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Hacked Website Repair And Recovery Services
We offer a hacked website repair and recovery service that guarantees to fix a hacked WordPress website. If your website is infected with malware and you have been blacklisted by Google and lost all your sales don't panic we can help you.
We can clean up and recover your website to get your business back online.
Malware Removal Service
Has your WordPress website been hacked by hackers and is showing one of the symptoms listed below ?
- WordPress website is hacked with Malware or malicious code
- Website is displaying a Google deceptive site ahead or this site may harm your computer warning message
- Your website has been blacklisted in Google and you have lost all your visitors and sales
- WordPress site is slow or showing a 500 internal server error or white screen
- The hosting company has suspended your hosting account due to malware or malicious activity
- Your site is redirecting people to suspicious websites, displaying popups Advertisements, or sending spam emails
Don't panic we can help you. The hacked website repair and recovery service we offer guarantees to remove the dangerous malware and malicious code from your website to get your business back online.
Frequently Asked Questions
Website Security
Frequently asked questions about the website security services we offer to fix hacked websites
If you have noticed a big drop in traffic from Google to your website or maybe your WordPress website is running really slow or is displaying a white screen or showing strange popup advertisements from websites you do not recognize then your website may have been hacked by cybercriminals.
Every year, thousands of WordPress websites get hacked. The question is how do I know if your WordPress site is hacked?
Big Drop In Traffic
When a website is hacked, one common warning sign is a sudden drop in traffic. When you look at your Google Analytics report, you'll see that your site's traffic has significantly decreased over a short period of time. If you notice a sudden drop in traffic, it may indicate that hackers have gained access to your website and infected it with Malware If your website is infected with Malware Google will automatically block website visitors from visiting your website.
Google Warning "This Site May Harm Your Computer"
Google actively monitors all websites it includes in its search engine results for hacked, malware, or phishing activity to protect its users. If your website has been hacked a warning will appear in the Google search engine results under your website showing "This site may harm your computer" or when a visitor tries to visit your website a big red message will appear in the Chrome browser with the message "Deceptive site ahead"
This will essentially stop all traffic and sales coming to your website from Google. This does not just affect the Google search results this will also affect all your website visitors who use Google chrome which is the most popular web browser used by millions of people around the world. You will need to act quickly to fix this issue as you will lose your search engine rankings, website traffic, and sales overnight.
Your Website Is Redirecting To Spammy Websites
A redirection hack is a common hack by cyber criminals that involves redirecting your website visitors to spammy or malicious websites when the visitor attempts to visit your website. Redirection hacks have also become more advanced over the years. Hackers can infect your website in a way that only your customers are redirected and you'll see your website working perfectly fine. This is one of the cleverest tricks used by cyber criminals to hide the hack from the website owner. Then, there are redirection cases in which only the people accessing your website from a certain browser will be redirected to spammy or malicious websites.
Hosting Company Suspends Your Hosting Account
Hosting companies have strict policies in place to suspend accounts or disable websites if they find malware on a website. This step is necessary to protect other websites on the server, especially if it is shared hosting as a hacked website can have a serious impact on the overall CPU, memory, and network resources on the server.
If your website has been compromised some hosting companies may help you repair the hacked website however a lot of hosting services will not help as the website is your responsibility to ensure it is managed and is running the latest version of WordPress, themes, and plug-ins. You will need to clean up and secure the website yourself or hire a security expert to resolve this issue for you. The hosting company will not enable your hosting service until your website is malware-free and running the latest versions of WordPress, plug-ins, and themes. You will also be asked to take other security measures to ensure this does not happen again. The bottom line is you will your reputation, website traffic and sales, Google search engine listing, and much more.
Slow and Unresponsive Website
If you have noticed that your WordPress website has become really slow to load or it takes forever to make changes via the WordPress admin area of the website then this may suggest your site has been compromised. This is due to the fact that the malware is using up most of the CPU or memory resources allocated to your hosting account and you no longer have any CPU or memory resources left to run or manage the website so it basically comes to a standstill and you can no longer do anything.
Pop-up Advertisements
Cyber Criminals normally hack websites for profit and one way to make money from your website is to display popup advertisements for porn, casino, payday loans, or pharmacy websites. If you notice these types of advertisements on your website or your visitors notice the ads then your website has been hacked.
Phishing Website Activity
Another common warning sign that your website has been compromised is that your site is involved in Phishing activity. This is where scammers or cyber criminals will hack your website or page at your site so they can send visitors to it via emails or SMS text in order to obtain their credit card or bank details. If your website is involved in phishing activity Google will ban your site from the search results and in Google Chrome you may also get contacted by the police or a government agency and the hosting company will also suspend your hosting service.
Website Sending Spam Emails
Another common warning sign that your website has been compromised is that it's sending spam out from your email accounts. The hackers will basically take control of your email accounts and send emails to all your contacts or send general spam emails out to random email accounts. The hosting company will normally make you aware of an email spamming issue, they may also suspend your hosting account until its resolved.
White Screen Or 500 Internal Error Message
If your website displays a white screen with no error messages or a 500 internal error this may suggest that your website has been hacked. A standard hack by cybercriminals is to inject code into your website index.php file or .htaccess file. The server will attempt to read, and process the code and will be unable to do this, therefore, it will show a 500 error message or a white screen if error reporting has not been enabled
Customers Complain That Their Credit Cards Have Been Used
If you get multiple complaints from customers saying their credit cards have been used without their permission, it may suggest a credit card hack on your website. Unfortunately, card skimming, fake payment scripts, and fake checkout forms are a reality today. Especially for the e-commerce industry. Financial data is sold for thousands of dollars on the dark web which is why cybercriminals target websites in order to obtain valuable credit card data.
WordPress is one of the most popular content management systems (CMS) in the world, with over 40% of all websites on the Internet powered by it. While its popularity and flexibility make it an attractive platform for website owners, it also makes it a prime target for hackers.
One common way that WordPress websites get hacked is through vulnerabilities in the software itself. WordPress is open-source software, which means that anyone can view and modify the code. While this can be a good thing for improving the software and fixing bugs, it can also make it easier for hackers to find vulnerabilities to exploit. Outdated or poorly maintained versions of the CMS are especially vulnerable, as they may not have received the latest security patches or updates.
Another way that websites get hacked is through vulnerable plugins or themes. WordPress plugins and themes can add new functionality and enhance the look of your website, but they can also introduce new security risks. Plugins and themes can contain vulnerabilities that hackers can exploit. If a plugin or theme has not been updated in a long time, or if it has a poor reputation, it may be wise to avoid it or to find an alternative.
A third way that a website can get hacked is through weak passwords. Many website owners use simple or easily guessable passwords, or they reuse the same password across multiple sites. cybercriminals can use automated tools to try thousands of passwords until they find the correct one, making it crucial to use strong, unique passwords for your website and all other online accounts.
Finally, websites can also get compromised through phishing scams or social engineering. For example, a hacker may send an email to a website owner claiming to be from WordPress support, asking for login credentials or asking them to install a malicious plugin. To prevent this, it's important to be cautious of any unsolicited emails or messages and to only download plugins or themes from trusted sources.
WordPress security is a critical aspect of any website built on the popular open-source content management system. It is essential to implement best practices to prevent cyber attacks and keep your website safe from hackers.
The following will provide you with the best tips to protect and secure your WordPress website
The first step in securing a website is to use a strong password. Passwords should be at least 12 characters long and include a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. It is also recommended to use a password manager to generate and store strong passwords for each of your online accounts.
Next, it is essential to keep WordPress and all of its plugins and themes up-to-date. Updates often include security fixes for known vulnerabilities, so it is important to install them as soon as they become available. Additionally, it is recommended to regularly scan your website for vulnerabilities using a security plugin, such as Wordfence or iThemes Security.
Another important aspect is the use of a secure hosting provider. A good hosting provider should have secure servers, backup and recovery options, and a team of experts who can help you secure your website. They should also have a solid track record of keeping their servers and customer data secure.
It is also important to limit access to your WordPress administrative area. This can be done by using two-factor authentication, which adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of authentication in addition to a password. Additionally, limiting the number of users with administrative access to your site and regularly monitoring user activity can help prevent unauthorized access.
It is also recommended to use a security plugin to help monitor and protect your website. These plugins can help you detect and prevent common security threats, such as brute force attacks, malware infections, and unauthorized access to your website. Some popular security plugins include Wordfence, iThemes Security, and Jetpack.
Finally, it is important to regularly back up your website. This will ensure that you can quickly recover your site in the event of a security breach or other disaster. Backups should be stored off-site, such as in the cloud, to prevent data loss in the event of a local disaster.
The Hacked WordPress Website Service Includes The Following
- The cost of the service is £149.00 per website/domain
- This service is for one website/domain only ( excludes subdomains or add-on domains )
- The service is for WordPress Websites only.
- The service will be completed within 24 hours of successfully receiving payment and all the information we require.
- A full file and SQL database scan is completed to locate and remove all malicious code or Malware from the WordPress Website.
- The service guarantees to remove all malware, and malicious code from the website files and SQL database.
- Update WordPress and any free plug-ins, and themes you have installed on the website to the latest versions.
- Install and set up the free version of the popular WordPress security plugin WordFence to secure and protect your website.
- We will complete additional website security hardening to reduce the risk of any further security compromises.
- The services come with 30 days of technical support for the service you have purchased on this website.
To find out more view the repair and fix hacked WordPress website service we offer
The service we offer at this website guarantees to fix your hacked website to ensure the following is 100% removed from your WordPress website.
- Removal of all Malware, Viruses
- Removal of all Malicious code included in your website PHP files or MYSQL database
- Removal of Hidden backdoor scripts
- Remove the red warning this site may be hacked from the Google search
After we have successfully received the following
- Your order and payment for the fix and repair my hacked website service we offer
- All the information we require to get access to your hosting space and WordPress
- We guarantee to complete all the security work on your website within 24 hours
After you have ordered the website security service we offer to fix your hacked WordPress website we have successfully received payment for the service we will need the following information from you to get started on repairing your hacked website
- WordPress administrator login details to your website
- Login details for Cpanel or the Plesk hosting control panel you are using
- Website address to access your hosting control panel
Please note we can not start working on your website until we have the above details.
All payments are securely processed via Stripe for the website security services we offer. Stipe is a popular payment processer used by millions of people around the world to buy and sell products and services


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The fall has come and gone for the UCSB sailing team. New faces arrived, a whole new class of sailors were broken in and shown the ropes (and the jib), but one fact remains constant: The only thing that matters is May.
"We need to get there," senior captain Nick Gazulis said.
The "there" Gazulis referred to is the Pacific Coast Championship, a qualifier for the grand finale of collegiate sailing. The top two teams from the PCC will move on to the national stage while everyone else will spend a long offseason thinking about what might have been.
Santa Barbara is right on schedule to make it to May. With seven regattas already under its belt – including several top five finishes – both the men's and women's crews are looking forward to the thick of the season. From late January to April, UCSB will sail almost every weekend and in seemingly every place in the nation.
"Pacific collegiate sailing is heavy in the winter and spring. We're going to the East Coast several times, we're traveling all around the country. This is the part of the year where we really start sailing," sophomore skipper Kate Conway said.
Santa Barbara will begin the second half of the season with a visit to Hawaii as one of the many West Coast teams at the Rainbow Invitational on Jan. 17-18.
Conway and the women are currently ranked 15th in the nation after some impressive early season performances. The men dropped in and out of the top 25 during the fall, but they've only had one major regatta thus far. That regatta, the North-South Intersectional, was a showcase for the senior heavy program. UCSB placed 4th in the highly regarded race and also added fuel to the already hot topic of who is the best in the west. This year features a close battle between Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, USC, the University of Hawaii and Stanford.
"We've done really well so far, but we could also be better," Gazulis said. "A lot of the eastern teams are ranked higher because their major sailing season is in the fall [because of their weather]. Not many people have seen us, so the next few months are going to be very important for our rankings."
These rankings will come into play should Santa Barbara not be in the top two at the PCC. With enough exposure in intersectional regattas, the sailing team could still land a bid to nationals if they're ranked high enough – and both teams stand a good chance of doing just that.
UCSB features a mixture of young and old, with Gazulis leading a contingent of steady seniors and Conway stepping up as one of the many promising sophomores who have reinvigorated the program.
"With the recruiting our coaches have done and the underclassmen we have, we'll be set for a long time," Gazulis said. "As it is, we're looking very good. I like our chances."
The sailing team has a tough task ahead of them, but the daunting schedule of the winter and spring can be seen for what it is: a race to May. And they intend to get there.

subset: commoncrawl


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This April, thousands of delegates descended on the National Exhibition Centre (NEC) in Birmingham, as stakeholders from across the hospitality, manufacturing, grocery and speciality & convenience retail sectors once again gathered together for the 2023 edition of the Food & Drink Expo.
Altogether, over 1,500 suppliers took to the show floor to showcase their latest product offerings. As ever, the flagship exhibition was co-located with the Farm Shop & Deli Show, Foodex Manufacturing Solutions and the National Convenience Show, representing the full diversity of the UK grocery manufacturing, retail and foodservice sectors.
2023 also featured a Healthy & Natural and Plant-Based zone, positioned as a 'one-stop-shop' for health, wellness and natural products including free-from, plant-based, vegetarian, low-calorie, organic and vegan items.
Away from the exhibition stands, awards were a significant feature of this year's show, with winners crowned in categories ranging from the Farm Shop & Deli Product and Retailer Awards to "Britain's Best Loaf", Best Newcomer and Retailer Of The Year.
Meanwhile, panel debates broached a number of hot button topics, with the future of the plant-based foods sector (and, conversely, that of the meat industry) the principal focus of attention.
Elsewhere, another standout feature was The Dragon's Pantry, where entrepreneurs were given the opportunity to increase their chance of a retailer listing through a 15-minute pitch.
Innovation across the showfloor proved diverse, but with a particular focus on upscale ingredients and adventurous flavour combinations melding sweet, savoury, and spicy notes. Meanwhile, energy drinks were making their presence felt, while the prevalence of e-cigarette brands in the National Convenience Show demonstrating the extent to which alternatives to traditional tobacco are becoming increasingly relevant for the sector, as consumers switch away from cigarettes.
Food & Drink Expo returns to the NEC next year, with the event opening its doors on 29th April.


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AARP Eye Center
Federal and state governments should ensure the collection and public reporting of comprehensive, accurate data during an epidemic or pandemic and other public health crises or natural disasters.&n
Health care providers, businesses, schools, organizations, and individuals should be educated about behavioral risk factors for contracting and spreading serious communicable diseases.
Federal, state, and local governments should fund community-based outreach, education, and promotion efforts that include targeted initiatives for at-risk and underserved beneficiaries.
Federal, state, and local governments should fund research to understand better why evidence-based Medicare-covered preventive services are underutilized in the general Medicare population, particu
National prevention and health-promotion outreach and education campaigns should be developed and implemented by federal, state, and local governments, along with private-sector partners.
Governments should fund efforts to promote evidence-based health-education opportunities.
The public and private sectors should prioritize consumer and family caregiver engagement and support in health care in all settings, including care provided in home settings.
Policymakers and the private sector should encourage and empower individuals to maintain and, where possible, improve their health.
Government bodies and the private sector should fund provider education and training on consumer and family caregiver engagement. Training should:


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Carnival, Mardi Gras and Mardi Gras
As carnival , carnival , Fassenacht , carnival , carnival , carnival , almost evening , Fastelovend , Fasteleer or fifth season is defined as the customs by which the time before the forty days of Lent is celebrated omitted. Lent begins on Ash Wednesday and is used to prepare for Easter .
Carnival is celebrated very differently: Carnival parades , music, masks and dressing up play a role. The carnival in Latin America developed a vitality of its own , for example at the Oruro carnival or the Rio carnival . Also known are the Carnival in Venice , in Canada the Carnival of Québec , the Mid-Fast Carnival on Sunday Laetare in Stavelot and other places in the Belgian eastern cantons as well as in Spain the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the Carnival in Cádiz . Also in the southern states of the United States there is a strong Carnival tradition. As used in New Orleans the French name Mardi Gras ( Fat Tuesday , Shrove Tuesday ). The carnival in Namibia takes place in different places in the country and is no longer related to Lent. In the German-speaking area, the "strongholds" are the Rhineland and the Swabian-Alemannic Carnival .
Carnival precursors were celebrated 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia , the country with the first urban cultures. An old Babylonian inscription from the 3rd millennium BC. Chr. Reports that a seven-day festival was celebrated under the priest-king Gudea , namely after the New Year as a symbolic wedding of a god . The inscription says: "No grain is milled on these days. The slave is on an equal footing with the mistress and the slave at his master's side. The powerful and the low are respected. "This is the first time that the principle of equality is practiced at boisterous celebrations, and this is still a characteristic feature of Carnival today.
Similar festivals, mostly related to the awakening of nature in spring, can be found in all cultures of the Mediterranean: In Egypt , the exuberant festival was celebrated in honor of the goddess Isis and the Greeks held it for their god Dionysus and called it Apocries .
The Romans finally celebrated from December 17 19 December, the Saturnalia in honor of their god Saturn . The festival was connected with a public feast to which everyone was invited. Executions were postponed because of the Saturnalia. Slaves and masters occasionally swapped roles, celebrated and sat together at the table with myrtle wreaths , drank and ate, could dare every free word and showered themselves with small roses . The confetti known in our day may have originated from the roses . The Romans already organized colorful parades, during which a decorated ship wagon was pulled around.
However, in current research, dates such as Saturnalia or Lupercalia are strongly doubted as the origin of the Carnival tradition. Pre-Christian rites , for example those of the Celtic religion , seem to have been preserved in many masks, figures and customs, which include the change from the cold winter half-year to the warm and fertile summer half-year. They tried to drive away the winter by disguising themselves as ghosts, goblins and eerie characters from nature and lashing out with wooden sticks or making noise with a rattle or ratchet . In Carnival customs in Tyrol and South Tyrol , the symbolization of the struggle between light and darkness, between good and evil, between spring and winter still takes place. Examples of this are the Egetmann parade in Tramin or the Mullerlauf in Thaur .
Germanic theories (so-called continuity premises ) were particularly popular during National Socialism , but are still sometimes cited unconsciously. The skepticism towards all theories that assume a tradition of Germanic or Celtic customs has persisted since 1945. For this reason, it can be assumed that there were no festivals similar to Carnival for several centuries, but rather that they arose in the high and late Middle Ages with the Lent.
middle Ages
In medieval Europe, from the 12th century to the end of the 16th century, "fools' festivals" were celebrated around Epiphany , January 6th. Such celebrations also took place in churches, but they were not church celebrations. The lower clerics temporarily took over the rank and privileges of the higher clergy. Church rituals were parodied. Even a "Pope" was chosen, on December 28th, the day of the innocent children , a child bishop was often chosen. The inhabitants of the cities also took part in the festival in the form of processions. Even during the actual carnival days, fools and donkey fairs were widespread.
The currently oldest known literary mention of the "fasnaht" can be found in a part of the Parzival of the minstrel Wolfram von Eschenbach dated to the year 1206 . There it is said that "the koufwip zu Tolenstein on the fasnaht never fought baz" Wolfram von Eschenbach describes in flowery words how the women around the castle of the Counts von Hirschberg-Dollnstein grotesque games, dances and disguises on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday performed. The small market town of Dollnstein in the Altmühltal (Bavaria) therefore claims to be the cradle of the German Carnival in general and the Weiberfastnacht in particular.
One of the early mentions of Carnival can be found in Christoph Lehmann's Speyerer Chronik from 1612, which reports from old files: "In 1296, the mischief of Carnival started a little early / in it a number of burgers in a burial place with the Clerisey Gesind carried away the worst / afterwards the matter is arduously attached to the rhetoric / and umb the wicked begged punishment. "(Clerisey Gesind means the servants of the bishop and the cathedral chapter , i.e. the clergy, in the cathedral immunity ). The council forced the provost to surrender the clergy for punishment. For the cathedral chapter, these attacks gave rise to legal action against the city council and citizens, and excommunication was threatened. However, due to the city's determined response, the matter petered out.
On March 5, 1341, the word "Fastelovend" is mentioned in the so-called Eidbuch of the city of Cologne with the remark that the council may no longer approve any money for it - despite the earlier usual subsidy payment to the " Richerzeche ", that group of wealthy citizens, who were later called patricians : "But the council should not grant any society subsidies from the city's property at Mardi Gras." On October 26, 1353 it was made clear that the archbishop Wilhelm von Gennep forbade the clergy and religious from selling or serving beer and wine ; this proved that there was obviously a great interest in alcoholic beverages during Carnival. In June 1369 the ban was lifted again as part of a compromise. On July 1, 1412, the Cologne Council prohibited holding games and dances in secret places and in guild houses without the knowledge and will of the guilds. In 1422, the Cologne farmer was first mentioned in a poem as the shield holder of the empire. In 1425 the farmer appeared for the first time in a Rose Monday procession . Around 1440 depictions of the carnival were created in a frieze by Gürzenich .
The Cologne city council repeatedly forbade the " Mummenschanz ", for example in 1487 the "bombing, staking and bequeathing" and in the 17th century several times "the mummerey and heathen raving", probably because of excesses that were difficult to control. In 1570 the Cologne Virgin appeared for the first time next to the farmer. She embodied the city founder Agrippina and the free independent city .
The medieval carnival is traced back to the Augustinian teachings in his work De civitate Dei . Carnival therefore stands for the civitas diaboli , the state of the devil. Therefore, the often degenerate Carnival was tolerated by the church as a didactic example to show that the civitas diaboli, like humans, is transitory and that in the end God remains victorious. Mardi Gras had to end on Ash Wednesday in order to illustrate the inevitable conversion to God. While the church remained inactive during scenes of profanity blasphemy, the continued celebration of Shrovetide into Ash Wednesday was strictly persecuted.
In the late 14th and 15th centuries in particular, Shrovetide was celebrated in Germany. B. the Nuremberg Schembart runs . Around this time the fool also found his way into the carnival, who in the didactic sense of the carnival was supposed to point out the transitoriness .
In some Fast Pay - particularly in Tyrol - is against this background already on Shrove Tuesday evening for " Betzeitläuten saved" the mask at six o'clock. The background is not clear. Caesar already wrote of the custom of the Celts to start the new day at nightfall, just as the new year began for them with the onset of winter (compare Halloween ). On the other hand, the beginning of the day at nightfall is also an element of Jewish and early Christian tradition.
On February 9, 1609, the carnival festival and "Mummerei" were again banned in Cologne in order to preserve public order. In addition to the usual drumming and trumpeting, it often degenerated into excesses - including those wearing spiritual clothing. In 1610 the journeyman craftsmen were allowed to do their thing again in their mummery, in 1640 the people and the lower clergy even named "fool bishops". On February 7, 1657, the council was again banned from "Mummerei" during the carnival season. In 1660 an inner-city protection force was set up, which was called Sparks . That was probably the hour of birth of the Kölner Sparks . Despite the ban on masking, a city soldier was stabbed to death by carnivalists in 1699.
Modern times
The Reformation challenged pre-Easter Lent. The carnival lost its meaning. In Protestant areas, many customs were partly forgotten again. In the baroque and rococo periods , carnival festivals were celebrated mainly in castles and royal courts, the masks of which were based heavily on the Italian commedia dell'arte .
On the Thursday before Carnival in February 1729, the nuns danced and jumped through the halls in the St. Mauritius Monastery in Cologne in secular disguise. That was probably the first women's carnival . In 1733 the Jesuits wanted to overcome the excesses during the carnival season with special carnival games. On February 7, 1779, masquerades and mummery were again banned in Cologne, this time because of the danger of war as a potential source of danger.
While in the cities increasingly craft guilds , where especially the young fellows to line up the carnival, took over in the early 19th century, especially in the Rhine region, the bourgeoisie the ceremony, as guilds in the wake of the French Revolution and the invasion of French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte in importance lost or even dissolved. The French occupiers forbade Carnival in Cologne on February 12, 1795, but allowed it on the 7th Pluviôse of the year XII. (January 28, 1804) again. In 1804, carnival was allowed again, but it was viewed as rowdy and widely complained. At this time, the call " Kölle Alaaf " appeared - probably not for the first time - as a toast to the later King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia during his visit to Cologne in 1804. The Cologne-friendly king later remembered his Another visit in 1848 on the occasion of the start of the further construction on Cologne Cathedral and at the end of his address also called "Alaaf".
The bourgeoisie still celebrated foolish masked balls , but the street carnival was almost extinct. The Carnival in Cologne, which had been Prussian since 1815 after the French withdrew , was revived and organized in 1823 with the establishment of the "Festordnenden Comites", increased by the component of criticism of the (foreign) authorities: a "cultural-political prank with a humorous one Ambience ".
Older forms were preserved, especially in Austria , Switzerland , Alsace , Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg . In Baden-Württemberg in particular, a distinction is made between carnival and Swabian-Alemannic carnival . After the carnival had established itself here towards the end of the 19th century, a return to the old forms was demanded after the First World War, which manifested itself in the establishment of the Association of Swabian-Alemannic Fools' Guilds in 1924.
While older carnivals in southwest Germany can still be found mainly in Catholic areas, a real carnival boom in the 1990s also introduced carnival in Protestant areas. Basel has a special status in Switzerland : the city celebrates an old, traditional carnival ( Basler Fasnacht ) despite the Protestantism that has prevailed for centuries . Even in Winterthur , the Winterthur Carnival was able to last despite the Reformation and the ban.
In other countries, Mardi Gras and Carnival could hardly establish themselves; many customs in England fell into oblivion due to the Reformation of Henry VIII , which therefore could not be consolidated in the United States and Canada . Québec and the formerly French and Catholic New Orleans are considered to be one of the few exceptions .
Origin and distribution of the term in the German-speaking area
Mardi Gras, Carnival
The word Fastnacht comes from Middle High German vastnaht (occupied since 1200 and meaning "the eve before Lent", so since the Synod of Benevento 1091 the "Tuesday before Ash Wednesday"), from seam , "night, eve", and belongs to Middle High German vaste from Old High German fasta , "the fasting, the fasting time", whereby there is the possibility that an adjustment to "fasting" is present if - fitting to forms like "Fasenacht" and "Faselabend" - Middle High German gossip , "flourish, be fertile" , Had influence.
Carnival and its modifications are mainly used in Hesse , Rhineland-Palatinate , Saarland , Franconia , Upper Lusatia , Baden-Württemberg , Bavarian Swabia , western Upper Bavaria , the Upper Palatinate as well as Luxembourg , Switzerland , Liechtenstein and Austria Federal state Vorarlberg and South Tyrol used.
In Hesse and Rheinhessen it is called Fas (s) enacht , in Franconia Fasenacht , in Switzerland and parts of Baden Fasnacht , in the rest of Baden as well as Württemberg and Bavarian Swabia Fasnet , regionally also F (a) asent and in Luxembourg Fuesend . Other linguistic expressions are Fosnet , Foaset and Fassend . In Low German-speaking countries it is called Low German , among other fastelavn - this corresponds fastelavn in Protestant areas not what is commonly understood as Carnival. In the Cologne area is in the Kölsch dialect also Fastelov (v) end or Fasteleer used while you're there in High German only by Carnival speaks.
Folk etymologies soon establish a connection to the word barrel , soon (but more playfully) to "festival", the babble or the expression "almost night". The comparison of the dialect words, however, reveals a possible common basic form * fasanaht , which could refute these interpretations. The meaning of the fore limb fasa- remains unclear. Most likely a connection to an Indo-European verbal root * pwos- with the meaning 'clean, purify, fast', which would fit various elements of the tradition.
The term Fasching is mainly used in Bavaria , Austria and Saxony . The word Fasching appeared in High German as early as the 13th century, initially in the forms vaschanc and vaschang . Etymologically, it explains itself as a 'Lenten bar', i.e. the last serving of alcoholic beverages before the then still strict fasting period. This is also indicated by the Middle Low German form vastgang and the (late) Old Norse fostugangr for the beginning of Lent. The alignment with words ending in -ing is much more recent. The name can also be found in neighboring countries, as the Slovak word is Fašiangy . Special forms of customs are the carnival wedding and the begging wedding .
From Carnival spoken about in Nuremberg and Würzburg , with each 100,000 visitors have the biggest carnival trains in southern Germany, as well as throughout the region Franken , which includes parts of Baden-Württemberg, in Lower Bavaria and the southern Upper Palatinate , in the east of Upper Bavaria and Munich , so in the Bavarian language area and in Austria . The term Fasnat is used in Vorarlberg.
Fastelovend (Fasteleer)
In the northern Rhineland to the Lower Rhine, the High German carnival is called Fastelovend (fasting evening) or Fasteleer , with locally independent customs (Altweiber-Karneval = Aaalwiever-Fastelovend = small fasting evening) . Is celebrated by Thursday of about cloves Saturday and Monday before Lent until Shrove Tuesday .
The word vastavent appears in Cologne in the second half of the 12th century with reference to Lent; it has been on record since March 5, 1341 in a council resolution in which the Cologne councilors undertake not to "vastavende" any more from the city treasury "To give. Fasteleer is said to go back to a secondary form of Fastelovend, Fastelerum , which was common at the beginning of the 19th century .
The carnival is mainly related to the Rhenish carnival in the Cologne, Bonn, Aachen and Düsseldorf area. The fool , local patriotism and the mockery of the rulers since the beginning of the 19th century are of importance here . North of the Bonn-Erfurt line there are almost exclusively carnival clubs in Germany, but the event is also known as carnival in Saxony and Brandenburg.
In Germany, the term carnival can be traced for the first time at the end of the 17th century, in the Rhineland for the first time in 1728. "Carneval" first appeared in the Cologne city records around 1780.
The etymology of the word is not clearly established. From the middle of the 19th century until well into the 20th century , the thesis first published by Karl Simrock in 1855 dominated scientific publications that the word goes back to the Latin expression carrus navalis ('ship's cart'), which describes a ship on wheels, which had been taken through the streets during annual parades to restart shipping. The tradition of the ship of fools is said to have developed from this. This thesis has now been clearly refuted, especially since there is no evidence of the word combination carrus navalis (obviously a learned invention by Simrock) in either the relevant Latin source texts of Roman pre-Christian antiquity or those of the Middle Ages .
The most common assumption today is the derivation of the Middle Latin carne levare ('to take away meat'), from which carnelevale is used as the name for Lent as a meatless period. The translation of carne vale as meat is also joking , farewell! possible. This interpretation also corresponds to the Greek name of carnival as Apókriës ( Greek απόκριες), which also means something like 'meat away'.
Temporal course of the carnival
In many German-speaking countries , the beginning of the carnival period was or is originally Epiphany , January 6th.
Since the 19th century, the official opening of the carnival session has also taken place in many areas on November 11th , the "eleventh in the eleventh" from 11:11 am. The background to this is that shortly before Christmas , shortly after the festival was fixed in 354, there was a preparatory forty-day fasting period , similar to the Easter fasting period after Carnival. It began on November 11th, St. Martin's Day . The aim was to consume the food available that was not "suitable for Lent", such as meat, fat, lard, eggs and dairy products. St. Martin's Day was also the end date of the farming year on which the lease was due and the servants changed.
The time from November 12th to January 5th remains largely carnival-free, even in the centers of carnival along the Rhine, which is explained by the aforementioned pre-Christmas Lent, the role of November as a month of mourning and the contemplative nature of Advent . To the extent that there is talk of a "forward shift" of the beginning of the carnival or a "season opening" on November 11th, this is at least misleading. In terms of the history of its origins, November 11th represents a second, "small" carnival.
However, especially in the surrounding area, more and more meetings are held during this time - even before November 11th - because then most of the performing artists are cheaper than in the main season, when they have many performances in one evening. The foolish time begins in January, especially in the strongholds, with the introduction of the new regents, the proclamation of princes.
Mardi Gras reaches its climax in the actual Mardi Gras week of the fat Thursday in the Swabian-Alemannic region (from Schmotz = lard, which refers to Carnival cakes baked in lard) or Weiberfastnacht in the Rhineland or Fat Thursday in the Harz region, in northern Thuringia and in southern Saxony. Anhalt over the cloves Saturday , tulips Sunday , carnival Monday until Shrove Tuesday , also known as Fat Tuesday. There are corresponding parades, especially on Rose Monday - whereby roses originally did not refer to the flower, but to the verb rasen .
The largest parades take place in the carnival centers of Cologne , Mainz and Düsseldorf. In terms of the number of participants, the move in Eschweiler is one of the largest in Germany. There are also annual moves in Aachen , Bonn , Duisburg , Dülken , Erkelenz , Euskirchen , Koblenz , Krefeld , Leverkusen , Meckenheim , Mönchengladbach , Rheinbach , Siegburg , Trier and many other places. But also further south, for example in Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden , Aschaffenburg , Mannheim , Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Obertiefenbach , Würzburg and Karlstadt, there are parades on Mardi Gras Sunday (earlier delivery of the carnival chicken ). These are called "Zoch" in the Rhineland ( D'r Zoch kütt - "The train is coming", in Bavaria called "Gaudiwurm").
In Karlsruhe and Stuttgart there are large parades with several hundred thousand visitors on Shrove Tuesday. The traditional Schoduvel in Braunschweig on Shrove Tuesday and the Carnival parade in Berlin are considered the largest parades in northern Germany .
In the neighborhoods, towns and villages around these centers there are parades on Saturday (Carnation Saturday), Sunday (Orchid or Tulip Sunday) and Tuesday (Violet Tuesday). The largest children's carnival procession in Europe has been taking place on Carnival Sunday in the Hamborn district of Duisburg for decades.
In Austria, most of the festive events and parades take place on the so-called carnival weekend, i.e. on Carnival Saturday and Carnival Sunday.
The End
Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. On the night of Ash Wednesday at midnight sharp, the carnival ends, and there is a tradition in many places that the carnivalists burn a straw doll, the so-called nubbel , on that night as the person responsible for all the vices of the carnival days. The wrongdoings or sins committed during the carnival season are placed on the nubbel so that they can no longer apply after the destruction. In some areas (e.g. in Cologne) this is accompanied by theatrical, artificial weeping. The so-called Hoppeditz is buried in Düsseldorf and the cities of the Lower Rhine such as Krefeld, Duisburg, Mönchengladbach, Kleve or Wesel . This was originally a typical Lower Rhine fool figure. This rascal or buffoon resembled Till Eulenspiegel and the medieval court jesters. It is reported that in the 18th and 19th centuries in the Lower Rhine it was the custom of the common people to walk through the streets and sing funny songs on Ash Wednesday night equipped with poles with sausages hanging on them.
In some places the carnivalists meet again on Ash Wednesday for a joint fish meal, for a ritual " wallet washing " or only now for an internal nubbel burning.
Mardi Gras date
The end of the carnival is Ash Wednesday. Its date depends directly on the location of Easter: In 325 at the Council of Nicaea, the date of Easter was set for the first Sunday after the spring full moon . Around 600, Pope Gregory the Great set a 40-day fasting period before Easter, which is intended to commemorate the time that Jesus Christ spent in the desert ( Mt 4 : 1–2 EU ). According to this regulation, Lent began on Tuesday after the 6th Sunday before Easter ( Invocavit or Dominica prima Quadragesimae , 1st Lent Sunday , in German also Funkensonntag ).
At the Synod of Benevento in 1091, the six Sundays before Easter were excluded from fasting. In order to still receive a 40-day fasting period, the beginning of the fasting period was moved forward by six days to today's Ash Wednesday, the Wednesday after the 7th Sunday before Easter. The length of a carnival session is therefore dependent on the moving date of Easter and is calculated according to the Easter formula. After that, Ash Wednesday is on the 46th day before Easter Sunday. The earliest possible Ash Wednesday date is February 4th, the latest possible is March 10th. So there are very short and very long sessions.
Deviating carnival dates
In some areas, both carnival dates , the old Burefasnacht ( farmers ' carnival , before Tuesday after Invocavit ) and the new men's or priest's carnival (before Ash Wednesday) existed side by side until the 16th century . In Baden and Switzerland in particular, many customs of the old carnival and the old date have been preserved. The best known is the Basel Carnival .
This begins on the Monday after Ash Wednesday at 4:00 a.m. with the Morgestraich and ends on the following Thursday morning, also at 4:00 a.m. Guggen music plays a role here. This context also explains why the date of the Protestant Basel Carnival - as is often written - in no way refers to the Reformation, but to the old date of the Carnival. During the Reformation, Carnival was never permanently abolished in Basel. In the German exclave Büsingen , the farmers' carnival is celebrated with a procession on the Sunday after Ash Wednesday.
In the area of the Orthodox Churches , full fasting begins on the Monday after the 7th Sunday before Easter, and meat renunciation begins a week before. The Russian Butter Week , which is traditionally celebrated and large quantities of blini are eaten, is in between. Other Eastern European countries have similar customs. Since Easter in the East is often later than in the West - based on the western reform of the calendar - Mardi Gras is also postponed.
In Hollabrunn ( Lower Austria ), due to a vow of the citizenship from 1679 (renewed in 1803) and because the community was spared from the plague , since then there has been no celebration from Mardi Gras Sunday to Tuesday.
As "latest Carnival of the world" which is considered Gropp Fasnacht in Swiss Ermatingen on Lake Constance ( Canton Thurgau ), for it is only at the fast Sunday Laetare place :. It is the most traditional carnival in Eastern Switzerland . The high point of the "Groppenumzug" only takes place every three years.
Schedule overview
year | Women's Shrovetide | Carnival Sunday | Carnival Monday | Rose Monday (orthodox) | Ash Wednesday | Beginning of Carnival (Basel) |
2013 | February 7th | February 10th | February 11th | March 18th | 13th February | February 18 |
2014 | 27th of February | 2nd March | 3 March | 3 March | 5. March | March 10th |
2015 | February 12th | February 15th | February 16 | February 23 | February 18 | February 23 |
2016 | February 4th | February 7th | February 8 | the 14th of March | February 10th | February 15th |
2017 | February 23 | February 26th | 27th of February | 27th of February | 1st March | 6th March |
2018 | February 8 | February 11th | February 12th | 19th of February | 14th of February | 19th of February |
2019 | February 28 | 3 March | 4th of March | March 11 | 6th March | March 11 |
2020 | 20. February | February 23 | February 24th | 2nd March | February 26th | 2nd March |
2021 | February 11th | 14th of February | February 15th | March 18th | February 17th | February 22 |
regional customs
Spatial classification
The carnival takes place mainly in Catholic and, in a modified form, in Orthodox regions.
The main focus of the carnival in Germany are the Rhineland , Rheinhessen , South Hesse , the Münsterland , Lausitz , Franconia (especially in the region around Würzburg ) and Baden-Württemberg (without Altwürttemberg , see also Swabian-Alemannic Carnival ), as well as in Luxembourg Diekirch , Echternach and Remich , in Switzerland Basel and Lucerne , in the Netherlands Limburg and Noord-Brabant .
You mocked in Rheinhessen Mainz in the French occupation the occupiers, so they could turn the Rhine Cologne the Prussians unpunished verballhornt be that after the Congress of Vienna , the Rhineland and Westphalia had annexed.
In Austria, the carnival is called Fasching or Fasnacht . One of the oldest customs is bloch pulling in western Austria. These events do not take place every year, the Larchzieh'n in Ötztal and the Telfer "Schleicherlauf" only take place every five years during Carnival.
In Poland, Krakow and Kashubian Switzerland are carnival strongholds in the north of the country. In addition to costumes and numerous festive balls, an integral part of the celebrations was the preparation of particularly high-calorie meat dishes, sweets and baked goods in the run-up to Lent. In addition, young women used the carnival balls specifically to find men for marriage. The " beheading of death " (Ścięcie Śmierci) is one of the Masurian customs . Today the carnival is held with family rites and get-togethers, as well as costumed celebrations. In recent years, the costumed carnival has also reached the Polish capital, Warsaw .
In Belgium , the Carnival is Binche's most famous attraction . It was included in UNESCO's list of Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2003. It is similar to the Alemannic carnival . The first move took place in 1395. Other strongholds are the German-speaking East Belgium and, occasionally, Flanders . In East Belgium there is the Eupen Carnival and the Cwarmê of Malmedy . The Cwarmê is another ancient and famous carnival (1458). Some places celebrate the carnival climax with a mid-fast parade, mostly on Sunday Laetare . The great procession of the "white monks" (Blanc-Moussis) in Stavelot , which has been taking place since 1502, is particularly well known .
In France , Carnival is celebrated in all major French cities such as Nice and Dunkerque and also in many small towns ( Granville , Hombourg-Haut ).
In Portugal , the carnival in coastal cities such as Loulé in the Algarve, around the canals of Aveiros or on Avenida 25 de Abril in Figueira da Foz is particularly well known. Brazilian-inspired samba groups increasingly dominate there. In the interior of the country, especially in the northeast with its Celtic roots, the original forms of carnival have remained, for example in the municipality of Podence .
Carnival centers on the Italian mainland are the carnivals in Venice , Florence and Rome , Viareggio and Fano as well as Acireale and Sciacca in Sicily .
In Russia , Ukraine and Belarus , an event related to Carnival, Maslenitsa , is celebrated in the week before the start of Orthodox Lent .
The Quarnevalen , a parade, has been celebrated annually in the Swedish capital Stockholm since 1910 .
In 1980 the Federation of European Carnival Cities (FECC) was founded in Patras , Greece. There is also a German-speaking section.
Outside of Europe
In South America, the strongholds of Carnival outside of Brazil include the Bolivian Oruro and the Colombian Barranquilla . In Central America, Carnival is celebrated in Antigua , Bahamas , Barbados , Cayman Islands , Dominican Republic , Guyana , Haiti , Cuba , Puerto Rico , Trinidad and Tobago as well as St. Kitts and Nevis . The most famous Mardi Gras in the US are the New Orleans Mardi Gras and Mobile ; in Québec (Canada) there is the winter carnival of Québec .
Since 1972 a carnival parade has been taking place in Marmarita, Syria , which was initiated by home tourists who emigrated to Brazil, on the evening before the Assumption of Mary , as emigrants like to visit their homeland during this time.
Similarly, the carnival in Namibia goes back to the German Namibians there, who initiated it in the 1950s based on the Rhenish model; it takes place in several places in the country at different times of the year. In Africa, larger carnival celebrations with a long tradition are held in the former Portuguese colonies, such as the carnival in Angola , Guinea-Bissau , Cape Verde (Creole, especially in Mindelo ) and Mozambique . In other places it was introduced in recent years to promote tourism, such as in Calabar (Nigeria) (2004), Cape Town (South Africa) (2010), Harare (Zimbabwe) (2014) or the Seychelles (2011)
The carnival parades in Goa, India and Dili in East Timor are also due to Portuguese influence . The celebrations in the latter are a very recent tradition. They were organized for the first time in 2010 by the East Timorese Ministry of Tourism , but were very well received by the population and reflect the variety of local music and dance groups that play in Dilis city center until dawn.
Culinary customs
Associated with Mardi Gras and Carnival are also customs related to certain dishes that are preferred or only enjoyed during this time. Shortly before Lent, these especially contain the ingredients that are prohibited during Lent. This applies not only to meat, but also to eggs and fat. The latter can also be derived from many names for carnival days: Fat Tuesday and Mardi gras , Martedi grasso or Fettisdagen (French or Italian or Swedish for Fat Tuesday).
On the one hand, fat refers to high-fat foods, where pork and bacon are particularly popular. On the other hand, on pastries that are fried in fat. Fried foods such as Berlin pancakes and donuts , which are mainly prepared sweet, are available internationally in different variations. Regional recipes with the same names can often be found, but the recipe is often similar. Another ingredient that is often found in carnival dishes are legumes, especially peas and beans, which are considered to be a sign of fertility (see also the custom of the pea bear ).
Traditional calls
Carnival includes calls for fools, with which the carnivalists greet each other or conclude hand-made speeches. Such calls for fools vary greatly from region to region in Germany. The best known and most widespread nationwide are "Helau" and "Alaaf". Traditionally "Alaaf" is usually called in the Rhineland, but in Düsseldorf, on the Lower Rhine , in the Ruhr area and from Mainz and Würzburg south of "Helau". In Braunschweig, too, fools call out "Brunswick Helau". The Mainz team took over the reputation of "Helau" from Düsseldorf. In Westphalia, too, "Helau" is the common reputation, but regional specialties are also present here. During mask parades in southern Germany, mask wearers often shout "Narri". The audience at the roadside answers with "Narro". Numerous places in Germany and in the German-speaking neighboring countries have developed their own calls.
Legal issues
The mentioned carnival days are not considered to be public holidays , because the federal state holiday laws do not mention Rose Monday or any other carnival days. Then it must be clarified under labor law how it can come to a time off on those days. In many federal states, however, carnival holidays for school children are put around the carnival days.
So-called operational exercise is the fact that a regular repetition of a certain behavior by the employer may be understood by the employee in such a way that this behavior of the employer will also exist in the future or will be permanent. If in the past (at least three years) the employer has given employees leave of absence on Shrove Monday without any recognizable reservation, then the employees can trust that this leave of absence will continue to apply on Shrove Monday; the employer cannot, therefore, suddenly change his behavior by implication. This creates a legal bond that can only be lifted if the employees have given their consent or if changes have been made. If the employer wants to prevent the continuity of behavior from creating a bond that will affect the future, he must declare a corresponding reservation. On the other hand, there is no entitlement to leave from work based on regional customary law or customs.
For civil servants, however, there is no operational exercise because the granting of a leave of absence on Rose Monday is at the discretion of the employer.
If a judge has a court date on 11.11. at 11:11 a.m., it cannot be rejected as biased. A little joke is allowed.
Museums in Germany related to Carnival
- The German Carnival Museum in Kitzingen (Franconia), official museum of the Association of German Carnival
- Düsseldorf Carnival House , museum and office of the Düsseldorfer Carneval Comitee in the historic old town
- Cologne Carnival Museum (also KK Museum), the largest carnival museum in Germany, it is located in Cologne 's Ehrenfeld district .
- In Koblenz there is since spring 2001 Rhenish Carnival Museum Koblenz e. V.
- The central carnival archive and museum of the Aachen Carnival Committee is located in the Löwenstein building on Aachener Markt.
- The Mainz Carnival Museum is located in the city center in the former provisions store.
- The Westphalian Carnival Museum is in Menden in the Sauerland .
- In Duisburg there is the 1st Lower Rhine Carnival Museum. In 1973 the Duisburg Carnival Main Committee decided to document the history of the Carnival on the Lower Rhine. In 1985 the collected exhibits could be exhibited for the first time, since 1998 the museum has been located in the premises of a school in the north of Duisburg.
- The Fool's Head Bad Dürrheim is the central museum of the Swabian-Alemannic Carnival .
- The privately run International Mask Museum in Diedorf near Augsburg is the largest of its kind with 5000 authentically worn and old masks on display. It researches and archives worldwide mask cultures that are to be made accessible in addition to the exhibits in a large library and media collection.
- The house of the Badisch-Palatinate Carnival is in Speyer.
- The cultural-historical carnival museum of the regional association Düren in the Bund Deutscher Karneval is located in the Düren district of Lendersdorf .
- In Eschweiler there is a museum and a support association .
- The Langenstein Castle Carnival Museum is located near Eigeltingen in Hegau .
- In Goch , the Festival Committee Gocher Carnival (RZK) has been running a carnival museum in the historic stone gate since 2008 .
See also
- Portal: Carnival
- Mardi Gras costume
- Apocries
- Bakla Horani
- Fool call
- Vijanera
- Larchzug'n
- Carnival during National Socialism
- Carnival in Franconia
- Mikhail Bakhtin : Rabelais and his world. Folk culture as a counterculture . Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-518-28787-7 .
- Theodor Barth, Ute Behrend, Thekla Ehling, Dirk Gebhardt, Matthias Jung, David Klammer, Frederic Lezmi, Nadine Preiß, Wolfgang Zurborn (Eds.): Eleven eleven. Kettler, Dortmund 2014, ISBN 978-3-86206-337-6 .
- Hildegard Brog: Whatever happens: D'r Zoch kütt! The history of the Rhenish carnival . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-593-36387-9 .
- Carl Dietmar: Cologne myths - how the Cologne people tinker their truth (s). Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-462-03574-6 .
- Christina Frohn: The organized fool. Carnival in Aachen, Düsseldorf and Cologne from 1823 to 1914, Jonas, Marburg 2000, ISBN 3-89445-269-2 (Dissertation University of Bonn 1999 Illustrated under the title: A great striving becomes praiseworthy if it is short and meaningful ) -
- Hans Gapp: The great carnivals in Tyrol . Edition Löwenzahn, Innsbruck 1996, ISBN 3-7066-2135-5 .
- Rolf Gisler-Jauch: Carnival Uri . Gisler, Altdorf 2005, ISBN 3-906130-32-0 .
- Johannes Grabmayer (ed.): The kingdom of fools. Carnival in the Middle Ages. (= Series of publications by the Friesach Academy. NF 1). Klagenfurt 2009, ISBN 978-3-85391-000-9 .
- Berthold Hamelmann: "Helau and Heil Hitler". Everyday history of Carnival 1919–1939 using the example of the city of Freiburg. (= Everyday Life & Province. Volume 2). Eggingen 1989, ISBN 3-925016-42-2 .
- Wolfgang Herborn: The history of the Cologne Carnival from the beginning to 1600. (= publications of the Cologne City Museum. Volume 10). Hildesheim / Zurich / New York, NY 2009, ISBN 978-3-487-14209-8 .
- Norbert Humburg: Urban carnival customs in West and East Falzes. Its development from the Middle Ages to the 19th century . 1976. ( full text as PDF )
- Ruth Mateus-Berr: Carnival and Fascism. An example. Carnival parade in Vienna in 1939. Edited by Manfred Wagner . Praesens, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-7069-0451-3 .
- Michael Matheus (Ed.): Fastnacht / Carnival in European comparison. (= Mainz lectures . Volume 3). Franz Steiner, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-515-07261-6 .
- Werner Mezger: fool's idea and carnival custom. Studies on the survival of the Middle Ages in European festival culture . (= Konstanz library. Volume 15). Universitäts-Verlag Konstanz, Konstanz 1991, ISBN 3-87940-374-0 .
- Werner Mezger: The big book of the Swabian-Alemannic carnival. Origins, developments and manifestations of organized foolishness in southwest Germany . Theiss, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1221-X . (Habilitation University of Freiburg im Breisgau 1990)
- Migros-Genossenschafts-Bund (Ed.): Festivals in the Alpine region. Migros-Presse, Zurich 1997, ISBN 3-9521210-0-2 .
- Dietz-Rüdiger Moser: Mardi Gras, Mardi Gras, Carnival. The festival of the "upside-down world" . Edition Kaleidoskop, Graz 1986, ISBN 3-222-11595-8 .
- Florens Christian Rang: Historical Psychology of Carnival. 2nd Edition. Edited by Lorenz Jäger. Brinkmann et al. Bose, Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-922660-08-8 .
- Schweizerisches Idiotikon , Volume I: A – F. Huber, Frauenfeld 1881–1885, Col. 645–654, article Fasnacht ( digitized version ) (on German-Swiss customs in the past and the older present).
- Martin Stotzer, Erich Maeschi, Gerhard Schneider, Markus Schär: Büre Nöijohr. About the history of the carnival in general and about the beginnings of the "Büre Nöijohr" - the first carnival of the year in Switzerland. Association for home care, Büren an der Aare 2000 ( publisher ).
Web links
- Fastnacht - Mardi Gras - Carnival at Brauchtum.de
- Carnival: origin and history at Markt.de
- Carnival in the Austria Forum
- Fools Wiki
- Carnival museums at Museen.de
- Recordings of carnival rituals from the collection of the Federal Institute for Scientific Film (ÖWF) in the online archive of the Austrian Media Library
Individual evidence
- ^ Carnival in Cadiz
- ↑ Wolfram von Eschenbach, Werke, ed. by Karl Lachmann, Berlin 5th ed. 1891, VIII. book in the 8th and 9th lines of the 409th verse.
- ^ Parzival - Book VIII. In: hs-augsburg.de. Augsburg University of Applied Sciences, accessed on April 22, 2020 .
- ^ History ( Memento from February 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Christoph Lehmann : Chronica of the Freyen Reichs instead of Speyr. Frankfurt am Main 1612, p. 658.
- ^ Helmut Bernhard , Franz Staab : History of the city of Speyer. Volume 1, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-17-007522-5 .
- ↑ The people of Cologne have been crazy for 666 years. In: Kölnische Rundschau. January 21, 2007.
- ^ Ernst Weyden : Cologne on the Rhine fifty years ago, moral images together with historical references and linguistic explanations. (1862), reissued unchanged under the title Köln am Rhein one hundred and fifty years ago. Morals together with historical references and linguistic explanations and provided with an afterword by Max Leo Schwering, Greven Verlag, Cologne 1960, p. 137 and note 1, p. 199.
- ^ Ernst Weyden : Cologne on the Rhine fifty years ago, moral images together with historical references and linguistic explanations. (1862), reissued unchanged under the title Köln am Rhein one hundred and fifty years ago. Morals together with historical references and linguistic explanations and provided with an afterword by Max Leo Schwering, Greven Verlag, Cologne 1960, p. 137.
- ↑ Peter Fuchs, Max-Leo Schwering: Cologne Carnival. On the cultural history of Carnival. Greven Verlag, Cologne 1972, ISBN 3-7743-0089-5 , p. 8.
- ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka . De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint ("21st unchanged edition") ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 186.
- ↑ a b sprachatlas.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de
- ↑ The dictionary of origin of the German language. Bibliographical Institute, Mannheim 1993.
- ↑ In Franconia, one carnival procession chases the next ( memento from January 30, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) on br.de, February 11, 2018
- ↑ Association of Vorarlberg Carnival Guilds and Guilds (VVF)
- ↑ Peter Fuchs, Max Leo Schwering: Cologne Carnival. On the cultural history of Carnival. Volume 1, Greven Verlag, Cologne 1972, ISBN 3-7743-0089-5 , p. 25.
- ↑ Landschaftsverband Rheinland, Institute for Regional Studies and Regional History: Mitmachwortbuch , accessed on December 11, 2012.
- ^ Aloys Winterling: The Court of the Electors of Cologne 1688–1794. A case study on the importance of "absolutist" court management. (= Publications of the Historical Association for the Lower Rhine. Volume 15). Bonn 1986, p. 161; Peter Fuchs, Max Leo Schwering: Cologne Carnival. On the cultural history of Carnival. Volume 1, Greven Verlag, Cologne 1972, ISBN 3-7743-0089-5 , p. 25.
- ^ Karl Simrock: Handbook of German mythology including the Nordic. (first 1855) 5th ed. Bonn 1878, pp. 369–376 and pp. 544–546.
- ↑ Basically Hellmut Rosenfeld: Fastnacht and Carnival. Name, story, reality. In: Archives for cultural history . Volume 51, 1969, pp. 175-181; Most recent summary of the state of research with numerous other references by Wolfgang Herborn: The history of the Cologne Carnival from the beginning to 1600. (= publications of the Cologne City Museum. Volume 10). Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2009, here especially the appendix: The research history of the carnival before the Second World War - ways and wrong turns. ibid., pp. 124-144.
- ^ W. Herborn: Cologne Carnival. Pp. 139-140.
- ↑ Manfred Becker-Huberti : Celebrations, festivals, seasons. Living customs all year round. Herder-Verlag, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-451-27702-6 , pp. 26–36.
- ↑ Calendar of events 2012/2013, accessed on November 6, 2013 ( eschweiler-karnevals-komitee.de )
- ↑ Festival Committee of the Cologne Carnival, Calendar 2012/13, accessed on November 6, 2013 ( koelnerkarneval.de ( Memento from November 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ))
- ↑ Online magazine Oche-Alaaf, Calendar 2013/14, accessed on November 6, 2013 ( oche-alaaf.com )
- ↑ Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language. 23rd edition. Berlin / New York 1999, p. 692: rose (d) monday .
- ↑ Google. Retrieved February 26, 2017 .
- ^ Wallet washing out in Meckenheim: 1st Carnival Society Merl 2000. ( Memento from April 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Ash Wednesday in karneval.de, published by the Kreissparkasse Köln .
- ↑ http://noe.orf.at/news/stories/2694738/ Hollabrunn: Over 300 years without carnival, ORF.at February 14, 2015.
- ↑ Groppen Carnival in Ermatingen on Lake Constance
- ↑ groppenfasnacht.ch
- ↑ Schleicher, Wampeler and Matschgerer: Carnival in Tyrol . Travel EXCLUSIV magazine website, accessed January 8, 2015.
- ↑ Julian Mieth: Belgium's most famous carnival: jokes with bubbly . In: Spiegel Online . February 22, 2012.
- ↑ This is how Italy celebrates Carnival . Travel EXCLUSIV magazine website, accessed February 2, 2015.
- ↑ Publications of the FECC , accessed November 11, 2013.
- ↑ Roland Schulz: Carnival in Syria - Alaaf al Arabia! In: Spiegel online. February 7, 2011; First published in: GEO Special. 1/2011, Syria and Jordan .
- ^ Joel Samuel: Carnival: Guinea Bissau - West Africa - Documentary - Circa - 1995. On Youtube.com, accessed December 5, 2019.
- ↑ reisetraeume.de
- ↑ allafrica.com
- ↑ 10 Places to Celebrate Carnival in Africa carnivaland.net , accessed November 18, 2019
- ↑ Seychelles Tourism Board: Carnival ( Memento from August 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ National Geographic: Ten Places That Deserve More Travelers , June 9, 2016 , accessed August 7, 2016.
- ↑ Official German holiday calendar of the Standing Conference
- ^ Federal Labor Court, judgment of September 6, 1994, Az .: 9 AZR 672/92: Time off on Christmas Eve and Rose Monday.
- ↑ Bavarian Administrative Court, judgment of July 25, 2007, Az .: 17 P 05.3061 on Shrove Tuesday.
- ^ Higher Administrative Court of North Rhine-Westphalia, judgment of February 8, 1991, Az .: 1 B 335/91.
- ↑ https://www.uni-trier.de/fileadmin/fb5/prof/BRZIPR/urt/zpo/zpo10.pdf Higher Regional Court Munich, decision of December 10, 1999, Az .: 26 AR 107/99.
- ↑ Cologne Carnival Museum - House of the Cologne Carnival - Cologne http://webmuseen.de/kölner-karnevalsmuseum-köln-m960680.html
- ^ Aachen Carnival Committee : Central Carnival Archive and Museum ( Memento of January 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on February 4, 2008).
- ^ Main committee Duisburger Carneval 1956 e. V.
- ↑ International Mask Museum
- ↑ rzk-goch.de: Carnival Museum , accessed on March 8, 2020.


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The Tactile Internet has the potential to dramatically change the way humans live, work and play. Imagine being able to feel the texture of an object while shopping online, or experiencing realistic haptic feedback while playing a virtual reality game.
Edge Cloud
Cloud-like capabilities located at the infrastructure edge, including from the user perspective access to elastically-allocated compute, data storage and network resources. Often operated as a seamless extension of a centralized public or private cloud, constructed from micro data centers deployed at the infrastructure edge. Sometimes referred to as distributed edge cloud.


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Advertiser Disclosure: We love living points life by using points and miles to elevate travel experiences. In the interest of being transparent with you, we may be compensated from an approved credit card's application, or from some of the products and services recommended on this site. This only happens when you click on our affiliate links. We also earn commissions from purchases made through Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Thank you for your support and especially for reading this blog! Please see our Advertiser Disclosure for more details!
If you have a hard time keeping track of your Chase Credit Cards year-round special deals, discounts and free trial offers that are part of your Chase card's limited-time benefits, you are not alone!
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Enrolling In Chase Card's Limited-Time Special Offers with Chase Get More Now
- Go to Chase Get More Now portal site here.
- Choose your card product to see your limited-time special offers from the drop-down list.
- The offers will appear and you will have the option to enroll in the offer if the offer requires enrollment.
- Some offers do not require enrollment but you will be able to tell limited-time added benefits to earn either bonus points or statement credits that your card may have but you are not aware of them.
- Follow the prompts to successfully enroll in the offer.


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Terrafertil Natures Heart Chia Seeds 1kg
- £14.99
- Availability: In Stock
Tiny but mighty, our hand-harvested chia is full of goodness. Add some crunch to your everyday meals. They are versatile and can be used in a variety of ways. Add to smoothies, bake with them, cook with them or sprinkle them for a crunchy topping.
Chia seeds are an incredible source of nutrition containing high levels of Omega 3, fibre and protein in addition to a range of key vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Per 100g they contain more fibre than oats, more calcium than milk, more protein than two eggs, and more Omega 3 than salmon! Kick start your day with Terrafertil Chia Seeds on your cereal, porridge, yoghurt or smoothies.
- Resealable pack
- Gluten free
- High in Omega 3, fibre & protein


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Kuils River, a charming area situated in the northern borders of Cape Town, South Africa, provides a relaxing escape from the bustling area life. Along with its stunning gardens and close-knit community, it has ended up being an more and more popular selection for those appearing to resolve down and locate their perfect location to get in touch with property. In this article, we will definitely look into residences for purchase in Kuils River and why it is the best site for individuals and households as well.
One of the major destinations of Kuils River is its affordability when contrasted to neighboring areas such as Stellenbosch or Durbanville. Despite its close proximity to these well-liked places, houses for sale in Kuils River are often extra sensibly valued, producing it an attractive possibility for first-time buyers or those working within a budget.
Another advantage of residing in Kuils River is the great quantity of facilities and companies available within close proximity. The location includes countless purchasing facilities, including Zevenwacht Mall and Soneike Shopping Centre, giving residents with very easy get access to to a large assortment of retail shops, supermarkets, dining establishments, and home entertainment possibilities. Additionally, there are actually a number of health care locations and institutions located nearby, guaranteeing that loved ones have everything they need to have within scope.
For attributes lovers or those looking for outside activities, Kuils River offers plenty of chances to look into the fantastic outsides. The surrounding Bottelary Hills Conservation Area provides breathtaking views of rolling vineyards and fynbos-covered hillsides. It additionally supplies a variety of walking route and picnic areas where visitors may submerse themselves in attributes's elegance.
Kuils River is also understood for its sturdy sense of area and family-oriented environment. houses for sale kuils river as planters' markets and festivals that bring individuals all together to take pleasure in local area produce and commemorate their shared heritage. This sense of belonging promotes a encouraging atmosphere where neighbors become pals and children can easily develop up neighbored by caring people.
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In conclusion, Kuils River gives an optimal collection for people and families looking for their aspiration residence. Along with its affordability, abundance of features, natural beauty, sturdy feeling of community, and varied casing possibilities - it absolutely is the perfect area to call property. Thus why not check out homes for sale in lovely Kuils River? You may s
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GOBEST wood rasp set 3 pcs, longer blades 250 mm, T12 steel, wood files GB-0060. GOBEST stubby combination and flare nut wrench set 18 pcs (GB-005051). Heavy duty masonry bricklayers hammer 600 gr solid one piece body, Corona C2227.
Richmann heavy duty masonry hammer 600 gram. Berlin type shaped to remove nails. Ideal for cutting and setting bricks. One piece solid metal body. Ergonomic anti slip soft grip handle for comfort of work.
There is not collection possibility as we run strictly internet business. All our prices are inclusive of vat. We provide receipt with vat number with every order.Full vat invoice can be provided upon request. The item will be held in a local depot for five days waiting for your collection. Do not disregard the card left by our couriers, contact them straight away as you will receive the card. Please note: our couriers always leave a card with the contact details. International deliveries can take up to 10 days for European Union and between 10 to 30 days to other part of the world.
We are sure that you will be fully satisfied with our products. Items must be in an unused condition, in original undamaged package/box. Customers are urged to check deliveries upon receipt.
RICHMANN Heavy duty magnetic roofing hammer 600 gr solid one piece body (C2238). Yato professional pin punch set 6 pcs, 150mm long, hardened, 1.5-8 mm (YT-47121). Yato professional roofing hammer 600gr soft grip magnetic nail holder (YT-4561). GOBEST cable cutter, wire cable stripper 180mm, AWG 16-8, 1.6-3.2 mm GB-0037.
GOBEST compact hand riveter, 2.4-4.8 range and 400 rivets set. HARDEN metric tap and die set 32 pcs in metal case M3-M12 . GOBEST cable cutter sizes;160, 200, 240 mm, non slip handle. This item is in the category "Home, Furniture & DIY\DIY Tools & Workshop Equipment\Hand Tools\Hammers & Mallets". The seller is "tool-craft" and is located in this country: GB.
This item can be shipped to United Kingdom, Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Australia, United States, Bahrain, Canada, Brazil, Japan, New Zealand, China, Israel, Hong Kong, Norway, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, Korea, South, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Bangladesh, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Grenada, French Guiana, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Liechtenstein, Sri Lanka, Macau, Monaco, Maldives, Montserrat, Martinique, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Paraguay, Reunion, Turks and Caicos Islands, Aruba, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, Chile, Bahamas, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Kuwait, Panama, Philippines, Qatar, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Vietnam, Russian Federation.


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Metal recycling has been around for centuries, but in recent years, the industry has undergone a significant transformation thanks to technological advancements. These innovations have led to more efficient and effective metal recycling processes, as well as increased environmental sustainability.
Botany Scrap Metal, a leading provider of scrap metal recycling services, has been at the forefront of these innovations. In this article, we will explore the role of technology in metal recycling and the innovations and advancements made by Botany Scrap Metal.
The Importance of Metal Recycling
Before we dive into the role of technology in metal recycling, it's important to understand why metal recycling is so important. Metal is a finite resource, meaning that there is only a limited amount of it on Earth. By recycling metal, we can conserve these resources and reduce the need for mining new metals.
Metal recycling is much more energy-efficient than mining new metals. According to the National Recycling Coalition, recycling aluminum saves 95% of the energy needed to produce new aluminum from raw materials.
Metal recycling also has significant environmental benefits. When metal is recycled, it reduces the amount of waste that ends up in landfills. Landfills take up valuable land and can release harmful chemicals into the environment.
Mining new metals can have negative environmental impacts such as water pollution and soil erosion.
Technological Advancements in Metal Recycling
Now that we understand the importance of metal recycling, let's explore the technological advancements that have transformed the industry. One of the most significant advancements in metal recycling is the use of automation.
With automated sorting systems, companies like Botany Scrap Metal are able to sort and separate different types of metals more quickly and accurately than ever before. This not only saves time and money but also ensures that the maximum amount of scrap metal is recycled.
Automated sorting systems use a combination of sensors, magnets, and air jets to sort metals based on their properties such as size, weight, and magnetic properties. These systems can sort metals at a rate of up to 100 pieces per second, which is much faster than manual sorting.
Additionally, automated sorting systems can detect even small amounts of non-metallic materials such as plastic or rubber, which can contaminate the metal and reduce its value.
Another key innovation in metal recycling is the use of advanced analytics and data management tools. By analyzing data on the composition and quality of scrap metal, companies like Botany Scrap Metal are able to optimize their recycling processes and ensure that the end product meets the highest quality standards.
For example, Botany Scrap Metal uses X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology to analyze the composition of scrap metal. XRF technology uses X-rays to identify the chemical elements present in a material.
This allows Botany Scrap Metal to accurately determine the composition of scrap metal and separate different types of metals for recycling.
Botany Scrap Metal also uses data management tools to track the quality of scrap metal throughout the recycling process. This allows the company to identify any issues that may arise and take corrective action quickly.
By ensuring that the end product meets the highest quality standards, Botany Scrap Metal is able to increase its revenue and customer satisfaction.
Sustainability Initiatives
In addition to these technological advancements, Botany Scrap Metal is also committed to sustainability. The company has invested in renewable energy sources such as solar power to reduce its carbon footprint.
Botany Scrap Metal's solar panels generate enough energy to power its entire facility, reducing its reliance on fossil fuels. Botany Scrap Metal has also implemented a range of initiatives to minimize waste and promote recycling. For example, the company recycles all of its office paper and cardboard boxes.
Additionally, Botany Scrap Metal offers a range of recycling services for businesses and individuals, making it easy for everyone to recycle their scrap metal.
Benefits of Technological Advancements in Metal Recycling
The technological advancements made by companies like Botany Scrap Metal have numerous benefits for both the industry and the environment. One of the most significant benefits is increased efficiency.
Automated sorting systems can sort metals much faster than manual sorting, which saves time and money for recycling companies. Additionally, advanced analytics and data management tools allow companies to optimize their processes and ensure that the end product meets the highest quality standards.
Another benefit of technological advancements in metal recycling is increased environmental sustainability. By using renewable energy sources like solar power, companies like Botany Scrap Metal are reducing their carbon footprint and contributing to a cleaner environment.
Minimizing waste and promoting recycling, companies are reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and reducing the need for mining new metals.
Future Innovations in Metal Recycling
The future looks bright for metal recycling as new technologies continue to emerge. One area of innovation is in the development of new materials that are easier to recycle. For example, researchers are developing new types of plastic that can be easily broken down and recycled into new products.
Another area of innovation is in the development of new recycling processes that can handle more complex materials.
For example, researchers are developing processes that can recycle electronic waste such as smartphones and computers. Electronic waste contains valuable metals such as gold and silver that can be recycled, but current recycling processes are not efficient enough to recover these metals.
In conclusion, technology has played a significant role in transforming the metal recycling industry. Companies like Botany Scrap Metal have led the way in driving innovation and sustainability through the use of automated sorting systems, advanced analytics and data management tools, and renewable energy sources.
These technological advancements have numerous benefits for both the industry and the environment including increased efficiency and environmental sustainability.
As new technologies continue to emerge, we can expect even more innovations in metal recycling that will help conserve our finite resources and protect our planet for future generations.


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Box Office report: Hrithik Roshan's 'Super 30' to emerge as sixth highest-grossing films of 2019
Hrithik Roshan's 'Super 30', currently at Rs 138.78 crore, will also cross the lifetime business of Alia Bhatt and Ranveer Singh-starrer 'Gully Boy'.
Trending Photos
New Delhi: Hrithik Roshan's 'Super 30', currently at Rs 138.78 crore, will on Tuesday cross the lifetime business of Alia Bhatt and Ranveer Singh-starrer 'Gully Boy', trade analyst Taran Adarsh reported.
Also, 'Super 30' is set to climb up to position #6 in the list of highest-grossing films of 2019, beating 'Gully Boy', 'De De Pyaar De', 'Manikarnika: The Queen Of Jhansi' and 'Luka Chuppi'.
This is 'Super 30's fourth week at the box office and on Monday, the film earned Rs 85 lakh. The weekend collection was over Rs 5 crore.
"'Super 30' will cross lifetime business of 'Gully Boy' today... Will emerge sixth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2019... [Week 4] Friday 96 lakh, Saturday 2.10 crore, Sunday 3.22 crore, Monday 85 lakh. Total: Rs 138.78 crore," read Taran Adarsh's tweet.
Here's the box office report of 'Super 30':
#Super30 will cross *lifetime biz* of #GullyBoy today... Will emerge sixth highest grossing #Hindi film of 2019... [Week 4] Fri 96 lacs, Sat 2.10 cr, Sun 3.22 cr, Mon 85 lacs. Total: ₹ 138.78 cr. India biz. — taran adarsh (@taran_adarsh) August 6, 2019
Top 10... Highest grossing #Hindi films... 2019 releases...
1. #KabirSingh
2. #Uri
3. #Bharat
4. #Kesari
5. #TotalDhamaal
6. #Super30
7. #GullyBoy
8. #DeDePyaarDe
9. #Manikarnika
10. #LukaChuppi
India biz. — taran adarsh (@taran_adarsh) August 6, 2019
'Super 30' chronicles the inspiring story of Patna-based mathematician Anand Kumar, also the founder of the Super 30 educational programme. He trains 20 underprivileged IIT-JEE aspirants to crack the entrance exam. Hrithik plays Anand Kumar in the Vikas Bahl-directed film.
Produced by Reliance Entertainment and Phantom Films, 'Super 30' also stars Mrunal Thakur, Amit Sadh, Pankaj Tripathi and Nandish Sandhu in pivotal roles.


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The following are effects of fishing activities on the environment
- Smoking of fish and construction of boats requires timber which leads to deforestation.
- Fishing exposes fishermen to Tsetse flies and Bilharzia disease.
- Smoking of fish leads to atmospheric pollution which spreads human diseases like the flue.
- Fishing leads to the growth of towns which leads to high crime rates, unemployment, and poor sanitation.
- Fishermen are exposed to dangerous water animals e.g. crocodiles on Lake Kyoga.
- Some fish that were introduced such as the Nile perch eat away other species like Tilapia.
- Poor fishing methods like the use of poison may lead to health problems for humans.
- Processing industries that are constructed near water bodies have led to pollution due to the dumping of wastes in the water bodies


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Gold futures settled lower on Friday, pressured by strength in Treasury yields and U.S. benchmark stock indexes, but prices still saw a modest gain for the week, the strongest advance in six weeks. Gold gave back most of its gain for the week on Friday, "with investors choosing the racier equity markets over the haven asset," said Fawad Razaqzada, market analyst at ThinkMarkets. The metal "remains stuck inside its existing ranges as investors wonder whether bond yields and the dollar will resume higher," with the Federal Reserve seen tapering its bond purchases program in mid-November or mid-December," he said. "Other investors will be happy to buy the dips as the metal is considered to be a good hedge against inflation." December gold
declined by $29.60, or nearly 1.7%, to settle at $1,768.30 an ounce. Prices based on the most-active contract rose 0.6% for the week, the biggest weekly rise since the week ended Sept. 3, FactSet data show.


text: Hi Nasser, > Thank you Reinhard for trying it and confirming. I am glad > the bug, whatever caused it, is fixed in TL 2018. I > should updgrade to TL 2018 also. > I can confirm that I don't get this error with TL 2018 as well. I don't know what could cause this issue to be fixed, to be honest. It is really strange. Btw, with TL 2018 you can use the mathjaxnode filter, which can produce much nicer math than with these png images. See this example: https://www.kodymirus.cz/samples/mathjaxnode/maths.html Best regards, Michal


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On November 24th, 2020 the Carnduff RCMP Detachment received a complaint from the RM of Mount Pleasant who reported that approximately 6 to 8 grid road identifier signs were stolen in the Northwest quadrant of the rural municipality. Unfortunately, it was unknown as to when the theft occurred and may have occurred in the preceding weeks.
Grid road identifier signs stolen in RM of Mount Pleasant
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Effective Implementation Cohort (EIC) Grant
The Importance of a Strong Middle School Math Foundation
At the Monterey Peninsula Unified School District, administrators, teachers and staff are committed to equity. As such, one of the district's key pillars is Commitment to Equity whereby all students are able to access and excel in grade level content.
Research shows students of color or come from low income earning households have inequitable access to grade level mathematics materials. In fact, 38% of classrooms are composed of students of color who have no grade-level assignments and 70% of assignments in high-poverty schools are not on grade level.
Effective curriculum and instruction can have a direct impact on closing the achievement gap.
- Curriculum selection has a statistically significant effect on student outcomes, rivaling costlier interventions.
- Math textbook choice showed significant effects on test scores.
- Access to rigorous coursework increased student achievement for Black and Latino students
- Curriculum must be part of an integrated delivery model to drive change in teacher behavior. This leads to an even greater impact on student outcomes.
MPUSD is home to three middle schools - Los Arboles Middle School in Marina, Seaside Middle School in Seaside, and Walter Colton Middle School in Monterey - which currently includes 1,942 middle school students in grades 6th, 7th, and 8th.
In 2021, MPUSD became a recipient of a two-part grant focused on improving outcomes for middle school students in mathematics. The grant is offered through community partners - Unbound Ed, CORE, and Pivot - for three years.
The first part of the grant prioritized planning and a diverse group of stakeholders came together from January - June 2021 to research, discuss and plan an integrated professional development approach focused on what teachers are learning is aligned to how and what they are teaching to better support students.
The second part of the grant focuses on the scope and sequence of the professional development to teachers, and includes:
- Pedagogy training from CORE
- Integrated curriculum support from Ready Classroom Math
- Leadership and program evaluation support from PIVOT, including instructional rounds, instructional core equity training supported by UnboundEd
MPUSD will harness the power of community partners to have a significant positive impact on middle school student math.
- UnboundEd: Develops district capacity for equitable instruction and provides training aligning equity and the instructional core.
- CORE Curriculum: CORE will observe current teaching practices and offer knowledge, skills and training to enhance mathematics teaching that supports teachers and ultimately allows students to be successful in mastering middle school math.
- Pivot: Pivot will work collaboratively with school site leaders to administer instructional rounds to observe teachers in the classroom and offer insights to maximize instruction, including instructional core equity training. Instructional rounds, increases leadership classroom "understanding what a modern math class looks like."
- Ready Classroom: Ready Classroom Math provides an integrated mathematics curriculum.
- MPUSD: Adopt aligned materials and prioritize resources for multi-year, equity-focused implementation work.
At MPUSD, the district will focus on:
- Data-driven decision making and collaborative staff
- Coherent instructional systems
- High quality curriculum and tools
- Curriculum-based professional learning
- Regular observation and feedback
- Community ties
- Social emotional learning
Key Benefits
- Reignite the district's Ready Classroom math curriculum adoption, which was interrupted COVID-19.
- Implement a fully integrated math approach that aligns curriculum, pedagogy, leadership and equity.
- Teachers and students will understand math instruction in a more integrated way.
- The district implements high quality curriculum materials.
- Students will realize the benefits because the district helps teachers reimagine what a math class could look like outside the mold of a traditional math class.
Planning Group Stakeholders
- Academic Coaches
- Mathematics Teachers
- School Site Leaders
- District Leaders
- Grant Partners
- Members
- Project Sponsor: Cresta McIntosh
- Project Driver: Sean True
- Implementation Team:
- Equitable Instruction | Julie Alderete
- Measurement and Continuous Improvement | Allison Leleua and Adam Swinney
- Professional Learning Teachers | David Collyer, Rebekah Corbishley, Sunny Cordoba
- Professional Learning Coaches | Meghan Armfield-Webb, Kim Kellam
- Professional Learning Principals | Reggie Breland, Rita Burks, Adam Swinney
- Communications | Marci McFadden
Spring 2021: Planning Grant
- Partnership with UnBound, Core and Pivot to plan implementation
Fall 2021 - Summer 2024: Three-Year Implementation Grant
- Building the capacity of teachers and school and district leaders
- Building sustainability in MPUSD's system


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Oats Chaat Recipe
Oats Chaat Recipe. This North-Indian formula is ready with the decency of oats, cornflakes and vegetables like potatoes, cucumber and tomato. Partake in this lip-smacking tidbit or canapé on events like game evenings, buffet, kitty parties, pot karma. It is incredibly simple to plan and just least cooking is required. This simple formula is an astonishing solid choice when you are desiring to gorge in unfortunate food.
You can decorate this with nuts and berries to make it rich as well. Serve this simple to cook delicacy with tamarind or green chutney to your friends and family during high tea and early lunches.
Fixings required for making Oats Chaat Recipe
1 cup oats
1 cup yogurt (curd)
2 tablespoon lemon juice
3 branches cilantro
1 cup tomato
1 1/2 cup potato
1 1/2 cup cornflakes
1/2 teaspoon dark salt
salt as required
1/2 teaspoon dark pepper
2 green bean stew
1 cup cucumber
1 cup kabuli chana
Oats Chaat Recipe
Instructions to make Oats Chaat Recipe
Stage 1
This formula will require a little pre-work. You should splash kabuli chana short-term and bubble them!
Stage 2
Presently, wash potatoes and spot them in a strain cooker. Pour water in it and heat up the potatoes. Then again, finely hack cilantro and green chillies and keep them to the side. Additionally, when the potatoes are bubbled, cut them into solid shapes. Slash tomatoes and cucumbers.
Stage 3
Then, place a griddle over medium fire and add oats in the skillet. Cook them without oil until light brown in variety. Move the broiled oats into a bowl.
Stage 4
Presently, add yogurt and salt in the bowl and blend well. Keep this bowl to the side. Take another bowl and add cornflakes, splashed and bubbled chana, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, cilantro, dark pepper, salt, green chillies and blend once more. Sprinkle lemon squeeze and blend every one of the fixings well.
Stage 5
Then, at that point, consolidate both the pre-arranged combinations and blend every one of the fixings well. Present with tamarind chutney and green chutney.
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