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Document Type : Original Research Article
1 Graduate, Department of Epidemiology,School of Public Health, Jimma University,Ethiopia
2 Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jimma University, Ethiopia
3 Lecturer, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Jimma University, Ethiopia
Breast cancer is a universally diagnosed type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women. It dramatically increased to 19.7 million cases with 5.8 million deaths at the end of 2014 (1). Middle and low-income countries account for 57% and 65% of cancer cases and deaths, respectively (1-3). Breast cancer encompasses 12% of all cancer types followed by 25% of cancer cases and 15% of cancer deaths among women. Diagnosed cases of breast cancer showed a survival rate below 40% in developing countries and above 80% in the developed world (3,4).
First birth after the age of 30 years, gene mutation, consumption of alcoholic beverages, use of certain contraceptives, hormonal replacement therapy, exposure to ionizing radiation, high-calorie diets, and lack of exercise are among risk factors for breast cancer (5,6).
The recommended comprehensive control programs include the increase of public awareness, the screen of breast cancer cases using mammography, breast cancer self-examination, and clinical breast examination (7). World health organization and federal ministry of health of Ethiopia (FMOH) recommend breast cancer self-examination as a means of empowering women for their own health(7-9). In 2003, FMOH launched a new health care plan, the "Accelerated Expansion of Primary Health Care Coverage," through a comprehensive health extension program (10), intended to provide primary health care for the families to prevent and control both communicable and non-communicable diseases(10,11).
Almost 80% of cancer cases require surgical oncologic care; however, due to the lack of safe, affordable, and timely surgical service, 75% of the cases from low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are in worse conditions (12,13).The case fatality rate of breast cancer appears to be significantly higher in LMICs than high-income countries. Accordingly, the mortality rates in central Africa and in the United States were estimated at 0.55 and 0.16, respectively (14, 15). This increase in mortality rate is an indication of not only high incidence but also late stage diagnosis and limited access to treatments, such as radiotherapy (14).
A study conducted in Uganda (16) indicated that 77% of the patients presented to treatment at the late stage of malignancy, among which 39% survived at the end of the fifth year. Similar studies conducted in Rwanda (17) and Angola (18) showed that more than 75% of breast cancer patients referred to treatment centers at stages three and four of the disease. The reasons for the delay to treatment included limited knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, low or no screening practices for breast cancer
self-examination (BCSE), and misconceptions (14,19).
Cumulative African incidence and death due to breast cancer are 34.5 and 17.2 per 100,000 females (14,20,21). In Ethiopia, hospital-based breast cancer trend analysis of 16 years (1997 to 2012) conducted at Tikur Anbessa Teaching and Referral Hospital indicated an average proportion of 20.8% of breast malignancy. The analysis also showed the increased trend of breast cancer cases over the study period, where the majority of the cases were from Addis Ababa, Ethiopian capital City (22). Even though, national cancer registry is lacking in Ethiopia, the annual incidence of all cancers is obtained 60,960 cases and the annual mortality has been estimated at or over 40,000 (23). In the country, the prevalence of breast cancer, cervical
cancer, and colorectal cancer are estimated at 30.2%,13.4%, and 5.7%, respectively (24).
In spite of the fact that the Federal Ministry of Health advocates breast BCSE as a means
of early detection for breast cancer, it is understood that breast cancer had been overlooked and given lesser attention to bring practical behavioral changes (25).
Evidence from Nepal (26) shows that the assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with BCSE can provide baseline information to design and implement breast cancer screening programs using primary health care providers.
Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing KAP with regard to BCSE and associated factors among urban health extension workers (HEWs) in Addis Ababa.
Materials and Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 508 randomly selected female urban HEWs from October to November 2017. According to 2015 census projection, the total population of the city estimated 3,384,569 during the study period. The city is sub-divided into ten
sub-cities, and 116 weredas (i.e., third-level administrative divisions of Ethiopia). Addis Ababa has above 1200 health extension workers who are deployed to all the weredas (27,28). The study population was all female urban HEWs.
In this study, BCSE was defined as the respondent 's practice of checking breast for abnormal signs and symptoms on a monthly basis. The respondent who answered correctly to 50% of the items had adequate knowledge, whereas the cases who had less than 50% correct answers were regarded as non-adequate in terms of knowledge (25).
Respondents had "good attitude" towards BCSE if the score of attitude measurement was at least equal to mean scores obtained from information of a 10-item questionnaire based on Likert scale type with 5-response options
from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree". Otherwise, the respondents were regarded to have "negative attitude" in terms of BCSE.
Moreover, the respondents had "good levels of practice" with BCSE if they answered correctly to at least 50% of knowledge items; however, they were considered to have "poor levels of practice" if they had less than 50% correct responses (25).
The total sample size was determined as 508 cases using a single population proportion formula. In addition, the CI, the prevalence of HEWs knowledge based on a previous study (25), the margin of error (α =0.05), and non-response rate were estimated at 95%, 59 %, 5%, and 10%, respectively.
The study population was less than 10,000; therefore, the finite population correction formula was used. A design effect of 2 was considered to calculate the sample size. Moreover, the multi-stage sampling technique was applied to select the desired sample. At first stage, five of 10 sub-cities were selected randomly and at the second stage, the desired sample was taken proportionally from all weredas. The study subjects were selected by simple random sampling technique using computer-generated a random number from the existing sampling frame of study participants.
The major outcome variables were knowledge, attitude, and practice with regard to BCSE. Independent variables included age, marital status, work experience, in-service training, health checkup, educational status, personal history of breast cancer, and family history of breast cancer.
The BCSE was determined using HEWs practicing index included six questions with equal weight (9). Knowledge of HEWs about BCSE service was measured using 10 knowledge questions from a minimum score of zero (i.e., correct answer) to maximum 10. The items were categorized based on the percentages of knowledge scores of respondents (25). The attitude was measured using the information obtained from a 10-item questionnaire based on Likert scale type with 5-response options from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree". The total scores were summed up and the mean score was used to categorize the respondents (9).
A modified, pretested, and structured interview questionnaire adapted from related literature (9, 25) was used to collect data. The questionnaire was prepared in English language and translated into local language (i.e., Amharic). An independent translator was asked to retranslate it back into English to check its consistency. The instrument included sections, such as the socio-demographic status of the respondents, knowledge of HEWs about BCSE, the attitude of HEWs towards BCSE, history of breast cancer, signs and risk factors for breast cancer, and information source for BCSE.
Data were collected by five grade 12 complete (matriculated for university entrance exam) students who were fluent in Amharic language using administered structured questionnaires. Data collection process was supervised by two students with BSc in nursing. To ensure the quality of data, appropriate data collection tool was designed and pretested. Pretesting was done on 5% of the sample size in another sub-city, which was nearly identical to the study setting. One-day training was given to both data collectors and supervisors on the objectives of the study, data collection tools, interview technique, how to keep confidentiality and approach potential respondents.
Data were analyzed using Epi-data and SPSS (version 20). Frequency tables, graphs and descriptive summaries were used to describe the data. Based on the objective of the study, the association between stated dependent and independent variables were analyzed using bivariate logistic regression and the Chi-
Square tests after checking the fulfillment of assumptions.
Variables with P≤0.25 at bivariate regression analysis level were recruited for multivariate logistic regression. The strength of association between outcome and predictor variables was assessed at P≤ 0.05 using adjusted odds ratio (AORs) with corresponding 95% CIs.
A total of 453 (89.2%) HEWs participated in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 27.3 (SD ±4.1) years. More than 345 (76.2 %) cases were diploma graduates in nursing. About a quarter (26.0 %) of the respondents reported attending in-service training related to non-communicable diseases (Table 1).
Nearly, 64.0% of the study participants had adequate knowledge of BCSE. Some of the signs of breast cancer mentioned by the respondents were lump (78.1%), nipple discharge (50.1%), breast pain (42.6%), and breast size change (42.4%). Moreover, less than half (43.7%) of the HEWs knew all the three breast cancer screening methods. However, 18.8%, 17.9%, and 9.9% of the study participants had familiarity with a mammogram, BCSE, and clinical breast examination (CBE), respectively. Only two participants mentioned culture biopsy as a screening method(Table 2).
More than three-fourths (79.2%) of the respondents reported practicing BCSE. In addition, only 40.7% and 37.3% of the subjects reported to practice it on a monthly and weekly basis, respectively. Although, the proper physiological time to practice BCSE is after menarche, only about half (53.8%) of the study participants reported to do it.
Among those who practiced BCSE, the majority of them (88.6%) performed BCSE within one month preceding the study, whereas the rest couldn't remember the last time they practiced BCSE.
Those who never practiced BCSE (20.8%) mentioned such reasons as a sense of well-being (6%), unfamiliarity with the technique (5.7%), and negligence about breast cancer (4.4%).
Majority of the respondents (81%) had a positive attitude to practice BCSE. More than half (57.4%) of the respondents agreed that they are susceptible to breast cancer. Furthermore,
more than two-thirds (69.3%) of the subjects agreed that breast cancer is serious and most (86.1%) of the respondents agreed that early self-examination can save their lives or serious complications of breast cancer. Therefore, HEWs who agreed on perceived seriousness of women to breast cancer were 2.3 times more likely be knowledgeable (AOR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.5, 3.5), compared to those who disagree with the perceived seriousness of breast cancer (Table 3).
There is a positive statistically significant association between the familiarity with people who live with breast cancer and the attitude towards BCSE. The HEWs who knew someone with breast cancer were two times more likely to have a positive attitude towards BCSE practice (AOR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.3), compared to those who didn't know anyone with breast cancer. Similarly, HEWs who have adequate knowledge were four times more likely to have a positive attitude (AOR: 4.0: 95% CI: 2.3, 6.3) towards BCSE practice, compared to those with inadequate knowledge (Table 4).
A significant association was also observed between the work experience of the HEWs, BCSE knowledge, and perceived susceptibility
to breast cancer with the practice of the respondents. The HEWs who had work experience of one to four years, and ≥ five years were 2.8 (AOR: 2.8; 95 % CI: 1.2, 6.5) times and 2.5 (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 5.9) times more likely to practice BCSE, respectively, compared to HEWs whose work experience was less than a year in their current job. The HEWs who didn't know other people with a history of breast cancer were 1.7 (AOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.6) times more likely to practice BCSE, compared to colleagues who knew people with a history of breast cancer.
The HEWs who perceived that they were not susceptible to breast cancer were nearly two times more likely (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.0) to practice BCSE, compared to HEWs who perceived that they were susceptible to breast cancer. In addition, HEWs who had adequate knowledge of BCSE were more than two times more likely (AOR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.7) to practice BCSE, compared to HEWs with inadequate knowledge of BCSE (Table 5).
This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice as well as associated factors among HEWs in Addis Ababa. Nearly two-thirds of the HEWs had adequate knowledge in terms of breast cancer and risk factors. This finding is slightly comparable to a similar study conducted in Gojjam, north-west Ethiopia (25).
This discrepancy may be due to the difference in training background as the HEWs in Addis Ababa are nurses and those in Gojjam were below college diploma. On the other hand, the present finding is comparable with the findings of a study conducted in South India (29) among nurses.
In this study, the most cited signs and symptoms of breast cancer were a lump, nipple discharge, nipple retraction, and breast size change. The present findings are not consistent with the findings of a study conducted in Nigeria (30) among primary health care nurses. The difference might have been attributed to variations in educational status (only 5 % of the study participants were first degree holders in Nigerian study) and study setting (most of the study participants from Nigeria were from the rural setting) which may hinder the access to
Table 5. Factors associated with BCSE practice among HEWs in Addis Ababa, 2017
Characteristics |
Categories |
Practice of BCSE |
Yes (146) |
No(307) |
Age in years |
≤ 20 |
1 |
7 |
0.7 (0.1, 7.6) |
2.9 (0.2, 49.0) |
21-25 |
52 |
107 |
2.3 (0.62, 8.2) |
3.5 (0.9, 14.5) |
26-30 |
72 |
138 |
2.4 (0.7, 8.8) |
2.6 (0.7, 10.0) |
31-35 |
18 |
41 |
2.1 (0.5, 8.0) |
2.4 (0.6, 10.0) |
≥ 36 |
3 |
14 |
1 |
Marital Status |
Never married |
148 |
67 |
0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
Ever Married |
159 |
79 |
1 |
Religion |
Orthodox |
230 |
103 |
0.8 (0.5, 1.3) |
Muslim |
30 |
16 |
0.9 (0.4, 2.0) |
Protestant |
47 |
27 |
1 |
Educational Status |
Diploma |
239 |
106 |
0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
1.0 (0.6, 1.6) |
Degree |
68 |
40 |
1 |
1 |
Work Experience in years |
< 1 |
9 |
45 |
1 |
1 |
1 to 4 |
81 |
152 |
2.7 (1.2, 5.7) |
2.8 (1.2, 6.5) * |
≥ 5 |
56 |
110 |
2.5 (1.2, 5.6) |
2.5 (1.1, 5.9) * |
Trained on NCDs |
Yes |
83 |
35 |
0.9 (0.5, 1.3) |
No |
224 |
111 |
1 |
Family History of breast Cancer |
Yes |
28 |
13 |
1.0 (0.5, 1.9) |
No |
279 |
133 |
1 |
Familiarity with others with breast cancer |
Yes |
120 |
45 |
1 |
1 |
No |
187 |
101 |
1.4 (1.0, 2.2) |
1.7 (1.1, 2.6) * |
Confidence of practice (BSE) |
Yes |
157 |
116 |
1.4 (0.8, 2.3) |
1.4 (0.8, 2.3) |
No |
56 |
30 |
1 |
1 |
Susceptibility to breast Cancer |
Agree |
139 |
53 |
1 |
1 |
Disagree |
167 |
93 |
1.5 (1.0, 2.2) |
1.8 (1.2, 3.0) * |
Seriousness of breast Cancer |
Agree |
214 |
100 |
1.0 (0.6, 1.5) |
Disagree |
93 |
46 |
1 |
Barrier to BSE |
Agree |
271 |
133 |
1.4 (0.7, 2.7) |
Disagree |
36 |
13 |
1 |
BSE Knowledge |
Adequate |
127 |
110 |
2.2 (1.4, 3.4) |
2.3 (1.4, 3.7) * |
Inadequate |
180 |
136 |
1 |
1 |
BCSE: Breast Cancer Self-Examination
BSE: Breast Self-Examination
HEWs: Health Extension Workers
AOR: Adjusted odds ratio
media and health information.
The most mentioned risk factors for breast cancer by HEWs were high dose radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, and family history of breast cancer. The findings of this study are not in line with a previous study
(31) conducted in Addis Ababa Government Hospitals among female health care providers.
The differences might be due to variations within the study participants. Nearly 70% of the study participants in the hospitals were nurses, whereas the rest were from other paramedical staffs with different level of education.
Moreover, work experience in hospitals might have exposed the paramedical staffs to patients with breast cancers, which in turn imparts more knowledge of the disease to the hospital workers.
With regard to the knowledge on three screening methods (Mammogram, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) , and CBE for cancer), the study participants were less knowledgeable, compared to those participating in the earlier study in Addis Ababa (31). However, they had more familiarity with the screening approaches, compared to a study carried out in Nigeria (32). This might be due to the fact that nurses work in hospitals, whereas HEWs work in-home community-based services. Accordingly, nurses who work in hospitals can have better knowledge due to exposure to breast cancer patients. Additionally, low access to information, small sample size, and differences in curricula training can also account for the differences in terms of knowledge among participants.
The study participants were less aware of the proper age to start BCSE, compared to the subjects in a study conducted in Turkey (33). The discrepancy may be due to sampling variation, different sources of information, and variation in duration to get access to media. Breast cancer prevention and control activities were started long ago in Turkey, whereas it has been advocated in Ethiopia only during the past few years.
With regard to the proper physiological time to practice BCSE (recommended after menarche) (26), the study participants were more aware, compared to the findings of a study conducted in Adama Science and Technology University (34). The variation might be due to the fact that the present study was performed among HEWs who were health professionals, whereas the earlier study was conducted among university students who were not health professionals.
In terms of the attitude of the HEWs to practice BCSE, studies from Iraq (35) and Addis Ababa Government Hospitals (31) reported similar findings; however, the study from Nigeria (32) reported lower levels of attitude to practice BCSC. The variation may be due to the difference in sample size (i.e., the Nigerian study sampled only 100 health care providers
from different disciplines) and educational background of the study participants. In this study, the proportion of HEWs who reported to practice BCSE on a monthly basis was higher, compared to the findings of studies conducted in West Gojjam (25) and Malaysia (36). This variation may be due to the difference in the study setting and knowledge of the study participants.
Study participants who agreed on the seriousness of breast cancer were 2.3 times more likely to have adequate knowledge of BCSE than those who didn't agree with the seriousness of the breast cancer. This finding agrees with the theory that women were more likely to perform BCSE when they believe in
the seriousness of breast cancer and its consequence for individual health. The study conducted in Adama (34) showed similar findings that students who had a positive attitude were six times more likely to practice BCSE than their counterparts.
The HEWs who perceived that they were not susceptible to breast cancer were 1.8 times more likely to practice BCSE, compared to those who perceived that they were susceptible to breast cancer. This finding is consistent with the results of a study carried out in Lebanon (37). The forementioned study revealed that women with a higher perception of the seriousness of breast cancer were less likely to practice BCSE, compared to their counterparts. This may be due to an exaggerated fear of breast cancer seriousness or the probability of detecting breast problems by breast self-examination.
Study participants who know someone with breast cancer were nearly two times more likely to practice BCSE than those who don't know people with breast cancer. This may be due to shared experience, familiarity with patients living normal lives without complications, and the understanding that breast cancer can be treated if detected very early. The HEWs with work experience of one to eight years were more likely to practice BCSE, compared to those who had less than one-year work experience.
This can be due to the fact that experience increases exposure to cases of breast cancer which enhances BCSE practice. According to a study conducted in Turkey (30) there was a significant association between work experience and practice of BCSE.
In the current study, HEWs who had adequate knowledge of BCSE were two times more likely to practice it, compared to those who lacked adequate knowledge. Studies conducted in Debre Berhan (38) and Rift Valley Universities, central Ethiopia, showed similar findings. They revealed that study participants who knew how and when to perform BCSE were more likely to practice BCSE as compared to those who did not know.
In Ethiopia, the urban health extension program has started relatively recently. Therefore, similar studies are rare on the topic among the comparable study population, which limits the generalizability of the results. Additionally, the findings of the present study can be limited to determine the causal relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables emerged from cross-sectional nature of the study design. Self-reporting of behavior can be affected by social desirability bias where the study participants tend to report expected practices. Furthermore, the unavailability of internationally agreed standard questions for the assessment of KAP of the study participants may create differences across studies which might affect comparisons.
Majority of the HEWs had adequate knowledge and good attitude towards BCSE. However, only a few of them practiced on the recommended monthly basis. The low levels of BCSE practice among the HEWs was associated with work experience, knowledge of another person with a history of breast cancer, perceived susceptibility to breast cancer, and respondents' knowledge of BCSE. The close monitoring of HEWs during early employment period, unfolding of others with a history of breast cancer, and increasing perceived susceptibility to breast cancer among HEWs are important to improve KAP of the HEWs.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, Institute of Health, Jimma University (JUIH) and Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. In order to ensure privacy and confidentiality, name or any other unique identifier of respondents was not recorded in the study.
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the study participants, data collectors, and supervisors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.


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An astonishing report, released around this year's "World Rivers Day" (last Sunday in September), revealed that none of England's 4600 rivers, lakes and other waterways met "good" ecological and chemical standards in 2019-2020 as designated by the EU Water Framework Directive. The implications of no rivers in England achieving "good" water quality are clear for our wildlife and recreation; but perhaps less apparent are the serious human health impacts of contaminated drinking water and food (due to irrigation). The Environment Agency reports "all of the rivers, lakes and streams in England are polluted" - highlighting that the goal of achieving healthy waters by 2027 is slipping out of reach. When coupled with another report on 2 October documenting an increase in water company related pollution events, despite significant fines imposed by the regulator, the future seems bleak for our rivers.
These current reports fuel growing fears that we face a mounting 'invisible water crisis'. The World Bank states: "The world faces an invisible crisis of water quality. Its impacts are wider, deeper, and more uncertain than previously thought and require urgent attention." Water quantity issues have attracted much public attention partly due to their visually dramatic manifestation – too much (flood) or too little (drought) water. Comparatively, water quality matters have been somewhat overlooked. Moreover, the water quality picture is complex and difficult to communicate due to manifold pollutants (from legacy contaminants residing in our environment over decades to newly emerging contaminants) that have multiple sources (such as sewerage discharge, agriculture, industrial processes and road runoff) that may change over time.
Nonetheless, the issue is recognised by Government, with the Environment Minister Rebecca Pow vowing: "we are absolutely committed to achieving the water quality ambitions to improve at least three-quarters of our waters to be as close to their natural state as soon as possible." Acknowledging the problem is a first step; but questions remain around why we have not succeeded to date, and how scientific advances can support future efforts to improve river water quality.
To move forward, it is clear that rivers must be viewed as connected systems in their watershed context - with water pollution being managed at the river catchment scale. This requires better understanding of the processes that link water pollution sources to rivers as well as identification of 'hotspots' and 'hot moments' (i.e. specific places and times) that control river pollution dynamics.
Reliable, accurate data are required (at appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions) to capture water quality dynamics, and discover controls and processes that can ultimately provide the evidence-base to inform decision-making about mitigation strategies. We are in a period of rapid technological evolution in environmental sensing. Indeed, it is worth noting that improvements in testing (i.e. technological and range of pollutants measured) may have contributed to the perceived lack of progress in improving water quality. For example, detection of long-banned pollutants (such as PCBs) may not be getting worse rather we are detecting low levels more effectively. Additionally, we know more about the cocktail of pollutants in our rivers nowadays.
Optimising the uptake of novel sensing techniques is required, so we monitor water quality where and when required rather than when we can afford to. Yet, implementation of novel monitoring approaches, particularly the development of high frequency observation networks, requires careful consideration of the non-technical aspects for successful implementation. For example, stakeholder engagement and 'citizen science' initiatives can lead to improved decision-making and behavioural change through community cohesion around the issues, particularly when all information generated is transparent and accessible to stakeholders – empowering actionable knowledge.
New observation and understanding of how pollution sources vary in space and time will allow more targeted interventions (prevention and remediation) and better catchment management (investments in treatment infrastructure and use of natural capital). If such knowledge and management actions are aligned with well-designed, effectively implemented and enforceable regulations, then we can make progress towards healthier river environments and improved water quality for the benefit of water-dependent ecosystems and society.
School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.

subset: commoncrawl


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Romania's parliament had approved the bill to ban gender studies bill on Tuesday
19 Jun 2020 10:43 AM
Nearly 500,000 migrant workers are employed in the US in the H-1B status
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PM Trudeau had previously said that a ban was in the works even before the most recent mass shooting happened almost two weeks ago
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Dozens of police and special forces stormed mosques and associations linked to Hezbollah during the early hours of Thursday
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Employees may continue to use the videoconferencing app to connect to friends and family over browser or mobile
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Gotabhaya will embark on his first foreign tour with a visit to India on November 29 at the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
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Wholesale onion prices are about 40 rupees (55 cents) per kg, down slightly from 55 rupees earlier this month.
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WhatsApp is cracking down on groups which have malicious names.
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Chief Minister Nitish Kumar emphasised on reducing pollution and said farmers found burning stubble will not be given agricultural subsidy.
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On Friday, police tape surrounded the block as people came to collect their cars and other belongings.
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In the affidavit, the Centre contended that there are no restrictions on the movement of the media personnel in the region.
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The Indian government banned the sale, import and manufacture of e-cigarettes this month.
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The Finance Minister said the decision was taken 'so that we could take early action with regards to health of people'.
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This came after Singh stroked controversy on Tuesday by saying that 'people wearing saffron clothes commit crimes like rape inside temples.'
19 Sep 2019 2:10 PM
Shops in New York now have two weeks to remove vaping products from their shelves.
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'Reports say that there are some who are probably getting into the habit of e-cigarettes as it seems cool,' Sitharaman said.
18 Sep 2019 3:35 PM
Flipkart's six-day sale begins Sept 29, while Amazon is yet to announce dates.
14 Sep 2019 12:15 PM
India had also consulted the United States on its Huawei ban, a newspaper reported, without providing any source.
10 Sep 2019 12:13 PM
Illegal crops also reduce the rainforest, such as Colombian coca cultivation, which covers roughly 170,000 hectares, according to UN data.
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'Not just in Kashmir, we believe that Chinese companies are a security threat to India especially in telecom,' SJM co-convenor Mahajan said.
23 Aug 2019 2:06 PM


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THST condemns as insulting and utterly inadequate the €20,000 fine imposed on Barcelona by UEFA as a result of events at our Champions League tie at the Nou Camp in December 2018. We are pleased our Club has also said it considers the response inadequate.
Updates on: Wembley restricted bag policy Wembley events cap Ticketing THST analysis of THFC's financial update Business Community Liaison Group meeting – 20 November Unified Football Supporters' Organisation – National Council appointment Richard Scudamore's golden handshake PSV away ticket collections – 24 October FOI update – West Ham United in the Carabao Cup THST Auditors – an update THST Board Meeting – 26 November Advice for fans attending the upcoming derby games at the Emirates We've taken part in the usual discussions with the police and both Clubs ahead of the upcoming Premier League and Carabao Cup games against Arsenal at The Emirates Stadium. Both games are Category C-IR matches, with police wearing level 2 uniform with baseball caps, as is normal for a derby. There will be 30 Spurs stewards present at Sunday's league game, increasing to 45 for the Cup match on 19 December, clearly identifiable in yellow tabards. Both games have sold out. Many supporters have contacted us about the restricted bag policy now being implemented at Wembley Stadium, expressing concerns that it could, in many cases, prevent them from attending games. We have been talking to THFC and Wembley National Stadium Limited (WNSL) in order to voice supporter concerns and explore practical solutions. Updates on: Stadium announcement and refunds THST meeting with the Board of Tottenham Hotspur FC – 9 October Bag policy at new stadium Return of the Spurs Beat: Members' Event – 16 October Fan rep meeting with the Premier League – 11 October Planning meeting for West Ham away in the league and cup – 17 October West Ham away in the Carabao Cup: FOI request Arsenal in the Carabao Cup Business Community Liaison Group meeting Crowd management v Liverpool at Wembley – 15 September Proposed closure of White Hart Lane station ticket office BACS refund schedule for league matches moved to Wembley THST reps took part in a meeting earlier this week with the Clubs, police, London Stadium reps and fan reps ahead of our Premier League tie at West Ham in order to provide advice to our fans travelling to Saturday's game. The match will be a Category C game. The police have said they will be taking a "proportionate" approach during the day, and will be present inside and outside the stadium. A team of 20 x THFC stewards will also be present, working into colleagues at WHUFC, to help travelling fans with wayfinding and customer service. On 16 November THST reps Martin Cloake, Kevin Fitzgerald and Katrina Law attended a meeting at Stamford Bridge along with officials from both clubs, the Metropolitan police, British Transport Police, local council and reps from the Chelsea Supporters' Trust to discuss the game this weekend. Updates on: THST Members' Meeting – 15 November London Football Fan Forum – 6 October Police Safety Forum – 3 October Battle of the Somme: Centenary commemoration – 19 October Catering Meeting with THFC and Levy Restaurants – 2 October Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Police and Safety Forum Report Monday 3 October 2016 Tottenham Hotspur Football & Athletic Co Ltd, Lilywhite House, 6pm Updates on: THST / THFC Board to Board Meeting – 19 Sept THST Members' Meeting – 15 November Stadium Community Liaison Group Meeting – 26 Sept Flags at White Hart Lane and Wembley Shuttle buses at Stoke City – 10 Sept Gillingham EFL Cup Pricing CSKA Moscow away – 27 Sept Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Board to Board Meeting Minutes and Report Monday 19 September 2016 Tottenham Hotspur Football & Athletic Co Ltd, Lilywhite House, 6pm Updates on:
Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust Tottenham Hotspur Football Club Board to Board Meeting Minutes and Report Tuesday 24 May 2016 Tottenham Hotspur Football & Athletic Co Ltd, Lilywhite House, 6pm When Spurs played at Borussia Dortmund's Signal Iguna Park this season, a significant number of our fans were caught up in congestion outside the ground, and were assaulted by both police and stewards. Members of THST who were on the scene immediately contacted senior THFC officials, and we witnessed the scenes that unfolded, including the use of pepper spray on fans by police. We were also able to provide some advice and assistance to fans on the scene. Immediately after the game, THFC arranged for THST reps to meet BVB's head of security so that first-hand accounts of what had happened could be given directly to the host club by fans. After the game, THST put out a call for fans to send in personal accounts of their experiences. Over 60 did. These accounts were compiled and sent, with a covering letter, to THFC, BVB and UEFA. As a result of that submission, and a complaint from THFC about the use of pepper spray on our fans, changes were implemented by BVB, matchday stewards and the police for future games. Regular visitors to Chelsea FC will be aware of the repeated difficulties experienced by travelling Spurs fans entering Stamford Bridge in time for kick off. This was particularly poor last season, when 1000 of our 3000 allocation were still outside the ground for up to 20 minutes of the first half. We are really keen to ensure this doesn't happen on Monday evening and, having met with representatives of CFC this week, would strongly urge Spurs fans to arrive at Stamford Gate no later than 7-7.15pm in order to be inside for the start of the match. After an incredibly busy week we wanted to update members and fans on some significant developments. There was double good news for Spurs fans last week with two positive announcements on ticket pricing. First, the Club agreed to freeze the price of all home tickets for the third season running. This came after the announcement last year that prices would rise by around 2%. Second, Premier League clubs unanimously agreed to cap the price of away tickets at £30 for the next three years. This measure will save a Spurs fan who travels to every away game over a season £284 based on 2015/16 pricing. These are significant victories. A number of fans contacted the Trust after the away game against West Ham United on 16 August 2014. Some fans missed the first 15 minutes of the game after travelling from the Railway Tavern, Liverpool Street under police escort. We've spoken to the police and raised the issues we were made aware of. The police responded that they were concerned about a large group of fans leaving to travel to Upton Park together and felt they had to carefully monitor that group. In July, THST ran a survey to find out the opinions of Spurs fans on a wide range of issues, both club specific and at a national level. The results will shape the campaigning direction of the Trust over the coming season. In the second set of key findings, we cover on field performance and priorities for next season, ENIC's stewardship of THFC, Supporter Liaison Officers, Policing/ Stewarding and match day behaviour. Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust News July 2014 Updates on: 1. Meetings: Meeting with the FA on 7 July re: FA Cup Allocations, Premier League Supporter Liaison Officer/ Fans Representative day on 14 July, Supporters Direct / FSF Supporters Summit on 25/ 26 July, Policing for West Ham United match on 28 July, Membership recruitment and retention meeting on 28 July, THST Board Meeting on 30 July Following negotiations with THFC, Haringey Council and the Safety Advisory Group, we have been given permission to use a full size 'Surfing' flag in White Hart Lane next season. A 'Surfer' is a large flag that is passed above the crowd, along a stand, normally in the build up to kick off. It is designed to create a visual impact both in the stadium and for TV audiences at home. Over the past couple of weeks, we've encouraged fans to submit their ideas for the flag and we now have 10 potential designs for the surfer. We'd like you to vote on which design you'd like to see on the flag. The design with the most votes will be put into production asap. Thank you for your input and for taking the time to vote on this. https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/SurferVote Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust News June 2014 Updates on: 1. Meetings 2. Fundraising 3. Campaigns 4. Other Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust, THFC, Police & Safety Forum Meeting Minutes: Monday 9 June 2014 6.00pm-8.10pm Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, N17 Following concerns from THST members present at the first leg of the Europa League Round of 16 match against Benfica on Thursday 13th March, THST spoke with THFC about the key issues from the game - namely crowd segregation, with pockets of Benfica fans present in home areas, and that of pyrotechnics, a number of which were activated by Benfica supporters at times during the match. Summary It's been another busy fortnight for THST, with some positive results for our members. We have updates on the following: The Y Word, West Ham Capital One Cup ticket prices, Pyrotechnics New Board member, Members database, Special General Meeting, The atmosphere at White Hart Lane |
THST NewsKeep up to date with the latest News from the Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust |


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The Health Benefits of Mushroom Consumption
May 13, 2013
By Dr. Mercola
Mushrooms contain some of the most potent natural medicines on the planet. Of the 140,000 species of mushroom-forming fungi, science is familiar with only 10 percent, according to world-renown mycologist Paul Stamets, who has written six books on the topic.
About 100 species of mushrooms are being studied for their health-promoting benefits. Of those hundred, about a half dozen really stand out for their ability to deliver a tremendous boost to your immune system.
Story at-a-glance
- Mushrooms contain some of the most powerful natural medicines on the planet. About 100 species are being studied for their health-promoting benefits, and about a half dozen really stand out for their ability to deliver a tremendous boost to your immune system
- Nine recently presented studies on mushrooms detail a wide variety of health benefits, including: improved weight management, improved nutrition, increased vitamin D levels, and improved immune system function
- One of the active medicinal compounds found in Cordyceps has been identified as a potential cancer drug. More recent studies suggest it also has potent anti-inflammatory characteristics that may be helpful for those suffering from: asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, renal failure, and stroke damage
- It's important to eat ONLY organically grown mushrooms because they absorb and concentrate whatever they grow in. Mushrooms are known to concentrate heavy metals, as well as air and water pollutants, so healthy growing conditions is a critical factor
- Mushrooms that can help boost the nutrient content of your diet include: shiitake, reishi, cordyceps, turkey tail, and Himematsutake
to read more, go to: http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/05/13/mushroom-benefits.aspx


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Sudibyo, Priyo (2012) DILEMA PEKERJA ANAK (Studi Kasus Tentang Bentuk-Bentuk Pekerjaan Terburuk Bagi Anak Di Kota Surakarta). Jurnal Administrasi Publik Volume 3, Nomor 2, Desember 2012, 3 (2). ISSN ISSN 2087 – 8923. e-ISSN 2549-9319
Text (Jurnal Administrasi Publik UNTIRTA Volume 3, Nomor 2, Desember 2012)
05. Priyo Sudibyo.pdf - Published Version Download (278kB) | Preview |
This research aims are to determine the profile of child laborer who do the worst forms of child, and also wanted to make explanations to the various factors behind child work on the worst forms of child in Kota Surakarta. By the survey research design, and explanative type then taken by 45 child laborers as a sampling. The data were collected through an indepth interview method, observation, and documentation study. Data analysis was performed by combining the techniques of descriptive statistics and analysis of categorization, to obtain a comprehensive analysis.The results showed that: in general, working children have no schools, and the male sex, having work about 4-8 hours per day, and get earn less than Rp. 25,000 per day. The main reason children work is because of the family economy slumped, gets sexual violence, a victim of CSEC and become a victims of sexual trafficking. Key words: child labor, family economics, sexual violence, trafficking
Item Type: | Article |
Subjects: | H Social Sciences > H Social Sciences (General) |
Divisions: | 06-Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 06-Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik > 63201-Program Studi Administrasi Publik |
Depositing User: | Admin Eprints Untirta |
Date Deposited: | 23 May 2019 03:13 |
Last Modified: | 23 May 2019 03:13 |
URI: | http://eprints.untirta.ac.id/id/eprint/1426 |
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There are a lot of steps for a musician to reach the audience. Get in touch with a music blogger and get a chance to get fame with a simple music blog submission.
Music blog sites play an important role for every new artist to get recognition and fame. It is now very difficult for emerging artists to reach the listeners. The music blog sites help new musicians to reach the audience and showcase their work. But it is not easy to get featured on a renowned blog site and cut through the noise and get heard.
There are some useful ways to get featured on a blog site, that are-
Reach out to a blogger:
Acquire some knowledge about some music blog sites. Research about the blog site's previous works, and check out the artists who have gotten benefitted from the blog site. Explore those blog sites that publish about the same genre of music. so the blogger also gets interested to feature a new artist in their blog.
Create new content:
Making new music would be helpful. People are not interested to listen to the same old songs. Everyone wants to try out music that is different than any other. So making the same old song won't be beneficial for the blogger or the artist. So the better will be if the artists make a different kind of track. And it has been shown that by releasing a fresh song on a blog artist get success.
Music blog type:
There is a wide range of music blog sites. It is always important to make sure to submit the information to the right blogger. If the style or the genre of music is different apart from the blog site then it will not work. So gather the proper information on where to approach.
Write a bold e-mail:
Bloggers receive thousands of e-mails daily. So it is quite difficult to get their attention. It can be difficult but not impossible. Write an impressive and informative e-mail so it intrigues the blogger to know more about the artist's work. And if there is something special to offer then the artist is always instructed to add that in the e-mail.
Provide an audio track:
Not only writing about the song isn't sufficient enough. Attach an audio track with e-mail so it gets easier for the blogger to understand the song and the artist. If the bloggers like the content of the artist then by a music blog submission the artists get featured in the blog.
A brief description of work:
Where everyone is busy in their work no one has time to read elaborated pieces of writings. So when writing the mail the artist should always describe the song in a brief but impressive way. The key is to achieve the attention of the blogger with just a few lines.
Relationship building:
Networking and building relationships are other ways to know about the industry. With no clue of the field, it is quite impossible to establish. To build connections follow bloggers, writers who post about music blogs. Follow their content and get to know about their work, so it is easier to find out by approaching which blogger the work will get done.


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Fires, noise, and a rooster were among the main discussion items during the Spring Valley city council's regular meeting on October 10, with all council members present (Mayor Tony Archer, John Dols, Chris Danielson, Luan Ruesink, and Greg Brooks). City Clerk Deb Zimmer also participated. There was "standing room only" as roughly twenty citizens were on hand to listen and/or speak to the council on one or more topics.
Several spoke about concerns regarding fires and noise at a home on Maple Lane. Citizens said the fires burn day and night, are often unattended, and cause smoke that creates a nuisance for nearby homeowners that would like to have windows open during pleasant weather.
The council heard from citizens on both sides of a "rooster issue." During the council's September meeting, the council had voted to deny from Heather and Alex Knutson (319 East Avenue) to keep a rooster as an emotional support animal. The agenda for the October meeting originally included Item #7 (Knutson request for reconsideration of emotional support rooster) and Item #8 (Knutson request to use trailer as office during construction of home) but the council voted to remove those agenda items upon the meeting being opened.
One citizen played an audio recording that she said was the crowing of the rooster in question, and she said it's been very bothersome to her sleep. She said she's been calling law enforcement (sheriff's department) but very little has been done. Heather Knutson said the rooster is kept indoors every night from 9 p.m. to 7 a.m., in order to avoid bothering neighbors. At the end of the meeting, Officer Mike Hadland voiced his frustration that because the council isn't acting on the issue, he is left in "limbo" and will likely continue to field daily complaint calls regarding the rooster. The council voted to approve Resolution 2022-30 (Resolution Denying a Variance/Conditional Use Permit for Heather Knutson for temporary housing of a trailer).
A proposed sewer rate increase was considered. The proposal called for an increase of 64 cents per 1,000 gallons, and a $1 increase to the base rate. The council unanimously voted to approve the increase, which will begin with January 2023 usage (billing in February).
Kristina Rader addressed the council regarding the library budget. She stated that the budgeted amount for 2023 ($135,000) leaves the library board anticipating a shortfall of $30,000. She asked the city to consider allocating another $15,000 to the library, and she said the library board will work on finding grants, doing fundraising events, or whatever is needed to raise the additional $15,000 needed. Rader also noted that the board hopes to have the library open on some Saturdays, in response to patron requests, but that may not be possible as the budget currently sits. Council members said there simply isn't anywhere else in the budget that has enough wiggle room to solve this shortfall, with Greg Brooks supporting the need for more library funding but stating, "You can't pull a rabbit out of a hat." After discussion, Deb Zimmer said she would review the city's budget and bring options to the November meeting for the council to consider.
John Fenske, Park & Rec Director, submitted a written update which stated, in part, "Working on getting everything ready for winter starting Monday the 17th will be closing down the outside bathrooms at South Park, taking down the volleyball, tennis and pickle ball courts… Organizing Winter Rec trying to find volunteer coaches is getting harder and harder. The plan is to start the second week of November." Fenske also noted, "Thank you to all the gracious donations that help keep the Rec programs running! Valley Lanes, Essig Agency, Valley Home Improvement, Home Federal, Racks Bar & Grill, Hindt Funeral Home, Bloomfield Mutual, Valley Wash, Ody's Country Meats, English Electric, Oeltjen Seamless Gutters, Chevrolet Buick, Mettler Family Chiropractic, O'Connell Excavating & Plumbing, The Pizza Place, Spring Valley Dental, Marburger Insurance Services, Hindt Photography, Minnwest Bank, and Edina Realty."
John Dols stated, "Thank you from Spring Valley Emergency Management and Spring Valley Ambulance for Matt and Brenda Stier, and the crew at Tractor Industry for the donation of a standby generator." The council approved Pay Estimate #6 on the 2022 Street & Utility Improvements project, as submitted by the engineering firm of Bolton & Menk, in the amount of $247,946.
The next regular meeting of the Spring Valley City Council will be 6 p.m. on Monday, November 14, at city hall. The public is welcome.


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Summit: Marketing Officer Job Vacancy 2019
Marketing Officer- Nairobi Kenya
- Education: Bachelor's Degree
- Job Type: Permanent
- Location: Nairobi, Kenya
- Career Level: Junior Level
- Salary:Monthly gross salary: Ksh. 50,000 – 65,000 /= (Approx. USD 500 – 650 depending on individual skills and experience
- Deadline:14th March 2019
Our client, a leading steel fabrication firm operating across Africa and specializing in the design, fabrication and erection of all types of structural steel works is looking to recruit a Marketing Coordinator. The successful candidate will work in conjunction with accounts, sales and advertising departments. He/she must have experience in marketing Engineering products. Candidates with experience in steel background will have a distinct advantage.
Key Responsibilities: –
• Assist in the development and implementation of the company's brand strategy
• Maintaining promotional materials inventory and ensuring promotional materials are ready by coordinating with the graphics department.
• Scheduling and organizing the creation of website content
• Communicate campaign objectives, timelines, and deliverables to the sales team
• Handling correspondence with clients and communicating with other departments within the company to keep marketing campaigns on track.
• Responding to clients' questions and provide clarification on an ongoing project
• Researching competitive products by identifying and evaluating product characteristics, market share, pricing, and advertising.
• Researching target audience and customers' needs
• Researching on market trends, forecasts, account analyses and new product information
• Monitoring budgets by comparing and analyzing actual results with plans and forecasts.
• Ensuring projects are done on time and under budget.
• Must have a relevant Degree in Marketing or related field
• Must have experience marketing Engineering products
• Candidates with experience in steel background will have a distinct advantage.
• Must be comfortable working on Saturdays
• Excellent writing, communication, and presentation skills
• Knowledge of traditional and digital marketing, content marketing, and social media marketing
• Experience with research using data analytics software
• Proficiency in full Microsoft Office suite, especially with Excel and PowerPoint
• Excellent negotiating & interpersonal skills
Please click on the tab below to apply;


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About the job
Be a part of BCA's marketer!
Are you a great marketer and negotiator? Do you enjoy building relationships with new people? If so, you might be the right person for our Relationship Officer program. As a Relationship Officer, you will:
- Actively look into customer needs and assist them in obtaining financial assistance across the entire BCA product line
- Create new customer leads and preserve positive connections by developing rapport and empathy
- Analyze potential borrowers' creditworthiness
Benefits you will get:
- Equipped with 1-year training to strengthen candidate's soft skills
- Becoming a permanent employee at a BCA branch office
- Pocket money, health insurance, holiday allowances, and year-end allowances
This position is for you if you:
- Hold a diploma degree in any field
- Have a Minimum Grade Point Average (GPA) of 2.75 out of a scale of 4.00
- Are between 17 – 24 years old
- Are not married and willing not to get married during training
- Are willing to undergo an official bond after training
- Are interested in marketing or business field and passionate in the field of entrepreneurship
- Oriented to targets and goals
- Capable of executing the client value propositions, positioning, segmentation, pricing, targeting, channel strategies, and competitive differentiation
If the above vacancy catches your eye, apply now!


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When Will Barbaren Season 3 Premiere on Netflix? Renewed or Canceled?
"Barbaren" Status on Netflix:
Nex Season - TBA
Barbaren Season 2 Release Date - October 21, 2022
"Barbaren" Summary
In the famous battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Germanic warriors in 9AD halted the spread of the Roman Empire in its advance north. This bloody encounter of two worlds is tragically interwoven with the destinies of three young people whose fate will lead them from innocence to guilt, from loyalty to betrayal, and from love to hate.
"Barbaren" Brief Overview
Barbaren is a Scripted Drama, Action, History TV show on Netflix, which was launched on October 23, 2020.
Network: Netflix
Previous Show: Will 'The Man Who Fell to Earth' Return For A Season 5 on Showtime?


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Delivering for Citizens Award Shortlist
An Ambitious Civil Service
Supported by
Aberdeen Jobcentre
Department for Work and Pensions (DWP)
Aberdeen Jobcentre teams worked together to deliver exceptional outcomes in challenging circumstances in 2022 and 2023. Over 300 people were resettled from Afghanistan into hotels in the city, joined by a further 800 Ukrainians. The site leapt into action, motivated by the urgent need of these claimants, and the will to maintain their previously excellent service to their existing claimants. All job roles were involved, in the initial outreach and information gathering, the new claims requirements, personalised mapping of complex needs and employability plans, liaising with employers, and effective partnership working with the Local Authority, Home Office, Scottish Government and other local agencies.
DCMS Digital Communications Team
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)
This nomination is for the DCMS Digital Comms Team for its service during Her Majesty The Queen's funeral, by creating, launching and managing the innovate live Queue Tracker for the queue to view the Lying-in-State. After consulting several large providers who hadn't yet identified a solution, the team built their own within 48 hours, ready to launch when the Lying-in-State opened days later. This was a hugely successful public service, helping people plan their visit with live data 24/7 that reached 10 million people on YouTube and was broadcast around the world.
Operation Soteria
Home Office
The Home Office, National Police Chiefs Council, Ministry of Justice, Crown Prosecution Service, and College of Policing have nominated the Operation Soteria team across government and beyond for the Delivering for Citizens Award. Soteria brought together a unique cross-discipline team – academics, government and non-governmental officials, policing nationally and frontline – to collaborate for the first time to address an entrenched problem – the criminal justice system response to rape cases. Over two years, they developed new Operating Models for police and prosecutors, working directly with forces to turn around performance and ensure better joint working between police and CPS.


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Southern African guys are attracted to different anything in the good girl. He could be interested in physical beauty, nonetheless they and additionally appreciate a female who's brilliant, convinced, and you will independent. A woman that is safe within her facial skin and you can comfortable along with her very own culture is even very appealing to South African people.
Into the Southern area Africa, ladies still wear men clothing and tend to be heroes and courageous. He is sweet, conventional, and you can without desire for recreations. As a result, you should constantly help your by any means you can in recognition that you love your. Across the state's limitations, there are many cultural teams, for instance the Zulu, Xhosa, Pedi, Tswana, Ndebele, Khoisan, Hindu, Muslim, and you will Afrikaner. It may be split up into two continents, while the found regarding figure below: South Africa's coastline are split up into three groups.
Ladies in Southern area Africa are often sweet and close, even though he's sometimes 'kept' oftentimes. You will need to note that they are not pushovers, but instead really-knowledgeable professionals who are-versed within fields. People accept that capable even be feisty when they are on your own side.
African Us americans are typically loving, diligent, open minded, creative, and you may magnetic anyone. There is also a very diverse directory of ethnicities, including many tribal communities (such as for example, the latest Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Tsonga, Swazi, and you will Venda people).
What are Southern area Africans Wish Day?
There is no you to answer to which matter given that everyone is all different, however in standard, Southern Africans have become amicable and you will outbound, therefore you should have no difficulties looking someone to time. Also, they are constantly very excited about the community and you may customs, it might possibly be a good idea to discover normally too on the Southern Africa beforehand matchmaking anybody from that point.
South Africa, having its tremendous diversity, is a truly multicultural nation. Because of this, their battle, ethnicity, religions, societies, and people have an influence on someone's personality within very own way. There are, however, particular earliest attributes that are available one of several guys in the country. The new condition of the country's black colored African culture could have been a good way to obtain contention for decades because of its gifts and you may disadvantages when compared with society. Several of South Africa's hottest sporting events tend to be basketball, rugby commitment, and you may cricket. Swimming, recreation, golf, boxing, golf, and you can netball are only some of the sports one mark significant assistance out-of supporters. Cultural and you may religious differences has actually resulted in the fresh new highest levels of patriarchy observed in South African society. There's an apparent diminished liberalism among people out-of this place. It is important Inglewood CA live escort reviews to just remember that , things are rapidly switching from inside the this country, and you will leaders are attempting to hit a very equitable equilibrium ranging from different varieties of sports.
The many Appeal Off Southern area African Women
South Africans are notable for are friendly and you can appealing, and then make any big date be removed as opposed to an excellent hitch. They generate a good amount of the latest family members, and they're always happy to help if it's required. Extremely guys find that the Southern African girlfriends is actually attractive just like the of its hitting looks.
What Items are Southern Africans Selecting?
There's absolutely no definitive solution to that it matter just like the different Southern Africans keeps various other likes and dislikes. Although not, some standard style are noticed. Such as for instance, of many South Africans appear to be seeking products that try reasonable and gives good value for the money. At exactly the same time, many people are shopping for products which are made of natural or normal edibles and this try ethically acquired.


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HX360™ is excited to present the first annual HX360 Innovation Challenge at the HX360 Inaugural Event in April, co-located with HIMSS15 Annual Conference at McCormick Place in Chicago. This event is intended to identify, highlight and recognize companies that are making the most significant contributions to improving Patient Experience as it relates to hospitals and health systems. The competition is also intended to provide the most outstanding healthcare IT, healthcare services and combination healthcare IT/services companies with immediate opportunities for customer acquisition and $75,000 in cash and other prizes to support the initiation of new customer pilot programs.
The HX360 Innovation Challenge will take place from February 4, 2015 through April 14, 2015, with the final showdown taking place live on Tuesday, April 14th 2:00-4:00 pm on the Innovation Experience show floor. This business competition will offer both entrepreneurs and senior health system executives the opportunity to engage around the most innovative ideas in the market to improve consumers' engagement with the world of healthcare providers. Click here to learn more about the competition.
HX360 Innovation Challenge CALL FOR ENTRIES to honor outstanding solutions in the area of patient experience will be open from February 4 - February 21, 2015. CLICK HERE to submit your entry!
This competition is generously sponsored by the following organizations:


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Danish Severin Hansen Rosewood Coffee Table For Haslev
It's Hansen's signature joins that mark his craftmanship out. Despite the sharp angles on this rosewood table, the legs seem to pour out. Designed by Severin Hansen for Haslev Mobelfabrik in the 1960's, this is timeless, classic design that would stand out in any room. The deep, animal-like stripes of the rosewood & rosewood veneer suit the minimalist, clean design.
This is an original, vintage piece that is 'sold as seen'. It is in very good condition. We have lightly sanded this piece, applied a varnish and polished it. There are signs of light wear as you might expect and some minor patches of colour variation on the top surface. We can't tell if these were originally there but as you can appreciate from our photos, they don't detract from the piece. The original maker's labels are on the bottom of the table. Please refer to our photos to see the overall condition of this piece.
H: 50cm/ W: 60.5cm/ D: 60.5cm


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Purdue fans were right. It seems as if Indiana will never again hold the bucket in Bloomington in the Jeff Brohm era.
Because it might have only lasted one season.
According to longtime Tennessee reporter Jimmy Hyams, the long, protracted, and very stupid coaching search John Currie's led in Knoxville is about to end — at the Vols will announce the hiring of Jeff Brohm shortly.
Tennessee will soon announce the hiring of Purdue coach Jeff Brohm after going 6-6 this year. Brohm was 30-10 at Western Kentucky. Buyout is $5 million, drops to $4 million Dec 5. Still owes Purdue about $750k for leaving WKY.
— Jimmy Hyams (@JimmyHyams) November 29, 2017
This is a good day for Indiana football, and an especially good day if you're an Indiana football fan that keeps a secondary allegiance and closet full of orange clothes and have strong opinions on Phil Fulmer and have family in Oak Ridge and still idolize Johnny Majors a bit. This is definitely not me. No sir..
rdue. I am hooting and hollering.
We'll update this as we know more.
UPDATE: Hold on folks. This is far from over.
SOURCE: Nothing is imminent regarding a #Tennessee coaching hire. Reports that a deal is almost done w/ #Purdue coach Jeff Brohm are not accurate.
— Bruce Feldman (@BruceFeldmanCFB) November 29, 2017


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Researchers at Linkoping University in Sweden have created analog and digital electronics circuits inside living plants.
The group at the Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), under the leadership of Professor Magnus Berggren, have used the vascular system of living roses to build key components of electronic circuits.
Plants are complex organisms that rely on the transport of ionic signals and hormones to perform necessary functions. However, plants operate on a much slower time scale making interacting with and studying plants difficult.
Augmenting plants with electronic functionality would make it possible to combine electric signals with the plant's own chemical processes.
Controlling and interfacing with chemical pathways in plants could pave the way to photosynthesis-based fuel cells, sensors and growth regulators, and devices that modulate the internal functions of plants.
Researchers tried many attempts of introducing conductive polymers through rose stems. Only one polymer, called PEDOT-S, successfully assembled itself inside the xylem channels as conducting wires, while still allowing the transport of water and nutrients.
Scientist used the material to create long (10 cm) wires in the xylem channels of the rose. By combining the wires with the electrolyte that surrounds these channels she was able to create an electrochemical transistor, a transistor that converts ionic signals to electronic output.
Using the xylem transistors she also demonstrated digital logic gate function.
Scientists used methods common in plant biology — vacuum infiltration — to infuse another PEDOT variant into the leaves. The infused polymer formed "pixels" of electrochemical cells partitioned by the veins.


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Islamic dream interpretation of Battle, Explanation & Meaning for Battle dreams
Below Battle dream interpretations are based on Ibn Sireen's teachings.
A Dream Interpreted As The Battle Of Uhud Dream Explanation
A Dream Interpreted As The Battle Of Uhud Dream Explanation ? Narrated Abu Musa: The Prophet (Sallallaahu-Alayhi-wasallam) said, "I saw in a dream that I was migrating from Mecca to a land where there were date palm trees. I thought that it might be the land of Al-Yamama or Hajar, but behold, it turned out to be Yathrib (i.e. Medina). And I saw cows (being slaughtered) there, but the reward given by Allah is better (than worldly benefits). Behold, those cows proved to symbolize the believers (who were killed) on the Day (of the battle) of Uhud, and the good (which I saw in the dream) was the good and the reward and the truth which Allah bestowed upon us after the Badr battle. (or the Battle of Uhud) and that was the victory bestowed by Allah in the Battle of Khaibar and the conquest of Mecca) . (Bukhari)
Suffocation Dream Explanation
Suffocation Dream Explanation ? If his suffering increases to near strangulation and death in the dream, it means that he is required to repay all the benefits he drew from holding such trust. If he dies in his dream as a consequence of his suffocation, it means that he will lose his battle with the owner and become poor. If he comes back to life after dying in the dream, it means that in a while, Allah Almighty will reinstate him in his position after his trying experience. He also may regain power and bring his opponents to justice. (Also see Strangulation)
Defeat Dream Explanation
Defeat Dream Explanation ? ? Atheists being defeated: It will be so in reality. ? True believers being defeated: Will win the war or the battle. ? Seeing just soldiers entering a city after being defeated: Those soldiers will triumph. For unjust soldiers the same dream would mean the reverse.
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The Casulaties of Uhud and The Conquest of Mecca Dream Explanation
The Casulaties of Uhud and The Conquest of Mecca Dream Explanation ? Narrated Abu Musa: The Prophet (Sallallaahu-Alayhi-wasallam) said, "I saw in a dream that I waved a sword and it broke in the middle, and behold, that symbolized the casualties the believers suffered on the Day (of the battle) of Uhud. Then I waved the sword again, and it became better than it had ever been before, and behold, that symbolized the Conquest (of Mecca) which Allah brought about and the gathering of the believers. " (Bukhari)
Flying Dream Explanation
Flying Dream Explanation ? ? A horseman dreaming of flying: Good horsemanship. ? Dreaming of flying on a stretcher, a litter, a bed, or the like:? (1) Legs will be affected by a severe ailment.? (2) Will become very ill.? (3) Will die. ? A dead person flying: Will escape danger. ? A bier flying and people with it:? (1) A chief or a scholar will die without anybody knowing about it.? (2) A great man will die in a foreign land, during a pilgrimage, or in a battle for the sake of Allah? (Jihad).? (3) If the dead man on the bier is identified, it means that man in particular.
Wind Dream Explanation
Wind Dream Explanation ? If the wind is not accompanied with a good witness or a cheering element in the dream, then it means cessation of blessings for that land. If the wind is accompanied with a stridulous or a shrill sound in the dream, it means a severe punishment for that place. If a general of an army sees himself leading his soldiers and is preceded by a stormy wind in a dream, it means that he will be victorious and that he will triumph over his enemy. However, if a storm faces him at his arrival to the battlefield in the dream, it means that he will lose his battle.
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Arafat Dream Explanation
Arafat Dream Explanation ? Seeing oneself standing at Arafat in a dream also means rising in station, changing conditions, reversal of one's state from good to bad or from bad to good, or perhaps it could mean death of a beloved such as one's wife, or it could mean relocating to a blessed place or finding a sanctuary. Seeing oneself at Arafat in a dream also could mean losing a battle to one's adversary, though the results or consequences of such a battle will bring him honor and exalted station, or it could mean winning the battle against one's enemy.
Spearman Dream Explanation
Spearman Dream Explanation ? A battle between spearmen in a dream represents a blow of fate, a mishap, or a calamity. The way to avoid such a mishap is by spending money and efforts on Allah's path. Such a battle also could mean an attack against one's religion, a calumny, or mocking another perbond faith, or speaking ill of righteous people, or being sarcastic about religion, or it could mean slander, defamation, confuting someone, defaming him, vilification, or making libellous statements against someone. If one sees himself stabbing someone with a spear, a sword, a lance, or a wooden post in a dream, it means making or publishing libellous statements about someone, and in that case, he is the assailant and he is liable for his actions, also he will be subjected to the same destiny.
Weeping or laughter Dream Explanation
Weeping or laughter Dream Explanation ? Seeing oneself as weeping will be interpreted as joy and happiness as long as such weeping is not done with sound, screaming or tearing one's collar to pieces as when mourning. One the contrary joy, happiness, merry-making, laughter, dancing etc. will be interpreted as grief and sorrow. Similarly, if two persons are seen fighting in the dream then the one who loses the battle will be the one to gain victory.
Recommended for you : Dreaming about Moon? Discover its significance here!
Eunuch Dream Explanation
Eunuch Dream Explanation ? ? An ugly or untidy eunuch holding some immoral object in his hand popping in: Some governor or highly placed person will summon the dreamer. If the eunuch had invited him to do something, it will be so. ? A well-known person turning into a eunuch:? (1) Will be defeated in battle and humiliated.? (2) A reference to worship, knowledge, and wisdom. ? Accompanying a eunuch: Will befriend a virtuous person seeking God?s satisfaction.
Christian Dream Explanation
Christian Dream Explanation ? ? (Also see Archbishop, Monk, Prelate, and Priest.) The word Nosrani used in the ancient Arab texts? (plural, Nasara) is quite vague, as it could mean Nazarene, someone from Nazareth?a Christian?or Nazerite, a dissident Jew. But it generally means Christian, whose exact translation should be Messihi from Messiah. ? Seeing a Nosrani: The dreamer will triumph over his rival in an outstanding dispute, because Nosrani comes from the Arabic Nosra, meaning ?triumph? or ?victory.? ? Seeing a Nosrani while locked in battle: Will win.
Incident - a king trying to Annihilate the Muslims Dream Explanation
Incident - a king trying to Annihilate the Muslims Dream Explanation ? He had no choice but to accede. He deployed a huge army under the command of his son. The two sides met in the middle of the sea. For three days a fierce battle ensued between the Muslims and non-Muslims. One the third day the Christians army was defeated. Not a single person was spared. When the king came to learn about this, he called for the sheikh and admitted his folly before him. He then secretly accepted Islam at his hands and bestowed many of his favours on him. It is said that he also learned the Holy Quran by the Shaikh and this affair of the king became popular in Saqliyyah.
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Riding an Elephant in Battle Dream Explanation
Riding an Elephant in Battle Dream Explanation ? He will gain victory over his enemy in battle.
Jihad, Religious War, Or Muslim Struggle Dream Explanation
Jihad, Religious War, Or Muslim Struggle Dream Explanation ? ? Emerging victorious from a religious battle: The dreamer will achieve business gains or trade will be prosperous. ? Dying in the way of Allah: Joy, welfare, and dignity, owing to the Quranic verses: ?Think not of those who are slain in the way of Allah, as dead. Nay, they are living. With their Lord they have provision: Jubilant? (are they) because of that which Allah hath bestowed upon them His bounty, rejoicing for the sake of those who have not joined them but are left behind: that there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve.?? (?Al-Imran? [Imran Family], verses 169?170.)
Forwardness Dream Explanation
Forwardness Dream Explanation ? (Daring; Courage) In a dream, forwardness means a battle between good and evil and it could be interpreted according to one's standing in that case. Forwardness in a dream also means lack of determination and disdaining to serve one's true needs.
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Incident - seeing a battle between the Sun and the Moon Dream Explanation
Incident - seeing a battle between the Sun and the Moon Dream Explanation ? Once the Caliph Omar Bin Al-Khattab, God be pleased with him, appointed a judge for Syria. When the man left Mecca, one night he saw in a dream that the sun, the moon, and the stars were fighting against one another. Then, the man himself became a star and participated in the fight in the dream. Halfway through his journey, the man returned to Medina and told the Caliph about his dream.
Incident - seeing a battle between the Sun and the Moon Dream Explanation
Incident - seeing a battle between the Sun and the Moon Dream Explanation ? Omar asked: "When you became a star in the dream, did you fight on the side of the sun or that of the moon?" The man replied: "I fought on the side of the moon." Omar replied: "Go away, and do not work for me." Later on, the man joined the army of Yaz'id in Syria and died fighting the caliphate during the battle of Siffin.
Figure Dream Explanation
Figure Dream Explanation ? Seeing oneself beyond the common human size in a dream also denotes the near end of one's life, or it could mean falling in rank. If someone in authority sees himself shorter in size in a dream, it means that he will lose his post, or fail to render a just verdict, or it could mean a political fight. Being smaller than usual in a dream means defeat in a war or losing a fight. If a politician sees himself tall in a dream, it means that he will win his political battle. (Also see Body)
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Jihad Dream Explanation
Jihad Dream Explanation ? (Inner and outer struggle) Joining the warriors in the battlefield in a dream means that one is a true worshiper who attends to his regular prayers and pays his charities and due alms. If one sees the people charging toward the battlefield, it means that they will receive an endowment of divine forgiveness, victory, might and unity between the believers. To die as a martyr on Allah's path in a dream means joy, happiness and prosperity. Joining a jihad battle in the sea in a dream means poverty, failure and walking toward destruction.
Harun Dream Explanation
Harun Dream Explanation ? ? Seeing the prophet Harun? (Aaron):? (1) The dreamer will become the successor of a man because of whom he will have to undergo hard tests and engage in disputes, but will ultimately triumph.? (2) The dreamer will become an imam? (Muslim spiritual leader who usually commands his folk and leads the prayers).? (3) Pending matters will be processed in the dreamer?s favour.? (4) The dreamer will win a battle. ? Seeing Harun and Musa? (Moses) together: The dreamer will bring about the fall of a tyrant.
Battle dreams FAQs:
Seeing Battle dreams good or bad?
There are different type of Battle dreams, It depends on what is the context inside Battle dream Refer to Battle islamic dream interpretation
I dream about Battle very frequently, What does it mean if you dream of Battle?
There are different meanings of Battle dreams, Meaning depends on what is the context inside Battle dream Refer to above Battle islamic dream interpretation.
What do Battle symbolise in dreams?
There are different symbols of Battle dreams in Islam, dream symbol depends on what is the context inside Battle dream Refer to above Battle islamic dream symbols.
Is it good luck to see Battle in dream?
Battle dream is good luck or bad luck depends on context inside Battle dream Refer to above Battle islamic dream explanations.
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Child Custody and Domestic Violence
A Call for Safety and Accountability
- Peter G. Jaffe - Western University, Canada, University of Western Ontario, Canada
- Nancy K. D. Lemon - University of California, Berkeley-Boalt Hall School of Law
- Samantha E. Poisson - The Centre for Children & Families in the Justice System
Child Custody and Domestic Violence: A Call for Safety and Accountability focuses on the complexity of the challenges facing judges, lawyers, legislators, and mental health professionals in developing safe and effective strategies for resolving custody disputes. Jaffe, Lemon, and Poisson integrate the most recent clinical and legal issues in the field in considering the prevalence of divorce and domestic violence as well as the relevance of domestic violence in custody disputes. The authors outline the essential differences between custody disputes with and without allegations and findings of domestic violence, and the different analysis and distinct interventions by judges, policymakers, and mental health professionals necessary in domestic violence cases.
Key Features:
- Addresses difficult issues such as parent alienation syndrome, false allegations, and mutual abuse
- Reviews recent legislation and guidelines in custody disputes involving domestic violence in four countries: the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia
- Outlines significant judicial decisions in custody disputes, highlighting the inconsistency and unpredictability of the decisions and their impact on the desired outcome
- Offers recommendations for legislative improvements, increased training for legal and mental health professionals, enhanced services and programs, and the development of new policies to deal with domestic violence in custody disputes
Legal and mental health professionals who provide services to divorcing parents will find this a much-needed reference, as will anyone whose life has been affected by child custody disputes and domestic violence.


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Zapping brain with lasers can improve MEMORY, study finds
- Researchers aimed a laser above people's right eye, just below their hairline
- Experiment then immediately showed them a series of shapes on a screen
- When people's brains were zapped using the laser, they got 2.1 answers right
Laser light therapy could help to boost short-term memory, after a session of just 12 minutes.
A laser beam can improve people's working memory by up to 10 per cent, according to the authors of a new study.
Researchers aimed a laser above people's right eye, just below their hairline, to penetrate into their brain and stimulate their prefrontal cortex.
An experiment involving 23 volunteers then immediately showed them a series of shapes on a screen, asking if each was the same or different to the one before.
When people's brains were zapped using the laser, prevacid solutab walmart they got 2.1 answers right in the memory test on average, when answering if the shapes were a different colour.
Researchers aimed a laser above people's right eye, just below their hairline, to penetrate into their brain and stimulate their prefrontal cortex for 12 minutes
That compared to a significantly worse score of 1.9 correct answers – when subjected to a laser of a different wavelength, which does not boost the brain.
Professor Ole Jensen, a co-author of the study from the Centre for Human Brain Health at the University of Birmingham, said: 'Many people want to improve their short-term memory, which is useful for everything from remembering phone numbers and shopping list to following a conversation, novel or film.
'In a couple of years it might be possible to help people with memory problems to use a laser to boost their memory.
'This would be relevant for the ageing population but also for individuals with problems associated with attention, such as ADHD and traumatic brain injury.'
The study, published in the journal Science Advances, builds on previous evidence that lasers can boost short-term working memory.
But researchers, who tracked people's brain activity using EEG scans, have also now found a link between improved memory following laser therapy and increased activity in the posterior of the brain – the parietal cortex.
Experts believe a laser boosts the prefrontal cortex at the front of the head, so it sends a stronger signal to the parietal cortex at the back – 'instructing' that area to keep information which has just been learned fresh in the memory.
The laser used in the study, creating a beam four centimetres (1.5 inches) in diameter, and produced by a handheld device about the size of a torch, currently costs around £10,000.
But researchers say future versions could cost just hundreds of pounds and could help improve the memories of people with Alzheimer's disease and ADHD, which makes it hard to focus.
The laser could be used by people with no memory problems, having been found in the study to boost memory similarly well whether someone had a good or bad memory to start with.
The study, which involved 90 people in total, also showed the laser boosts short-term memory at a specific wavelength, and when directed above the right eye, not the left.
People did better at remembering up to four shapes on a screen, shown at different rotations and in different colours, and whether they had seen them before.
For the different rotations, they got 1.7 answers right on average normally, with the ineffective laser, compared to a significantly higher score of 1.9 following the laser therapy.
The effects of laser therapy, which was trialled in the study on people aged 18 to 25 to China, appear to kick in after around 15 minutes and start to drop off after around 20 minutes.
Volunteers wore goggles and closed their eyes to protect them, but the laser, unlike electrical currents used similarly to boost people's memories, does not produce noise or a tingling sensation.
Professor Jensen said: 'More research is needed to show how long the effect lasts and how long the laser treatment needs to last.'
Can YOU pass President Trump's cognitive test?
This is a copy of the sheet the examiner and patient fill out during the 10-minute test
President Donald Trump received a perfect score on a standard cognitive assessment test, his doctor revealed in a White House briefing in January 2018.
The 10-minute test, known as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), was created in 1996 for medical professionals to identify mild cognitive dysfunction.
It assesses concentration, attention, memory, language, calculations, orientation, executive functions and visual skills.
Trump scored 30 out of 30. A score above 26 is deemed 'normal,' while anything lower than that is cause for concern.
Those who do well on the test do not need further cognitive examination.
The average score is 27.4. People with mild cognitive impairment score an average of 22.1, while Alzheimer's patients tend to score around 16.
First used in Montreal, Canada, the test is now one of the most respected methods of assessing cognitive health worldwide, available in 55 languages and dialects, and formats for testing illiterate patients and in other cultural settings (by changing certain references).
Trump is the first U.S. president to undergo the test as part of his presidential physical.
This is how a doctor performs the test, and how a patient is graded:
TEST: The patient is told to pair up five numbers and letters (1-5, A-E) in ascending order (pairing 1 with A, 2 with B, etc) while drawing connect-the-dots lines.
RESULT: The patient gets a point for every successful pair: 1-A; 2-B; 3-C; 4-D; 5-E. No lines can be crossed. The patient earns 0 if they make a mistake that is not immediately corrected.
TEST: Draw your own version of the cube in the space next to it.
It must be exactly the same as the one printed on the page.
RESULT: One point if it is drawn correctly (i.e. three-dimensional, all lines are drawn, no line is added, lines are relatively parallel and their length is similar – no point if any of those criteria are missing).
TEST: Draw a clock, putting in all the numbers and set the time to 10 minutes past 11 o'clock.
RESULT: One point is allocated for each of the following three criteria:
- Contour (ONE POINT): the clock face must be a circle with only minor distortion acceptable (i.e. slight imperfection on closing the circle).
- Numbers (ONE POINT): all clock numbers must be present with no additional numbers; numbers must be in the correct order and placed in the approximate quadrants on the clock face. Roman numerals are acceptable. Numbers can be placed outside the circle contour.
- Hands (ONE POINT): there must be two hands jointly indicating the correct time; the hour hand must be clearly shorter than the minute hand. Hands must be centered within the clock face with their junction close to the clock center.
A point is not assigned for a given element if any of the above-criteria are not met.
TEST: Name each animal.
- Lion
- Rhinoceros (or rhino)
- Camel (or dromedary)
RESULT: One point for each
The doctor tells the patient that they are going to read a list of words that the patient must remember. At the end the patient has to tell them as many as they remember; it doesn't matter what order.
The doctor then reads five words, one per second:
As the patient recites the words, the doctor marks a check in the box for each word said aloud.
The patient indicates when they have recalled all they can.
The doctor reads the list a second time. At the end the patient has to recall all of them again.
As the patient recites the words, the doctor marks a check in the box for each word said aloud – including the first five again.
The patient indicates when they have recalled all they can.
At the end of the test, the doctor asks the patient to recall the five words, unprompted. This is the part of the test that is scored.
SCORING: No plus points, only minus if they get it wrong.
Recall numbers: The doctor reads a list of five numbers at a rate of one number per second; the patient recalls them exactly as they were said:
2 1 8 5 4
Recall numbers backwards: The doctor reads three numbers at a rate of one number per second; the patient recalls them backwards:
7 4 2
SCORING: One point per sequence correctly recited.
TEST (LETTERS): The doctor reads a list of letters at a rate of one per second. Every time they say the letter 'A', the patient has to tap their hand:
SCORING: One point if there is zero errors or just one error (i.e. the patient tapped their hand on another letter just once).
TEST (MATH): The patient starts at 100, then must count down by subtracting seven every time, until the examiner tells them to stop:
- 93
- 86
- 79
- 72
- 65
SCORING: Total of three points.
- No points if there are no correct subtractions
- One point for just one correct subtractions
- Two points for two or three correct subtractions
- Three points for four or five correct subtractions
If the first subtraction is wrong, but each subsequent subtraction follows the pattern of seven, they still earn every other point. For example, they may say '92 – 85 – 78 – 71 – 64′. While '92' is incorrect, all subsequent numbers are subtracted by seven, meaning they only made one mistake, and would a score of three.
Step one: The examiner reads this sentence, and the patient has to repeat it exactly: 'I only know that John is the one to help today'.
Step two: The examiner then reads another sentence, with the same instruction: 'The cat always hid under the couch when dogs were in the room'.
SCORING: One point for each correct sentence.
- Exact repetition
- No synonyms substituted (i.e. it must be 'hid' not 'hides')
TEST: The doctor reads out a letter (F), and the patient has to think of words that starts with that letter. The aim is to reach 11 words or more in 60 seconds.
- The words cannot be proper nouns, like Bob or Boston
- The words cannot be the same sounding word but with different suffixes (like love, lover, loving)
SCORING: One point if they reach 11 words or more in one minute.
TEST: The patient has to describe what the relationship is between certain words (i.e, an orange and a banana; a train and a bicycle; a ruler and a watch).
There is one practice trial (ORANGE AND BANANA) before two scored pairs (TRAIN AND BICYCLE; WATCH AND RULER).
SCORING: One point for each of the last two pairs.
Acceptable answers:
- Train and bicycle: means of transport, means of traveling, used to take trips
- Ruler and watch: means of measurement, measuring instruments
Unacceptable answers:
- Train and bicycle: they have wheels
- Ruler and watch: they have numbers
TEST: The patient has to recall all the words they heard earlier (FACE, VELVET, CHURCH, DAISY, RED).
SCORING: One point for each word recalled (with no cues from the examiner).
TEST: Say the exact date, and the name of the place they are in, including the city.
SCORING: One point for each correct answer. No points if they make any errors.
Add up all the points accumulating, adding a point if the patient has fewer than 12 years of formal educations.
- Around 16: cognitive health of an Alzheimer's patient
- Around 22: cognitive health of someone with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
- Above 26: Normal
- 30: Perfect score (Trump scored 30/30).
Source: Read Full Article


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HUD's Real Estate Assessment Center (REAC) announced 14 "Get Ready" sessions regarding National Standards for the Physical Inspection of Real Estate (NSPIRE). NSPIRE is a new approach to defining and assessing housing quality among most HUD programs, particularly public housing and privately owned multifamily properties assisted with Section 8. The purpose of the sessions is to help all REAC stakeholders, including residents, property owners, and inspectors, learn more about NSPIRE and prepare for its full implementation.
HUD published a proposed rule in the Federal Register on January 13, 2021 (see Memo, 1/19/21). The title of the upcoming sessions – "Get Ready" – implies that implementation of a final rule is imminent, though there is currently no indication that a final rule is soon to be published because one is not posted at the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) at the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
The intent of the proposed rule, along with the existing NSPIRE demonstration (see Memo, 8/26/19), is to improve HUD oversight by aligning and consolidating the physical inspection regulations used to evaluate HUD-assisted housing across multiple HUD programs, creating a unified assessment of housing quality. Currently, the various HUD programs evaluate housing quality using different inspection standards, protocols, and frequencies. NLIHC has submitted comments about the proposed rule (see Memo, 3/22/21) and prepared a detailed summary of key features of the proposed rule.
A list of cities and dates for the upcoming "Get Ready" sessions can be found here.
REAC's NSPIRE homepage is accessible here.


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Harford County has refunded $13.7 million in Tax Increment Financed bonds at a reduced interest rate, saving more than $11 million over the next 20 years. The bonds, also known as TIF bonds, were refunded on January 12, 2021.


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The Influence of Exercise on Stress and Depression
LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
There is evidence in human subjects that aerobic physical exercise boosts the immune system, influences stress hormone levels and depressive feelings (Brenner, Shek, Zamecnik, & Shephard, 1998). Moderate physical exercise can prevent detrimental effects of stress and depression as a result of the interaction between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system post aerobic exercise (Fleshner, 2000). In this study, the contribution of intensity and duration of exercise to modulation of stress responses were assessed. Physical exercise modulation of the response to a stressful threatening event was examined in rats at the behavioral and biochemical levels. At the behavioral level, the following parameters were measured: anxiety (Elevated Plus Maze, Startle reflex response measures), depression (Learned helplessness) exploratory orientation (Open field) and of cognitive abilities (Spatial learning and memory, active avoidance). At the biochemical level, alterations in the basal concentrations of neurosteroids and in responsiveness to stress were measured.
In response to acute stress there is a rapid increase in neurosteroids (Vllee, Rivera, Koob, Purdy, & Fitzgerald, 2000). The neurosteroid allopregnanolone has been shown to be a potent ligand of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors. It enhances its receptor-mediated inhibitory effects in the rat (Guo et al., 1995; Pericic, Svob, Jazvinscak, & Mirkovic, 2000). The neurosteroid 3 alpha, 5 alpha THP acts like an antidepressant drug. It interacts with the central delta receptor, which has antidepressant-like effects (Khisti, Chopde, & Jain, 2000; Reddy, Kaur, & Kulkani, 1998).
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2008 Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and not used for commercial purposes. Copyright on any article is retained by the author(s) and the publisher(s).