text:
Django Django are a British, Dalston-based art-rock and funk outfit.
Tracks include "The Out Sound From Way In", "Hot Potatoes", "Beginning to Fade" and "Tic Tac Toe".
They released their debut album, the Mercury Music Prize-nominated: "Django Django" in 2012, followed by: "Born Under Saturn" (2015), "Marble Skies" (2018), "Glowing in the Dark" (2021), plus 2023's: "Off Planet".


text:
Vagrant and Puppet: testing and prototyping infrastructure
Prior knowledge of Puppet of Vagrant is not required, but would make going through easier. If you would like to familiarise yourself with Vagrant, take a look at an introduction to Vagrant.
For those who are new to Puppet or Vagrant: In a nut shell, Puppet is a tool which allows to automate servers and software provisioning, ensure configuration consistency and allows to define your infrastructure in a modularised and repeatable manner. In essence it allows to 'code' your infrastructure and build your systems on either VMs or bare metal. Vagrant, with help of provisioners, allows to build environments (VMs) in a repeatable and automated manner. Puppet is one of multiple provisioners that Vagrant supports.
You may ask: 'What's the point?' or 'What are the benefits of doing so?' Myself, I am using Vagrant for development and testing environments (server configurations, services, integration, etc.) before applying changes to production environments.
Let's start with a story…
It's a Friday afternoon. Couple of days ago you released a new feature which made your social media platform very popular. That's great! You noticed on your monitoring dashboard that the application is getting slower and slower under heavy load. Ok, it's time to spin-off another webapp VM in your cloud platform. You think, "We already have two webapp VMs. Spinning up another is one, max two hours…". Four hours later you finished installing 'that last missing library', and now you just need to copy 'config file special.properties'. Finally it's done, great! Now you are adding newly provisioned VM into the load balancer. It's 10 p.m. and you are finally done! Last look at Google Analytics – all great, still more on-line visitors than ever before.
At 2 a.m. you are awaken by your mobile phone. One of your colleagues is calling. "We have a problem with our app. Looks like we are loosing sessions and users are being logged out". It rings a bell and you think, "did I set up session clustering for the new VM?".
Such story may become a reality for companies where web environments are managed and provisioned manually. Where provisioning and configuration changes are happening ad-hoc or in a non-systematic or non-automated manner. The larger the environment, the more complex, time consuming and error-prone that process could be. You can overcome or mitigate that problem by automating configuration management, systems provisioning and facilitating testing of live-like environments in your development or QA environments. There are multiple systems which allow configuration management and automation. Examples of those are: Chef, CFEngine and Puppet.
Dev environment software requirements
For this tutorial you can use any Linux/OS X as long you have Vagrant and VirtualBox installed. I am going to run the examples in a following environment:
- OS: Ubuntu 13.10
- Vagrant: 1.4.2
- VirtualBox: 4.2.16
Provisioning first VM with Vagrant and Puppet
I will show you how to step by step provision a multi-VM test environment with Vagrant and Puppet. You could either clone the project from my GitHub repository and follow the tutorial or create everything from scratch as we go along. If you are new to Puppet I would suggest you to create directories and files yourself as this will give you better insight into structure of the project. Vagrant will use VirtualBox provider (see requirements) so as soon as you start a VM, you can see it running in your VirtualBox manager.
First, let's create few directories, Vagrantfile and Puppetfile:
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant$ mkdir puppetMultiVMs
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant$ cd puppetMultiVMs
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ mkdir dist modules hieradata manifests site
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ mkdir -p site/profile/manifests site/role/manifests
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ touch Puppetfile Vagrantfile
puppetMultiVMs is the root folder of the project. That's the folder you want to check to git repo. Inside, we created:
- dist: here we will put our own modules, config files, properties, etc.
- modules: Vagrant will download here all external modules. You want to store your project in a git repo right? Then this folder should be on git ignore list
- hieradata: this is optional, we could put all hiera configs here (check out what's hiera and why it's a good idea to use it)
- manifests: site.pp and nodes.pp
- site: here we have another directories: profile and role.
- Puppetfile: here, we will define all external Puppet modules we want to use
- Vagrantfile: is a Vagrant configuration file
- Once you created all directories and touched the files, your project tree should look like:
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ tree
├── dist
├── hieradata
├── modules
├── Puppetfile
├── site
│ ├── profile
│ │ └── manifests
│ └── role
│ └── manifests
└── Vagrantfile
8 directories, 2 files
In profile
we are specifying all services and packages we want to have running within role. Role is composed of profiles and classes and defines what a VM/server should be (i.e. web server, DB, proxy, etc). For example, we can have profiles java and jetty and a role webapp which would include those profiles. We can run multiple VMs with given role, or multiple roles can re-use same profiles. If you are new to Puppet, this may be bit confusing – lots of things are going on here. So let's get cracking on the example.
### Testing Puppet-provisioned VMs When I was writing this tutorial, the hardest part was to come up with an example which is not trivial, not to complex and could be also useful for a DevOps team. What I came up with is fully set-up quality management platform: SonarQube. I will use PostgreSQL as its DB and Nginx as a reverse proxy running in front of it. Sounds good? In this example I'm going to configure and provision 2 VMs. First VM will act as a reverse proxy (Nginx) and on the second one SonarQube and PostgreSQL will be running. In fact, we don't need Nginx nor PostgreSQL to run SonarQube but this is fairly standard set-up. I decided to use Nginx, PostgreSQL and SonarQube together to showcase process of testing and provisioning multi-VM environments with Puppet and Vagrant.
In our imaginary live environment, Sonar/PostgreSQL VM has a private network configured and its hostname is sonar.rds.priv (IP irrelevant). The Nginx VM private network hostname is devopsproxy.rds.priv. There is also a public domain sonar.rds.pub which is used by DevOps team to view SonarQube dashboard. A record of sonar.rds.pub is pointing to an external IP of devopsproxy.rds.priv
First, let's edit Vagrantfile (previously created). Just copy-paste the following content into it:
Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
# CentOS 6.5 for VirtualBox
config.vm.provider :virtualbox do |virtualbox, override|
override.vm.box = 'puppetlabs-centos-65-x64-vbox'
override.vm.box_url = 'http://puppet-vagrant-boxes.puppetlabs.com/centos-65-x64-virtualbox-puppet.box'
virtualbox.memory = 512
virtualbox.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--cpus", "1"]
# VM Settings for reverse proxy, I call it devopsproxy
config.vm.define :devopsproxy do |devopsproxy|
devopsproxy.vm.hostname = 'devopsproxy.rds.priv'
# this IP is Vagrant specific and doesn't need to match your production environment
devopsproxy.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.56.10"
# Install git & r10k, followed by all the required puppet modules defined in Puppetfile
devopsproxy.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'rpm -q git &> /dev/null || yum install -q -y git'
devopsproxy.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'gem query --name r10k --installed &> /dev/null || gem install --no-rdoc --no-ri r10k -v 1.2.0rc2'
devopsproxy.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'cd /vagrant && r10k -v info puppetfile install'
# Production environment should have DNS configured for private network, in Vagrant, we need to hardcode it
devopsproxy.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'echo \'192.168.56.10 devopsproxy.rds.priv\' >> /etc/hosts'
devopsproxy.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'echo \'192.168.56.20 sonar.rds.priv\' >> /etc/hosts'
# Configure the puppet provisioner
devopsproxy.vm.provision "puppet" do |puppet|
puppet.manifest_file = "site.pp"
puppet.module_path = ["site", "dist", "modules"]
# if you know what hiera is, feel free to uncomment and use it
# puppet.hiera_config_path = "hieradata/hiera.yaml"
puppet.options = "--verbose"
# VM Settings for sonar server
config.vm.define :sonar do |sonar|
sonar.vm.hostname = 'sonar.rds.priv'
sonar.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.56.20"
# Install git & r10k, followed by all the required puppet modules defined in Puppetfile
sonar.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'rpm -q git &> /dev/null || yum install -q -y git'
sonar.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'gem query --name r10k --installed &> /dev/null || gem install --no-rdoc --no-ri r10k -v 1.2.0rc2'
sonar.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'cd /vagrant && r10k -v info puppetfile install'
# Production environment should have DNS configured for private network, in Vagrant, we need to hardcode it
sonar.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'echo \'192.168.56.10 devopsproxy.rds.priv\' >> /etc/hosts'
sonar.vm.provision "shell", inline: 'echo \'192.168.56.20 sonar.rds.priv\' >> /etc/hosts'
# Configure the puppet provisioner
sonar.vm.provision "puppet" do |puppet|
puppet.manifest_file = "site.pp"
puppet.module_path = ["site", "dist", "modules"]
# if you know what hiera is, feel free to uncomment and use it
# puppet.hiera_config_path = "hieradata/hiera.yaml"
puppet.options = "--verbose"
In Vagrantfile, we defined two VMs. Vagrant recognises them as devopsproxy and sonar. Whatever operation on those VMs we want to do with Vagrant we need to specify the VM's name as well. Vagrant defined VM names are specific to this particular test environment and have nothing to do with how you name your VMs in a production environment.
There are few things going on in the config: we defined virtualbox as a provider (lines 5-10), declared that we want to use CentOS 6.5 (lines 6-7), each VM will have 512MB of RAM (line 8) and allocated 1 vCPU (line 9). Then, each VM has allocated a hostname (devopsproxy.rds.priv and sonar.rds.priv), configured private network between them and host system. The network configuration will happen during provisioning of VM. Git and r10k will be installed. Also, a Puppet provisioner has been configured so during provisioning of the VM, appropriate Puppet modules will be applied (lines 51-57).
Next comes manifests/site.pp
, define it as following
# The filebucket allows for file backups to the server
filebucket { main: server => "puppet" }
# Set global defaults - including backing up all files to the main filebucket and adds a global path
File { backup => main }
Exec { path => "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin" }
# Purge any unmanaged firewall resources
resources { "firewall":
purge => true
# Setup default firewall rule ordering
Firewall {
before => Class['profile::firewall::post'],
require => Class['profile::firewall::pre'],
# Load in all of our nodes
import "nodes"
It's a basic config which will be read by Vagrant's Puppet-provisioner during provisioning of VMs or by Puppet once committed to production environment. Pay attention to the last line, it will import nodes definition from manifests/nodes.pp which is the next file we will look at:
# Default (unconfigured) node should only receive base profile
node default {
include role
## Vagrant test VMs ##
# Vagrant nginx
node 'devopsproxy.rds.priv' {
include role::devopsproxy
# Vagrant sonar
node 'sonar.rds.priv' {
include role::sonar
By default each node will have default role (called role). Nodes are matched based on their hostname in a very flexible manner, for example if you have several nodes to which you want assign same role, you can for example use regex to match them. Take a look at node definitions for more examples.
Now we have baseline configs of Vagrant and Puppet ready. It's time to define roles and profiles. From manifests/nodes.pp you can guess we need to define role devopsproxy and sonar (lines 11, 16). Before we define roles, let's look at profiles which will be included in those roles. To run earlier described stack we need Nginx, SonarQube and PostgreSQL, we will define one profile for each of those. As mentioned earlier, profiles live in directory site/profile/manifests. Let's touch each of those:
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ cd site/profile/manifests/
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs/site/profile/manifests$ touch postgresql.pp sonarqube.pp nginx.pp
Roles will use either our own modules or external one. In this tutorial we will only use external modules – there are already decent modules for all we need to run our stack. To add the modules (sonarqube, nginx, postgresql), simply edit Puppetfile and declare them along with other required modules:
#Base system
mod "puppetlabs/firewall", "1.0.2"
mod "puppetlabs/java", "1.1.1"
#Sonar with dependencies
mod "puppetlabs/stdlib", "4.1.0"
mod "puppetlabs/concat", "1.0.0"
mod "puppetlabs/inifile", "1.0.0"
mod "maestrodev/wget", "1.4.4"
mod "maestrodev/maven", "1.2.1"
mod "maestrodev/sonarqube", "2.1.1"
mod "jfryman/nginx", "0.0.9"
mod "puppetlabs/postgresql", "3.3.3"
Ok, now we can write first profile: PostgreSQL; your site/profile/manifests/postgresql.pp should be as following:
class profile::postgresql {
anchor { 'profile::postgresql::begin': } ->
class { '::postgresql::globals':
manage_package_repo => true,
version => '9.3',
} ->
class { '::postgresql::server':
listen_addresses => '*',
ipv4acls => [
'local sonar sonar md5',
'host sonar sonar 127.0.1.1/32 md5'],
} ->
anchor { 'profile::postgresql::end': }
Now, having the first profile defined we can actually use it as a part of a role and provision a VM. Let's start with a default role. That's a role which will be inherited by all other roles. Having a default role is a convenient way of assuring that each role has properly initialised shared settings, services and modules (i.e. firewall rules, NFS mount points, etc.). Default role lives in site/role/manifests/init.pp
and could be as simple as an empty class:
class role {
Ok, now let's jump bit ahead and define sonar role. First, we will only add profile::postgresql just to fire the VM and see if everything glues together. Define site/role/manifests/sonar.pp as following:
class role::sonar inherits role {
class { 'profile::postgresql': }
Just to check if all files are in order, go to root folder of your project, and check with tree if folder/files structure matches mine:
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ tree
├── dist
├── hieradata
├── manifests
│ ├── nodes.pp
│ └── site.pp
├── modules
├── Puppetfile
├── site
│ ├── profile
│ │ └── manifests
│ │ ├── nginx.pp
│ │ ├── postgresql.pp
│ │ └── sonarqube.pp
│ └── role
│ └── manifests
│ ├── init.pp
│ └── sonar.pp
└── Vagrantfile
9 directories, 9 files
Now we will build and start sonar VM with vagrant up sonar:
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ vagrant up sonar
Bringing machine 'sonar' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
[sonar] Importing base box 'puppetlabs-centos-65-x64-vbox'...
[sonar] Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
[sonar] Setting the name of the VM...
(dozens of lines of console output here...)
Notice: /Stage[main]/Postgresql::Server::Service/Anchor[postgresql::server::service::end]: Triggered 'refresh' from 1 events
Info: Creating state file /var/lib/puppet/state/state.yaml
Notice: Finished catalog run in 39.41 seconds
If all goes good, you will see on your console execution of Puppet provisioner as well as stages of provisioning PostgreSQL. If something went wrong (i.e. you got a typo in your configs) and need to re-run the process here is an explanation of few Vagrant commands:
- vagrant up [vm name] – will create and start given VM
- vagrant destroy [vm name] – will shut down and destroy [vm name] – if you don't need it any more or would like to rebuild it from scratch
- vagrant provision [vm name] – will run provisioners on [vm name] which is already up, that's useful when you have [vm name] already running but you did some changes to Puppet configs and would like to apply changes without destroying/up'ing the VM (which would take more time)
If you would like to login into the VM, execute following from the root of your project: vagrant ssh sonar. Once you are in you can look around, check network settings, take a look at PostgreSQL configs (take a look at pg_hba.conf and compare with postgresql.pp). If you need root privileges, you can simply sudo su –
If all went good, your partly ready Sonar VM is running. Let's move on and add SonarQube to it. It's bit more complex as it depends on Maven and Java. Define all profiles as following:
class profile::java {
anchor { 'profile::java::begin': } ->
class { '::java': } ->
anchor { 'profile::java::end': }
class profile::maven {
require profile::java
anchor { 'profile::maven::begin': } ->
class { '::maven': } ->
anchor { 'profile::maven::end': }
class profile::sonarqube {
require profile::maven
require profile::postgresql
$jdbc = {
url => 'jdbc:postgresql://localhost/sonar',
username => 'sonar',
password => 'AfAz37my0apr',
anchor { 'profile::sonarqube::begin': } ->
postgresql::server::db { 'sonar':
user => 'sonar',
password => postgresql_password('sonar', 'AfAz37my0apr'),
} ->
class { '::sonarqube' :
arch => 'linux-x86-64',
version => '4.3',
user => 'sonar',
group => 'sonar',
service => 'sonar',
installroot => '/usr/local',
home => '/var/local/sonar',
download_url => 'http://dist.sonar.codehaus.org',
jdbc => $jdbc,
log_folder => '/var/local/sonar/logs',
} ->
anchor { 'profile::sonarqube::end': }
Now we can add profile::sonarqube to role sonar. Edit site/role/manifests/sonar.pp as following:
class role::sonar inherits role {
class { 'profile::postgresql': }
class { 'profile::sonarqube': }
That was easy, right? Now, if you have sonar VM already running, you can update it by executing vagrant provision sonar from root directory of your project:
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ vagrant provision sonar
[sonar] Running provisioner: shell...
[sonar] Running: inline script
Info: /Stage[main]/Sonarqube/Service[sonarqube]: Unscheduling refresh on Service[sonarqube]
Notice: /Stage[main]/Maven::Maven/Exec[maven-untar]/returns: executed successfully
Notice: /Stage[main]/Maven::Maven/File[/usr/bin/mvn]/ensure: created
Notice: Finished catalog run in 69.91 seconds
You will see on your console, that a new DB and role (sonar) were created, SonarQube, Maven and Java installed.
Ok, do you remember, when we were defining VMs in Vagrantfile? We specified IP 192.168.56.20 as a private network IP for the VM. You can either ping it or ssh into VM (vagrant ssh sonar) and run ifconfig to confirm. Now the moment of truth, point your browser to http://192.168.56.20:9000 (9000 is SonarQube's default port), you should see:
Ta-daaa! SonarQube up and running! If it was first time you were provisioning something with Puppet, it may seem like a lot of work, your head might be spinning around different config files (Puppetfile, postgresql.pp, maven.pp, java.pp, sonarqube.pp, etc.) but those are reusable configs and once you have your PostgreSQL profile defined, you can reuse it with other applications. Same for Java and Maven (i.e. it's required for Jenkins for example). So in fact, you define all those once, and then defining new roles and provisioning new VMs it is dead simple and very fast. Migration between data centres and environments, rebuilding VMs in production environments becomes magnitude-levels easier and simpler!
To complete this tutorial, lets finally create profile for Nginx and role for devopsprox. Then we point it to our SonarQube instance.
Define site/profile/manifests/nginx.pp
as following:
class profile::nginx {
anchor { 'profile::nginx::begin': } ->
class { '::nginx':
worker_processes => $::processorcount,
worker_connections => 10240,
proxy_buffers => '32 8k',
proxy_buffer_size => '8k',
} ->
anchor { 'profile::nginx::end': }
The above Nginx profile doesn't include any SSL profile. For a production environment I would advise to add one. If you do so, just define a SSL profile (tip: in that SSL profile, you can also include rngd to run and generate entropy required for SSL).
Nginx module we are using doesn't have any dependencies. We can proceed with defining role. Your site/role/manifests/devopsproxy.pp should look like:
class role::devopsproxy inherits role {
class { 'profile::nginx': }
Nginx::Resource::Vhost {
vhost_cfg_append => {'ignore_invalid_headers' => 'off',
'gzip_types' => 'text/plain text/css application/json text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript application/javascript',
'gzip_buffers' => '4 256k',
'gzip_comp_level' => '5', },
location_cfg_append => {'proxy_redirect' => 'default'},
nginx::resource::vhost { 'sonar.rds.pub':
#private network
proxy => 'http://sonar.rds.priv:9000',
nginx::resource::location { 'sonar-expires':
ensure => present,
location => '~* \.(png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico|js|css)$',
#private network
proxy => 'http://sonar.rds.priv:9000',
#external host
vhost => 'sonar.rds.pub',
location_cfg_prepend => {'expires' => '1y'},
Now, we can start our second VM:
marcin@RDS:~/development/rds/vagrant/puppetMultiVMs$ vagrant up devopsproxy
Bringing machine 'devopsproxy' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
[devopsproxy] Importing base box 'puppetlabs-centos-65-x64-vbox'...
[devopsproxy] Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
[devopsproxy] Setting the name of the VM...
[devopsproxy] Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
Notice: /Stage[main]/Nginx::Service/Service[nginx]/ensure: ensure changed 'stopped' to 'running'
Info: /Stage[main]/Nginx::Service/Service[nginx]: Unscheduling refresh on Service[nginx]
Info: Creating state file /var/lib/puppet/state/state.yaml
Notice: Finished catalog run in 18.24 seconds
As this is a test environment, we need to point sonar.rds.pub to 192.168.56.10 so we can show the proxy works. On your host system simply edit /etc/hosts and add following line at the end:
192.168.56.10 sonar.rds.pub
Once that's done, you should be able to point your browser to sonar.rds.pub and see SonarQube running in behind Nginx
To me, getting infrastructure right is as important as writing well functioning application code. If you think that at the end of the day, your amazing webapp needs to run somewhere else than your laptop and depends on other services (DB, load balancer, indexing engine, etc.) then getting run environment right, in a repeatable manner makes sense. Making process of provisioning and configuration of your infrastructure repeatable, testable and robust will make your WebOps/DevOps team happy 🙂 It will also help you to grow and migrate your infrastructure. In case any VM dies (i.e. hardware failure) you can provision new one in an automated way and have it configured exactly as it should be. Puppet is not the only tool for that. You may also check CFEngine, Chef and Docker.
infrastructure vagrant VirtualBox virtualisation

subset: commoncrawl


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Heidi Gustafson's 'Book of Earth' Takes a Visual Journey Through the World of Natural Pigments — Colossal
Art history sciences
#colors #Earth #Heidi Gustafson #nature #pigment
June 15, 2023
Kate Moth
There's more to ocher than the deep golden hue squeezed out of a tube of paint. "Colour is related to matter, as much as light," Heidi Gustavson he told Colossal in a recent interview. "Indeed, in ochres and earth pigments, it tends to be the metallic elements (iron, copper, lead, etc.) that are responsible for our color experience."
The Washington-based artist and founder of the Early Futures Ocher Archive (previously) marvels at the different hues of the naturally occurring minerals beneath our feet. In his new earth book, published by abramshe takes us on a journey through rare pigments and their landscapes in a celebration of what he describes as the material's « behaviour, capabilities, being, language, needs and concerns ».
Each chapter of Book of the Earth is devoted to one aspect of the Gustafson archive, which contains more than 600 specimens. The volume clarifies the world of natural color, challenging our perceptions of the terrain and the inanimate world, and includes practical advice and techniques for creating your own pigments. Find your copy at Bookshelf.
#colors #Earth #Heidi Gustafson #nature #pigment
Are stories and artists like this important to you? Become a Colossal member today and support independent art publishing for just $5 a month. You'll connect with a community of like-minded readers and contemporary art enthusiasts, read ad-free articles and newsletters, support our interview series, get discounts and early access to our limited edition print publications, and much more. Sign up now!


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You may have heard about Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, or any other crypto. But are they all the same? If so, how do you know their prices? There are many variables that can affect their prices. This article will examine each one in detail. Read on to learn about the latest trends in these currencies. But what else can you do to make your own predictions? You can also explore the benefits and risks associated with each one.
While the foreign exchange rates for different countries may differ slightly from one bank to another, all cryptocurrency prices are based on the same underlying principles. A cryptocurrency's price is determined by the supply and demand of a particular currency. Similarly to traditional currency, the price of cryptocurrency may rise and fall a little, depending on the currency's popularity. The best way to track cryptocurrency prices is to use a cryptocurrency price chart. In the next section, we'll discuss how to read a cryptocurrency price chart.
The market value of a cryptocurrency is the price at which someone is willing to pay for it at any given time. For instance, a cryptocurrency may cost one thousand dollars, but its value may be worth more than one billion dollars. The value of cryptocurrencies fluctuates daily as traders and investors experiment with them. If a cryptocurrency becomes worthless, it will drop drastically in price. To help you understand why cryptocurrency prices fluctuate, here are some of the common reasons why they may decrease in value.
Cryptocurrency prices are driven by a number of factors, including their popularity, location, demand, supply, and speculation. Various new terms are being introduced all the time, but many of them mean different things. For example, "stak" does not necessarily mean "stack" or "hold," and "steem" can mean many things. These terms are often used interchangeably, and you need to pay attention to them carefully to avoid misinterpretation.
Litecoin's price fluctuates frequently, and in August 2021 it was worth more than 184 U.S. dollars per coin. It uses distributed ledger technology to protect against fraud, and users purchase the cryptocurrency by selling their computational power. The cryptocurrency's price is set by market demand. In other words, the price of Litecoin is determined by how many people are willing to buy it.
While Litecoin's price has a long track record, its most recent cycle shows a more volatile pattern. In the first half of 2019, the cryptocurrency fell below $25. By November 2020, it had dropped to $55, and it started climbing again. By November 2021, it was worth more than $240. It has remained one of the top ten most valuable cryptocurrencies by market cap. In late 2017, Litecoin's price rose over nine-hundred dollars.
However, this new technology has many benefits that can offset the volatility of Litecoin's price. In addition to being a secure and convenient payment method, Litecoin is also widely supported by merchants. It also helped that Litecoin signed sponsorship deals with the UFC and the Miami Dolphins. These moves helped Litecoin to spike during the next Bitcoin bull run. That means the price of Litecoin could increase by over 500 percent in a year's time.
Earlier this year, there were a variety of rumors and speculations about the future of the Ripple cryptocurrency price. In January 2020, it was trading at $0.25, with a market cap of $9,206,907,569 dollars. This price surge marked a slight momentum, and it hit resistance above $0.25 in March. The price then went up to $0.35 before dropping back to $0.15. This price decline was followed by a bull run.
A recent prediction by digitalcoin.com predicts that the price of XRP would reach a price of 0 ETH per coin in 2022. This price prediction also says that XRP futures will begin moving towards a price of $1 within a few years. Then, in 2023, it will hit a high of 16 ETH. Eventually, it will reach a high of 45 ETH by 2025.
While Ripple has an excellent track record, it has been plagued by controversy. Many cryptocurrency enthusiasts have shied away from using the Ripple currency because of its ties with traditional banking. However, this is changing, and Ripple has gained a larger market cap. In fact, it now ranks among the top five cryptocurrencies in terms of market cap. While Ripple is not as well known as Bitcoin, it is more attractive to investors than Bitcoin. Bitcoin is prone to regulatory battles, and it is unlikely to be adopted for general commerce. Besides, the creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, has never been publicly identified. As a result, Bitcoin enthusiasts are cautious about using Ripple due to its close ties with traditional banking.


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Cathedral (3.1 litre) Lockable Steel Ash & Cigarette Bin (Black) 7.5cm (W) x 25.6cm (D) x 32.0cm (H) - Weight 2.4kg
Cathedral (3.1 litre) Lockable Steel Ash Bin (Black)
Lockable, steel Ash Bin for wall mounting with removable ash box. Features built in extinguishing, a scratch resistant powder coated finish and a cylinder lock with two keys. Complete with wall mounting kit. Dimensions 320 (H) x 75 (W) x 256 (L) and 3.1 litre capacity. Weight 2.4kg.
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Co-Presented by GAIN Media
Self-described as a "newly birthed celebration of sound and life", SHEBAD was dreamt up by Claire Voy and Mark Spagnolo and has been further fleshed out by some of the best young musicians around. If you mix Erykah Badu, Bernice and Fet.Nat in a blender, you might come close to SHEBAD's sound. One thing is for sure though, this is a band in charge of their own sound and charting their own path. Smart, calculated, and fun – the future of Guelph music has hope, cronies.
Catch SHEBAD at Kazoo! Fest 2022 at Onyx (12 Wyndham St – 2nd Floor) on Friday July 15th @ 7:30 PM with Fat Tony, Jane Inc. and Status/Non Status. This show will also feature live visuals by Evan Gordon and gin ebony DJ'ing between and after sets.


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Title: Garden Tree HouseClient: Heath Street CondoLocation: 240 Heath Street, TorontoDescription: Hydrangeas, Cone Flowers and a Pagoda Tree mimic plants that are growing in their newly landscaped yard.
TMU Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching
Riverbero at Chestnut Creek
Garden Tree House
A Team of Ducks
Fire Station #211
The Gratitude Garden
Lakeside Residences
Government of Canada
TMU Graduate Studies
Chelsea Hotel
Canadiana Mountain Mural
Willowdale Basketball Court
TMU Student Hallway
Field Trip Health
Weston Community Mural
Secret Woodland Garden
Holiday Inn
The Rock Store
Anthony's Lake Ontario
The Original Mountain Mural
The Embassy Bar
The Clover on Yonge
Magnolia Tree Mural
Ollie Quinn
The Grand Room
TMU Anamorphic Mural
Grouse Mountain Resort
Morocco Residency
Queen's Shop
Camryn's Playroom


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My pool pump lid is clear and has been severely yellowed from being in the sun for several years. I dont know the exact model for my pump as the motor label has been all worn off and you can barely see it, im planning on replacing the entire thing soon for a VS pump but for now i just want a DIY option to clear up the lid so i can actually see inside my pump.
How to make a pool pump lid clear again
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04 February 2022


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Dryder |
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Well, after YEARRRRS I am starting with prepping Kingmaker and my first place to go and check out for published campaigns are the Paizo boards. I can't write a THANK YOU in every single thread so I want to throw a BIG THANK YOU to all you guys who posted their stuff and ideas here to help out fellow DMs (even sharing stuff via Dropbox, etc.), as those ideas are sooo helpful in prepping my own campaign now.
So, THANK YOU GUYS!


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Search Optimization Techniques: How to Attract Organic Traffic
Search optimization techniques play an important role in digital marketing. It allows you to easily reach your customers as they use online search engines. In the world of modern technologies, search systems have a great impact on your business. One of the most popular websites providing online search is Google with its 92% of market share. No wonder that many businesses use SEO to increase the exposure of their services online. Ensuring that your website is among the first search results is key to increasing your online sales and attracting new partnerships.
As you may have guessed, in today's post, we will talk about various SEO optimization tips. Moreover, we'll also take a look at how Novi Builder can help you with optimizing your website for search engines. You'll learn about the vital SEO elements. And if you ever wondered how digital marketing can help you with SEO and business promotion, you'll find out how to combine various online marketing & SEO tools that Novi Builder provides.
In case you are visiting our blog for the first time, we recommend taking a look at our previous articles. There you can find detailed information about our free website templates and related services. Also, if you are planning to build your website with Novi Builder, we recommend reading about our top-rated premium HTML5 themes. There's always something informative and interesting to read on our website.
The Term of Search Engine Optimization
Before we go into the details of SEO optimization tips, let's learn what SEO is. Short for search engine optimization, SEO is a set of measures aimed at improving your site's position in the global, local, or national search results. The better visibility your website has, the higher the chance that your potential customers will find you. A proper SEO strategy allows you to get the attention of users that are genuinely interested in what you provide. Moreover, diverse SEO strategies include various elements, such as:
- Technical SEO (sitemap accessibility & page speed);
- On-page SEO (relevant keywords, internal & outbound links);
- Off-site optimization (link-building outreach);
- Local SEO (consistent website optimization & local keywords) etc.
These SEO elements are highly important to help your site achieve better rankings. To do so, a search system needs to analyze your site. When analyzing pages on the Web, search engines take hundreds of factors into account. From site performance to user experience, there are over 200 factors that modern web search engines consider. To rank higher on Google, you need to appear in the organic search results. They are the most trustworthy results that Google assumes to be useful for the user. So to generate more organic traffic on your website, it needs to meet the requirements of the world's most popular search engine.
SEO Optimization Tips using Novi Builder
To help you not just create a powerful website, but also to rank higher on the Web, we introduced certain SEO features in Novi Builder. They are designed to provide you full control over the website's settings that are crucial for proper page ranking. Moreover, with Novi Builder, you can add meta descriptions and meta titles to every page of your template or website. All of the search optimization techniques we will talk about are perfectly integrated into the builder's interface. That's why working with your HTML website and optimizing it is quite simple. Here are some of the options available to you when optimizing any chosen HTML5 template for search engines:
- Sitemap domain location;
- Home page & other pages priority;
- Page change frequency;
- Settings for the robots.txt file;
- Meta title & meta description (unique for every page).
All these tools and settings are designed to provide widely used search optimization techniques. Moreover, using Novi Builder, you won't need to dive deeply into the code of your website. This is possible thanks to the visual editor integrated into our page builder. It allows you to integrate the inbound and outbound links as well as keywords into any page. With our page editor, you can optimize the performance of page elements that are important to your website. And by doing so and increasing the website loading speed, you can achieve a higher ranking on Google. Feel free to read more about Novi SEO options in the builder's documentation.
What to Consider When Optimizing Your Website for SEO
Now, let's explore various SEO optimization tips and options Novi Builder can offer in detail. As there are various search optimization techniques, we at Novi decided to give you as much control as possible over your website. This included adding various SEO & analytics settings that you can change at any time. One of the basic ones is metadata that includes meta title & meta description. The latter is used by Google as a form of your webpage advertising, while a meta title serves as a brief description of a page a user is on. As for the sitemap, it is needed to allow search engines to analyze your website more effectively. In a nutshell, sitemaps are used for improving your rankings. This also means increasing the effectiveness of your SEO efforts.
Other SEO options added in the recent Novi Builder update are designed to increase the SEO performance of your website. For example, the robots.txt section of SEO settings contains recommended options and directives for search engines. This TXT file plays a big role in SEO and is generated in a few clicks by Novi Builder. You can also instruct crawlers to not index your website at all. However, it will negatively influence your website. This feature is useful only during website testing and early development stages. And of course, our page editor allows you to change the priority of pages and how often they are updated. These two options provide important information to search engines. You just have to specify the importance and change frequency of your website pages by rating them from 0.1 to 1.0.
How To Optimize SEO for Site Template
You may decide to use one of our HTML5 templates or already have one of your own for building a noticeable website. In this case, our visual builder will prove to be quite useful. Besides being suitable for various search optimization techniques, Novi Builder provides a variety of tools for customization and content creation. Needless to say that staying at the top of search results requires providing original and regularly updated content to your website visitors. That's what our website editor was designed for. Also, the built-in code editor allows you to optimize the HTML code of your website and add any necessary keywords and tags to your web pages. Here are some of the webpage elements you should pay attention to when optimizing your site for SEO:
- <head> and <title> tags;
- Meta description;
- Alt text for images;
- Canonical tag;
- Nofollow attribute;
- Original & relevant content;
- Anchor links.
Optimizing your site for SEO is easily done by making it user-friendly. This includes introducing attractive and memorable design as well as providing your site with clean and fully functional code. Using relevant keywords and utilizing the <head> tag is also important. This is one of the basic principles in SEO, alongside the usage of the <title> tag. The same goes for meta descriptions. They must not only meet the topic of your website but also contain organic keywords. Adding alt tags to your images that correspond with the topic of published content can simplify search optimization as well. It tells search what your images and other graphic content are about.
Notable Website Code Elements For Search Engines
Besides the abovementioned search optimization techniques that are mostly content-related, there are others that are hidden from your users. Nonetheless, they matter a lot and must be considered by any web developer. First of all, your website needs to show great performance on all major devices. The low loading speed can discourage your visitors. It will also block search engines from proper indexation of your site. Overloading your site with JavaScript plugins negatively influences your position in search results. This is especially true for website menus.
We also recommend paying attention to links as well their anchor text. Adding relevant links with proper anchor text allows search engines to easily find out what your website is about. Another element worth noting is the "nofollow" attribute. Being added to anchor links, this attribute tells Google not to follow the link. Using nofollow is useful when you need to tell Google what to pay attention to in the first place. One of the recent additions to code elements vital for SEO is the canonical tag. It informs the search engine of important pages on your website. It also helps you avoid duplicate content. The latter only decreases your search result rank. Needless to say that unoriginal content will only worsen your online reputation.
Online Marketing And Its Role For Your Website
SEO is closely connected with digital marketing. Both of these spheres serve a single purpose of promoting your business online. However, the tools differ a lot. Search optimization techniques pursue the goal of improving your online rankings. Digital marketing solutions, on the other hand, advertises your brand using various Internet tools. These include e-mail, social media, etc. As a result, you get to build better relationships with your customers. This is achieved by appealing to your target audience's tastes and interests. All in all, your brand & the website will receive more attention. Combining online marketing with SEO helps you to:
- Get closer to your customers and understand them;
- Create better and more fitting content;
- Save on marketing by applying new strategies;
- Promoting your brand online.
Internet marketing not only allows you to add more purpose to SEO. It also saves your costs and informs your customers about your offers. SEO techniques aim to help you get a higher position in search results. Online marketing in its turn allows you to achieve better conversion. Combining both of these methods will help you achieve the desired result. Also, both SEO and digital marketing can be easily tracked. Eventually, all of the above leads to better sales, which is what all businesses strive for.
Professional SEO Service for Your HTML5 Website
Any website owner wants to get the most out of modern search optimization techniques. The team of Novi can easily help you with it. Besides providing a variety of SEO options, we also offer customized SEO services. Available at a reasonable price, this offer includes all you need to rank higher online. The search engine optimization is performed in several stages. The service includes HTML SEO audit as well as keywords tailoring and SEO copywriting solutions. Our specialists will additionally work to create fitting sitemap.xml and robots.txt files for your website. Feel free to find out more about this search engine optimization service on our website.
Our website builder can offer more than SEO services and customization. You can also benefit from the included analytics feature. It was introduced in the recent update. This feature helps to integrate social pages into websites. As described in one of our posts about the v.0.9.9 update, the Novi analytics option allows you to connect your online marketing campaigns to your website. The supported analytics services include:
Connecting these services to your Novi project helps a lot. With them, you can track the results of applied search optimization techniques. Social marketing campaigns can also be. After configuring all the abovementioned features, you get better control over your website. This also includes better results for SEO and online reputation.
Search Optimization Techniques for HTML5 Templates: Conclusion
We hope this post provided the necessary information about search optimization techniques. At Novi, we always try to help our customers SEO using our website builder. Even if you lack experience, our visual editor will help you build a professional website. With SEO-ready and responsive HTML5 templates, you can build any kind of website. With Novi, you can fully control your content. It will help you optimize it for search engines the best way.
If you want to know more about our visual builder and the ready-made HTML templates we provide, feel free to visit Novi Builder website. Also, don't forget to like our Facebook page and Novi Builder community. There we post news and updates about our visual editor and compatible templates. Also, we regularly answer questions submitted by our users and provide additional assistance. You can also submit a ticket to get online help from our agents. We are always happy to help you build a stunning website for your business.


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Cognac Bixby Sandal
Cognac Bixby Sandal
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The beach is calling with these new Bixby sandals by Freshly Picked! Featuring soft leather straps, prong-free (AKA "ouch-free") Italian buckles that are easy to put on and take off, a soft leather insole, and a cushioned rubber sole for added comfort and support. Runs narrow, size up. Now with an updated darker insole.


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Weekend in Las Vegas!
We're home from one of the most fun weekends ever! I feel like we packed so much into just a few days, (and only slept for a few hours) but it was so worth it. I absolutely love the energy in Vegas. The lights, the music, and all of the over-the-top experiences. I'm going to give you a quick breakdown of what we did each day, and include my best tips for an awesome trip.
- Took a limo to our resort. We stayed at the Mirage. My husband's family gets a deal on rooms there, so that's where we stay if we're traveling with them. :)
- We had dinner at OTORO in the Mirage. An upscale sushi restaurant that's right on the casino floor, but has a swanky lounge vibe. This was one of my favorite places. The food and drinks were great, and we loved the atmosphere.
- Aerosmith concert at Park MGM. We had super close seats, and it was an awesome show. They had so much energy, and are amazing performers!! The special effects during the show were great too.
- We rode the "High Roller" ferris wheel. It's the highest ferris wheel in the United States. You are in a pod with around 15-20 people, and it's unlimited drinks during the 30 minute ride. A cool experience with great views. It's located by the LINQ hotel.
- Sleep! I was beat by midnight, and couldn't stay out any longer. Lol!
- Sleep! I was beat by midnight, and couldn't stay out any longer. Lol!
- We woke up early and got a breakfast sandwich and coffee in the Mirage. If you want a cheaper breakfast I would recommend just grabbing something like that and bringing it up to the room.
- Planet 13. A massive marijuana dispensary! It's not legal in Indiana, so we wanted to go check it out. Neither of us are big on using it, but we wanted to see what the hype was about. It's a must-go if you're interested at all! So upscale (for a pot shop..Haha!), and the staff is extremely helpful showing you around. I've never seen anything like it! We went at 8:30am so it would be less crowded.
- The Venetian. I love this resort because of how beautiful the indoor blue sky looks against the little buildings, shops, and water feature running throughout. The gelato here is amazing!! We both got some and loved it.
- The Venetian. I love this resort because of how beautiful the indoor blue sky looks against the little buildings, shops, and water feature running throughout. The gelato here is amazing!! We both got some and loved it.
- Gondola ride. This was kind of a waste of money. (In my opinion) I've always wanted to do it, and I was a little disappointed. It's basically $60 per couple if you share a gondola with 2 others, or $120 for your own personal one. It's maybe an 8-10 minute ride.
- Naps. We went back to the hotel and rested for 3 hours. If you're planning on daytime activities and then going out at night, I highly recommend planning some down time in the room.
- Dinner at Beauty and Essex. We loved this restaurant! Located in the Cosmopolitan. (which has a sexy, sophisticated vibe throughout the whole resort) You walk in and it just looks like a pawn shop. There's a back door which opens to a dark walkway with the hostess stand and all the vibes! The restaurant itself is super dim, crowded, and they play top hits music. It's definitely a mix between a restaurant and lounge. All the food is tapas style, or shareable. We ordered a couple drinks, onion rings, thai shrimp, and mini burgers. Everything we tried was amazing! Definitely add this place on your must-go list! The only drawbacks for me were they kind of rushed you since it's always super crowded, and then it's moderately expensive. At least $150+ for 2 people.
- Drinks at the Chandelier Bar. Also located in the Cosmopolitan! Totally gorgeous! The perfect place to get a few drinks and then take some photos before going out.
- Tao Nightclub. Located in the Venetian, this place has always been on my to-do list ever since Kim K hosted her birthday party there 10 years ago. Haha!! It was so much fun! The decor is all asian-inspired, and they played hip-hop music. We got a a drink and danced here for an hour before moving on.
- 1OAK Nightclub. Located in the Mirage. We've always have a good time here! DMX performed and we were able to stand front row just a couple feet away from him. Hip hop music (which is our favorite) and tons of dancing!
- More breakfast sandwiches. We woke up too late, and all the breakfast restaurants had huge waits.
- Naps. We went back to bed after our sandwiches. Haha!!
- Super Bowl party! The Mirage had a super bowl party for their VIP guests (Cory's dad), so we got to tag along! So much food! Sliders, coney dogs, fries, tacos, chicken tenders, wings, churros, cookies, and ice cream.
- Another nap! I was almost dead at this point! Haha.
- Drai's Nightclub to see Gucci Mane. Located at the Cromwell, Drai's is a must-go! Especially if you're a hip hop fan. There are tons of A-list rap artists that are always performing there. The club itself is gorgeous and on a rooftop. It was so much fun!
- Breakfast at the Pantry. Located in the Mirage. They have amazing pancakes!
- Went home!
- Plan your itinerary before you go! Know what you want to do, and make reservations. It's overwhelming once you're there, so have a plan.
- Take naps. We only survived by napping in the afternoon. You will not make it out at night if you don't plan on some rest time.
- Don't pay $100 cover charges at the clubs! Go to "NoCoverNightclubs.com" and sign up for free guestlist entry at the hottest clubs. We do this for every time we go out to avoid paying at the door.
- Dress to impress! They strictly enforce dress code at the clubs. Women need to wear cocktail dress (or something similar) and heels! Everyone else is looking their best going out, so do the most and be extra! Men need to have dress shoes, and nice shirt or blazer.
- Find out what musicians are going to be performing at which clubs before you get there! There are always celebrities and artists making appearances every night, so find your favorites and sign up for free cover at wherever they are going to be. You can get so much closer to them in Vegas clubs for free than if your paid thousands of dollars to see them at an actual concert venue.
- Find out what musicians are going to be performing at which clubs before you get there! There are always celebrities and artists making appearances every night, so find your favorites and sign up for free cover at wherever they are going to be. You can get so much closer to them in Vegas clubs for free than if your paid thousands of dollars to see them at an actual concert venue.
- Expect to pay $20 a drink. If you arrive early enough (before 11 usually), they give out free drink tickets to women!
- Bring cash! (1s/5s/10s/20s) There is so much tipping in Vegas, and you want to have the right amount on you. Also cover charges will usually be paid in cash.
- Uber everywhere. Everything looks close, but it's not! The walking is brutal in Vegas. Especially at night. Even if we were just going across the street we had an Uber take us from entrance to entrance. It will also save your feet when you're wearing heels. Ubers are super easy to get and cheap too! I only paid $7 each ride. So worth it!
- Go see as many resorts as possible. When planning our trip, I made sure the restaurants/clubs were in different places. There is just so much to see, and each resort is like a whole different world!
- Share food. The portions at most places are huge, (and so expensive). I can't eat nearly as much as Cory, so we would get something (or a couple things) we both liked and just shared. You can't keep leftovers in your room (unless you have a suite with kitchenette or something), so don't order more than you can eat.


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Fruit Stand video slot machine Review
Fruit Stand review by Steve Garret October 6, 2017
The Fruit Stand video Slot machine, a cool 10 payline, 5 reel online video slot. This fruit themed online slot machine brings hours of game play by showcasing graphics such as raspberries, plums and watermelons. Additionally you will see oranges, pears, apples and cherries that delivers the final touch of this sharp Fruit Slot. Consisting of bets from $0.01 to the maximum of $10, this Altea Gaming powered video slot machine provides lots of options. I can suggest other Online Slot machines like Geldsack as it has the 5 reels and 10 lines like Fruit Stand, some others like Sparkling Hot 2 and Sparkling Hot are close as well. As a lot of Altea Gaming online Slot machines like this one play similarly so be sure to pick out a slot that you like.
Final thoughts on Fruit Stand
Fruit Stand is a decent slot, the fruit design along with the raspberries, plums and watermelons was well designed and the slot play is exciting. Some other slot machines like Cleopatra share a lot of the identical game play. All Slot machines offer a good chance of winning big but remember to Cash out while your winning.Bonus game review in Fruit Stand
I believe the bonus round part of Fruit Stand is very good. On casino bonus beater Slot write ups I like to end on the best aspects to look forward to such as these awesome game bonus games. A Fairy Bonus is begun by getting random chance, this bonus game appears to produce extremely good. Get 3 or 4 scattered Free Spins awards 15 or 30 free spins respectively. This will start the Free Spins bonus Game. Like all feature games, the Fruit Stand feature offers you a shot to get the massive win. Bonus games add so much enjoyment to modern Online slot machines, you will find that this is the most exciting feature of Fruit Stand.Casinos to find this slot at
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Sydney Love Stripe Collection Wallet,Silver/Black,One Size
Zip pouch plus a zip pocket
Four card slots and two bill pockets
13008-BL Color: Steel Blue and Black Stripe Features: -Fold over snap entry.-Exterior back slide pocket.-Fully lined with signature Sydney love polka dot lining. Includes: -Interior includes seven credit card slots, clear identity card holder, four slide pockets, two zipper pockets and one currency pocket. Construction: -Constructed of nylon and fabric. Color/Finish: -Wallet accented
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One of the things that has become a culture in the Indian Telecom space is the highly-priced spectrum. The debt-laden telcos are offered spectrum at the highest possible price which increases their network rollout cost and yet they have to offer data at the lowest rates possible to the consumers. Bharti Airtel had already clearly expressed that if the spectrum bands aren't fairly priced for the 5G spectrum auctions, it would avoid bidding much and just use 4G airwaves and Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) to offer 5G services in India. The telco has already shown how it can do that in Hyderabad.
Vodafone Idea in No Capacity to Purchase 5G Spectrum
Vodafone Idea is in no capacity to purchase 5G spectrum from the auctions if the base price of the airwaves is high. According to an ET Telecom report, the sector regulator might not change the base price of the 5G airwaves in the 3300-3600 MHz band. The airwaves in this mid-band is very important for the telcos to rollout 5G services but if they are too highly-priced, it would increase the network rollout costs for the telcos multiple folds.
However, a source related to the matter told the publication that the regulator might consider adding in airwaves in the premium mmWave bands (26 GHz) at a reasonable price to offer economic benefits to the telcos.
This is not a good thing for the Indian Telecom space. The sector regulator should definitely consider the situation of the operators. Apart from Reliance Jio, none of the operators is really in a good position. Even though Bharti Airtel showed net profits in its previous year's results, the telco has a ton of debt on its shoulders and also has to incur costs for expanding its network.
Vodafone Idea and Bharti Airtel might completely avoid the highly-priced spectrum. Even the 700 MHz band needs to be priced lower than before.


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cadence thought she had it all. a loving mate, a pack that respected her and friends that would always be there for her. she gets married to the man of her dreams and she couldnt be happier until she wakes up the next morning and he is gone and all that is left of him is a note saying that he wants her to forget about him. a year later cadence is still fighting for him to sign the divorce papers and finally cadence snaps and goes to his pack house and finds out the real reason he left her that night. can cadence ever fully understand what she ever did to make him leave her? will these two ever get back together or will he be the man she hates with everything in her. read and find out what will happen to these two
23 parts


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