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Research conducted on the popularity of teaching profession with school-leavers has indicated on low popularity and young people's little interest in the profession. This may have several reasons but one of the most dominating indicators is the impression teachers themselves make of their work. The current study was triggered by the results of a preceding study, which explored final-year students' perceptions and attitudes towards teaching profession. This paper explores how teachers perceive their profession and which image and attitude they forward to their students. 226 primary and secondary teachers were questioned. Their answers were compared to their students' answers collected a year before. The results revealed that teachers perceive the reputation of the teaching profession in society as being low. Even though most of them love their job, they would not encourage young people to pursue a career in teaching, mostly because of the low salaries and low reputation. Despite the teachers' perception of their job having low reputation, several steps have been taken statewise to recognise their good work.
Keywords: Attitudes, career motivations, job satisfaction, occupational prestige, perceptions, teaching profession
Teaching workforce is rapidly ageing in many parts of the world including Estonia (OECD, 2014). Like many other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria and Latvia, Estonia may be facing a shortage of teachers ten-fifteen years from now. In the 2016/2017 academic year, 48% of 14,581 teachers working in general education were above 50 years of age, while the smallest cohort of teachers belonged to the age group 20–29 (see Figure 1) (Republic of Estonia 100, 2018).
According to a report by the OECD (2014), Estonia is one of the few countries with the oldest and still ageing teacher population. The small number of young teachers in Estonian schools is a direct result of a lack of interest in the teaching profession among young people (Saks et al., 2016), which in turn may be the result of the low level of prestige of the profession in society (Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016; TALIS, 2014). This may lead to a situation where large numbers of retiring teachers are difficult to replace with new recruits, which may further worsen existing teacher shortages (OECD, 2014). Being aware of the factors that influence the choice of the teaching career provides a starting point for attracting new teachers and developing teacher education programmes that serve the needs of future teachers (Fray & Gore, 2018). In order to explore the attitude of students toward teaching profession, a study was conducted in 2014 (Saks et al., 2016) where 18–19-year-old students were questioned about their perceptions of teaching profession and whether they would pursue a career in teaching. The study revealed that students had a rather realistic albeit negative attitude towards teaching profession. They adequately estimated the work of teacher and noticed the problems and difficulties teachers had to face on a daily basis. Yet, students' attitude towards the profession may not only be affected by what they see every day at school but also by the messages teachers themselves send about their work (Hutchinson & Johnson, 1994), their self-concept and self-evaluation (Judge & Bono, 2001), job satisfaction (Saks et al., 2016) and the general reputation of the job.
In order to obtain deeper understanding of the roots of student reluctance to enter teaching profession, a study was launched to explore the attitudes and mentality of teachers towards their work. Understanding teachers' perceptions of their own profession and their motivations to do the job, enables us to adopt measures to communicate more positive messages and popularize the profession among young people.
In this paper we focus on exploring the perception of teaching profession among teachers with the aim of measuring their job satisfaction, how they evaluate themselves as teachers, and whether and how they encourage students to pursue teaching profession. The research is grounded on the following theoretical subtopics – occupational prestige, career motivations and job satisfaction, which will now be unpacked in greater detail. At the end of the section, the research questions are formulated.
Occupational prestige
Although the teacher's job has been apportioned respect and importance through centuries, recent decades have shown a decline in public perception and respect for teachers (Everton et al., 2007). Cunningham (1992) traced the image of teachers and identified recurring concerns with status, poor pay and problems with teacher supply. Professionally speaking, status refers to the social standing of various groups, and is connected to prestige and desirability of the occupation (Fuller et al., 2013). Power, money and fame are considered primary drivers of status (Hall & Langton, 2006). Raising the status of teachers can be effective only when secondary drivers – training, skill, expertise and social influence – contribute to the primary drivers. What seems to affect attitudes to teachers and teaching, is public perceptions and people's attitudes to teaching profession (Everton et al., 2007).
Occupational prestige was defined by Hoyle (2001) as the public perception of the position of an occupation compared to other occupations. There are many different factors involved which all contribute to determination of occupational prestige, and these factors together form occupational image. Hoyle argues that the level of prestige is shaped by the perceived image of teacher, which ultimately originates from teachers' immediate clients – children. Proceeding from that it can be claimed that teachers' relations with students have the strongest impact on the image and prestige of teachers.
Several studies have revealed a surprising finding on public perception of teaching profession, which is higher compared to teachers' own perceptions of their job (Ingersoll, 2001; Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016; TALIS, 2014). Teachers tend to feel a gap between the status of teaching and other high-status professions (Fuller et al., 2013). Hargreaves et al. (2006) showed that teachers estimate the status and esteem afforded by colleagues and parents rather than that of public opinion. The feeling of being valued leaves its mark on job satisfaction and career motivations.
Teachers' career motivations
Numerous studies have explored career motivations and commitment of student-teachers and teacher candidates (Bergmark et al., 2018; Charalambos, 2017; Fray & Gore, 2018; Heinz, 2015; Kidd et al., 2015), but there are much fewer studies concerning attitudes of practising teachers towards their career.
In addition to reputation and job satisfaction, motivation in teaching plays an important role. Most of motivations for why people may or may not consider pursuing career in teaching are distinguished as intrinsic, altruistic and extrinsic (Heinz, 2015). According to self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), intrinsic motivation refers to doing something because it is inherently interesting and enjoyable for the individual. Internally motivated teachers also motivate their students. Intrinsic motivation may involve passion for teaching or interest in the subject matter taught (Struyven et al., 2013), enjoyment gained from teaching (Reeves & Lowenhaupt, 2016), suitability for career in teaching (Chong & Low, 2009), and feeling of accomplishment (Ralph & MacPhail, 2015). But it may also include development of knowledge and professional skills (Struyven et al., 2013) and intellectual stimulation (Jungert et al., 2014).
Altruistic motivation is comprehended as something socially worthwhile and important for contributing to wellbeing of society and mankind (Heinz, 2015). The impulse to teach has been considered fundamentally altruistic as it represents individual's desire to share what he values and to empower other people (Kohl, 1984). The main altruistic motivations for working as teachers are serving others (Yüce et al., 2013), contributing to society, and supporting students (Jungert et al., 2014). The professional motivation of teachers has been claimed to affect their students' behaviour, intellectual development and aspirations (Addison & Brundett, 2008). Several studies suggest that teaching career is attractive above all for those who desire intrinsic rewards and who approach teaching as a calling (Hayes, 1990; Osguthorpe & Sanger, 2013). Earlier studies (e.g. Köning & Rothland, 2012; Wong et al., 2014) have shown that intrinsic motivation has the biggest influence on selecting and remaining in teaching. Interest in subject matter and desire to pass on their knowledge are the main intrinsic factors that urge youngsters to choose career in teaching (e.g. Flores & Niklasson, 2014; Hayes, 1990).
Extrinsic motivation refers to doing something in order to attain a desired outcome or reward (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Fray and Gore (2018) distinguish two categories for extrinsic motivation: the first one relates to lifestyle choices outside of work, such as balance between work and family commitments (Struyven et al., 2013), flexible working hours and holidays (Aksu et al., 2010); and the second relates to work conditions, such as career prospects (Cheung & Yuen, 2016), income (Jungert et al., 2014), and working conditions (Yüce et al., 2013). Heinz (2015) brought out several subdivisions for extrinsic motivations: the compatibility of teaching profession with family responsibilities, teaching profession as a "springboard", the teaching profession as a "fallback", influence of family members and socio-cultural influences. Extrinsic reasons, like status, pay and job security do not usually prevail as the main motivations compared to intrinsic and altruistic motives (e.g. Hayes, 1990; Heinz, 2013; Watt et al., 2012). However, there are several examples in countries like China, Turkey or Malaysia where extrinsic reasons such as salary or job security, are even more influential when choosing a career in teaching than intrinsic or altruistic ones (Heinz ,2015). These findings were supported by Frusher and Newton (1987), who listed extrinsic reasons as the most influential aspects of the teaching career. In the current study, intrinsic, extrinsic and altruistic motivations are explored in teachers and compared to the students' motivations in the previous study (Saks et al., 2016).
Teachers' job satisfaction
Student perceptions of the teaching profession and teacher job satisfaction, how they reflect on their job and their attitudes towards their job are closely connected (Egwu, 2015). The way teachers feel about and perceive their role and how they behave in this role, is reflected in their interactions with students which in turn, affects student attitudes towards the profession and their readiness to pursue a teaching career.
Job satisfaction carries the individual's personal message on the job he or she is doing. According to Locke (1976), job satisfaction is conceptualized as a pleasurable or positive emotional state which results from the appraisal of one's job. These are a teacher's affective reactions to his work and his teaching role. Pleased and satisfied teachers reflect a positive attitude towards their job. It has been claimed that job satisfaction among teachers depends on several factors – interactions with students, parents and colleagues, or teaching episodes (Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2011). According to Johnson et al. (2012), the antecedents of job satisfaction include also workplace conditions, teacher autonomy, administrative support and staff collegiality. While specifying the work conditions, it is interesting that it is not physical conditions like clean classrooms or access to modern technology that mostly guarantees job satisfaction but rather social conditions like school atmosphere, relations between people, organizational culture and leadership.
Teacher job satisfaction is important not only for teachers but also for students and the whole school. It has been shown that it helps to create a positive academic atmosphere at school and supports student academic growth and progress (Johnson et al., 2012). Furthermore, it presents the image of a pleased teacher and a positive attitude about the teaching profession.
Problem Statement
In Estonia, similar traits can be identified in public attitudes towards teachers compared to other European countries. While generally, the reputation of teachers is on the rise in society (Johnson & Duffett, 2003; Rustique-Forrester & Haselkorn, 2002; Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016), the teachers themselves (Adams, 2003; Fuller et al., 2013; Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016; TALIS, 2014) as well as students (Saks et al., 2016) are significantly more critical and pessimistic. Teachers tend to underestimate public respect for their profession (Everton et al., 2007; Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016) and reflect this mentality to their students. This leads us to the problem that the low reputation of the teaching profession carried by teachers and public opinion, and reflected to the students does not attract them to pursue a career in teaching.
Research Questions
The research questions we are seeking answers to are as follows:
- How do teachers perceive their role at school and in society, and their relations with students, their parents and colleagues?
- Which type of motivation caused teachers to choose a career in teaching and how does this compare to the type that students preferred (Saks et al., 2016)?
- What do teachers think about the reluctance their students display towards pursuing a career in teaching, and what could be done to make the profession more attractive to them?
- Why should teachers encourage students to pursue a career in teaching, and how can they do that?
Purpose of the Study
The current research aims to investigate teachers' attitudes towards the teaching profession and their role of promoting teaching as a career to their students.
Research Methods
This study of teachers' perceptions of their profession was conducted as a follow-up to a study of student perceptions of the teaching profession (Saks et al., 2016). The sample for both studies, students and teachers were from the same schools. Data were collected from students and teachers in two following years. As the first study focusing on student perceptions of the teaching profession and their possible interest in pursuing a teaching career unexpectedly revealed a negative attitude and low interest in the teaching profession, it was necessary to explore possible causes of this outcome. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate which messages about the teaching profession students received from the primary source – their teachers.
The sample was made of 580 teachers of 13 schools in a medium-sized town in Estonia. The invitation to participate in the study was sent to all teachers. The number of respondents who completed the electronic survey was 226 (39% of the entire teacher population). The average age of the respondents was 48 years (which is also the average age of Estonian teachers) (SD=9.9). According to gender (Figure 2) the sample was divided as follows: 7% of the respondents were men, 74% women and 19% did not answer the question on their gender and/or age.
The teachers participating in the study were rather equally distributed between the four school levels: level 1 (students aged 7–9 yrs) 20%, level 2 (10–12 yrs) 30%, level 3 (13–16 yrs) 31%, and level 4 (17–19 yrs) 17%.
Data collection and analysis
The data were collected from the respondents using an electronic survey (LimeSurvey) over a two-week period. After the first week, a reminder to complete the questionnaire was sent to the teachers. The results were analysed using the program SPSS 24, textual answers were coded, categorized and analysed using inductive content analysis.
RQ1 – How do teachers perceive their role at school and in society, and their relations with students, their parents and colleagues?
Teachers were asked whether they felt they were a role model for their students and colleagues, and whether they valued themselves as teachers, and whether they thought society valued them as teachers. The results showed that while in the first three cases the teachers were rather positive (83–96% of the responses were positive), in the last case only 61% of the teachers believed that they are valued in the community. This result is in line with earlier studies that claim teachers are rather negative about being valued by other people in society (Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016; TALIS, 2014).
Teachers also estimated the quality of relations with colleagues, students and their parents and the majority of the teachers admitted their relations were good or very good, especially with colleagues and students (93% and 97% respectively). The estimates about relations with parents were slightly lower, albeit not significantly lower (87%).
In order to explore the relationship between teachers' perceptions of being a role model and their self-reported relations at school, a correlation analysis was applied. The analysis revealed significant positive albeit weak correlations between teacher perceptions of being a role model for students and their relations with students (r=.211, n=226, p<.001), their relations with parents (r=.237, n=226, p<.000), and colleagues (r=138, n=226, p<.040). The teachers who reported being a role model for their colleagues also have positive relations with them (r=.300, n=226, p<.000), as well as with students (r=.235, n=226, p<.000), and their parents (r=.217, n=226, p<.001).
What is interesting in the results of the correlation analysis is that the teachers who value themselves as teachers higher, do not report good relations with their colleagues, students or their parents. However, they consider themselves a role model for their students (r=.338, n=226, p<.000), and their colleagues (r=248, n=226, p<.000). Furthermore, the teachers who value themselves as teachers believe that society also values them, although the correlation coefficient is positive, it is nevertheless rather weak: r=.179, n=226, p<.007. It is also worth mentioning that the teachers who believe that society values them and their job, also have good relations with their colleagues (r=.217, n=226, p<.001), students (r=.196, n=226, p<.003), and their parents (r=.197, n=226, p<.003), but they do not think they serve as a role model for their students.
The results of the correlation analysis were as expected. The teachers who perceive themselves as being a role model for their students and colleagues, usually have good relations with them. What was somewhat unexpected was the correlation between how teachers value themselves and how they think society values them. Even though these two variables are positively correlated (r=.179, n=226, p<.007), the findings revealed that the teachers who value themselves as teachers, believe they are a role model for their students and colleagues. But the teachers who believe that society values them as teachers, report good relations with their colleagues, students and their parents. This is quite a different result to that of previous research. The possible explanations will be discussed below.
RQ2 – Which type of motivation caused teachers to choose a career in teaching and how does this compare to the type that students preferred?
In order to investigate what motivates teachers, they were asked what made them happy and unhappy in their job that day. Almost half of the teachers (46%) admitted that working with young people is the most rewarding thing in their job –The other factors – student progress (mentioned by 16% of teachers), diversity of the work (13%), and self-development (8%) were mentioned less frequently.
In reference to the most distressing factors in their job, undermotivated students was mentioned in 27% of cases). This was followed by low salary (15%), lack of creativity in their work (13%) and disrespectful attitude towards teachers, also the school system and management, both with 12%
In brief, teachers today enjoy the diverse work they can do with young people, and seeing them make progress. On the other hand, they are not satisfied with the situation where they have to invest a lot of time in work which is not valued by the students or their parents (and often by the school management), and which is underpaid.
The responses from the teachers about what motivates them to work as teachers were divided into three categories: intrinsic, extrinsic and altruistic. The most frequently expressed motivations were extrinsic (47%):Altruistic motivation was evident in 30% of the responses), while intrinsic motivation was the lowest at 23%. These findings were compared to the responses of secondary students from the same schools collected a year earlier (Saks et al., 2016). The question posed to the students was – The analysis revealed a significant difference between what motivates the teachers and students (Figure 3). The intrinsic motivation appeared for 60% of the students, but only 23% of the teachers. The extrinsic motivation prevailed for 7% of the students, but 47% of the teachers. The altruistic motivation was more or less equal – 33% of the students and 30% of the teachers.
When interpreting these results, it could be assumed that the strong tendency for intrinsic motivation among the students is a good baseline for choosing a career in teaching. However, it does not seem to be the case when we consider the numbers entering teacher training programmes.
RQ3 – What do teachers think about the reluctance their students display towards pursuing a career in teaching, and what could be done to make the profession more attractive to them?
When teachers were asked why they thought young people do not want to pursue a career in teaching, 38% of the respondents pointed to the low salary as the most deterring factor. Almost a quarter of the teachers mentioned the stress and responsibility involved in the job but also the poor reputation the job has in society (17%). It is also remarkable that 5% of the teachers admitted that the teachers themselves are not positive role models for their students to follow. Even though the percentage of this answer is not high, it shows that teachers understand that their own image and attitude may not send a positive message about the job.
The most important changes the teachers recommended in order to make the teaching career more attractive to young people were mostly connected with external factors – increasing salary, the profession being valued by society, positive reputation and reducing the workload. In many cases the teachers highlighted the fact that their reputation in society is low. They also found that this reputation should be improved by someone else – society, policy makers etc. Only a few teachers understood their own role when influencing students attitude –
RQ4 – Why should teachers encourage students to pursue a career in teaching, and how can they do that?
When estimating the positive sides of the job to encourage students to pursue a career in teaching, over a quarter of the respondents mentioned the lack of routine ("). The other advantages highlighted were the sense of mission while doing the job (") and constant self-development. It is interesting to note that 11% of the teachers admitted that they would not encourage youngsters to become teachers. Unfortunately, this answer was not commented upon any further; therefore, it is difficult to explain or give any reasons for such an answer.
As teachers play a great role in affecting student opinion and forming the mind-set in their profession, we investigated what teachers thought they could do to encourage students to pursue a career in teaching. While 40% of the teachers admitted that they could be a positive role model for their students), 11% of the teachers thought they could not do anything (). The other measures teachers suggested were teaching in an interesting way, having good relationships and being optimistic.
The current research was triggered by the results of a previous study, which explored perceptions of and attitudes to teaching profession among secondary students (Saks et al., 2016). As this study revealed rather negative perceptions of teaching profession, we set out to conduct a follow-up study to shed light on teachers' self-concept and attitudes towards teaching profession by investigating how teachers felt about their job, their level of job satisfaction and what they could do to help popularize the profession. Gaining an understanding of why teachers perceive their job as they do, their level of job satisfaction and messages they send about their job to students help us understand student perceptions of teaching and find ways to popularize the profession.
Despite the fact that teachers believe they are role models for students as well as for colleagues as in several earlier studies (e.g. Ingersoll, 2001; Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016; TALIS, 2014), they seem to be more critical about the mind-set in their profession. Teachers tend to believe that they are not valued by society even though they do value themselves as teachers. However, according to the results of the study titled, (Õpetajaameti kuvand ja atraktiivsus, 2016), the reputation of teaching was estimated to be good or satisfactory by different stakeholders, while the teachers themselves and senior secondary students were the most critical. A similar observation was made by Hargreaves et al. (2006) when they showed that teachers estimated the status and esteem afforded by their colleagues and parents more highly than public opinion. A relatively negative public opinion is also the reason why many teachers do not recommend their students pursue a career in teaching. In the Estonian case, the cautious attitude to public opinion among teachers may be caused by the rather frequent public criticism in the media which does not always reflect teachers and their job in the most positive way. The media, as it is known, may have a lot of power to form public opinion as well as teachers' opinion of the attitudes of the general public.
The data analysis revealed unsurprising correlations concerning the teachers' perception of themselves as a role model and their reported relations with students and colleagues. Proceeding from the perspective of socio-analytic personality theory (Hogan, 1996), these two are connected with a person's agreeableness, interest in being accepted and good reputation. The current research also revealed positive albeit weak correlations between the two, indicating that teachers who perceive themselves as being a role model for their students and colleagues, also practise good relations with them. Similar correlations appeared between the teachers' perception of being valued by society and their relations with colleagues, students and their parents. Good relations with students and colleagues are expected prerequisites of job satisfaction (Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2011), and give reason to believe that teachers are also able to create a friendly and supportive academic atmosphere at school.
The strongest motivations reported by the teachers in the current research were extrinsic. The most frequently named factors were connected with people: working with students is pleasurable, it is rewarding seeing student progress, and good, supportive colleagues create a pleasant working atmosphere. Another positive factor named by the teachers was the opportunity for self-development. These findings are not in line with the results of Page and Page (1981), who identified 'contribution to humanity' as the most encouraging factor in a teacher's job, or Everton et al. (2007), who listed influencing children and their development as the most positive aspect of the teaching profession. The significant incline towards extrinsic motivation may be indicative of teachers' attitudes towards their job. Teaching has always been considered a job with a mission that should be carried by an altruistic attitude. But if the altruistic is dominated by the extrinsic, this may devalue the role of the teacher as the keeper of the mission, and may later be reflected in public opinion.
The most discouraging factors revealed in the current study were associated with external aspects like low salary (mentioned several times by teachers as well as students), disrespect for teachers, unsupportive school system and management, lack of parental interest, and insufficient esteem from society. But teachers also mentioned school-related aspects like undermotivated students, few possibilities for creativity, stressful and responsible job and problems with discipline. Similar discouraging factors were found by Page and Page (1981), in addition to class control, salary, workload, status of teaching, high level of responsibility, and lack of discipline or authority (Everton et al., 2007).
Some interesting distinctions became evident when the study of the students' motivations were compared with those of the teachers (Saks et al., 2016). The students have good motivational assumptions about the teaching career as they seem to emphasize internal and altruistic motivations. The reason they do not end up pursuing a teaching career may, on the one hand, be down to the teachers, who do not always encourage the students to choose the job, or on the other hand, the media and public opinion which views teaching as an underpaid profession, and does not always present teachers and teaching in the most favourable way.
There are several factors that affect professional reputation. The changes that teachers consider most necessary for improving the reputation of teachers and making the profession more attractive to students, are raising teacher's salaries and affording teachers greater esteem in society, as well as reducing their workload and giving more rights to teachers. At the same time, teachers admit that their own attitude towards their job should be more positive and encouraging. They should consciously act as a positive role model, they should enjoy their work, express positive thoughts about their work and show job satisfaction. Therefore, teachers are well aware that they hold the key to the positive image of their job. However, far too often they seem to be preoccupied with their everyday work and problems, and hence do not pay enough attention to forming the image of their profession.
Considering the current study, not many serious limitations can be named. The sample used in the study was closely connected with the sample in the previous study (Saks et al., 2016). To be more exact, the teachers questioned in this study were the teachers of the students questioned a year before. Therefore, it can be claimed that the students expressed thoughts and feelings closely connected with the impressions made by the same teachers. One limitation that can be identified is connected with the measurement instrument, which was compiled by the authors and has not been used or validated with a wider sample. Therefore, it is difficult to have any cross-cultural comparisons based on this instrument.
In Estonia, the problem of teacher reputation and the sustainability of the teaching profession has become everyone's problem. Proof can be seen in the updating of the teacher training curriculum and numerous initiatives to highlight teachers and their good work. October is celebrated as Teachers' Month, World Teachers' Day is celebrated at the beginning of October. Special events are held to express gratitude to teachers and reward the best of them. Several honorary titles are assigned to teachers including Teacher of the Year, Estonia Appreciates etc. Having public support, common respect and appreciation will hopefully cause the reputation of teachers to recover, self-esteem among teachers to improve and interest in the teaching profession to grow.
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Education, educational psychology, pedagogy, positive pedagogy, special education, second language teaching
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Saks, K., & Ilves, H. (2020). Teachers as Promoters of Teaching: Teachers' Perceptions of Their Profession, The Case of Estonia. In P. Besedová, N. Heinrichová, & J. Ondráková (Eds.), ICEEPSY 2020: Education and Educational Psychology, vol 1. European Proceedings of International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (pp. 141-153). European Publisher. https://doi.org/10.15405/epiceepsy.20111.13


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Designing and testing a model of some antecedents of proactive goal processes with mediating role of proactive motivational states
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Designing and testing a model of some antecedents of proactive goal processes with mediating role of proactive motivational states
Kowsar Simiarian
(707 Views)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the fitness of the model of the effect of some personality and organizational characteristics on proactive goal processes with mediating role of proactive motivational states (reason to, can do, energized to).
The research method was correlational, and the statistical population included all the
employees of an oil
company, which 227 of them were
by the
stratified random sampling method
. The participants were asked to complete
questionnaires of Self-efficacy (Rigotti et al), Job Motivation (Blais), psychological empowerment (Spreitzer), Positive Emotions (Watson et al), Goal Regulation (parker et al),
Emotional Regulation (Gross & John), Learning Goal Orientation (Button et al), and Transformational Leadership (Carless et al).
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the research model. Also, to investigate the significance of the indirect effects of the research model, the bootstrapping method was Used. Statistical methods showed that the proposed model fits well. The direct effects of the model showed the significant effect of
Learning Goal Orientation, emotional regulation and transformational leadership on proactive goal processes.
In addition, the results indicated that indirect effect of
learning goal
, emotional regulation and transformational leadership on proactive goal processes through
proactive motivational states were
Goal orientation
Transformation leadership
Proactive motivational
Proactive goals
Type of Study:
Received: 2023/06/3 | Revised: 2023/10/1 | Accepted: 2023/10/16
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With end semester exams right around the corner, here are few cheap and doable stress busters you can count without burning a hole in your pocket or being too elite or pretentious.
When exams knock at the door, it is common to go paranoid. Exam stress is an actual accepted psychological distress. It can lead to severe anxiety, that turn into physical symptoms like nausea, stomach ache, headache and even dizziness. In this time of chaos, one looks for easy stress relievers that don't put a dent in your college finances. Often, stress busters are highly elitist, they involve dinners at expensive restaurants and retail therapy that one can't cope up with.
Here are few stress busters you must do in times of distress:
- Talking is Therapeutic
Of all exam stress busters, the best is, of course, talking and communicating stress. If you just cannot get rid of the constant exam tension, how about talking about it with your favourite person? It can be your friend, cousin, sister, teacher, classmate, parent or anybody else. Saying your problems out loud will even help you articulate.
- Music and Dance on the Loop
"Mujhe naachne or gaane ka bahut shaunk hai." (Dancing and singing are my favourite hobbies.) . Read the phrase in typical Anjali's voice from Kuch Kuch Hota Hai. Indeed, music transports you and the energetic dance can rejuvenate you from the many all-nighters you will pull this semester. Plus, music is a great way to not feel alone while studying. Pro-tip: The Local Train can literally save all of us.
- Sound Sleep
This is probably the most important one. With exam season upon you, it's important to keep in mind to sleep well. Most of the students often spend all of their time worrying about the exams, and tend to sacrifice their nights for the same. Always remember, a well-rested mind can do wonders. Use white noise or a constructive podcast to listen to while sleeping, that will help with your concentration and productivity.
- Slow and Deep Breaths
Before reacting to the next stressful occurrence, take three deep breaths and release them slowly. If you have a few minutes, try out a relaxation technique such as closing your eyes and meditating or just shouting loudly. These are some tricks to calm oneself down.
- Talking Loud and Slow
Whenever you feel overwhelmed by stress, practice speaking more slowly than usual. You'll find that you think more clearly and react more reasonably to stressful situations. Stressed people tend to speak fast and breathlessly; by slowing down your speech you'll also appear less anxious and more in control of any situation.
- An Effective Time Management Strategy
Choose one simple thing you have been putting off (e.g. buying the book for a particular subject), and do it immediately. Just taking care of one nagging responsibility or subject can be energizing and can improve your attitude.
- Drinking plenty of water, eating small, nutritious snacks
Hunger and dehydration, even before you're aware of them, can provoke aggressiveness and exacerbate feelings of anxiety and stress that exams give you. Thus, keep yourself energised and fit by having fppd at regular intervals.
- A quick Posture Check
Hold your head and shoulders upright and avoid stooping or slumping. Bad posture can lead to muscle tension, pain and increased stress. It's most like that you'll be stuck at your desk most of the day, revising or studying the vast syllabus. In those times, make sure your workstation reflects good ergonomic design principles meaning it's good enough for your height, doesn't require you to stress your arm to rest and is comfortable.
- Setting Realistic Targets
It is advisable to make realistic revision targets per day instead of trying to squeeze in a lot in one day. If you make unrealistic targets and are unable to achieve them, stress will definitely shoot through the roof and lower your learning power.
- Taking out time to unwind
Take out at least half an hour to watch your favourite TV programme or surf the Internet for fun or listen to your favourite music or just laze around. Getting bogged down with too much stress can ruin your positive energies so take that short break and don't feel guilty about it.
Hopefully these 10 stress busters will equip you enough to handle exam stress like a pro. If you still feel stressed, seek help with people around you. All the best for your exams.
Feature Image Credits: Scopio
Chhavi Bahmba


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The 10 Best Cozy Essentials to Hibernate With This Winter
Once the holidays have passed, winter can seem like a bit of a black hole. It's darker, it's colder, and the end doesn't feel in sight—you get my drift. Plus, with all the extra time many people already spent indoors in 2020, there's a chance that winter doesn't feel like the welcome slowdown that it typically does.
The solution? Embrace the hibernation. I'm focusing on trying my hand at a few new hobbies (meditation and needlepointing) and plan to take the coziness in my home up a notch with wintry essentials that'll warm my space both physically and metaphorically. Here are a few picks to help you do the same.
1. RENS Sheepskin
No list about winter decor would be complete without maybe the most classic cozy essential, an IKEA faux sheepskin. Whether you use yours as a throw or a rug, this piece is 100 percent a must-have for all those nights you have planned on the couch this month. It'd also be great right next to the side of your bed.
Buy: RENS Sheepskin, $30.00 from IKEA
2. Comfort Zone Candle
There's no better way to set the mood for a cozy night in than by lighting a delicious-smelling candle. Aptly named "Comfort Zone," this coconut-soy wax blend is scented with notes of coffee and cedarwood to channel the "joy of missing out." Yes, please!
Buy: Comfort Zone Candle, $24.00 from Anecdote Candles
3. Little Glass Table Lamp
Thanks to its milky glass shade, the soft diffused light this mini lamp gives off is like a built-in Instagram filter. If you ask me, it's the perfect winter swap for harsh overhead pendants.
Buy: Little Glass Table Lamp, $39.00 from Urban Outfitters
4. Tufted Floor Pillow
Meet your new living room must-have: the oversized floor pillow. Even if we're not currently in the era of having guests over (during which it'd be especially useful as extra seating), a big plush perch goes a long way in upping the cozy factor of your home. Use it as a meditation cushion in the morning or relocate your "Bridgerton" marathon from the couch to the floor for a little change of scenery.
Buy: Safavieh Blue Velvet Tufted Floor Pillow, $49.49 from Overstock
5. Sherpa Throw
Fluffy, snuggly sherpa is practically synonymous with the word "cozy," so this is a no-brainer. With sherpa on one side and soft fleece on the reverse, this taupe throw comes in two sizes, so you can go bigger if you have a partner (or pet) that's a blanket hog. Plus, it's from L.L. Bean, and who knows winter comfort better than them?
Buy: Wicked Plush Sherpa Throw, Starting at $49.95 from L.L. Bean
6. Actually Curious Card Game
This is bound to give you the warm fuzzies—feelings, that is. Actually Curious is a card game with a twist, focusing on simple and easy prompts meant to deepen your connection with yourself and your fellow "players." It's a great entertainment solution for when you've blown through all the new series that Netflix has to offer for the month.
Buy: Actually Curious Curiosity Deck, $25.00 from Actually Curious
7. Chai Sampler Box
Whether you're trying your hand at "Dry January" or just like an evening cuppa, this tea sampler box should be on your winter wishlist. IMO, chai is the ideal seasonal sip—a little spicy and nuanced, but still warm and comforting. With this assortment, you can taste your way through a variety of samples (like the classic "All Chai'd Up" and the tropical "Sweet Monsoon") to find a new favorite blend.
Buy: Chai Sampler Box, $45.00 from The Chai Box
8. Cozy Up Pillow
Every person needs a pillow emblazoned with their personal mantra, even if said mantra is a statement of pure, luxurious laziness. Embrace going nowhere this winter with this playful faux fur lumbar design that's the perfect size for a side chair or bed accent.
Buy: Cozy Up Buttercup Pillow, $58.00 $46.40 from Anthropologie
9. Cook and Carry Slow Cooker
Coziness and comfort can mean many things to many people. To me, it at least partially means food. What better way to cook up a soul-warming stew or soup than in a hands-off slow cooker? This select from Hearth & Hand with Magnolia serves up style—and dinner—at a can't-be-beat price.
Buy: 6-Quart Cook and Carry Programmable Slow Cooker, $39.99 from Target
10. Heatbag
If you've never used a hot water bottle, I'm here to tell you that you're missing out on one of life's great little luxuries. From the people that brought you the Ostrich Pillow comes its equally legit cousin, the Heatbag. Covered in memory foam, this device has a clay and water center that can be heated to deliver cozy warmth while lounging in bed or reading on the couch.
Buy: Heatbag, $60.00 from Ostrich Pillow


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Dick Wolf net worth is estimated to be around $600 million. Dick Wolf is an American television producer, creator, and writer best known for creating the "Law & Order" franchise.
Since 1990, Wolf has only partnered with NBCUniversal, a connection he attributes to diligence, smart hiring, and sound financial management.
Dick Wolf is an American television producer, creator, and writer best known for creating the "Law & Order" franchise. It includes the original "Law & Order" series as well as its numerous spin-offs like "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit," "Law & Order: Criminal Intent," and more. He is a prolific figure in the television industry and has made a significant impact on the crime procedural genre.
Early Life
Dick Wolf was Born on December 20, 1946, in New York City, Richard Anthony Wolf's parents were Marie G. (née Gaffney), a homemaker, and George Wolf, an advertising executive. He completed his education at Saint David's School, The Gunnery, and Phillips Academy, later earning his college degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1969. During his time there, he was also a member of the Zeta Psi fraternity.
Early Career
Upon relocating to Los Angeles, he successfully had three of his screenplays brought to life, with "Masquerade" (1988), featuring Rob Lowe and Meg Tilly, gaining notable acclaim. His television journey commenced as a staff writer on "Hill Street Blues", earning him his initial Emmy Award nomination for the self-penned episode "What Are Friends For?". Subsequently, he transitioned to "Miami Vice", where he contributed as a writer and co-producer throughout its third and fourth seasons.
Law & Order
"Law & Order" is a highly successful and influential American television series created by Dick Wolf. It first premiered on September 13, 1990, and its format typically revolves around a two-part approach: .The first half of each episode focuses on the investigation and apprehension of suspects by the police (the "Law" segment), while the second half centers on the prosecution of the accused in court (the "Order" segment).
The original "Law & Order" series ran for 20 seasons, making it one of the longest-running prime-time dramas in television history. The show is known for its realistic portrayal of the criminal justice system, blending legal drama with police procedural elements. The formula proved successful and led to multiple spin-offs, including:
"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" (SVU): Focusing on crimes of a sexual nature, this spin-off has been particularly popular and has also achieved long-lasting success.
"Law & Order: Criminal Intent" (CI): This spin-off delves into the psychology of both the criminals and the detectives investigating them.
Trial by Jury": Centered on the courtroom aspect of the original series, it explored the legal battles following the arrests.
Los Angeles" (LA): Though short-lived, this spin-off aimed to bring the formula to the West Coast.
The "Law & Order" franchise has had a significant impact on television and popular culture, influencing the development of other police and legal procedural dramas. Its signature "dun-dun" sound effect, which frequently punctuates key moments in the show, is also well-known.
Other television projects
In addition to the "Law & Order" franchise, Dick Wolf has been involved in various other television projects. Some of his notable ventures include:
Chicago Franchise: Wolf created a successful franchise centered around various emergency responders in Chicago. This includes shows like "Chicago Fire," "Chicago P.D.," "Chicago Med," and "Chicago Justice." These series share connections and frequently showcase crossover events.
FBI Franchise: Wolf expanded his reach with the "FBI" franchise, which includes "FBI" and "FBI: Most Wanted." These shows focus on the work of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
New York Undercover:
Wolf produced a revival of the classic police drama "New York Undercover." This revival explores crime and law enforcement in New York City.
Cold Justice: This true-crime documentary series follows former prosecutor Kelly Siegler and her team as they work to solve unsolved murder cases.
Crime & Punishment: A reality television series that followed real-life criminal cases and legal proceedings, offering a behind-the-scenes look at the criminal justice system.
Armed & Famous: A reality show in which celebrities train to become reserve police officers.
Deadline: A short-lived drama series that delved into the world of newspaper journalism.
Innocence Project: Wolf was also involved in a pilot for a legal drama that focused on the work of The Innocence Project, an organization that seeks to exonerate wrongfully convicted individuals.
These are just a few examples of Dick Wolf's diverse projects beyond the "Law & Order" universe. His work has had a significant impact on the television industry, particularly within the realm of crime and legal dramas.
How did Dick Wolf become famous?
Dick Wolf became famous primarily through his immense success as a television producer, writer, and creator of popular and influential TV shows. He is most widely known for creating the "Law & Order" franchise, which played a significant role in establishing his fame. Here's how he achieved his prominence:
Creation of "Law & Order": Wolf's creation of the original "Law & Order" series in 1990 was a major turning point in his career. The show's unique format, focusing on both police investigations and courtroom proceedings, was groundbreaking and resonated with audiences. The show's realistic portrayal of the criminal justice system and its engaging storytelling captivated viewers, leading to its long and successful run.
Television Impact: "Law & Order" quickly became a staple of American television, earning critical acclaim and a dedicated fan base. Its influence extended beyond entertainment, shaping public perception of law enforcement and legal processes. The show's success set Wolf apart as a prominent figure in the television industry.
Spin-Offs and Franchise: Wolf's ability to expand the "Law & Order" universe with successful spin-offs like "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" and "Law & Order: Criminal Intent" further solidified his fame. These spin-offs maintained the core themes and style of the original series while exploring different aspects of crime and justice.
Prolific Output:
Beyond "Law & Order," Wolf's creation of other successful TV franchises, such as the "Chicago" series ("Chicago Fire," "Chicago P.D.," etc.) and the "FBI" series, demonstrated his creative and production prowess. These shows showcased his ability to craft compelling narratives in various genres while maintaining a level of quality that resonated with audiences.
Cultural Impact: Dick Wolf's shows have become cultural touchstones, contributing to conversations about crime, justice, and societal issues. The success and enduring relevance of his work have elevated his status as a prominent and influential figure in the entertainment industry.
Through his innovative storytelling, dedication to realism, and commitment to exploring the complexities of the legal system, Dick Wolf has left an indelible mark on television and popular culture, earning him fame and recognition as a prolific creator and producer.
How much did Dick Wolf have to pay in his divorce?
In the early 2000s, Dick Wolf's divorce from Marburg concluded in 2005, where discussions primarily centered around the value of "Law & Order," created during their marriage. Marburg initially held entitlement to half of its estimated $8 million worth.
However, after the settlement, Marburg learned from the LA Times that Wolf's new NBC deal priced the show at $1.6 billion, sparking her legal pursuit until 2016. Although her legal suits did not achieve success, Wolf's third spouse, Lippman, opted for a settlement that encompassed $17.5 million in immediate cash, coupled with an annual payment of $2 million over the span of eight years.
How many shows does Dick Wolf produce?
Throughout his career, Dick Wolf has involved himself in the production of multiple television shows. Dick Wolf has actively participated in producing numerous television shows over the course of his career.
What is Dick Wolf's age?
Dick Wolf, born on December 20, 1946, is now 76 years old.
What is Dick Wolf net worth in 2023?
As of 2023, Dick Wolf net worth is a remarkable $600 million, earned through his successful producing career. Though it's a playful thought, with that amount, he could hypothetically address certain situations, even though it's highly improbable.
Dick Wolf has received several honors and recognition for his contributions to television. Some of his notable honors include:
Emmy Awards: Dick Wolf has received multiple Emmy Award nominations for his work on various television series. While his shows haven't secured him an Emmy win, the television industry has widely acknowledged his impact.
Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: In 2007, the Hollywood Walk of Fame awarded Dick Wolf a star, recognizing his achievements in the television industry.
Television Hall of Fame Induction: In 2012, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences inducted him into their Hall of Fame, recognizing his significant contributions to television.
Honorary Doctorate: Wolf received an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania, in recognition of his exceptional achievements in the field of television production.
Producers Guild of America Award: He was presented with the Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television by the Producers Guild of America in 2018.
Museum of Television and Radio Award: In 2003, he was honored by the Museum of Television and Radio (now known as the Paley Center for Media) for his contributions to television.
Dick Wolf holds the prestigious position of Honorary Consul General of Monaco.
Dick Wolf is the holder of the esteemed title of Honorary Consul General of Monaco. This honorary position signifies his affiliation with the principality of Monaco and emphasizes his stature as a respected and influential individual.
This honorary role reflects his connection to the principality of Monaco and underscores his standing as a respected and influential figure.
Beyond the realm of entertainment, Wolf's involvement as Honorary Consul General exemplifies his engagement in international relations and cultural diplomacy. This further solidifies his diverse contributions and recognition on a global scale.
Annual Television Festival
He is also actively engaged in the principality's esteemed annual Television Festival.
His active engagement in this esteemed event serves as a testament to his unwavering dedication to the industry. Furthermore, it bolsters his position as a notable and devoted personality. By participating in the festival, Wolf reinforces his role in shaping the global television landscape. This also highlights his significance within the international entertainment community.
Dick Wolf spouse
Dick Wolf has been married three times. His spouses are:
Susan Scranton: Wolf's first marriage was to Susan Scranton. They married in 1970 but subsequently divorced.
Christine Marburg: His second marriage was to Christine Marburg. Their marriage started in the mid-1980s and ended with a divorce settlement in 2005.
Noelle Lippman: Dick Wolf's third wife is Noelle Lippman. They tied the knot in 2006. However, Dick Wolf Splitting from Third Wife, Noelle, after 12 Years of Marriage".
Dick Wolf movies
While Dick Wolf is best known for his work in television, he has also been involved in producing and writing movies. Here's a list of movies and TV movies associated with Dick Wolf:
"Masquerade" (1988) – He wrote and produced this drama film starring Rob Lowe and Meg Tilly.
"School Ties" (1992) – He wrote the screenplay for this drama film starring Brendan Fraser.
"Woman with a Past" (1992) – He served as the executive producer for this TV movie.
"Vendetta II: The New Mafia" (1993) – He served as the executive producer for this TV movie.
"Mistrial" (1996) – He wrote and produced this TV movie starring Bill Pullman.
"Exiled" (1998) – He served as the executive producer for this TV movie.
"A Will of Their Own" (1998) – He served as the executive producer for this TV mini-series.
"Brooklyn South" (1997-1998) – He co-created and produced this TV series.
"D.C." (2000) – He co-created and produced this TV series.
"Deadly Matrimony" (1992) – He served as the executive producer for this TV movie.
"Plain Truth" (2004) – He served as an executive producer for this TV movie.
"Conviction" (2010) – He produced this legal drama film starring Hilary Swank.
"Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties" (2006) – He served as an executive producer for this comedy film.
"Chaos" (2005) – He served as an executive producer for this TV series.
"No One Saw a Thing" (2019) – He served as an executive producer for this documentary miniseries.
It's important to note that Dick Wolf's main focus and recognition have come from his extensive work in television. Particularly the "Law & Order" franchise and other successful TV series.
The production of "On Call," a drama series executive produced by Dick Wolf, has been halted, becoming the first major Amazon series to suspend due to the writers' strike. The show, which was set to be Wolf's first scripted streaming series for Amazon Prime Video, features Troian Bellisario and Brandon Larracuente in lead roles.
The half-hour drama follows the experiences of Traci Harmon, a veteran officer, and Alex Diaz, a rookie, as they navigate the challenges of modern policing and departmental politics in Long Beach. Originally picked up by IMDb TV, the series now involves co-creators Tim Walsh and Elliot Wolf.


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Tim Ryan
Results: Republican author J.D. Vance defeats Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan in US Senate election
Trump endorsed Vance ahead of the primaries despite the candidate previously comparing the former president to "America's Hitler" in private messages.
Live Results: Ohio votes in congressional and state elections
Polls closed in the state at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.
Tim Ryan doubles down on his go-it-alone strategy in Ohio's crucial Senate race as Democratic leaders campaign elsewhere: 'They don't need to rescue me. I need to rescue them'
Ohio Senate hopeful Tim Ryan said he doesn't need Democratic leaders stumping with him before next week's midterms. "We're good," he told Insider.
Ohio Republicans focused on winning a battleground Senate race still find things to admire in Tim Ryan just days before the crucial midterm elections
Ohio Republicans may disagree with Democratic Senate hopeful Tim Ryan on issues like abortion. But they dig that he bucks his party from time to time.
Ohio Democratic Senate candidate Tim Ryan avoids talking about Trump on the trail as he paints GOP opponent JD Vance as extreme
Ryan is more eager to bring up Marjorie Taylor Greene and Alex Jones as he runs a strong campaign against JD Vance in a state that Trump won twice.
Republican author J.D. Vance faces off against Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan in Ohio's US Senate election
J.D. Vance, a Republican author and venture capitalist, is running against Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan, who's been in the US House since 2003.
Rep. Tim Ryan says he'll 'fight anybody from any party' who pushes 'bullcrap' that Ohio is no longer in play for Democrats
"If you need a college degree to get the passport to be able to go into the political party — no shot on my watch," Ryan recently told Rolling Stone.
Ohio Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan says he'd 'probably' be a 'royal pain in the ass' in the Senate, doesn't commit to supporting Sen. Chuck Schumer as caucus leader
"I will get to the Senate and be beholden to absolutely nobody, right?" Ryan told Politico when discussing how he'd exhibit political independence.
Ohio Democratic Senate nominee Tim Ryan questions why the national party hasn't invested in his race, says they 'have been known not to make very good strategic decisions'
"There's a frustration among the rank-and-file Democrats that the leadership doesn't quite understand where we want this party to be," Ryan told WaPo.
Ohio Democratic Senate nominee Tim Ryan told Republican JD Vance to 'move back to San Francisco' if he wanted to 'run against Nancy Pelosi': 'You're running against me'
Vance has sought to paint Ryan as a liberal candidate, while the Democratic lawmaker has tried to highlight his independence from the national party.
Republican JD Vance holds a razor-thin lead over Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan in the Ohio Senate race, poll shows
The Marist survey showed Vance with 46% support among registered voters in the Senate contest, while Ryan earned the backing of 45% of respondents.
Democrat Tim Ryan of Ohio says a 'generational change' in leadership is needed ahead of Biden's visit
Asked if Biden should run in 2024, Ryan said on Youngstown's WFMJ that a "generational move" in leadership is needed for Democrats and Republicans.
Ohio Democratic Senate nominee Tim Ryan says 'one of stupidest things we've ever done in this country is tell everybody they have to go to college'
"And so here we are, and we have done nothing to control the costs of college," Ryan said Sunday. "So, we're going to be in the same position here in five years."
Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan says he supports 'a tax cut for working people that will affect everybody' over Biden's student loan forgiveness plan
"There's a lot of people out there making 30, 40 grand a year that didn't go to college, and they need help as well," Ryan said Sunday.
Ohio Democratic Senate nominee Tim Ryan criticizes Biden's student-loan forgiveness plan, says it 'sends the wrong message'
"Instead of forgiving student loans for six-figure earners, we should be working to level the playing field for all Americans," Ryan said this week.
Republican JD Vance has a narrow edge over Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan in the Ohio Senate race: poll
An Emerson College survey revealed that Vance had the support of 45% of likely voters in Ohio, while Ryan attracted the support of 42% of respondents.
McConnell offers dour midterm forecast, cites 'candidate quality' as GOP Senate hopefuls struggle
The top Senate Republican's words come amid a rough summer for the party in some key races that will determine the majority.
Republican Senate candidate JD Vance scored handsome royalties for his 'Hillbilly Elegy' book while launching his US Senate campaign
A US senator makes $174,000 annually. JD Vance earned more than two-and-a-half times that from book royalties last year as he launched his Senate campaign in Ohio.
Democratic Rep. Tim Ryan waves off support from AOC in his Ohio Senate bid: 'It's not a helpful endorsement here'
"It's not a helpful endorsement here," the congressman told NBC News regarding AOC's involvement in his Senate bid. "Nor did I seek it."
LIVE RESULTS: Republican JD Vance and Democrat Tim Ryan will face off for US Senate in Ohio
Vance, the Trump-backed author and venture capitalist, prevailed over a crowded field of Republicans to replace outgoing Sen. Rob Portman.


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Another week has started and with each new day, I vow to myself to be the best person that I can be regardless of the challenges of that day. Oftentimes I succeed and oftentimes I don't, and that's quite alright because I'm not perfect I'm a human being.
To better myself I often disconnect from the world around me {not from being mommy, of course, b/c that's truly my happy + inspirational place. And I couldn't even if I wanted to}; instead I turn to books to find support and encouragement, and to learn something new.
A few weeks ago, I picked up the book, How Successful People Think, by #1 New York Times Bestselling author, John C. Maxwell. In it he writes about how to change your thinking and change your life. I have learned so much in the first few chapters that I wanted to share some of his key practices to changing your thinking in order to change your life.
"It's hard to overstate the value of changing your thinking. Good thinking can do many things for you: generate revenue, solve problems, and create opportunities. It can take you to a whole new level–personally and professionally. It can change your life."
According to Maxwell, below are some things to know about changing your thinking.
1. Changed thinking is not automatic
2. Changed thinking is difficult
3. Changed thinking is worth the investment
How to become a better thinker:
1. Expose yourself to good input
2. Expose yourself to good thinkers
3. Choose to think good thoughts
4. Act on your good thoughts
5. Allow your emotions to create another good thought
6. Repeat the process
Putting yourself in the right place to think:
1. Find a place to think your thoughts
2. Find a place to shape your thoughts
3. Find a place to stretch your thoughts
4. Find a place to land your thoughts
5. Find a place to fly your thoughts
--Formula to help you stretch your thoughts--
The Right Thought plus the Right People in the Right Environment at the Right Time for the Right Reason=the Right Result
In summary, good thinking is similar [to a visionary company]. You need all the thinking "pieces" to become the kind of person who can achieve great things. Those pieces include the following eleven skills:
1. Seeing the wisdom of big-picture thinking
2. Unleashing the potential of focused thinking
3. Discovering the joy of creative thinking
4. Recognizing the importance of realistic thinking
5. Releasing the power of strategic thinking
6. Feeling the energy of possibility thinking
7. Embracing the lessons of reflective thinking
8. Questioning the acceptance of popular thinking
9. Encouraging the participation of shared thinking
10. Experiencing the satisfaction of unselfish thinking
11. Enjoying the return of bottom-line thinking
Now all of these mighy not apply to you, but it's always nice to know and be equipped with life-changing knowledge because you never know when you might need. Please feel free to share with someone who might need this information.
Did you find any of these tips useful? What are some of the things you do to help you be successful? Would love your thoughts in the comment box below.


text: Filed under: Game 11, Overflow Thread: I Feel Sick By Ben Buchanan@OverTheMonster Apr 17, 2010, 8:41pm EDT Share this story Share this on Facebook Share this on Twitter Share this on Reddit Share All sharing options Share All sharing options for: Game 11, Overflow Thread: I Feel Sick Reddit Pocket Flipboard Email A new thread, since the last one got full enough in those 3.5 miserable innings. Ugh. That's about all that can be said. More From Over the Monster Red Sox News & Links: Former, Current Red Sox Call Out Ownership OTM Open Thread 2/20: It is Tuesday Know Thy Enemy: The Baltimore Orioles Red Sox Sign Closer Liam Hendriks to a 2-Year, $10 Million Deal Will the Red Sox Bullpen Continue to Embrace the Cutter in 2024? Are The Red Sox Still The Red Sox?


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Beyond being a star is to be a superstar. Every beginning happens here in the "House of Stars". This house creates superstars but also breeds love, greed, anger, happiness and tragedy. To what ends will this reality and fantasy go?
Other Name: สถาบันปั้นดาว
Released: May. 01, 2023
Genres: Drama
Cast: Double Tupthep Jiraprasertkon, Heng Thatpong Rojsangruang, Katang Niranara Insao, Namchok Thanan Apithanawong, New Akaravin Nanthipat, Nutchapan Paramacharenroj, Pasatorn Lertsathitwong, Ponchanok Theerawan, Rudklao Amratisha


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Horace Logan White Obituary, Cause Of Death, How Did Horace Logan White Die?. Horace L. White, a World War I veteran and electrical supply dealer, appeared to be doing okay despite the coming Great Depression because his family owned their home and—perhaps more importantly for Betty's future career—a radio. Horace and Tess were both raised in Chicago by Canadian-born mothers and a single sibling of the opposite gender (thank you, Canada, for sharing yet another comedic talent with your Southern neighbor).
Both had immigrant fathers, implying that White's four grandparents were all born outside of the United States, despite the fact that the details are startling. According to DNA tests, Betty White is one-quarter Danish, one-quarter Greek, one-quarter Canadian, one-eighth Welsh, and one-eighth English. Her Canadian section has many branches that date back many years.
Horace Logan White Obituary, Cause Of Death, How Did Horace Logan White Die?
White's cause of death is listed as a "cerebrovascular accident" on her death certificate. According to TMZ, which obtained a copy of White's death certificate, a cerebrovascular accident is defined as a loss of blood supply to a portion of the brain, resulting in brain tissue damage. According to TMZ, White had a stroke six days before her death. Horace passed away in 1996.


text: Geekolinks: 7/18 By James Plafke Jul 18th, 2012, 7:55 pm Dell is giving Linux another chance (TechCrunch) Why the Pioneer probes are slowing down (Universe Today) McSweeney's list of BuzzFeed articles sure is interesting (McSweeny's) There is now Facebook makeup (GeekSugar) How Americans spend their money (Mental Floss) The mysterious engravings of Ireland's 5,000-year-old megalithic tomb (Environmental Graffiti) Can Marissa Mayer turn Yahoo! around? (The Week) Recommended Videos(title pic via Daily Picks and Flicks)Have a tip we should know? [email protected] Filed Under: Geekolinks Follow The Mary Sue: Join the Conversation


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Operation Manual
your computer.
2. Touch USB storage in the screen that opens to confirm that you want to transfer files.
When the phone is connected as USB storage, the screen indicates that USB storage is in
use and you receive a notification. You phone is mounted as a drive on your computer.
You can now copy files to or from the phone
During this time, you can't use applications that rely on the phone such as camera, Gallery,
and Music.
7.3.2 To disable phone calls (Airplane mode)
Some locations may require you to turn off your phone's mobile, WLAN, and Bluetooth
wireless connections. You can turn off all these wireless connections at once by placing
your phone in Airplane mode.
1. Press & hold the Power button
2. Touch "Turn on airplane mode"
8. Warnings and notes
Operational Warnings
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON SAFE AND EFFICIENT OPERATION. Read this
information before using your phone. For the safe and efficient operation of your phone,
observe these guidelines:
Potentially explosive at atmospheres: Turn off your phone when you are in any areas
with a potentially explosive atmosphere, such as fueling areas (gas or petrol stations,
below deck on boats), storage facilities for fuel or chemicals, blasting areas and areas
near electrical blasting caps, and areas where there are chemicals or particles (Such as
metal powders, grains, and dust) in the air.
Interference to medical and personal Electronic Devices: Most but not all electronic
equipment is shielded from RF signals and certain electronic equipment may not be
shielded against the RF signals from your phone.
Audio Safety: This phone is capable of producing loud noises which may damage your
hearing. When using the speaker phone feature, it is recommended that you place your
phone at a safe distance from your ear.
Other Media Devices, hospitals: If you use any other personal medical device, consult
the manufacture of your device to determine if it is adequately shielded from external RF
energy. Your physician may be able to assist you in obtaining this information. Turn your
phone OFF in health care facilities when any regulations posted in these areas instruct
you to do so. Hospitals or health care facilities may be using equipment that could be
sensitive to external RF energy.
Product statement on handling and use: You alone are responsible for how you use
your phone and any consequences of its use.
You must always switch off your phone wherever the use of a phone is prohibited. Use of
your phone is subject to safety measures designed to protect users and their environment.
Always treat your phone and its accessories with care and keep it in a clean and dust-free


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You have to be registered and logged in to add items to your favorites. We started this journey back in June 2016, and we plan to continue it for so much of more years to come. I hope that you'll be a part of us on this discussion of the previous, current and future of EdTech and lend your own insight to the issues that are mentioned. Spread the loveThe future of higher education still seems uncertain after the massive disruptions of the last two years. Universities and colleges are struggling with budget difficulties amid cybersecurity threats.
- Chatzy protects pedophiles and provides them full Chatzy privileges to harass and destroy our chats.
- Chatzy is a nice method to talk together with your family and pals, as properly as your college and work groups, all from the consolation of your personal home.
- Also, your chat rooms shall be free from stains or banners from completely different promotional contents.
- All these choices make it very straightforward and easy to speak with strangers anonymously.
You can set the room password, admin password, room type, room skin, time options, show places and so forth. This is a good factor about Chatzy that it doesn't require a registration to use the basic features. You can enter any chatroom without even registering to the site. If you only need to test the location or want to chat quickly then you probably can enter the chatrooms without registration.
Newbies are those who entered your room for the primary time with out an invitation. Hence, when you wish to get primarily essentially the most out of this app, it's best not to share private knowledge with anyone unless you discover them reliable. Nonetheless, individuals are nonetheless impressed to be a member of the positioning. Signing up permits you to take pleasure chtzy in features which are solely out there for registered accounts. The registration course of is user-friendly, making it straightforward for people of any age to create an account. You can set the room password, admin password, room fashion, room pores and skin, time choices, show areas and so forth. Since technology just isn't going wherever and does extra good than hurt, adapting is one of the best course of action.
EdTech has been essential for the reason that begin of this … Spread the love This is a complete ERP solution for faculties and universities that gives modular, totally integrated learners companies, finance, HR, and development. Collegix offers on-line and offline workarounds … Spread the loveIt seems that edtech corporations nonetheless have a lot to find out about their enterprise models and practices. With that being stated, there is a lot they'll be taught …
Website Review: Chatzy
Use this website to hook up with other courses to open up discussion between your college students in one convenient place. Safety isn't a priority with this website, since only those with an e-mail invitation/link can participate in a chat. Be sure to plan content material ahead of time, so college students have the opportunity to suppose by way of the fabric and formulate a response. Discuss acceptable methods to communicate to others prior to connecting with another classroom. Use Chatzy as a place for faculty kids to brainstorm and share concepts a couple of subject.
Off Chatzy Promo Code, Couponsjanuary 2023
It may even ask you to set your password. Other than fantastic roleplays and it sticking to the subject of the chat room within the first place. Other folks do like these characters as well. Limiting them to 1 particular person could be very unfair. It's something that I really do not agree with.
How Do I Be Part Of A Chatzy Room?
This social messaging analog provides a protected, immediate messaging platform for learners. It doesn't require any sign-up process; it's merely "plug and play." It works on all browsers and does not require any plug-ins to operate. You merely create a virtual chatroom in your learners to interact and develop collectively. You can invite all your folks or create a password-protected non-public chat with one good friend to share secrets and techniques, pass messages, and more. Free private chat service – create your personal chat room and invite folks by e mail. No set up or registration required. The varied adjustments in Steepster over the 4+ years I've been here counsel that the goal is to have more technical reviews but there aren't any guidelines against private information.
Chatzy Evaluation December 2022 Good Chats Or Community For Scams?
A virtual non-public place for authorized customers to communicate with one another in actual time by way of the computer while linked to the Internet. If you know a webpage hyperlink that work for the reported issue. Consider sharing with the community by adding within the above list. After verification of supplied info, it would be get listed on this net page. Chatzy login cellular chat rooms as nicely, helps you find and connect with single men and women all through … Select an possibility that best describe your downside.
Spread the loveThe EdTech trade is dominated by white staff, white leaders, and white entrepreneurs. If you doubt this assertion, just attend an Edtech conference. Admittedly, educators and others don't … Spread the loveDigital fairness is vital in our schools. After all, it could help shut the achievement gap.
While Chatzy doesn't have one of the best security measures in place, the positioning updates typically enough to promote safety. Believe it or not, there could be such a factor as a "safe chat" web site of sorts. Any "instant messaging" system ought to work well if it doesn't attempt to instigate risk-taking behavior. You can then edit permissions too if wanted – delete/block/mute accounts, change notification settings (message notifications solely, sound + message notifications), and so on. If you want to make things simpler for your self while chatting, you set the time zone on Facebook so it syncs along with your Chatzy account. It serves as a secure haven the place one can talk to people anonymously without the stress of ever trolling them. Chatzy permits you to create your chat rooms and participate in chat rooms created by others for numerous things, corresponding to video games, recommendation, and simply plain good fun.
I'm going to go get legally married to it. I don't think I've ever seen anybody get banned from this room in my few months there, and I hope it stays like that. So few silly folks in a APH chatzy is so rare it hurts. I personally suppose it appears pretty cool however should you see it as an issue I don't know how to assist you. These two options are paid, nevertheless they're an superior addition to your grownup chatting expertise. Spread the loveThrough the years, robots have taken over many jobs. First, they changed horses and wagons and horses and plows, then they began to switch people.
The admins, I only met three they usually're all so nice. (if you couldn't already inform that is going to be a constructive review )bless them. Female roleplayers who RP sparring are «diamonds within the tough»? This in it is entirety does not look like it suits the principles in any respect. The admin looks as if he was simply referring to something that personally bugged them however I haven't seen any of that folks «ignoring females» roleplays. The first part about «judging» folks earlier than you get to know them is one thing I see so much in this room. People only take note of their friends and its make it is probably the most unwelcoming place I've ever been too.


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A very rare indica-dominant cross of Blue Diesel and Time Wreck beloved for its euphoric buzz
IndicaAbout Locomotion
Locomotion is a very rare indica-dominant cross of Timewreck and Blue Diesel that is known to deliver a dreamy, hazy head high.
Much like its parent strains, this bud has an earthy scent of sour diesel and a sweet berry and sour lemon flavor that is pleasantly fruity.
Patients who have experience with Locomotion note that this cannabis strain provides a long-lasting physical buzz, relaxing the body while a state of uplifted euphoria calms your mind.


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Online Gambling for Real Money
Online gambling is a great way to make real money from gambling. Online gambling provides a variety of options for players all over the world, and an array of games. The greatest benefit of gambling online for real money is that you can play it from anywhere with internet access. You can win big and also be mentally stimulated. You don't have to leave your home!
When you sign-up at an online casino site to play with real money, you'll have to prove your identity by providing an email address and the bank details. After this you're able to select an option and begin playing. After you've signed up, you'll be required to enter your banking information and select an option to deposit. Once you've chosen a casino, you can start playing. You can deposit as little as R1 and play up to $500.
It doesn't matter if new or experienced in online gambling there's no reason not give it a go. You'll find the perfect game for you with many options and high win rates. Fortunately, there's no need to be afraid. There are free versions of many well-known games on the Internet, and you can even try them out before you commit 500 lira casino to a deposit.
Once you have decided to deposit cash in real money and deposit it into a bank account, you'll need to join a gambling site that offers a secure environment to play real money casino games. These sites will require you to download software. This is not difficult. It's just a matter of finding a site that meets all the requirements of your system, then you can begin playing online gambling. All of the best casinos offer the most thrilling games on the internet.
Most online casinos offer quick secure and safe banking options. Some allow deposit of real money in multiple currencies including Euros. The only problem is the time required to deposit real money. Depending on where you reside, you may not have enough time to deposit or withdraw your funds. First, ensure you choose an online casino that accepts your currency.
Before you make a deposit, you should carefully consider your deposit limits. It is important to know that you aren't legally obliged to make a deposit before you can cash out. However, the majority of casinos on the internet are licensed by eCOGRA and do not charge any commissions or fees. So, you can be assured that the casino you bet siteleri select is licensed. Remember to always review the TOC before you commit to a site.
Casinos online are the best option for anyone seeking to make money or just have fun. These sites offer great games and bonuses, and you can increase your bank account while playing the most popular casino games. The only requirement to play at a real money casino is that you have an internet-connected computer that is able to beat you at your own game. Many modern gaming sites can beat AI players.
Before you sign up for an account, ensure you do your research about the casino. You'll need to know the rules of gambling and check its reputation. It is also important to find out the types of games available at the casino. While many online casinos are legitimate however, you shouldn't rely on any website. A legitimate gambling website is the one that provides you with the highest quality of services.
Also, consider the time it takes to take your winnings. This will depend on how you plan to withdraw your winnings and how much you want to bet. When selecting an online gambling site, there are numerous factors to consider. The best place to gamble is the one with the best reputation. A casino with a good reputation will offer the highest level of customer service as well as a variety of features and bonuses. This will give you an advantage over your other casinos, but it's always a good idea to check out reviews to find the best casino for your needs.


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With over 100 Adult and 30 Kids classes per month, courses for Beginning Grapplers & Self-Defence, seminars by elite instructors, and a Competition Team, SG² really does have it all.
Our custom made 250m² sprung mat floor is the biggest and safest of its kind in the country. Unimpeded by pillars and surrounded by high quality matted walls means all you have to worry about is your opponent.
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Not sure if SG² is for you? your family? Take one of Trial Memberships. For Adults who purchase Unlimited Membership on completing their trial, the trial fee will credited toward your first months membership meaning your trial ends up being free. Kids Trials are already free, so what you waiting for?
Life is full of unforeseen change. At SG2 we strongly believe you shouldn't be punished for it. That's why all our Membership policies aim to benefit one party – You. Want to keep training at SG2 but you're too busy? No problem. Want to train somewhere else? No problem. Suddenly sent overseas for work? No problem. Whatever your membership need, at SG2, it's no problem.
Click below to WhatsApp a team member


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Free Shipping on most items
Manufacturer Part #: 487093-FGXX
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Go secretly into the night and see without being seen with our S2 Pro IR LED Light. Its high-output 940 nanometer infrared LEDs combined with its compact 3ќ x 2 inch size makes it the ultimate covert IR on the market today.Baja Designs Features:
Includes:S2 Pro, IR LED LightMounting Bracket
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