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End of the trail?
Historic Humboldt Wagon Trail threatened with obliteration by big residential development
After weeks of gray, wet weather, a sunny March morning drive on Humboldt Road, which runs along the old Humboldt Wagon Road, makes the world seem impossibly bright and promising—even with the graffiti, discarded furniture and broken glass.
Patches of yellow wildflowers fairly blaze among the new shoots of grass; thick stands of oak trees reach up from the rocky meadows. The old trail runs between the rough-paved road and a rock wall—most likely built not as a line of demarcation but rather as an orderly way to store the thousands of rocks cleared from the surrounding fields by laborers more than a century ago.
There is a considerable amount of traffic on the road at this hour, most heading west; a yellow pick-up screams past, followed by a small sedan. We encounter a middle-aged couple on bicycles, churning up the demanding grade of the old road. A look back down to the valley reveals an azure sky sparkling over Chico, which has turned into a landscape painting from this vantage.
Farther up we pass a man standing behind his homemade recreational vehicle, a gray-primered 1960s Chevy flatbed supporting a camper that has been painted over—windows, vents and all—with water-based white paint. Hooked behind is a rectangular trailer that looks to be constructed of aluminum siding. A TV satellite dish is attached to the front of the trailer.
The man sports a brown-suede wide-brimmed hat and looks straight out of Pennsylvania Amish country. He nods politely as we pass.
Then we spot a couch without its cushions and a stuffed recliner most likely stuck in its final reclined position. Broken bottles and spray-painted greetings litter the patchy paved road. The trail, what's left of it, was once a vital link between a brand-new town and the valuable minerals extracted from the hillsides of what are now Nevada and Idaho.
The trail, or at least the road next to it, is still used—but today recreational or even nefarious purposes take precedence over commerce. The area has long been a popular gathering spot for local teens—amorous, intoxicated or both.
Blazed by the financial efforts of Chico founder John Bidwell, the old trail is still clearly marked by wagon wheel ruts left here nearly 150 years ago. The rock wall, though crumbling in spots, is mostly intact.
History-minded locals like Francis Farley have voiced concerns about protecting the trail from possible obliteration by the development of the large Oak Valley subdivision, which is about to get a final approval from the city.
The environmental-impact report for the project mentions the trail as a point of historic significance and provides some direction for protecting it. Plans call for the existing road to be repaved and widened, with a bicycle lane running adjacent to the road, 'meandering" between it and the rock wall.
City Planning Director Kim Seidler is confident the trail will be protected as a required condition of the project's approval.
'As a part of the project description that we have, the road avoids the wagon ruts, so it is not raised as a potentially significant impact," Seidler explained. 'There is a condition of approval that will require that construction fencing be put up while the road is being worked on so the construction equipment doesn't get in on the wagon ruts."
The trail is not officially protected, Seidler said, beyond the fact that the EIR recognizes it as a 'legitimate historic resource" that the developer was aware of and therefore designed the project to limit its impact.
But Farley doesn't think the EIR is enough to properly protect the trail. Another huge development to the south of the trail would call for a number of roads that would have to be punched through the rock wall and across the old trail in order to connect to the repaved Humboldt Road. Farley would like to see the route turned into a historic park.
'You can appeal to the [Chico] Chamber of Commerce to back it (tourist attraction—Chico's Appian Way)," Farley has suggested in a letter to this paper. 'Interest historical clubs, societies; organize groups to restore the ruts, the wall, with materials cleared from the developer's property. Get the developer to do their part with expenses."
Anita Chang, a former Chico State University post-grad student whose thesis is titled "The Historical Geography of Humboldt Wagon Road," says the trail's construction can be tied to the discovery in the early 1860s of silver in the West Humboldt Range of the Nevada Territory.
"Word of the Humboldt mining strikes made its way quickly to California and heightened concern once again for transportation linkages, i.e. trans-Sierra wagon roads, in the northern Sacramento Valley," Chang writes in her work that was later published as a small paperback.
The potential commerce on a route connecting Chico to the Humboldt mines was obvious to Bidwell, who had purchased the property to establish Chico in 1860. Reports of similar silver strikes in the Idaho Territory in 1862 made the prospect of an eastern route that much more attractive.
According to Chang, Bidwell's selection of the exact route out of Chico is unknown, but speculation exists that the route may have been a Maidu Indian footpath that was probably established based on the migratory path of local deer herds.
Bidwell enlisted local Indians to do the work, though there are (most likely) mythical accounts of Bidwell enjoying some of the strenuous road-building labor himself.
In 1864 Bidwell and four partners established the Chico and Humboldt Wagon Road Company and spent $40,000 to build a toll road between Chico and Susanville.
"Newspapers of the time were filled with reports on the condition of the road and accounts of the inferior nature of competing roads," Chang's account reads. "The issue of which town possessed the superior road was in fact hotly debated between the towns of Oroville, Chico and Red Bluff."
Oddly, the use of the road to ship silver and mining supplies was made defunct within a few years by the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869. Timber became the more valuable resource, and the route opened up access to stands of pine trees that had been inaccessible. Turpentine and resin, used to maintain the country's naval fleet, was also in demand, and at one time the town of Magalia—formerly known as Dogtown—was the Turpentine Capital of California.
About this time sawmills were built along the wagon road, which was used to transport the timber down into the valley. At the same time the road became a popular route for tourists escaping the heat of the valley to visit resorts at Butte Meadows, Jonesville and Prattville.
Between the horse-led stagecoaches carrying tourists up from the valley and the timber-laden wagons heading down into the valley, the road became fairly congested, and in fact, Chang reports, there were "choke points" along the trail where traffic jams brought travel to a halt. The construction of flumes along Little and Big Chico creeks to move the timber eventually eased the congestion.
In the early 20th century the route was replaced by Highway 32, and the Humboldt Wagon Road was relegated to a footnote in history. Now we wait to see if its 19th-century wagon ruts can survive a 21st-century housing development.


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How to Clean Ceramic Tile Floors With Vinegar: A Natural and Effective Solution
Ceramic tile floors are a popular choice for many homeowners due to their durability and aesthetic appeal. However, like any other type of flooring, they require regular cleaning to maintain their beauty and longevity. While there are numerous commercial cleaning products available, why not opt for a natural and cost-effective solution? Vinegar, a pantry staple in most households, can be an excellent choice for cleaning your ceramic tile floors. In this article, we will guide you through the process of cleaning your floors with vinegar, providing you with a safe and eco-friendly alternative.
Step-by-Step Guide to Cleaning Ceramic Tile Floors With Vinegar:
1. Prepare the solution: Start by diluting vinegar with water in a 1:1 ratio. This will create an effective cleaning solution that is safe for your floors.
2. Sweep or vacuum the floor: Remove any loose dirt or debris from the surface of your ceramic tile floors. This will prevent scratching and create a clean surface for the vinegar solution to work on.
3. Apply the vinegar solution: Using a spray bottle or a mop, apply the vinegar and water solution to your floors. Avoid using excessive amounts of liquid, as it can seep into the grout lines and cause damage.
4. Let it sit: Allow the vinegar solution to sit on the floor for a few minutes. This will help to break down any stubborn stains or grime.
5. Scrub the floor: Using a soft-bristle brush or a mop, gently scrub the surface of your ceramic tile floors. Focus on any areas that require extra attention or have accumulated dirt.
6. Rinse with water: Once you have scrubbed the entire floor, rinse it thoroughly with clean water to remove any traces of vinegar. This step is crucial to avoid a sticky residue on your tiles.
7. Dry the floor: Use a clean towel or allow the floor to air dry. Avoid walking on the wet surface until it is completely dry to prevent slipping.
1. Is vinegar safe for ceramic tile floors?
Yes, vinegar is safe for ceramic tile floors. Its acidic properties help to dissolve dirt and grime without causing damage.
2. Can I use undiluted vinegar on my floors?
No, it is best to dilute vinegar with water before using it on your ceramic tile floors to avoid any potential damage.
3. Can I use vinegar on colored ceramic tiles?
Yes, vinegar is safe to use on colored ceramic tiles. However, it is always recommended to test it on a small, inconspicuous area first to ensure it does not cause any discoloration.
4. How often should I clean my ceramic tile floors with vinegar?
It is recommended to clean your ceramic tile floors with vinegar once a month, or as needed depending on the level of dirt and traffic in your home.
5. Is vinegar a disinfectant?
Vinegar has some disinfecting properties but is not as potent as commercial disinfectants. If you require a stronger disinfecting solution, consider using a commercial product or a mixture of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide.
6. Can I use vinegar to clean ceramic tile grout?
Yes, vinegar can be effective in cleaning ceramic tile grout. Apply the vinegar solution directly to the grout lines, let it sit for a few minutes, and then scrub gently with a toothbrush or grout brush.
7. Are there any alternatives to vinegar for cleaning ceramic tile floors?
Yes, if you prefer not to use vinegar, you can opt for mild dish soap mixed with warm water. This solution also provides effective cleaning for ceramic tile floors.
In conclusion, cleaning your ceramic tile floors with vinegar is a natural and cost-effective solution that can restore their shine and cleanliness. By following the steps mentioned above and considering the FAQs, you can achieve a spotless and eco-friendly home.

subset: commoncrawl


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All-Season Tires, Truck Tires & More for Nissan Cars in Burnsville, MN
Find a tire type to match the season and climate near you in Burnsville, MN. Stop by your local Nissan dealer for installation. [1]
What Type of Tires Should I Purchase for My Nissan in Burnsville, MN?
Choose Nissan Parts & Accessories when you're ready to get new tires in Minnesota. We carry the right tire sizes for your specific Nissan model and trim. But how do you know for certain which tire type to choose? Learn more about the different tire types we offer, and contact your local Nissan dealer with any further questions.
All-Season Tires for My Nissan in Burnsville, MN
Purchase all-season tires in MN for Nissan crossovers, SUVs, trucks, and cars. All-season tires are definite crowd-pleasers. They operate amazingly in summer and winter, in rainy and dry conditions, and offer decent traction in lighter snow. All-season tires are an excellent choice in many places. Picture these tires as athletic footwear! Athletic shoes are sufficient on a regular basis, but you'll want to upgrade your footwear if you plan on trekking through piles of snow or taking a walk on the beach. Just like athletic shoes, all-season tires aren't exactly well suited for extreme winter conditions. So if you typically ride on roads that have heavy ice and snow, consider winter tires for your Nissan.
Winter Tires for My Nissan in Burnsville, MN
If you're driving on old or worn tires, it may take you an extra 10 car lengths just to come to a complete stop. If you're riding on worn tires in icy or snowy winter weather, that stopping distance may even increase. Turn to Nissan in Burnsville, MN for winter tires that are made for peace of mind in weather conditions below 45°F, including icy roads, snowy roads, and dry roads. And unlike many all-season tires, winter tires are designed using a unique rubber compound that remains flexible whenever temperatures dip so your vehicle can help maintain traction. This reliable traction can make a ton of difference when driving on ice and snow.
Truck Tires for My Nissan Truck in Burnsville, MN
Maybe you drive a Nissan Frontier®, TITAN®, or TITAN® XD. If so, you wouldn't want to get just any ole' set of tires. You want a rugged, reliable set of truck tires so that you can get work done and look good while doing it. Nissan Parts & Accessories has you — and your truck bed — covered! Truck tires are generally designed with tougher sidewalls as well as deeper treads when compared to regular tires. Shop online for truck tires in Burnsville for the Nissan TITAN®, Frontier®, or TITAN® XD from brands like Goodyear, Bridgestone, Yokohama, and more.
Why Should I Purchase Tires from Nissan Parts & Accessories?
While you could purchase tires at any tire center in Burnsville, Nissan Parts & Accessories is a source with tires that are hand-picked by the individuals who know your Nissan from bumper to bumper. As the Original Equipment Manufacturer, or OEM, we can help equip your Nissan with the preferred tire type it had when it came out of the assembly line. This is essential since having mismatched or incompatible tires installed can have a negative impact handling performance, cause uneven wear and tear on the rest of your tires, and it can even damage other essential components.
Plus, buy tires from Nissan Parts & Accessories, and you could enjoy the extra benefit of Nissan Tire Price Match and Road Hazard Coverage. [2] With the Nissan Tire Price Match, bring in an eligible competitor quote, and we'll match that price. Then, we'll also provide an additional 5% credit on select eligible tires. And with Road Hazard Coverage, we'll cover the cost to repair or replace your damaged tire should the need arise. [2] No extra charge for eligible tires. Purchase tires for your Nissan vehicle online, and schedule an appointment for installation near you in Burnsville today!


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nClassrooms for your on a regular basis set up classes are requested during the scheduling procedure when finishing the Subject Scheduling Request. Golecha feels that the breastpin is one ornament that's one size fits all, and also thinks that these can make a style declaration as well as become an antique. Many Indian great jewellery brand names are offering modular and also flexible breastpins created to be worn even as a pendant on a chain, pinned on floppy bowtie or worn as a hair item Got an added space that you do not make use of?
To make non-classroom bookings for 3-329, the 7-338 (Stella Room), 7-429 (Long Lounge) or the pinup locations go to SAP's online room demand system (DUSP areas can likewise be reserved for non-class reservations). Age may have worn off several of the luster, but it stays a striking, engaging FPS video game. The card can be made use of to obtain or provide cash orders; make money transfers to owners of various other Panther Card holders; as well as pay energy costs.
Simply pull a cells apart to make sure that you have 2, thin sheets. Please bear in mind that you might require to use this password with telephone banking, and constantly with Online Banking. You can after that reapply your lipstick. What Do I Do After Receiving The Card? Await the glue to dry out a little. Otherwise, then placed a drop of adhesive onto the packaging, as well as gently run the lash strip throughout it Trace your lips utilizing lip lining, after that load your lips in utilizing the lining.
Fold a cells in fifty percent, after that put it in between your lips. Seal the lipstick by placing a tissue over your lips. Wait about five to ten mins prior paras kasinopeli to applying the lip liner. Screen lock and sign-in as well as struck the "Change PIN" button and also kind in your brand-new PIN simply like you did when setting it up the initial time PIN sign-in is a practical method to log in to your computer through a four-digit code that is very easy to bear in mind, as well as utilize as the main sign-in option on your Windows computer system.
Sometimes Windows 10 won't let you include a PIN when your safety software program (antivirus or firewall) is obstructing the powershell.exe after a Windows upgrade. nWhen you can not transform your login PIN for Windows 10, your OS might be corrupted. If I rather go into a PIN choose neglect PIN it just open up the dialog to go to sign-in option display to reset my PIN. When you're searching "classic Casino FI girls" online, paras kasinopeli you see many pictures of hairstyles where the swirls are plainly specified like these ones.
You can do so by checking out the website where you located the repair service guide as well as see if it has a 24/7 help desk, call information, and an online forum in which Xbox owners can talk about and also send their reviews when it come to the item.


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Last year I purchased bedding plants from Kmart called Salvia Coccinea (Texas Sage) in a beautiful soft pink color. I have seen seeds available in red (Lady in Red), but not in the pink that I love. The plants were so hardy and the blooms such a lovely color that I MUST have them again! Can you PLEASE help me??? |
Seeds for Salvia coccinea 'Cherry Blossom' are available through Thompson & Morgan Inc., PO Box 1308, Jackson, NJ 08527. Phone 800-274-7333. Enjoy! |


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The Royal Highland Show will see the introduction of the Merlo TurboFarmer 30.7, the successor to the popular P32.6 model.
Like the previous generation, it offers compact dimensions to meet the needs of those working in confined, traditional farmyards. It is just 2m wide and 2.1m high with the boom retracted.
It's powered by a 100hp Deutz TCD four-cylinder engine and offers nearly 7m of reach and a three-tonne lift capacity. The hydrostatic transmission is rated to 40kph, and load-sensing hydraulics are included as standard.
The full-size cabin, with ROPS and FOPS, is available in two additional specifications; the L model, which reduces the overall height to 1.98m, and a machine fitted with the company's patented hydraulic cab suspension.
Automatic attachment recognition is available when using genuine Merlo implements, and there is the option of a 10.1-inch monitor in the cab for a complete overview of machine functions.
For more information go to www.merlo.co.uk


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Athletic-Fit Jean
Product Selections
Fulfillment Method - Pickup or Ship
- Introducing our sustainable Mineral Wash five-pocket jean, just in time for spring adventures. Inspired by classic jean construction this near rigid garment dye cotton derives its coloring process from natural sources.
- WASHWELL: Better denim. Better planet. These jeans are part of our water-saving Washwell program. Compared to conventional wash methods, Washwell has saved millions of liters of water since 2016.
- Zip fly with shank closure. Belt loops.
- Five pocket styling.
- Made exclusively for Banana Republic Factory.
- #529195
- #529195


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Over time, exercise can lead to joint pain. Glucosamine and chondroitin can help ward off pain and keep the joints intact.
Marathon runner und Bodybuilder don't have much in common, but joint pain is well known to both of them. Since both sports are characterized by repetitive movements, wear and tear on the joints is undoubtedly a problem. Fortunately, advances in sports nutrition have led to the development of supplements that improve joint health.
Recently the combination of Glucosamin und Chondroitin examined for possible use in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis.
Although they are two different compounds, they are usually found in dietary supplements as a combination of 1500 Milligramm Glucosamin zu 1200 milligrams of chondroitin vor.
According to research, the pharmacological and clinical studies suggest that the simultaneous use of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate may have a cumulative effect.
As both connections have been shown to be the cartilage tissue maintain and renew, it is believed that using them together not only eases symptoms but also prevents future cartilage wear and tear.
Glucosamin (not to be confused with the amino acid Glutamine) has been used clinically in Europe since 1960. But it has only been a common dietary supplement since the mid-1990s. Glucosamine is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) that is naturally produced by the body. And it's also an important part of the Proteoglykane. Proteoglycans are the "filling" in the matrix of collagen fibers that make up cartilage. Proteoglycans bind water and create a positive pressure within the cartilage. This pressure enables cartilage to withstand stress. Glucosamine may also serve as a substrate for cartilage repair by stimulating proteoglycan synthesis by the chondrocytes (cartilage cells).
Chondroitin is a large molecule that occurs naturally in connective and cartilage tissue. Similar to Glucosamin pulls Chondroitin Water and is water soluble, making it a thick liquid. Research suggests that chondroitin helps maintain viscosity in joints, stimulates cartilage repair, and blocks enzymes that break down cartilage tissue.
The Effectiveness of Glucosamine and Chondroitin to Treatment of osteoarthritis in the knees, shoulders and spine is an important topic for medicine. Even if some studies claim the supplement is ineffective, there are more Research reports (and also medical patient reports), that say the opposite. The European League Against Rheumatism in any case advocates the use of this supplement. To treat She recommends knee osteoarthritis Glucosamin-Chondroitin as use a symptomatic, slow-acting drug that can change the structure of the cartilage. Because the effects from Glucosamin-Chondroitin put not immediately but gradually.
Glucosamine chondroitin is a great tool for keeping joints intact and reducing joint injuries. Athletes whose sports are characterized by repetitive motion sequences should consider taking it. To achieve the best results, it is important to take it regularly.
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Read e-book online Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of PDF
By Richard King
This e-book offers an in-depth research of the doctrines of early Advaita and Buddhism that has very important implications for the query of the connection among Hindu and Buddhist concept. the writer examines the significant doctrines of the Gaudapadiya-karikain a sequence of chapters that debate early Advaita on the subject of the Abhidharma, Madhyamaka, and Yogacara colleges of Buddhism. The query of the doctrinal variety of Indian Buddhism can also be mentioned via an research of the idea that of 'Buddha-Nature' and its dating with Vedantic concept.
Read or Download Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika PDF
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Extra resources for Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika
Example text
Which are not really logical proofs. 7 · Gauqapadi ya-karika. The Upani~adic Heritage of the Gauqapad lya-karika Since the term "Vedanta" denotes the final portion of Vedic scripture, that is the Upani$ads, the early history of the Vedanta school is nothing more than the early history of the Upan~adic texts themselves. e. early, middle, late, and new Upani$ads. It is generally accepted that the earliest stratum contains the Br:hadaraf) yaka and Chandogya Upani$ads. These are said to contain material that is pre-Buddhis t, placing them at some time before the fifth century (before the Common Era) BCE.
Nevertheless, it seems beyond any reasonable doubt that the Brabmasutra has gone through a number of developmental stages, and that it reached its final form around the fifth century CE (this is clear from its critique of the Yogacara theories in BS II. 2. 28-32). of the Cbandogya, its foundational text, the earliest parts of the text may be very old indeed. Nakamura notes that the thinkers referred to in the BS lived before the Common Era (BCE)68 which implies that the bulk of the text was compiled at least some four to five hundred years before the sections which attack Mahayana Buddhist philosophy.
On the other hand, in the Upadesasahasri, 62 Sankara mentions Vyasa as the rnpreme Vedantic authority, and while not referring to this figure as author of the Brahmasutra, the identification is likely to be implied. The term "vyasa," however, means compiler and may be an epithet rather than a personal name. It is likely that the text of the Brahmasutra has undergone some redaction (for instance there are divergent readings The Vedantic Heritage of the Gau
Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika by Richard King
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I really love Olivia and Duwane's Atlanta urban engagement session, because it fits them so perfectly. We had such a great time running all over Atlanta and taking advantage of what the city had to offer which included some very large city construction. I'm really happy to see that Munaluchi Bride loved it just as much as we did and decided to feature Olivia and Duane's Atlanta urban engagement session on their site. You can see their feature over on Munaluchi Bride and if you would like to see even more photos, and read all about their engagement session, check out my blog post at A City Engagement In Downtown Atlanta.
My name is Matt Druin and I'm an Atlanta wedding photographer that specializes in unique, offbeat weddings for all awesome people! Not only do I shoot amazing Atlanta weddings, but I also travel frequently for destination weddings, and weddings all over, with no travel fees in the US for amazing wedding photography. I also shoot Atlanta engagement sessions for newly engaged couples. I've even been known to travel, and far, for engagement sessions too!
Contact Atlanta Wedding Photographer Matthew Druin
Email [email protected]
Phone 678-551-0115
Address 225 Parkway 575 #66 Woodstock, Georgia 30188
Portfolios www.matthewdruin.com


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Collagen is a fundamental protein found throughout the body that helps form our connective tissue, as well as our skin, hair, nails, tendons, bone, and cartilage. Given that it's the most abundant protein in the body, there's no question that collagen plays a vital role in our health and well-being.
That's why some people choose to supplement with the best collagen powders to boost their body's stores and internal production. Collagen serves as a key protein during recovery from exercise so it's especially important for athletes. And interestingly enough, as we age, our collagen production and stores decrease which results in a gradual reduction in bone mass and aging of the skin.
And although collagen powders are widely available, not all brands provide the right types and dose of collagen in their products. Therefore, when you're perusing through the extensive selection of collagen powders on the market you may be left wondering which one to pick. Thankfully for you, we researched top-rated options with a little help from a registered dietitian to provide you with the best collagen powders of 2023.
Why Trust Us?
The health and safety of ACTIVE's readers is of the utmost importance to us. To ensure your well-being when consuming nutritional supplements, the ACTIVE.com editorial team prioritizes products that are independently tested by a third-party. We've also consulted with a team of nutritionists and dieticians to ensure the products we feature are of the highest standard. This helps us create the most accurate, authentic review content for our readers.
The Best Collagen Powder - Our Top Picks
By clicking on the product links in this article, we may receive a commission fee at no cost to you, the reader. Sponsorships and affiliate commissions help support our research so we can help you find the best products. Read the full affiliate disclosure here.
- Best Overall Collagen Powder: BUBS Naturals Collagen Protein
- Best Collagen Powder for Athletes: Vital Protein Collagen Peptides
- Best Budget Collagen Powder: Healthy Origins Collagen Peptides
- Best Collagen Powder for Women: Physician's Choice Collagen Peptides Powder
- Best Collagen Powder for Weight Loss: Obvi Collagenic Burn
- Best Collagen Powder for Joints: Sports Research Collagen Powder Supplement
- Best for Hair: Live Conscious Collagen Peptides Powder
- Best Collagen Powder for Skin: Vital Proteins Collagen Beauty Glow
- Best Vegan Collagen Powder: Sunwarrior Collagen Peptides Powder with Biotin & Hyaluronic Acid
- Best Marine Collagen Powder: Nordic Naturals Marine Collagen
Best Overall Collagen Powder - BUBS Naturals Collagen Protein Single-Serving Sticks
- Dose: 10g
- Servings per container: 20
- Active ingredients: Bovine hide collagen peptide
- Type of collagen: I & III
- Best for: Bones, joints, hair, skin, nails
There are more collagen powders than ever to choose from, but they're certainly not all created equal when it comes to quality. BUBS Naturals' formula is simple and transparent, sourcing from grass-fed, pasture-raised cows in Southern Brazil and Uruguay (far away from the Amazon rainforest, they clarify), and meets the rigorous NSF-Certified Sport standards for quality, purity, and safety in addition to being keto diet and paleo diet approved. Collagen doesn't need to be fancy or complicated; it simply needs to be high quality, and that's why we've selected Bubs as our top pick for the best overall collagen powder.
Why go for single-serving "sticks" rather than the ubiquitous plastic jug? There are a number of compelling reasons. More precise dosing and no scoops, for one. Less plastic waste and microplastic exposure are another. And let's not forget convenience! These "sticks" can go in your gym bag, your purse or your backpack–really, wherever you need to grab one, dump it in your coffee or any other liquid, and go. But if you prefer bulk collagen, Bubs offers that as well, in both a resealable bag and a jug.
What We Like
- Solid 10g dose, easy to double if needed
- Can help promote healthy hair, nails, skin, bones, and joints
- Produced from grass-fed, pasture-raised cows
- Paper packaging rather than plastic jugs
What We Don't Like
- No collagen synthesis boosters like vitamin C
- On the spendy side of collagen supplements
BUY: Bubs Naturals Collagen Protein Single-Serving Sticks
Best Collagen Powder for Athletes - Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides
- Dose: 20g
- Servings per container: About 14
- Active ingredients: Bovine hide collagen peptide, hyaluronic acid, vitamin C
- Type of collagen: I & III
- Best for: Bones, joints, hair, skin, nails
While there are endless collagen powders on the market, they're certainly not all created equal when it comes to quality. Vital Proteins, as a brand, has been around since 2013, making it one of the premier suppliers of collagen supplements around the world. Known for its wide range of high-quality collagen supplements, its original Collagen Peptides has become the gold standard when it comes to collagen supplements.
Packed with 20 grams of hydrolyzed bovine collagen peptides per serving, this product provides more than enough to meet the science-backed dosing protocol of 5 to 15 grams. Each scoop provides 10 grams of collagen peptides, and while the serving size is two scoops, some people may only require one. Additionally, the supplement provides 80 mg of hyaluronic acid, a substance found in joint fluid that may help reduce symptoms of joint pain in athletes and active individuals. Vital Proteins' formula also provides 90 milligrams of vitamin C, an important cofactor during collagen synthesis.
What We Like
- Provides a substantial 20g of collagen peptides per 2-scoop serving
- Can help promote healthy hair, nails, skin, bones and joints
- Includes hyaluronic acid and vitamin C to further boost collagen synthesis
- Also available in chocolate-flavored version
- Produced from grass-fed, pasture-raised cows
What We Don't Like
- 20g dose may be too high for some
- Some users report dissolvability issues in cold liquids
BUY: Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides
Read Our Full Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides Review
Best Budget Collagen Powder - Healthy Origins Collagen Peptides
- Dose: 10g
- Servings per container: 30
- Active ingredients: Hydrolyzed bovine collagen
- Type of collagen: I & III
- Best for: Joints, hair, skin, nails
When it comes to purchasing dietary supplements, the cost can really add up over time. That's not to say that certain supplements aren't important, though some people are on a tight budget. Generally, collagen supplements are rather inexpensive compared to some other supplements, though even still some are quite costly. To find the best budget collagen supplement, we searched for a brand that provided a science-back dose—without any fancy ingredients—at an affordable price point. Healthy Origins Collagen Peptides emerged as the best option.
With a straightforward ingredient panel supplying just hydrolyzed bovine collagen peptides, this product doesn't use any unnecessary fillers or fancy additives. It provides a 10 gram dose per serving making it perfect for a wide range of applications including bone and joint support or even hair, skin, and nail health.
What We Like
- Cost effective at less than $0.50 per serving
- Only 1 ingredient
- Third-party tested
- Produced from grass-fed cattle
What We Don't Like
- Dose may be too low for some
- Unflavored
BUY: Healthy Origins Collagen Peptides
Best Collagen Powder for Women - Physician's Choice Collagen Peptides Powder
- Dose: 7g
- Servings per container: 30
- Active ingredients: Hydrolyzed bovine collagen and digestive enzymes
- Type of collagen: I & III
- Best for: Bones, joints, hair, skin, nails
In general, most people reach their peak bone mass around the age of 30. From there, the collagen matrix that makes up our bones weakens ever so slightly each year, potentially putting you at an increased risk of fractures or osteoporosis. While most active people don't typically have to worry about this, some women in particular are at an increased risk of reduced bone mass, especially after menopause. Although exercise is one way to maintain bone mass, collagen supplements may also provide some bone-boosting benefits.
With seven grams of hydrolyzed bovine collagen per serving, Physician's Choice Collagen hits the sweet spot of the recommended five to 15 gram daily dose. Bovine collagen is mainly made up of type I and type III collagen, making it a great choice for improving the health of your bones, joints, hair, skin, nails, as well as promoting gut health and immunity. What makes this brand unique is that it also provides a digestive enzyme blend to help you better digest the collagen.
What We Like
- Provides 7g of hydrolyzed bovine collagen per serving
- Includes digestive enzyme blend to aid in digestion and absorption
- Flavorless so it can be added to any beverage without impacting the taste
- Produced from grass-fed cows
What We Don't Like
- Only comes in an unflavored version
- Contains only 1 source of collagen (bovine)
BUY: Physician's Choice Collagen Peptides Powder
Best Collagen Powder for Weight Loss - Obvi Collagenic Burn
- Dose: 4 capsules
- Servings per container: 30
- Active ingredients: Hydrolyzed bovine collagen, bovine bone broth collagen, hydrolyzed fish collagen, chicken bone collagen, eggshell membrane collagen, green tea extract, caffeine anhydrous, cayenne pepper
- Type of collagen: I, II, III, V, X
- Best for: Hair, skin, nails, bones, joints
Although weight loss is mostly influenced by your diet and exercise regimen, there are a number of supplements that show promise in helping you shed some pounds. During periods of dieting, there's actually some research to suggest that you may lose a bit of bone density. To help counteract this, some people may choose to take a collagen supplement. Our choice for the best collagen powder for weight loss provides the best of both worlds—collagen to help you maintain bone and skin health, as well as some ingredients to help enhance your weight loss.
Obvi Collagenic Burn supplies a strategic mix of collagen and stimulant ingredients to support connective tissue and skin health, while also potentially upping your calorie burn. The Multi Collagen Matrix includes five types of collagen to promote healthy skin, nails, and joints. Each serving also provides 400 milligrams of green tea extract and 120 milligrams of caffeine, two stimulants that have been shown to help burn fat. As an added bonus, this supplement also provides cayenne pepper and CLA (conjugated linoleic acid)—two compounds which have some research to support their role in weight loss.
What We Like
- Provides 5 types of collagen
- Supplies thermogenic agents to help burn fat
- Third-party tested
- Produced in cGMP facility
What We Don't Like
- Specific amounts of each type of collagen are undisclosed
- Some users may be sensitive to the caffeine it contains
BUY: Obvi Collagenic Burn
Best Collagen Powder for Joints - Sports Research Collagen Powder Supplement
- Dose: 11g
- Servings per container: 41
- Active ingredients: Hydrolyzed bovine collagen peptides
- Type of collagen: I & III
- Best for: Joint health and function
Collagen proteins serve as the building blocks of all of our bones and joints throughout the body. While they can be synthesized from many of the proteins that we eat, some research suggests supplementing with collagen powders can help support healthy joints. Our top pick for the best for joints category, Sport Research Collagen Powder, provides just the right dose of collagen without any unnecessary ingredients.
Supplying 11 grams of high quality hydrolyzed bovine collagen peptides per serving, this product is a great choice for optimizing bone and joint health. In fact, bovine collagen is mainly made up of type I & III collagen, two types that are found abundantly in bones and joints. Plus, this product is also third-party tested to ensure safety for users. Lastly, this versatile collagen powder can be added to beverages and foods, making it a suitable choice for busy people looking to boost joint health.
What We Like
- Transparent labeling
- Affordable price point
- Available in 2 flavors
- Third-party tested
- Comes in a variety of sizes
What We Don't Like
- Only supplies one source of collagen
- May clump when added to cold beverages
BUY: Sports Research Collagen Powder Supplement
Best Collagen Powder for Hair - Live Conscious Collagen Peptides Powder
- Dose: 11g
- Servings per container: 41
- Active ingredients: Bovine collagen protein
- Type of collagen: I & III
- Best for: Hair, skin, nails
While collagen supplements are most often used for boosting bone, joint, and gut health, they can also serve a role in supporting healthy hair, skin, and nails. Hair in particular is made of keratin, a fibrous protein produced in part from collagen. Ensuring good protein intake is one way to support your luscious locks, though supplementing with collagen may also have some potential hair health benefits.
Live Conscious Collagen Peptides Powder supplies 11 grams of type I & III bovine collagen per serving making it ideal for those looking to improve their hair, skin, and nail health. This brand does away with unnecessary additives, providing you with a single ingredient, bovine collagen. It comes in an unflavored powder that can be added to beverages, foods, or simply mixed with water to get your daily dose of collagen.
What We Like
- Available in two sizes
- Economical price
- Sourced from grass fed cattle
- Provides satisfaction guarantee
What We Don't Like
- Only comes in an unflavored version
- Not third-party tested
BUY: Collagen Peptides Powder Hair, Skin, Nail, and Joint Support
Best Collagen Powder for Skin - Vital Proteins Collagen Beauty Glow
- Dose: 18g
- Servings per container: 14
- Active ingredients: Bovine collagen peptides, hyaluronic acid, bacillus coagulans
- Type of collagen: I & III
- Best for: Skin
By now you're probably well aware that collagen plays an important role in forming and maintaining our bones and joints, but you may have heard that it can be beneficial for skin health as well. If that's the case, you've heard right because a select number of studies have shown that collagen supplementation may help support skin elasticity and hydration. Our top pick in the best for skin category supplies a science-backed dose of collagen peptides combined with hyaluronic acid, another compound that can help promote skin hydration.
Vital Proteins Collagen Beauty Glow supplies a generous 15 grams of bovine collagen peptides and combines it with 120 milligrams of hyaluronic acid, a perfect blend for enhancing skin health. We also like that it includes 20 milligrams of probiotics to support gut health and immunity.
What We Like
- Supplies 15g of bovine collagen per serving
- Includes hyaluronic acid to promote skin hydration
- No artificial ingredients
- Available in 4 different flavors
What We Don't Like
- On the expensive side compared to some other options
- Shipping is extra unless you subscribe to recurring deliveries
BUY: Vital Proteins Collagen Beauty Glow
Best Vegan Collagen Powder - Sunwarrior Collagen Building Protein Peptides Powder
- Dose: 25g
- Servings per container: 40
- Active ingredients: Pea protein, brown rice protein, hyaluronic acid, biotin, and silica
- Type of collagen: N/A
- Best for: Boosting natural collagen production
When it comes to vegan collagen supplements, the options are rather slim. This is due to the fact that the majority of collagen powders are made from animal sources as they are the most readily available and cost-effective. That being said, many supplement brands now offer what they classify as "collagen boosting" supplements that include a number of compounds that can naturally boost your body's own collagen production. While these may not perform quite as well as actual collagen powders, they are a promising option for those following a vegan diet who want to boost their body's collagen production.
Sunwarrior Collagen Building Protein Peptides Powder supplies a comprehensive list of collagen boosting ingredients. The most notable ones include hyaluronic acid, biotin, and silica—all compounds that have been shown to help support collagen production in the body. Additionally, each serving provides 14 grams of protein sourced from peas and brown rice. This provides the build blocks needed for collagen synthesis throughout the body.
What We Like
- Provides ingredients to naturally boost collagen production
- Each serving packs 14g of plant-based protein
- Available in 7 flavors
- Comes in multiple container sizes
What We Don't Like
- Rather expensive compared to traditional collagen powders
- Does not actually contain any collagen peptides
- Uses proprietary blend
BUY: Sunwarrior Collagen Peptides Powder with Biotin & Hyaluronic Acid
Best Marine Collagen Powder - Nordic Naturals Marine Collagen
- Dose: 2 tsp (5g)
- Servings per container: 30
- Active ingredients: Hydrolyzed cod collagen peptides
- Type of collagen: Type I
- Best for: skin, joints, ligaments, tendons, and bones
The majority of high quality collagen powders on the market are sourced from bovine collagen due to its wide availability and cost effectiveness. For most people this isn't an issue, though some people prefer to steer clear of mammal-based foods. Many vegetarians, or pescatarians, avoid meat but are ok with eating fish, thus marine-based collagen powders certainly have a place in the market.
Nordic Naturals Marine Collagen is sourced from hydrolyzed cod fish collagen and supplies 4.2 grams of collagen peptides per 2 teaspoon serving. To further boost your collagen stores, they also include 45 milligrams of vitamin C, an important cofactor during collagen synthesis. This powder has a mild strawberry flavor and can easily be mixed into many foods and beverages without imparting any off putting taste.
What We Like
- 100% marine-sourced collagen peptides
- Includes vitamin C to support collagen production
- Naturally flavored and sweetened
- Hydrolyzed for quick digestion
What We Don't Like
- Only available in 1 flavor
- Dose may be too low for many users
BUY: Nordic Naturals Marine Collagen
Who Should Take Collagen?
Generally speaking, supplementing with collagen powder isn't always necessary if you eat a well-balanced diet that includes plenty of protein-rich foods. In fact, many foods such as bone broths and stews contain good amounts of collagen themselves. That said there are a few populations that may benefit from supplementing with collagen powder and a few that should steer clear of it.
Who Should Take It
- Those who are susceptible to, or suffer from, bone and joint issues
- People looking to improve their skin, hair, and nail health
- Those with healing wounds or bone fractures
- Athletes looking to optimize their connective tissue recovery following training
Who Shouldn't Take It
- People with a history of calcium oxalate kidney stones, as collagen contains an amino acid that may trigger kidney stone formation
- Vegans, as the majority of collagen powders are from animal sources
- Individuals with Alpha-gal syndrome (red meat allergy) as many collagen powders are made from cows
Benefits of Taking Collagen
Considering that collagen is the most abundant protein in the body, there's no question that it's a super important compound. Although our body can make collagen from the other proteins that we consume, supplementing with it can be beneficial in certain cases. However, it's important to note that long-term research on collagen supplementation is rather limited, so you'll want to be cautious about lofty claims that some companies may make.
Here are the main benefits of collagen powder that have science to back them:
- May help promote joint health
- May help improve skin, nail, and hair health
- Can help maintain bone mass
- Can help support wound healing
- May help promote muscle gains in certain populations
How to Choose the Best Collagen Powder for You
When shopping for a collagen powder, it's important to keep in mind the dose that each serving provides. Research suggests that 5-15 grams of collagen per day is enough to be effective for most people. Any less than this may not be quite enough and you may just be wasting your money. Look for a brand that supplies at least 5 grams of collagen peptides per serving for best results.
Active Ingredients
Most good collagen powders will only have a handful of ingredients. The number one ingredient should be some type of collagen peptides followed by any flavoring agents or other collagen-boosting compounds. In most cases, it's best to steer clear of proprietary blends to ensure you are getting the right dose. These blends hide the actual amounts of each ingredient therefore it's difficult to tell exactly how much you are getting.
Types of Collagen
There are five types of collagen commonly found throughout the body. These include:
- Type I: The most common type of collagen makes up 90 percent of our body's collagen. It's found in our skin, bones, joints, cartilage, and teeth.
- Type II: This is the major type of collagen found in cartilage, a connective tissue that protects the end of our long bones and helps form joints.
- Type III: The second most common type of collagen found in our bodies, type III collagen is a major component of our skin and organs. It's often found in many of the same places where type I collagen is found.
- Type V: This type of collagen is found in smaller amounts in the body and serves as a structural support to the other types of collagen, most commonly type II. It also helps form our skin and hair.
- Type X: Type X collagen is another structural support compound helping to support other types of collagen to form our bones and joints. It also provides structure for our hair and may reduce hair breakage when supplemented.
In general, most supplements will contain types I and III as the other types are slightly harder to come by in supplement form and may be more expensive. Types I and III will suit most people's needs for general joint, gut, hair, skin, and nail health.
Collagen supplements found on the market will usually come from the following sources:
- Bovine (cow): By far the most common source of collagen protein. Contains types I and III. Sourced from cow hides.
- Chicken: Not as commonly used in supplements. Contains mainly type II collagen. Sourced from chicken cartilage.
- Marine: Several brands offer a marine collagen option that is usually sourced from fish scales. Contains type I and III in a similar composition to bovine collagen.
- Eggshell membrane: Commonly used in vegetarian collagen supplements. Contains type I, V, and X collagen.
Unfortunately at this time, vegan collagen supplements are not readily available due to their expensive production process. That said, there are many vegan collagen-boosting supplements that are meant to improve your body's own natural collagen production.
FAQs About Collagen Powders
Is it okay to take collagen every day?
Considering that collagen is an abundant nutrient found throughout the body, consuming it on a regular basis is quite safe and comes with almost no side effects. Many people choose to add collagen to their morning coffee each day to conveniently get their daily dosage. We recommend looking for products that are third-party tested as this adds an additional layer of safety and ensures the product is free of contaminants.
Is it best to take collagen in the morning or at night?
When it comes to which time of day to take collagen, there's really no definitive research to suggest that taking it in the morning or night is better. Therefore, choose a time that is most convenient for you to make it a part of your daily routine.
Can collagen affect your liver?
Although some people may be concerned about the impact of supplementing with collagen on liver health, there's no research to suggest that collagen powder can affect your liver. The only case in which supplementing with collagen may damage your liver is if it's contaminated with a harmful substance. That said, if you have preexisting liver issues, it's best to check with your doctor before supplementing to ensure it's safe.
How do I know if my collagen is good quality?
In order to find a high-quality collagen powder you'll want to select a reputable brand that uses third-party testing on their products. This helps to ensure the product doesn't contain any banned substances or potentially harmful ingredients. Additionally, look for collagen sourced from grass-fed cattle, pasture-raised animals, or wild-caught fish as these will tend to yield the best quality collagen powder. Last but not least, look for a hydrolyzed collagen powder. This means it's broken down further during processing for better absorption.
Does collagen tighten your skin?
Collagen powder itself will not necessarily tighten your skin though it can help boost collagen production in the body which in turn can improve skin elasticity and prevent wrinkles. In fact, many cosmetic products include collagen as a way to promote skin health and elasticity. Research shows that regularly supplementing with collagen can improve skin hydration, reduce wrinkles, and delay skin aging.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
About the Author
Daniel Preiato is a registered dietitian who specializes in sports nutrition and nutrition education. He is also a certified strength and conditioning specialist, and an avid strength athlete. He uses his background in clinical nutrition to dissect research and help individuals meet their health and fitness goals.


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Read the latest
The San Joaquin County Board of Supervisors received updates from San Joaquin County Public Health Officer Maggie Park, M.D. and took actions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in San Joaquin County.
Statewide tier system replaces the county monitoring list.
The City of Stockton residential Rental/Mortgage Assistance Program is available to households that are at risk of losing their homes due to a reduction in income.
City and county officials announced a first in the nation partnership with app maker Citizen to introduce Citizen SafePass for smartphones, hoping to strengthen San Joaquin County's fight against COVID-19.
San Joaquin Regional Transit District (RTD) adds more safety precautions to prepare for passengers' return as modified services resumes.
RTD will welcome back most of its services effective August 16, 2020 while suspending fares through August 29, 2020.
Dignity Health St. Joseph's Medical Center webinar on managing the COVID-19 pandemic in San Joaquin County, Thursday, July 23, 2020, noon to 1:00 p.m.
Washington, D.C., July 9, 2020/PRNewswire release
Guidance for the Use of Face Coverings from the California Department of Public Health, June 18, 2020
A website that makes global, country and state COVID-19 statistics accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired.


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BRATTLEBORO — Brattleboro Area Hospice (BAH) has announced the establishment of the Friends of Cicely Saunders, a legacy program named after the British nurse who founded the hospice and palliative care movements.
With the encouragement of several people who have named BAH as a beneficiary in their wills, organization leadership has decided to create this avenue for those who want to support the dying, their families, and those grieving.
Muriel Wolf is a legacy friend who has made a bequest to BAH.
"The clients and families I've met over the years offer the most beautiful testimonies of what our care means to them," Wolf says. "Hundreds of folks in our community have been trained as volunteers by BAH over the past four decades, and the care they have provided has not only helped their neighbors, it has changed their lives and their perspective of life's end."
For more than 40 years, BAH has provided help and education to community members interested in completing their advance directives, which specify preferences and choices for important end-of-life medical and spiritual decisions.
This program was expanded last year to include spiritual care for all clients and volunteers.
Because BAH is one of the few hospices in the country that does not bill clients or third parties for services but instead uses a committed roster of dedicated, trained volunteers, the organization relies on the generosity of community members to ensure that programs will continue in perpetuity. It receives no state or federal funding or insurance reimbursement.
BAH serves clients before they become eligible for Medicare hospice services. The organization supports caregivers in their responsibilities and continues support beyond death into the grief process.
Those who join the Friends will be giving "all of Windham County a generous commitment to a future where the needs of the dying and grieving will be responsibly and sensitively met, entirely free of charge to all," writes Development Director Ellen Smith.


text: Dear Konstantin, Thank you for these two brief but fascinating insights into your work and your approach to life. To paraphrase Mae West, "it's not the information in my life but the life in my information that counts!" If anything, I find one conclusion of your theory too modest: I think it permits much more philosophically and scientifically than just building "quantitative models for the analysis and synthesis of images". It may open a path to rigorous qualitative models and the logical oppositions in real processes, emotional and others. Best wishes, Joseph From: Fis <fis-bounces at listas.unizar.es> On Behalf Of konstantin lidin Sent: Wednesday, March 1, 2023 9:10 AM To: fis at listas.unizar.es; Roy Morrison <roy.morrison114 at yahoo.com> Subject: Re: [Fis] emotions the calculation of the amount of information contained in one human personality is based on the following considerations: the number of nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule is 3.2 billion. Each base contains two bits of information. In total, the amount of information in one DNA molecule is about a gigabyte (10^9); all cells of the human body are different and, therefore, the information in each cell does not coincide with the information in other cells. Therefore, the amount of information in the body needs to be multiplied by the number of cells - about 10 ^ 14; the total is 10 ^ 23 bytes, that is, one hundred zettabytes. Even considering that 99% of cellular information is repeated, the amount of unique information in a living organism is zettabytes. It is the amount of information per unit of mass that is the fundamental difference between a living organism and an inanimate one. Our model can be useful for the study of intrapsychic processes. Unfortunately, the format of a short message does not allow us to fully describe all the results obtained over twenty-five years of development of this model. You are absolutely right; the human personality is complex enough that its individual fragments can experience different emotions at the same time. A person can simultaneously experience fear of a shark, tenderness and trust in it, sadness from his loneliness in the middle of an endless ocean, and so on. The role of hormones and neurotransmitters in the movement of information through the nervous system has not been sufficiently studied. The processes occurring in the synaptic cleft are associated with the adaptation of the nervous system to the nature of the flow of information. The balance of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft corresponds to the characteristics of the information flow - for example, adrenaline promotes the passage of chaotic flows (emotion "fear"), and gamma-aminobutyric acid "adjusts" the nervous system to weak information flows (sadness). Rapid and strong changes in the balance of neurotransmitters correspond to "emotional storms", which is so characteristic of young poets... _____ From: Roy Morrison <roy.morrison114 at yahoo.com <mailto:roy.morrison114 at yahoo.com> > Sent: 01 March 2023 06:54 To: fis at listas.unizar.es <mailto:fis at listas.unizar.es> <fis at listas.unizar.es <mailto:fis at listas.unizar.es> >; konstantin lidin <lidinkl at hotmail.com <mailto:lidinkl at hotmail.com> > Subject: Re: [Fis] emotions Konstantin I powerful and important take on emotions as experience of information flow. Really appreciate "In turn, we understand information as a structural aspect of the existence of matter, along with the inertial aspect (substance) and the dynamic aspect (energy). We believe that information is no less material than matter and energy. " and "The total amount of information contained on all media in all libraries, archives and other repositories of mankind is about a zettabyte (10^23 bits). About the same amount of information contains one human personality." From my experience as a lunatic, ok as a neurotic, the complexity of emotion is complicated by issues of what is conscious/ repressed/ unconscious. Your model making distinctions between Order-Chaos and Weak flow- Intense Flow does not fully explain issues of unconscious roiling repression this is driven in part by hormonal emotional activation and repression. At the same time I recognize the common and shared emotional expression we share across species. Watching video of a fisherman who saved a great white shark trapped it nets. The shark keep returning to the fishman's small boat for days. Shark rolled on her? back next to his boat so he could spoke her belly to her great pleasure.Evolutionary we share common emotional expression and the similar brain chemicals. Roy On Tuesday, February 28, 2023 at 01:17:37 PM EST, konstantin lidin <lidinkl at hotmail.com <mailto:lidinkl at hotmail.com> > wrote: Dear information ladies and gentlemen! There are two directions in the study of information. One, "humanitarian", explores information processes in living systems. The other ("physical") focuses on the study of information transitions into energy and other phenomena related to the structure of matter. The separation of these branches looks quite natural if we take into account the difference in the amount of information contained in the studied objects. The total amount of information contained on all media in all libraries, archives and other repositories of mankind is about a zettabyte (10^23 bits). About the same amount of information contains one human personality. At the same time, the most powerful information processes in non-living systems are limited to giga- and terabit scales. The difference of ten orders of magnitude cannot but cause fundamental differences in the methods and paradigms of these two spheres of knowledge. Recently, I have been saddened to observe the cessation of the dialogue between the two branches of information theory. "Humanitarians" and "physicists" increasingly ignore each other. It is unlikely that such trends will help the development of our ideas about the essence and properties of information. I sincerely hope that the gap will be overcome, including through my modest efforts. EMOTIONS AS EXPERIENCE OF INFORMATION FLOW Konstantin Lidin Emotions play a very significant role in all areas related to the human factor [1]. The problem, however, is that the existing theories of emotion seem to fit only within their own narrow field. Attempts to use each of the theories in other areas are sharply criticized [2, 3]. Our idea is to define emotions as the experience of information flow characteristics. In turn, we understand information as a structural aspect of the existence of matter, along with the inertial aspect (substance) and the dynamic aspect (energy). We believe that information is no less material than matter and energy. Consider the flow of information through the human senses. Like any flow, this flow can be strong (intense, with a lot of information per unit time) or weak. It can also be ordered (laminar) or chaotic (turbulent). The high intensity of the flow corresponds to the emotions of the group "interest, enthusiasm, excitement". Low - to the emotions of the "sadness, despondency" group. The laminar flow of information corresponds to the emotions of the "conscience, guilt" group. Turbulent - "fear, anxiety." Axes "intensity" and "order" are orthogonal to each other and form the basis of the Cartesian two-dimensional space. Thus, we get a "space of emotions", in which everyone points to a certain emotion. For example, the diagonal vector between the "interest" and "fear" semiaxes corresponds to the emotions of the "anger, aggression" group, and the vector between the "fear" and "sadness" semiaxes corresponds to the emotions of the "anger, aggression" group. groups "disgust, contempt". Diagonally between the vectors "sadness" and "conscience, guilt" are the emotions of the group "shame", and between "conscience" and "interest" - the group of emotions "joy, pride". Of course, only a few areas of the emotional space have their own names in any language. Most of the emotions are either "nameless" or indicated allegorically, with the help of comparisons and metaphors. The center of the space of emotions is the state of indifference. In ancient Greek philosophy, this state was designated as "ataraxia", in Sanskrit it corresponds to the term "ahimsa", and in Chinese philosophy - the principle of "wu-wei". The farther from the center, the more intense the emotions. For example, a weak form of the emotion "anger" is called "displeasure, irritation", and an extremely strong emotion from this group is called "rage, fury". The emotions of the left half-plane around the "sadness" half-axis slow down the processes in the body (they act asthenic). When experiencing sadness, breathing and pulse become slower and smaller, metabolism and energy production are inhibited at the cellular level, and so on. Unlimited growth of such processes can also become incompatible with life. In the same way, other groups of emotions have their own physiological limits on intensity. The bodily aspect of experiencing emotions allows you to associate them with the qualities of the images that a person perceives. The nervous system, and after it, the whole body is tuned to experience the information flow with certain parameters by changing the balance of neurotransmitters. For example, an increase in the concentration of dopamine and serotonin brings the nervous system into a state that is most effective for experiencing intense flows of information; adrenaline helps to experience chaotic flows of information, and so on. Sthenic emotions, having a stimulating effect on the body, contribute to an increase in visual acuity, especially color (since the cones in the retina are more mobile in their states than the rods). Other perceptions are heightened as well. As a result, a person in a sthenic state perceives the world as brighter, more colorful, dynamic, loud and resonant, saturated with intense smells and tastes. Accordingly, the emotions of the sthenic group ("interest" and those close to it) can be stimulated with the help of "hot" images with high brightness, colorfulness and dynamism. Voiced and loud sounds, intense smells and tastes, etc. are perceived as more interesting. On the contrary, the emotions of the asthenic group ("sadness" and around it) are stimulated by the perception of "cold" images - static, dull and gray. The "sounds of sadness" are quiet and muffled, the tastes and smells are faint and nuanced. Images corresponding to the emotions of the upper half-plane ("conscience, guilt" and those close to them) are distinguished by orderliness and harmony. In terms of visual mode, they rely on classic color chords, clear symmetry and balance. Their sound is rhythmic and harmonious. In the olfactory sense, natural combinations of taste and smell are used. The lower half-plane of the space of emotions corresponds to emotions of a chaotic type ("fear", "anger", "disgust" and those close to them). Such states correspond to colorful, disharmonious, arrhythmic, dissymmetric and dissonant images. The interpretation of emotions as parameters of the information flow makes it possible to build quantitative models for the analysis and synthesis of images in various fields. Our experience has shown the applicability of the information model of emotions in various areas of psychology, urban studies, architecture and design, economics, management, pedagogy, cultural studies, journalism, literary criticism, and so on [4]. We are currently working on using the information model of emotions in the field of human-computer interaction (artificial intelligence). References 1. Emotion-oriented Systems (2011). Catherine Pelachaud (Ed.), London : Wiley 2. Scarantino, Andrea and Ronald de Sousa, "Emotion", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) 3. Handbook of emotions (2008). Michael Lewis, Jeanette M. Halivand-Jones and Lisa Feldman Barrett (Ed.).3-d edition. NY – London : The Guilford Press 4. Lidin K. et all (2017) Applying the theory of informational flows in urbanism for a practical experiment in architecture and land use. Revista Espacios, V. 39(1), 12-21 _______________________________________________ Fis mailing list Fis at listas.unizar.es <mailto:Fis at listas.unizar.es> http://listas.unizar.es/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/fis ---------- INFORMACIÓN SOBRE PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS DE CARÁCTER PERSONAL Ud. recibe este correo por pertenecer a una lista de correo gestionada por la Universidad de Zaragoza. Puede encontrar toda la información sobre como tratamos sus datos en el siguiente enlace: https://sicuz.unizar.es/informacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-de-caracter-personal-en-listas Recuerde que si está suscrito a una lista voluntaria Ud. puede darse de baja desde la propia aplicación en el momento en que lo desee. http://listas.unizar.es ---------- -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... 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Board Soccer
Board Soccer is a tabletop spring football simulator.The Football fever continues in 2023! 🏆⚽
-Stunning 3D graphics with a board game mechanics, mixed with plastic players and cartoonish-realism world inspired by the spring tabletop board football toy
-Multiple game modes: Quick Match, Penalty Kick or Group Match
-Group Match now allows Round Robin team championship, calculating the score table as well, this allows now more players to play
-Play against your friends (local PvP games) or the AI
-Customize formation: In every game, the formation is randomly initialized and players can edit each individual position for their team as well
-Customize teams: you can add any team by specifying the colors, team name, code and even a flag image
-Exciting companion for fans
-Feel the hype of the championship
-Choose from these teams and make your own exciting matches:
Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, England, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Senegal, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA, Wales
The mechanics are simple, as the board game: The players are attached to the field with a spring. The player can pull the team members in any direction to aim the ball. Releasing the player causes to ball to be shot, due to the spring mechanics. The keepers are oscillating to protect the goal.
The experience is a little similar to a foosball table or perhaps a pinball football table.
If you have any concerns or your would like to request a feature, please feel free to contact me at email@example.com


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Leaving on an Excursion of Custom: Investigating Passover Projects
Passover, an integral part of the Jewish calendar, is a time of reflection, gratitude, and celebration. In recent years, Passover programs have emerged as a distinctive way for individuals and families to commemorate this significant festival. These programs offer a blend of tradition and modernity, creating immersive experiences that go beyond the conventional observance of the holiday.
- Diverse Program Locations: Passover programs are hosted in a variety of locations, ranging from luxurious resorts to community centers. This diversity allows participants to choose an environment that suits their preferences, whether it be a tranquil retreat or a vibrant urban setting.
- Traditional Rituals with a Twist: While the essence of Passover remains rooted in tradition, programs often infuse creativity into the observance of rituals. From unique Seder plate arrangements to innovative interpretations of the Haggadah, these programs provide a fresh perspective on age-old traditions.
- Educational Enrichment: Passover is a time for learning, and programs often feature educational sessions led by scholars, rabbis, and experts. Participants have the opportunity to deepen their understanding of the historical and cultural significance of Passover, fostering a stronger connection to their heritage.
- Community Building: One of the most significant aspects of Passover programs is the sense of community they foster. People from different backgrounds come together to share in the festivities, creating lasting connections and a supportive network that extends beyond the duration of the program.
- Culinary Delights: Kosher cuisine takes center stage during Passover programs. Renowned chefs curate menus that not only adhere to kosher dietary laws but also showcase the richness and diversity of Jewish culinary traditions. Participants can savor gourmet meals while partaking in the joyous atmosphere of the festival.
- Interactive Workshops and Activities: Passover programs often go beyond the Seder table, offering a range of interactive workshops and activities for participants of all ages. From art and crafts to storytelling sessions, these activities engage attendees in a dynamic and immersive celebration of Passover.
- Spiritual Reflection and Renewal: Passover programs provide a unique opportunity for spiritual reflection and renewal. Whether through guided meditation, communal prayers, or contemplative walks, participants can find moments of serenity and connection with the deeper spiritual aspects of the festival.
Exploring Passover programs opens up a world of possibilities for individuals and families seeking a meaningful and enriching celebration. These programs, with their diverse locations, creative interpretations, educational components, and community-building initiatives, offer a holistic and contemporary approach to Passover observance. As the Jewish community continues to evolve, Passover programs serve as a dynamic platform for weaving tradition into the fabric of modern celebrations, ensuring that the essence of the festival is passed down through generations with renewed vibrancy and relevance.


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This paper provides an overview and practical guide to the tools within Microsoft's Power Platform family. Among other things, this set of tools is intended to provide automation capabilities to users. That is, the tools provide customers with low-code/no-code tools for automating business functions and processes, including reporting and dashboarding.
The tools are all state of the art, and well regarded by technology rating companies such as Gartner, with some being clear leaders in their sector. Our expectation is the tools will all widen their lead in the next few years.
No surprise, all tools in the platform work seamlessly together and work well with other products in the Microsoft family, including Office 365. They also work well with hundreds of other enterprise apps, with Microsoft already having built the connectors needed to pass information back and forth between these apps. The tools in the Power Platform are all reasonably priced, in most cases well below principal competitors, and are easy to set up and use quickly, especially for Microsoft-based companies.
We are writing this paper for two reasons:
- As a Microsoft Gold Partner, we are now engaged in significantly expanding our capabilities across all four major tools in the Power Platform, and we want to highlight our growing experience and capabilities, so our clients and potential clients are aware that we are ready, willing, and able to help them in their automation needs; and
- To show how these tools are anchored under the dual banners of robotic process automation and digital transformation. In our view, mid-sized companies can utilize these tools to move quickly along the path to much great automation in their processes and much greater degrees of digital transformation.
The net result of a company adopting these tools will likely include: many robots automating multiple mundane processes and tasks; much greater accuracy in data flows throughout the company; much greater concentration of human work on value-added and customer-oriented tasks; and of course, a major positive boost to ROI normally within-year.
For the past several years, the hype for both RPA and digital transformation has been at a fever pitch. What we are hoping to do here (and in all the other papers and posts on RPA on our website) is brush aside the hype and provide practical, down-to-earth information on each of the tools and how they can work together to solve practical business problems and how they can be used to automate straight-forward business processes within mid-sized companies.
In other words, they work, they are relatively easy to use, and once in place, the robots are robust and secure and do indeed achieve the promised world of robotic process automation!
As noted earlier, our focus in this paper and our professional services is targeted to mid-sized companies (or to a mid-sized organization within larger companies). Leaders in those companies know they must act soon and forcefully to automate their operations but may have trouble seeing clearly through all the din of all industry and marketing hype. Our clear recommendation to you is to engage the Microsoft Power Platform set of tools to get the job done. Contact us anytime so we can explain our point of view further.
Microsoft Power Platform
The chart below shows the tools grouped under the Microsoft Power platform. They include:
- Power BI
- Power Apps
- Power Virtual Agents
- Power Automate.
As also show, three general capabilities are common across all 4 tools, namely: hundreds of already-built Data connectors, an easy-to-use AI-builder that can be invoked in the same way across the 4 products, and a common Dataverse for securely storing and managing data across the 4 apps.
The Power Platform set of tools enables a customer to:
- Act quickly by building low-code solutions to business challenges.
- Automate by streamlining processes with no-code automation robots.
- Assist by handling routine inquiries at scale with no-code chatbots.
Commonality and synergy are the key themes behind these four tools in the Microsoft Power Platform family. Users can take advantage of common data connectors to easily pass data and information between the different tools. They use common capabilities and functions, which greatly improve productivity and accuracy in implementing the tools in a company's environment. We honestly believe a mid-range Microsoft-oriented company should look no further than this family to power up their use of robots and gain the advantages of automation, including in reporting and dashboarding.
Power Platform Family of Tools
In this section, we provide short summaries of each of the four tools. Our point of view in these summaries is to keep our eye on the Power Automation tool and describe how the other three tools and the three general capabilities listed above can play significant roles in augmenting the Power Automate tool.
Power BI – Used to analyze data from different data sources:
It is the premier self-service business analytics tool provided by Microsoft. Power BI has a few offerings starting from the Desktop version to the Power BI Service, hosted on the cloud. It can connect (via pre-built connectors) to a wide range of data and apps. The tool can be used to design interactive reports, dashboards, or stories, all supported by compelling visualizations.
From a Power Automate point of view, we see Power BI as the reporting tool for tracking and spotlighting all the KPIs used to oversee the success of the various robots introduced via Power Automate. So, log data generated by the Power Automate robots gets directed to the Dataverse and then can be used by Power BI to show all the relevant tracking results.
Power Apps – Used to build powerful mobile apps for internal use by an organization:
It is an intuitive platform that provides users with drag and drop features to build a user interface for a mobile application. The user can add various controls to the user interface, including textboxes, choice fields, etc. It also allows users to add in media devices like the camera, videos, etc., and other related features necessary to build a modern mobile application. There is a feature to connect to various data sources using Power Apps, and after the development is completed, a user just needs to publish the app for it to be available within the organization.
Here we see the connection to Power Automate as follows. Once multiple robots (often 10-20-30) have been built and running within the organization, Power App can be used to build a tracking and alerting app to provide the automation team with real-time feedback on how well things are running and if anything needs to be investigated.
Power Virtual Agents – Used to develop flexible chatbots that can communicate with internal staff as well as external customers:
This is a new addition to the Microsoft Power Platform. Power Virtual Agents is the bot-building service provided by Microsoft for business users. Using this, a user can build a virtual chat agent from scratch without having to write a single line of code. All integration and logic can be implemented in the graphical user interface of the Power Virtual Agents portal.
We see the connection to Power Automate as follows. When Power Automate is used to automate people-facing processes (whether customers or internal users), there will likely be the need also to automate contact support functions to complement the automation robots. That is to provide those interfacing with the robots with support and information, including Q&A response systems, routing systems, and knowledge systems supported by a virtual chatbot.
Power Automate – Used to design automated workflows to reduce manual tasks to create automation robots:
Formerly known as Microsoft Flow, it allows business users to automate workflows within the organizations without writing any code for the same. Modern businesses always need to be gearing up for faster and more automated environments to tackle most previously handled manual tasks. These tasks can be as simple as automating leave policies within an organization or sending an email once a task is completed in Jira.
We feel strongly this is the automation path to take for mid-sized companies, especially so if your company is already Microsoft-based. All the capabilities needed to automate your processes are there, and as noted, Power Automate is fully integrated with the other three tools described above. Together they provide you with a very powerful and easy-to-use toolset for quickly automating your processes and achieving all the productivity gains and ROI this will provide to your organization.
Power Automate
Here we take a little deeper dive into the capabilities of Power Automate. This is by no means exhaustive. We plan to generate many more in-depth technology reviews of Power Automate and case studies highlighting how we use Power Automate in our IT solutions practice.
Power Automate simplifies business processes and manages them more effectively. It is a service that you can use to automate repetitive tasks to bring efficiencies to any organization. It can out of the box easily integrate with hundreds of enterprise applications. It is a service that enables users to create and automate processes and actions that save a lot of time and effort with repetitive tasks.
Among the advantages of Power Automate are the following:
- Easy and seamless integration with other applications.
- Share and access data securely.
- Bring intelligence to workflows.
- Automate approval processes.
- Improved efficiency and process accuracy.
- Immediate alerts to mobile devices when problems are detected.
- Engaged Power BI to track KPI performance across all automated processes.
- Save all process log data to OneDrive or SharePoint.
Among the advantages of process automation in general are the following:
- Improved business processes
- Data-driven decisions
- Increased employee satisfaction and decreased errors
- Additional value realization from related Microsoft solutions
Three major types of workflows that can be automated using Power Automate. We describe them briefly below:
Cloud flows:
These flows are related to data and apps in the cloud. You can create an automation flow in the cloud via three different triggers: automated, instant, or via a schedule.
For automated flow, the flow is triggered by a specific event, such as the arrival of an email from a specific person or a mention of your company on social media. There are connectors for cloud services to connect to your on-premises services to enable them to talk to one another.
In an instant flow, the automation is started with a click of a button. You can automate repetitive tasks from a user's desktop or mobile devices. For example, instantly send a reminder to the team with a push of a button from your mobile device.
There is a pre-specified schedule for the automation to occur for scheduled flows, such as a daily data upload to SharePoint or a database starting at 1 am.
Desktop flows:
Desktop flows are used to automate tasks on the web or the desktop. Using Power Automate Desktop, you can automate tasks on the desktop as well as on the web.
Business process flows:
Business process flows provide a guide for people to get work done. They provide a streamlined user experience that leads people through the processes their organization has defined for interactions that need to be advanced to a conclusion of some kind. This user experience can be tailored to the user type group so that people with different security roles can have an experience that best suits the work they do.
Concluding Comments
Our opinion is that Power Automate is the best process automation tool in the marketplace right now in terms of many factors, including:
- Ease of use.
- Out-of-the-box functionality to take on many common business automation scenarios.
- Ability to seamlessly integrate with the entire Microsoft family of tools.
- Common pre-defined interfaces to hundreds of other business applications.
- Well position vis-à-vis its competitors in terms of total life-cycle price.
We anticipate that Power Automate will only be getting better with time. A slew of new features and functionalities are on the way. Technology rating companies such as Gartner have been giving top ratings to Power Automate. As discussed in this paper, Power Automate is one of Microsoft's Power Platform series tools, along with Power BI, Power Apps, and Power Virtual Agents. (Obviously, Power BI is the most well-known of the tools currently.) As also noted, in many automation scenarios, these tools can work synergistically together to provide the complete automation framework needed by mid-sized companies to move forward aggressively and strategically in their digital automation efforts, which are essential to their maintaining their competitiveness.
By Rajaganapathy K, G.N. Shah, Ronald Mueller | July 22nd, 2021 | Process Automation


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Just a couple of hours ago, we came across the live images of the 4G variant of the upcoming Oppo Reno 8T series and now the 5G variant of the smartphone series appears online in a live video. It is revealing the specifications and pricing information. So let's get into the article to check out the details.
Going through the newly surfaced video of the upcoming Oppo Reno 8T 5G and we can see that the device is offering a slightly curved display and a punch-hole set up at the centre position of the screen.
The Oppo Reno 8T 5G features a pill-shaped camera module on the back panel with two sizable circular and it is having "108MP Portrait camera".
It is also reported that the Oppo Reno 8T 5G will feature a 6.7-inch curved OLED display with a Full HD+ resolution along with 10-bit display and a 120Hz refresh rate. It is powered by the Snapdragon 695 chipset along with up to 8GB RAM and 256GB storage.
OPPO Reno8 T 5G Indian🇮🇳 variant hands-on video & specs
-6.7", Curved OLED, FHD+, 120Hz, 10-bit
-Snapdragon 695
-108MP + 2MP Portrait
-16MP Selfie
-4800mAh, 67W
-In display FPS, No 3.5mm jack
-Android 13, ColorOS 13-8GB+256GB: ₹30k – ₹32k (expected) pic.twitter.com/9MtMenNpSV
— Sudhanshu Ambhore (@Sudhanshu1414) January 25, 2023
Along with 108MP primary camera, the Oppo Reno 8T 5G will also offer a 2MP portrait camera, while the front will feature a 16MP selfie sensor. It will be housing a 4,800mAh battery along with 67W fast charging. The device will also support an in-display fingerprint sensor and it will also feature a 3.5mm audio jack. The device will be running on Android 13 with ColorOS 13.
The report is also suggesting that the Oppo Reno 8T 5G will have a price tag between ₹30,00 – ₹32,000.
Oppo is expected to launch the smartphone series next month in India. Let's wait for the official announcement and we recommend you to stay tuned with us for more updates from the world of technology.
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