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Barriers and Facilitators for Regular Physical Exercise among Adult Females: Narrative Review 2020
Anees Alyafei*, Wadha Albaker
Wellness Program, Preventive Medicine, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
*Corresponding author: Anees AlYafei, Wellness Program, Preventive Medicine, Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Received Date: 26 March, 2020; Accepted Date: 14 April, 2020; Published Date: 20 April, 2020
Citation: AlYafei A, Albaker W (2020) Barriers and Facilitators for Regular Physical Exercise among Adult Females: Narrative Review 2020. J Community Med Public Health 4: 178. DOI: 10.29011/2577-2228.100078
Females have a higher burden of physical inactivity compared to males. Despite the volumes of qualitative studies that investigate the facilitators and barriers for physical exercise among adults, there are few reviews on the subject. This review aims to investigate the facilitators and barriers to regular physical exercise among adult females based on existing qualitative studies. The available data, which are mostly qualitative in design, could categorize all barriers and facilitators into three themes. They are physical body related factors, psychosocial and physical exercise environmental factors. Physical body related factors include this theme is more related to determinants of gender & age, and health status of individual female. Psychosocial theme is related to social determinants of health which involve interpersonal factors, financial income & employment, educational level, and family & social support. Physical exercise environmental factors include both the workplace surroundings and accessibility to regular physical exercise facility.
Females; Barriers; Facilitators; Physical exercise; Health benefits; Interpersonal factors; Exercise environment; Social determinants
ACSM: American College of Sport Medicine; BMI: Body Mass Index; CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases; DALY: Disability-Adjusted Life Year; NCD: Non-Communicable Diseases; PE: Physical Exercise; SDT: Self-Determination Theory; WHO: World Health Organization; SDOH: Social Determinants of Health
Regular Physical Exercise (PE) is crucial in improving and maintaining a healthy lifestyle simultaneously eliminating the risks associated with chronic diseases, especially as people grow older [1]. Comparably, there is a wide range of health benefits arising from regular PE, which include reducing all causes of mortality, reduction of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD), metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes, and some cancers as well as other Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) [2]. Generally, physical activity can be described as any body movement arising from the action of skeletal muscles using the required energy more than on the rest state [3]. Physical exercise, on the other hand, is a regular or repetitive and structured body movement that is done continuously to enhance the health related and skills related fitness [4]. American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) recommend that individuals should dedicate at least 150 minutes in most weekdays of moderate PE to maintain general health and normal Body Mass Index (BMI) [5].
The current global data shows that the majority of disease burden is due to NCDs, which accounts for almost (63%) of all mortality and morbidity [6]. World Health Organization (WHO) reported leading causes of NCD deaths in 2014 in the following order: CVD (46.2%) of all NCD deaths, cancers (21.7%), pulmonology diseases, (10.7%) and diabetes mellitus (4%). Thus, these four main NCDs were accountable for almost (82%) of all NCD deaths globally. Furthermore, the majority of deaths were females owing to the prevalent NCD disease and related risk factors [7].
Insufficient PE is one crucial risk factors for all NCD diseases including the four mentioned above. In 2010, (23%) of adults above 18 years had less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity PE weekly or equivalent. Also, it was reported that adult females were less active than males, with (27%) of females and (20%) of males not achieving proposed amount of PE [8,9].
The existing available data showed variable insufficient regular PE level cross all geographical regions due to many reasons. This narrative review aims to address various barriers and obstacles that prevent adult females from regular PE as well as the more common facilitators that helps in making PE an essential weekly habit among them.
Importance of Physical Exercise
Insufficient PE is one of the ten leading primary risk factors for mortality worldwide. It accounts for around (3.2 million) deaths per year. Further it caused (69.3 million) Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALYs) 2.8% of the total-globally [10]. Insufficiently physically active individuals are at (20-30%) expanded risk of all-cause mortality, comparing to those who do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity PE weekly, or equivalent, as recommended by WHO [8].
Regular PE, beside decreases all causes of mortality, lowers the risk of broad spectrum of NCDs including the followings; CVDs, overweight & obesity, diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, musculoskeletal disorders, mental disorders, elderly related disease, and colon & breast cancer [11-19].
Social Determinants and Physical Exercise among Females
World Health Organization defined the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) as all conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. All these conditions are influenced greatly by many factors including; income, power and resources at global, national and local levels. The social determinants of health are typically accountable for health inequities [20].
Social determinants of health are wide spectrum factors that impact the health and disease course. Many references agreed on the following factors to affect female practicing PE: gender & age, income & social status, social support, education and literacy, employment/working conditions, physical and psychological environments, and personal health [21-23]. Theses determinants could be grouped into three themes as:
A. Physical Body Related Factors.
B. Psychosocial Factors.
C. Physical Exercise Environment.
Physiological and Body Health Status
This theme is more related to determinants of gender & age, and health status of individual female.
Gender and age play essential role on the influence of access to regular PE from different perspectives including basically the age and anatomical and physiological capability. Females are generally weaker than males across all age groups, with the differences being more noticeable as the individual ages [24]. Also, researches showed that males aged between 30 and 65 have an easier time walking upstairs or downstairs, covering 400 meters and standing for half an hour compared to females [25]. The reason for the difference in mobility, as explained by most researchers, is that females, especially those in advanced age groups, are near the threshold value of the strength of their quadriceps. The same findings apply to females of different age brackets as those aged up to thirty years have an easier time during regular PE compared to older females. As an individual grows older, the physical limitations result in reduced physical independence in daily activities such as housekeeping, shopping, among others [26]. Therefore, active participation in exercises lowers the risk of losing independence as the individuals advance in age.
Females exhibit more barriers in their leisure time activities in different exercise settings than males. Rasinaho, et al. reported the most common reasons for the differences between the two genders as fatigue and extreme engagement in daily activities hence limited time and energy left for regular PE [27]. The amount of time spent in PE also decreases from young adulthood as females approach their fifties and sixties [28].
According to Walia, et al. facilitators to consistency in PE rely on seeing material changes and having full control over one's body [29]. Research by Nies, et al. concludes that age and gender are two of the main facilitators to physical activity [30].
According to Mullen, et al. barriers to PE are more pronounced in young and middle-aged females compared to those of older ages. Slade and Shawn explained that the factors were mainly to do with the feelings and attitudes of those engaging in regular PE. The study acknowledged that the participants were affected by factors such as unqualified fitness instructors, uncomfortable atmosphere for regular PE, and sessions that they claim not to be fun. Furthermore, Slade and Shawn addressed the factors inhibiting PE by females regarding their physical appearance and body perception concerns. The study findings established that overweight females tend to feel insecure with their body weight, thus being more embarrassed about walking, jogging, or working out in public spaces. Evidenced by the feedback from the sample participants, more overweight females were more uncomfortable about exercising around petite people compared to males [31].
As age progress, the elderly reported not much different barriers and facilitators than other age groups. Physical problems, time limits, and also fear of falling were the top three barriers on elderly patients. Furthermore, having no companion and or no professional guidance and family responsibilities were also common interpersonal barriers. Also, physical barriers to walking and weather reported frequently as environmental exercise factors that prevented them from regular PE. On the other hand, facilitators were documented as intrapersonal ones like improving one's physical condition and enjoyment. While the interpersonal facilitators were social, and availability of exercise specialist. Besides, the suitability of both physical environment and its security was familiar with environmental facilitators [32].
Physiological status is exciting to study, especially postpartum and its barriers & facilitators to regular PE. The substantial influence of personal and environmental barriers frequently reported, such as fatigue, and lack of motivation, substantial time limitations, lack of accessibility to reasonably priced and appropriate exercise facilities. In contrast, the primary facilitator was social support. Saligheh M described these findings through a qualitative study among 6-12months postpartum females in Australia [33].
In the younger age group, adolescence tended to change their facilitator and motivators as they progress in regular PE programs. The leading facilitator usually was losing weight but focused more on fitness over time. Usually, the achievement of the goals and family support were crucial for maintenance. At 6-months, the most frequently perceived changes were improved fitness (50%) and body shape (46%) [34].
The obvious evidence indicated the insufficient amount of regular PE among adult females comparing to males generally and it come to be less due to age related reducing ability.
Health Status
Over the literature, some chronic diseases influence regular PE among patients. Shanti Kadariya, et al. reported a high rate of PE among urban diabetic Nepali patients. More than half of the participants (52%) were moderately active, and (28%) highly active. Females were (38%) of the participants. The facilitators were physical fitness, strength, and flexibility, good quality sleep at night, social interaction was identified as the chief facilitators. Family tasks, busy daily schedule, and family discouragement were the barriers against regular PE [35].
The case is the different when Pereira CS found through a qualitative study among bipolar disorder patients that most of participants did not exercise regularly. Among all 14 females who participated in the study, unaware of how exercise can positively influence their disease. The most agreed barriers were the presence of symptoms and social stigma. While social support, including both family and friends, were the most reported facilitators [36].
Furthermore, Lavallée JF, et al. confirmed almost the same findings upon a qualitative meta-synthesis study of 13 studies on female patients with breast cancer. Essential facilitators for regular PE during adjuvant treatment were of tangible benefits, increased self-esteem, empowerment, and improvements in overall psychological well-being. The availability of experienced gym instructors, personalized information, and a social, supportive environment was essential to females during treatment. Whereas, barriers included weakness & body fatigue, pain, and work caring responsibilities [37].
Similar findings reported in an online cross-sectional study among individuals with a current or history of any cancer. Where barriers to regular PE during treatment included physical symptoms and lack of awareness of PE programs. Facilitators for regular PE were history of successful experience with exercise and accessibility [38].
Furthermore, medical condition dramatically affects the practice of regular PE, as revealed by L Boutevillain, et al. His study, which was during 2017 among patients with nonspecific chronic back pain in France, concluded main themes as physical factors, psychological factors, and socio-environmental factors. The leading barrier to regular PA practice was the pain, which sounds common sense. Psychological barriers were associated with the difficulty of integrating PA in a person's daily life. While the environmental barrier was lack of time. Facilitators including the availability of regular PE professionals for teaching exercises, and group exercise sessions [39].
Also, repeated evidence from qualitative studies showed that barriers could be stratified into five themes among patients with musculoskeletal disorders. They were health conditions, lack of time, poor physical condition, socio-emotional, psychological barriers, as well as exercise access. Alternatively, perceived PE facilitators were also under five themes, specifically improved health condition, socio-emotional, behavioral supports, exercise accessibility, and time convenience [40]. Almost the same themes for both barriers and facilitators noticed among patients before or after knee arthroplasty, as described by CA Pellegrini et al. during 2018 in the United States [41].
Both the status of weight loss as well as weight maintenance for obese patients counter almost the same barriers and facilitators. Metzgar CJ, et al. found the accountability to others, social support, planning, awareness, and self-motivation were as vital facilitators. Also, in the same qualitative study among females during 2015, found the barriers to be life transitions, health condition changes, internal factors, and deficiency of social support [42]. Similar barriers also reported during a descriptive and analytic study done in Iran during 2013, where also, stress, depression, food craving, lack of time, exercising lonely, employment, and being a student documented to be common barriers [43]. Medical conditions, especially post gastrectomy cases, were studied in the literature. Almost (50%) of all post-gastrectomy individuals, regardless the gender, gained weight and become obese after few years postsurgery, usually due to not adopting a healthy lifestyle [44].
Many studies reported that obese patients believed about the health-related benefits of regular PE; however, they reported insufficient PE levels to obtain those advantages. The most common perceived barriers were obesities associated factors like pain and physical limitation. While non-obesity related was lack of motivation, environment, and limited resources. There was agreement that weight loss to be the key facilitator to regular PE among them [45].
From a qualitative study on females who were on average 15 months post-gastrectomy in Canada, the barriers and facilitators were identified as three main themes: the physical body, appraisal of the physical and social self, and exercise environment. From a physical body perspective, the most common barriers were limited mobility/lack of fitness feeling of low energy/or reduced stamina and surgery side effects. Contrary, the most common facilitators were post-operation weight loss and weight/health maintenance. Regarding appraisal of the physical and social self, the most reported barriers were lack of self-efficacy and motivation. Unlike facilitators, who were body image and social support/ongoing relationships. Concerning the exercise environment, lack of access to accommodating facilities was the most described barrier. While the access to exercise knowledge was the more common facilitator from exercise environment aspects [46].
Findings of post management related to physical limitation and common side effects of the intervention also confirmed among patients with colorectal cancer, following years post-treatment, were fatigue, which was related to the disease or its treatment is the commonest barrier. While physiological benefits of regular PE like getting more fit reported as the more frequent facilitators [47].
The more the medical condition is associated with pain and disability, the more barriers will be reported, especially in the musculoskeletal conditions. The barriers most frequently stated by patients were pain, stiffness, fatigue, and disability. Motivation and time were the most often reported facilitators in patients with ankylosing spondylosis, as concluded by Fongen C, et al. in a cross-sectional comparative study conducted during 2015 [48].
Various studies addressed frequently the physical limitations due to disease pathology and pain as regular PE barriers while, improving overall the disease course, reducing symptomatology and improving mobility were common facilitators but still in strong need for family and social support.
Psychosocial Factors
This theme is related to SDOH of interpersonal factors, financial income & employment, educational level, and family & social support.
Interpersonal Factors
Interpersonal factors are those related to the individual personality, mentality and interest. In qualitative research conducted by Mullen and Diane in the United States, established that the top motivating factors for PE range between physical appearance and body functioning. The study involved a sample population of females aged between 18 and 55 years. Those aged 18-34 listed their main motivation factors for regular PE as physical appearance, while participants aged 34-55 were more motivated by functioning of the body in the daily exercise routines. From the study by Mullen et al., differences in age determine the reasons for individual engagement in PE. The findings, therefore, also showed the relationship between age and perceived benefits of regular PE and enrolment in fitness facility programs [49].
Regarding the choice of fitness facilities, Jewson et al. ascertain that females across all ages consider factors such as fun sessions, level of qualification of the instructors, and the state of the atmosphere surrounding the facilities as facilitators [50].
Barriers have physical, social, and environmental components that may become a relatively depending on an individual's perception of the significance of these factors in a particular situation. For instance, unawareness of the importance of regular PE and lack of control over negative external factors may inhibit one from seeing the potential benefits of the exercises [51].
One more qualitative study carried out by Bethancourt HJ, et al. during 2014. He confirmed that physical constraints due to the health status of aging, lack of professional support frequently reported by the participants. On the other side, facilitators involved motivation to maintain physical & mental health and access to affordable and to stimulate PE options [52].
Income & Employment
The best place for individuals seeking to increase regular PE is a fitness facility as they offer the best services. However, there is a worrying trend in sustained membership in such facilities. Despite the willingness of many females to register for fitness membership programs and participate in the exercises, approximately (50%) of them drop out within six months of joining the facilities. Although most members initially acknowledge the physical and psychological benefits of regular PE, those who drop out of the exercise facilities give reasons such as loss of interest in the exercise, and lack of money to purchase necessary exercise equipment. Others lack the willpower to engage in regular PE such as jogging and long walks [53].
Further evidence also found that households with collectively higher income have more physically active members compared to those with lower income [54]. Another qualitative study was carried out among Dutch adults, (56%) of the participants were females, done by GE Nagelhout, et al. addressed financial and other logistic reasons. Where the main reason for not engaging in PE was the fees. While it was facilitated by physically active (transport to) work and by dog ownership [55].
Education, Employment/Working Conditions
Relation between education and employment is very strongly interrelated. As vast majority of the educated individuals get work in most countries which ensures relative constant financial income as good quality of life.
Research by Daley and Parfitt, et al. suggested that enrolling in fitness exercise programs and active engagement in regular PE are aspects of health-promotion practices allowing individuals to enjoy the benefits associated with it, which is also related to education [56]. The study by Daley and Breuleux, et al. determines that individuals who exercise regularly have better psychological mood states and seem to be more physically fit than inactive individuals [57]. Regarding the workplace, the researchers ascertain that employees who spend their leisure time exercising register lower medical costs and have higher job satisfaction. The same findings were confirmed by Mittendorf, et al., who alluded that employees with membership in fitness facilities have a better actual health status [58].
Mullen et al. established that the main determinants of PE by females include education level, family size, work role, level of income, involvement in daily activities, and marital status [59]. Echoing the statement of Mullen et al., the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute (CFLRI) reported that females with neither partners nor children at their homes are most likely to be inactive when it comes to regular PE [60]. Conversely, highly educated individuals are active in PE compared to the illiterate or those with lower education levels. Overall, most findings indicate that education, social support, and level of household income have a significant influence on the levels of physical activity.
From workplace condition perspectives, barriers and facilitators may vary based on the type and environment of work. Some daily habits could be explanatory barrier for some female workers. This is reported by Carla Nooijen and her team in 2018 upon studying this among office workers. It was found sitting was a habit in (67%) of the females participated in the study. The two other most common barriers were that, standing was uncomfortable (29%) and standing was tiring (24%). On the other hand, facilitators were the reminders for work breaks (31%), introduction of either standing- or walking-meetings (33% and 29%) respectively [61].
The complexity of income, employment and income was well addressed in many of the above-mentioned studies. As the education and income increase, more adult females participate in regular PE.
Family & Social Support
Regular PE is also associated with psychological benefits, as the participants improve their networking capabilities. Moreover, regularly exercising individuals have higher levels of self-efficacy and a better sense of life control compared to their physically inactive counterparts [62]. Accumulative evidence established that individuals who exercise have better psychological mod states, physical wellbeing, and register lower absenteeism rates in their workplaces compared to those who do not work out [63]. Overall, active participation in exercise programs by females from an early age enhances confidence and an opportunity to remain physically independent throughout their lives.
Based on existing findings, the most common reason for joining a fitness program is the achievement of healthrelated benefits such as improvement in body composition, cardiopulmonary fitness and muscular strength, especially as individuals advance in age [64].
Some studies address the factors that may affect females regular PE levels, among them being lack of peer support, negative body image perceptions, past traumatic experiences, especially concerning body weight and too large and overcrowded open spaces and fitness facilities. The factors briefly discussed in this study were evidence that complexities in age, PE levels, and an individual's attitude in the private and social settings have a significant influence on the benefits of regular PE [65,66].
According to El Mailey, et al. through a qualitative study done in two universities in the Midwestern United States to assess perceptions of regular PE among working parents during 2014. Barriers were involvement in family responsibilities, feeling of guilt, absence of support, scheduling restraints, and competitive work duties. Whereas, facilitators were active with children or during children's activities, playing a role model for offspring, making time/prioritizing, benefits to health and family, and having social support. Gender differences were within each theme, but generally, parents stated their priorities had gone to on family after marriage, which is expected and logic [67].
There are a variety of factors that have negative impact on regular PE spanning environmental, psychological, policy, and social domains. While the psychological factors include individual competence and confidence, ecological factors leading to the same comprise of crime-related safety and access to places set aside for regular PE [66]. However, there is greater effectiveness of socioecological factors that have high levels of influence, most of which are beyond the health system. According to the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), there is a correlation between extrinsic and intrinsic motives driving physical behavior [68,69]. Existing research seem to solely focus on PE among children & young adults or specific adults with chronic illnesses. Moreover, most literature base the findings on different facility settings without delving into factors such as age, gender, and PE levels.
Physical Exercise Environment
Accumulative evidence indicates that environment plays a preeminent influence on the perception of PE among adult females.
Holly D and Swanson V, et al. concluded that workplace environmental context and resources were both important barriers and facilitators for mid-wives on a study conducted in Scotland during 2019. Likewise, negative social influences, family responsibilities, stress, tiredness, unpredictable breaks and shift were barriers, while positive social support facilitated PE as well as exercise facilitators included sponsored classes and protected breaks [70].
Access to Physical Exercise Facility
Functionality like connectivity with other destinations, safety, distance, infrastructure were the most commonly stated barriers. Furthermore, an inadequate variety of structured activities and regular PE services and the crucial influence of accessibility to more family- and dog-friendly facilities were also reported by Cleland V, et al. upon a qualitative study carried out in Australia rural areas during 2015 [71].
Mathews E, et al. reported in 2015 a qualitative study done by a focus group among females of Thiruvananthapuram City, India, that the most physical activity was through household activities. However, they reported adequacy of their activity level but also in need of solving their barriers. Frequently reported barriers were lack of time, motivation, and interest; stray dogs; narrow roads; and not being used to the culture of walking. On the other hand, facilitators of activity we're seeing others walking, walking in pairs, and pleasant walking routes.
Study Limitation
The majority of the available researches are descriptive of qualitative design which does not give overall objective significant view for the common barriers and facilitators of regular PE among females.
Complexity and multidirectional interaction between different SDOH in many occasions, make it difficult to rank the related factors of the common barriers and facilitators of regular PE among adult females.
The need for further quantitative studies still high to give more comprehensive understanding the barriers and facilitators of regular PE among females.
Conflict of Interest
Authors have no financial interest, arrangement or affiliation with anyone in relation to this narrative review that could be perceived as a real or apparent conflict of interest in the context of the subject of this study.
We are grateful to those colleagues who took the time and effort to participate in this narrative review.
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- Nagelhout GE, Hogeling L, Spruijt R, Postma N, de Vries H (2017) Barriers and facilitators for health behavior change among adults from multi-problem households: A qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 1229.
- Daley AJ, Parfitt G (1996) Good health-Is it worth it? Mood states, physical well‐being, job satisfaction and absenteeism in members and non‐members of a British corporate health and fitness club. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 69: 121-134.
- Breuleux C, Heck SK, Hollenback J, Kinzer S (1993) Preliminary comparison of medical care costs between fitness center members and nonmembers. Am J Health Promot 7: 405-407.
- Mittendorf R, Longnecker MP, Newcomb PA, Dietz AT, Greenberg ER, et al. (1995) Strenuous physical activity in young adulthood and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 6: 347-353.
- Salmon J, Owen N, Crawford D, Bauman A, Sallis JF (2003) Physical activity and sedentary behavior: a population-based study of barriers, enjoyment, and preference. Health Psychol 22: 178-88.
- Nooijen CFJ, Kallings LV, Blom V, Ekblom Ö, Forsell Y, et al. (2018) Common perceived barriers and facilitators for reducing sedentary behaviour among office workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: E792.
- Hassmén P, Koivula N, Uutela A (2000) Physical exercise and psychological well-being: a population study in Finland. Prev Med 30: 17-25.
- Salmon P (2001) Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clin Psychol Rev 21: 33-61.
- Folkins CH, Sime WE (1981) Physical fitness training and mental health. Am Psychol 36: 373-389.
- Kohlstedt SS, Weissbrod C, Colangelo AM, Carter M (2013) Psychological factors influencing exercise adherence among females. Psychology 4: 917.
- Seefeldt V, Malina RM, Clark MA (2002) Factors affecting levels of physical activity in adults. Sports Med 32: 143-168.
- Mailey EL, Huberty J, Dinkel D, McAuley E (2014) Physical activity barriers and facilitators among working mothers and fathers. BMC Public Health 14: 657.
- Teixeira PJ, Carraca EV, Markland D, Silva MN, Ryan RM (2012) Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: a systematic review. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity 9: 78.
- Powers SK, Howley ET (2007) Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, USA.
- Holly D, Swanson V (2019) Barriers and facilitators of midwives' physical activity behaviour in hospital and community contexts in Scotland. Journal of advanced nursing 75: 2211-2222.
- Cleland V, Hughes C, Thornton L, Squibb K, Venn A, et al. (2015) Environmental barriers and enablers to physical activity participation among rural adults: a qualitative study. Health Promot J Austr 26: 99-104.
- Mathews E, Lakshmi JK, Ravindran TK, Pratt M, Thankappan KR (2016) Perceptions of barriers and facilitators in physical activity participation among women in Thiruvananthapuram City, India. Glob Health Promot 23: 27-36.


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However carefully you take care of your pet, it is still likely to pick up a flea or tick when out on a walk or playing in the grass. Consistent flea and tick control is the best approach to protect your pets and property from these dangerous insects. An infestation of fleas or ticks may harm your pet's health. To protect their cats and dogs from pain, skin infections, and illnesses like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, pet owners should take preventive measures like using good preventive treatment such as Nexgard spectra for dogs against fleas and ticks regularly. Flea and tick prevention helps keep your dogs healthy and happy and protects your family and house from parasites.
The good news is several approaches to protecting your pet from these parasites. Oral drugs, topical therapies, and aerosol sprays are all viable options. A trip to the clinic is the best way to figure out which flea and tick control method is appropriate for your pet. Your veterinarian will advise you on the best preventive care for your pet, given its age, breed, and current health status.
Maintaining a Consistent Schedule of Veterinary Checkups
Your pet's annual checkup at the vet should include a discussion of flea and tick control measures. Your veterinarian can screen your pet for fleas and ticks at this time. If your veterinarian discovers a problem, they will discuss the best treatment options with you depending on your pet's breed, age, current health status, and any other relevant information. Preventative methods are the most excellent approach to ensure your pet's health and happiness, even if you have the choice to cure fleas and ticks. Ask your vet about flea and tick prevention at your pet's annual checkup. They may advise you on the best course of action based on your pet's specific requirements. You should do the following to ensure the safety of your pets:
- Talk to your vet about the best preventive measures for your pets, including any OTC remedies.
- If your dog or cat is very young, elderly, pregnant, breastfeeding, or on any medicines, you should consult your veterinarian before using a spot-on treatment.
- If you must buy pesticides, only buy those registered with the EPA, and if you must buy medication, only buy those authorized by the FDA.
- Read all the product information on the label before applying or using the item.
- Always read and follow all label instructions to avoid potential health issues. Use the item as instructed. To avoid any unwanted side effects, always use the exact amount instructed.
- Kittens are not cats. Products specifically designated for canines should only be given to them and never to cats. Never.
- It's essential to double-check that your pet falls within the recommended weight range on the packaging. Administering a dosage meant for a giant dog to a smaller dog might be fatal for both animals.
A product's effect on one pet may vary from that on another. If your pet exhibits symptoms after using one of these products: anxiety, severe itching or scratching, skin redness or swelling, vomiting, or odd behaviour, discontinue use immediately and contact your veterinarian. If you see such symptoms, it is essential to consult a veterinarian. Importantly, you should also let your vet and the product's maker know about the incidences so that adverse event reports may be submitted.
Fleas and ticks are not simply annoying; they may also be dangerous to animals and humans. They may spread illness and feed on both humans and animals. Plague, Rocky Mountain fever (Spotted), Lyme disease, bartonellosis, and many more are only some of the zoonotic illnesses that fleas and ticks may transfer from animals to people. So, it's essential to keep the bugs out of the house using quality products like Nexgard spectra for dogs and protect your dogs from the parasites they carry. Fortunately, various effective flea and tick preventives are available to help manage the pests and stop the transmission of zoonotic illnesses. It is crucial to your dog's health and safety that you know what sort of product to use and how to use it properly.

subset: commoncrawl


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Susan Chomba – The Scientist
This post is also available in: Español
The sounds of Susan Chomba's youth were the cackles of hyenas, her grandmother's voice telling tales over a fire, and the barks of baboons, which ran through her village on the slopes of Mt. Kenya with their babies on their backs.
But this was a "short-lived" luxury, she says, as by her late teens, many of the native trees of her landscape had been chopped down by smallholder farmers clearing land for agriculture. Rivers and streams the forests had supported dried up, and the animal sounds went quiet, as biodiversity left for greener pastures.
When Chomba went to university, achieving first a bachelor's in Kenya before going on to receive a joint master's and finally a PhD from the University of Copenhagen, this disappearance of her natural habitat prompted her to study forestry and forest governance. "I wanted to learn about the connections between trees and rivers and smallholder farmers," she says. "I knew we had a big problem, but I did not know how we could solve it."
Since 2017, she has led one of the largest projects of the research institute World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Regreening Africa, which aims to achieve exactly what its name describes by giving farmers across eight countries knowledge and access to technologies to bring trees back onto farms and otherwise sustainably manage their landscapes. It's been hailed as one of the center's "megaprojects," and is helping some 500,000 households benefit from the restoration of degraded landscapes.
Full Article:


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Candy's Column
The F-Word
Pretty much any topic becomes fair game when you're pregnant. Topics you wouldn't have dared to touch without the assistance of a pitcher of margaritas suddenly become appropriate dinner conversation:
"Hey, honey! I peed my pants when I sneezed at the dry cleaner's today!"
"That's nice. How are the hemorrhoids coming along?"
"Active, thanks for asking! Oh, would ya pass the salt? It's next to that box of butt paste…"
Any topic, that is, except the F-word: fear.
After Brooke Shields' seemingly welcomed candor about her struggle with postpartum depression, I'd assumed the doors to honest conversation about parenthood finally had been propped open. An assumption that comforted me because I've inherited what I like to call my mom's "upbeat realism" gene. Pollyannas, we are not. As realists, we generally see it and call it like it is — cushioned with a hearty dose of humor to ease any stinging. Or at least we'd like to think.
It's probably because of this outlook that I was never in any hurry to have children. Nor was Mr. Candy. We have had a fabulous life, a fabulous marriage. Mere babes when we met right out of college — Mr. Candy stole my heart when we met at a party in New York City and he rightfully accused me of drinking "pussy juice," a.k.a. Baileys (true story) — we've been together ever since, for 12 freakin' years. Partying, working, traveling, sleeping in on the weekends: a damn good life.
So of COURSE I have fears about how a baby will change our lives. How she will shift the dynamic in our marriage. How I will balance work with family. How we can no longer hop on a plane to Vegas whenever we want. How my husband and best friend is now going to be a father, first and foremost. How I am going to be a mother, first and foremost. And it's only normal to have and voice those fears, right?
… Right?
Um, yeah, apparently not so much.
"Scared?! What is there to be SCARED of?" my mother-in-law demanded to know when I mentioned I was excited about and, yes, scared of imminent mommyhood.
"Well, labor for one. And the whole lifestyle change…"
"No, no, no. It's ALL wonderful! Every single way the baby changes your life is for the better," exclaimed the MIL, presumably while adjusting her rose-colored glasses.
I know it was her well-meaning intention to reassure me, but I gotta tell you, that conversation really bummed me out. Hell, I may have even shed a few hormone-fueled tears in bed that night. Are my fears abnormal? Did voicing them make people think I wasn't thrilled about becoming a mother? Because I am. Thrilled, that is. My fears do not diminish the truly overwhelming love I already have for this little girl. Love that makes me choke up at the sight of butt paste. BUTT PASTE, for crying out loud! So why are people making me feel guilty for admitting I'm also a little scared, especially when studies show that, for ninety percent of couples, marital bliss dives within a year after the birth of their first child?
Oh, what I wouldn't have given for some "pussy juice" right then.
This isn't the first time I've had someone white-wash what I believe are totally reasonable and REALISTIC fears. Pregnancy weight? No problem! It will shed right off! My marriage? Will be better than ever! It was shallow and meaningless without a baby! My dreams and career? Won't matter so much with a baby in your life!
All I can say is, thank goodness for Mama Kirby.
"Am I weird, Mom, for worrying?"
"You're weird, all right. But not because of this."
"Having kids…?"
"Will be TOUGH on your marriage. More stress, more fights. No doubt."
Which makes me smile with relief. Exactly what I needed to hear. Because Mom is right: I really am weird.


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Los Alamos Releases New Maps Of Martian Ice World
"Breathtaking" new maps of likely sites of water on Mars showcase their association with geologic features such as Vallis Marineris, the largest canyon in the solar system. The maps detail the distribution of water-equivalent hydrogen as revealed by Los Alamos National Laboratory-developed instruments aboard NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft. In an upcoming talk at the Sixth International Conference on Mars at the California Institute of Technology, in Pasadena, Los Alamos space scientist Bill Feldman and coworkers will offer current estimates of the total amount of water stored near the Martian surface. His presentation will be at 1:20 p.m., Friday, July 25. For more than a year, Los Alamos' neutron spectrometer has been carefully mapping the hydrogen content of the planet's surface by measuring changes in neutrons given off by soil, an indicator of hydrogen likely in the form of water-ice. The new color maps are available online. "The new pictures are just breathtaking, the water-equivalent hydrogen follows the geographic features beautifully," said Feldman. "There's a lane of hydrogen-rich material following the western slopes of the biggest volcanoes in the solar system, a maximum reading sits right on Elysium mons, and another maximum is in the deepest canyon in the solar system." The new maps combine images from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on the Mars Global Surveyor with Mars Odyssey spectrometer data through more than half a Martian year of 687 Earth days. From about 55 degrees latitude to the poles, Mars boasts extensive deposits of soils that are rich in water-ice, bearing an average of 50 percent water by mass. In other words, Feldman said, a typical pound of soil scooped up in those polar regions would yield an average of half a pound of water if it were heated in an oven. The tell-tale traces of hydrogen, and therefore the presence of hydrated minerals, also are found in lower concentrations closer to Mars' equator, ranging from two to 10 percent water by mass. Surprisingly, two large areas, one within Arabia Terra, the 1,900-mile-wide Martian desert, and another on the opposite side of the planet, show indications of relatively large concentrations of sub-surface hydrogen. Scientists are attracted to two possible theories of how all that water got into the Martian soils and rocks. The vast water icecaps at the poles may be the source. The thickness of the icecaps themselves may be enough to bottle up geothermal heat from below, increasing the temperature at the bottom and melting the bottom layer of the icecaps, which then could feed a global water table. On the other hand, there is evidence that about a million years or so ago, Mars' axis was tilted about 35 degrees, which might have caused the polar icecaps to evaporate and briefly create enough water in the atmosphere to make ice stable planet-wide. The resultant thick layer of frost may then have combined chemically with hydrogen-hungry soils and rocks. "We're not ready yet to precisely describe the abundance and stratigraphy of these deposits, but the neutron spectrometer shows water ice close to the surface in many locations, and buried elsewhere beneath several inches of dry soils," Feldman said. "Some theories predict these deposits may extend a half mile or more beneath the surface; if so, their total water content may be sufficient to account for the missing water budget of Mars." In fact, a team of Los Alamos scientists has begun a research project to interpret the Mars Odyssey data and their ramifications for the history of Mars' climate. The project is funded through the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program - which funds innovative science with a portion of the Laboratory's operating budget - and seeks to develop a global Martian hydrology model, using vast amounts of remote sensing data, topography maps and experimental results on water loading of minerals. Los Alamos' neutron spectrometer, a more sensitive version of the instrument that found water ice on the moon five years ago, is one component of the gamma-ray spectrometer suite of instruments aboard Odyssey. W.T. Boynton of the University of Arizona leads the gamma-ray spectrometer team. The neutron spectrometer looks for neutrons generated when cosmic rays slam into the nuclei of atoms on the planet's surface, ejecting neutrons skyward with enough energy to reach the Odyssey spacecraft 250 miles above the surface. Elements create their own unique distribution of neutron energy - fast, thermal or epithermal - and these neutron flux signatures are shaped by the elements that make up the soil and how they are distributed. Thermal neutrons are low-energy neutrons in thermal contact with the soil; epithermal neutrons are intermediate, scattering down in energy after bouncing off soil material; and fast neutrons are the highest-energy neutrons produced in the interaction between high-energy galactic cosmic rays and the soil. By looking for a decrease in epithermal neutron flux, researchers can locate hydrogen. Hydrogen in the soil efficiently absorbs the energy from neutrons, reducing their flux in the surface and also the flux that escapes the surface to space where it is detected by the spectrometer. Since hydrogen is likely in the form of water-ice at high latitudes, the spectrometer can measure directly, a yard or so deep into the Martian surface, the amount of ice and how it changes with the seasons. The Los Alamos expertise in neutron spectroscopy stems from longtime nuclear nonproliferation work at the Laboratory, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration. The ability to measure and detect signatures of nuclear materials is a vital component of the Laboratory's mission to reduce the threats from weapons of mass destruction. Mars Odyssey was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in April 2001 and arrived in Martian orbit in late October 2001. During the rest of the spacecraft's 917-day science mission, Los Alamos' neutron spectrometer will continue to improve the hydrogen map and solve more Martian moisture mysteries. Members of the Planetary Science team at Los Alamos working with Feldman on the Odyssey project include Bruce Barraclough, David Bish, Dorothea Delapp, Richard Elphic, Herbert Funsten, Olivier Gasnault, David Lawrence, G. McKinney, Kurt Moore, Robert Tokar, Thomas Prettyman, David Vaniman and Roger Wiens as well as Sylvestre Maurice of the Observatoire Midi-Pyr�n�es (France), S.W. Squyres of Cornell University, and Jeff Plaut of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Related LinksLos Alamos National Laboratory SpaceDaily Search SpaceDaily Subscribe To SpaceDaily Express Odyssey Watches A Frosty Mars Pasadena - Jun 30, 2003 NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft is revealing new details about the intriguing, dynamic character of the frozen layers now known to dominate the high northern latitudes of Mars. The implications have a bearing on science strategies for future missions in the search of habitats.
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Published: 13 Jun 2020
National Indigenous Officer, Thomas Mayor, addressed the biggest rally Darwin has seen, marching against racial injustices internationally and in particular right here in Australia — the plight of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's.
He drew the correlation between the attacks on unionism and the suppression of Indigenous Voices. This speech makes it clear why we as union members must continue our support for the Uluru Statement from the Heart.
Watch the speech here https://youtu.be/NWo8tboGaVE


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Pouille, favorite player number 5 of this tournament and in the 24th position of the ATP ranking, got rid of the Polish Hubert Jurkacz without much difficulty, 6-4 and 6-3. In the second round he will face the Japanese Yoshihito Nishioka.
It also didn't cost Cilic too much to defeat Japanese Yuichi Sugita 6-4, 6-4, and in the next round he will face South Korean Hyeon Chung.
The Serbian Novak Djokovic, the Croatian Borna Coric and the Belgian David Goffin are the first three favorites of the tournament, endowed with 1.9 million dollars in prize money.
Dojovic made his debut in Tokyo today, but in doubles, together with his compatriot Filip Krajinovic, although they were defeated by the pair formed by the Croatian Mate Pavic and the Brazilian Bruno Soares, 6-2, 4-6 and 10-4.
Djokovic will face the Australian Alexei Popyrin on Tuesday, and if he confirms his victory, as is predictable, he will play in the next round with the Japanese Go Soeda.
Spanish Pablo Andújar will also debut in the tournament on Tuesday, against French Gilles Simon, while another Hispanic, Pablo Carreño Busta, will do so on Wednesday against Belgian David Goffin.
– Individual. First round:
Go Soeda (JAP) to Jan-Lennard Struff (ALE), 4-6, 7-6 (4) and 6-3.
Lucas Pouille (FRA, 5) to Hubert Hurkacz (POL), 6-4 and 6-3.
Marin Cilic (CRO, 6) to Yuichi Sugita (JAP), 6-4 and 6-4
Yoshihito Nishioka (JAP) to Joao Sousa (POR), 7-5 and 6-3
Hyeon Chung (COR) to Lorenzo Sonego (ITA), 3-6, 6-3 and 6-4. EFE


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The pact will enable both companies to invest in projects in
Nigeria, partnering with local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that have
previously got involved in related projects that contribute to the United
Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
According to a statement by NSIA, both firms are expected to
make an initial commitment of $50 million to this new venture.
The new venture is open to new investors as the partners
develop the project pipeline, it said.
NSIA said the initiative will seek to mobilise voluntary
market carbon capital from the partners and potential third parties in a small
step toward a more equitable energy transition for Africa.
The statement quoted the Managing Director and Chief
Executive Officer, NSIA, Mr. Uche Orji, as saying that the Authority was
committed to playing a leading role in advancing climate solutions that will
lower Nigeria's carbon emissions.
Orji expressed optimism that the NSIA's partnership with
Vitol will be key to establishing and accelerating carbon reduction and
avoidance in Nigeria. He said this will be achieved by providing an enabling
platform to trade carbon credits.
He said, "NSIA is committed to playing a leading role in
advancing climate solutions that help to lower Nigeria's carbon emission as an
integral part of its ESG strategy.
"NSIA expects that the partnership with Vitol will be key to
establishing and accelerating carbon reduction and avoidance in Nigeria by
providing an enabling platform to trade carbon credits, while channelling
investments in sustainable projects to deliver emission-reduction results.
"We are therefore very pleased to be working with Vitol to
channel our investments in sustainable projects to deliver emission-reduction
results as well as significant socio-economic outcomes that will be of benefit
to Nigerians."
Also speaking, the Head of Environmental Products, Vitol,
Michael Curran, said the company had been investing in high-quality carbon
mitigating projects globally for over 10 years.
He said the company was delighted to be partnering with the
NSIA to support Nigeria's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through
projects that address critical environmental and climate threats.
Curran said: "Vitol has been investing in high-quality
carbon mitigating projects globally for over a decade, with a recent focus on
sub-Saharan Africa. "
We are delighted to be partnering with NSIA to support
Nigeria's national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through projects
that address critical environmental and climate threats.
"The projects will have a clear focus on delivering social
benefits, alongside the highest standards of carbon offsetting.
"Used appropriately as part of a comprehensive corporate
energy transition strategy, offsetting will play a key role in meeting the
Paris Climate Agreement objectives and contribute toward the UN Sustainable
Development Goals."
Nigeria, through the Nigerian National Petroleum Company
Ltd, is pursuing energy transition in order to promote economic growth and is
gradually investing in gas so as to reduce carbon emissions while continuing to
exploit hydrocarbon resources.
Currently, natural gas is the energy transition fuel for
Nigeria, with the energy industry facing increasing demands to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions so as to achieve the goals and commitments of Paris
Accord and COP 26.
During the COP 26 summit in Glasgow, President Muhammadu
Buhari pledged that Nigeria would cut its carbon emissions and reach net-zero
by 2060, underlining the key role of gas in the country's energy transition
While nations such as the United Kingdom, the United States,
and the European Union have set targets to achieve net-zero by 2050, Nigeria
has opted to join Saudi Arabia and Russia in planning to reach net-zero by
The NSIA is Nigeria's investment institution set up to
manage funds in excess of budgeted hydrocarbon revenues.
With mission to play a leading role in driving sustained
economic development for the benefit of all Nigerians through building a
savings base for the Nigerian people, enhancing the development of Nigeria's
infrastructure, and providing stabilisation support in times of economic
stress, the NSIA is empowered to receive, manage, and invest funds in a
diversified portfolio of medium and long-term assets on behalf of all three
tiers of government including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
Vitol is a leader in the energy sector with a presence
across the spectrum from oil through to power, renewables and carbon.
The company trades 7.6 million barrels per day of crude oil
and products, and charters circa 6,200 ship voyages every year.


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Blue Book
The Blue Book is an online data platform containing contact details of all permanent/ observer missions accredited to the United Nations Office at Vienna. The UNOV Protocol Service updates this information on a daily basis, based on the information provided by its permanent missions. The Blue Book is published for information purposes only and is intended for use by missions and the Secretariat.
Updated on : .


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What to do when there is noise from VAIO computer?
- It sounds like "ka li ka li".
- It sounds like "ka Kon".
- It sounds like "quack quack".
- It sounds like "quack, ga quack ga quack".
- It sounds like "bi ~" .
■ |
There is a sound like "ka li ka li" coming from the VAIO. |
Note: |
■ |
The rotating sound like "En~ Hou~", "Hou hu~", "quack, quack, quack". |
Note: |
■ |
The sound like "Ha~", "Ha~Gi, Ha~Gi". |
It is the sound coming from the electronic accessories. |
Related Links
What to do if CD/DVD-ROM sounds weirdly and vibrates?
What to do if PC host makes slight noise?
Why does the adapter make slight noise when using it (or when charging battery)?


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Valentine's Day is over, so it's a wonderful time to talk about the dreaded friend zone. I'll start with a definition – confessing your undying love to your beloved, and then they slap you with, "I think we're better off as friends." The friend zone has been around since the dawn of time, and it never gets any easier.
The funny thing about the friend zone is the different responses you'll get from each gender. If you ask a guy about the friend zone, he'll describe a hellish atmosphere of unnecessary rejection, and harshness.
On the other hand, if you ask a girl, she'll either immediately go on a huge rant about how the friend zone does not exist, and that anyone who believes in the friend zone is a huge baby; or you'll get a very straightforward answer like, "If you don't like them, that's just the way it is."
Personally, I believe in both the friend zone and love at first sight. How are these related? I don't know about anyone else, but the first time I see a new person, I decide if they're physically attractive. During and after the first conversation, I decide whether or not you are a friend or a possible romantic interest. That way it becomes a situation where it's nothing against you. It's just the way I feel.
What really bothers me about the friend zone is how after being friend zoned, the friendship is usually over. Then again, they're hurt and the heart needs time to heal. What people also need to realize is that the friend zone works both ways regardless of gender. One stereotype I hear all the time is that "women can just walk out of the friend zone, while men have to make huge leaps." That's not true at all. The friend zone does not discriminate and it's equally hard on everyone.
The real question left is – can one escape the friend zone?
It's different for everyone, but I believe you can.
Is it easy?
Absolutely not, and in all honesty it's not worth all the heartache waiting on that one person. People tend to love so fiercely that they ignore all the flaws the other person has. No one is perfect (except for Beyoncé). If you get friend zoned, don't be too hard on yourself. There's nothing you can change about yourself, you just have to be the best you that you can be.
Basically, it takes time, but eventually the right person will find their way to fabulous you.


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Home Pro Contracting can send a trim carpenter to your job site.
Think of it this way, a person who does trim carpentry is generally responsible for the last phases of construction that involve the finishing touches. When you are having a job done on a home or an office, you simply must have it done to perfection. That's what Home Pro Contracting does.
Now, you can do your own carpentry of course, or even the trim carpentry, but will you be 100% satisfied when the job is done? Home Pro Contracting of Dallas offers all of the carpentry work you will ever need…guaranteed! Call Home Pro Contracting for your next carpentry job in The Metroplex. That number is (214) 886-3326. The web address is homeprocontracting.com.


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Bon Voyage to the H.M.S. Opal 3
Oh, the week we have had in our classroom and it was only a four day week! In those few days we have been transported back in time to 1750, boarded a ship originating in Dover, England, stopped on the western coast of Africa, and are currently sailing across the Great Ocean to the New World.
An intention we have for social studies work in Opal 3 this year is to dive into the study of US history before the American Revolution. With the stories of Columbus and the Pilgrims and the Mayflower behind us, we have moved forward more than a century to 1750, when the British Colonies are established and populated by indigenous, European, and African people. Now we are wondering:
- Who immigrated to the British Colonies of North America in 1750?
- Why did they come?
- What experiences did they have from the time it was decided they would emigrate until the time they arrived?
- How will their journeys affect their lives in the "New World"?
On Tuesday of this week (also known as 20th of May, 1750) everyone was brought onto our ship, the HMS Opal 3, in different ways.
Some were kidnapped and forced into indenture.
Others voluntarily signed their own Indenture Contracts.
Some paid the fare for the voyage.
Others, gentleman all, were invited as guests of the captain.
A group of slaves was captured and forced aboard our ship during our stop in Africa.
The ship's captain (Levia) is loyal to the Crown, to her genteel guests, and her ship. The first mate (Mary Gage) is strict and makes sure food and water rations are never excessive.
Provisions and accommodations on board vary somewhat according to your station.
Ticketed passengers had hot oatmeal.
Kidnapped servants and slaves had just a bit of questionable water.
After this experience, the teacher, Mary Gage said, "Take some time to get out your writer's notebook. Write your experiences — what are you thinking? What are you feeling?"
Mia asked, "Can you write it in diary form?"
Of course!
20th of May 1750
The last thing I saw was the wet and tired faces of my people disappearing, while I was dragged on the ship with some of my people. Then the door to the hold was slammed shut as loud as a gunshot. And at that moment I knew I might never see my home, beloved Africa, again.
-Max, age 10
20th May 1750
A young girl lay next to me crying, trying not to say a word. As little as she was, she knew she would be punished… The man came down to check on us once in awhile, or maybe just to tell us, "Don't move! Don't talk! Stay put!" He brought us what seemed to be a teaspoon of water to quench our thirst.
A tear ran down my cheek. Thinking of my mother, what was she thinking? Did she even notice I was gone?
-Cooper, age 10
On Wednesday, the Opal 3 students were handed first hand accounts of people who actually made a journey like ours in and around 1750. On this day, small groups of students read an account of a person in a different role from whom they were on Tuesday.
On Thursday and Friday, the groups shared a dramatization of part or all of their stories with the class. The goal of the drama work is to help us deepen our understanding of the perspective represented in the text.
With that lens we are watching the presentations and offering compliments and questions that will help deepen our understanding of the perspective in the drama.
This sea voyage drama and study will culminate with our arrival in the New World. Once we arrive, students will take on new geography and, eventually, roles and perspectives. We will look closely at life in Colonial America in about 1750 and especially about how the economy influenced the lives of the colonists, those providing the labor, other groups in North America, and the Crown.
In the meantime, the students are experiencing history coming to life and figuring out how to take the perspective of someone whose life was so different from our own. They are jumping into this hard work with both feet and are supporting each other to ask hard questions and fill in the details of everyday life in the mid 18th century.


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Happy Birthday Sushant Singh Rajput: Versatile performances of the actor that prove his glorious film legacy will forever be memorable
On Sushant Singh Rajput's 37th birth anniversary today (January 21), let us remember some of his versatile performances that has made his film legacy forever memorable
Today (January 21) marks the 37th birth anniversary of Sushant Singh Rajput. His tragic demise on June 14, 2020, was an irreparable loss for the film industry. Let us remember some of his memorable performances on this special occasion.
Updated : January 21, 2023 10:51 AM IST
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The semi-final and final can be viewed at https://www.sportparkourleague.com/spl2ppv
Watch my semi-final speed run at the 1st FIG Parkour World Championships (2022) where I took third place.
Freerunning is a young popular sport, without NOC*NSF status. That means that there are no structural funds and sponsors and that professional athletes like me have to pay for allmost everything themselves.
With additional sponsorship I could really make a living from my sport and more. Interested in what I can do for you? Read my sponsorship program (in Dutch)
29 - 31 April: KRAP Invaders event (ITA)
19 - 21 May: FIG Parkour World cup Montpellier (FRA)
3 - 4 June: Dutch Championship Speed Tilburg (NLD)
14 - 18 June: Oslo Movement event (NOR)
6-9 July: Urban Sessions Brussels (BEL)
28-30 july: 4 The Love Of Movement Amsterdam (NED)
11 - 13 August: Own The Spot Eindhoven (NLD)
17-20 August: SPL2, Vancouver (CAN)
25-29 August: Tempest Kings of the Concrete, LA (USA)
8-10 September: FIG Parkour World cup Sofia (BUL)
It was a very successful season for me. I became world cup speed champion!
I had a great time in Montpellier and Sofia, together with all the other international freerun athletes. In Tokyo I took third place at the World Speed Championship. I'm looking forward to season 2023. See you there!
World champion Speed SPL-2 (Vancouver-CAN) 023
Dutch champion Freerunning 2023 - Style
Dutch champion Freerunning 2023 - Speed
4th place FIG World Cup Montpellier 2023 - Style
3rd place 1st FIG Parkour World Championships Speed 2022
Overall Champion Speed 2022 FIG World Cup
2nd place FIG World Cup Sofia 2022 - Speed
2nd place FIG World Cup Montpellier 2022 - Speed
I am 19 years old and live in Scheveningen -
The Hague, Netherlands. You can find me training every day in the gyms of Jump Freerun or on the beach.
I am also a certified freerun trainer and enjoy teaching the youngest generation of freerunners.
In my spare time I like to go out with my friends, train with other freerunners all over the world and try to master the Kendama ;-)
© 2023 Tangui professional Freerunner


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Writing a cover letter for a production engineer role can be a difficult and time-consuming task. Crafting a successful cover letter requires careful research, precise word choice, and an understanding of the company you are applying to. This guide provides tips and advice on how to create an effective cover letter for a production engineer role so that your application stands out from the rest. An example of a great production engineer cover letter is also included to help you get started.
If you didn't find what you were looking for, be sure to check out our complete library of cover letter examples.
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Production Engineer Cover Letter Sample
Dear [Recipient],
I am writing to apply for the Production Engineer position at [Company Name]. With my experience in advanced manufacturing technology, problem- solving skills and hands- on knowledge in the production process, I am confident I am the ideal candidate for the job.
Throughout my six years of experience in the production engineering field, I have acquired an advanced knowledge of manufacturing techniques, processes, and procedures. I have a proven track record of streamlining and improving production processes, reducing cost and increasing production output. I have been an integral part of the design and implementation of a highly successful continuous manufacturing process at [Company Name], and I am confident that I can replicate the same success at your company.
In addition to my technical expertise, I am highly organized, detail- oriented and able to quickly identify potential problems and develop cost- effective solutions. I am also an excellent communicator and thrive in collaborative environments. I have a talent for leading teams, providing constructive feedback and creating a positive team environment.
I would welcome the opportunity to discuss my qualifications and experience in more detail and look forward to hearing from you soon. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions.
[Your Name]
Looking to improve your resume? Our resume examples with writing guide and tips offers extensive assistance.
What should a Production Engineer cover letter include?
A production engineer cover letter should include information about the applicant's experience and qualifications that are relevant to the production engineering position they are applying for. It should also include details about why they are the ideal candidate, what they bring to the table in terms of their skills and experience, and any other relevant information that demonstrates why they are the best choice for the job.
The cover letter should also include a strong introduction that grabs the recruiter's attention and lays out the main points of the cover letter. It should also contain a closing paragraph that summarizes the main points of the letter and expresses a genuine interest in the position.
Additionally, the cover letter should be tailored to the specific job listing, demonstrating how the applicant's skills and experience match the job requirements. This should include specific examples of their expertise in production engineering, such as their ability to design efficient manufacturing processes, troubleshoot production issues, or implement new technologies into production. Finally, the cover letter should include contact information so the recruiter can follow up with the applicant.
Production Engineer Cover Letter Writing Tips
Writing a production engineer cover letter is a great way to introduce yourself to a potential employer and make a good first impression. It's important to showcase your skills and experiences that are relevant to the job you're applying for. Here are some tips to make sure that your cover letter stands out:
- Focus on your qualifications: It's important to include information about your education, certifications and other qualifications that you have that make you a good fit for the job.
- Highlight your experience: Make sure to include any previous experience you have in the field, such as any relevant work experience or internships.
- Show your enthusiasm: Be sure to show your enthusiasm for the job and the company in your letter. Let the potential employer know that you're excited to be applying and that you're willing to work hard.
- Keep it concise: Keep your cover letter concise and to the point. Make sure you're not writing too much and that you're focusing on the most relevant information.
- Proofread: Before sending off your cover letter, make sure to proofread it carefully. You want to make sure that it's error- free and that it's an accurate representation of your skills and experiences.
By following these tips, you'll be sure to make a great impression with your production engineer cover letter. Good luck!
Common mistakes to avoid when writing Production Engineer Cover letter
Cover letters are an essential part of any job application. A production engineer cover letter should focus on the essential skills and experience that pertain to the role you are applying for. To ensure you're putting your best foot forward, here are some common mistakes to avoid when writing your production engineer cover letter:
- Not customizing your letter: A production engineer cover letter should be unique and tailored to the job you're applying for. If a recruiter sees you've just sent a generic cover letter, it won't show you're genuinely interested in the role.
- Being too long- winded: You want to make sure you're providing relevant information, but you don't want to overwhelm the reader with too much detail. Keep your production engineer cover letter concise and to the point.
- Not mentioning the job title: Make sure to include the job title in your production engineer cover letter, as this will help the recruiter easily recognize what role you're applying for.
- Failing to mention your qualifications/experience: You don't want to just repeat what's in your resume, but you do want to provide examples that show you have the skills and experience for the role.
- Not highlighting your achievements: Don't forget to mention any accomplishments or accolades you've received throughout your career. This will give the recruiter a better understanding of the value you could bring to the role.
- Making spelling or grammar mistakes: Spelling and grammar mistakes are one of the quickest ways to turn off a recruiter. Make sure to read your production engineer cover letter multiple times before submitting your application.
Key takeaways
A production engineer cover letter is your chance to stand out from other applicants and highlight your skills and attributes to a potential employer. It should be personalized, concise, and clear to make an impact. Here are some key takeaways for writing an impressive production engineer cover letter:
- Focus on how you can help the company. Make sure to include specific examples of how you can help the company meet its goals and objectives. Show that you understand the job requirements and make it clear why you are the best fit for the position.
- Show relevant experience. Include any experience that demonstrates your expertise in technical and project management skills. Make sure to mention any awards, certifications, and other accomplishments that are related to the job.
- Keep it succinct. Your cover letter should not be too long; keep it to a maximum of two pages. Make sure to focus on the most important points and leave out any extraneous information.
- Use a professional tone. Your cover letter should be written in a professional, yet personable, tone. Make sure to avoid any language that is too casual or unprofessional.
- Proofread your work. Before sending your cover letter, make sure to proofread it for any spelling and grammar errors. Double- check that all information is accurate and that the letter is free of any typos.
Frequently Asked Questions
1.How do I write a cover letter for an Production Engineer job with no experience?
When writing a cover letter for a Production Engineer job with no experience, it is important to emphasize transferable skills acquired through other relevant activities, such as coursework, volunteer work, and leadership roles. Additionally, be sure to demonstrate your ability to work well with a team, as well as your strong problem- solving skills. In your cover letter, be sure to also discuss any relevant certifications or training you've acquired, as well as any practical experience you've gained in labs or other settings.
2.How do I write a cover letter for an Production Engineer job experience?
When writing a cover letter for a Production Engineer job with experience, be sure to include any relevant accomplishments, such as successful projects completed or awards received. Additionally, include any research and development experience you have, as well as any technical skills you've acquired through coursework or professional development. It's also important to discuss any team- building or problem- solving skills you've acquired, as well as any initiatives you've taken to improve efficiency or reduce costs.
3.How can I highlight my accomplishments in Production Engineer cover letter?
When highlighting your accomplishments in your Production Engineer cover letter, be sure to discuss any successful projects or initiatives you've taken part in. Additionally, focus on any technical skills you've acquired through coursework, professional development, or volunteer work. If you've received any awards or recognition, be sure to include this as well. Finally, be sure to discuss any analysis or problem- solving skills you've acquired through your work experience.
4.What is a good cover letter for an Production Engineer job?
A good cover letter for a Production Engineer job should emphasize the applicant's relevant technical skills, as well as any experience or certifications they may have. Additionally, the cover letter should showcase the applicant's ability to work well with a team, as well as their problem- solving and analytical skills. Finally, the cover letter should demonstrate the applicant's knowledge of the industry and their willingness to learn and adapt.
In addition to this, be sure to check out our cover letter templates, cover letter formats, cover letter examples, job description, and career advice pages for more helpful tips and advice.
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YouFine Bronze Self Made Man Statue Replica:
The Bobbie Carlyle Self Made Man statue is a powerful and thought-provoking work of art that has inspired countless individuals around the world. Our outdoor bronze replica of this iconic statue captures every detail of the original sculpture, from the intricate folds of the figure's clothing to the expression of determination on his face.
This statue is a testament to the human spirit and the idea that we have the power to shape our own destinies through hard work and determination. It's a powerful symbol of self-reliance and personal growth, and it's a perfect addition to any outdoor space.
YouFine bronze foundry focus on bronze casting artworks,we have made 24 inches bobbie carlyle self made man for table or desk, many of clients buy the 24" self made man sculpture for office desk,and we also made large size. for example,6 feet or 8 feet tall self made man statue. usually the large self made man statues are placed in school,university,or park.
The Meaning of Self Made man statue:
As we all known, The definition of bobbie carlyle self made man is something that is made by oneself or someone who has become successful through his own efforts.
The Vision Self Made Man Statue:
Bobbie Carlyle's bronze sculpture "self-made man" has been one of her most successful works. Like many of her works, it has evolved from her experiences in life and is a difficult task. Six different male models were designed for Bobbie because she created a homemade man. Her son provided the face, and various body parts were "borrowed" from other men in her life. She first worked in Colorado in 1987 and sat for a year before becoming a 37-inch bronze. The huge version starts with a clay-covered foam, and is idle and unfinished for a while, as Bobbie hovers around her studio every day. "When I decided to put the concentrated energy into the sculpture, I had an accident and suffered flogging and pelvic fractures.", she said. "When I work in religion, I'm still walking on crutches, but I'm still recuperating."
If you're looking for a thought-provoking and inspiring work of art for your garden, courtyard, or public space, the Bobbie Carlyle Self Made Man statue replica is an excellent choice. With its striking design and profound message, it's sure to become a cherished part of your outdoor decor.
The Artist about BOBBIE CARLYLE:
sculptor Bobbie Carlyle is known for his bronze expertise. Her subjects range from metaphors to rituals, from wildlife to the west, in miniature and commemorative scales. Carlyle holds an art degree from Brigham Young University in Utah and teaches a studio at the Colorado School of Art. She cites Solon and Gutzon Borglum, Rodin, Daniel Chester French, and Michelangelo as her influence and draws inspiration from the psychological nuances and struggles of everyday life.
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The year of "Reset" is one that is marked by danger and disruption, it is not a year that is suitable for starting new pursuits.
This is a year that will require caution in all aspects of life, and it is also a year where problems in human relations can easily occur; the peace and tranquility in one's heart can fade.
It is not suitable for getting married, opening a business, or starting other endeavors.
However, this is a good year for calming down certain relationships with people or cutting out bad person who are in your life.
Take the initiative to get rid of things in your home that give you bad feelings.
This year is a period for you to get rid of all the bad that has been around up until now and reset yourself. It is important to bring in a new breeze.
It is a suitable period to complete things that need to be done and to start preparations for a new goal.
Also, a "reset" year is a time period in which a lot of personal growth is done, and so there is no reason or need to think pessimistically.
It is best to simply walk straight forward without turning your back on reality.
You can learn from those around you what you are lacking, and then proactively absorb it.
The disciplining yourself this year is will transfer over to next year where you will make great strides.
In terms of personal relations, do not forget the time when you were inexperienced, and take care to have a friendly approach.
It is important that you are attentive to others and your surroundings more than yourself.
free Astrology
Copyright (C) en.fs-astrology All Rights Reserved.


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If you've never rented self storage before, we're here to help.
Once you've found the right storage unit, you can lock in your price by making a free reservation.
Your storage needs are unique. Find out which features and amenities are right for you.
Here's what you need to know to make the process as smooth as possible.
See what fits in different storage unit sizes
Do you need to find the best RV storage in Helotes? We can help you easily compare and reserve storage units in your area. Save your home from overflowing closets, garages, and spare rooms. Our affordable self-storage units help you reclaim your living space. Our enclosed RV parking spaces may be an excellent option for helping you get back valuable driveway space! We offer free reservations, a well-lit facility, and no long-term commitment. We are honored to serve the city of Helotes and the surrounding area. Public Storage offers over 2,500 self-storage facilities nationwide to accommodate household, business, and commercial storage. After 50 years of business, we've built trust with our customers and continue offering convenient storage solutions nationwide. Whether you're interested in a roomy 10x30 storage unit or possibly a small space in Helotes, we make it easy to find the right size for you.


text: Seehad was successfully reunited with his family. He was one of the very first set of children that came to the center on 13 March, 2017 and in that time he has grown, re-established and built up a healthy relationship with his family and now that he is 18 years +, we were very pleased to hand him over to his family. Seehad successfully completed his Primary School and Junior Secondary School Certificate Examinations whilst also receiving Certificates of Participation from the Chess League, Ibadan and from other Vocational Training activities during his stay at the centre. It has been agreed that he will continue with his formal education, while following a vocational training in the evenings


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The Humanities Department offers both Division and Talent Scholarships each year. The Division Scholarship is a merit-based scholarship that covers general enrollment tuition costs up to a specified amount but does not cover special fees or books. A student who plans to enroll for the following fall semester may apply for a Humanities Division Scholarship between January 1st and April 1st each year. The applicant must be observably pursuing a degree in a Humanities Department major, must be enrolled in a minimum of 6 credit hours for semesters awarded, be a citizen of the United States and a resident of the State of Oklahoma, and have completed at least twelve hours with a 3.0 GPA.
Talent Scholarships are awarded in Art, Mass Communication, Choir, and Theatre. Some Theatre and Choir scholarships are available to new and returning Rose State students alike. Mass Communication and Art scholarships are awarded to returning Rose State students who show exceptional talent in that field. These scholarships are not cash awards and do not cover special fees or books. They cover general enrollment tuition costs, up to a specified amount per semester.
Also, thanks to generous donations, the Rose State College Foundation Office has many scholarship opportunities to assist students pursuing a humanities degree.
To apply for all foundation, division, or talent scholarships, click here to complete the General Scholarship Application between January 1st and April 1st.
Frances White Hughes Scholarship
Students majoring in Art, Photography, Music, Theatre, Musical Theatre, and Library Technical Assistant programs may apply. The Frances White Hughes Scholars program:
- Is funded by a gift from the estate of former Rose State Regent, Dr. Frances White Hughes.
- Requires each member to complete 90 hours as an intern each 16-week semester directed by a Fine Arts or Library Technical Assistant professor-mentor, and
- Requires each member to complete an approved business course.
Those chosen to be a part of the Frances White Hughes Scholars program:
- Have earned and maintained a minimum 2.5 cumulative GPA (high school or college).
- Enroll in at least 12 credit hours per semester at Rose State College.
Ten students per year are awarded the Frances White Hughes Scholars scholarship, which includes $3,500 per semester and may be used toward tuition, fees, books, and other approved related expenses. (Hughes Scholars receiving the Ticket to Rose scholarship receive $1,500 per semester that may be used toward books.)
For more information or for assistance to complete the application, contact Christopher Shaneyfelt, HU 107 (405) 733-7999
Scholarship Contacts
Humanities Department Scholarships:
See online application (annually during May)
Art Talent Scholarships:
Spencer Tracy, (405) 733-7599
Mass Communication Talent Scholarships:
Professor Darcy Delaney, FA 110, (405) 733-7400
Choir Talent Scholarship:
Professor Tracey Gregg-Boothby, CC 124, (405) 733-7324
Theatre Talent Scholarships:
Professor Rick Nelson, FA 101, (405) 736-0364
Frances White Hughes Scholarships:
Chris Shaneyfelt, HU 107 (405) 733-7999
Suzanne Thomas, CC 121 (405) 733-7316