text:
Home range is the area traversed by an animal in its normal activities. The size of home ranges is thought to be tightly linked to body size, through size effect on metabolic requirements. Due to the structure of Eltonian food pyramids, home range sizes of carnivores are expected to exceed those of herbivorous species. The habitat may also affect home range size, with reduced costs of locomotion or lower food abundance in, for example, aquatic habitats selecting for larger home ranges. Furthermore, home range of males in polygamous species may be large due to sexual selection for increased reproductive output. Comparative studies on home range sizes have rarely been conducted on ectotherms. Because ectotherm metabolic rates are much lower than those of endotherms, energetic considerations of metabolic requirements may be less important in determining the home range sizes of the former, and other factors such as differing habitats and sexual selection may have an increased effect. We collected literature data on turtle home range sizes. We used phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses to determine whether body mass, sex, diet, habitat and social structure affect home range size. Turtle home range size increases with body mass. However, body mass explains relatively little of the variation in home range size. Aquatic turtles have larger home ranges than semiaquatic species. Omnivorous turtles have larger home ranges than herbivores and carnivores, but diet is not a strong predictor. Sex and social structure are unrelated to home range size. We conclude that energetic constraints are not the primary factor that determines home range size in turtles, and energetic costs of locomotion in different habitats probably play a major role.
Original language | English |
Pages (from-to) | 106-114 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Journal of Animal Ecology |
Volume | 85 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 1 Jan 2016 |
Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2016 British Ecological Society.
- Body size
- Chelonians
- Energetic constraints
- Home range size
- Macroecology
- Phylogenetic generalized least square
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Animal Science and Zoology


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Environmental legislation to control emissions and reduce pollution continues to tighten across the globe. To meet these challenges in the automotive sector, manufacturers are turning to battery electric vehicles, hybrids and more efficient internal combustion engines.
A key concern for developers of these technologies is a simple one: vehicle mass. This critical metric can significantly impact emissions, range and performance, and has led to the now well-established trend of vehicle mass reduction known as 'lightweighting'. In its pursuit, demand has rapidly increased for lighter materials that are suitable for high-volume production.
This growing need for lightweight automotive components, particularly for alternatively fuelled vehicles, is driving innovation in both materials and production technologies. Meanwhile, the importance of establishing an effective supply chain to validate these new technologies is encouraging greater collaboration within the industry. Technology pioneers, materials experts and the academic world are working together to catalyse technology commercialisation and help the adoption of lightweighting innovations.
These trends are encouraging exciting ventures like RACEForm, a 30-month collaborative project started in November 2017. RACEForm aims to validate Impression Technologies' innovative Hot Form Quench (HFQ) Technology for the mass production of complex aluminium components and structures.
The large programme has been successfully led by Impression Technologies and is backed by multi-million-pound funding from the Advanced Propulsion Centre UK, with a total project value approaching £10million. To enable the successful scaling of HFQ, RACEForm is relying on a number of complementary collaborators including Gestamp, Innoval Technology, Brunel University London and Imperial College London.
The significant interest in HFQ Technology stems from its ability to enable faster, less expensive production of complex and lightweight aluminium structures. It offers OEMs significant savings in weight, cost and system complexity through its ability to produce deep drawn, high-strength aluminium alloys with low cycle times, no springback and a level of formability that is just not possible with other techniques. It also helps aluminium compete with steel in terms of affordability – historically a sticking point for widespread aluminium use.
The HFQ process begins by heating an aluminium sheet in an oven. The sheet is then transferred to a high-speed press for simultaneous forming and cold die quenching. This allows the aluminium to be stamped while it is soft and then quenched to 'trap' the strengthening capability behaviour of the material. The part is then heat treated to gain high strength.
"RACEForm is enabling us to bring HFQ Technology to high-volume applications," explains Jonathan Watkins, CEO of Impression Technologies. "It is the world's leading high-speed process to form deep-drawn and complex shapes from high- and ultra-high-strength aluminium. HFQ is ideally suited to meet the lightweighting needs of manufacturers, enabling them to replace heavy steel or low strength cold-formed aluminium components with a superior alternative.
"To ensure its suitability for automotive applications, the HFQ process has been designed to meet the cycle times required for low-cost, high-volume manufacturing. Perhaps most significantly, HFQ opens the possibility of using highly recycled aluminium grades that cannot be formed cold. In turn, this will have a significant impact on emissions by reducing the need to smelt aluminium."
Whilst the HFQ Technology has already been successfully demonstrated in various automotive platforms, the RACEForm project is to certify the HFQ part design and manufacturing process in high-volume structural applications. The project has focused on the production of A-pillar components and chassis assemblies for SUVs and electric vehicles to meet specific OEM requirements.
Collaboration has proved to be one of the project's greatest strengths, with each partner addressing specific challenges. Gestamp, a Tier 1 supplier and key collaborator, is proving out HFQ for high production trials. Its trial at the Gestamp Ludwigsfelde hot stamping line facility in Germany achieved a cycle time of less than five seconds for an A-pillar component and subsequent, larger trials at Palencia in Spain.
Meanwhile, Imperial College London is leading RACEForm's structural adhesive bonding and pre-treatment test programme, where researchers have completed surface pre-treatment and analysis evaluations. They have been supported by Chemetall and Innoval, who have characterised the microstructure and surfaces of samples. The projects self-pierce riveting test programme is being run by Brunel University, alongside structural simulations and the evaluation and modelling of joining methods.
To prove the technology's recycling capabilities using lower grade aluminium, RACEForm is being supplied with highly recycled aluminium sheet from Jaguar Land Rover's REALITY project, another Innovate UK funded programme. A testing phase has been planned to confirm that the HFQ process can maintain excellent formability, even with high levels of impurities and analysis of the resulting parts. Early forming trials have been successful.
"We have already demonstrated significant cycle time improvements, as well as potentially substantial reductions in CO2 emissions due to part integration," concluded Jonathan Watkins. "We've been successful in lowering embedded carbon content and reducing production costs. Through the use of HFQ Technology, automotive manufacturers will be able to affordably enhance the range and overall performance of their future vehicles. Our successful volume trial has demonstrated the feasibility of the process, replacing a three-part cold formed aluminium A-pillar component with a single HFQ part while simultaneously reducing the part's overall weight."
RACEForm – (Rapid Aluminium Cost Effective Forming) The RACEForm 30-month project started in November 2017 and is focused on validating HFQ Technology for the mass production of complex, deep drawn, high strength aluminium structures for body-in-white and chassis applications. It is also helping to establish the technology as the global standard for aluminium lightweighting worldwide. HFQ Technology, for which Impression Technologies holds the exclusive global rights, offers OEMs significant savings in weight, cost and system complexity through its ability to produce deep drawn high strength aluminium alloys with low cycle times and no springback. Impression Technologies, a developer of advanced lightweighting technology, has secured funding through the Advanced Propulsion Centre UK Ltd (APC) to further develop and validate its HFQ Technology for use in the global automotive industry. The total project value is £9.5 million, with £4.8 million in funding through the APC, awarded as part of its seventh round of funding. Impression Technologies is leading the RACEForm Project with a consortium including: Gestamp Washington UK Limited (a wholly owned subsidiary of Gestamp Automoción), Innoval Technology Limited, Imperial College London and Brunel University London. |

subset: commoncrawl


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The Molecular Basis of Neural Memory. Part 6: Chemical Coding of Logical and Emotive Modes
Gerard Marx, Chaim Gilon
Gerard Marx, MX Biotech Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
Chaim Gilon, Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Correspondence to: Gerard Marx, MX Biotech Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: December 13, 2015
Revised: February 29, 2016
Accepted: March 2, 2016
Published online: June 1, 2016
Neural memory of man, with many aspects (associative, cognitive, declarative, episodic, implicit, procedural, semantic, working, short/long-term, etc), emerges from the mental processes of the active neural net. We focus on what happens at the cellular-molecular interphase. Our goal is to describe neural memory as a talent which evolved from simpler bacterial emotive signaling, all employing identical signaling molecules (biomodulators). We invoke a tripartite mechanism based on the interactions of 3 compartment which instigate "emotive memory", but constrained by the laws of chemistry and capabilities of cell biology: [neurons] including helper cells (glia astrocytes); [nECM] (neural extracellular matrix); [dopants] (comprising diffusible metals and neurotransmitters (NTs). The nECM functions as a "memory material" which entangles the cells. The neuron ejects dopants from vesicles, to form metal-centered complexes, to encode cognitive units of information (cuinfo) (singular/plural) in the nECM, as chemographically represented. "Emotions" are "recalled feelings". Psychic states (emotions) as well as physiologic responses (feelings), both are encoded with biomodulators which can bind to metals tethered to nECM, literally embodying "emotional memory". The evolution of a brain operating in emotive and logical modes of memory, suggests a "phase" diagram. It starts with the (emotive) signaling of feelings with biomodulator molecules. Logic emerges as a new talent, coincident with the evolution of skull size, brain capacity, neural signaling modalities and molecular complexity. The tripartite mechanism permits of a chemical perspective to the evolution of "logical" and "emotive" modes of neural memory.
Key words: Cuinfo; Emotion; Mentation; Neurotransmitter; Metal complex
© 2016 The Authors. Published by ACT Publishing Group Ltd.
Marx G, Gilon C. The Molecular Basis of Neural Memory. Part 6: Chemical Coding of Logical and Emotive Modes. International Journal of Neurology Research 2016; 2(2): 259-268 Available from: URL: http://www.ghrnet.org/index.php/jnr/article/view/1522
"Every man's memory is his private literature."-Aldous Huxley.
"I can only note that the past is beautiful because one never realises an emotion at the time. It expands later, and thus we don't have complete emotions about the present, only about the past."-Virginia Woolf.
Though pondered for millennia, neural mentation (cognition/thought), memory and emotions experienced by all creatures, remain puzzling, psychic phenomena, examined by philosophers as well as physicists[1-7]. But "emotive memory" of any event is but a psychic shadow of a past experience. Notwithstanding, recalled emotions are what drive the organism's decision to react and act, as alluded to in some searching quotations from the American psychologist/philosopher William James (1884): "No shade of emotion is without bodily reverberations". " Emotion dissociated from all bodily feelings is unconceivable". "A dis-embodied human emotion is a non-entity".
Emotions are expressed by simultaneous physiologic responses and psychic states. The literature on emotions, mentation and memory is enormous, contributed to by the likes of Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, Freud, Spinoza, James, Cajal, Boole, Schrodinger, Turing, Chomsky, Crick and Kandel, in addition to many current physicists, cognitive scientists and evolutionary biologists (literature too vast to cite in entirety, but see refs[6-10]). Mentation without memory would not long survive; memory without mentation could not be. Decisions to act, which are relevant to survival, are made on the basis of recalled experiences with emotive overtones.
Though we know that there is a difference between the logical and emotive modes of memory, speaking of it freely in song and verse, the mechanistic details remain obscure. Like physicists of 100 years ago, who realized that electricity and magnetism were aspects of a single phenomenon (now called "electrodynamics"[6], as were space and time (now called "spacetime"[7]), we realize today that emotion and memory are merged talents of "mentation", facets of a whole process. But to comprehend these talents in a manner that is relevant to clinical medicine, we require a biochemical description, like those used to clarify the mechanisms of breathing (i.e., hemoglobin), blood coagulation (i.e., cascade of Factors)[11-13].
The generally accepted model for "memory" is the binary computer chip, which however, does not operate like a biologic organism. The chip is a static piece of inorganic material which can be used to electrodynamically encode information (info) in binary (0/1) format, with bits organized into logical algorithms[14-19]. But the binary code, in any physical form[20,21] has no recourse to encoding "emotions", which impart "meaning" or "value" to stimuli. The lack of emotive effectors in binary coding is reflected by lack of empathy and indifference to survival. For robotics, this is a key block in developing humanoid cyborgs[22-30] .
Unlike the dry electronic chip, the neuron is a metabolically dynamic cell which operates in a wet environment, employing both electrical and chemical signaling modalities. The latter evolved from the sensing and signaling capabilities of bacterial aggregates[31-34] (Table 1). These evolved into the neural nets capable of expanded signaling modalities for encoding psychic states to render "value", "meaning" or "significance" to incoming cog-info. The sensitivity of the neural system to chemicals, such as endogenous modulators (Table 1), peptides or drugs (legal and illegal) that modulate mood as well as memory[35-42] (Table 2), speak for a chemical basis for the emotive, (psychic) state and its memory consequence.
For neural creatures, all stimuli are evaluated through the lens of "emotive values", to decide response priority, for the well-being of the living organism.
The bacterial aggregate may not have neurons, but it has ways of signaling that is based on modulating molecules. But it does not mentate or have memory.
The neuron additionally uses a wider range of modulating molecules called neurotransmitters (NTs) (more than > 100 in total; Table 2).
The terms 'neurotransmitter' and 'biomodulator' are often used interchangeably. But they are in fact distinct classes of signaling molecules. The original bacteria signaling modulators comprise the 9 classes of biogenic amines and amino acids, as well as NO, with molecular weights smaller than 200 Daltons. Neuropeptides (NPs), which were employed by later evolving neural nets, are generally heavier than 200 Daltons and may act indirectly, operating as switches which turn on or off signals instigated by the original biomodulators (Table 1). Administered clinically, they can elicit a wide range of physiologic and psychic responses (Table 3).
Oxytocin[43-49], is a nona-peptide with a "tocin" ring enclosed by an S-S linkage (Figure 1 ).
For example, a summary of the known effects of "oxytocin" is presented in the following list (Table 4).
The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, which belongs to the GPCR -coupled receptor superfamily, is a protein that functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin. In humans, it is encoded by the OXTR gene that has been localized to human chromosome 3p25. Oxytocin receptors present in the central nervous system modulate a variety of behaviors, including stress, love, anxiety, social behavior and memory.
NO deserves special mention as it is one of the oldest, but chemically simplest signaling molecule[50-59]. Principal bioregulatory targets for NO are metal centers in proteins. For example, NO reacts rapidly with the Co(II) of vitamin B12r to give a B12r(NO) complex with a second-order rate constant kon of 7.4 × 108 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.4 (298 K). NO coordination with multivalent metal centers in the nECM can result in Fenton reactions (the generation of strongly oxidizing intermediates OH).
NO is unusual too; though it elicits psychic effects (i.e., moods) and recall capability, it doesn't need a receptor. NO penetrates the neural membrane directly and is involved in the expression of neural plasticity. Amazing its range of effects (Table 5), considering that it is formed from the most abundant gases in our atmosphere, O2 and N2.
Before discussing details of tripartite mechanism of emotive neural memory[60-64] , we clarify the terms "information (info)" and "cognitive information (cog-info)".
Information (info)
Information (info)can be expressed numerically and computed by logical algorithms and circuits (Squire and Kandel, 2008; Pickering, 2010; Gleick, 2011; Picard, 1997). It is ultimately physical, embodied either as an electric signal, a hole in a matrix, a magnetic spin or a photon, all representing the state of the "bit" (0/1). Computing pioneers Boole, Turing, von Neumann, Shannon, McCullogh and Pitts, designated that any input (info) that can be converted to binary form, is appropriate for the logical operations or algorithms performed by computers, logicians, mathematicians, programmers and some philosophers. Individual (binary "bits") are physically embodied within the inorganic matrix of the chips, stored as bits in computers "memory", accessed (recalled) on demand. The bit (or its loss), which represents energy (E = kTln2 joule/bit) (Shanon 1948), has no emotive signifier or meaning; each bit is like the other; none has inherent value/significance. In "computation", sets of bits are assembled from input and processed by logical (linguistic/mathematical) algorithms, to compute output (see Turing machine) (Wikipedia).
Thus, Boole's and Turing's binary-based info and associated algorithms (Milo et al, 2002; Anastassiou et al, 2011) are emotionally "blind"; they lack emotive signifiers are demotive. By contrast, neural cog-info is rich in emotive content and psychic experience. It is based on the multiple emotive effects that can be elicited by biomodulators and NTs (Tables 1-3). The binary coding of "info" is but a pale shadow, compared to the richness of the emotive encoding of "cog-info" (Equation 1), 2-D vs n-D (where n > 100).
Equation 1: Info (bit) ≠ Cog-info (cuinfo)
type: logical logical + emotive
dimensions: 2-D n-D
It is said that physics and logic alone cannot address subjective "value" of psychic states experienced as feelings and the recall of such (emotions). We opine that chemistry is the appropriate discipline to address such issues, as it is for various medical conditions. The questions and answers to the "enigma of memory", must be couched in biochemical terms. Proposed models of neural memory must employ components available to the cell, in an aqueous milieu with low energy but high capacity and encoding complexity.
Tripartite mechanism[60-64]: To that end, we begin by recognizing physiologic reality: The neuron is not "naked", not floating in empty "space", as suggested by histological images and renderings by Cajal, repeated in many textbooks, websites and magazine covers (Figure 2). Though each neuron is unique…different from all others, all are enswathed in a functioning neural extracellular matrix (nECM)[65-70], a hydrogel that is "doped" with diffusible metals.
For the purposes of our discussions, we merge all cellular entities (astrocytes, glia as well as neurons) under the umbrella term of "neuron". Admitedly, astrocytes and glia cells are important for proper neural functioning[71-73]. But focusing only on cells, as by optogenetic coloring[74], while ignoring their surroundings, leaves out a crucial aspect of their ability to perform a mental function (i.e. memory). Their synaptic contacts must be considered in light of the fact that most neural dendrites do not make synaptic contact with other neurons, but establish non-synaptic signaling through the nECM[75,76]. The dopants released from neural vesicles into the nECM, affect the synaptic and non-synaptic chemical signaling (volume transmission) between neurons and interactions with the nECM.
In our previous publications, we referred to many citations of metals in the brain, The presence and effects of neurotransmitters (NTs) in the brain is also well documented and referred to in may textbooks and publications, of which we cite a few.
An example of current representation of neurons is given in Figure 2A. It is conventional in that it leaves the neurons suspended in empty space. We graphically augmented the nECM in Figure 2B to emphasize its role as the surrounding "memory material", wherein neurons encode and store cognitive information with metals and NTs.
The surrounding nECM is a missing component in most schematic representations of neural signaling. We graphically added the nECM in Figure 2B, to emphasize its role as the surrounding "memory material", wherein neurons encode and store cognitive information with metals and NTs. Illustrating only the neurons in monotone or as a multicolor "brainbow"[74], overlooks a key aspect of neuron mental processing.
Cognitive information (cog-info)
Cognitive information (cog-info) is analogue (not digital); associated with simultaneous physiologic and psychic arousal states, remembered as emotions (fear, pain, anxiety, love, hunger, sex, etc.). Cog-info sometimes may be logical, notably in mathematics and the physical sciences. But it can also carry emotive significance.
Q: What formalism permits the encoding of emotion?
A: Morse and Braille codes, as well as all binary encoded algotithms, are emotionally barren. Words aside, music notation is our only example of emotive sound reduced to (encoded as) a graphic notation (notes): Song (or melody) has been graphically represented, with specialized notations developed by different cultures. The point is that musical sound can be encoded as written scripts, which can be read and replayed by skilled musicians. The notations of tone and timing represent the enciphered memory of sound which can elicit an emotional response from the audience, an example for the encoding of neural emotive experience.
Feelings and emotions
The terms "feeling" and "emotion" are often used interchangeably. However, they are distinct terms: "Feelings" relate literally to bodily sensations (light, sound, pain, balance, hunger, thirst, etc.) generated by specific sensors to outside stimuli, which are accompanied by bodily reactions and corresponding psychic states (Table 1).
Q: How are emotions related to feelings?
A: Feelings are immediate perceptions from our senses, physiologic reactions to external stimuli that have coincident psychic effects. Emotions are a replay of remembered feelings, psychic experiences that are concomitantly manifest (accompanied) by physiologic reactions. "Emotions" can be said to be remembered "feelings".
Though a feeling (sensation) can be digitized by a silico sensor (i.e., photoelectric cell, microphone, pressure transducer, etc), such digital description lacks the psychic impact of neural emotive states.
The encoding, storing and decoding of emotive cognitive information within the brain is a mental talent that emerges from the interplay of individual neurons each other as well as with their immediate surroundings, the nECM as a "memory material". The neurons employ the NTs as molecular effectors of both physiologic and psychic responses, encoded as described by the tripartite mechanism.
Emotions cannot be encoded with 0 and 1. A binary (n = 2) computational explanation of neural memory misses the complexity of a chemically based "multinary " (n > 10) neural code which permits of psychic experience (emotions) and memory thereof. This is not simply a difference in styles (i.e., digital vs analogue), but requires a paradigm shift[78].
"Recalled feelings", namely "emotions" , are relevant to the survival of the neural creature. Whereas "feelings" only require current physical stimuli, as for example experienced by a bacterial aggregate, "emotions" operate through memory. Emotions, a talent of neural creatures, endow value/meaning to incoming cog-info, remembered and recalled to determine behavior. This a crucial difference between the binary info of the computer and the multinary cog-info of the neural net. The former cannot encode emotion, the latter must, to survive.
Consider that small molecules which modulate the tropisms of micro-organisms, bacteria and plants, also modulate the behavior of animals with nerves. They are the universal biomodulators of all physiologic systems (Table 1). We propose that the NTs have been adapted to serve the evolving multiple functions of neural networks. Biomodulators were initially composed only of biogenic amines, later developing specialized neuro-peptides, also served as signaling molecules (Table 2). There are clear links between the ability of NTs to elicit a range of physiologic responses (feelings) and to modulate psychic experiences (emotions/moods/psychic states) (Table 1). The NTs are the "smoking guns" of emotive mentation and memory; they elicit physiologic responses associated with psychic states, which are remembered as emotions.
We propose a tripartite mechanism[60-64] to describe the most basic aspects for chemically encoding, storing and decoding cog-info, focusing on the interactions of three physiologic compartments, namely:
Neurons - spindly, elongated synaptically and non-synaptically signaling cells, all suspended in nECM + dopants, with some synaptic contacts Other cells , such as astrocytes and glia, are also involved in great number, but they can be classified as "helper cells", which enable to functioning of the neural net [71-73] . nECM- neural extracellular matrix a hydrogel lattice, comprised of block-copolymers of anionic glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteins enswathing all neurons[65-70] .
Dopants - Metals + neurotransmitters (NTs) within the nECM, used by the neurons to encode/decode cog-info.
In Part 1 of this series, we outlined the general features of the tripartite memory mechanism with only metals. We proposed that the [nECM:Metal] complex serves to encode a minimal cognitive unit of information (cuinfo) (singular/plural), the molecular correlate of cog-info derived from the stimulated senses. The neuron and neural circuits employ the nECM with diffusible metals to encode and store many ensembles of cuinfo, from which memory is evoked. Effectively, memory is stored not as a reverberating electric signal (Figure 3A), but as physical cuinfo within the nECM lattice around the neuron (Figure 3B).
We cite the Vizi work[75,76] to focus on experimental facts…most dendrites do not make synaptic contact but peter out into the nECM. The extensive contacts between the neuron and the nECM cannot be ignored. Thus, we provide an overarching rationale for this, namely the tripartite mechanism which provides a biochemical description of neural processes whereby memory is encoded in the nECM.
Our point in Figures 2 and 3 is that illustrating only the neurons (in monotone or as a multicolor "brainbow") overlooks a key aspect of neuron mental function. The surrounding nECM is a missing component in the schematic representation of neural signaling, the basis for memory and mentation.
It has previously been suggested that "holes" induced in the nECM by enzymes could be used by neurons to encode and store cog-info [70]. But we are not satisfied that this is a credible encoding process. Left hanging are questions regarding the size of the holes, how are they formed, what controls the enzymatic processes. Ultimately, the hole /non-hole aspect is similar to a binary coding system like Braille, and does not account for emotions. But at least Tsien is looking in the right direction….focusing on the nECM around the neuron.
As an alternative, we have suggested a tripartite mechanism citing 8 sets of confirmatory observations, including: Memory loss (forgetting) correlated with inappropriate levels (toxicity/deficiency) of diffusible metals (Al, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Mn, Pb, Zn etc); the improper functioning of the nECM, exemplified by experiments with knock-out mice lacking tenascins or immuno-depletion of metal transporters, metallothioneins. Of course, malfunctioning of the neural circuit (Figure 2B) due to either nECM degradation, or loss of neural circuit integrity, also correlate with memory loss (forgetting).
The focus of MBM Parts 2 in this series was on the chemistry of metal-centered complexes (Marx & Gilon, 2013 a). We reviewed the multiple ligands available in the saccharide subunits of the nECM (GAGs: chondroitins, heparans, hyaluronates), as well as proteins (tenascin, laminin and fibronectin), for metal binding to form cuinfo. We described other types of chemical (Fenton redox, cross-linking) reactions to affect tagging and stabilizing of the cuinfo.
Expanding this theme in Part 3, we further proposed that NTs are the molecules that encode emotive value/meaning/ significance to neural memory of feelings. Their affinity for metals renders NTs susceptible to complexation by cuinfo, thereby "flavoring" them with emotive signifiers.
A chemical notation ("chemography") for the encoding of cognitive units of information (cuinfo) is presented in Figure 3.
We provided extensive citations for experimental finding of metal levels in brain tissue and neurons[60]. The presence of NTs in neurons (i.e., glutatmate, histidine, seratonin, DOPA, etc) is described in many current publications (to numerous to cite here). To aid consideration of this point, we refer to Table 3 which summarizes the physiologic and psychic effects of numerous NTs.
MBM Pt 4[64] compared brain to computer. We focused on a multinary "information theory" for "cognitive information" appropriate to neural systems. We estimated the capacity of the brain in molar, avogadro terms (6 × 1023).
Here, we focus again on emotions, considering the NTs to be modulators of simultaneous physiologic and psychic responses (Tables 1, 2). Most NTs are metal chelators, packaged together with metals in neural vesicles; co-secreted into the nECM during neural chemical signaling. Consequently, they are available to encode cog-info in the nECM via metal-centered complexes The cuinfo can anchor an NT to the nECM by forming a metal-centerd complex, a cuinfo with emotive value/meaning.
From an evolutionary perspective, the functionalities of bacterial biomodulators and cognate receptors were expanded, to meet the needs of the ever-more-complex signaling needs of the evolving neural structure and circuitry. Eventually, neuropeptides were also adapted to modulate the abilities of neural nets to perform ever more subtle feats of mentation and memory, colored/flavored/tinted by emotions. Possibly, they exert their effects indirectly, through the agency of the biogenic amines.
Mechanistically, one could consider that the bacterial biomodulators constitute signals which designate the bacterial colony's sensing (feeling) the environment. Similarly, neural "feelings" are also accompanied by immediate physiologic reactions involving the identical signaling molecules and others called NTs (Table 2), which all elicit psychic states out of the neural net. Thus, "feelings" are sensate and immediate; "emotions" are recalled "feelings" of a past psychic state.
To encapsulate our ideas regarding a read/write mechanism, we propose that vesicle release from neurons into the nECM serves as a write mechanism to encode cognitive information in an accessible, but stable place. To "read", the neurons employ surface mobile sensors (such as GPCR mosaics, K channels and ACholR) which are exposed to the nECM, to sense the encoded cognitive information.
Biology is conservative, it generally adopts existing molecules, structures and processes, to perform ever more complicated functions for evolving organisms. Experimental evidence reveals that biologic memory of higher animals evolved from earlier versions [79-85]. For example, bacteria express a number of universal modulators that for neurons we also term "neurotransmitters" (NTs), many of these being peptides and their cognate receptors (Tables 1 and 2). Though bacteria and plants, employ chemical signaling processes, they cannot be said to have memory.
Chemical signaling by bacteria and cell aggregaters preceded electrodynamic synaptic neutral signaling by > 700 million years. The emergence of the neural system evolved in the preCambian period (~ 500 mya)[84,85] the mammalian brain arose around 300 mya (Rowe l, 2011). In the parsimony of Nature, it is not surprising that chemical signaling was retained by the evolving neural net. The snail, ant and bee with neural nets but no brains exhibit memory based on emotive responses to stimuli (pain, smell, food, sex, heat, etc.) associated with molecular modulators released from neural vesicles. These simultaneously modulate physiologic reactions and elicit emotional responses, which are recalled as emotive memory (Figure 4).
The evolutionary biology of mentation and memory needs to take into account the limitations and possibilities of neural morphology, as well as the materials and processes, available to the neurons. Figure 4 represents that animals without brains but with neural nets (ganglia) (ants, flies, bees, snails), remember past stimuli.
Simple calculation indicate that the nECM combined with metals and NTs provides the neural system with astronomic, options for encoding cog-info, combinatorials of Avogadro (1023). The psychic sensations (feelings and emotions) confer meaning/value/ significance to cog-info relevant to survival and reproduction[64].
We emphasize that he neuron and it's signaling network evolved from the bacterial signaling systems (GPCR, K-channels and AChR) to eventually perform ever more subtle feats of memory. All animals capable of manifesting memory (Figure 5), employ a neural net (ganglion or brain), whose neurons are enswathed in nECM (~15-25% brain volume), along with diffusible "dopants" of metals and NTs. The NTs are molecular linkers that mediate autonomic responses, linking physical reactions and psychic perceptions experienced as emotions. These are literally imprinted in memory by adsorbed NTs, their traces decoded as recall. The earliest forms of memory were exclusively chemically emotive, whose recall conferred survival value. Only late in evolution, did the neural system develop non-emotive process for remembering objective (logical) cog-info. The latter mode increased dramatically in man with the evolution of the talent for language.
Regarding a read/write mechanism, we propose that vesicle release from neurons into the nECM serves as a write mechanism to encode cognitive information in an accessible, but stable place, the nECM around the neuron. To "read", the neurons employ surface mobile sensors (such as GPCR mosaics, K channels and ACholR) which are exposed to the nECM, to sense the encoded cognitive information. In the interests of space and focus, we defer further discussion of the "read/write" processes employed by the neuron, for another venue.
It is said that physics and logic alone cannot address questions related to value or to subjective phenomena such as emotions. The electronic computer is an inadequate model. Though philosophers, novelists and songwriters have tried to bridge the gap between "emotion" and "logical" thought, there is no generally accepted model of the "emotional process" nor an encoding capability for such.
We opine that chemistry is the appropriate discipline to address the enigma of the "emotions" as they pertain to memory. The discourse must be couched in chemical terms appropriate to all other physiologic processes. Darwinian evolutionary considerations suggest that NTs which modulate trophic responses in the developing brain, were adapted to modulate new signaling functions and capacity of neural creatures (Figure 6).
The logical cuinfo-based memory with no emotive content (rational), was a late evolutionary trend particularly manifest in man with a talent for language. The development of a brain operating in emotive and logical modes of memory and mentation, suggests a "phase" diagram (Figure 7) wherein the logical mode emerges coincident with increasing brain size and complexity (Johnson, 2001).
But it all started with emotive signaling and responses. The logical mode, which erupted with the rise of language, was a very late development. That is why we have to struggle to retain memory of logical operations; not everyone is up to it. But the emotive response and the memory thereof are common to all and easily remembered.
Q: How does a neural organism establish the relative importance /significance for one particular set of stimuli over others?
A: In the neural system, significance/value/meaning/priority are synonomous, all established by the yardstick of survival. Emotive values encoded by NTs, which provide a basis for prioritizing and remembering significant events out of the welter of stimuli constantly bombarding the organism, from which decisions are made.
One can consider that most animal memory is emotive; the logical mode was a relatively late development of brained animals, to more effectively achieve emotionally-desired/valued goals.
Verbalization is a unique human capability closely associated with logical thinking empowered by words. Language also provides greatly amplified memory capacity, with high resolution conferred by recalled words. A logical (rational) memory mode, operative in an animal, is evinced by a few behavioral (objective) criteria, such as: Use of tools; Group hunting; Teaching the young; Group communication; Verbalization (language).
In neural creatures, memory is flavored with emotions, tinged by physiologic reactions. Even in man, valuation, goals and decision-making are all based on emotive factors. Only in mathematics, programming, and philosophy are the logical modes of memory and mentation dominant, excluding emotive content. Logic is not driven to perform; rather, it serves the goals/desires/values established by emotion. Phrases such as "affective coding" or a "rational emotion"[24-29] are beside the point. Whereas a rational (logical) algorithm can be programmed into a binary Turing machine, the emotional affective) psychic states cannot be encoded, much less programmed; it must be experienced by living creatures.
The reaction of a metal cation with an anionic locale (address) within the nECM forms a [nECM:Metal] complex, a cognitive unit of information (cuinfo). Such encoding is similar to the encoding of a logical, binary bit (n = 2), but has greater dimensionality (n > 10), as it includes a covey of > 90 NTs, capable of encoding feelings/emotions.
Unlike binary computer memory that operates exclusively in binary code, neural memory is is expressed in multinary "emotive", as well as "logical" states. The nECM functions as a "memory material" to which the neuron is intimately exposed by virtue of its extended, arborized shape. The NTs which instigate physiologic responses, also elicit emotional reactions and encode psychic, emotive states in memory.
Q: Is the cuinfo employed by the neuron equivalent to a "bit" processed by a computer?
A: The cuinfo is much more than an information bit (see Equ. 1); its processing effectiveness is manifold greater, enriched by emotive signifiers (Table 3). It encodes "cognitive information" rich with emotive overtones. Biologic mentation and memory operates in a multinary, combinatorial manner as-yet-undreamed of by programmers limited to the binary algorithms of Boole, Turing, Shannon, etc., which only employ 2 "objective" signifiers (0 1).
We aspire to a "leap of reason", to comprehend the emotive and logical workings of our brains in molecular terms, consonant with the morphology of neurons and the availability of components. Though it is said that God (or for some), the devil is in the detail, we propose a bimodal tripartite mechanism to detail the emotive and logical talents for encoding neural memory with chemographic representation, but without ghosts or spirits.
(By GM). A memorium to my wife and fan, the artist Georgette Batlle (1940-2009), a model of aesthetic and emotive values. Thanks to friends, Lilly Rivlin (New York, N.Y.) and the late Bill Needle (Eastchester, N.Y.) for their early encouragement and financial support in the period 1980-1984. Thanks also to Karine Ahouva Leopold (Paris, Jerusalem) for many discussions on feelings , emotions, objective and subjective states.
We both appreciate the critical reviews and discussions with Rabbi Dr. Tsvi Marx (Amsterdam, Jerusalem), particularly regarding religious views and cultural memory expressed in Judaic literature. Again, we wish to thank Professor Gallistel (Rutgers U.) for critically drawing our attention to "memory" as the proper focus of our speculations.
We thank anonymous reviewers who posed issues that needed clarification, as in this improved manuscript.
GM is a founder of MX Biotech Ltd., with the commercial goal to develop new "memory materials" and devices.
CG is emeritus professor of HU, but is active in developing and patenting peptide-based tools for surgery and pharmacology.
Notwithstanding, the ideas forwarded here are scientifically genuine and presented in good faith, without commercial clouding of the concepts expressed here.
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House prices dropped by 1.3% – more than the average for Wales – in Monmouthshire in March, new figures show.
But the drop does not reverse the longer-term trend, which has seen property prices in the area grow by 5.9% over the last year.
The average Monmouthshire house price in March was £358,234, Land Registry figures show – a 1.3% decrease on February.
Over the month, the picture was different to that across Wales, where prices decreased 0.6%, and Monmouthshire was lower than the 1.2% drop for the UK as a whole.
Over the last year, the average sale price of property in Monmouthshire rose by £20,000 – putting the area 10th among Wales's 22 local authorities with price data for annual growth.
The highest annual growth in the region was in Neath Port Talbot, where property prices increased on average by 11.2%, to £167,000. At the other end of the scale, properties in Gwynedd lost 3.8% of their value, giving an average price of £198,000.
First steps on the property ladder
First-time buyers in Monmouthshire spent an average of £276,000 on their property – £15,000 more than a year ago, and £79,000 more than in March 2018.
By comparison, former owner-occupiers paid £418,000 on average in March – 51.7% more than first-time buyers.
Property types
Owners of terraced houses saw the biggest fall in property prices Monmouthshire in March – they dropped 2% in price, to £239,161 on average. But over the last year, prices rose by 5.5%.
Among other types of property:
- Detached: down 0.8% monthly; up 6.2% annually; £523,039 average
- Semi-detached: down 1.4% monthly; up 5.8% annually; £297,288 average
- Flats: down 1.8% monthly; up 5.6% annually; £172,186 average
How do property prices in Monmouthshire compare?
Buyers paid more for properties in Monmouthshire than anywhere else in Wales in March. The average price paid would buy 2.7 homes in Blaenau Gwent (£135,000), at the other end of the scale.
The highest property prices across the UK were in Kensington and Chelsea.
Across Wales, property prices are high compared to those across the UK, where the average cost £285,000.
Average property price in March
- Monmouthshire: £358,234
- Wales:£214,174
Annual growth to March
- Monmouthshire: +5.9%
- Wales: +4.8%
Highest and lowest annual growth in Wales
- Neath Port Talbot: +11.2%
- Gwynedd: -3.8%


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Should We be Concerned About Climate Change?
Abstract views: 57 / PDF downloads: 30
The climate represents a state of equilibrium of a complex system that consists of the Earth surface, cryosphere (sea ice, ice sheets), atmosphere, hydrosphere (essentially ocean) and biosphere (vegetation) (Fluteau, 2003). Climate change is defined as a long-term and radical change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to hundreds of thousands of years (Trtanj and Houston, 2021). The concept of climate was established in ancient Greece in a geographical context, while it gained statistical content (mean weather) in modern times after meteorological measurements became available (Koutsoyiannis, 2021).
Climate change is caused by the interaction of external and internal factors that have been revealed and verified over a century; it includes galactic variations, orbital variations, solar activity variability, plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and variations in atmospheric composition (Hulme, 2005). In addition, human activities that have emerged and developed at an accelerating pace since the industrial revolution can also impose forcing by changing the atmosphere's composition.
Since the middle of the last century, the issue of climate change has sparked widespread controversy in the local and international media, and it has taken a great amount of discussion, whether at the scientific or political levels.
Many studies confirm that climate change has occurred in the past where there was no effect of human activity; it is happening now; indeed, it will undoubtedly continue to happen in the future. It appears that modern definitions of climate are deficient because they are affected by the misconception of the past two centuries that the climate in a particular place must be regularly constant unless an external factor acts on it.
Although the contribution of external factors in climate change has been identified early (Shindell et al., 2003; Stern and Kaufmann, 2014), the blame is often placed on human activities as the main factor in climate change, as recent research focuses on the role of these activities in the climate change occurrence through atmospheric pollution. Yet, at the same time, it is deliberately overlooked the effective contribution of external factors that operate from outside the earth's climate system in the occurrence of this change.
In fact, it cannot be denied that man has contributed to a noticeable change in the atmosphere's composition, both qualitatively and quantitatively, especially at present. Still, when compared with other natural factors, this contribution is considered very small.
The undeclared political goals may have played an important role in directing public opinion for a long time to link climate change with anthropogenic activities, especially as it is related to the exploitation of fossil fuels as the most important energy resource on the planet. As an inevitable consequence, recent research focused on blaming human activities and local communities as significant factors for climate change. On the other hand, the governments of the great and industrialized countries exchanged accusations regarding the contribution of the activities of their competitors to climate change.
Researchers' efforts were supposed to focus on enhancing the ability of human societies to adapt to new climatic conditions and finding mechanisms that would enable us to withstand them. However, the role of human communities in bringing about tangible changes to the atmosphere composition should not be neglected.
We do not have to worry about climate change; the Earth has the flexibility to adjust its balance again. Moreover, the natural history of our planet has proven that our Earth has survived great natural disasters that almost wiped it out.
Climate change does not recognize the political borders of countries; it will redraw the map of the world's climates and change the rainfall regime. It will also redistribute living organisms in their environment to suit the new conditions. Fortunately, this change does not happen quickly but over a relatively long period which gives us some hope.
Our systems of life must be based on the principle of flexibility that allows for a smooth transition. However, there will be concerns about human communities that manage fragile ecosystems that are difficult to adapt to new conditions. So, it will be beneficial to help them overcome the difficulties they will face. Because we live on one planet, we must coordinate efforts and cooperate to mitigate the potential effects of climate change. This will be one of the greatest tests for all of humanity. The responsibility lies primarily with scientists and researchers, politicians and decision-makers, and finally on local communities.
In conclusion, the climate has a profound influence on life on Earth. Perhaps it is time to recognize that climate change is nothing but a purely natural phenomenon and a critical stage that our planet is going through. It cannot be ignored or affected, but we can adapt and reduce its negative impact if we deal with it wisely and rationally.
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The Arbors in Hobe Sound November 2017 Market Report
There are 3 available homes for sale in The Arbors as of November 2017. List prices are from $539,000 up to $599,000 for an average of $571,000 which equals $225.17 per sq. ft. of living area.
There are two homes under contract which has not completed the sales process. The list prices were $425,000 and $450,000 for an average list price of $437,500 or $226.41 per sq. ft. of living area. These homes were on the market for an average of 44 days prior to going under contract.
In the past 12 months, 7 homes have sold in the Arbors. Sales prices ranged from $375,000 up to $575,000 for an average sales price of $479,657 which equals $193.08 per sq. ft. of living area. These sales averaged at 96% of the listed price and were on the market for an average of 82 days prior to entering into an agreement for sale.
About the Arbors in Hobe Sound:
In northern Hobe Sound just west of Federal Highway and off of Seabranch Avenue is the exclusive 190 homes of the Arbors. This exclusive gated community of upscale homes all border on lakes or preserve with generous lots and elbow room not found in many modern developments. In addition to the two serene lakes, the Arbors also contains generous nature preserves to protect the indigenous hardwoods and pines as well as offering a home to native flora and fauna. Residents of the Arbors enjoy seeing endangered scrub jays and gopher tortoises as well as pairs of sandhill cranes. To enjoy the surrounding 100 acres of protected preserve areas, the Arbors has set up a walking trail through much of this land. Great for a morning walk or excellent exercise for those that wish to go for a run or jog.
All this in a location that is just minutes from many championship golf courses, the beautiful beaches of the Atlantic Ocean and the marinas and waterways of Martin County. Close to Martin County's 'A' rated schools, shopping centers, medical facilities and all necessary urban services yet in a quiet peaceful setting. The Arbors is less than an hour away from Palm Beach International Airport and just about equidistant from Miami and Orlando, both only two hours by car.
The Arbors is a wonderful place to call home.
Search for all Arbors Homes in Hobe Sound Real Estate


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This was despite Police in the area having sanctioned the indoor meeting.
MMD Chairperson for International Relations Ambassador Musenge has told Qfm News from Shiwangandu in a telephone interview that the cadres surrounded the house this morning and started throwing stones and in the process injured one Police officer.
Ambassador Musenge says quick action by the Police who were deployed to the house prevented the cadres from storming the house.
She has since commended the Police in the area for the professional manner in which they carrying out their duties.
And MMD National Secretary Muhabi Lungu has condemned the conduct of the PF cadres.
Mr Lungu has told QFM News that Police in Shiwangandu had allowed the party officials to hold the indoor meeting which the cadres disrupted.
He says it is unfortunate that the ruling party does not want to allow opposition political parties from holding meetings with party structures.
Mr Lungu says the behavior of the PF cadres is unacceptable and amounts to criminality.


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University of California - Berkeley
Materials Science & Engineering
Group Seminar
Functional materials with reduced dimensions
Research on functional and correlated electron materials enriches our understanding of solid state physics and enables new applications. Many unique properties of these materials originate from the competition of different degrees of freedom, which usually results in complex phase diagrams and stabilizes multiple phase coexistence at the sub-micron scale. Utilization of these materials thus requires controlling and understanding their properties on the single or few domain level. Specifically, this research thrust involves synthesis of transition metal chalcogenide and oxide nanostructures, fabrication and characterization of nanodevices, and examinination of various types of phase transitions at the nanoscale using scanning probe, optical and in situ tools.
Energy applications of electronic materials
We examine photon-carrier and phonon-carrier interactions in electronic materials in the form of thin films and nanostructures, targeting fundamental problems in their photovoltaic, infrared and thermal/thermoelectric applications. Specifically, we study semiconductor alloys for broad-spectrum photovoltaics, and phase change materials for infrared, photonic and thermal/thermoelectric technologies. We are also officially a part of the
Electronic Materials Program
in LBNL.
Point defects in electronic materials
We have strong research interest and efforts in the behavior of point defects in electronic materials especially two-dimensional materials. Point defects (e.g., vacancies, interstitials, isotopes, antisites) in some scenarios largely dominate properties of electronic materials, and this becomes especially important for low-dimensional materials. We control, identify, quantify, evaluate and mitigate point defects in various types of electronic materials for fundamental understanding of their materials physics.
Research Summary
A recent
of Wu group research.
Research Highlights and Gallery
Giant isotope effect of thermal conduction in silicon nanowires, Phys. Rev. Lett., 128, 085901 (2022).
Temperature-adaptive radiative coating for all-season household thermal regulation, Science, 374, 1504-1509 (2021).
Milli-kelvin-resolved ambient thermography, Science Advances, 6, eabd8688 (2020).
Band engineering of large-twist-angle graphene/h-BN moire superlattices with pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett., 125, 226403 (2020)
Chemical trends of deep levels in van der Waals crystals, Nature Commun., 11, 5373 (2020).
Anomalously suppressed thermal conduction by electron-phonon coupling in tantalum disulfide, Adv. Sci., 7, 1902071 (2020).
A Thermal Radiation Modulation Platform by Emissivity Engineering with Graded Metal-Insulator Transition, Adv. Mater., 1907071 (2020).
Reconfiguring crystal and electronic structures of MoS2 by substitutional doping, Nature Communications, 9, 199 (2018).
A fabrication-free and field-programmable photonic meta-canvas, Advanced Materials, 30, 1703878 (2018).
Anomalously low electronic thermal conductivity in metallic vanadium dioxide, Science, 355, 371 (2017).
Site-specific doping of ultra-thin metal dichalcogenides with laser-assisted local reaction, Adv. Mater., 28, 341 (2016).
Vibrational spectrum renormalization in two-dimensional heterostructures by enforced interlayer coupling, Phys. Rev. B Rapid Communications, 92, 241408(R)(2015).
Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity of black phosphorus nanoribbons at temperatures higher than 100K, Nature Commun., 6, 8573 (2015).
Simultaneous enhancement of electrical conductivity and thermopower in Bi2Te3 by native defects, Adv. Mater., 27, 3681 (2015).
Monolayer behaviour in bulk ReS2 due to electronic and vibrational decoupling, Nature Commun, 5, 3252 (2014).
Axially Engineered Metal-Insulator Phase Transition by Graded Doping VO2 Nanowires, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135, 4850 (2013).
Decoupling of structural and electronic phase transitions in VO2, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 166406 (2012).
Large Reaction Rate Enhancement in Formation of Ultra-Thin AuSi Eutectic Layer, Phys. Rev. Lett., 108, 096102 (2012).
Efficient photovoltaic current generation at ferroelectric domain walls, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 126805 (2011).
Electrothermally Driven Current Vortices in Inhomogeneous Bipolar Semiconductors; Phys. Rev. B, 84, 045205 (2011). Featured at Physical Review Focus.
Extended Mapping and Exploration of the Vanadium Dioxide Stress-Temperature Phase Diagram; Nano Lett. 10, 2667 (2010).
Enhancing thermoelectric power factor with highly mismatched isoelectronic doping; Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 016602 (2010).
Determining surface Fermi level pinning position of InN nanowires using electrolyte gating; Appl. Phys. Lett., 95, 173114 (2009).
Strain engineering and one-dimensional organization of metal-insulator domains in single-crystal VO2 beams. Nature Nanotech., 4, 732 (2009). (cover highlight)
When Group III - Nitrides Go Infrared: New Properties and Perspectives. J. Appl. Phys., 106, 011101 (2009).
Gate Coupling and Charge Distribution in Nanowire Field Effect Transistors. Nano Lett., 7, 2778 (2007).


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What? Twitter Decides American Heart Association's Vaccine Info is Unfit for Tweeting
There have long been fears in this country that Silicon Valley was growing far too powerful. Nearly the entire spectrum of American bandwidth flows through just a few techno-oligarchs' hands, and those with the keys to the castle are certainly molding the kingdom of information to their liking.
And, in this pursuit of shaping the way Americans think, Twitter has even gone so far as to censor some of the most well-respected institutions in our nation's history, including the Trump administration and now the American Heart Association.
Twitter is warning users that the website of the American Heart Association may be "unsafe," after it published an abstract in one of its medical journals containing research linking mRNA COVID-19 jabs to heart inflammation.
The abstract was published in Circulation, a journal of the AHA on the 16th of November. In their research, a team led by former cardiac surgeon Steven Grundy applied a cardiac test to measure a patient's 5-year risk of a new acute coronary syndrome.
Wilder still: The study itself carried a disclaimer.
The abstract claims a 14-point increase in the five-year risk of acute coronary syndrome in participants. However, the American Heart Association later attached an "expression of concern" to the study, warning readers that it contains "potential errors."
We can only wonder to what end this latest brazen overstep from Twitter will develop.
Will Donald Trump win the 2024 election?
Cross-posted with Flag and Cross
- New Twitter Rules Violate Spirit of a Free and Open Internet
- Twitter Allows Anti-White Slur, Racist Tirade Calling For 'White Genocide' On Its Platform (Video)
- Jack Dorsey To Leave Twitter, Effective Immediately.
- Twitter Now "Fact Checking" OBITUARIES In Effort To Bury Vaccine-Induced Deaths
- US Republican Senate Candidate Suspended by Twitter, No Immediate Explanation Given
- UNREAL: Taliban Spokesman Has Active Twitter Account; Trump Remains Banned
Turn your back on Big Tech oligarchs and join the New Resistance NOW! Facebook, Google, and other members of the Silicon Valley Axis of Evil are now doing everything they can to deliberately silence conservative content online, so please be sure to check out our MeWe page here, check us out at ProAmerica Only and follow us at Parler, Social Cross and Gab. You can also follow us on Twitter at @co_firing_line, and at the new social media site set up by members of Team Trump, GETTR.
While you're at it, be sure to check out our friends at Whatfinger News, the Internet's conservative front-page founded by ex-military!And be sure to check out our friends at Trending Views:


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How to Make a Great Office?
Unfortunately, a lot of people in this world are not satisfied with their work. They come here daily and feel like they are imprisoned by the duties. But who said that work must be hard and unpleasant? Why not give your employees true reasons to come to work?
There are very few companies who work in the format of white wall cubes. Today the trend is to make an open and cooperative working space so that employees could feel free about their development. Most modern offices implemented the idea of free drinks at work place and small kitchener for cooking or at least heating home-made food.
Without any doubts, not every employer will be able to create a real slide from the top floor to the lobby. However, there are still several options to improve the existing working environment and keep employees happy at all times. Regardless of your company's size, you can always make the office functional and comfortable, especially with the professional help of an interior designer to understand the space better. Remember that such a gesture towards your worker's comfort will definitely be appreciated and come back to you with a great profit. So that's not a waste of money, but a smart investment into company's future!
1. Be open to the outer world
More and more small offices implement the idea of working outside: whether it's a terrace on the rooftop or just a balcony. You won't be able to fit all of the employees on a small balcony, but you can at least try to move the office partially outside. Create some kind of an open platform with a few tables and sun-protecting umbrellas.
2. Make it a second home
Definitely, you can't replace your employee's homes with an office, but you can make it as close as possible. Don't ask your employees to wear a uniform or come at 8 AM sharply. Give them some freedom to enhance their will to work and at the same time still keep it professional. Freedom of choice is always appreciated!
3. Embrace pauses
From time to time anyone doing the same kind of job requires a break to release the tension and get the focus back. This point is especially important for companies working with computers all the time. So you need to give your employees at least half an hour of paid break so that they can relax and get back to work easier. To make this time fun and true relax, create a room with books or some board games so that people could change the focus completely for some time.
4. Hire a designer
Interior designers are people who know how to make your existing space work. They can see all the possibilities of every place and know how to transform it. Yes, designers cost money. Yet with an expert on call, you'll be able to, again, invest money into the future well-being of your business. Details matter because they make a cubic an office-dream!
5. Open the seating plan
As already said, there is no need to put your employees into cubes and protect their intellectual property from one another. On the contrary, you need to enhance communication and cooperation so that collective mind creates new astonishing ideas! Don't put walls in the office if it's possible. Create a single working environment for everybody.
6. Party!
And the very last tip is to let your people get off steam by throwing parties from time to time. Try to make it fun and easy, yet ensure that it doesn't destroy your office. Hire event planners if you don't want to organize everything yourself so that they create an interesting and memorable evening for your dear employees.
Similar Articles
Ever wondered why some workplace teams seem to click effortlessly while others struggle to find their rhythm? Well, it turns out there's some serious science behind the magic of effective team building.
For employees working in hybrid work models, effective communication is key to getting things done. And when you're juggling tasks and people from different locations, that task becomes even more difficult.
You may have been a great leader pre-COVID times but after the pandemic passes, things are not going to go back to normal as the pandemic has changed how the world functions today which is going to exist even after things get back to normal.
When you want to be more productive at work first you need to be doing your best, be prepared, organised, systematic, and methodical. It is important that you are doing your best to accomplish everything that needs to be done in a timely manner.
There is no doubt that collaboration can potentially make any business better. According to a particular study, it was found that collaboration fosters teamwork, enhances creative partnership and enhances the employee morale.
How will your company keep up with the rapid pace of digital change?
Company parties are a great way to boost employee morale, especially when the event is planned with care and attention to detail. If you've been given the task of planning your company's party, you know that the job can be daunting. Knowing how to plan a company holiday party or how to plan an office party will save you time and keep your stress to a minimum.
Running a company is not easy. You need to get customers, make sure all your work and projects are completed on time and keep your customers satisfied so that they come back to do more business with you. And this is not something you can do alone, you need a team's help.
In their quest to boost service and product quality, to foster corporation as well as the overall company performance, a significant number of organizations have put their trust in the concept of team building. In an era where attention is primarily focused on making customers happy, it is quite common for organizations to forget about their employees, who are arguably their most valued asset.


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The wooden fences are produced with high-strength materials, the wood is treated in an autoclave, so that it can withstand years of rain, sun, frost, heat, and all the bad weather to which they are subjected while remaining permanently outdoors; some fences, in addition to being treated with an impregnating agent, are generally also painted, with specific paints that prolong their life in the open air.
In general, an outdoor wooden fence is guaranteed for a minimum of 10 years, but some materials are also guaranteed for much longer durations.Surely proper maintenance allows us to extend the life of our fence. generally in an application of impregnating products, to prevent the wood from being damaged over the years, even aesthetically, by mold or algae. Even the periodic cleaning of the wood, simply with the use of a cloth and specific products, helps to extend the life of the fence.
Fences are structures that delimit the perimeter and boundaries of a specific outdoor space. These structures are present in numerous private properties, be they simple plots …
Iron fences
The most commonly used fences are made of metal, typically iron; this material is generally chosen for its durability over the years, for its sturdiness and for the ease with which it is …
Wooden fences
There are many types of fences that can be built and so varied that it is difficult to list. The materials, the type of realization, the colors and the transparency change, that is the quantity of our v …
Garden fences
Creating a garden does not only mean planting flowers and plants but it means delimiting a space to make it your own. Only in this way can what we have created become ours in all respects. …
Wooden fences have the advantage of being less expensive than other types of fencing; the wood for these fences, often already prepared in ready-made kits, can easily be found in any shop di you.
Furthermore, placing a wooden fence is a very simple operation, which can also be practiced by a beginner.Wooden fences fixed to the masonry instead must be laid by a professional, as preparing a wall suitable for housing a fence is certainly not a hobbyist job.
Do you want to always be at the forefront of a very delicate topic for the furnishing of your green corner like that of garden fences? Then you will not be able to do without the advice that you can get through this page, where we will try to make you perceive the reasons that can lead you to a decision of this type.
Specifically, the element, which is very reminiscent of the American style in gardening, can guarantee your garden a much better glance, also considering the use of a material such as wood: certainly less safe than classic walls, fences will have a better decorative effect than you ever think.
Watch the video
Source: www.giardinaggio.it


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Page, R. (2008) Biodiversity informatics: the challenge of linking data and the role of shared identifiers. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 9(5), pp. 345-354. (doi: 10.1093/bib/bbn022) (PMID:18445641)
Full text not currently available from Enlighten.
Publisher's URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn022
Background: Linking together the data of interest to biodiversity researchers (including specimen records, images, taxonomic names, and DNA sequences) requires services that can mint, resolve, and discover globally unique identifiers (including, but not limited to, DOIs, A major challenge facing biodiversity informatics is integrating data stored in widely distributed databases. Initial efforts have relied on taxonomic names as the shared identifier linking records in different databases. However, taxonomic names have limitations as identifiers, being neither stable nor globally unique, and the pace of molecular taxonomic and phylogenetic research means that a lot of information in public sequence databases is not linked to formal taxonomic names. This review explores the use of other identifiers, such as specimen codes and GenBank accession numbers, to link otherwise disconnected facts in different databases. The structure of these links can also be exploited using the PageRank algorithm to rank the results of searches on biodiversity databases. The key to rich integration is a commitment to deploy and reuse globally unique, shared identifiers [such as Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) and Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs)], and the implementation of services that link those identifiers
Item Type: | Articles |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Yes |
Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID: | Page, Professor Roderic |
Authors: | Page, R. |
College/School: | College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences > School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine |
Journal Name: | Briefings in Bioinformatics |
ISSN (Online): | 1477-4054 |
University Staff: Request a correction | Enlighten Editors: Update this record


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Books of the Week Nov. 23 – 27
Reviewer: Patricia Poe
Title: "The 5 AM Club: Own Your Morning and Elevate Your Life"
Author: Robin Sharma
In Robin Sharma's updated "5 AM Club," we learn how an early morning routine can help you with your happiness and help you have an unrushed feeling during your day.
His tactics against daily and digital distractions can enhance your sleep and will allow you the opportunity to become more efficient in your daily walk of life.
Let's wake up feeling inspired, focused and ready to get the most out of our day.
"The 5 AM Club" book is ready for check out at the William Bradford Huie Library of Hartselle.
Reviewer: Sarah Laughmiller
Title: "River Rose and the Magical Christmas"
Author: Kelly Clarkson
Reading Level: Third grade
Eagerly waiting for Santa to arrive so she can hand deliver her letter, River Rose falls fast asleep. When she wakes, she is taken on a magical adventure to the North Pole.
With her dog Joplin, River Rose experiences the North Pole like no other – because she believes.
Children of all ages will enjoy this book. It's an exciting adventure to meet Santa but with a different twist than most Christmas stories.
There's an Alice in Wonderland feel when River Rose tastes each sweet treat – and it wouldn't be a Kelly Clarkson book without a song.


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Looking for the Best Lilburn Georgia Tile and Grout Cleaning?
Thanks for your interest in Tile and Grout Cleaning in Norcross, Georgia. Contact us at (470) 488-9705 or fill out the contact form. We look forward to your call.
Sims Professional Cleaning Service Lilburn Georgia
The Best Tile and Grout Cleaning In Lilburn Georgia
Lots of people utilize home cleaning services to keep their home cool and welcoming. Trusting professional cleaners can be a fantastic method to make your home more comfortable, however you require to ensure you employ the ideal cleaners. It's constantly best to do some research before utilizing the services of a cleaning company.
First off, cleaning your home takes a lot of energy and time. If you have a full-time task or kids to look after, you might not always have the time to clean up your house. And if you do have the time, you might not have the energy to clean your home thoroughly.
Expert cleaners can completely clean your house, thanks to unique items and devices. Their many years of experience and training allow them to rapidly identify the important things that need to be done for your house to look perfect. As a result, expert cleaners will have the ability to get fantastic results in a portion of the time and effort it would take you to scrub your entire house on your own.
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What Is The Average Cost Of Tile and Grout Cleaning In Lilburn Georgia Services
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What Is The Best Tile and Grout Cleaning In Lilburn Georgia
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Be cautious not to spend for cleaning services you do not really require. Counting on expert cleaners might not deserve it if you are charged for unneeded services. If you pick a company that offers bundles, discuss all the services consisted of to make certain they line up with your needs.
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What Is The Best Tile and Grout Cleaning In Lilburn Georgia
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Any circumstances of employees and representatives being rude to customers is another warning you require to keep an eye out for. In addition, another aspect to keep an eye on in evaluations are mentions of workers who are hired with no background checks or not effectively trained. A couple of bad evaluations need to not be a problem as long as they do not point out any of these flags.
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What Is The Best Tile and Grout Cleaning In Lilburn Georgia Product
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A great cleaning business need to have an extensive insurance coverage that covers any sort of damages done by cleaners in your house. Although expert cleaners should understand how to do their task without triggering damage, it is best to remain on the safe side and to pick a cleaning company with enough coverage.
Paying for expert cleaning company can be costly, which is why you need to ensure you get the most out of the services you are paying for. This is particularly real if you decided to spend more to receive higher quality services or have actually picked to buy a more detailed cleaning package.
If you have any preferences or requirements, let them understand. While there may be limitations on what the company can do, you need to not hesitate to request extra services when required or to discuss how or when you want to have your home cleaned up. A cleaning company that values its customers will accommodate your demands.
Norcross is a city in Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 9,116, while in 2018 the estimated population was 16,563. It is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta metropolitan statistical area.