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The ultimate guide to gluten-free baking provides a comprehensive resource for anyone seeking to bake without gluten, offering tips, recipes, and expert advice. In this guide, you'll learn the basics of gluten-free baking, including the different types of gluten-free flour and how to substitute them in your favorite recipes.
Discover essential techniques for achieving the perfect texture and taste in your gluten-free baked goods and troubleshooting tips for everyday challenges. Whether you have a gluten intolerance or want to explore the world of gluten-free baking, this guide will empower you to create delicious and satisfying treats that everyone can enjoy.
Credit: www.okonomikitchen.com
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ToggleWhat Is Gluten-Free Baking?
Gluten-free baking refers to preparing baked goods without using gluten-containing ingredients. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, and it can cause digestive issues for some individuals. People choose gluten-free baking for various reasons, including having celiac disease or gluten sensitivity.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where consuming gluten triggers an immune response, damaging the small intestine. Gluten sensitivity, on the other hand, leads to discomfort and digestive problems when gluten is consumed. Individuals can enjoy a wide range of delicious baked goods made from alternative flours like almond, coconut, or rice flour by opting for gluten-free baking.
Gluten-free baking has gained popularity in recent years as more people recognize the benefits of eliminating gluten from their diets and the increasing availability of gluten-free ingredients in stores.
Understanding Gluten
Gluten is a protein in grains like wheat, barley, and rye. Its sticky properties give the dough its elasticity. When consumed by those with gluten intolerance or celiac disease, it can trigger various adverse reactions. These include digestive issues, fatigue, and even damage to the small intestine.
In traditional baking, gluten is crucial in providing structure and texture to baked goods. However, alternative ingredients are necessary for individuals following a gluten-free diet to achieve similar results. Gluten-free flours, such as almond, coconut, or rice flour, can be used instead.
Additionally, xanthan gum or psyllium husk is often added to mimic the binding properties of gluten. Understanding the effects of gluten and its role in baking is essential when exploring the world of gluten-free baking.
Common Gluten-Free Ingredients
Gluten-free baking has become increasingly popular in recent years, with people seeking alternatives to traditional wheat flour. There are various gluten-free flours and starches available that can be used as substitutes. One common alternative is rice flour, which has a light texture and mild flavor.
Another option is almond flour, which adds a nutty taste to baked goods. Tapioca starch, on the other hand, helps to bind ingredients together and gives a chewy texture. Coconut flour is also widely used and adds moisture and richness to recipes.
Additionally, buckwheat flour, made from a gluten-free grain, is a versatile choice that works well in sweet and savory dishes. Experimenting with these alternatives can open up a new world of gluten-free baking. So go ahead and give them a try!
Essential Baking Tools
Gluten-free baking requires essential tools to ensure successful results. To start, a high-quality mixer is necessary for thoroughly combining gluten-free ingredients. A sturdy spatula is also crucial for scraping down the sides of the mixing bowl and incorporating all the ingredients.
Investing in accurate measuring cups and spoons can make a significant difference in achieving the correct ratios and consistency. A reliable oven thermometer also ensures that the temperature is calibrated correctly, preventing under or over-baking. It's also essential to have a non-stick baking mat or parchment paper to avoid sticking and ensure easy removal.
Lastly, a cooling rack allows baked goods to cool evenly and avoid excessive moisture buildup. Utilizing these must-have tools and following proper techniques, you can master the art of gluten-free baking for delicious treats every time.
Substituting All-Purpose Flour
Substituting all-purpose flour in gluten-free baking requires a few key steps. Start using a gluten-free flour blend in your recipes as a direct substitute for regular flour. Look for blends containing rice flour, potato starch, tapioca flour, and xanthan gum for optimal results.
When converting regular recipes to gluten-free, adjusting the liquid ingredients is crucial. Gluten-free flours absorb more liquid, so you may need to increase the amount slightly. Additionally, consider using binders like eggs, flaxseed, or chia seeds to improve the texture and structure of your baked goods.
Experiment with different gluten-free flour substitutes, such as almond flour, coconut flour, or buckwheat flour, to find the best option for your specific recipe. With these recommendations and some practice, you'll be well on your way to mastering delicious gluten-free baking creations.
Replacing Binders And Thickeners
Achieving the perfect texture in gluten-free baked goods requires thoughtful substitutions for binders and thickeners. Instead of relying on gluten, consider alternatives like xanthan gum, guar gum, or psyllium husk. These ingredients effectively bind ingredients together, ensuring your baked goods have the proper structure.
For a thickening agent, opt for potato starch, arrowroot powder, or tapioca starch. These alternatives can help create the desired consistency in your gluten-free recipes. Experiment with combinations and ratios to find the best results for your baked goods.
Replacing binders and thickeners may take some trial and error, but with practice, you can master gluten-free baking and delight your taste buds. So get creative in the kitchen and start baking delicious gluten-free treats that everyone can enjoy!
Egg Replacements In Gluten-Free Baking
Replacing eggs in gluten-free baking can be challenging, but several options are available. To achieve structure and moisture in your recipes, consider using ingredients like applesauce, mashed bananas, or ground flaxseeds mixed with water. These substitutions often work well in cakes, muffins, and bread.
Another option is using yogurt or buttermilk, which can add moisture and a tangy flavor to your baked goods. You can use gelatin, agar agar, or arrowroot powder mixed with water for a binding agent. These alternatives can help hold your ingredients together, just like eggs would.
Additionally, you can explore commercial egg replacers designed explicitly for gluten-free baking. Experimenting with different substitutions will help you find the perfect replacement for eggs in your gluten-free recipes, ensuring delicious and successful results every time.
Mixing And Combining Ingredients
To achieve the perfect blend in gluten-free baking, following best practices when mixing batters and doughs is crucial. Start by thoroughly incorporating each ingredient, ensuring even distribution. Mix wet and dry ingredients separately before combining them. This method prevents clumping and allows for a uniform texture.
Consider using a stand or electric hand mixer to save time and effort. Remember to mix slowly to avoid overmixing, which can lead to a dense final product. Additionally, gently fold in delicate ingredients like fruits or nuts to minimize their breakage.
By following these techniques, you'll create gluten-free batters and doughs that are evenly mixed and result in delicious baked goods.
Rising And Leavening
Achieving a good rise in gluten-free baked goods can be a challenge. Different leavening agents offer varying results. Yeast, for example, is a reliable option for creating height and a light texture in bread and buns. On the other hand, baking powder is often used in quick bread and biscuits to provide a quick rise without needing a long fermentation process.
Xanthan gum and guar gum are commonly used in gluten-free baking to improve the elasticity and structure of the dough, leading to a more satisfactory rise. It's also important to consider the ratio of leavening agents to flour and other ingredients, as using too much or too little can affect the outcome.
Experimenting with different combinations and techniques is vital to achieving the ideal rise in gluten-free baking.
Enhancing Flavor And Texture
Gluten-free baking can be a delight with these tips for enhancing flavor and texture! Try using natural flavorings like vanilla extract or citrus zest to add deliciousness to your gluten-free treats. For an extra kick, experiment with spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, or cardamom.
Incorporating fruits like applesauce or mashed bananas adds sweetness and helps retain moisture. Consider using alternative flours like almond, coconut, or buckwheat to improve the texture of your baked goods. Adding an extra egg or two can produce a softer and more tender final product.
Don't forget to mix the batter thoroughly to ensure an even distribution of ingredients. With these techniques, your gluten-free baked goods will burst with flavor and have the perfect texture to satisfy cravings. So go ahead and indulge in the joys of gluten-free baking!
Avoiding Dryness And Crumbling
Gluten-free baking can be a challenge, particularly when avoiding dryness and crumbling. Fortunately, there are strategies you can implement to combat these issues. One key factor in preventing dryness is using the right combination of gluten-free flour and starches.
This helps to replicate the structure and moisture content that gluten provides. Additionally, incorporating ingredients such as xanthan gum or psyllium husk can improve your gluten-free baked goods' texture and binding properties. Another tip is to increase the amount of liquid used in your recipes, as gluten-free flours tend to absorb more moisture.
Lastly, mixing your batter or dough thoroughly is essential to distribute the ingredients and activate the binding properties evenly. By implementing these strategies, you can achieve moist and delicious gluten-free baked goods without worrying about dryness and crumbling.
Achieving A Light And Fluffy Texture
Gluten-free baking can often be challenging, but the proper techniques can achieve a light and fluffy texture. Consider using a combination of gluten-free flour, such as almond flour, rice flour, and tapioca starch. These alternative flours can help create a more tender crumb in your baked goods.
Additionally, incorporating leavening agents like baking powder or baking soda can add some lift to the texture. Another tip is to beat the eggs or egg whites separately and then fold them into the batter. This helps incorporate air and create a lighter texture.
Finally, don't forget to be gentle when mixing your batter to avoid developing too much gluten. With these methods, you can bake gluten-free cakes and cookies that are not only delicious but also have a tender and fluffy texture. Happy baking!
Solutions For Gummy And Dense Results
Gluten-free baking can sometimes result in gummy or dense textures, but don't worry! There are techniques to overcome these issues. First, use the right combination of gluten-free flour, such as almond, rice, or tapioca flour. Experiment with different ratios until you find the perfect blend.
Secondly, incorporate xanthan gum or psyllium husk into your recipes to improve the texture and structure of your baked goods. These binding agents help mimic the elasticity that gluten provides. Thirdly, don't overmix your batter or dough. Overmixing can lead to excess air and a denser final product.
Finally, consider using ingredients that add moisture and tenderness, like applesauce or yogurt. With these troubleshooting tips, you can achieve light and fluffy results in your gluten-free baking endeavors. Happy baking!
Classic Gluten-Free Bread Recipe
Gluten-free baking can be challenging, but with this ultimate guide, you'll master it quickly. Let's start with a classic gluten-free bread recipe that yields a delicious loaf. Follow these step-by-step instructions for a soft and flavorful result. First, gather all your ingredients and measure them accurately.
Mix the gluten-free flour blend, yeast, salt, and sugar in a bowl. Next, add warm water and oil gradually, stirring until a dough forms. Knead the dough for a few minutes until it becomes smooth and elastic. Place it in a greased loaf pan and allow it to rise until doubled in size.
Finally, bake it in a preheated oven until golden brown. With these tips, you'll achieve a mouthwatering gluten-free bread that everyone will love.
Decadent Gluten-Free Desserts
Decadent gluten-free desserts are a true delight, and with these recipes for gluten-free cakes, cookies, and pies, you can create indulgent treats that everyone can enjoy. From moist and fluffy chocolate cakes to chewy and gooey chocolate chip cookies, these gluten-free desserts will satisfy your sweet tooth.
Experiment with alternatives like almond or coconut flour to achieve the perfect texture and taste. Don't be afraid to get creative with flavors and toppings, whether a rich vanilla frosting on a luscious carrot cake or a dollop of whipped cream on a homemade blueberry pie.
With this ultimate guide to gluten-free baking, you'll discover that restricted diets don't have to mean compromising on taste and enjoyment. So dive into these recipes and indulge in delicious desserts without worrying about gluten.
Frequently Asked Questions For The Ultimate Guide To Gluten-Free Baking
What Are The Benefits Of Gluten-Free Baking?
Gluten-free baking offers numerous benefits, such as improved digestion, increased energy levels, and reduced inflammation. It also allows individuals with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity to enjoy delicious baked goods without adverse effects.
Can I Use Gluten-Free Flour As A Substitute In All Recipes?
While gluten-free flour can be used as a substitute in many recipes, it may not yield the same results as traditional flour. Experimentation and adjusting the ratios of other ingredients like liquids and binders may be necessary for successful gluten-free baking.
How Can I Maintain The Texture And Taste Of Gluten-Free Baked Goods?
To maintain the texture and taste of gluten-free baked goods, you can use a combination of gluten-free flour, such as rice flour, almond flour, and tapioca flour, to mimic the elasticity of gluten. Adding xanthan gum or psyllium husk powder can also help bind and enhance the texture.
What Are Some Common Gluten-Free Baking Mistakes To Avoid?
Common gluten-free baking mistakes include using too much or too little liquid, overmixing the batter, not allowing enough time to rest, and not following specific instructions for the chosen gluten-free flour blend. It's essential to follow recipes and make adjustments as needed carefully.
Are There Any Tips For Converting A Recipe To Gluten-Free?
When converting a recipe to gluten-free, it's advisable to start with recipes with similar textures to the original. Use a reliable gluten-free flour blend, adjust the amount of liquid, and consider adding binders like xanthan gum or psyllium husk powder.
Finally, be patient and willing to experiment to achieve the desired results.
Can I Substitute Gluten-Free Flours In A 1:1 Ratio With Regular Flour?
In most cases, gluten-free flour cannot be substituted in a 1:1 ratio with regular flour. Different gluten-free flours have varying properties, so following specific recipes and measurements is essential. Some recipes may require a combination of different gluten-free flours to achieve the best results.
To sum up, mastering the art of gluten-free baking is possible with the proper knowledge and techniques. You can create delicious and satisfying gluten-free treats by understanding the role of alternative flours, binders, and leavening agents. Experimenting with different recipes and ingredients will help you find the perfect balance and create unique flavors.
Don't forget to pay attention to the texture and consistency of your baked goods, as it can significantly affect the outcome. Always read labels and be mindful of cross-contamination to ensure a gluten-free experience. With patience, practice, and creativity, you can delight your taste buds and impress your friends and family with gluten-free baking.
So go ahead, grab your apron, and embark on the delicious journey of gluten-free baking!


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With their bright colors, vibrant patterns, and livebearing habit, Mollies are among the most popular fish in the hobby.
Mollies are usually displayed in large groups in pet stores, so many beginners assume that these are schooling fish.
But is that so?
Well, Mollies are actually not schooling fish, although they do like to shoal! That's a small but important difference.
Read this guide to learn more!
Schooling Fish vs. Shoaling Fish
There are subtle differences between the fish behaviors of schooling and shoaling species.
Schooling Fish
Safety In Numbers
Schooling fish swim in tight formations to protect the school from predators. The fish's behavior is closely coordinated, with the whole school changing direction simultaneously, leaving no fish exposed to attack.
Simply put, predators find it much easier to grab a solitary fish than trying to select one from a large group.
In addition, the sight and reflection of a large ball of fish swimming together can confuse potential predators, giving the fish a chance to escape or hide.
Territory Defense
In addition, fish are better equipped to defend their territory in a large school. Semi-aggressive bullies are far less likely to take on a massive group than one or two individuals.
Easier Swimming
It's also thought that schooling in tightly packed groups reduces friction, enabling the fish to save energy and swim more efficiently.
Finding food is considerably easier in a large group, as more sets of eyes are on the lookout for a snack.
More Efficient Spawning
Finally, during the spawning season, swimming in a school means that at least some of the fertilized eggs and fry will survive simply because of the huge numbers produced by a large school of fish.
Why Don't Schooling Fish Collide?
Schooling fish have evolved complex senses that enable them to move smoothly as a group without crashing into each other.
So, how do the fish do that?
It was once thought that the school followed one leader. However, that theory has been disproved, and it's now known that every fish follows the movements of its companions.
Pheromones also come into play, helping the fish instantly sense their schoolmates' movements and follow them.
Schooling fish species have their eyes on the sides of their head, enabling them to easily see what's happening next to them and react accordingly. The fish also use their hearing, sight, senses of smell, and lateral line to plot a safe course within the school.
How Many Schooling Species Are There?
Roughly 25% of the world's fish species are known to school throughout their lives. Smaller, peaceful fish generally school more than larger species, largely for safety in numbers.
That said, Piranhas live in massive schools, sometimes eating their smaller, weaker companions, even family members!
How Many Fish Are in a School?
In the wild environment, fish schools are generally pretty large, often with hundreds or even thousands of individuals in the group.
In captivity, schooling fish must have at least six members in their group to be comfortable and confident. That said, you can never have too many schooling fish in the school, provided you don't overcrowd your tank.
Schooling fish you often see in home aquariums include loaches, danios, and barbs.
Shoaling Fish
In contrast to the disciplined, regimented habits of schooling fish, shoalers gather in loose clusters, which can be a mixture of different species.
Shoals are typically made up of fish of different sizes and species that gather randomly near a valuable resource, such as spawning grounds or food.
A shoal gathers largely for social reasons. In essence, shoaling fish prefer to live in the company of others, usually for reasons of safety. Within the group, the fish act as individuals rather than as one unit, which is what you see in schools.
How Many Mollies Should Live Together?
So, how many Mollies should you keep together?
To some extent, that depends on the species of Molly you want to keep. Some Molly varieties, such as Sailfin mollies, prefer to live in large shoals of six or more, whereas Shortfin mollies are happy with just a couple of companions.
As with any fish species you're thinking of keeping, you should thoroughly research the Molly type you're considering taking home. If you're unsure, we recommend you keep larger numbers of Mollies than fewer.
Male-to-Female Ratio
You can keep all female fish together without problems or keep a mixed shoal with just one male Molly to every three or four females. That helps to prevent aggression among the males and stops them from harassing the females too much.
Did you know that female Mollies can carry fertilized eggs inside their bodies and can give birth to live young without even having to mate? So, even if you don't have male Mollies in your tank, you can still increase the population!
Mollies keep their eggs inside their bodies until they hatch into live fry and the female gives birth. That process is extremely stressful for the fish. In fact, some female Mollies die immediately after giving birth due to the stress of the whole process.
The courtship process is also extremely stressful, with male Mollies continuing to pester and harass females even though the girls are already pregnant.
So, if you have too many males in relation to females, you can see that stress levels in your tank will quickly go through the roof!
Can Mollies Live Alone?
Shoaling fish are social animals that do best when kept in a tank with others of their own species. For that reason, we don't recommend keeping one Molly alone.
If you keep a fish alone that's evolved to live in a shoal or school, the fish will become stressed. Stress and loneliness will impact the fish's immune system, leaving it open to attacks by common fish diseases and parasites and undoubtedly shortening the creature's lifespan.
Final Thoughts
I hope you enjoyed our guide to whether Mollies are schooling fish. If you found the information helpful, please take a moment to share the article.
Contrary to popular belief, schooling is not the same as shoaling, and now you know the difference! Mollies are shoaling fish, living in loose groups that swim together while individuals remain independent of each other within that social group.
Mollies are happiest when kept in groups, although it's important to keep the ratio of males to females correct to prevent the female fish from being hassled too much by amorous males. We recommend keeping three female Mollies to one male.
How many Molly fish do you have in your setup? Do they shoal with tank mates of different species? Tell us in the comments box below.


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Do you know what's really magical? Walt Disney World.
Do you know what's not so magical? Riding a bus.
I apologize if you own stock in Greyhound, but riding a bus kind of sucks. It has all the drawbacks of flying with none of the coolness. No attractive stewardesses with tiny bottles of happiness, nary a peanut in sight, except one that you might find stuck between the seats; the movie is always "Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo," and no bus driver ever has given me a "steel wheels" keepsake pin.
Whatever you call them, according to Disney, their transports on average run every 20 minutes from all WDW onsite resorts. And in response I chuckle like Ed the Hyena from the Lion King.
Now, on occasion, I'm sure you might get lucky and hit it just right with your timing to walk right on board the bus you need, but more often than not in my experience, this is a clearly an optimistic estimate. These magical buses are subject to Mickey's Law (which is like Murphy's Law, only cheesier… drum roll/rim shot.)
Mickey's Laws of Magical Buses
Speaking of #2 above, I'm convinced that the Disney bus drivers are engaged in sort of points-based competition involving speeding off just as a family shambles up to the bus stop looking like zombie extras from The Walking Dead.
One Point for each family member, left behind plus bonuses for:
This must explain why every visit I have made to WDW while my lovely wife was very pregnant involved vainly trying to run after a just-departed bus, yelling and waving like a loon as if under siege by a swarm of mosquitoes. I didn't mind though. Her doctor said it was good for her to continue to exercise well into her pregnancy, and she usually got pretty close to catching it...
What? Those bus drivers certainly weren't going to stop for me; at least she had a chance of getting a pity stop!
Now you might not know this interesting little factoid but among the many things that are going or have already gone extinct at WDW (such as the Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights, affordable ticket prices, the Maelstrom, rides at Disney's Hollywood Studios) include partially camouflaged analog corded phones at the various Disney bus stops.
In years past some people, many of whom were not my wife, grew frustrated at the lengthy amount of time it was taking for a bus to arrive and would pick up these phones, which I assume were there for cast members technically, but not marked as such.
People who picked up these phones were connected to some mysterious disembodied Voice of Disney Transportation who magically controlled the bus routes at WDW much like the Wizard controlled the special effects in the Emerald City Palace in Oz.
And if those callers happened to be pregnant and also my wife, they would demand in a third-trimester-voice, "Where's the bus!?" Just like that tiny but angry little old lady from the Wendy's "Where's the beef!?" Commercials.
I'm sure it's a coincidence that all these phones have now been removed from their respective bus stops.
And is it just me, or do you all remember a time when these theme park buses contained seats for more than 10 people? We used to get multiple rows facing forward like, you know, a real bus. Yet now we get a semi-circle of seats arranged like a therapy group meeting around a standing room-only space the size of a wedding dance floor. Why? So Disney can pack more and more guests in like sardines, of course.
What's more fun after spending a long day in the parks than standing up for an entire bus ride while trying to hold onto the handrail, your kids, 57 souvenir bags, and a stroller that refuses to stay folded while staring into a bunch of strange armpits and trying not to fall onto one of the seven people seated around you each time the bus lurches to a stop or start. Zip-a-dee-doo-dah!
What about Universal?
Unlike Disney's fleet of roughly 18,000 Disney Transports, the only onsite Universal hotel that regularly utilizes full-size transport buses is the Cabana Bay Beach Resort. While these buses suffer from the same addiction recovery group type seating as their WDW brethren, there are quite a few more positives.
Since the Universal shuttle route is limited to two points, Cabana Bay and Universal's CityWalk, there always seems to be a convoy of buses in motion, minimizing both the wait times and the amount of people on each bus. This in turn leads to you frequently being able to actually sit down, which on a Disney bus has become almost as difficult as getting dinner reservations at Be Our Guest. Plus the Cabana Bay buses have surfboards affixed to the roof and are painted like powder blue "woodies." Ahem. Insert your own joke here.
The Universal equivalent of the Disney bus, I mean Transport, would have to be the Water Taxi. Three of the current four Universal onsite resorts (Royal Pacific, Hard Rock, and Portofino Bay), plus the forthcoming Sapphire Falls, utilize the water taxi system.
While I realize these boats are basically floating buses, the positive is they are not a standard form of transportation in every city in the world (except perhaps Venice, Italy) so they make for a more - dare I say - magical transportation experience while on vacation.
I think cruising on the water in a partially open air vessel, under walking bridges, and past lush tropical foliage just makes for a better experience than a bus on a highway. Especially for folks who don't live anywhere near a body of water back home.
There's nothin' on earth like a genuine bona-fide electrified six-car monorail!
I used to love the monorail as a kid. Remember when getting to ride up front in the pilot's cabin was the coolest thing ever? Unfortunately things change. Getting to hop into that cool nose cone of the monorail is no longer an available option, and I'd rather navigate I-4 on a unicycle during Central Florida Rush Hour Traffic than ride in a WDW monorail.
Why, you might ask? Because in my opinion the WDW monorail fleet has gone from a spotless futuristic mode of transportation to the back of an New York City Taxi Cab, circa 1979. They have become filthy from all the constant wear and tear, with torn upholstery and nasty stains. Some of these monorails are run-down, when they are running at all that is....
They seem to be breaking down more and more frequently, and I can tell you first-hand that this particular experience is worse than sitting through Stitch's Great Escape. Okay, maybe not that bad. But close!
We were on our way from one of the hotels on the monorail loop to the Magic Kingdom for a Mickey's No So Scary Halloween Party, when we got stuck. On a standing-room-only monorail filled with costumed folks on a warm October day.
And since the monorails run on electricity, when they go down so does the air conditioning system. Bibbidi-bobbidi-B.O.! Thank goodness it was only about 20 minutes before we limped into the MK station.
Other people haven't been so lucky... Just this past October guests were stranded for hours between the Contemporary and the Magic Kingdom until Reedy Creek Fire Rescue was able to affect a rescue. Some guests were removed via cherry picker and everyone else was towed back to the TTC (Transportation and Ticket Center.) Even worse, there have been quite a few crashes, as recently as last month, when a monorail that was already being towed became loose and crashed with a tow vehicle. (No one was hurt and no guests were involved.)
Monorails have been the both the most efficient and popular mode of transportation at WDW for years, so why is it that lately are they breaking down so much and not being maintained to look nice and shiny?
Well, I can't tell you why, but I can relay one simple truth: monorails (and buses, and any form of guest transportation for that matter) don't make the theme park any money. From an economical standpoint, it is a strictly a cost. For what it's worth, reducing maintenance and upkeep reduces cost. However, reducing maintenance and upkeep also increases the risk of accidents, malfunctions, and dinginess.
How will Disney respond to this situation?
Monorail Fireworks Viewing Dessert Parties!
Just kidding… Disney would never take over a vital guest transportation system to use as a thinly veiled money-making scheme by charging for something you can see for free and providing low-cost dessert foods while charging upscale restaurant prices. Oh wait…
I won't go into the Ferrytale Wishes wherein WDW takes an entire ferry out of service for a dessert party since Robert skillfully covered it all. From what I have heard (but sadly not yet experienced) the monorail trains at both Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland Resort put the WDW ones to shame.
So, what are your thoughts, input, and first-hand experiences you can share for this transportation conversation?
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Disney's boats that serve Epcot resorts are pretty nice too...I just wish there were more of them to more places.
There is hope though. What if the buses were driver-less? What if the "Magical Express" was a fleet of unique driver-less vehicles to whisk guests around the resort. What if the vehicles were themed to Adventureland, Fantasyland, Tron, or Star Wars? Maybe Disney World can recapture that vision of the future. Maybe they can really create a Magical Express.
The MK is a different story. The inefficiency is a nightmare that takes away a good amount of fun of visiting. Good idea in the late 60's, but it has long lost its fun except for the first visit by a 6 year old.
Dirty busses, slow boats, or aging trains (monorails). Time for Reedy Creek to build some high quality mass transit that efficiently handles WDW and could also tie in with a regional system to other attractions, hotels, airport, and the convention center. It'll never happen as Disney doesn't want to compete.
I can only assume you were trying to be humorous, but in which case I didn't get the joke....
It just reads like another 'Disney is rubbish, Universal is wonderful' article.
Will it cause the track to bend?
Not on your life my Hindu friend.
At one time (many, many years ago) the WDW buses did provide reliable transportation. You could park at one themepark and ride the buses the rest of the day while park hopping.
If I were to ever stay on Disney property, there is no way I would rely on their bus transportation to get anywhere. I would still rent a car.
It seems that they are now more dedicated to take guests to the resorts rather than to parks. If I'm doing my single day park hop to all four parks, it's way easier to drive to each one and walk to the gates. I'm also saving a lot of time and getting some extra exercise while I'm at it.
If you still want to ride the buses I do have one tip - do not start your day with your car parked at Animal Kingdom. It's almost impossible to get back there at the end of the day from one of the other parks.
Not to sound like a conspiracy theorist, but I think there's more to the monorail maintenance issues. One factor I could easily see is crowd control going into the Magic Kingdom. If the monorail is "broke down" and the only way to get to the park is to ride the ferry, then this allows for more control of the flow of guests arriving at the front gates. Sometimes I've wondered if it would faster to just walk around by the Contemporary when the monorail is down and they are only running the ferries.
I have nothing but praise for Cabana Bay's buses. They run frequently which allows for low wait times to get to Citywalk and back to CB. Like Rob mentioned above, when I visit UO my car stays at the resort (and ug, I'm paying to park it there), but I can go for days before I need to use it since I'm staying on property. The only time I end up using it is to drive to Disney to visit the various parks or run a few errands to stores.
The worst part of the buses is the lack of information. Am I going to wait 20 minutes? Or an hour? Cause I'll get an Uber or taxi as my time is worth it. My vacation hours are precious, and while I love to slow down, I want to do so over dinner or on a bench on Main Street USA. Not waiting and watching as other resort buses come and go while I sit--or more likely, stand--growing anxious and wondering what is to be.
Anyone who's reads this and can't at least crack a small smile needs to take life a bit less seriously!
And thanks for the advice about taking my life less seriously. I'll try to bear that in mind.....
If anything i think they have too many buses on the go at once - i think every 30 mins would be good enough and much better for the environment (but it is a fantastic service)
As an Orlando local and someone who has gone every year of my life to Disney and Uiversal I can agree that Universal is much less stressful for transportation. Just riding the tram from the parking lot at Disney is a freaking 45 minute lawyer safety spiel torture that gets restarted every time people cross the line and board the tram that cannot move until it plays its 10 minute safety spiel. Nothing more magical then seeing people yelled at for boarding a parked tram or being ticked off that they cannot board a parked tram that mocks then for several minutes before it moves.
I took my three year old niece to Universal because I wanted her to see characters roaming the parks and I did not want to plan every second a year in advance and wait in hour long lines for rides that she has no clue about anyways. The creepy singing baby ETs were just as good as the creepy small world dolls to her and seeing spongebob roaming the park made her day. Personally I think it is more magical then getting a fastpass and waiting to meet them while being forced through a cattle line with a forced picture. All Disney needs is a slide to kick kids down a la "A Christmas Story" to make the line go faster Next!!!
Tim, When you spoke with Universal, did you or they suggest the Attractions Assistance Program (AAP) or the Guest Assistance Program (GAP) as a possibility to assist with your insulin pump issue? I believe that both programs are still in effect, although the AAP might be the best solution to your medical situation while visiting UO.
For those of you who felt the article was being unfair to Disney, I'd like to remind you all of the days when DW was the Magic Kingdom, the hotels on the monorail line, and Camp Wilderness. Back then, you either drove your car to the resort and rode the monorail or the ferry to the park or you took the boat from the campground to the park or you walked to the monorail station at your hotel and you rode the monorail to the park. I don't recall there being too many issues with getting around the resort since Disney had all of their assets pretty much located in one place.
Now that Disney has decided to maximize their revenue by massively expanding the number of on-property hotel rooms and quadrupling the number of resorts, they have no one to blame but themselves for not properly addressing the transportation issue and letting the infrastructure go wanting. Disney is starting to address the problem, but they have a ways to go before they can provide the high quality and themed transportation that they once provided.
As far as those of you who feel that Paul is being unfair and is resorting to Disney bashing, I say hogwash! Paul is just using humor to point out that Disney is failing to meet their own historical standards and is starting to pale in comparison to the quality of the limited transportation system at the USO resort. So if you don't like him pointing out that the emperor has no clothes, I have a simple solution for you - DON'T READ HIS ARTICLES!
Jeff Elliott, another talented writer on this site, has for the most part quit writing articles for TPI partly because of the emotional and unwarranted criticism he received from the Disneyphiles. So, unless you have a factual basis and not an emotional or anecdotal basis to disagree with Paul's humor, you might want to keep it to yourself. Or you could stick your neck, your time, and your writing skills on the line and see how it feels to get a pile of lazy potshots thrown at you!
After being at the parks all day, we are exhausted. Recently, on a busy days, it is not uncommon to have to wait upwards of 30 minutes for a boat or monorail to get to the TTC, then another fifteen minutes to catch a tram, or a fifteen minute brisk walk.
But I cannot think of anything they can do to fix the situation short of raising ticket prices some more to control crowds. It was a neat magical idea, but the logistics of it suck.
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Calico Critters Pookie Panda Family
In Stock
We offer store pickup and local delivery!
Meet the Pookie Panda Family, a family of black and white flocked Panda bears with round ears. Includes mother Debra, father Walter and baby sister and brother Angela and Tyler. Adult figures Debra and Walter measure approximately 3 inches tall and baby sister and brother Angela and Tyler measure approximately 1.75 inches tall.
Calico Critters flocked figures are soft to the touch and perfectly miniature for whimsical fun. All come with removable detailed clothing, and are poseable with jointed arms and legs, and heads that rotate.
Ages 3 and up
- WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Small parts. Not for children under 3 years.


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Submitting Your Short Story: dos and don'ts
Ever packed your manuscript into an envelope and slipped it in a post box – hope in your heart and postage-stamp flavour on your tongue? Ever uploaded your short story to a competition submissions page, with stars in your eyes and … mouse-button texture on your finger? Thuy On and Rochelle Siemienowicz from the Big Issue explain how to give your short story a chance in a sea of open submissions.
Each year, the Big Issue office is hit with a beautiful flood of thick, yellow and white envelopes: submissions to the annual fiction edition. As readers, we spend weeks going through the resulting stack of stories; this year, close to 400. Here are some tips – some applicable to many open-submission scenarios, others specific to the cat-centric biases of the Big Issue editorial team – for making your story stand out. (We reserve the right to break any of these rules for really excellent stories.)
- Make sure you read previous editions of the publication – or, if it's a competition, previous winners' stories – to see what the judges/editors have liked in the past.
- If there is a theme, try to offer something that isn't too obvious. For example, for the Big Issue's 2014 'Take Me Away' edition, we had a glut of stories about death. Every conceivable kind of death. We were bored to death.
- Unless you are a really, really excellent writer or an actual non-human animal, avoid writing stories from the perspective of animals.
- Bear in mind the editors will probably have waded through hundreds of stories before reaching yours. Surprise us with some originality.
- Don't be afraid to submit something shorter than the word count – we love excellent micro-fiction, too.
- Spelling, punctuation and grammar. We want to know you have read through your story and checked it. As word nerds, obvious mistakes make our hearts sad.
- Writing in the first-person present tense seems to be very much the flavour of the moment. I gets a bit too samey, though. Be adventurous. Be old-fashioned. Write a character or a narrator who isn't you. Maybe even one from another planet or historical period.
- Try something other than gritty social realism. If you want to write a story about a homeless person, a sex worker, a terminal illness or an employment crisis, for instance, you're going to have to be very creative and skillful to make it stand out. (Some specific advice for Big Issue fiction edition aspirants: just because it's for the Big Issue, it doesn't have to be about the Big Issue – or our vendors. It's fiction.)
- More cats. We say it every year, but stop giving us dog stories. If you want to write about animals, make them cats! We promise we will read your story with more than just a cursory glance if you submit a (good) cat story or successfully manage to integrate one into the narrative. Which means: don't just add, 'and then Fluffy wandered in and licked his paws before running out the door…'
- Life's wonderful moments can be just as dramatic and interesting as divorces and traumas and pain – though they can be harder to make interesting. Give us some joy. Some euphoria. Some laughter. Some sex that isn't disappointing; or a marriage or friendship or family that works instead of one that's disintegrating. Now we may sound a little Pollyanna-ish, but it's been a long winter!


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Are you keeping track of everything?
Never miss another to-do. Use tasks to remember it later.
Running a catering business is no easy task. There are constant demands and to-dos that can quickly become overwhelming if you're not organized. To stay on top of all the tasks, it's important to have some sort of system that helps you track progress from inquiry to closing an event. That's where workflow background information comes in – having a detailed list of tasks on hand helps you ensure nothing slips through the cracks and keep your business running smoothly. With a few simple steps and best practices, you'll be able to create an efficient workflow system that makes sure every detail is taken care of. Read on for more information about how tasks can help caterers stay focused and never miss another important item!
What is task management and why it's important for caterers
When it comes to catering, there's no shortage of tasks that need to be done from start to finish. That's why task management is such an invaluable tool for caterers. With task management tools, caterers can create and assign tasks, set deadlines, view progress in real-time – all within one centralized platform. Not only does it help to simplify day-to-day operations and save time, but it also helps to reduce the risk of mistakes by providing one easily accessible location for all tasks. By utilizing catering software with task management capabilities built in, caterers can feel confident that they're staying on top of every facet while taking their business to the next level.
How to use your task list for every event you plan
Planning events can be stressful, but using a task list can help make sure everything runs as smoothly as possible. With catering software, creating a list is easier than ever- you'll have an overview of the most important tasks for each event and be able to check them off as you go. Having everything in one place, from the initial inquiry to closing out the event, will allow you to focus on what matters most: delivering your unique and delicious catering experience that clients are sure to love.
Benefits of having multiple lists for different types of tasks
As a caterer, it can be easy to get overwhelmed with all of the details and tasks that you have to keep track of. Having multiple lists for different types of tasks, like organization, customer relations, and event specific ones, can help immensely in staying on top of your work. With catering software specifically designed to provide you with an overview of what needs to be done and when, having a comprehensive set of task lists allows you to better coordinate the entire process from inquiry to closing an event. Moreover, keeping different lists offers great visibility that enables you to remain focused on each element as well as stay organized in one central source, helping you avoid missed deadlines and costly mistakes.
Tips on creating checklists and setting reminders to ensure nothing slips through the cracks
If you're in the catering business, you know all too well how difficult it can be to keep up with a million and one details. That's why having an organized list of tasks that need to be completed when dealing with inquiries, scheduling events, and even closing out after the event has wrapped up is so important. Crafting checklists and setting reminders are key to making sure no detail goes unseen! Fortunately, staying on top of it all doesn't have to be a daunting task thanks to the availability of catering software systems. These comprehensive tools make it easy for caterers to create checklists, set reminders for time-sensitive tasks, and give them peace of mind that nothing will slip through the cracks.
Strategies on setting up deadlines and using notifications to keep yourself on track
Setting up deadlines and using notifications can be a powerful tool in helping to keep yourself on track as a caterer. Knowing which tasks need to get done right away, and which ones can wait when dealing with inquiries, preparing for an event, or closing out an event is key. By carefully setting goals and deadlines for yourself, creating reminders to take advantage of any proactive services (such as setting everything up with a handy dashboard), or enabling notification settings on your calendar, you can make sure that each task is completed at the right time – giving you greater peace of mind and allowing you to focus on running a successful catering business.
How to prioritize tasks so that you focus on the most important ones first
When you own a catering business, you are often inundated with tasks that you need to complete. It can be hard to stay organized and prioritize the most important items on your list. This is where catering software come in! Not only does it help make sure nothing falls through the cracks, but its convenient dashboard view gives you a clear overview of your most immediate needs as well as any long-term projects or deadlines coming up. Having all these tasks laid out in front of you makes it easy to identify what's absolutely critical and must be done right away. With this kind of visual representation, it becomes much simpler to identify the most pressing matters and focus on tackling those first!


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Old Dominion UniversityDesign Standards
The Old Dominion University Design Standards are meant as a communication tool between the university and its faculty/staff, architects, landscape architects, engineers, general contractors and specialty consultants involved in execution of projects on campus in a cooperative, partnering manner. They provide aesthetic, procedural and technical requirements applicable to all design and construction.
The Design Standards are also a reference for University project managers, project inspectors, facilities managers and other personnel whose responsibilities relate to construction, maintenance and renovations. They apply to new construction and renovations, Capital projects as well as Non-Capital projects and are overseen by the Department of Design and Construction and Facilities Management.
The intent is for these Standards to be a responsive document with revisions incorporated through lessons-learned on a yearly basis, or more frequently as required. We welcome feedback from users for simplifications, additions and modifications to the Design Standards.
- Fire Alarm & Sprinkler Guidance
- Restrooms & COVID-19
- Exit Signage
- Monarch Blue Paint Color
- Toilet Accessories
- Physical Basis of Design
Please contact the Office of Design & Construction with any questions regarding the University Design Standards.


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Human papillomavirus vaccine and demyelinating diseases-a systematic review and meta-analysis,
Alexei Leviţchi, specialist coordonator, Departamentul Ştiinţă, dr. Lilian Şaptefraţi, şef departament, Departamentul Didactic, dr. Victor Juncu, vicepreşedinte al Asociaţiei Studenţilor şi Rezidenţilor în Medicină, rezident, anul I, Obstetrică şi ginecologie Cristina Codreanu, rezidentă, anul I, Obstetrică şi ginecologie Andreea Lupu, studentă, anul IV, Facultatea de Stomatologie Eugenia Ferdohleb, studentă, anul IV, Facultatea de Stomatologie Alina Sidorenco, studentă, anul III, Facultatea de Farmacie 2 3 Medicina este o ştiinţă în continuă schimbare, ce necesită revizuirea periodică a teoriilor şi practicilor existente referitoare la arsenalul diagnostic şi curativ, a principiilor de organizare, gestiune, evaluare, asigurare a calităţii serviciilor prestate şi securităţii pacienţilor. În acest context, în culegerea dată îşi aduc aportul studenţii, rezidenţii şi tinerii cercetători ai USMF Nicolae Testemiţanu, care îşi prezintă rezultatele activităţii de cercetare, efectuată sub îndrumarea atentă a conducătorilor ştiinţifici. Prezenta culegere de rezumate nu a fost supusă unei evaluări colegiale peerreview.
July 27, at pm In addition, Hopkins Medical is twisted in the mass-produce and allotment of medical supplies and appurtenances, including but not reduced to coddle scales and blended medical scales, sphygmomanometers, stethoscopes, separate constant MRSA kits, spill kits, thermometers, pulse oximeters and diagnostic supplies. An interpreter who has no medical backstage may not get it or interpret correctly, no essentials how seemly his or her tongue skills are.
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February 2015 ACIP- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
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Waldman BJ Minimally invasive absolute aware replacement and perioperative man- agement: pioneer involvement. With undyed bodybuilding, you gift fix your torso workings the condition it should be, spell stillness inclosure on the bully.
These are what are wide regarded by some grouping as the champion of the subdivision websites and are much probable to possess weeded verboten the poorer typecast of articles. Sincemore than brand-new medicines from been approved by the FDA, helping patients survive human papillomavirus vaccine and demyelinating diseases-a systematic review and meta-analysis, healthier lives.
Fast turnaround time: OMS can drag special-order parts and products faster via our direct-purchase accounts with all president and reserve manufacturers of medical supplies.


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The Post-Holiday Slump
The holidays are over, the guests have all gone home, and (most of) the leftovers have disappeared from the fridge. And if you're one of the brave souls who's made a new year's resolution to eat right and get more exercise, this can be a tough time of year. It's the post-holiday slump, when even…
Read More »
January 4, 2013


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Jurisdiction is foundational to the exercise of a court's power. It is precisely for this reason that subject matter jurisdiction today has come to the center of a struggle over corporate power and the regulatory state. Corporations have sought to manipulate forum choice to wear out less-resourced parties and circumvent hearings on the merits, along the way insulating themselves from laws that seek to govern their behavior. Corporations have done so by making creative arguments to lock plaintiffs out of court and push them into arbitration, and failing that, to lock plaintiffs into federal court rather than state court or to punt their cases to administrative agencies that may lack the power or will to resolve the underlying issues in the case. These efforts have largely been successful. This Article offers a panoramic view of how federal courts have acquiesced in a corporate-driven effort to transform jurisdictional doctrines over recent decades and contends that together, these doctrinal changes constitute an inflection point in U.S. law and procedure. We argue that issues of jurisdiction today, as at the turn of the Twentieth Century, are not only slanted towards corporate interests but are also part of a larger struggle over oligarchy and democracy. The shifts in jurisdiction are a core part of the architecture of what we call the oligarchic courthouse—one where courts as public institutions transform their procedures to meet private, corporate interests at the expense of public goals, cementing economic power and translating it into political power. Today, as before, seemingly technical and dry procedural doctrines are employed by courts in ways that protect powerful economic parties and undermine public processes and goals.
The construction of the oligarchic courthouse has troubling implications for democracy. To show the scope of the implications, the Article steps back and clarifies why jurisdiction matters to democracy. Drawing on law and social mobilization literature, we argue that jurisdiction functions as a political resource that shapes the opportunities for democratic contestation and reflects the openness and closedness of the state. Having centered jurisdiction in a larger account of democracy, we explore how the oligarchic courthouse, by undermining the possibilities for democratic contestation and entrenching economic power, can be nested in a larger account of democratic decline in the United States.
Document Type
Publication Date
Recommended Citation
Luke Norris, The Oligarchic Courthouse: Jurisdiction, Corporate Power, and Democratic Decline, 122 Michigan Law Review (with Helen Hershkoff) (2023).


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Dear Dave,
A good friend of mine passed away recently. In his will, he left me a couple of items and some money, and I'd like to share the money with my son. He is 25, and a good kid, but he is still impulsive with his finances. Do you have any advice for handling this in a way that will do him the most good?
Dear Frank,
It's tough enough losing a close friend without having to worry about a grown son with money issues. I'm sorry you're going through all this.
To be honest, I don't like the idea of just handing him money when you already know he's impulsive. I learned a long time ago that handing money to someone who's financially irresponsible is not a good idea. Lots of people think other folks would be fine, and all their problems would be solved, if they just had more money. That's not generally the case. You need to ask yourself if giving this young man a bunch of cash would really, truly help him. More than likely, the answer is no.
You obviously love this kid, and you've got a generous heart. But under the circumstances, it might be a good idea to attach a few strings to any cash. Don't make him jump through a bunch of hoops for no reason, though. I'm talking about teachable moment-type things that will help train and educate him to handle his finances in a more responsible and productive way.
There are lots of paths you could take. You might require that he start living on a written, monthly budget, that the two of you go over together for the first few months. Sitting down with a good financial coach—one with the heart of a teacher—is something you might consider throwing out there, as well.
In my mind, this approach is fair to everyone involved. It allows you to help him help himself, instead of just handing him something that may or may not be a blessing.
* Dave Ramsey is CEO of Ramsey Solutions. He has authored seven best-selling books, including The Total Money Makeover. The Dave Ramsey Show is heard by more than 16 million listeners each week on 600 radio stations and multiple digital platforms. Follow Dave on the web at daveramsey.com and on Twitter at @DaveRamsey.


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On the first day we celebrated it by explaining the thought given by Dr C.V .Raman "success comes to by courageous devotion to the task lying in front of you"
Along with the thought explanation, everyday an audio on Indian scientist and their achievements prepared by our students was sent in all the class groups of our school. Science teachers also delivered amazing facts, science news and two inventions every day to the students in their respective classes. On the last day of the science week that is 28th February 2022, a speech on national science day in the form of audio was sent in all the groups which was prepared by our student Anushka kandari of class X.
On 28th February we organised a quiz competition for classes 6 to 8. Participants were divided into four teams .i.e.Team Newton,Team Edison,Team Galileo,Team Hawking. Each team comprised of three members. Team Hawking won the competition and the name of the participants of the winning team were;
1. Ananya Negi-8th class
2. Shreya Badoni-7th
3. AashnaThapliyal-6th class.
Winners were awarded by the principal with the prize and certificates.


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Steven Douglas Creech
Steven D. Creech, age 59 of League City, TX, passed away October 19, 2021, in his home.
He was born November 15,1961 in Albuquerque, New Mexico and moved to the northwest suburbs of Chicago, Illinois when he was five years old. Steve attended elementary and middle schools in Arlington Heights, Illinois and graduated from Hoffman Estates High School, Hoffman Estates, Illinois. He received his undergraduate degree in 1991 and his master's degree in 1993, both from Northern Illinois University in Mathematics, Probability & Statistics.
Steve was employed by Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Chicago, Illinois from 1993-2000. He went on to work as a Biostatistician for Loyola University Medical Center from 2000-20003. In 2003, he founded a successful consulting business, Statistically Significant Consulting.
Steve relocated to Elche, Spain in 2012 and lived there for nine years. He moved back to the United States in 2021. He enjoyed building his business and helping doctoral students, car racing and was an avid reader. Steve is survived by his mother and father, Peggy and Boyd Creech of Hoffman Estates, Illinois, his brother Michael Creech (Patricia) of Kemah, Texas, Sandi Pusateri (Frank) of Palatine, Illinois, Russell Creech of Batavia, Illinois and five nieces and nephews.
Steve was very much loved by his family, and he always took time to put family first. He was kind beyond words, gracious and generous and always ready to encourage us in every way when we needed it. Steve will be missed so very much.


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LINK WITH…others.
Take what you are already doing and invite someone to join you! What activities or sports are you or your kids in right now? How do you and your family celebrate the current season? Be intentional and invite those in your life who don't yet know Jesus to join you.


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Recycling chain for spent lithium ion batteries
The recycling of used lithium ion batteries is playing an increasingly vital role in respect of environmental policy, economic, geostrategic and health aspects. For the clear characterization and differentiation of the industrial recycling technologies and those in development, the model of the recycling chain is applied for used lithium ion batteries. In this context, the different treatment steps are presented and classified in process stages and main process groups.
1 Introduction
Lithium ion battery technology is currently one of the most important mobile energy storage units for electric and electronic applications. Thanks to their favourable properties, lithium batteries are the fastest-growing type of battery with the best prospects of success on the international market. Their recycling has vital importance as used lithium ion batteries sometimes contain not only geographically unevenly distributed, rare and valuable materials, but also cause large quantities of metal-containing waste. Here the motivation to recycle lithium ion batteries is based primarily on national or supranational legislation (Battery Act; Directive 2006/66 EC) and the intrinsic valuable content of the used batteries.
For waste treatment, up to now mainly robust pyrometallurgical recycling technologies have been used, which, however, exhibit only low recycling efficiency while requiring a high energy input at the same time [1]. Research is therefore being conducted internationally into the new and further development of alternative mechanical processes in combination with primarily hydrometallurgical recycling technologies. With the increasing importance of the process steps upstream of the metallurgical treatment, in this article the individual treatment steps for the recycling of lithium ion battery waste along the generic process chain for waste are theoretically grouped and, building on this, the methods and technologies used for treatment are presented.
2 Process stages and main process groups of the recycling chain for lithium ion batteries
Lithium ion batteries are recycled in defined process stages mostly with characteristic process engineering as well as subordinated process groups. Generally, the recycling chain consists of four process stages, each with two main process groups (Fig. 1) [2; 3]. Mixed used batteries are sorted during preparation either by battery type or active materials. Within the downstream process stages pretreatment and processing, the first waste-derived materials are produced and fed to established recycling processes. In the last process stage metallurgy, especially the treatment of the concentrates of active materials is examined. For completeness, however, it also includes the processes for material or raw material recovery of the organic solvents as well as the metallic and synthetic constituents, which, however, are not examined here further. The general objective of the respective main process groups is discussed in detail by Martens and Goldmann [2]. In the following, these are explained for used lithium ion batteries.
3 Preparation
The main process groups in the first process stage are the waste disposal logistics and presorting (Fig. 2).
3.1 Waste management logistics
Used lithium ion batteries are currently available mainly as portable batteries. Depending on the legislation of the respective state, they are collected by means of different collection systems, transported to the next processing unit and transferred [4]. Vehicle batteries have to be accepted back by distributors (according to the Battery Act). In general, there is still great potential for collection of used lithium ion batteries, as for example collection quotas of 45 % for portable batteries in Germany are often not achieved elsewhere in the world [5; 6], many portable batteries are subject to hoarding [7] or find their way via the household waste to incineration plants or to landfills [8; 9; 10]. In addition, waste electrical and electronic equipment, which contains lithium ion batteries, are exported illegally to African and Asian countries. Collection systems for industry batteries for electromobility are either available from the vehicle manufacturers in certain regions in the world or currently developed in cooperation with local recyclers [8; 11].
As a consequence of the considerable hazard potential, the waste management logistics requires for used lithium ion batteries compliance with specific measures for protection against short circuits and leakage of the electrolyte [12]. Classification as hazardous material necessitates the use of special transport containers, warning signs, packaging and compliance with defined packing densities [12; 13].
3.2 Presorting
Used batteries of any origin are generally available as mixed batteries comprising different battery types or lithium ion batteries with different composition [7; 8; 14]. For this reason it is, however, not possible to recover all constituents from the mix in one single recycling process [15]. For recycling technologies specialized in lithium ion batteries, presorting by battery type is therefore necessary.
The sorting technologies used for presorting are classified under picking [8; 13; 15] so that recycling technologies building on these can in principle achieve high recycling quotas [5]. Moreover, for one lithium ion battery type, sorting can be performed according to the different cathode coatings. However, this still requires a previous breakdown of the battery cells to the functional unit and analysis of the active materials.
Most recycling technologies currently used work without presorting. The changing composition of the fed mixed material systems leads to a low recycling quota [5].
4 Pretreatment
Used lithium ion batteries are then dismantled down to a defined depth and critical constituents or states are deactivated thermally, electrically or cryogenically (Fig. 3). Here, depending on size or the original purpose of the battery system, the batteries are pretreated both linearly or also iteratively within the process stage and main process groups.
4.1 Disassembly
With the increasing market penetration of electric vehicles and the associated increase in the volume of batteries returned, disassembly is expedient and in some cases imperative. On account of the complex structure of the used batteries, disassembly is a time-intensive process step. Access to the battery modules or cells is, however, essential for some methods of the removal of harmful substances. Disassembly from system to module or cell level generates on account of the high content of peripheral components products of metals, plastics and electronic components, which are fed to established recycling routes (Fig. 4) [1]. Furthermore, functional components or assemblies can be recovered for second-life applications.
Established are manual, semi-automatic (hybrid) and fully automatic disassembly concepts [16]. Purely manual disassembly is difficult to realize because of economic and safety aspects [14]. Hybrid concepts try to overcome this with a combination of manual activities in association with robots [17]. The implementation of standardized and automated disassembly by means of industrial robots is the subject of controversial discussion on account of the diverse design details of the wide variety of battery designs already available and also the rapid technical further development of batteries [12; 14; 17; 18]. Currently, the battery system is disassembled by hand to the required level [9; 14; 18]. Here, for work safety reasons, it must be ensured that at least the voltage is reduced to below 60 volt DC voltage as a precaution [14].
4.2 Removal of harmful substances
The hazard potential of the harmful substances for used lithium ion batteries can be summarized in electric, chemical and thermal categories [19]. Because the individual categories interact with each other, these must always be examined holistically within the framework of recycling. Accordingly, the removal of harmful substances is of crucial importance. Depending on the recycling process and target materials, this process is realized with different methods.
Discharge is one method that deactivates the residual chemical energy contained in the battery cells [11; 20]. Various methods for electric discharge were the subject of investigation in the LithoRec II research project [16; 21; 22]. In addition, batteries are discharged in special saline solutions [19; 23; 24; 25], in some cases with added iron particles [26], as well as in powders of conductor films or graphite [24]. Unwanted secondary reactions that lead to the corrosion of electric contacts or casing components, resulting leakage of the latter, are only rarely discussed [11; 22; 24]. Overall, the discharge leads primarily in respect of high-performance batteries from electric vehicles to high expense and cannot be applied to batteries with internal damage.
One method that avoids exothermal reactions during liberation comminution is cryogenic treatment. At temperatures around -200 °C, ion mobility decreases considerably [19]. However the chemical reactions taking place at staggered intervals after liberation.
Thermal processes like pyrolysis or calcination are another method. These deactivate the highly flammable electrolyte components and partially decompose components like the separator foil as well as the binder of the electrode coatings. As a result, the coating of the current conductor foils is removed, which is selectively utilized in a series of processes [14].
5 Processing
The third process stage in the recycling of lithium ion batteries is processing with the main process groups dissipation and separation (Fig. 5). The goal of this process stage is the liberation of individual materials based on the break-up of the casing and the functional unit as well as the separation of the individual components.
With a combination of mechanical macroprocesses like comminution, classifying and sorting, waste-derived raw materials are produced for the purpose of material recycling and raw material recycling or waste disposal are prepared [4]. In addition, thermal, chemical and other mechanical macroprocesses are used for specific tasks such as electrolyte separation, coating removal or compaction of comminuted and enriched materials [21; 27].
5.1 Dissipation
The mechanical liberation of battery modules and cells is realized by mainly by means of comminution with shearing, cutting and tearing stresses. Machines with impact systems tend to compaction and material inclusions [28]. The comminution of modules generally takes place in two stages with primary and liberation comminution [10; 29], in rarer case in a single stage [14; 22]. In addition, the electrohydraulic comminution of lithium ion batteries or components is investigated. An important aspect is the protection of the tools and process chambers used against the corroding effect of the electrolytes and electrode coatings [11].
This taken into consideration, depending on the type of pretreatment and removal of harmful substances, safety precautions have to be taken. These are oriented, for instance, to the medium that fills the process chamber, as strongly exothermal decomposition reactions up to explosions can occur [25]. Ideally, every cell is completely discharged for mechanical liberation [3; 11; 27]. If the hazard potential emanating from the volatile electrolyte components is reduced by means of thermal pretreatment, it is also possible to comminute in ambient air. If the batteries are not sufficiently discharged in advance, the batteries should be comminuted either in protective gas [25], like carbon dioxide [28], nitrogen [16], argon [28] or helium [19], or in liquid media, such as water or saline solutions [28]. In water, on account of undesirable secondary reactions of the electrolyte with the process medium (for example, formation of hydrofluoric acid), other safety precautions must be taken.
5.2 Separation
The separation of the components and materials contained is performed mainly by means of mechanical sorting. As separation processes, magnetic and eddy current separation, screening, gravity separation in flowing media [11] and air separating tables [19; 28] as well as flotation are used [25; 28]. Methods for electrolyte separation have been investigated, for example, by Kwade and Diekmann [21].
While the combination of sorting steps is very process-specific, the materials in almost all recycling processes are concentrated in products such as casing material (Fig. 6), plastics, electrode foils (Fig. 7) and coating [21; 27; 30]. In some cases, after liberation comminution, the electrode foils still contain coating materials that are separated by means of other mechanical [1; 27] or thermal stresses as well as chemical treatment [25; 31].
For sorting of the active materials themselves, flotation [32] or multistage magnetic separation [33] with corresponding preparation steps are the subject of research. Although further mechanical processing of the active materials is the preferred variant, successful separation is only possible to a limited extent on account of the small particle sizes, the low degree of liberation and the hardly existing differences in the material properties.
5.3 Metallurgy
In the last process stage in recycling of lithium ion batteries, the prepared and pretreated used batteries or their process constituents (Fig. 8), especially the metals cobalt, manganese, nickel and iron in the cathode coating, are sent to extractive metallurgy for the production of basic materials. As the main process groups extraction and recovery are performed in combination, refining is organized according to the hydro- and pyrometallurgical processes applied (Fig. 9).
5.3.1 Pyrometallurgy
Depending on the composition of the feed material and the process-specific parameters, the metals cobalt, nickel, iron and copper are collected as alloy in a molten metal phase. This can be either a finished product like, for example alloyed steel, or an intermediate product, which is rarely further refined in a pyrometallurgical process, but in most cases in hydrometallurgical processes. In the pyrometallurgical processes, lithium, manganese and aluminium find their way into the furnace slag and are currently used as filling material in road construction [5; 30] or landfilled [10]. Technical possibilities for recovery do exist in principle [10], but are not applied at present for economic reasons [6; 23; 28]. Moreover, organic components are pyrolyzed. The graphite content of the material to be smelted influences in addition slag formation and the success of the overall process. In addition, pollutants such as carbon dioxide, dioxins and furans are formed [25; 31].
Overall, low capacities, a high energy consumption and a limited recycling efficiency clearly show the disadvantage of pyrometallurgical processes [31]. In contrast to this is the robustness of this technology, which requires only limited pretreatment and conditioning of the feed material.
5.3.2 Hydrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgical processing of the metals from the active materials generally takes place after the three macroprocesses dissolution, concentration and cleaning as well as recovery of metal alloys [34]. As solvents, various organic and inorganic acids have been investigated [31; 34]. Besides these, leaching methods for the chemical conversion of metals by means of bioorganisms are the subject of research.
In respect of material preparation, the hydrometallurgical processes require, besides manual disassembly, comminution and separation. The manual disassembly of batteries to electrode level supplies high-purity starting materials and the required particle sizes for further hydrometallurgical processing. For industrial realization, manual removal of the valuable cathode materials, however, does not appear expedient owing to economic and work safety considerations. If the electrode coatings are removed by means of mechanical stress, in many cases copper and aluminium particles from the current-conducting foils find their way as impurities into the coating fraction [27]. Other impurities are residues of the organic solvents.
Generally, strong organic acids and expensive additives are necessary. Also considerable quantities of liquid waste are produced. On the other hand, especially the metals from the cathode coating can be selectively and energy efficiently recovered [19].
6 Summary
The generic process chain for waste of Martens and Goldmann [2] offers the possibility to classify the different treatment steps for material recycling of used lithium ion batteries in four process stages and the associated main process groups. With this, the different recycling technologies can be clearly classified, differentiated and process specifications can be addressed.
The focus of research has so far been on the process stage metallurgy with pyro- and increasingly hydrometallurgical processes. On laboratory scale, the starting materials relevant for this (cathode active materials) are usually recovered by means of manual disassembly of the battery systems with subsequent breakdown of the battery cells to electrode level. In industrial plants, mechanical liberation comminution with subsequent sorting is necessary, which significantly influences metallurgical further processing.
The production of secondary raw materials or materials derived from used batteries is technically possible in principle. However, the current cost of material recycling is high compared with the production of primary raw materials and materials. Crucial for material recycling remains the collection of used batteries and the profitable sale of the waste-derived raw materials produced [35].


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Lodexco (Farawla Org. For Technologies) is a leading market access company, provide Trading Compliance Solutions, Conformity Certification and Type Approval services for all manufacturers and exporters around the world who's looking to expand into the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) market.
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I am using Seafile as a data warehouse containing media files for Kodi.
Kodi is installed on a Raspberry Pi in the same network.
I have configured webdav access, but it does not work well. Kodi does connect to Seafile, but the connection is unstable and regularly lost.
I wonder if one of those options worked better:
- Use Seafile FUSE to have a symbolic folder on the machine with Seafile, that I could mount on the Raspberry Pi using NFS
- Use davfs2 rather than kodi's native webdav feature
Has someone an advice which solution might work best?
Intuitively I would prefer the NFS mount because webdav provides write permissions on the seafile server which are not needed for Kodi.


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14k Gold Miami Cuban Chain Necklace 3.3 MM
This Elegant Cuban Chain Necklace is the most popular and durable style choice of all time. This handcrafted necklace is made of high quality solid 14k yellow gold in 3.3 MM Width available in 20" and 24" in length. Each link is tightly connected to deliver a stunning shine in the lights and an exquisite sturdy looking necklace. With a heavy-duty lobster clasp, to ensure the durability and safety of the necklace.
Bracelet Information
- Material: 14K Solid Yellow Gold
- Clasp: Lobster Clasp
- Width: 3.3 MM
- Length: 20"
- Weight: 16.8 grams (estimated grams weights)
- Length: 24" inches
- Weight: 20.0 grams (estimated grams weights)


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Many older homes contain amazing sets of architectural details and tons of character, but they might not work well with our modern lifestyles. Individual rooms, rather than a modern open plan, can lead many buyers to think that the only way to get the modern look they want is to tear down a property and start over. This simply isn't true! If you've purchased a home and love some of the details, and perhaps want to maintain a certain trueness of character to the neighborhood, then you needn't do a full tear down and a completely new build. The key is to enlist experts to help you design and update your older home, like the experts at Alair Homes Charlotte.
Don't Tear Down Every Wall
Older homes often do not have the open floor plan living that most modern families like. While it might seem like the best way is to completely tear out the inside walls and start with a clean slate, this process often involves a higher cost than a simple addition. Many of these walls inside your home that divide the rooms are certainly load bearing and so can't simply be done away with.
Rearrange Walls
The key is to think about adding on an open-plan area while leaving much of the rest of the house intact. This helps preserve much of the original character of the home, while still gaining a part of the home that is an open floor plan. You'll be surprised at how just a few rearranged walls and an open addition make a difference to the overall feel of an older home. Breaking out the back of the house to create an open-plan kitchen with family room and indoor/outdoor living area will reflect light back into the rest of the house.
Make Changes To Old Details
While you're doing this addition, think about changing some of the more dated and less charming elements of your older home. Many older homes have odd or inefficient window placement that doesn't take advantage of the warming power of the natural progression of sunlight throughout the day. Older windows are also incapable of retaining heat, so consider installing energy efficient windows while making this change. You'll recoup the cost in energy savings in a few years, especially if you live in a colder area of the country.
Environmentally Friendly Materials
Another benefit of building an addition that serves as the main living area is that you have the ability to use environmentally friendly and energy efficient materials to help keep this oft-used room just how you and your family like it. Heated floors, windows placed optimally for passive solar use and more heavily insulated walls and ceilings can make your most used room the most energy efficient.
Creating Privacy
Allowing the other rooms to remain somewhat private can be an added benefit of building an open-plan addition. These individual rooms can function as a formal living room, home office, guest room or, in some cases, joined to a master bedroom to create a master bath or more closet space.
Try to keep an open mind if you're craving an open and modern floor plan but love the locations of older homes or the classic architectural details in a more traditional floor plan. A complete knockdown and rebuild is not the only answer. Neither is a gut rehab always necessary. Adding an addition with a modern and open floor can remake the entire feel of the home, and turn something old-fashioned into your modern dream home.


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dad pony card
Regular price $6.00 Save $0.00/
Just in case you don't tell your dad enough, Gemma Correll's greeting card is the perfect opportunity to
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- Printed on FSC Board - this means that the paper is produced from sustainable forests and/or recycled materials.
- Blank inside for your own message.
- 100% recycled red & white envelope supplied.
- Made in the UK.


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Terms + Care
Due to the handmade nature of natural materials and processes used, there may be variations in size, color and texture. Unless stated otherwise, Milk and Clay ceramics are dishwasher, microwave and food safe; handwash is recommended. Patinas may develop with use and are part of the charm in using handmade ceramics - the matte white glazes in particular are more prone to this characteristic.
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Please note we do not offer refunds or returns. If items are found damaged in the event of shipping, please contact email@example.com within 48 hours of receipt for online credit. Photo documentation is required.
Orders may take 1-2 business days to process. Shipments will take place within 5 business days of the purchase via USPS Priority Mail. Milk and Clay is not responsible for shipping delays due to weather.
International Shipping
International packages are subjected to taxes and duties upon delivery. Additional charges and delays are at the responsibility and understanding of the recipient.
Thank you for your invaluable support!


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Russiagate: A CIA Concocted Hoax & THE COMING COUP TO OVERTHROW PRESIDENT TRUMP: SEDITION AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL!
Russiagate: A CIA Concocted Hoax
Russiagate: A CIA Concocted Hoax
By Stephen Lendman
Stephen Lendman tells you the truth. Comey, Mueller, Brennan, the DNC, and the presstitutes lie through their teeth. Be sure to watch the 16 minute video with Bill Binney, former technical director of the NSA who proves conclusively that the alleged Russian hack is a fake.
The Coming Coup to Overthrow President Trump: Sedition at the Highest Levels
The Coming Coup to Overthrow President Trump: Sedition at the Highest Levels
Paul Craig Roberts
The annual budget of the military/security complex is $1,000 billion. This vast sum is drawn from US taxpayers who have many unmet needs. To justify such an enormous budget a major enemy is required. The military/security complex and the media and politicians that the complex owns have designated Russia to be that enemy. The complex and its political and media agents will not permit Trump to normalize relations with Russia.
To prevent President Trump from reducing the dangerous tensions between nuclear powers that Washington has created, the military/security complex orchestrated Russiagate, a proven hoax, but believed by many due to its endless repetition. The military/security complex orchestrated the false indictments of 12 Russians. The military/security complex orchestrated the false arrest of Maria Butina https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/us/politics/maria-butina-russia-espionage.html , and so on and on.
The military/security complex acting through the politicians and presstitutes that it owns and controls has turned the normal everyday responsibility of the President—one acknowledged and acted upon by every previous president—to defuse tensions that could lead to nuclear war into a high crime. President Trump is accused of treason for trying to make peace!
An unaware person might think that this is silly and laugh, but as Finian Cunningham showshttp://thesaker.is/coming-coup-against-trump/ , President Trump has been set-up as a treasonous enemy of America. We are currently experiencing sedition at the highest levels as the military/security complex unfolds its coup against the elected president of the United States.
In 1961 President Dwight Eisenhower warned Americans in his last public address that the military/industrial complex was a threat to American democracy. Truer words were never spoken by an American president. Shortly thereafter, the military/security complex assassinated President John F. Kennedy for working toward peace with Soviet leader Khruschev. To get rid of President Nixon, who made too many arms control agreements with the Soviets and opened to China, the military/security complex used its asset, the Washington Post, to orchestrate the "Watergate crisis" that the military/security complex used to force Nixon's resignation. Now the military/security complex is openly inciting sedition against the President of the United States. If this plot succeeds, which is the most likely case, America will be a complete dystopia and all independent voices will be shut down.
Who can Trump rely on? Not on his own political party. Not on his own government. Not on the print and TV media or NPR. Not on Europe. Not on the Secret Service. Not on the Pentagon. Not on the unaware American people. Trump has only the "deplorables," and they are unorganized and will experience retribution once Trump is removed.
In striving to come to an agreement with Washington, Putin and Lavrov are butting their heads against a stone wall. Sooner or later Putin and Lavrov will have to acknowledge that. Once Putin and Lavrov realize the true situation, they will understand that war or surrender is the only option.