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Alcohol Use Disorder and Its Associate Factors Relating to Patients with Severe Mental Disorders Attending Psychiatric Follow-Ups in Northwest Ethiopia
Authors Kassew T , Kiflie M, Minichil W , Dejen Tilahun A, Liyew B
Received 5 March 2021
Accepted for publication 26 May 2021
Published 4 June 2021 Volume 2021:17 Pages 1801—1810
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S309704
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Dr Roger Pinder
Tilahun Kassew,1 Mihretu Kiflie,2 Woredaw Minichil,1 Ambaye Dejen Tilahun,3 Bikis Liyew3
1Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Correspondence: Tilahun Kassew
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
Tel +251918410710
Email [email protected]
Background: Patients with mental disorders have high rates of co-existing alcohol use disorder and vice versa. Alcohol use disorder has emerged as a major challenge to intervene patients with severe mental disorders. It is under-recognized and has not been investigated well in low-income countries like Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associate factors of alcohol use disorder among patients with severe mental disorders attending psychiatric follow-ups at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, northwest Ethiopia.
Methods: A total of 384 patients with severe mental disorders selected by a systematic random sampling technique took part in the interviews for this cross-sectional study. The alcohol use disorder identification test was used to assess the problem. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were computed to examine the associated factors. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for reporting the result.
Results: The prevalence of alcohol use disorder among patients with severe mental disorders was 36.2%. Of the participants, 23.5%, 8.6%, and 4.1% had hazardous, harmful alcohol drinking and alcohol dependency, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, male sex, younger age, psychotic and bipolar disorder diagnoses, having poor social support, moderate and high perceived stress, and current tobacco smoking were factors significantly associated with alcohol use disorder.
Conclusion: The prevalence of alcohol use disorder among patients with severe mental disorders was found to be high. Early intervention and integrating treatment services for co-existing mental disorders and alcohol use disorder is important. The special treatment, where it is offered for young male patients and those with the diagnosis of psychotic and bipolar disorders, is recommended to promote the uptake of alcohol and mental health treatment services.
Keywords: alcohol use disorder, co-morbidity, severe mental disorders, Ethiopia
Alcohol use disorder has been defined as a pattern of alcohol consumption that involves problem of controlling drinking and places the individual at an increased risk for acute or chronic harm.1 Patients with severe mental disorders have high rates of substance use disorders. Among the substance use disorders, alcohol is the most widely consumed by such patients.2,3 Again, people with an alcohol use disorder are more likely to have co-occurring mental disorders for which they frequently receive no treatment that addresses both conditions.4,5
In the United States, an estimated 18.7 million people have been diagnosed with alcohol use disorders.5 The prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is higher among those with severe mental disorders as compared with the general population.6–8 Different studies conducted in developing countries report that the co-morbidity rate of AUD in affective disorders and schizophrenia ranged from 11.3% to 56%5,6,9,10 and 9.7% to 74%5,6,11 respectively. The large variation in outcomes of such prevalence studies was attributed by the differences in study settings, study design, and AUD screening tool. Although there is a dearth of prevalence studies in sub-Saharan Africa countries; the existing literatures have noted high rates of AUD among individuals with severe mental disorders. For instant, the prevalence of AUD was 13.1% in Nigeria,12 29.6–45% in South Africa,13–15 59.3% in Tanzania16 and 68% in Kenya.17 Moreover, in Ethiopia reports showed that 24.5% to 39.1% of the patients with mental disorders had AUD18–20 which showed there is discrepancy across different geographical settings and at different periods.
Co-morbid AUD adversely affecting both the course and treatment outcomes of mental disorders.21–24 It can increase the incidence of physical conditions25–28 such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS infection, cirrhosis and accidental injuries, and behavioral disorders29–31 like suicidality, violent/aggressiveness and social relationship problems. Again, it can result in non-adherence to treatments, relapse of psychiatric disorders, an increase in the cost of health care, and the reduction of the quality of life among patients with severe mental disorders.21,22,32 Researchers reported that younger age,15,20 male sex,10,18 being unmarried,13 low educational level,10,20 unemployment,10,33 longer duration of illness,30,34 early age of onset of illness,34,35 and having schizophrenia and/bipolar disorders12,15 are the main factors that influence individuals with severe mental disorders to have AUD. Having poor social support,10,11 high perceived stress,11 use of other psychoactive substances like tobacco smoking,6,12,19 and family history of alcohol and other substance use disorders16,36 are also important contributing factors to AUD among patients with severe mental disorders.
Home-made alcoholic beverages like "tella" (local beer with alcohol content 2–4%), "areqe" (strong distilled liquor with alcohol content is up to 45%) and "tej" (honey wine with alcohol content 7–11%) are common in north-west Ethiopia (the study area) and used by anyone without the restriction of gender, age, and mental health status by ignoring its unfavorable consequence.37 AUD has emerged as a major challenge to clinicians who try to intervene patients with severe mental disorders. Apart from the above reasons, some of the previous studies done in Ethiopia did not use a standard AUD measurement scale like alcohol use disorder identification tool (AUDIT)18 and some of these studies were not exclusively focused on patients with severe mental disorders.19,20 Moreover, this study incorporated and examined the relevant clinical and psychosocial factors which were not considered in the previous studies. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associate factors of AUD among patients with severe mental disorders attending psychiatric follow-ups in northwest Ethiopia.
Study Setting and Population
A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with severe mental disorders attending psychiatric follow-ups at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital (UoGCSH), northwest Ethiopia, from May 2019 to June 2019. A total of 384 outpatients with severe mental disorders (psychotic, bipolar, and major depressive disorders) diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria were selected for interviews using a systematic random sampling technique. Patients aged 18 years and above who were on psychiatric follow-ups during data collection and taking alcohol at the moment were included. Patients with severe mental disorders (eg, major depressive and bipolar I disorder with psychotic feature and schizophrenia) who were too ill to communicate were excluded.
Sample Size Determination and Sampling Procedure
The minimum required sample size was estimated by using single population proportion formula considering the following assumption38:
n= minimum sample size required for the study.
Z= standard normal distribution (Zα/2= 1.96) with confidence interval of 95% and α=0.05.
P= the prevalence of co-morbid alcohol use disorder taken from a previous study that was conducted in southwest Ethiopia: 38.9%.19
d= Absolute precision or tolerable margin of error (5%).
Five percent non-response was added (366x 0.05= 18) and 366+18= 384, and then the final calculated sample size for this study was 384.
On average, there had been an estimated of 1120 patients with severe mental disorders and yet taking alcohol visited the hospital in 2 months. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the participants until the required sample size fulfilled. The sampling fraction (k) was calculated to be 1120/384≈3. The first participant was chosen randomly by a lottery method from numbers 1–3. Then, every third patient was interviewed and then the chart was reviewed regularly in each follow-up day. Of those, 370 patients were willing and interviewed the questionnaire.
Data Measurement Instruments
Alcohol use disorder was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),39 which had a 10-item self-report alcohol screening instrument that emphasizes the identification of alcohol use disorder in the last 12 months. It is developed by the World Health Organization that has been found most effective in identifying persons with drinking problems such as hazardous drinking, harmful drinking, and alcohol dependence as well as AUD. It provides professionals with the opportunity to take preventive measures and, hence, reduces the problems caused by this consumption. The questionnaire covers the domains of alcohol consumption (items 1–3), drinking behaviors (items 4–6), and alcohol-related problems (items 7–10). Each question was scored from 0 to 4. The score ranged from 0 to 40, and the scores 0–7, 8–15, 16–19, and ≥20 stood for non-hazardous drinking, "hazardous alcohol use", "harmful drinking", and "alcohol dependence" respectively.39 For this study, a cut-off point of "8" and above was considered as AUD.19
The Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS), which had three items, was used to assess the level of the participant's social support.40 The scale ranged from 3 to 14, and the scores 3–8, 9–11, and 12–14 showing "poor", "moderate", and "strong" social support, respectively. Perceived stress was measured by a 10-item perceived stress scale (PSS)41 which evaluated the level of perceived stress in the last month. The tool consisted of a 5-point Likert scale to which responses varied from never to very often. The PSS-10 scores were obtained by reversing the scores on the four positive items (4, 5, 7, and 8) and summing across all 10 items. The total score ranged from 0 to 40 and the scores 0–13, 14–26, and 27–40 indicated "low", "moderate", and "high" perceived stress, respectively. Those patients who use other substances such as Khat, tobacco, cannabis and shisha for non-medical purposes in the last 3 months considered positive for current other specified substance use. Items on socio-demographic, illness-related, and family-related conditions were prepared in accordance with previous works of literatures.18,35 The socio-demographic, illness and family-related characteristics of the participants included gender, age, marital status, educational level, religion, occupation, type of diagnosis, duration of illness, age of onset of illness, history of admission, family history of alcohol use problem, family history of other substance use, and family history of mental illness.
Data Collection Method
The data were collected using a structured questionnaire by both interviews and reviews of patient records. The questionnaire was first prepared in English and then translated to Amharic, the working language of Ethiopia, and back to English to maintain consistency. The questionnaire contained socio-demographic characteristics, family-related conditions, other substance use conditions, PSS, OSSS, illness-related, and AUDIT questions. First, every participant was interviewed about their socio-demographic characteristics, family-related conditions, other substance use conditions, PSS, OSSS, and AUDIT, and then reviewed the patients chart records regularly regarding illness-related variables (eg, type of diagnosis, number of hospital admission, duration of illness and treatment). Data were collected by five trained mental health professionals by the Amharic version of the questionnaire for 2 months. Furthermore, the overall data collection process was closely supervised by the principal investigator and one mental health professional.
Statistical Analysis
The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version-20. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were employed to see the frequency distribution and assess the correlation between independent variables and AUD, respectively. Variables with p-value ≤0.2 in univariate logistic model were selected for inclusion in the multivariate logistic regression. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was employed to report the results of factors associated with AUD. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The model goodness of fit was assessed by Hosmer and Lemeshow test. The model was well fitted for this study as the test p-value result was 0.15. In addition, multi-collinearity was tested using the variance inflation factor (VIF). In this study, the VIF was less than 5 for each independent variable, indicating there was no significant multi-collinearity between independent variables.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants
A total of 370 patients took part in the study with a response rate of 96.3%. More than half of the participants (52.7%) were male; 168 (45.4%) were between 25 and 34 years of age, and 192 (51.9%) were unmarried. Majority (66.5%) were Orthodox Christians; 144 (38.9%) were unemployed and 166 (44.9%) unable to read and write (Table 1).
Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders at UoGCSH (n=370) |
Illness, Psychological, Substance Use, and Family-Related Characteristics
Of the respondents, 135 (36.5%) were living with the illness for 6–10 years and 139 (37.6%) were developed the illness before they were 25 years of age. More than half of the participants (54.1%) had psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and brief psychotic disorders), and one-fourth (25.1%) had a history of hospital admission. Nearly half of the participants (46.8%) and (47.8%) had moderate social support and moderate perceived stress, respectively. At the moment, 131 (35.4%) and 80 (21.6%) of the participants were using Khat and tobacco, respectively. More than one-fourth (26.8%) had a family history of heavy alcohol use (Table 2).
Table 2 Illness, Behavioral, Psychological and Family-Related Characteristics of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders at UoGCSH (n=370) |
The Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
The prevalence of AUD among patients with severe mental disorders was 36.2% with a 95% CI of 31.6 to 41.3. Of the participants, 87 (23.5%), 32 (8.6%), and 15 (4.1%) had hazardous, harmful alcohol drinking and alcohol dependency, respectively. The prevalence of AUD among patients with psychotic, bipolar, and major depressive disorders was 44.5%, 44.8%, and 16.04%, respectively.
Factors Associated with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
As indicated in Table 3, the univariate binary logistic regression showed that sex, age, religion, social support, perceived stress, type of diagnosis, admission, duration of illness, current tobacco use, family history of heavy alcohol use, and family history of mental disorders were fulfilled the p-value <0.2. In multivariate logistic model: male sex, younger age (18–24 years), bipolar and psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, schizoaffective and brief psychotic disorders), poor social support, high and moderate perceived stress and tobacco smoking at the moment were significantly associated with AUD at p-value <0.05.
Table 3 Univariate and Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with AUD Among Patients with Severe Mental Disorders (n=370) |
The odds of having AUD among male patients with severe mental disorders was 3.15 times [AOR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.68–7.89] higher as compared to females. The odds of AUD was 4.7 [AOR= 4.71; 95% CI: 1.44–9.46] times higher in young adult patients (18–24 years) than older individuals. Individuals who had poor social support had 2.54 times [AOR= 2.25; 95% CI: 1.04–4.82] higher odds of AUD compared with patients who had strong social support. Patients diagnosed with psychotic [AOR= 2.96, 95% CI: 1.56–7.45] and bipolar disorders [AOR= 3.56, 95% CI: 1.59–8.33] were 3 and 3.56 times more likely, respectively, to develop AUD than patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. The participants who had moderate [AOR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.21–5.04] and high [AOR=4.25, 95% CI: 2.14–9.38] perceived stress were 3 and 4 times more likely, respectively, to develop AUD than those with low perceived stress. Individuals who were smoke tobacco at a moment had 3.41 [AOR= 3.41; 95% CI: 1.34–8.39] times higher odds of AUD as compared to those who had not smoke tobacco.
This study attempted to assess the prevalence and associate factors of AUD among patients with severe mental disorders attending psychiatric follow-ups at public hospital in northwest Ethiopia. This study reported that 36.2% of the patients with severe mental disorders had AUD. This finding was in line with the studies done in south-west Ethiopia,19 South Africa14 and Australia.32 This result was lower than the studies conducted in Kenya17 and Tanzania.16 The reason for the discrepancy could be due to the differences in study population and study design. In this study, the participants were patients with severe mental disorders using cross-sectional study, whereas the participants of Kenya's study were patients with depression before and after the treatment, and the Tanzania's study was a case study on substance use patients with mental disorders. Furthermore, the degree of openness with which people report their experiences of alcohol consumption might be varied across countries that might account for the variation.
On the other hand, the prevalence of the current study was higher than those of studies done in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,20 Nigeria,12 Sri Lanka,10 Singapore6 and India.21 The discrepancy might be due to most of the indicated studies were measured by using different tools like ASSIST. And the participants were patients with bipolar disorders, and depression and schizophrenia in the Addis Ababa's and Singapore's studies, respectively. While the participants in this study were patients with severe mental disorders, and AUDIT was used to measure AUD. The other important factor for the variation is the difference in availability and patterns of alcohol use in the general population across countries.37,42 Alcoholic beverages like Tella, Areqe, Tej and Beer are common in the study area37 that might be contributed to the high prevalence of AUD. This study had shown that many patients with severe mental disorders have co-morbid AUD and suffering from negative health effects of alcohol drinking in Ethiopia. So, early intervention and integrating treatment services for co-existing mental disorders and AUD is important to detect cases at early stage and prevent further consequences of the problem. Again, appropriate treatment of co-morbidities helps to improve patient and family quality of life.
Some of the factors associated with AUD in this study were different from those of previous studies in Ethiopia. In this study, we observed that age of the patients is the important contributor for AUD in which the odds of developing AUD was higher among young (18–25 years) patients than older ones. This report was consistent with other previous studies.16,20,30 This might be because there are multiple influences on higher rates of alcohol and other drug use among young people, and it is a common finding across countries.43,44 Furthermore, the young part of the patients have higher rate of substance use, with adolescence is the critical period for initiation and the young age is the peak age for substances use. Secondly, patients with the diagnosis of psychotic and bipolar disorders was more likely to develop AUD compared with those with the diagnosis of major depressive disorder. This finding is consistent with other previous studies.5,12,45 This might be because people with such diagnoses have highly impaired judgment and insight as well as aggressiveness and uncontrolled emotions. These have been consistently associated with heavy and problematic alcohol use among psychotic and bipolar disorder patients.46
Poor social support was also significantly associated with AUD among patients with severe mental disorders. The result is consistent with the finding of previous studies10,11 which showed that strong social support decreases the odds of AUD and protects patients against alcohol use–related problems. The possible reason might be that, lack of social support might results in psychological distress, feeling of loneliness, helplessness and perceive themselves as disadvantaged. Then, they drink alcohol to avoid such negative feelings. Fourthly, moderate and high perceived stress was more likely to lead AUD compared to low perceived stress. This finding is consistent with that of another study.11 This could be due to individuals with stress and negative emotions drink alcohol to cope with stress/depression and escape from negative feelings. Moreover, patients who had smoked tobacco currently were more likely to develop AUD compared to those who had not smoked tobacco. This result is in line with those of previous studies.19,47,48 This might be patients with bipolar and psychotic disorders smoke tobacco as self-medication which helps in reducing positive symptoms and improving cognitive functions. Additionally, it might be due to behavioral concordance of using one type of substance with other substances, and, perhaps the illness dictates the use of multiple substances at the same time.
One of the main limitations of this work might be social desirability bias in that individuals might have provided socially palatable to face-to-face interview questions relating to alcohol and other substance use. The AUDIT is a screening instrument, not a diagnostic tool that could potentially influence magnitude estimates. Besides, the research could not show the cause–effect relationships between factors and outcomes owing to its cross-sectional nature.
In conclusion, the prevalence of AUD among patients with severe mental disorders was high. Male sex, younger age, psychotic and bipolar disorders, poor social support, moderate and severe perceived stress, and tobacco smoking at the moment were the factors associated with the problem. Early intervention and integrating treatment services for co-existing mental disorders and alcohol use disorder is important. The special treatment, where it is offered for young male patients and those with the diagnosis of psychotic and bipolar disorders, is recommended to promote the uptake of alcohol and mental health treatment services. Screening for current tobacco smoking is also useful to detect cases at early stage and prevent further consequence of the problem. Prospective studies are also recommended to assess the cause–effect relationships between psychotic and bipolar disorder diagnosis, tobacco smoking, social support and perceived stress level with AUD in local setting.
Data Sharing Statement
All the datasets used to the study are available within the manuscript.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Ethical clearance and approval was obtained from the University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, and Department of psychiatry. The ethics committee had understood and approved the ethics that the participants were 18 and above years of age, and can provide informed consent on their own behalf. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, the participants who were unable to read and write, the consent form was read by the data collectors and if they are interested a fingerprint was obtained and for those who can read and write, written consent was obtained. So an informed written consent was obtained from the participants, and confidentiality was maintained by omitting their identification.
The authors acknowledge data collectors, supervisors and study participants for their time and effort.
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
The authors have no received any funds from the external body to conduct the study.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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48. Soboka M, Tesfaye M, Feyissa G, Hanlon C. Alcohol use disorders and associated factors among people living with HIV who are attending services in south west Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):828. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-828
© 2021 The Author(s). This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License. By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms.


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Tama County Solid Waste Disposal Commission
The Tama County Landfill is managed by the Tama County Solid Waste Disposal Commission, which is an organization of communities in Tama County. Commission membership includes Chelsea, Clutier, Dysart, Elberon, Garwin, Gladbrook, Lincoln, Montour, Tama, Toledo, Traer, Vining, unincorporated areas of Tama County, and the Meskwaki Nation. The landfill is supported financially by a per capita fee and rates paid for waste disposal and recycling services at the landfill.
Commission Members
Each member city/nation appoints one representative, and each of the members of the three member Tama County Board of Supervisors serves as a representative.
Chair: Linn Snell
Vice Chair: Gordon Fassett
Executive Board
Steve VanDeWalle
Dwight Surber
Bart Jensen
Chelsea: Steve VanDeWalle
Clutier: Gordon Fassett
Dysart: Bart Jensen
Elberon: Linn Snell
Garwin: Garwin: Rick Raymond
Gladbrook: Dwight Surber
Lincoln: No appointed representative
Montour: Luther Heller
Tama: Bryan Ellenbecker
Toledo: Les Richter
Traer: Mark Mason
Vining: No appointed representative
Tama County: Curt Hilmer, Bill Faircloth, Dan Anderson
Meskwaki Nation: No appointed representative

subset: commoncrawl


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Newcastle forward Allan Saint-Maximin (25) revealed that he believes he "has the quality" to one day win the Ballon d'Or during an interview with Goal.
During the interview, he stated, "When I talk about the Ballon d'Or, it's a dream. I think every player dreams of winning it; it's a childhood dream. It's true that, currently, I'm far away from winning it, but in terms of quality, I think I'm capable of getting there."
The French forward has registered 5 goals and 4 assists in the Premier League this season, and has the more immediate objective of getting into the French national team ahead of the Qatar World Cup.
Questioned about a call-up, he admitted, "It's difficult not to think about it." He did, however, reveal that he has yet to be contacted by the selectionners.


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An inquiry is currently underway
A Glasgow University staff member was investigated following allegations of sexual harassment, it has been revealed.
According to The Sunday Times, two female students made allege the individual abused his position of power by groping them.
"It stopped other people coming forward," one said.
The university conducted an investigation, in which insufficient evidence was found to support the allegations. The staff member was given a warning.
A separate inquiry into allegations made against a PhD student is taking place. He is accused of sexual misconduct in their behaviour towards a female lecturer.
One of the women involved in the investigation into the student has this week called for the university to better handle sexual harassment claims, telling The Sunday Times she felt excluded from the investigation.
A spokesperson for the university said: "While we cannot provide detailed comment on individual cases, we can confirm both of the instances highlighted were fully investigated.
"Action was taken in one case, while in the other the formal process is still ongoing.
"When a formal complaint is made, we instigate immediate and extensive investigations and can use precautionary suspension of those who are accused of wrongdoing.
"We also encourage students to report incidents to the police and provide professional support when they do so. All this is done as sensitively and sympathetically as possible."
Survivors of sexual harassment, assault and abuse can contact Rape Crisis Scotland on 08088 01 03 02, 6pm-midnight.
Related stories recommended by this writer:


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After start (power) button is clicked, the ping to distant server is checked.
Ping is vital variable for association quality and lets you know how quick the organization respond for your inquiry.
Ping result is given in ms (miliseconds) and the lower esteem is better. Then, at that point, download and transfer speeds
are estimated. The outcomes lets you know how quick you can get or send an information to the Web, separately.
The qualities are introduced in Mbps (uber bits each second) and the higher worth is better.
To troubleshoot your internet problems, especially if you use Wi-Fi, run a Wi-Fi speed test. Most devices are now
connected wirelessly, so this helps find issues. Do tests near your Wi-Fi hotspot and where you face problems; if
speeds differ, it's likely a device or local setup issue. Perhaps your device connects to the wrong hotspot,
causing poor signal through walls. Turning Wi-Fi on and off for specific devices can help. Test your devices
to see which have strong signals. You can also compare Wi-Fi and wired connections using a network speed test.
To look further into the particular necessities of the data transmission speed test, we've arranged the areas
underneath that will make sense of the subtleties of what really occurring during the speedtest.
To speed test internet performance for downloading data, the test is performed by opening multiple connections
to a server and simultaneously starting the download of a large data file on all connections. This approach
ensures that the entire bandwidth of the internet connection is maxed out, and thereby the maximum data
throughput can be measured. In the middle of the process, the simultaneous download of large data files
through multiple connections effectively saturates the available bandwidth, providing a comprehensive
assessment of the internet connection's performance. This method takes into account the network's
ability to handle concurrent data requests, which is vital for activities like streaming high-definition
content, large file downloads, and online gaming. At the end of the procedure, the recorded data throughput
over time allows for an accurate evaluation of the internet speed available for downloading data.
This comprehensive approach to speed testing ensures that the true capabilities of the internet
connection are assessed.
Upload speed is tested by reversing the sequence of the download analysis. Again, multiple connections
are opened to the test server. Instead of downloading a file, a large file of random data is created
on your device and pushed through all connections to the server. In the middle of the process, the
concurrent upload of data streams maximizes the use of the available bandwidth, offering a comprehensive
evaluation of the internet connection's upload performance. This is particularly important for activities
like video conferencing, cloud backups, and sharing large files. At the end of the procedure, the
recorded data throughput over time provides a precise measurement of the internet speed available
for uploading data. This information empowers users to ensure their internet plan meets their
specific requirements.
During the ping test, the device sends a small data package over the network to the test server
on the internet. This test doesn't focus on upload speeds but on response time, making it a
crucial metric for assessing network performance. When the server receives this package, it
will send it back to the device, completing the roundtrip. In the middle of the process,
the measured latency, or ping, reflects the time taken for this roundtrip, providing insights
into the network's real-time responsiveness, which is especially critical for activities
like online gaming and video conferencing. To achieve an accurate reading, multiple ping
tests are conducted consecutively, with the final result being the average of all these tests.
This averaged ping value is a valuable indicator of network stability and quality, assisting
both users and network administrators in optimizing their online experiences.
Download speed refers to the rate at which data is received or retrieved from a
remote server or another device on the internet to your own device, such as a computer or smartphone.
It quantifies how quickly you can access and obtain content from the internet, encompassing various types
of digital data like web pages, videos, music, documents, and more. The download speed is a critical metric
for most internet users as it directly impacts their online experience. A higher download speed ensures smoother
and faster access to online content, making activities like streaming high-definition videos, online gaming,
and downloading files more efficient and enjoyable.
Upload speed measures the rate at which data is sent from your device to a remote
server or another device on the internet. It determines how swiftly you can transmit information, including
sending emails, uploading files to cloud storage services, sharing multimedia content, or engaging in live
video broadcasts. Although upload speed may be less emphasized than download speed for typical internet users,
it remains essential for specific online activities where you need to send data to the internet. For instance,
video creators, remote workers, and anyone who frequently shares content or collaborates online rely on
adequate upload speeds to ensure their tasks are executed smoothly and without delays.
Ping, or latency, is the measure of the time it takes for data to travel from one device to another
and back on a computer network, typically expressed in milliseconds (ms). It's a crucial metric for
evaluating network responsiveness, especially in activities like online gaming and video conferencing.
High ping times can indicate network issues or result in sluggish performance, while low ping times
are desirable for a more responsive and smooth network experience. Ping is used for troubleshooting
network problems, assessing server health, and monitoring network performance, helping users and
administrators ensure a reliable and efficient connection.
Latency in terms of internet speed refers to the delay or lag that occurs when data travels between
your device and a remote server or destination on the internet. It is measured in milliseconds (ms)
and represents the time it takes for data packets to make a round trip. Low latency is desirable
for tasks requiring real-time interaction, like online gaming and video conferencing, as it
ensures quicker responses and smoother experiences. High latency, on the other hand, can lead
to delays and sluggish performance. While internet speed often focuses on download and upload
rates, latency plays a crucial role in determining the overall quality and responsiveness of your
online connection, making it a vital consideration for various online activities.
Ensure you have an internet plan that matches your needs. Consider upgrading if you consistently experience slow speeds.
Position your router centrally and elevate it to reduce signal interference. Use a modern router with the latest Wi-Fi standards.
Whenever possible, connect your device directly to the router using an Ethernet cable for a faster and more stable connection.
Close or pause background applications and downloads while running a speed test for accurate results.
Keep your router's firmware up-to-date to benefit from performance improvements and security updates.
At SpeedNotify , we're dedicated to empowering your digital experience. With a commitment to speed, precision,
and reliability, we offer a seamless platform to effortlessly measure your internet speed. Our mission is
to ensure you're always in control, helping you make informed decisions about your internet connection.
Whether you're a streaming enthusiast, a professional working from home, or simply seeking a smoother
online journey, trust SpeedNotify to provide accurate insights that elevate your internet performance.
Join us in the pursuit of a faster, more connected world.


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From Disney to Discord
Ex-Disney Interactive head Graham Hopper is back with a new studio and a mobile card game
"Doing anything in the startup world is slower and harder than you ever anticipate it's going to be," Muti Labs founder Graham Hopper told GamesIndustry.biz last week. "Perhaps if people knew how hard it would be, I'm not sure people would try these things."
In 2011, Hopper wrapped up a 20-year stint with The Walt Disney Company, the last eight years of which were spent in charge of its gaming division, Disney Interactive Studios (which was still Buena Vista Studios when he signed on). The next year, he founded Muti Labs with a handful of fellow Disney veterans and a shared belief that they knew where the mobile world was headed.
"A lot of games that were being successful were using the same free-to-play mechanisms that were very effective in getting people to continue to play, but not necessarily that interesting or fun for players who wanted something a little bit deeper," Hopper said. "Our goal was to create something new, to build a completely new world for gamers, and to do that on the mobile platform, where we felt there was a huge amount of opportunity."
"When you're in the content creation business, you can't spend too much time worrying about what other people are doing. You've got to focus on what you're doing and making it great in itself."
Three years and multiple prototypes later, Muti Labs is on the verge of releasing its first game, Days of Discord. The strategy card game is set in the wake of a civilization-destroying asteroid shower, with four factions (ferals, beasts, plants, and bandits) fighting for control of what's left.
Of course, in the three years since Muti Labs was founded, there's been no shortage of other developers going after the same theoretically underserved core market on mobile. Some of them (Blizzard Entertainment and its own strategy card game Hearthstone come to mind) have even been hugely successful at it.
"When you're in the content creation business, you can't spend too much time worrying about what other people are doing," Hopper said. "You've got to focus on what you're doing and making it great in itself. When we saw Hearthstone, the reaction was that there was another large competitor in the space [Magic: The Gathering]. People said, 'Why would you challenge that brand that's been around for 20 years? That sounds crazy to me.' From our perspective, Hearthstone's success really proves there's a large untapped opportunity of people who are looking for something that's deeper and richer. It's a proof-of-concept more than any kind of a threat."
That word "focus" comes up frequently when Hopper talks about Muti Labs. It comes up when he explains why Days of Discord is a mobile game, with no PC versions planned. It comes up when he talks about growing the game's user base through community building and word of mouth more than through paid user acquisition. It comes up when he explains why Muti Labs has no other projects in the works.
"I've had the privilege of managing portfolios of projects before, and we decided this time we wanted to focus on just doing one thing, and doing it really well," Hopper said. "We set the studio up expressly to create Days of Discord and focus all this time and attention on one game as opposed to try to do a bunch of other things. As we grow we'll move on to do additional things, but for now, this receives all of our time, attention, and love."
Despite the arduous process of starting up the studio, despite the extended development cycle for Days of Discord, and despite the arrival of a hugely successful competitor in the midst of development, Hopper thinks Muti Labs has been pretty fortunate overall. He's been particularly happy with the composition and size (fewer than 20 people) of the Muti Labs team.
"Being in a world where budgets for games were many tens of millions of dollars... Those are great, but there's not a lot of creative freedom allowed in those spaces."
"We've got a great team of people where we have some who have been in the game industry 10-plus years of experience, and we've got people who've been in it shorter periods," Hopper said. "So we've got experience and fresh approaches to try to do something new. I think the big advantage we have being smaller and new is that we're able to do everything the way we feel it can be done. Communication is easier, getting things done is easier, the studio's more nimble and responsive. There are a lot of advantages you have being smaller. It's a very different kettle of fish from being in a larger 150-200-person studio where there are a lot of people working on who knows what. Communication becomes a challenge and things are slow and ponderous.
"There's a tremendous amount of creative freedom that comes when you're small and nimble, and that's part of what attracted me to this too. Being in a world where budgets for games were many tens of millions of dollars... Those are great, but there's not a lot of creative freedom allowed in those spaces. Whereas when you're working with smaller budgets, as you can do on mobile, you can create a high-quality product and have a lot of freedom at the same time."
Even if that's a far different situation than Hopper experienced at Disney, he can still pull plenty of lessons from his time at the global media powerhouse that can be applied just as well to a skeleton crew start-up.
"There's always space for additional quality entertainment, but if you don't hit the quality bar, that just makes it that much harder to be successful," Hopper said. "If you respond well and manage the property carefully, expand it and build on it, you can have something that will last for decades if you do it right. And I don't think there's anyone in the world better at building brands and sustaining them over the long haul than Disney. So this is not just chuck something in the pond and see what happens. This is really to create something new and a world that people want to be part of. And a community that gamers want to be part of that can continue to grow."


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While the human body can survive weeks without eating and still be healthy, food is vital to our existence. Food that you enjoy eating, ala comfort food, snacks, or even dining in an expensive restaurant or food you have to eat to maintain your health. Food is food.
Food is food as far as our tastes are concerned. However, if our stomachs and by extension the entire body are involved, food is more than food. It's the battery that keeps our body functioning optimally.
I have mentioned before that the body is able to go for months without eating, and it is indeed true. The body is able to survive on water alone sustaining it but it would be a miserable existence. Not only is there the absence of taste it also means that your body has nothing to digest. Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
For those of you who prefer a more visual experience, here is a video review by ReviewsMS' YouTube channel. Do check out our article below, however, because it has a comprehensive overview of Digestive Enzymes.
Enzymes and Digestion Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
If we consume food it is processed in such that the nutrients can be beneficial to our body. This process is what we are all familiar with as digestion. This digestion happens in the digestive system that starts with the mouth, and then ends up as waste in the anus.
Of course, we are all aware of this. It's been taught in schools since the 5th grade. But, do we actually know what happens inside the stomach? Do we really know how and why food is digested?
If we are talking about digestion, there is another aspect that shouldn't be overlooked in the topic. Enzymes. These are the primary actors when it comes to changing food items into nutrients. They also play a role in nearly all biological reactions inside and outside the body.
It is certain that life wouldn't be like it is without enzymes. And that is in the event that life exists in the first place in the first.
There are three parts that are mostly responsible for supplying your body with the enzymes it needs. These include the stomach and small intestine and the pancreas.
The pancreas is considered to be the "powerhouse" in the human body as it provides the enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
You might already be aware of this that there are a variety of types of digestive enzymes which break down various kinds of food. The pancreas, which is the engine that we discussed earlier produces three kinds of the most important digestive enzymes. These are:
- Amylase is a enzyme that is a enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates. Amylase is a enzyme that breaks down complex. Also produced in the mouth
- Lipase breaks down fats.
- Protease helps break down proteins.
The small intestine also produces some major enzymes which include:
- Lactase, which breaks down lactose.
- Sucrase which breaks down sucrose.
> > Click Here to Check Out Digestive Enzymes < <
If your body is lacking certain enzymesor their bodies do not have the ability to release the required enzymes, they could be experiencing a problem called digestive enzyme insufficiency.
When someone suffers from digestive enzyme insufficiency suffers from a lack of ability to digest certain foods and absorb specific nutrients. Lactose intolerance is a case wherein the body cannot create enough lactase for digestion of the sugars in dairy and milk products.
Digestive enzyme insufficiency isn't an illness to be taken lightly. It could cause an inability to eat and stomach irritation. Signs of it include:
- Cramps or pain in the belly
- Bloating
- Diarrhea
- Gas
- Stomach oily
- Weight loss that is not explained.
Whenever you feel long-lasting symptoms like these, it would be advised to consult your physician. For milder symptoms, it is possible to supplement your digestive enzyme by taking supplements. Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
Vitapost Digestive Enzymes
Vitapost Digestive Enzymes is a dietary supplement that can help you if you are having difficulty digesting your food or have a shortage of enzymes within your body. It is an carefully selected blend of enzymes for enhanced digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Vitapost DIgestive Enzymes assist with digestion of food by combining a blend of specially selected enzymes that target the problem or increase what is already in the stomach. As an "everyday digestive support", it is meant to be utilized regularly
But, it doesn't mean that this product isn't able to treat or prevent illness or allergies. VitaPost Digestive Enzymes are just supplements. It is not a prescription medication or a prescription medication and shouldn't be taken as the same.
While digestive enzyme supplements are helpful to you, but the most effective nutrients for digestion are the ones that are naturally produced by your body. So, supplements should only be used whenever needed. Always consult your physician before taking any kind of supplements. Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
Digestive Enzymes at Work: How VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Perform
Let's face it, the internet and its online stores generally are brimming with digestive supplements for digestion. Certain supplements have specific enzymes for digesting specific types of food. If you are having difficulty digesting starch or sugar the supplements will give you the enzymes that digest starch or sugar.
However, Vitapost Digestive Enzymes Supplements is distinct. The supplement is formulated with many enzymes. This allows the supplement to process various kinds of food. In all, VitaPost Digestive Enzymes has enzymes that help in digesting carbohydrates, protein, and other enzymes.
Vitapost Digestive Enzymes have also been identified as catalysts, since they allow chemical reactions happen more quickly. They speed up the breakdown of food, giving the body an easier digestion time and the ability to absorb the nutrients.
The ingredients that are included in the supplement's formula give it a sense of legitimacy. Vitapost Digestive Enzymes is made up of, digestive enzymes that help breakdown the body into the chemicals and nutrients which your body needs.
By looking at the ingredients lists, you cannot help from thinking that this digestive supplements got all their needs provided. From gluten, protein, starches and dairy products, as well as fats, oils, grains and even table sugar, it seems that it's the ViaPost Digestive Enzyme supplement is here to be digested.
> > Click Here to Check Out Digestive Enzymes < <
VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Ingredients
If you are looking to purchase supplements, it is your standard procedure to check on the ingredients that the product is made up of. Be it dietary, probiotic or digestive enzyme supplements or any other type of supplement that doesn't clearly show their ingredients should not be taken seriously.
VitaPost Digestive Enzymes is not similar to that. Their case is that Vitapost Digestive Enzymes clearly put its list of ingredient front and center. The list can be found on the label of the bottle.
But, you may find that there is a glaring distinction between the typical label of ingredients and the one that is listed on this list of ingredients. For instance, you could find that one ingredient uses the unit HUT or DU instead of the usual grams or kilograms.
The reason for this has something to do what ingredients comprise the product contain. The name of the product suggests that Vitapost Digestive Enzymes contain mostly comprised of enzymes.
To ensure transparency, VItapost categorizes these enzymes depending on the kind of food they breakdown. For instance, if it talks of enzymes which break down carbohydrates, such as Amylase It will be in the form of DU.
Additionally, as the supplement is made up of enzymes, the ingredients are classified into the types of food they consume. They are divided into three classes consisting of proteins enzymes carbohydrate-based enzymes and other useful enzymes.
Protein Enzymes
Protein enzymes are among the efficient enzymes found within the body since they serve multiple roles in the body. Among these functions is breaking down proteins consumed by the body and converting them to amino acids.
The protein enzymes inside VitaPost Digestive Enzymes include Protease 1 and 2. Bromelain, Papain, Aspergillopepsin and Peptidase
- Proteases 1 and 2 These two enzymes are among the most important when it comes to proteolysis which is the process of breaking down the proteins to amino acids. Additionally, they are also used to develop new protein products.
- Bromelain – This is an enzyme that can commonly be found in pineapple juice specifically in the pineapple stem. For years, it has been used in Asia as a treatment for soreness, burns, and pain of muscles, as well as many other conditions.
- Papain is another enzyme that aids in the breakdown of the proteins to amino acids, and peptides. Papain is found only and extracted from the raw papatay fruit. Apart from breaking down proteins, papain may also help neutralize toxic chemicals found in cheeses, meats, and nuts.
- Aspergillopepsin – A different enzyme that degrades gluten. In contrast to mammalian pepsin can extensively hydrolyze gluten from food into peptides that are short.
- Peptidase – These are also enzymes which break down gluten. Peptidase is capable of cleaving and, often, inactivating small protein peptides. Not only do they destroy proteins, they can also be used to modify the structure of proteins.
Carbohydrate Enzymes
Like the name implies, Carbohydrate enzymes are enzymes which are primarily focused on the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. When carbohydrates are consumed they mix into saliva inside the mouth. This is the initial step in the digestive process. Following that, it travels into the stomach, and later is taken to the small intestine
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- Amylase – When you consume starchy foods like rice and potatoes, it is amylase that is the primary enzyme responsible for digestion. Amylase is produced naturally by the pancreas before entering the smaller intestine. There it assists catalyze the conversion of starch into glucose syrups
- Glucoamylase – This is also an enzyme that serves similar purposes to amylase in that it breaks down starchy food and turns them to glucose. While both amylase and glucoamylase can be found in the pancreasand pancreas, the it is also made in the mouth. Glucoamylase can also aid in digestion and smoothness as well as helping to avoid many digestive disorders, such as heavyness, lethargy, bloating, gas, and loose stools.
- Lactase is an enzyme that mostly processes lactose, a substance that is found in milk. Inadequate lactase levels could cause a person to be lactose intolerant. Lactase breaks down sugars found that is present in milk into two simple sugars: galactose as well as glucose.
- Beta-glucanase – This enzyme results in the hydrolysis of beta-glucans. In simple terms it breaks down the sugars present in oats and barley, in which beta-glucans exist in the cell walls of microorganisms.
- Invertase Invertase Invertase is the name given to it by an inverted sugar syrup. The process that creates the substance is due to invertase breaking sucrose down into fructose and glucose, which are the sugar syrup that was previously referred to as an inverted syrup.
Other Enzymes
To support the protein and carbohydrate enzymes additional enzymes are added to the formulation of Vitapost Digestive Enzymes. These enzymes were added to aid in digestion and breaking down a wider variety of food types. From plant-based diets to fatty and oily food items, these other enzymes are sure to aid in breaking them down effortlessly. Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
- Lipase A lipase enzyme is a vital enzyme, especially for those who enjoy fatty and oily foods. In the end, it's common to know that foods rich with fats and oils although delicious, can be very difficult to digest for your stomach. This makes the delicious food less appealing. But, with lipase the body should have no problem digesting most of them. It has also been proven to reduce the feeling of being fuller when it is taken alongside meals.
- Cellulase, Hemicellulase, xylanase and pectinase – This group of enzymes are responsible for breaking down the plants that are consumed in your daily diet. They are particularly involved in breaking down the difficult to digest cell walls of plant cells and the plant fibers that are present in these kinds of diets.
- Phytase is one of the many vital enzymes required for digestion. The phytase enzyme is an essential enzyme when we talk about bone health. When phytase is activated, it breaks down a chemical known as phytic acid. The acid can bind essential minerals required by the body, such as zinc and iron. Through Phytase, these zinc and iron are released and can be easily absorbed through the human body. In addition, Phytase is also used to increase your absorption and absorption rate of mineral such as calcium, as well as the iron and zinc.
VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Dosage and Use
Like most supplements in the market, it needs the same dosage in order to receive maximum benefits of VitaPost Digestive Enzymes. In this case it is recommended to consume 1 or 2 capsules before each meal.
However, this might not be feasible given that a bottle VitaPost Digestive Enzyme has 60 capsules. Following the recommended dosage might just last for only ten days.
A good sweet spot is to use two tablets daily, making sure to consume it prior to the most hefty meals. This will maximize the use of the capsule as well as still permitting your body to function without supplements. However, the number of times you take the capsule is entirely dependent on you.
Six capsules is recommended to be your limit. Any more than that might result in adverse reactions.
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VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Effects
Since it is an dietary supplement for digestion, VitaPost Digestive Enzymes main benefits are to aid in good digestion. If taken properly, these supplements should allow the body to have a more easy and faster process of taking in nutrients from foods you've consumed.
With good and proper digestion, other positive effects should also appear. It could include clear skin more relaxed, less migraines, body pains, and headaches.
Your skin's appearance is a tell of the overall health of your body. The appearance of acne can be a sign of something that is not right with your body. However the clear complexion indicates a healthy body. This means having a healthy and operating digestive system.
As a result, a clear skin and a healthy digestive system can also mean less discomfort and fatigue. This is because the body pains, migraines, and headaches, are results of the underlying issue caused by inflammation of the gut or other conditions.
The cause of these disorders could be by a lack of nutrients if the digestive system is not absorbing and digesting your food properly.
VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Side Effects
With VitaPost Digestive Enzymes supplements,, there have been no reported side effect. Therefore, it's safe to take just in the case of following the dosage guidelines.
But, as with any food supplement when you are nursing a baby or are pregnant it is recommended to check and visit your doctor. Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
A second thing to consider is that the supplement contains dairy, soy, as well as wheat, which may cause allergies to some people. If you suffer from an allergy to any of these substances, then it may be better to choose an alternative product.
VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Price
VitaPost Digestive Enzyme comes in bottles that contain 60 capsules in each bottle. VitaPost also offers the product in bundles. Also, it is important to note that shipping isn't free. The cost for shipping will be added to the cost list.
- 1 Bottle: $24.80 + $4.95 Shipping
- 2 Bottles: $44.80 Plus $4.95 Shipping
- Three Bottles $67.20 + $4.95 Shipping
- 4 bottles: $74.80 plus $4.95 Shipping
A purchase of multiple bottles instead of only one bottle can save you a lot of value and it even saves a lot of shipping. Simply by looking at and looking at the prices, purchasing the 4-bottle bundle for $74 is as buying three bottles and receiving one free.
If you think that you would use for the VitaPost Digestive Enzyme to treat your digestive issues for many years I'd suggest getting the 4 bottle bundle.
VitaPost Digestive Enzymes is only available on the official site. As such it is important to purchase them only there. If you purchase the supplements from other websites on the internet could be a scam.
Pros And Cons
- No prescriptions are required
- Made with natural ingredients
- The formula provides a broad selection of enzymes that cover a wide range of food items.
- It can help ease minor digestive issues like indigestion symptoms of bloating, heartburn, and stomach discomfort.
- Aids the body to absorb nutrition more effectively.
- Chances of giving you clear skin
- It can help reduce the pain and fatigue
> > Click Here to Check Out Digestive Enzymes < <
- This may not be suitable for those with allergies since the formula is laced with allergens.
- It is not recommended for lactating or pregnant females (check with your physician)
- Not suitable for children younger than 18 years older (check with your doctor)
- Only online and on the official website.
- There is no daily consumption
- Might be necessary to consider taking in the long-term to maintain effect.
My Verdict on VitaPost Digestive Enzymes
Digestive Enzyme supplements are typically available in two types. You can opt for one that is targeted or choose an option that offers a broad-spectrum. VitaminaPost Digestive Enzymes is the latter kind.
Supplements that offer broad-spectrum supplements, such as VitaPost is especially good for people looking to boost their digestive health as they enjoy eating a diverse foods.
The broad-based approach to VitaPost Digestive Enzyme is evident the ingredients list. This is a great thing as the supplement is transparent about what it can deliver and what it isn't able to provide. It's not waste of time.
Upon getting my bottles, which mind you, took just three days to reach me I was thrilled about launching my diet supplementation routine for digestion.
A nice aroma greeted me when I opened the bottle. That was something I did not expect as I was so used to supplements that smelled too "medicinal". The pills are also perfect in size. They're not big enough for people to struggle and not too small that one wonders if they are receiving enough. Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
I'm on my third bottle right now and I've taken the supplement for 3 months so far (I opt 2 tablets per day, which was an ideal sweet spot for me.) I've noticed a more regular bowel movements and less digestive issues.
The effects weren't instantaneous. I think it was about the third week that I began to notice that my gut felt better, and my time going to the toilet became more frequent than it was previously.
You can rest assured. I'll continue to take this supplement in the near future. Of course, this is until I discover something better, but for now I'm not convinced.
Frequently Asked Questions Best Natural Digestive Enzymes
Is VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Supplement Legit?
Yes, they are legal supplements.
Of course, you should purchase VitaPost Digestive Enzymes Supplement from the official website in order to stay away from scams and to ensure credibility
Where should I buy the VitaPost Digestive Enzymes to ensure legitimacy?
You can buy them at the official website.
Remember it is only available at their website. Buying from other online retailers like eBay and Amazon may net you fake products.
How long do I have to take this digestive supplement?
It is possible to take VitaPost Digestive Enzyme Supplement for all the time you'd like.
Vitaminapost Digestive Enzymes supplement is a dietary supplement. To continue enjoying its advantages, it is advised to regularly take the supplement. Similar to that, you can discontinue taking the supplement at any time you wish.
> > Click Here to Check Out Digestive Enzymes < <
I don't like capsules, is there an alternative way to take the supplement?
Vitapost Digestive Enzymes can only be purchased in capsules and should be taken in capsule form only.
Crushing, cutting or altering or altering the content in any way shape or form is not recommended.
Who is not safe to consume VitaPost Digestive Enzymes?
Lactating and pregnant women, children under 18 years old, and those who suffer from allergies should consult with their physician prior to taking the supplement.


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In less than a week, there will be a solar eclipse occurring and right alongside it a noteworthy movement will likewise be happening. This forthcoming Thursday, September first 2016, make sure to turn upward the sky to witness the fantastic occasion!
September first is the point at which the sun will be in part shut out by the moon. Sun powered shrouds dependably occur amid another moon stage and when the sun, moon, and Earth all go into syzygy, implying that they are adjusted in an even, straight line. The moon will go before our planet and separate the sun and Earth, which will make it hinder out the light exuding from the sun.
Since this specific sun based overshadowing is viewed as annular, instead of aggregate, the moon won't totally shut out the circle of the sun and transform day into night. Rather, it will make the sun show up ring-like which is because of the distance across of the moon seeming littler than that of the sun, and since annulus is the Latin expression for "small ring," subsequently the name!
Despite the fact that you will most likely be unable to completely see the overshadowing, you most certainly will wind up feeling its belongings in a profoundly significant manner. This annular sun powered overshadowing is more important than expected on the grounds that it will occur when the new moon is in Virgo (August 23-September 22), keeping in mind Mercury is moving retrograde through Virgo too. In that capacity, the planning of this sunlight based occasion will profoundly affect the majority of our lives and we can anticipate that a noteworthy movement will come our direction!
Source: Total solar eclipse seen through telescope by ReutersNews on Rumble


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Welcome to Hottest Week 2012, that magical time in August when we pit local brokers against each other to determine once and for all (for this year) who's the hottest of the hot. Stay tuned this week and next as the tournament unfolds. And let the games begin!
Here comes day two: first up we have former part-time model Nicole Lindler of Prudential and former makeup artist Julie Mollo of Sotheby's (here's one of her current listings). In keeping with our New Year's resolution to be a little less shallow, we asked all the contestants a few questions about their lives before real estate, their advice for buyers and sellers, and more. Check those out below:
Nicole Lindler
What did you do before you became a real estate agent? How did you get into the real estate game?
I entered Real Estate a couple years after graduating from USC, before I had been working in Marketing for a few different startups in Los Angeles and as a part-time model with BMG. I was raised in a family full of Real Estate investors, so the industry has always been in my blood. Jumping into real estate was a natural transition for me. I was always fascinated with beautiful properties and (as cliche as it may sound) the "American Dream". I genuinely wanted to help people create better lives for themselves through buying/selling Real Estate. It's a thankless job, but nevertheless, fulfilling.
What's the most memorable property you ever helped buy or sell?
I can't pinpoint one property alone because I specialize in condos and most of my clients are young first-time buyers. Every time I've helped any of them to purchase their first home, each overall experience has been equally memorable for me. I wear a lot of different hats as not only a realtor, but as a trusted friend and advisor so every time I close a deal and hand over the keys it's pretty special.
What's the biggest mistake made by either buyers or sellers?
Probably the biggest mistake sellers make is choosing an agent solely based on the highest list price they "promise". Price generally comes down to what the market can bear, and a seller should chose an agent based on experience and results. Most of the time an agent who just promises the highest sales price cannot promise to deliver and that results in a lot of time being wasted marketing an overpriced property that ultimately becomes unattractive to the market and fails to sell. I've seen numerous sellers make this mistake and end up selling their home 8 months down the road for less than they would have received had they realistically priced their home according to the market.
Buyers biggest mistake is often thinking that Reo and Short sales offer the "best deals" without consideration that short sales can take up to 6 months to close and that the bank will always negotiate up to market price if their original offer is lowball. Reos often have a lot of deferred maintenance and are extremely difficult to obtain. What a buyer may "save" in the initial purchase price, they end up making up for in the repairs and remodeling cost of the home. My advice would be to not overlook the standard sales, especially for your first home purchase.
Why do you think real estate agents are, on the whole, so damn attractive?
Honestly, because real estate agents not only help to sell/buy homes we help to buy/sell a lifestyle. In Los Angeles, lifestyle is everything. We literally hold the keys to our client's dreams. The public has embraced us unlike ever before and it's a great feeling. Real Estate as a whole has become a very alluring industry and realtors today have to be not only knowledgeable but incredibly savvy and fearless. We're the whole package.
Julie Mollo
What did you do before you became a real estate agent? How did you get into the real estate game?
I was a make up artist for print and television commercials for 24 years before going into real estate.
I have always loved architecture & I love houses. I love the soul of them...just seemed like a good next step in life. And it is a wonderful thing to find a great pairing of person & home. It is very rewarding.
What's the most memorable property you ever helped buy or sell?
I have had some wonderful experiences finding and selling homes. The first amazing one that comes to mind is one that I sold on Cromwell in Los Feliz. It is an amazing, original Spanish home with wrought iron details, a grand ballroom & a hidden speak easy--SO cool!
I am currently in escrow on a home in Pasadena. I don't want to give too many details because we haven't closed yet, but I am so excited about this one. I have been working with my client for almost 5 years. And I finally found him his dream home. There could not be a better fit of person & home. I could not be more thrilled for my client!
What's the biggest mistake made by either buyers or sellers?
I think the biggest mistake that buyers & sellers make it to not get representation. Everyone is quite savvy these days & often people think that they can save money doing things on their own. I understand the temptation. But people who are not in real estate have no idea what agents really do. We work extremely hard, we (hopefully) are extremely conscientious about our clients, their needs, how to help them inspect the homes properly, how to request credits for repairs, or how to market a home to the most amount of prospective buyers & position it in the best possible light to get the most amount of money. I don't want to sound like I am on a soap box here, but I have seen people get into very uncomfortable situations because they did not have representation.
Why do you think real estate agents are, on the whole, so damn attractive?
I don't know how to answer the last question! I am flattered to be included in such a really fantastic, smart group of people!
Vote below--poll closes at 3 pm PDT on Wednesday, Aug. 15, 2012.
· Hottest Week 2012 [Curbed LA]


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