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text: 330畝擁有逾330畝的裝置生產基地3000+3000+國內外客戶600+600多名行業專家團隊 In 2000Established the mission: "CREATING THE FUTURE OF ADVANCED MATERIALS WITH POWDER TECHNOLOGY". In 2005Cooperated with German companies, established in Qingdao (predecessor of ALPA). Bring in and absorb advanced foreign technology. In 2010The entrepreneurial team returns to their hometown and founded Weifang ALPA Powder Technology Equipment Co., Ltd. In 2014The factory of 50,000㎡ was newly constructed and put into operation. On the fast track of development. In 2017ALPA successfully listed in Qilu Stock Exchange (Stock Code 171033). In 2020With a new era, new starting point and new goals, the company has established its vision and goals for the next ten years: Repaying the country with industry, strengthening the company with science and technology, becoming a World-Class Powder Equipment Manufacturer. 公司價值觀合規篤信 · 和合共生公司風采


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Bioecological representations and social characteristics of students influence their attitudes toward wild vertebrates
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine volume 19, Article number: 25 (2023)
The origin of different human emotions directed towards animals (whether in the utilitarian, affective, conflictual, or cosmological context) is strongly influenced by sociocultural factors, although our genetic predispositions also play an important role in the origin of these emotions. Such emotions guide people's representations of different species, which in turn affect their attitudes toward them. For this reason, understanding the factors that guide such attitudes becomes a key element in making conservationist decisions. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to analyze how sociocultural characteristics and bioecological representations can influence students' attitudes of empathy or antipathy towards vertebrate species; as well as which classes and species are related to greater and lesser support in people for their conservation.
To do so, 667 interviews were conducted with students from urban (n = 1) and rural (n = 2) schools in the Brazilian semi-arid region. We used mixed generalized linear models (GLMM) to examine the effect of social factors and bioecological representations on empathy and antipathy attitudes and multiple factor analysis (MFA) to examine the relationship between the biological characteristics of the animals (positive or negative) and the attitudes toward them (antipathetic or empathetic).
Through GLMM, we found that students from the urban area and from lower school levels are more extreme in their responses, more frequently expressing both empathy and antipathy towards wild animals. Regarding gender, women had a higher frequency of responses associated with aversion than men for species perceived as dangerous and poisonous (p < 0.001). Through the MFA, we found greater support (empathy) for the conservation of fish species (31.56%), birds (29.37%) and mammals (25.94%), with emphasis on the Red-cowled cardinal (Paroaria dominicana) and clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) species, and less support (antipathy) for reptile and amphibian species such as rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) and horned frogs (Ceratophrys joazeirensis).
The attitudinal ambivalence reflected by varying empathy for certain species and antipathy to others has important implications for wildlife conservation. Understanding the socioeconomic factors and emotions that influence attitudes towards animals can enable integrating educational strategies for the conservation of species, especially those which are culturally important.
The coexistence between human societies and wild animals is manifested in utilitarian contexts (uses as food, transport, clothing, and various raw materials); affective (arousing admiration and sympathy) [1], cosmological [2], conflictual (species that can cause real or potential harm to people) [3,4,5,6] among others. These various interaction forms guide the representations and attitudes of humans toward other animal species, reflecting on relationships between people and animals that can be harmonious or not. In this context, Wilson [7] proposed the theory of Biophilia, which refers to an innate and positive human predisposition of affiliation to the natural environment, which allows the human being to experience benefits that, according to its author, facilitated the development, adaptation, and survival of human beings. On the other hand, the biophobic component of connectedness with nature has been registered by different authors, who describe it as the feeling of fear or rejection of natural elements with an adaptive purpose [8, 9].
Biological representations, as explained by the Bronfenbrenner theory [10, 11], can also influence human attitudes towards animals, as an individual's genotype and biological characteristics can shape their perceptions and behaviors towards animals within their immediate environment. From an evolutionary perspective, the emergence of emotions in relation to animals would be linked to adaptation and problem-solving factors in different environments [12]. Human populations from different regions of the globe have similar biological predispositions, which makes them have similar emotions towards animals [13, 14]. For example, the fear of pointed-shaped structures (e.g., teeth, claws, animals with zigzag skin) corresponds to an emotion that evolved to solve adaptive problems, enabling human species all over the world to avoid threats to their survival [15, 16].
On the other hand, the coexistence between humans and other animal species is also influenced by sociocultural and genetic characteristics particular to each person, thereby resulting in a diverse range of emotions related to animals [7, 17,18,19,20]. Sociodemographic factors can enhance the charisma directed to animal species. All these emotions in relation to wild fauna guide human perceptions and attitudes, including those which may or may not support the conservation of certain species [21]. The wide range of perceptions with a greater degree of antipathy or empathy of people regarding different vertebrate species influences human attitudes toward fauna [22, 23].
Studies have identified a greater affinity and support for protection by people in relation to aesthetically more attractive, utilitarian, and sometimes charismatic species, such as some species of birds, mammals, and fish [24,25,26]. Conversely, there is a tendency to dislike animals that are considered ugly or perceived as harmful, such as bats, spiders, amphibians, and reptiles [27,28,29]. Therefore, it becomes important to highlight the ecological role of species considered dangerous or disgusting as a way to mitigate negative attitudes towards them [12]. Thus, understanding the underlying criteria that influence preferences may reveal useful information for the development of conservation strategies. Among the strategies, formal education plays a key role in contributing to the reconstruction of knowledge [30] and, consequently, of perception and changes in behaviour [31,32,33,34]. In fact, some studies showed that the public positive attitude toward controversial wildlife species, such as sharks, wolves, and alligators, can be improved with conservation education programs [35,36,37].
In this study, we analyzed how socioeconomic characteristics and bioecological representations can influence the attitudes of empathy or antipathy of elementary school students towards 25 species of vertebrates (from different classes). We expect that there will be variation in students' attitudes according to vertebrate taxa, with empathy mainly associated with species phylogenetically closer to humans, perceived as useful, as well as considered important for nature. We also expect that students' attitudes towards taxa are influenced by socioeconomic factors such as school location (rural and urban), education level, their gender and age.
Study area
First, three schools were selected to obtain the data, with one being urban and two rural in the State Network, all located in the Municipality of Campina Grande, PB (07° 13′ 50″ S 35° 52′ 52″ W), in Northeast Brazil (Fig. 1). We used school units that included Elementary School (6th to 9th grades). Two rural schools were inserted so that the urban and rural sample sizes were approximately the same, since the number of students in rural schools is smaller. The schools chosen for the study were the following: (1) Itam Pereira, State Elementary and Secondary School, located in the western urban zone of the municipality, created by Decree no. 21,039/2000; (2) State Elementary and Secondary School Rubens Dutra Segundo, located in the District of Catolé de Boa Vista, 26 km west of the center of the municipal seat with access via BR 230, and created by Decree No. 13151/1989; and (3) State Elementary and Secondary School Walnyza Borborema Cunha Lima, located in Sítio Estreito, 12 km west of the center of the municipal seat, with access via BR 230, and created by Resolution 36.730/2006/2016 (Fig. 1).
Ethical aspects of the study
The study was carried out in accordance with the requirements of ethical/legal procedures, being approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Paraíba (Protocol CEP-UEPB: 43589815.0.0000.5187). The data collection was possible due to a sequence of institutional requirements. First, we obtained authorization from the major educational instance in the state and, subsequently, from each school director. As the questionnaires would be applied during Science/Biology classes, we obtained authorization from the respective teachers, who also participated in the data collection as facilitators. In compliance with the Committee's requirements, we sent the Informed Consent Forms (ICF) and an ethical/legal requirement for effective participation in the research process to the parents and/or guardians of the interviewed students. More than 90% of the parents authorized their children to participate in the study. The students also received an explanation about the research and its objectives, the questions they should respond to, and their rights (e.g., anonymity, withdrawing the study at any point). For that, we count on the help of the teachers, to make the communication most understandable as possible and to establish trust. After that, all the students agreed to participate in the study.
Data collection
Data collection took place from June to December 2015, through semi-structured questionnaires applied during 38 classes of science and biology in Elementary School. A total of 667 students participated in the survey, 383 urban and 284 rural, aged between 9 and 17 years old, 334 men, and 333 women.
Students were shown boards containing images of 25 species distributed among taxa: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Table 1). The species shown (1 at a time) were randomly exposed to the students using an overhead projector (see Fig. 1 in Additional file 1: Questionnaire S1). There was no additional information about these species, and the students were monitored during the application of the questionnaire so that there was no interference between them in the answers.
As a criterion for choosing vertebrates, we considered species that occur in the study region based on ethnozoological studies carried out in the region and in Brazil, as well as exotic species, including animals considered "charismatic" or with utilitarian value for humans, and others that are "conflict targets" or that are related antipathy for being historically stigmatized according to consulted literature (Table 1).
After the projection with the image of each species, the research participants were asked to answer a total of 22 sentences of representations and attitudes in relation to each species (see Additional file 1: Questionnaire S1). Each sentence contained a statement, and the student should indicate how much they agreed with a such statement within a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 10 [56]; the closer to 10, the greater the agreement with the proposed sentence. We divided the sentences related to the representations into: (1) positive bioecological representations and (2) negative bioecological representations; and those related to an attitude in: (1) attitudes of empathy; (2) attitudes of antipathy; and (3) attitudes of antipathy (Table 2). The questions referring to the socioeconomic information of the students involved in the study were included in the same questionnaire. The average time to perform each board was about 25 min.
Data compilation
Considering the Likert scale score indicated by each student to answer each sentence, the average value of the scores of the sentences that form each set of representations and attitudes mentioned above was calculated by student and species.
Data analysis
We used mixed generalized linear models (GLMM) with negative binomial distribution to examine the degree of effect of social factors and bioecological representations on empathy and antipathy attitudes. We used GLMM because we transformed the ordinal values obtained for each attitudinal sentence into continuous values when calculating the average of the scores obtained in each sentence of the same attitude set. We considered the student as a predictor variable of random effect (control), while social factors and bioecological representations were considered predictor variables of fixed effect. We tested the collinearity (p > 0.05) between the predictor variables prior to the analyses. We performed residual analysis to check whether or not our models were suitable in principle. Using the Akaike information criterion, the models were selected considering ΔAIC values > 6 when calculating the difference in the AIC value of the null model in relation to the AIC value of the selected model (the one that included all the uncorrelated predictor variables of interest). All analyzes were performed in R ver. 3.5.3 [57] using the MuMin and lme4 packages [58, 59].
Next, we performed a multifactor analysis (MFA) to verify whether taxa (species or class) that are perceived as having negative bioecological characteristics (such as dangerous and useless) are more frequently associated with antipathetic attitudes; and if taxa that are perceived as having positive bioecological characteristics (such as useful to people and important to nature) are more frequently associated with empathetic attitudes. Compared to the frequently used principal component analysis (PCA), MFA takes into account that the data are structured in sets [60, 61] (herein different sentences, and that each student is considered as a sampling unit, as well as the species or their classes), depending on the data analyzed. Each species (or class) then becomes more important within a given set of sentences when it receives higher scores repeatedly by several students. The MFAs were based on the FactoMineR package [62] for the analyzes, and Factoextra [63] for data visualization.
Effect of socioeconomic variables on empathy and antipathy attitudes
Regarding the school locations, our results indicate that students from the urban area responded with higher scores to most sentences for both those regarding empathy and antipathy attitudes towards wild animals compared to students from the rural area, who are less extremist in their responses (p < 0.05). Students at lower school levels also have more extreme responses, agreeing more frequently with empathy (p < 0.001) and extreme antipathy (p < 0.05) attitudes when compared to students at higher school levels. Moreover, women showed greater aversion to animals, significantly scoring antipathy and extreme antipathy attitudes (Table 3).
Effect of bioecological representations on students' attitudes
We found greater agreement in the statements of empathetic attitudes towards species that are perceived as useful, harmless and important to nature (p < 0.001), as well as greater disagreement in the antipathy and extreme antipathy attitudes towards species that are considered important to nature, harmless and useful for people. On the other hand, we found agreement with antipathy and extreme antipathy attitudes towards those species perceived as dangerous, poisonous, fatal, which attack or that ignore people (p < 0.001) (Table 4, Fig. 2).
Effect of variables of representations and attitudes according to taxa
We found a high frequency of positive representations and empathetic attitudes mainly directed towards fish (31.56%), birds (29.37%) and mammals (25.94%) (Fig. 3). When observing each isolated sentence, we found that the sentences "I like the animal"', "I don't care if the animal lives in my house"' or "I agree that the animal is protected by law" were more observed for birds and fish in relation to mammals (Fig. 4A).
On the other hand, we found a high frequency of negative representations and attitudes of antipathy towards reptiles and amphibians (Fig. 3). More specifically, when comparing each sentence itself, we found that there was high agreement with the sentences "ugly animal", "I'm not going near" or "I'm afraid" for amphibians, which denote attitudes of antipathy. We found high agreement with the sentences "I can't stand the animal", "the animal gives me nightmares" or "this animal should be extinct" for reptiles, which denote attitudes of extreme antipathy (Fig. 4A).
Amphibians and reptiles are the most representative taxa in the first dimension (Dim 1 = 21.08%) composed of negative bioecological representations that influence negative attitudes of antipathy (whether these are extreme or not). Meanwhile, the group formed by taxa of fish and birds (Dim 2) explains 11.13% of the positive bioecological representations that justify empathy attitudes (Fig. 3).
The species which stood out with the greatest consensus of empathy among fish was the "clownfish" (A. ocellaris), an exotic animal in Brazil. The "wolf-fish" (H. malabaricus) and the "longsnout seahorse" (H. reidi) also scored empathetic attitudes, however the "tiger shark" (C. cuvier) was the species which presented less empathy. Regarding birds, the species with the highest empathy consensus were "red-cowled cardinal" (P. dominicana) and "Picazuro pigeon" (P. picazuro) native to the study region. On the other hand, less empathy was observed for the "black vulture" (C. atratus). The species with the highest empathy consensus among mammals were the "marmoset" (C. jacchu), "six-banded armadillo" (E. sexcinctus) and the "jaguar|" (P. onca), while less empathy was observed for the "the great fruit-eating bat" (A. lituratus) (Fig. 4B).
Those with the highest antipathy scores at the species level were the "spotted salamander" (A. maculatum), horned frog (C. joazeirensis) and "Northeastern pepper frog" (L. vastus) (amphibians), and "the great fruit-eating bat" (A. lituratus). Species of amphibians and reptiles were the ones with the highest responses of extreme antipathy, with emphasis on rattlesnakes (C. durissus), spectacled caiman/alligator (C. crocodilus), horned frog (C. joazeirensis) and spotted salamander (A. maculatum) (Fig. 4B).
We found a strong relationship between positive representations and empathy attitudes according to the species, as well as negative representations and aversion attitudes. Our results showed that students' attitudes of empathy and antipathy vary depending on the animal, following a trend found in previous studies [24, 64,65,66]. However, when we consider the large groups of wild vertebrates, we observe greater antipathy towards representatives of reptiles and amphibians, as well as greater emphaty with representatives of fish, birds, and mammals influenced by evolutionary, ecological, and cultural issues [67,68,69,70].
The strong negative perception and antipathy towards snakes, especially to the species Crotalus durissus, probably occurs because snakes is related to many myths, proverbs, and stories with a negative connotation which are transmitted orally in the semi-arid region of Brazil, where the research students reside. Many of these myths are based on biblical quotations that picture snakes in a negative light, as "villains" or "evil representations", and incite the indiscriminate slaughter of various snake species, both venomous and non-venomous [23, 34]. In addition, the group is associated with fatal snakebites, which makes people fear and dislike these animals [22, 23, 47]. Negative perceptions associated with snakes are registered in several locations around the world [65, 71], a situation which represents a serious conservation problem for the species of the group, since it encourages the indiscriminate slaughter of species [22, 23].
Behavioral attitudes that imply the conservation of species can be culturally constructed from conflicting, utilitarian, evolutionary, and morphological attributes of species [34, 64, 72]. This situation was observed in the analysis of the animal groups considered in this study. For example, our results show that reptiles such as alligators and lizards are related to strong fear or disgust in people [12, 73]. Such fear these reptiles is mainly due to cultural constructions created in reaction to the possibility of conflicts and risks of accidents that these animals cause to humans [45, 64, 74]. We can say that caimans, along with snakes, are predators which are perceived as deadly (i.e., capable of killing humans), and therefore extreme attitudes of antipathy such as eliminating or extinguishing these animals were recorded in our study. On the other hand, other reptiles, such as the tortoises, received more empathetic responses from the students, as they do not present risks such as snakes and alligators, in addition to having utilitarian value and being popular pets in Brazil, as pointed out by several ethnozoological studies [22, 23, 46].
Amphibians, like snakes, are also the target of myths and legends that make them the target of disgust and aversion by people [75, 76], which explains the high agreement with negative representations and adverse attitudes on the part of the interviewed students. In a study conducted in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, Deutsch et al. [77] found that the antipathy to the Ceratophrys ornata species (a species of the same genus as Ceratophrys joazeirensis, which we used herein), is strongly linked to symbolism and folklore beliefs.
Some species may additionally be considered ugly and associated with feelings of disgust or fear, as was observed in a study by Prokop et al. [78], who showed that disgust was negatively related to frog intolerance. The disgust associated with amphibians can be motivated by morphological characteristics of the species, such as their slimy appearance and the naked and wrinkled skin [79]. For some authors [80, 81], this situation can be explained by the existence of an adaptive mechanism that leads us to avoid organisms which make us disgusted as a way to prevent transmission of diseases and infections. In the case of amphibians, this adaptation may be related to substances which are toxic to vertebrates in the slimy skin of many amphibians [50, 82, 83]. Students may also have associated the color of the horned frog (C. joazeirensis) with the presence of poison and danger, also contributing to the registered antipathy. A study carried out with Slovak students showed a significant correlation between disgust and danger in relation to the animals' colors [84].
Fish, birds, and mammals aroused greater empathy in the students. These groups generally arouse more emphaty because they are more socially accepted than reptiles and amphibians, which is also a trend observed in other studies [1, 24, 25, 29, 70]. The clownfish (A. ocellaris) is a species of exotic fish in Brazil which received the most empathy from the students. Unlike amphibians and reptiles, colorful species in the case of fish can trigger positive emotions on the part of people due to the practice of keeping species with more striking colors in aquariums [53], in addition to being widely publicized as emblematic species by the media [85]. These factors may explain the empathy for the fish that gained much notoriety after the film "Finding Nemo". The wolf-fish (H. malabaricus) and the longsnout seahorse (H. reidi) also aroused positive attitudes in students, which may have an influence on the utilitarian value of these species which are used in food or in local folk medicine, as well as pets [86, 87].
Empathy and antipathy attitudes suffer variations according to taxa. For example, sharks are related to attitudes of antipathy as opposed to the other fish mentioned. The morphological characteristics of sharks, with prominent teeth and large size, arouse an instinctive fear in most people. However, this aversion to these fish is extremely potentiated by negative information present in movies and news [88, 89].
Regarding wild birds, some have attractive coloring that motivate "positive" feelings in humans, however such attraction related to birds may represent pressure for these populations by promoting illegal trade. As an example, the red-cowled cardinal (Paroaria dominicana) is very charismatic and very popular as a pet in the region of the present study [43]. On the other hand, we can highlight that some species received strong signs of antipathy, such as the black vulture (C. atratus), crested caracara (Caracara plancus) and the Ferruginous pygmy owl (Glaucidium brasilianum). The natural necrophagous behavior regarding Coragyps atratus may have influenced this aversion, while conflicting stories with local populations (such as attacking domestic animal chicks) may be the reason for the aversion for the other species [64, 75]. Many birds in the northeastern semi-arid region are associated with beliefs and superstitions, including owls, which are associated with bad omens [43]. Similarly, Mikkola and Mikkola [90], recorded that 90% of respondents in their study in Africa (Malawi) also relate owls with bad luck and death.
Mammals are vertebrates that generally arouse greater emotional emphaty in people, given the relevance of this group in conservation campaigns and in the scientific literature, or due to their strong general appeal, as they are seen as utilitarian species with a pleasant appearance, in addition to their greater phylogenetic proximity to the human species [12, 21, 91]. For example, mammals such as the six-banded armadillo (E. sexcinctus) and marmosets (C. jacchus) are popular in the Brazilian Northeast region, being used as pets and food [92], respectively, and were the animals which aroused the most empathy among the interviewed students.
However, our results show that this situation depends on the mammalian species considered. Two of the mammalian species investigated, namely the great fruit-eating bat (A. lituratus) and the jaguar (P. onca) also aroused antipathy among the interviewees. In the case of P. onca, this fear may be associated with the potential danger that the species can cause to humans. Although jaguar attacks on humans are rare, emotions such as fear can be induced by predators which are larger and heavier than humans (as in the case of bears, wolves, and big cats) [12]. The expressive antipathy related to the bat may be associated with the potential risk of transmitting diseases, in addition to being socially stigmatized and involved in myths and beliefs with a negative connotation [38, 93, 94]. Misinformation can be an intensifier of bat disgust when considering (for example) the hypothesis that Covid-19 originated in a spillover event of pathogens from bats and pangolins to humans, which led to an increase in negative attitudes such as rabies, disgust or fear of these animals, encouraging their eradication [12].
Our results showed that the location of the students' residence and education influenced attitudes towards animals, which reinforces the finding of Cortés-Avizanda et al. [95], who emphasize that perceptions and attitudes about wild animals vary between people and can be determined by their sociodemographic characteristics, environmental behavior and knowledge. Students in the urban location responded with higher scores to most sentences, both those of empathy and antipathy attitudes. It's not surprising that human-animal relations are influenced by socio-cultural specificities inherent to each context [96,97,98,99,100]. Furthermore, informal and cultural educational processes differ between urban and rural contexts [101]. For instance, formal educational processes and media access for rural students are generally less efficient than for urban students [34].
The higher scores for most empathy and extreme dislike sentences pointed out by students with lower education levels can be explained (among other factors) by the development in rationalization of reading and interpreting the world of students with higher educational levels. Despite not being a direct result of our study, age is a factor that is highly correlated with education level and can also trigger less affective emotional and more rational responses from students towards animals [64]. A study of Norwegian children and adolescents on animal-related activities showed that interest in animals decreased with increasing age [102]. In this perspective, Schlegel and Rupf [26], emphasize the different stages of child development, so that wild animals are perceived from various orientations, suggesting the following stages: affective-emotional (6 to 9 years), cognitive, knowledge-oriented (10 to 13 years old) and ethical-ecological (13 to 16 years old). Although feelings of fear and admiration for animals, which are disseminated by media vehicles, are generated at any stage of life [103], age and education are significant variables that determine the presence and intensity of emotions in relation to animals [12, 104].
Gender is among one of the factors that most influence attitudes and emotions towards animals. Other studies with both schoolchildren and adults show that women are more likely to reveal affectionate feelings towards animals, especially large and aesthetically attractive species that are considered cute and popular [26, 66, 105, 106]. Even so, we found no significant difference in responses denoting empathy between women and men. However, antipathy attitudes were more frequent among women. Women have more frequent perceptions of danger in relation to some taxa, such as amphibians, reptiles, and predatory mammals when compared to men [15, 65, 66, 78] and this may be related to biological, psychological, and cultural factors. According to the reproductive investment hypothesis, women are more concerned with protecting their children, therefore they develop greater attention to animals that present potential dangers [107]. In addition, the role assumed by men at the beginning of the evolutionary history of chasing large and dangerous animals may have influenced the greater sense of dominance over animals by males [108].
Antipathy attitudes toward wildlife are a concerning point for conservation, especially in the case of species for which human fell aversion, and we have shown here some of the drivers of these attitudes. Aesthetics have traditionally been related to societal support for species, with uncharismatic animals, such as bats, amphibians, and reptiles being targeted by persecution and receiving less directed conservation efforts as well [104, 109, 110]. Recognizing the drivers that suport positive and negative attitudes toward the animals is important to delineate effective conservation measures. Social acceptance of nature conservation actions, driven by concepts such as biophilia and positive human attitudes towards wildlife, can be a key trigger for effective conservation efforts, as it encourages individuals and communities to take ownership of conservation actions and actively participate in preserving and protecting the natural environment [111, 112].
Education can be an essential ally for change in attitudes and perceptions towards wildlife and conservation. An important strategy that can be incorporated into the school curriculum is exposure to wild animals as a way to increase knowledge and the familiarity of children with animals often considered "ugly" [67, 105]. Promoting positive attitudes towards wildlife among students is very important, and for that, the schools can also benefit from a multidisciplinary curriculum of professionals, to develop environmental education and fauna conservation projects aligned with their social and cultural context. Moreover, it is important to note that these educational efforts need to be based on continuous activities to achieve positive results in long term [113]. Furthermore, more comprehensive studies, including other socioeconomic aspects, are important to identify other drivers that can be accessed to promote change in attitudes and perceptions towards wildlife conservation and to advance human-wildlife coexistence.
In conclusion, our results showed that empathy and antipathy representations and attitudes vary according to the animal considered, with amphibians and reptiles being those that receive the greatest antipathy from students. Animals considered aesthetically attractive and useful to humans tend to arouse greater empathy, while those involved in potential conflicts and risks and therefore considered dangerous or repugnant tend to more frequently related to antipathy attitudes and consequently less propensity for conservation. We have seen that both representations caused by various emotions and social factors can be key elements in making conservation decisions regarding species. Therefore, nature conservation can only be efficient if it involves the understanding of different actors in society. Children and young people have a long-term effect and are potential multipliers in the way society relates to nature. Thus, our results point to the relevance of educational strategies that foster interest and understanding in conserving wild animals.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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We sincerely thank the students who participated in the study and the school staff.
The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development granted a productivity research grant to Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves. This study was also supported by CNPq (grant 422041/2018-1) and FAPESQ-PB.
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ARS, JVO and RRNA conceived the ideas and designed the methodology; JVO and MXGS collected the data; ARS, FB and AKMB compiled and analyzed the data; ARS, FB and RRNA wrote the original draft; ARS, FB, AKMB, JVO, MXGS and RRNA edited the manuscript. All authors gave final approval for publication.
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The study was carried out in accordance with the requirements of ethical/legal procedures, being approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Paraíba (Protocol CEP-UEPB: 43589815.0.0000.5187).
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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da Silva, A.R., Braga-Pereira, F., Borges, A.K.M. et al. Bioecological representations and social characteristics of students influence their attitudes toward wild vertebrates. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 19, 25 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00593-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00593-5


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2020 election
Jeff Sessions Leads the Republican Pack in Contributions This Year Toward Senate Nomination Race
Jeff Sessions has collected almost a half million dollars in contributions in 2020 as he campaigns to reclaim the U.S. Senate seat he held for two decades before resigning to become U.S. attorney general.
Reports filed Thursday with the Federal Elections Commission showed Sessions with net contributions of $446,866 from Jan. 1 to Feb. 12, far outdistancing six opponents in the March 3 Republican primary for the Senate.
Democrat Doug Jones, the incumbent who is unopposed for the Democratic nomination, led all candidates with contributions of $2.43 million during the first 43 days of this year.
Sessions reported net contributions of $877,457 since the campaign began last year. He has spent $1.10 million through Feb. 12 and reported a cash balance of $1.9 million. He entered the Senate race last year with $2.48 million left over from previous campaigns.
Tommy Tuberville, the former Auburn University football coach, reported net contributions of $173,266 from Jan. 1 to Feb. 12, raising his total for the campaign to $1.5 million, in addition to a $1 million loan from himself last year. The campaign listed expenditures of $587,814 this year and $1.39 million overall, leaving $1.11 million in cash.
U.S. Rep. Bradley Byrne of Fairhope reported net contributions of $119,896 so far this year and a total of $1.20 million for the election cycle. His total overall receipts since the election cycle began last year, including money left over from previous campaigns for the House of Representatives, amounted to $3.47 million. Byrne spent $741,701 during Jan. 1 through Feb. 12 and $1.89 million overall. He ended the reporting period with an account balance of $1.57 million.
Jones has collected $12.87 million and spent $8.56 million since the campaign began, including $546,910 in expenditures this year. He reported a campaign balance of $7.42 million on Jan. 12.
Widely considered the Senate's most vulnerable Democrat facing re-election this year, Jones defeated twice-ousted Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore in a special election in December 2017. Sessions vacated the seat in early 2017 when President Donald Trump chose him to be attorney general. Trump fired Sessions from that job last November.
Among other Republicans on the March 3 primary ballot, Moore reported net contributions of $18,021 from Jan. 1 to Feb 12, raising his total for the campaign to $142,946. His net spending was $51,099 for the current reporting period and $131,909 for the election cycle. That left an account balance of $11,038 on Feb. 12.
State Rep. Arnold Mooney of Indian Springs showed net contributions of $125,915 and expenditures of $99,319 for early 2020. He listed net contributions of $915,404 and expenditures of $564,778 for the period since the campaign began last year. His cash balance was $350,626.
Haleyville businessman Stanley Adair has been almost entirely self-funded. He reported no contributions and operating expenses of $498 since the start of 2020. He has raised $283,398 and spent $283,760 since the campaign began last year and has a balance of $881.
The other GOP candidate, Ruth Page Nelson of Dothan, has reported no financial activity.


text: Isn't it great to so help fix bugs at scale? ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Simon Kelley <simon at thekelleys.org.uk> Date: Sun, Mar 29, 2015 at 2:28 PM Subject: [Dnsmasq-discuss] dnsmasq-2.73rc2 To: dnsmasq-discuss <Dnsmasq-discuss at lists.thekelleys.org.uk> -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 For those interested in DNSSEC, I just pushed 2.73rc2, which has a few fixes for DNSSEC edge cases that have come from a couple of days of systematic testing. It's worth noting that the Google Public DNS currently has a problem returning the DS record for in-addr.arpa. This causes every reverse lookup through dnsmasq to fail when DNSSEC validation is on and dnsmasq is using Google as upstream. Google are aware, have acknowledged the problem, and expect a fix in the next week or so. Ain't DNSSEC fun? Cheers, Simon. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v2.0.22 (GNU/Linux) iEYEARECAAYFAlUYbm0ACgkQKPyGmiibgrcXlwCgkKrZjCIszzjfYhyHENp6imgt OagAn2PRS0LPKpw9zYujwJm4YvBO7Gl7 =qQlY -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- _______________________________________________ Dnsmasq-discuss mailing list Dnsmasq-discuss at lists.thekelleys.org.uk http://lists.thekelleys.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/dnsmasq-discuss -- Dave Täht Let's make wifi fast, less jittery and reliable again! https://plus.google.com/u/0/107942175615993706558/posts/TVX3o84jjmb


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New direction for the Howick Golf Club in 2018 has seen the employment of Rory Moor as the general manager.
A previous Head Professional, elite golf coach, mentor, ex PGA Tour player and board member of the NZPGA, Moor brings a wealth of golfing knowledge management to the position.
The illustrious Wentworth Golf Club, the site of the World Matchplay and European Masters is where he started the game in the UK moving onto the emerging European Tour with the likes of Nicklaus, Trevino, Palmer and also competed alongside so many of the greatest players of the 80s and 90s that included New Zealanders Sir Bob Charles, John Lister, Frank Nobilo and Greg Turner.
Working at Wentworth was a great experience alongside ex Ryder Cup player and Captain Bernard Gallacher, playing with the elite of the game and the likes of TV personality Bruce Forsythe and International soccer guru Danny Blanchflower before spending years perusing a professional playing career in Europe and Down Under.
Some small event victories came through a 10 year playing career during which time he emigrated to New Zealand and found his home in Howick where he has remained, time during the 80s in fact included a position as Head Professional at Howick.
Stints at Formosa, Pukekohe, North Shore, Whitford, Titirangi and Remuera among his clubs, he stated: "It may be easier to say where I have not worked in Auckland rather than where but all have given an invaluable insight to the game and club life."
These factors were seen as a key asset to his appointment and aligned with the clubs new directive.
"We have a great team here at Howick and our new developments include our East Auckland Golf Academy which will be lead by Dan Rutlley our professional," he said.
"Both Macleans College and Saint Kentigern College are taking advantage of the services, as are many of the local community who are looking to get into the sport."
Improved practice areas and supporting services are planned and are seen as a key to the growth of the game promoting members of the future.
"The overall ethos is to develop the facility with more native flora and fauna along with creating a course that can be played all year round.
He also paid tribute to the previous manager Annette Smart and wished to build on the "great structure" that she had created.
"We have an amazing situation here on the peninsula with some of the best views in the world with a course that is so accessible. From the beginner to the elite player Howick Golf Club just a great place to be," said Moor.


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The upfronts–TV networks' schedule announcements for advertisers–are back, and If there's one thing that stays the same at them each year, it's talking about change. Fox is trying to ditch pilot season and program series year-round; broadcasters are experimenting with limited-run series and seasons of differing lengths; and every old legacy network is figuring out its place in the world of cable, streaming, and Aereo.
NBC too is trying something new this year: being in first place! For the first time since its Friends-era heyday, the network is ending the season tops in viewers among 18 to 49. (I know, measuring success among that age range is unfair–it gets less fair each year I get older!–but that's what advertisers pay for, and this isn't a charity.) The upfronts are all about puffing out your chest and looking big, so you're going to boast, especially if your corporate logo is a peacock. "We're number one, you've heard it a lot of times," network head Robert Greenblatt told advertisers. "Get ready, you're going to hear it a lot more."
So that's great for them. But unlike in the glory days of the '80s, '90s, and turn of the aughts, NBC isn't doing great great. The network did have a respectable new drama hit in The Blacklist, the network has held its lead in late night, and The Voice still brings in the eyeballs, if fewer. But some of its success has to do with football, which is seasonal, and the Olympics, which doesn't come around next year. And it's ended up number one partly by default, simply doing less badly than the other broadcasters this season. Maybe fittingly, even the grandeur of the event seemed diminished; it was not, as in some years past, at one of Manhattan's great theater palaces, but the charm-free Javits Center, located, as emcee Seth Meyers put it, "In the heart of Manhattan's stabbing district."
So number one or not, NBC is cleaning house (Parks and Recreation and Parenthood are gone after next year). It's readying a lot of new shows for next season: 16 so far, depending how you count them. For the first time in ages, it has no comedy block at 8 p.m. Thursdays, maybe recognizing that comedy is not exactly the network's strong suit anymore. (Meyers joked that he was behind on his TV watching, "So nobody tell me whether Sean Saved the World.")
Another familiar development here: most of the stuff that sounds really compelling (at least potentially) won't come around until midseason–for instance, the Tina Fey and Robert Carlock comedy Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, starring Ellie Kemper. (The sitcom, about a woman rescued from a cult after years separated from civilization, was easily the best and most intriguing preview NBC showed this morning. You'll have to keep waiting for it!) What NBC does have scheduled for fall looks–mind you, this is judging only by the promotional trailers–looks aggressively meh. Among them:
A to Z: Or How I Met How I Met Your Mother's Mother, a romantic comedy starring HIMYM's Cristin Milioti and Mad Men's Ben Feldman (both nipples intact!) as the hopeless romantic who falls in love with her at first sight.
Marry Me: Another romantic comedy, this time with Ken Marino and Casey Wilson as a couple trying to get their relationship on track after a botched engagement proposal. Like the stars, not sure if the premise sustains a series, but NBC really believes you want to see a romantic comedy next fall!
Bad Judge: Kate Walsh follows up her naughty-widow Fargo role with a naughty-judge role in a comedy about hard-drinking jurisprudence.
State of Affairs: Katherine Heigl and Alfre Woodard take national security very, very seriously.
The Mysteries of Laura: The unconvincing trailer for this cop show starring Debra Messing features Tom Jones' "She's a Lady," which also pretty much seems to be the premise of the show. She's a woman with kids and a personal life but also a homicide cop–who'd have thought it!
Constantine: Based on a comic-book franchise, this companion to the supernatural Grimm on Friday nights stars Matt Ryan as a master of the occult fighting threats from Hell.
We'll have to see what the finished products look like, but on the face of it these shows seem to be solidly within NBC's current brand, namely, "Not too groundbreaking, but eh, it looks professional." Which, to be fair, has done better for NBC–with The Blacklist and various shows with "Chicago" in the title–than radical departures like Community, which just radically departed. NBC's ambitions may simply be the least-worst broadcast network, but these days, that strategy can just get you to number one.
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Penny stocks refer to shares of a small company that trades for less than $5 per share and are generally quoted over-the-counter.
What are penny stocks?
Originally, any stock that traded for less than $1 per share was considered a penny stock. Now, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has updated it to a share issued by a very small company that trades at less than $5 per share. Unfortunately, the majority of penny stocks will cost more than a penny.
They're also referred to as microcap or nano-cap stocks.
Microcap refers to companies that have a low market capitalization of less than $250 or $300 million. However, it's common for these companies to have market capitalizations that are far less.
Nano-cap stocks have an even smaller market capitalization of $50 million or less.
Just like any other investment, there are risks. However, the reason that people are willing to invest in them is the volatility.
It's possible for penny stocks to jump from less than $1 to more than $5 in a relatively short time. Although it's not common, people do believe that they can get lucky.
Related: How to make money quickly
You should also be prepared to lose money just as easily. Since the companies are very small, you need to have a high-risk tolerance. There's a high potential for reward and a high potential for losses.
When you're trading microcap or nano-cap stocks, earning small increments is the safer way to trade. If you try to get rich quickly with penny stocks, there's a good chance that you may lose money, so be careful.
How to buy penny stocks
Most penny stocks trade on the over-the-counter market (OTC). They're quoted on OTC systems, such as OTC Bulletin Board, which is an interdealer quotation system, or OTC Markets Group, which is privately owned.
Some are traded on securities exchanges, such as NYSE, NASDAQ, or foreign securities exchanges, but it's not as common.
Since it's considered high-risk trading, you shouldn't use your emergency fund or retirement savings to invest. Instead, use disposable income, or "play money".
Take the following steps to invest in penny stocks:
- Do your research.
- Select a broker.
- Choose a stock to trade.
- Keep up with news or join a day trading community.
Potential risks and scams
Since penny stocks sell at low prices, there's room for plenty of growth. However, it's still a risky investment for several reasons.
First, they may trade infrequently or in low volumes, which means that it may be difficult to sell penny stock shares once you own them, or get an accurate price quote.
Second, the risk levels are high because many of the companies are new and have no proven track record. They might not have assets, operations, or revenue because the product may still be in development or testing.
Also, there isn't a minimum listing standard, which means stocks on the OTCBB don't have to fulfill the same minimum requirements that stocks on the exchange do.
Lastly, fraud can occur because these companies don't have to file financial reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
From 2008 to 2013, there was a huge scheme conducted by Zirk de Maison, who stole approximately $39 million from investors. He convinced a large number of investors to buy shares, which drove up the price.
Maison pled guilty in 2015 and is now in prison, along with seven others who helped him.
That's one major example of what can happen if you're not careful. Do your research and trade carefully. You should be prepared for the possibility that they may lose your whole investment.
However, by trading well, the small increments can lead to great results. There are many stories of people who became millionaires from trading penny stocks.
Frequently asked questions
Is it illegal to buy penny stocks?
Penny stock trading is risky, but it's not illegal.
What is the most successful penny stock ever?
Monster Beverage, Concur Technologies, and Ford Motor Company are several examples of companies that started as a penny stock.
Has anyone ever got rich off of penny stocks?
Tim Grittani and Tim Sykes are two people you may have heard of or seen advertisements from. They both have become millionaires from penny stock trading.
Penny stocks aren't for everyone, especially due to their high level of risk. However, if you're willing to spend time learning the markets, how to trade them, and endure the risks, you may be able to earn significant returns.
More resources:
Featured image courtesy of Pixabay.
David Em
Founder and Chief Editor
David Em is the Founder and Chief Editor of More Money More Choices. He launched the site in 2019 to empower individuals for financial health. David has a finance and leadership background. It enables him to share practical money management and growth tips and advice.


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Thinking about art
New Zealand sculptor, London-based Francis Upritchard says she wants to be an old lady making art and that art collectors should buy art for its meaning rather than its market value. Upritchard, 32, who will be representing New Zealand at the Venice Biennale next June, appreciates serious collectors who live with their art. Of collectors who keep their art in storage, she argues: "I'm sure it's good to get the work out of the sun, but art needs to be used. It needs a thinking gaze. That is what makes it art, rather than just stuff." Of collectors who acquire work as status symbols, she says: "I think they are wasting their money, because that is not what art is for. It's a misinterpretation of its intent." Upritchard won the $50,000 Walter's Prize in 2006.


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Organisational change can be a tough nut to crack for any business. It involves a lot of effort, dedication, and, most importantly, a supportive organisational culture. Culture shapes employees' mindsets, values, and beliefs, influencing their perception of change.
Unfortunately, culture is becoming the new buzzword thrown around to be the saviour of workplaces in a post-covid world. Culture is just an umbrella term encompassing the norms in human societies, specifically in business environments, the Values, Behaviour & Beliefs it wants to see.
"Culture is not a thing. It's a metaphor. It's a concept we use to describe the patterns of behaviour and beliefs of groups of people. But it's not a tangible thing that exists on its own." — Kenji Yoshino
"Culture" shapes every aspect of an organisation, from its values and beliefs to its communication style, decision-making processes and employees' attitudes towards change. A positive culture that promotes innovation, creativity, and risk-taking can encourage employees to be more open to change. In contrast, a negative culture that fosters fear, resistance, and negativity can make employees sceptical and less receptive to change.
Therefore, it is critical to understand how culture impacts change efforts and how leaders can create a "culture" that supports change.
Here are some of the more significant impacts of change:
Culture can either support or undermine change efforts. When the culture is aligned with the desired change, it can accelerate the change process. Conversely, when the culture is resistant to change, it can create significant barriers and make change efforts much more difficult.
Culture shapes employees' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours. Therefore, organisational culture heavily influences employees' perception of change. A positive culture that promotes innovation and risk-taking can make employees more receptive to change. In contrast, a hostile culture that encourages fear and resistance can make employees more resistant to change.
Organisational culture can impact the success of change initiatives in many ways. A culture that promotes collaboration, open communication, and a willingness to learn can increase the likelihood of success. In contrast, a culture that fosters silos, closed-door communication, and resistance to learning can undermine change initiatives' success.
Culture can influence the speed at which change occurs. A culture that promotes agility, flexibility, and adaptability can enable companies to respond quickly to change. In contrast, a culture that values stability, predictability, and control can slow change efforts. So, what can leaders do to create a culture that supports change?
Here are some tips:
The role of culture in successful organisational change cannot be overstated. Culture shapes every aspect of the organisation, and leaders must create a culture that supports change. By understanding it is more than just one thing, you can target the elements you want to change specifically.
Leaders can help create a culture that enables change and drives business success by starting with a clear vision and strategy, encouraging open communication, encouraging collaboration and teamwork, and leading by example.
. . .
Looking at ways of implementing agile techniques within your organisation?
We've helped brands such as Sky Gaming, AO.com, Tui and Ebay with their adoption of agile concepts beyond software development.
Find out more about Organisational Change here.


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The Bantam TS-5 is a lighter version of the formidable EX-L. Its Pro Smart Response Technology provides controllable power.
Paddletek's Bantam TS-5 comes with a textured fiberglass epoxy hybrid that increases spin control. This paddle features Extra-large playing surface with balanced weight distribution and its Light weight provides increased all-around performance.
This durable paddle is equipped with our ultra cushion high track performance grip. Grip circumference: 4 ¼". Grip length: 5". Total length: 15 ⅝". Width: 7 ¾". Weight: 7-7.5oz.
Different computer monitors display colours differently. As a result, the colour of your paddle may vary slightly from the representation on your screen, especially under different lighting conditions.