kukisvumite, kukharenkoite-(La), shirokshinite, and tuliokite have not yet been found anywhere else in the world. Some minerals and assemblages from the Kukisvumchorr deposit were described in detail earlier. However general mineralogical reviews on Kukisvumchorr are still absent, whereas this unique deposit definitely deserves it. For the recent several years, we conducted extensive research on this object and accumulated a significant amount of new data, which became an incentive for writing this issue. The main section of the issue consists of mineral descriptions. The primary attention is paid to the occurrences, assemblages, and mineral morphology. The purpose and size of this issue does not allow us to include all analytical data (X-ray, spectroscopic, optical, etc.) and to address all features of mineral compositions. However, tables of chemical compositions (312 analyses, incl. 180 new ones made by the electron microprobe) are provided for 165 minerals. Goniometric measurements of the perfect crystals of a number of minerals were performed using a GD-1 goniometer by one of the authors (I.P.), and crystals were drawn from these data. Another important constituent of the issue is photography, which is inevitable in a story about such an remarkable object. The color photographs were made by N.A. Pekova and M.B. Leybov. The black-and-white images were obtained by one of the authors (I.P.) using JEOL T-100 scanning electron microscope in the laboratory of the Fersman Mineralogical Museum of Russian Academy of Sciences. The section on pegmatites and hydrothermalites is mainly based on our field observations. Photography in underground mine was performed by N.A. Pekova. The issue also has a special section on the history of discovery and development of the Kukisvumchorr deposit. It is based on the archival documents of 1920-1950s, including a number of rare photographs, which were kindly provided by organizations and individuals. Many of these documents have been published for the first time. So, start your journey to one of the most extraordinary mineralogical objects of Russia — Kukisvumchorr Deposit in Khibiny. Editorial 5 Introduction 7 Acknowledgements 9 Abbreviations 9 GEOLOGICAL AND PETROLOGICAL SKETCH 11 HISTORY OF EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT 16 PEGMATITES AND HYDROTHERMALITES 41 MINERALS 54 Native Elements 54 Arsenides and Sulfides 54 Fluorides 59 Oxides and Hydroxides 60 Carbonates 65 Oxalates 83 Silicates 83 Phosphates 121 Arsenates 126 Sulfates 126 GEOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES OF THE LATE MINERALIZATION 130 References 132 Mineral Index 139 Color plates insertion


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Legal foundation files brief challenging SLO County judge's ruling BLM case
December 1, 2022
By KAREN VELIE
The Criminal Justice Legal Foundation filed an amicus brief with the California Supreme Court in November against a San Luis Obispo County judge's ruling that a district attorney has a conflict of interest if his personal opinions conflict with a defendant's views.
During a Black Lives Matter march in 2020, Tianna Arata allegedly led approximately 300 protesters onto Highway 101, blocking all lanes in both directions for nearly an hour. SLO County prosecutors charged Arata with 13 misdemeanors, and also filed charges against Elias Bautista, Jerad Hill, Sam Grocott, Robert Lastra, Marcus Montgomery, Joshua Powell and Amman Asfaw.
Defense attorneys argued that Dow's personal political opinions jeopardized the defendants' rights to a fair trial, and that local prosecutors should be replaced by the California Office of the Attorney General.
Judge Matt Guerrero then ruled that Dow had a clear conflict of interest based on the wording of an email his wife sent to his supporters seeking donations. The email asked supporters to help Dow lead the fight against the "wacky defund the police movement and anarchist groups that are trying to undermine the rule of law and public safety in our community."
The Criminal Justice Legal Foundation's brief argues that that the campaign email does not directly say anything about Black Lives Matter or the defendants in the case, and even if it had, it should not make a difference.
"Can a district attorney's entire office be disqualified from prosecuting hate crimes committed by members of the Ku Klux Klan merely because the district attorney spoke at an event where other speakers criticized the Klan?" according to the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation's brief. "Or because he had taken a stand against racism? Or because he had pledged to prosecute people who plant burning crosses as a threat? As absurd as this sounds, the opinion in this case would give these hypothetical Klansmen a strong argument for recusal."
In addition, the brief questions the validity of recusing Dow's entire office based on his limited connection to people who have criticized Black Lives Matter.
"With the statements of the district attorney and his campaign insufficient for recusal, the trial court and the Court of Appeal turned to a guilt-by-association strategy," according to the brief. "The Court of Appeal noted, 'The trial court granted the defendants' motion to recuse District Attorney Dan Dow's office from the case because of Dow's well-publicized association with critics of the black lives matter movement,' and then proceeded to affirm that decision. But the purported 'associations' are quite minimal."
The Sacramento group wrote that Arata should have been charged with a hate crime, because she held people against their will based on their skin color.
In early Jan. 2021, both state and local prosecutors appealed Guerrero's ruling to recuse the entire district attorney's office because it "fell well short of the statutory standard." They lost that attempt and also a request for a rehearing based on factual errors in the Appellate Court ruling.
The Appellate Court then ordered the opinion published in the official record.
Both state and local prosecutors voiced concerns that this case could create a slippery slope, with defendants asking to recuse prosecutors based on their political leanings. In addition, by publishing the order, the case could lead to a lower statutory standard for disqualifying a prosecutor.
Earlier this month, prosecutors filed a petition for review with the state Supreme Court asking the justices to hear the case. The Criminal Justice Legal Foundation in Sacramento then filed the amicus brief.
The Criminal Justice Legal Foundation's amicus brief:
"Amicus Criminal Justice Legal Foundation (CJLF) submits this letter in support of the petition for review. CJLF is a California nonprofit corporation dedicated to the rights of victims of crime in the criminal justice system. The drastic expansion of grounds for recusal made by the Court of Appeal in this case will hamper the prosecution of crime to the detriment of the interests CJLF was formed to protect.
" 'Recusal of an entire prosecutorial office is a serious step, imposing a substantial burden on the People, and the Legislature and courts may reasonably insist upon a showing that such a step is necessary to assure a fair trial.' " (People v. Bryant (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 374, quoting People v. Hamilton (1989) 48 Cal.3d 1142, 1156.)
"The Court of Appeal's decision in this case endorsed recusal under circumstances never before considered sufficient under section 1424 of the Penal Code, creating a dangerous precedent that may be invoked to recuse entire offices more frequently in the future. The case warrants this court's review.
"Can a district attorney's entire office be disqualified from prosecuting hate crimes committed by members of the Ku Klux Klan merely because the district attorney spoke at an event where other speakers criticized the Klan? Or because he had taken a stand against racism? Or because he had pledged to prosecute people who plant burning crosses as a threat? As absurd as this sounds, the opinion in this case would give these hypothetical Klansmen a strong argument for recusal.
"Factual Background
"The present case involves crimes against people, notwithstanding the Court of Appeal's mendacious opening sentence. Nobody is charged with the non-crime of marching through a city. Of course, the allegations have not been proved yet in the pre-
trial posture of the case. However, since the purpose of defendants' recusal motions is to prevent the district attorney's office from proving them at trial, the posture is sufficiently analogous to a summary judgment motion to warrant assuming properly pleaded facts in favor of the nonmoving party for the purpose of review.
"The facts as known to the prosecution are summarized in the People's Opposition to Defendants' Motion for Discovery and the People's Opposition to Defendant's Demurrer in the same case. The first 13 pages of the first document and the first 12 pages of the second are available at https://www.cjlf.org/files/ArataOppDisc.pdf and https://www.cjlf.org/files/ArataOppDemur.pdf, respectively.
"Most serious is the charge against defendant Lastra. The investigation indicates that he shattered the back window of a family's car with his skateboard, showering a four-year-old child with shards of broken glass.
"The defendants charged with false imprisonment did not merely cause people to be incidentally stopped as an unintended side effect of marchers using the streets and the highway. The investigation indicates that they intentionally moved into the path of vehicles for the purpose of blocking people who were attempting to escape.
"Defendant ArataWentworth is alleged to have shouted to the group, 'Don't let him leave until he confesses his white privilege.' On this evidence, she appears to have been undercharged. The evidence appears to support an additional charge of a hate crime, interfering with people's state constitutional right to travel on the basis of race. (See Pen. Code, § 422.6, subd. (a).)
"Amicus does not know what motivated the Court of Appeal to leave the allegations of egregious misconduct out of its factual background and thereby mislead the public as to the true nature of the offenses alleged. Whatever the motive, this court's decision on the petition for review should be made with a clear understanding that there are
serious crimes against people in this case.
"Conflicts and Campaigns
"Once before, the California judiciary has gotten too loose in recusing district attorneys. The Legislature had to enact section 1424 of the Penal Code 'to tighten the standards' because of 'an increase in the number of recusals' under the excessively expansive standard.
"Section 1424 does not authorize disqualification merely because the defense has shown that the prosecutor's involvement 'would be unseemly, would appear improper, or would tend to reduce public confidence in the impartiality and integrity of the criminal justice system.' Instead, it is defendant's burden to allege facts which, if credited, establish (1) a 'conflict of interest,' and (2) that the conflict is 'so grave as to make a "fair trial" unlikely.'
"The first element, plain on the face of the statute, is that "a conflict of interest exists." (Pen. Code, § 1424, subd. (a)(1).) The trial court and Court of Appeal found a conflict based on a supposedly "targeted" fundraising appeal during the district attorney's election campaign. This holding has grave implications for a state in which prosecutors are elected.
"To cast informed votes and to make informed campaign contributions, voters must know how candidates for district attorney intend to use the broad and powerful discretion the law vests them with. Victims of crime can no longer bring prosecutions themselves, as they could at common law, and they cannot obtain judicial restraint of abuses of charging discretion by elected prosecutors.
"A holding that prosecutors may be recused because they made campaign statements about what kinds of cases they deem worthy of prosecution or what they regard as threats to public safety could cast a heavy chill on much- needed debate and reduce candidates to spouting uninformative platitudes. This threat to the proper operation of our democratic system warrants this court's attention.
"The fundraising letter signed by the district attorney's wife said nothing about the defendants in this case and nothing directly about the Black Lives Matter (BLM) organization. The letter referred to "the wacky defund the police movement and anarchist groups that are trying to undermine the rule of law and public safety in our community.
"This reference is quite mild as campaign pitches go. As originally conceived and as promoted by its most radical faction, the "defund the police" movement really did seek to abolish police departments. Against such an extreme and drastic proposal, the word "wacky" is hardly inflammatory or out of the ordinary.
"Further, the defunding movement is not the same as the BLM organization, though BLM is part of it. Opposing a movement that an organization is a part of hardly constitutes a conflict of interest, and a holding that it does has far- reaching implications that require the most careful consideration.
"Even farther afield is the reference to 'anarchist groups.' Nothing in the opinion provides any substantial basis for believing that this reference was intended to refer to BLM. The only other reference to anarchy is in the Tony Perkins statement discussed in the next section. Opposition to anarchy is hardly disqualifying for a district attorney. It would seem to be a job requirement.
"In the summer of 2020, there was widespread rioting, burning, and looting. In Seattle, the government was actually overthrown in a section of the city by people who declared an 'autonomous zone.' A stated opposition to such activities and groups that engage in or encourage them is not a conflict of interest unless, as noted at the beginning of the brief, opposition to lynching disqualifies a prosecutor from prosecuting Klan cases. The disqualification effort becomes even more tenuous in the absence of a basis for associating the opposition with the group. Guilt by Minimal Association
"With the statements of the district attorney and his campaign insufficient for recusal, the trial court and the Court of Appeal turned to a guilt-by- association strategy. The Court of Appeal noted, 'The trial court granted the defendants' motion to recuse District Attorney Dan Dow's office from the case because of Dow's well-publicized association with critics of the black lives matter movement' proceeded to affirm that decision. But the purported 'associations' are quite minimal.
"In our diverse society, public officials can and should appear in a wide variety of forums and communication media. It is absurd to infer that a person who appears in a particular venue necessarily agrees with everything that the host or other speakers have ever said. Yet, incredibly, that is the leap of logic that the Court of Appeal made in this case.
"The Court of Appeal quoted the trial court describing one item of evidence of this guilt by association: 'August 11, 2020—Mr. Dow appeared on Washington Watch with Tony Perkins. Mr. Perkins of the Family Research Council has described the Black Lives Matter movement as a "Marxist" group who promote "cop killings, prostitution, anti-Semitism, anarchy, and the suppression of speech and religion.'
"Note that the court does not even claim that these statements were made on the same occasion that Mr. Dow appeared, much less that he endorsed them. It is preposterous to hold that these statements made on a different occasion somehow indicate bias on Mr. Dow's part merely because he appeared on the program.
"The Facebook posting noted by the Court of Appeal is similar. Again quoting the trial court: 'September 4, 2020—Mr. Dow explained his charging decision in the Protect Paso Facebook group. Documents attached showed animosity to the Black Lives Matter group—their Constitutional right. These claim that the BLM movement is "domestic
terrorism; down right evil, no brains or souls, and posted pictures of a.'
"Although not necessary to the legal point, it is perhaps worth noting that there is a substantial amount of truth in Mr. Perkins's statement. BLM's founders are indeed 'trained Marxists,' according to one of them.
"Its supporters have indeed chanted 'pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon' at BLM events. There are indeed ugly strains of anti-Semitism at some BLM events.
"BLM billboard burning in flames. Members of the group have discussed their skills as hunters and claim they will use these skills to protect Dan Dow, and "protect our own.'
"The district attorney's actual post was a reasoned explanation of his decision to charge only misdemeanors up to that point to people who were upset that he did not charge felonies. This post was commendable outreach to inform the public about the criminal
justice system. There is no basis for attributing to Mr. Dow comments made by others in the same forum or holding that they have any bearing on statements made by Mr. Dow or his campaign on different occasions.
"If the reasoning of this decision is applied symmetrically to both sides of the political spectrum, the forums where a prosecutor can appear are sharply limited. If such an appearance coupled with general statements of policy and position is sufficient to establish a "conflict of interest" for a prosecutor, there is no apparent barrier to applying similar reasoning to judges.
"On the other hand, if the reasoning of this decision is not applied symmetrically, then it stands for the proposition that Black Lives Matter is a sacred cow that no one dare criticize. It means that BLM's critics must be ostracized and not spoken to by public officials, while the same officials are free to associate with people who sling similar accusations at other controversial groups. Such viewpoint discrimination would strike at the very heart of our tradition of free expression.
"This decision must not stand. The petition for review should be granted."


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When I first started cycling, I hated climbing. As a kid ripping around on my 10 speed bike, I would walk up most hills. In later years, when my folly was mountain biking, I would make every effort to route my rides around big climbs, if at all possible. Looking back at those days, if I had known would I ... Read More »
Tag Archives: bicycling
Bicycle Travel Slovenia: A road to Jeruzalem
About 60km downstream on the Drava River from Maribor, past the ancient Roman village of Ptuj and the border town of Ormoz, sits Jeruzalem. As legend has it, this small circular cluster of incredibly steep ridges, known for growing some of the finest wine in Slovenia, was settled by Crusaders returning to Europe from the Holy Lands, thus the name. ... Read More »
The Bicycle Traveler's Holiday Gift Guide 2012
Two Wheel Travel's Holiday Gift Guide 2012. Find the perfect gift for the bicyclist on your list , maybe even something for yourself. Check it out... Read More »
Tour de Israel 2012
In January we spent 24 days cycling around Israel and the West Bank. It was our first trip to the Middle East and certainly not our last. All along the way we found great cycling, lovely people, great weather and even better food. Click here to see more of our Tour de Israel 2012. Read More »


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Manchester breweries scoop up the accolades at top regional beer awards
Manchester breweries were raising a glass in celebration after taking home no fewer than five prizes at a top regional beer awards prize-giving.
Marble Beers and Joseph Holt made it a good night for the city's beer scene at the SIBA Bottle and Can Beer Independent Beer Awards 2021 for the North West.
There were other winners from across Greater Manchester too as the finest bottled and canned ales in the region were hailed.
The prize-winners will now go forward to fight it out for national honours.
Which prizes did Manchester breweries win?
Marble led the way on the night with three awards making their way to one of Manchester's most celebrated breweries.
The Marble team took home gold awards for their Extra Special Marble in the Premium Bitters category and for the American Pilsner among the Session Lager and Pilsners.
There was also a silver award for Stout in the British Dark Beers (4.5 to 6.4%) category.
Joseph Holt, meanwhile, won a silver for its Diamond Lager in the Premium Lager and Pilsners category and a bronze for Sixex in the same category Marble's Stout took silver in.
What about other Greater Manchester breweries?
A number of other awards made their way to breweries around the city-region's 10 local authorities.
One of the big winners on the night was Wigan's Hophurst brewery, which secured two golds for its Milkshake IPA and its dark beer Irish Cream Porteresque.
Prizes also went to Prospect in Wigan, with silvers for dark ale Nutty Slack and bitter Pioneer.
It was also a successful evening for Bolton breweries, with Bank Top scooping two bronzes for Herkules White Walker and Palomino Rising and Horwich-based Blackedge getting silvers for dark beer Man In Black and imperial IPA What's Going On.
What are the SIBA Bottle & Can Beer Independent Beer Awards 2021?
The awards are one of the UK's leading beer competitions, with experts including brewers, beer sommeliers and top tasters sitting on the judging panel and awarding the prizes.
This year the judging sessions had to take place online over Zoom, with the panel marking ales for appearance, aroma, flavour, aftertaste and saleability.
SIBA is the voice of independent British breweries and also run competitions to find the best keg and cask beer around.
The North West winners will now go forward to fight it out for national awards against the other regional champions in the New Year.
What did the organisers say about the winners?
Neil Walker, SIBA's competitions committee chair who helped run the two-day judging, said: "The SIBA Bottle and Can Independent Beer Awards name the very best craft beers in the region, all from small independent breweries who make quality beers that are full of flavour.
"With medallists beating competition from across the region, I'd like to say a huge congratulations to all of this year's winners as the quality of entries was incredibly high, and encourage anyone looking for a great-tasting local beer to enjoy or gift this Christmas to give these breweries a try. You won't be disappointed."
- What's your favourite local tipple? Join in the comversation at our Facebook page here.


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May 24, 2023
Baltimore partner Alexandra Moylan has earned the Certified Information Privacy Professional/United States (CIPP/US) credential from the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP).
According to the IAPP, the CIPP/US certification indicates that you are an expert in U.S. privacy laws and regulations, including how those laws and regulations are applied. In addition, it shows that you have a foundational understanding of global concepts of privacy and data protection. This includes jurisdictional laws, regulation and enforcement models, core privacy-related concepts, and how to handle personal data. The CIPP/US certification can be thought of as the "what" of privacy protection—what data needs to be protected, what laws apply, what are the consequences for non-compliance, etc.
Recognized as a Maryland Super Lawyers Rising Star and selected for the Baltimore Business Journal's Top 40 Under 40 Award in 2022, Moylan is respected for her ability to lead clients through high-stakes litigation, negotiate complex agreements, and provide sound advice to businesses regarding their most important decisions. She is known by major medical systems, urgent care centers, and real estate investment companies as a go-to attorney for advice and litigation. As a roll up your sleeves and go to work attorney who digs into the details, Moylan researches the law and outthinks her adversaries, whether in deals or litigation matters.
The IAPP is a not-for-profit organization that was founded in 2000 aiming to educate and further develop skills in those practicing in the privacy profession around the world.
Established in 1897, Nelson Mullins is an Am Law 100 firm of more than 1,000 attorneys, policy advisors and professionals with 33 offices in 17 states and Washington, D.C. For more information, go to www.nelsonmullins.com.
These materials have been prepared for informational purposes only and are not legal advice. This information is not intended to create, and receipt of it does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Internet subscribers and online readers should not act upon this information without seeking professional counsel.


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Whether we're 20, 40, 60 or older, many of us are still looking for an answer to that perennial question, 'What do you want to be when you grow up?' In Designing Your Life, Silicon Valley design innovators Bill Burnett and Dave Evans use their expertise to help you work out what you want – and how to get it. Their phenomenally successful Life Design course has been tried and tested by thousands of people, from students to mid-career professionals to retirees contemplating a whole new future. Now in book form for the first time, their simple method will teach you how to use basic design tools to create a life that will work for you. Using real-life stories and proven techniques like reframing, prototyping and mind-mapping, you will learn how to build your way forwards, step-by-positive-step, to a life that's better by a design of your own making.
Request a demo and explore how our book clubs or other managed programs can help engage your community in lifelong learning.
Request a Demo


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GARA Fashion
$15-25 USD / tunti
GARA Fashion
I am looking for a fashion designer with experience in clothing design, specifically for women's fashion.
Preferred Style: Modern
The ideal candidate should have a strong understanding of current fashion trends and be able to create unique and stylish designs that cater to the modern woman.
Skills and Experience:
- Proficient in clothing design and pattern making
- Knowledge of different fabrics and materials
- Ability to create sketches and technical drawings
- Understanding of garment construction and fit
- Experience in creating designs for women's fashion
The target market for this design project is women's fashion, so the designer should have a good understanding of the needs and preferences of female customers.
If you have a passion for fashion and are skilled in clothing design, we would love to hear from you. Please provide examples of your previous work in women's fashion design.
Projektin tunnus: #37499893
Tietoa projektista
10 freelanceria on tarjonnut keskimäärin $19/tunti tähän työhön
Hello there, my name is Enaam El Hassani and I am a freelance fashion designer with 5 years of experience in the field. I specialize in creating unique designs that take care of all necessary details such as fabric sel Lisää
Hello there! My name is Minakshi and I'm a web developer with extensive experience in graphic design, specifically for women's fashion. I understand your project description and why you're looking for a fashion designe Lisää
Hello, I'm a professional graphics designer with extensive experience in Fashion Design. I'm available to work you as stipulated in the job request. I have extensive experience in fashion design, specifically for wom Lisää
Hello Gara Fashion. I am a fashion designer focusing on the adult female audience. I read your project to create exclusive and elegant designs for women, and it would be a pleasure to help you! Please take a look at my Lisää
Hello, I have experience in fashion with 3 fashion brands (I have worked with swimwear, made to measure, dance designs, etc), I Work with Illustrator. You will receive designs fully detailed, I do technical drawings Lisää


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1940. Copenagen, Denmark. The German troops have invaded.
A must-read account of immense courage during the Second World War, for children. Based on real-life events experienced by Sandi Toksvig's family during the Nazi occupation of Denmark.
Ten-year-old Bamse Skovlund and his best friend Anton have been ordered to stay out of trouble.
It soon becomes clear that trouble isn't just going to pass any of them by.
Jewish Danes are subject to appalling treatment by the German occupiers, and every day are at risk of being taken away to concentration camps in mainland Europe.
The Skovlund family are determined to fight against Nazi occupation. And if this means participating in one of history's most dramatic rescue missions, then it's time to take a stand.
A tale of resistance in Nazi-occupied Denmark. The book is inspired by the stories told to Sandi Toksvig by her father, Bamse.
Praise for Hitler's Canary:
'An extraordinary story… truly life-affirming.' Michael Morpurgo
'There are not many classic children's novels about the Second World War but this is one of them.' The Times
'Racily written and full of comic incident as well as suspense.' The Independent
'Brilliantly told… never loses sight of the child's view of war.' The Guardian


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Graduate Studies
Digital Futures (MA, MDes and MFA)
Digital Futures (MDes)
"Let's make the impossible possible! He is obsessed with emerging technology and having his hands on every aspect of the production process."
Jun Li is an Interactive Media Developer, Creative Technologist and Maker. He is a candidate for a Master of Design in Digital Futures at OCAD University with holding two bachelor's degrees in Art and Technology and Accounting at Roy Ascott's Technoetic Arts Studio, Shanghai Institute of Visual and Arts, and Shanghai University of International Business and Economics. After working internationally in the interactive and immersive industry for 3+ years, he is obsessed with emerging technology and profoundly specialized in interactive system/installation production. He has a large catalogue of skills, knowledge and experience ranging from TouchDesigner, Notch, Arduino, Soldering, Interactive Technologies, etc. Most of his works frequently show at the intersection of art, technology and interaction. His academic and practice research interests cover areas of Cybernetic, Interactivity, Creative Programming, Physical Computing, Virtual Production, Rapid Prototyping and Experiential Design.
Shanghai Institute of Visual and Arts
Technoetic Arts
Major Completed, 2019
Shanghai University of International Business and Economics
Major Completed, 2019
TouchDesigner Notch Interactive Technologies Creative Programming Physical Computing Virtual Production Rapid Prototyping Experiential Design


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Created 30 Jun 2012 • Last modified 14 May 2018
We tend to classify people's sexual preferences into sexual orientations, such as "straight", "gay", and "bisexual". I argue that, on the contrary, we should expect sexual preferences to be just as idiosyncratic as ice-cream preferences. Indeed, there are many ways in which familiar sexual orientations do not seem to adequately describe people's sexual preferences and sexual behavior. While it is legitimate to want to categorize sexual preferences, laypeople and scientists alike have been too eager to do so with scant regard for empirical reality. A misleading taxonomy is worse than no taxonomy at all.
In the contemporary West, it is taken for granted that sexual preferences—that is, what things people find sexually appealing—fall into a few discrete categories, which are called sexual orientations. Invariably, heterosexuality and homosexuality are considered sexual orientations (although some consider the word "homosexuality" stigmatizing for historical reasons). Usually, bisexuality is included. Many other extensions to this taxonomy exist, although none are popular among laymen. Among these extensions are a four-orientation model in which asexuality is included as a fourth orientation; the Kinsey scale, in which there is "Exclusively heterosexual with no homosexual", "Exclusively homosexual", and five intermediate points (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948, p. 638); an added distinction between "tops" and "bottoms" (insertive or dominating versus receptive or submissive); a dual-axis model in which preferences for age are distinct from preferences for gender (Seto, 2012); and the Klein grid, which comprises 27 seven-point items (on gay–straight axes) organized into seven features and three time-points (Weinrich et al., 1993).
So, how well are real people's real sexual preferences described by these taxonomies? In everyday life, we rarely ask this question—we assume that the gay–straight dichotomy or gay–bi–straight trichotomy is correct and thence do all our reasoning about people's sexual preferences. Should these models be wrong, it is easy to see how great harm could arise from slavish application of them, from trying to pound square pegs into round holes. I need not provide any anecdotes about the misery people undergo when they feel unsure about their sexual orientation: popular media and likely the reader's own life are full of such anecdotes. How much more inescapable this suffering would be if the root problem were not mere ambiguity about which sexual orientation one belonged to, but the nonexistence of a sexual orientation that fits! The situation could then only be resolved with stoic apathy, denial of one's own feelings, or the invention of yet another sexual orientation. (As if we needed another letter added onto "LGBTQAOMGWTFBBQ".)
I'm tempted to claim that sexual orientation, considered as a psychological theory, is wrong. But I can't, because, as I was saying earlier, sexual orientation isn't any one theory or model; it's more like a big family of models with the lay dichotomy as common ancestor. The family as a whole can't be falsified. Faced with falsificatory evidence for any one model, one could extend the model into a new one that can handle the new evidence. Falsification is yet more difficult because sexual orientation, although often employed in an explanatory fashion (particularly by laymen), is more descriptive than explanatory: it says a lot more about the exact phenomena of interest (sexual attraction and behavior) than about any supposed causes. A careful thinker wouldn't claim that Joe has sex with Bob because Joe is gay; they would instead attribute the causal power to whatever they think causes male–male sexual attraction and behavior to begin with, and say that the attraction that led Joe to have sex with Bob is part of what constitutes Joe's homosexuality. There are then few causal chains within these models to test, and the only way they're accountable to empirical reality is that they have to include everybody, or at least, every sexual-preference pattern that can be found in more than a dozen people. The only other constraint on these models is that they have to be models, in the sense that they need to make only finitely many distinctions and they need to have halfway-coherent theories behind them.
There exists a more sophisticated philosophy for scientific models, which is to assume that all models are, in the final analysis, false, and change the focus from finding a correct model to finding the most useful model (see Arfer & Luhmann, 2015, for a related discussion). How exactly usefulness should be measured is, of course, context-dependent. It then becomes difficult to talk about how good a model is in abstract terms. A model that's excellent for one purpose could be poor for another. I think, however, that the onus is very much on the proponents of sexual orientation to demonstrate it is useful for anything other than breeding confusion and hatred among ordinary people.
At any rate, I can't falsify sexual orientation. The most I can do here is to enumerate some potential problems for any sexual-orientation taxonomy. These gotchas will mostly be ways sexual preferences can be diverse, which may remind you of the lists of non-reproductive sexual practices in the previous chapter. (But I'll give much less attention to animals than last time, because, for reasons that aren't clear to me but might just be differences of discipline (e.g., ethology versus sociology), scientists are much less hasty to classify the sexual preferences of animals than of humans.) Some are more specifically problematic to one model than another. Taken together, though, they're strong reason not to put too much faith in the idea of sexual orientation.
Non-sexual preferences obviously tend to be diverse
Instead of sex, let's think about ice cream for a moment.1 As a rule, people like ice cream. But they don't all like ice cream in exactly the same way. Consider yourself. Maybe you like vanilla. Maybe you like chocolate. Maybe you like both. Maybe you like vanilla a lot but chocolate only a little. Maybe you like chocolate in ice-cream sodas but when you're getting a cone it's vanilla with rainbow sprinkles or nothing. Maybe you enjoy the idea of vanilla but chocolate always seems to taste better in practice. Maybe you have pleasant associations with chocolate because it reminds you of your happiest childhood days, but vanilla appeals to you in a more direct, less sentimental way. Maybe you have much stronger opinions about soft-serve versus hard ice cream than flavor, so flavor, by contrast, is immaterial. Maybe you like strawberry. Maybe you like Pan-Galactic Gargle Chip (not that you have any idea what it tastes like, since it doesn't exist, but it sounds delicious for some reason). Maybe ice cream in general fails to excite you. Maybe you're just not a fan of ice cream, however good it tastes, and at times you wish that man had never domesticated the cow.
While we can classify people's ice-cream preferences in all sorts of ways, it would clearly be absurd to take such a taxonomy too seriously. People's preferences, examined in sufficient detail, are bound to be eccentric and varied, as is to be expected considering the wide variety of things that could somehow affect their preferences. There's no accounting for taste. (While we psychologists assume that there must be some causal chain behind a person's preferences, it can be arbitrarily obscure in any individual case.)
Simply put, why should we expect sexual preferences to be fundamentally different from ice-cream preferences? Correlations with respect to gender don't make idiosyncrasy disappear.
To make this ice-cream analogy more concrete, consider two simple stimulus-norming studies I conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk in May and June of 2012 (Arfer, 2012). In each, subjects were shown 12 images and were asked to pick the image they found most appealing, the image they found second-most appealing, and the image they found third-most appealing. The primary difference between the two studies was that the first used photographs of desserts and the second used photographs of women, most of them semi-nude and in sexually provocative poses. Another relevant difference was that the second study was open only to Americans, whereas the first had no restrictions on country, so it probably included a lot of Indians, for example (Ipeirotis, 2010).
- The dessert study had 94 subjects. All but one of the images were selected at least once as a first choice, and all the images were selected at least twice as a second choice and as a third choice. There were 84 unique first–second–third selections in the sample, or 66 disregarding order.
- The sex study had 155 subjects (some of whom had also participated in the dessert study). Considering only subjects who stated they were male and sexually attracted to women (who should, of course, have had less diverse preferences than the whole sample), there were 88 subjects. Among these subjects, every image was selected at least twice for each of the three choices, and there were 86 unique first–second–third selections, or 70 disregarding order.
These findings don't exactly prove my point, considering issues such as how subjects had no way to indicate indifference and the lack of random assignment to studies, but I consider them supportive. Certainly, the second study flies in the face of the stereotype that men have homogeneous and predictable sexual preferences.
Preferences are fickle
One additional lesson can be drawn from the ice-cream analogy described above. Even though ice-cream preferences can be affected by many things, from one's genes to other people's opinions, we know of no reliable way to change our preferences deliberately. We can't freely choose our preferences. On the contrary, preferences are, by definition, one of the fundamental causes of our choices. The moral is that despite popular belief, even if genes had no influence on sexual preferences, it wouldn't follow that sexual preferences are freely chosen, nor that sexual preferences are otherwise easy to change when one wants to. From this perspective, the APA task force's (Glassgold et al., 2009) conclusion that no existing gay-to-straight conversion therapy is effective, and Quinsey's (2008) conclusion that treatment can't change the true preferences of sex offenders, aren't surprising. And the claim that "sexual orientation" is a better term than "sexual preference" because "preference" "suggests a degree of voluntary choice" (Committee on Lesbian and Gay Concerns, American Psychological Association, 1991, p. 973) is nonsensical.
Just how fickle preferences can be is perhaps best demonstrated by Ariely, Loewenstein, and Prelec (2006). In a series of three experiments on college students, some subjects were asked whether they would pay money to attend a poetry recital by their instructor and others were asked if they would attend the recital for a fee paid to them. This manipulation affected how people evaluated the poetry recital. In Experiment 1, for example, 35% of subjects initially asked to pay said they would attend the poetry recital if it were free, compared to only 8% of subjects initially offered money to attend it. Experiment 3 showed that, amazingly, similar changes in valuation persisted even if subjects heard a sample of the poetry recital first (so they had a concrete sense of what it would be like) and were shown the two experimental conditions and how they were assigned. We are obliged to believe that subjects did not have a firm preference about whether attending the poetry recital was a desirable or undesirable experience. They were so uncertain about their own likes and dislikes on the matter that they stuck to whatever cue had been handed to them, even when they knew that the cue was completely uninformative. I submit that if people can be so uncertain and confused about their preferences for an experience as simple as a poetry recital, they are likely to be all the more confused about their preferences for romantic partners and sexual experiences.
Identity vs. attraction vs. behavior
Often, sexual orientations aren't considered exactly classes of sexual preferences. They may construed as classes of sexual behavior, whereby one's sexual orientation describes who one has sex with rather than who one finds attractive. Or they may be construed as identities, whereby one's sexual orientation is whatever group one says one belongs to. Or they may be construed as some combination of all three. While it makes sense that epidemiologists should group people according to who they've had sex with, and sociologists should group people according to who they identify with, it can be dangerous to conflate the three characteristics. Such conflation happens, for example, every time a researcher tries to measure sexual preferences by asking subjects what they identify as, which is the most common way of measuring sexual preferences (oops).
Dissociation of attraction and behavior
Sexual feelings are one motivation among many, so people don't always act according to their sexual feelings. Obviously, most people experience sexual feelings for years before they have sex for the first time: sexual attraction typically appears at age 10 (McClintock & Herdt, 1996), whereas 17 is a typical age of sexual debut in the US (Cavazos-Rehg et al., 2009). Conversely, it isn't uncommon for men who have feelings for other men but not for women to marry women anyway (Butler, 2006), perhaps only to divorce years later when they conclude they'll never change and they've only been living a lie.
Dissociation of identity and attraction or identity and behavior
Not merely some but most people who are attracted to or have sex with the same sex don't identify as gay (Savin-Williams, 2006, citing Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & Michaels, 1994). Hence the awkward term "men who have sex with men", commonly abbreviated "MSM", which is widely used in research.
"Situational homosexuality", that is, sex among people in a single-gender setting who would apparently otherwise be having heterosexual sex, is another kind of disjunction between identity and behavior. Gagnon and Simon (1968) give 30% as a low estimate for the proportion of prisoners who have sex with other (same-gender) inmates, which is clearly higher than the proportions of gay identity or same-gender sex in the general population. Evans-Pritchard (1970) describes an institutionalized form of situational homosexuality among the precolonial Azande, a Central African people. Bachelors in certain military companies would officially marry younger males, who "might have been anywhere between about twelve and twenty years of age" (p. 1,430). The "boy-wife" not only had sex with his husband but also performed grunt work such as carrying his husband's shield, drawing water, and cooking.
Instability over time
Mock and Eibach (2012) examined change in stated sexual orientation over a ten-year period in a large probability sample of adults, the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. The options were "heterosexual", "homosexual", and "bisexual". The vast majority of subjects chose "heterosexual" both times, but 18 of 1,342 women and 9 of 1,152 men who were straight in Wave 1 switched to gay or bi in Wave 2. Gay men were also reasonably but not perfectly stable: of the 21 in Wave 1, 1 switched to straight and 1 switched to bi. But Wave 1's lesbians (11) and bisexuals (17 female and 17 male) were overall no more likely to stay their initial orientation than switch to one of the other two. Similar results was obtained by Ott, Corliss, Wypij, Rosario, and Austin (2011), who used 5,887 males and 7,953 females from the four-wave Growing Up Today Study and an orientation item with options "completely heterosexual", "mostly heterosexual", "bisexual", "mostly homosexual", "completely homosexual", and "unsure". Over two-year periods starting during adulthood, complete heterosexuals were highly unlikely to change (no more than 7%), gay men were slightly more likely to change (11%), lesbians were somewhat more (35%), and other orientations were at most a little more likely to stay the same than change. Finally, similar results were also obtained by Savin-Williams, Joyner, and Rieger (2012), who used 5,527 men and 6,556 women from waves 3 and 4 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, and similar orientation categories as Ott et al. (2011). Over a six-year period, stability was observed in 97% of completely heterosexual men, 88% of completely heterosexual women, 71% of completely homosexual men, 67% of completely homosexual women, and no more than 53% in every other category.
So, while rates of change differ by gender and starting sexual orientation, and change is rare overall, it happens nontrivially: orientation isn't fixed. Change seems particularly common among people who aren't heterosexual to begin with. I would expect people are more willing to change their mind about their orientation if they've already made the mental leap of identifying as something other than the default.
Since all studies I know of on change in sexual orientation over time have relied on self-report, it's hard to say what's actually changing. When a man stops calling himself straight and starts calling himself gay, has he merely changed how he interprets his own feelings, as laypeople assume, or is it actually his sexual preferences that have changed? And what if not only can preferences affect identity but identity can affect preferences? How does honest-to-God sexual behavior fit in here?
Cultural differences
In ancient Greece, pederasty was a social institution. Although there was controversy among contemporaries as to whether pederasty aided in the development of the boy's character or was merely a means of sexual gratification for the adult, just as modern scholars debate its role in ancient society, it was widely acknowledged and not generally stigmatized (Percy, 2005). Since the adult was typically married to a woman at the same time (Stearns, 2009), and the boy presumably married a woman himself in adulthood, neither partner confined their sexual activity to males. Nor are such specialized arrangements consonant with the idea of gender-blind bisexuality.
Sexual preferences for weird stuff
One aspect of sexual preferences that lines up poorly with the idea of sexual orientation is preferences targeted to specific acts, objects, or personal characteristics.2 de Silva (1999) mentions sexual fantasies, feelings, and behaviors concerning garments, cross-dressing, urine, feces, prepubescent children, animals, dead bodies, and pain and humiliation.3 Scorolli, Ghirlanda, Enquist, Zattoni, and Jannini (2007), in a survey of Yahoo! Groups (online message boards and mailing lists), concluded that body parts (such as feet) are particularly popular. Scorolli et al. also mention Yahoo! Groups devoted to things as oddly specific as "smoking girls playing with balloons", but at this point it becomes difficult to distinguish parody from reality, as Poe's law would suggest.
Tying in with the previous theme of instability, Hoffmann (2012) mentions several reports of successful conditioning of sexual appeal in animals and humans, although she adds that in humans, the conditioning is "often weak and short-lived" (p. 67) and seems to depend on several individual differences.
Not everybody experiences enough sexual feelings or behavior to satisfy popular notions of straight or gay.
One important example is young children. I earlier stated that sexual attraction begins around age 10, but masturbation and a few other arguably sexual behaviors, such as examining other children's genitals, are not unheard of in children half that age (Larsson, 2000). In Okami, Olmstead, and Abramson (1997), 77% of interviewed mothers "reported that their child had engaged in sex play prior to age six" (p. 343). Furthermore, sexual behavior in young children does not seem to be related to sexual abuse by adults (Drach, Wientzen, & Ricci, 2001), suggesting it is not merely recapitulation of abuse. At the same time, Okami et al. (1997) indicate that attempts at coitus, and Larsson (2000) indicates that attempts at any penetration (vaginal, anal, or oral), are rare in this age group. I'd thus say it's quite ambiguous how prepubescent sexuality relates to the more familiar forms of sexuality in adolescents and adults.
Asexuality and related orientations
Thanks to a website called the Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN; http://www.asexuality.org), there is also an increasing number of people who describe themselves as asexual. "Asexual" refers to people who are of an age at which sexual attraction is normal but who claim not to experience it at all (Chasin, 2011; Yule, Brotto, & Gorzalka, 2015), despite normal endocrine function (e.g., not being castrated) and not taking potential anaphrodisiacs (e.g., SSRIs). Some asexuals have feelings they describe as sexual desire, while others do not. Some asexuals enjoy masturbation, while others see no appeal in it. Some asexuals are repulsed by sex, while others are indifferent or even interested despite their lack of the usual motive. The large AVEN community also includes people who claim a variety of other novel orientations (Walton, Lykins, & Bhullar, 2016), such as demisexuality (sexual attraction only to people with whom the subject has a preexisting emotional connection), gray-A (somewhere between total asexuality and more conventional sexual feelings), and romantic orientations distinct from sexual orientations (such that one could be a homoromantic heterosexual, or an aromantic bisexual, or a biromantic asexual).
It isn't wholly unreasonable to think that people who claim these exotic orientations are just being special snowflakes—that is, that much of this diversity is either nonexistent or exists only because people believe they experience it. But before we have data other than self-report to help settle the issue, I'm inclined to grant asexuals, demisexuals, and so on the benefit of the doubt. I think there's real diversity in sexual preferences within this population that's unaddressed by the lay trichotomy. Is this not very much the sort of thing that the ice-cream analogy suggests should exist?4 Although, as always, I don't think inventing more orientations is the best response to the issue.
Note that most identified-heterosexual men masturbate (Herbenick et al., 2010) although there's nothing heterosexual about masturbation. (Yes, one can have heterosexual fantasies while masturbating, but one can have heterosexual fantasies while doing anything.) The incidence of masturbation in children under 6 and asexuals also suggests that masturbation is caused by sexual preferences that are distinct from the sort of sexual preferences we usually think about.
So, in conclusion, do you advocate blanket relativism with respect to sexual preferences?
By no means. Truth be told, when I was doing the research for this chapter, I was sometimes surprised to find more consistency in sexual preferences for gender than I'd expected. I thought, for example, that I'd readily find (perhaps in Francoeur & Noonan, 2004) examples of sexual identities accepted as normal by non-Western cultures that didn't involve gender-bending (as two-spiritism does) but clearly didn't line up with hetero-, homo-, or bisexuality. Instead, the above section "Cultural differences" has only the one example of Greek pederasty. It seems that non-Western cultures tend only to have heterosexuality (perhaps with a bit of not-very-systematic homosexuality on the side), situational homosexuality, and (more rarely) fairly exclusive homosexuality or fairly even bisexuality. Also, I found three papers showing surprisingly good concordance between sexual identity and lower-level phenomena, at least in men. Snowden, Wichter, and Gray (2008) found that gender preference implied by performance in priming tasks is strongly predictive of identity. Jiang et al. (2006) found that identity predicted whether subliminal perception of a nude picture of a man or a woman would attract attention to its location. Finally, Ponseti et al. (2009) were able to predict individual identity with fMRI using group differences in BOLD response between 12 straight men and 14 gay men.
What moral, then, we can draw from all this? I suggest the following:
- Sexual orientation is not a natural kind, that is, a fundamental natural taxonomy.
- Don't confuse descriptions of sexual preferences with their causes.
- Don't assume that gender is the only important aspect of sexual preferences.
- Don't assume that sexual preferences are stable over time, but don't expect to be able to change them at will, either.
- Don't forget that preferences, behavior, and identity are distinct. In both everyday life and in research, examine what you're actually interested in. As Savin-Williams (2006) says (p. 43), "To assess STDs or HIV transmission, measure sexual behavior. To assess interpersonal attachments, measure sexual/romantic attraction. To assess political ideology, measure sexual identity."
- Decide whether to construe unusual sexual preferences as pathological by considering their consequences, not the degree to which they're unusual. (But now I'm practically repeating myself from the earlier chapter about practices.) Relatedly, if somebody's upset about their sexual preferences (whether they're a man disgusted at his desire for other men or a woman frustrated by her lack of desire), consider that either the preferences themselves or the subject's attitudes and reactions towards those preferences, or even some combination of both, could be fruitfully construed as the root problem. There is no magical dividing line between sexual preferences that are good and natural and that you just have to learn to tolerate and sexual preferences that are horrible and vile and that you must figure out how to change.
In summary, don't be essentialist about sexual preferences.
If we absolutely must construct taxonomies of sexual preferences, the case of discrete emotions might be a good model of how to proceed. Despite our many intuitions about what emotions exist, what causes them, what they do, and so on, researchers haven't hesitated to dream up new models of discrete emotion that bear little resemblance to lay concepts. There are even people who think about discrete emotions roughly the way I think about sexual orientations. For example, Barrett (2012) argues that emotions exist partly as "social reality", the same way that I would say that "gay" as a kind of person, an identity, exists only as a social construct even though it has a basis in trends in sexual preferences that exist independently of anybody's beliefs. Arguably, the field of emotion has too many competing theories, but this is surely better than everybody being unreasonably committed to a particular culture's lay theory.
An ongoing study by me and a collaborator (http://arfer.net/projects/galaxy) demonstrates another strategy. We are giving subjects a long list of types of sex partners, sexual activities, and sexual themes and asking how attractive they find each. We will then investigate statistically how these many individual preferences are organized. By avoiding a priori commitment to any particular taxonomy of sexual preference, we will hopefully maximize our chances of detecting whatever trends really exist.
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The title-text of North (2011) reads "did you know that in real life all those stats for how often the average person thinks about sex are ACTUALLY about ice cream?"
Such preferences can be called "fetishes", but that term is also used by clinicians for the narrower case of people whose sexual arousal is dependent on something odd rather than merely facilitated by it.
You might wonder why things usually associated with unpleasant emotions, like pain, disgust, fear, and shame, would appear as fetishes. Nobody's appetite is whetted by disgusting food; why would anybody's sexual appetite be whetted by disgusting sex? If you will permit me to speculate wildly, I have two suggestions:
- Misattribution of arousal, along the lines of Dutton and Aron (1974), could cause arousal induced by negative affect to be transmuted into sexual arousal.
- Sexuality itself is associated with negative affect, as I discuss in the next chapter. Negative affect could then bring about sexual arousal by means of classical conditioning.
It's backwards for me to say this, because—full disclosure—I first came up with the central idea of this chapter when I was reading about all of AVEN's idiosyncratic orientations. I thought "Geez! How do you know when to stop making more of 'em?" Then I realized that this issue, along with many others, wouldn't exist if we weren't committed to making discrete taxonomies of sexual preferences in the first place. It was at that point that I thought of the ice-cream analogy. I see AVEN's proliferation of sexual orientations as an argumentum ad absurdum against the concept of sexual orientation.


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At Matador we've been happily following the progression of Outpost and are stoked to announce their calendar of events for 2018. These guys have taken a page from their time in the music promotions world, and are redefining how outdoor industry conferences look and feel.
Instead of the stale setups we've had to tolerate over the years ("speed dating" at tables and booths, chain hotel accommodations, and — worst of all — days inside under fluorescent lights), Outpost is the exact opposite. As the organizers like to say, "The Outpost lives somewhere between Burning Man and SXSW."


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Young people, what commitment can you make to meet the immense challenges of our time? (Round table – Village des Initiatives)
3 June, 2023 @ 16:45 - 17:45
Round table
Erosion of biodiversity, climate change, energy depletion… It is difficult to be optimistic today when trying to imagine the future, especially when you are between 17 and 30 years old. Some young people are more sensitive than others to the gravity of the ecological situation. What were their triggers? What life for a young person in 2023? Which commitment(s)? This meeting gives the floor to four representatives of this youth mobilized for a better world.
16:45 – 17:45
Prepared by Jean-Christophe Anna
Animated by Mathieu Kuntz (22 years old) Co-founder of L'Archipel du Vivant and ex-Leader of Youth for
Climate in France.
Stakeholders :
– Maude Darget-Lacoste (32 years old), co-president of the association Vaïeven which carries the project En Boîte Le Plat on the French Riviera.
– Manon Garcia (30 years old), project manager at Evaluco, a popular education association for sustainable development, in charge of the animation of the Sainte Marthe third place in Grasse. Co-president of the association Vaïeven which carries the project En Boîte Le Plat on the French Riviera.
– Rachel Gaultier (23 years old) in civic service within an association of education to eco-citizenship, in charge of the link between responsible producers and thoughtful consumers and also engaged in the adventure of L'Archipel du Vivant
– Yann Urbon (20 years old) Founder of the symbiotic ecosystem Trips
– Vivien Nicolas (17 years old) Member of the youth jury and eco-delegate of his high school class in Lannion


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Earth Charter Introductory Course
This course offers an opportunity to deepen the knowledge about the ethical foundation of the Earth Charter and about the worldview that is articulated in it. It considers that the current challenges humanity is facing comes from a sense of disconnection with the essence of our lives and other beings, as well as a lack of shared values and an ethical global consciousness. View video.
- Understand why and how the Earth Charter was created and its relevance for the current situation.
- Get to know and internalize foundational concepts, values and ethical principles of the Earth Charter.
- Understand and find ways to put into practice values and principles articulated in each Pillar of the Earth Charter.
- Find synergies between the Earth Charter and other international, national or regional instruments (e.i. the UN Declaration of Human Rights, the Sustainable Development Goals and others).
- Be acquainted with sensitive issues around some principles of the Earth Charter.