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Do you ever find yourself wondering "what does a web developer do?"
We don't blame you! Their role is incredibly important, but often flies under the radar.
All digital marketing activities eventually lead back to your website, and to get the best website, you want a web developer.
Put simply, web developers are responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining websites. But that doesn't do their work justice. They are masters of both design and code, combining both to create websites that function perfectly and look good doing it.
Read on to learn more about what web developers do, as well as hearing from our own expert web developer, Todd Esplin!
The responsibilities of a web developer
There are three main kinds of web developers:
- Front-end – who work on user-facing projects like websites
- Back-end – who work on server development
- Full-stack – who work on both
In this article, we'll be discussing the activities of a front end web developer.
While developing a website is complex, there are three broad responsibilities a web developer has on a day-to-day basis: integrations, writing code scripts and optimisation.
Integrations are the bread and butter of web developers.
Often, a client will want their website to perform a certain function, but won't know whether it's possible. Rather than completely rebuilding their website, a web developer can often find an integration that can connect their website to a software that will perform the desired function.
Where an integration can't be found, web developers will create one. This is where website clients are really getting value for their money. Custom integrations are – as the name suggests – brand new connections that have been tailored to the client's specific needs.
Pretty cool!
Writing code scripts
Web developers can write in code the same way we can write using regular language. The difference is, where we write for humans to understand, they write for machines to understand.
Most front-end web developers are fluent in the HTML, CSS and JavaScript coding languages and can use them to create the layout and functionality of a website.
Aside from writing new code to create website functions, they must also be fantastic trouble shooters. Often they'll be approached by clients who have failing or outdated websites and they'll need to use their diagnostic abilities to identify and repair broken code.
It isn't enough for a website to just be functional – after all, websites are assets. Web developers don't just want them to be okay – they want them to be great!
This means websites need to be optimised for speed, responsiveness and general usability. Just a few of the things web developers will optimise include:
- Compressing images and videos to improve loading times
- Minimising unnecessary code to improve site speed
- Managing the cache to improve site speed for repeat visitors
- Implementing 'lazy loading' which only loads images when the user is looking at that part of the site
- Ensuring responsiveness on all devices
It's these tricks, and countless others, that make website browsing a smooth and enjoyable experience.
Skills web developers need
There are many skills, both technical and behavioural, that web developers need to create incredible websites. These include:
- Able to analyse a complex problem and identify a solution
- Create custom code scripts
- Diagnose and correct bugs
- Deploy code in a live environment
- Optimise websites or update outdated ones
- Develop processes that assist with troubleshooting and quality control
- Maintain the security of websites, integrations and plugins
- Advanced problem solving skills
- Ability to work autonomously or as part of a website design team
- Able to interpret client requests and deliver solutions
Interview with a web developer
Todd is our resident web developer here at Oddball. It's his magic that allows us to do incredible things with websites. His custom solutions make sure that every client walks away from their Oddball experience with the website they wanted.
What does a web developer do and why is it important at Oddball?
In a nutshell, web developers are problem solvers. Our role is to deliver business outcomes for our clients by implementing technological solutions.
From the client's perspective, this means creating websites that not only look beautiful, but are also functional, and effectively do everything the client needs to help them to reach their goals and objectives.
This is really important at Oddball in particular, because websites are really the cornerstone of digital marketing, given that they allow all other online marketing activities to be possible. In that respect, it's essential to have a strong foundation.
What do you enjoy most about being a web developer?
Honestly? Writing code is just fun! It always provides plenty of opportunities for analytical and creative thinking.
I find it really rewarding to be able to create something new out of nothing. Even more so when I get to see how that creation benefits other people. It's a great feeling.
What's your greatest achievement as a web developer so far?
Perhaps my greatest achievement has been developing EDGE-compliant software for Company Registrations (ASIC). However, I also won an award for an application I developed at a financial-planning software provider, which turned a 5-hour manual daily task into a 15-minute automated process!
What's something unique about being a web developer at Oddball?
I love the diversity. It's great having an opportunity to work with clients from a variety of industries, and interact with different systems and software.
No two projects are the same, and each has their own unique challenge so there's always the opportunity to learn something new. It's also a great collaborative setting at Oddball. We have an amazing team, and plenty of creative talent, so it always pushed me to deliver my best work.
Do you want to be a web developer?
Being a web developer is one of the most exciting digital marketing careers available. Website revamps and builds are one of our fastest growing service offerings.
Oddball Marketing is a constantly growing business. We are often hiring for a variety of roles. Check our careers page to see if there is one that suits you.
Even if there isn't an open position, enquire anyway so we can retain your details on file for future positions.
We also have more resources about digital marketing which you can read on our website.


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Best Red Tiger Slots: Primate King
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Red Tiger slots games include their own unique range of bonus games and features, adding something new to the traditional bonuses, such as a free spins game.
Red Tiger Progressive Jackpots
Red Tiger Gaming slots have become popular for their introduction of the daily jackpots feature. These are progressive amounts which are guaranteed to drop at one point during the day. The amounts rise based on the number of people placing bets as a small contribution of each stake is taken and added towards the jackpot total.
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Red Tiger Slots FAQ
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Consumers today are more demanding than before.
When they need support, they expect answers quickly and conveniently, with some degree of personal attention.
Retailers often struggle to engage well with their customers, especially when engagement happens online. One obvious solution is live chat, which allows eCommerce businesses to chat with customers as easily as if they were friends. This has the benefits of increasing sales conversions, reducing shopping cart abandonment and, overall, boosting customer satisfaction.
How exactly does live chat work?
Enabling live chat on a company's website is similar to having friendly sales assistants present at a physical retail store. With live chat, consumers 'talk' with a support agent via a pop-up chat box on the website to ask for help such as information on the product or assistance at the checkout process. In recent years, there has been a strong growth in live chat due to its convenience, speed and user-friendly nature.
Here are a few tips to help e-commerce businesses who wish to implement live chat.
Define your business objectives
Live chat can be used to achieve different goals, so first define what you want to get out of it. It is a good idea to prioritise these goals, as different departments may want different things. Some common benefits of live chat include:
Improve customer satisfaction: Live chat typically is the fastest way to resolve a customer's problem. Customers love it because it's quick (the majority do not want to wait for longer than a minute for support), convenient, personal and effective. Even though live chat is relatively new compared to other help channels, it has become increasingly popular. Zendesk Benchmark results show live chat scored the highest satisfaction rates at 92 per cent, comparing well to phone (88 per cent), email (85 per cent), and social media (77-84 per cent).
Increase sales and revenue: Some consumers are hesitant to purchase a product online as they have questions, leading to high rates of shopping cart abandonment. Live chat helps to close the sale. Zendesk research found that customers are three times more likely to make a purchase, when a business reaches out to them via live chat. Other research has indicated that more than 80 per cent of customers require support when making an online purchase.
Reduce operational costs: Live chat is one of the most efficient ways to support the customer, as one agent can handle multiple conversations at the same time (compared to phone support, where an agent can only talk to one customer at a time). This means higher productivity and lower costs.
Optimise the consumer experience
When, where and how your consumer uses live chat affects whether they have a good or bad experience. Some considerations include:
Location of the pop-up chat box: Align this with the goals. For example, if the aim is to increase online sales, locate the chat box at the checkout counter. For SaaS companies, customers often base their purchase decision on a trial experience, so include chat support for those undergoing a trial. When a business first rolls out live chat, make it available on only a few web pages first. Once you become familiar with live chat, you can expand it to other web pages.
When chat is available: A good rule of thumb is to stick with regular retail hours, such as Monday to Saturday, 10am to 8pm. For those with global operations, remember to extend the support hours available. If your business has peak periods, consider increasing the number agents available during these times.
Proactive or reactive chat: When a consumer initiates the chat, the agent responds reactively. When the agent initiates the chat, this is proactive. Retailers can set up triggers to alert them when to be proactive. For example, if a consumer spends a few minutes at the checkout, a trigger can automatically initiate a chat asking if he needs help.
Who can access the chat: To keep live chat manageable, you may wish to limit it to specific group of people, for example, VIP customers.
Integrate live chat with other support tools
The beauty of live chat is that it can integrate seamlessly with your business' other support tools, such as phone, email, social media, an FAQ page or online forums. While providing support across multiple channels can be challenging, it is necessary as different consumers favour different platforms. To make things easier, businesses can install a customer service platform that allows agents to conveniently monitor all channels from one dashboard. This will ensure that no customer's query falls through the gaps, and that all customers enjoy a consistent support experience.
Live chat can be instrumental in helping your business to succeed. By defining the objectives, optimising the customer experience and integrating live chat with other support, you are well on your way to chatting to your customers like a friend!
* Shun Chen is the GM of Chat at Zendesk, a leading cloud-based customer service platform that brings organisations and their customers closer together.


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More Information
Submitted: April 25, 2023 | Approved: May 08, 2023 | Published: May 09, 2023
How to cite this article: da Costa Vieira P, Cavalcanti LT, Dantas e Sousa Almeida HM, de Sousa Oliveira I, Ferreira SB. Cytotoxic Effects of Aminotriles with Bioactive Potential: An Integrative Review. Arch Pharm Pharma Sci. 2023; 7: 022-027.
DOI: 10.29328/journal.apps.1001040
Copyright License: © 2023 da Costa Vieira P, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Keywords: Aminonitriles; Cytotoxicity; Cellular effects; Drug development
Cytotoxic Effects of Aminotriles with Bioactive Potential: An Integrative Review
Paola da Costa Vieira1, Lettícia Tenório Cavalcanti2, Hélida Maravilha Dantas e Sousa Almeida3, Igor de Sousa Oliveira1 and Sávio Benvindo Ferreira4*
1Medical Student, Academic Unit of Life Sciences (UACV), Teacher Training Center (CFP), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), 58900-000, Cajazeiras, Paraiba, Brazil 2Medical Student, Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), 58429-600, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil 3Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 4PhD in Pharmacology, Professor of Microbiology, Academic Unit of Life Sciences (UACV), Teacher Training Center (CFP), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), 58900-000, Cajazeiras, Paraíba, Brazil
*Address for Correspondence: Sávio Benvindo Ferreira, Microbiology Laboratory (CT-Infra), Teacher Training Center (CFP), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), 58900-000, Cajazeiras, Paraíba, Brazil. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Aminonitriles are pharmacological-interest bioactive due to their promising antimicrobial and antitumor activity. Since cytotoxicity tests are inherent to the new drug development process, this work aimed to verify reports in the scientific literature on the cytotoxic effects of aminonitriles. The method adopted was an integrative review of works published in the last 10 years in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases. Three articles that matched the selection and eligibility criteria were included in this review. A total of 33 aminonitriles were used in the cytotoxicity experiments, and of the nine molecules based on pyridine, two exerted moderate cytotoxic activity, of the twelve synthesized from benzimidazole, none showed cytotoxic activity, and of the twelve derived from renieramycins, all showed considerable cytotoxic activities. The studies used in this research evaluated the cytotoxic effects of aminonitriles with evident anticancer and antimicrobial activity. The importance of evaluating the cytotoxicity of aminonitriles is emphasized, as well as the need for investigative research that explores other evaluation methods in pre-clinical tests that may corroborate the existing findings, with a view to the development of therapies against emerging health problems.
Aminonitriles are biosynthetic natural products, which have a profound impact on the biomedical sciences. This fact is justified, since their production is cheap, in addition to being molecules of vital importance for pharmacology, as they intermediate the chemical synthesis of complex alkaloids, preparation of new heterocycles, and drugs containing α-aminonitriles [1].
According to Grundke, Vierengel and Opatz [2], the use of bioactive compounds, such as aminonitriles, since they are hydrolyzed into amino acids, have a high reactivity and attractiveness. In addition, there is a hypothesis that these subunits, fruits of the Strecker reaction, showed a controlled ability to reach the cellular target since they have a strong potential to donate a grouping of their molecular arrangement, such as the carboxyl, ensuring that the compound receptor performs a better specific activity [3]. In addition, scientific literature progresses in bringing positive results regarding the use of aminonitriles against pathogenic microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and even antitumor activity [4]. In this sense, taking into account the diverse biochemical properties of aminonitriles, these substances represent a new possibility for the pharmaceutical industry.
In this perspective, cytotoxicity tests are necessary and comprise the initial stage of biocompatibility analysis, whose primary objective is to evaluate the safety of the molecule of interest and serve as an exclusion criterion [5]. Because of this, it is of fundamental importance to know the cellular effects of these substances, taking into account the fact that many promising molecules are discarded due to their ability to cause undesirable cellular damage and injuries [6].
Therefore, considering the potentially relevant biological activities of aminonitriles and emphasizing the need to develop alternative and/or complementary drugs that are safe for the treatment of pathologies of interest to public health, this study aims to analyze the evidence available in the literature on the cytotoxicity of this group of molecules.
Characterization of the study
The descriptive-exploratory method was adopted, with a qualitative approach, characterized by an integrative systematic review of the scientific literature. For that, the steps present in the research protocol by Dhollande, et al. [7], order to ensure greater methodological rigor to the investigation.
Problem identification
The research question was supported by the use of the acronym PICo, which represents: P - Population, I - Interest, and Co - Context - elements that direct the construction of the guiding question [8]. Therefore, the investigation was guided by the question: "What does the scientific literature point out about the cellular effects and the possible cytotoxicity of aminonitriles?".
Literature search and presentation of search criteria
The bibliographic survey took place during the month of October 2022, directly in the databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library (VHL). For this, the search formula "(aminonitrile OR aminonitriles) AND (cytotoxic OR cytotoxicity)" was used, with the descriptors obtained from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The selected works contemplated the following selection criteria: the complete articles available online, published in the last 10 years, in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, in this sequence. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were: duplicate studies, review studies, and opinion articles, in addition to works that did not answer the guiding question of the research.
It should be noted that the described search period was selected due to the need to find relevant works regarding this class of bioactives, which, being recent, would not justify a longer period to find biological assays that explore the cytotoxic effects of these molecules.
Data characterization and evaluation
The eligibility stage occurred through the preliminary reading of titles and abstracts. Then, the works were read in full, and those that answered the guiding question of the study were included for data collection. All these processes were carried out by two researchers, independently, and in case of an impasse, their resolution would be based on the opinion of a third researcher, blindly.
Subsequently, data were collected independently by different investigators, and, in the end, their results were compared. A previously made instrument was used to systematize this process. The extracted information referred to the journal (title, reference, place, and type of publication) and the study (type of study, evidence, objective, methodological aspects and results, and level of evidence of the study).
Data collection, evidence analysis and presentation of results
During the evidence analysis process, the categorization of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) was used, where study quality is classified into six levels, with meta-analysis works of multiple controlled studies being the highest level, and the lowest, papers with opinion from reputable authorities based on clinical competence or expert committee opinion, including interpretations of information not based on research [9]. Data analysis was based on the results of the careful evaluation of the selected articles, with a comparison being made with theoretical knowledge and identification of conclusions. The presentation of results followed the orientation presented in the PRISMA checklist [10,11].
Assessment of the risk of bias of the studies analyzed
Although systematic reviews are vulnerable to biases that can mask the true results of the study, a series of measures can be taken to mitigate this problem in the conduct of the study. According to Almeida and Goulart [12] the types of biases in literature reviews can be classified into the following categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding bias. In this way, the present work sought to mitigate its risk by adopting the following strategies:
1. Adoption of a careful study selection methodology carried out by two investigators individually, PCV and LTC, without sharing data.
2. Complete reading of all included works and evaluation of the information selected to compose this study by two researchers, PCV and LTC.
3. In addition, the complete review of the work was carried out in collaboration with two other researchers, IOS and HMDSA, and under the guidance of a fifth SBF researcher in order to ensure the methodological rigor stipulated for this work.
Ethical aspects
This study did not need to be submitted to a Research Ethics Committee (REC) as it is an integrative literature review and used public domain sources for its performance.
After crossing the descriptors in the chosen databases, and applying the selection and eligibility criteria using the flowchart recommended by the PRISMA methodology (Figure 1), the remaining papers were read in full. In this last step, it was even possible to exclude a study in which aminonitriles were only used as intermediates in the reactions, therefore, they were not the molecules on which the cytotoxicity tests were carried out [11]. Finally, the three works that make up the sample of this review work were submitted to the final process of data collection and analysis.
Figure 1: Study selection flowchart. Source: Own authorship, 2022.
After all the steps for the identification of studies, only three were added, which demonstrates a low amount of scientific investigations that address the cytotoxic effects of aminonitriles. Furthermore, it was also noticed that most of the removed articles were about new methods of obtaining these compounds, in which cytotoxicity assays were not reported.
Table 1 presents the synthesis of the data extraction strategy of the articles included in the review, describing the objectives of the studies and the main results from the application of the methodologies and cells selected for the evaluation of cytotoxicity of the selected aminonitriles.
Table 1: Papers selected for analysis. | |||
Title | Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4,5,6,7tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine–based β-aminonitriles and their derivatives: β-amino carboxamides, (thio)ureas, and tetracycles | Design, synthesis, and evaluation of new α-aminonitrile-based benzimidazole biomolecules as potent antimicrobial and antitubercular agents | Preparation of renieramycin left-half model compounds |
Authors | Madácsi, et al. 2019 | Shaikh, et al. 2017 | Nakai, et al. 2014 |
Aminonitriles | 9 different aminonitriles (β-aminonitriles based on 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine) | 12 aminonitrilas distintas (sintetizadas a partir da condensação de três componentes de 4-[(1Hbenzimidazol-2-il)metoxi]benzaldeído, anilinas substituídas e cianeto de sódio em acetonitrila) | 12 different aminonitriles left half model of renieramycins and their diastereoisomers, synthesized from phenylalanine derivatives |
Type of cells on which compounds were tested | Human lung adenocarcinoma (lineage A549), human leukemia (lineage K562) and primary human fibroblasts | Vero cells | Human colon carcinoma (HCT116 lineage), human lung carcinoma (QG56 lineage), and hormone-dependent prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP) (DU145 lineage) |
Method | Fluorimetric assays by reduction of resazurin | Colorimetric test by MTT reduction | Colorimetric test by MTT reduction |
Result | Of the 9 Gewald aminonitriles tested, only two (16 and 17) exerted moderate cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. | All compounds showed a low level of cytotoxicity against Vero cells. | Of the 12 aminonitriles tested, all showed a cytotoxic effect against the cancer cell lines tested. |
Level of evidence | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Source: Own authorship, 2022. |
All studies included in this review were published in English and scientific journals dealing with pharmacology or chemistry. Furthermore, the central scope of the works was to obtain a new protocol for the synthesis of aminonitriles, while cytotoxicity tests were performed as secondary objectives. In addition, there was a preference for selecting several molecules other than heterocyclics, but with similar origins and production processes, originating from the same precursor compound, to which radicals and different constituents were added to obtain different molecules.
In the work developed by Madácsi, et al. a fluorimetric resazurin reduction assay was performed as a methodology for evaluating the cytotoxic effects in cancer cell lines and against healthy fibroblastic cells. Furthermore, in the studies by Shaikh, et al. and Nakai, et al. the colorimetric MTT assay was used to estimate the cytotoxic effects on Vero cells and cells of different cancerous lineages [12-14].
Regarding the quantification of the cytotoxic activity of the tested compounds, in the study by Madácsi, et al. cell viability was calculated concerning untreated control cells and blank wells containing medium without cells, measuring the values of half of the maximum inhibitory concentration presented [13]. In this same perspective, in the research by Shaikh, et al. the compound was considered toxic if it caused more than 50% inhibition of normal cells at a concentration 10 times greater than its minimum inhibitory concentration value against the studied microorganisms [14]. Concerning the article published by Nakai, et al. this evaluation was performed from the measurement of the maximum inhibitory concentration of 50% and 80% [12].
In view of the cytotoxic activity of the evaluated molecules, it was observed that in the study developed by Madácsi, et al. of the nine aminonitriles tested, only two (substances 16 and 17), containing methyl grouping in their radicals, showed moderate effects, but compound 16 was more toxic to tumor cells than to fibroblast cells. In the work by Shaikh, et al. all bioactive exhibited low levels of cytotoxicity, with a percentage of Vero cell survival in the range of 17% to 97% [13,14]. In the article published by Nakai, et al. of the 12 aminonitriles evaluated, all were effective against the cancer cell lines tested, with compound 10a achieving a relatively better result than the others concerning human colon carcinoma cell lines (HCT116), as well as Renieramycin M, which showed considerable response to all three of these cancer cell lines [12].
In the evaluations developed by Madácsi, et al., the compounds began to show increasing toxicity when methyl radicals were added to their aromatic ring, two in compound 16 and four in 17 [13]. In studies by Shaikh, et al., the molecules obtained some cytotoxic effect against Vero cells when chlorine atoms were added to the phenyl ring linked to the amine [14]. In the work by Nakai, et al., compounds of the 6,11a-cis configuration model (9a to 12a) were slightly more cytotoxic than the corresponding trans-series [12]. Thus, according to the aforementioned studies, it can be seen that the presence of the methyl group, chlorine atoms, and the trans geometric configuration is encoded as factors that may predispose to cytotoxicity.
In short, of the 33 aminonitriles tested, 21 did not show relevant cytotoxic effects, that is, they have low or even no significant cytotoxic effect, while 12 aminonitriles showed relevant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, especially those presented by the study by Nakai, et al. [12].
Finally, the reliability of the methodologies adopted and the results obtained by the articles selected through AHRQ [9] categorization was scored, in which all articles obtained evidence level 2 because they are experimental studies carried out in vitro.
Research and drug development are based on steps that accumulate knowledge about a particular molecule of interest in the clinical field. Such steps are commonly called pre-clinical and clinical, which seek to demonstrate that the substance of interest is safe, effective, and has the quality to be used as an active ingredient in new drugs [15].
Intending to identify new compounds for use in medicines, recent studies have proposed the use of aminonitriles in addition to their role as intermediates in obtaining substances that are known to be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Such works suggest the use of these substances as pharmacologically active biocompounds given the various reports in the scientific literature regarding the therapeutic potential against various microorganisms, parasites, and even tumor cells [4].
In this sense, the importance of evaluating the safety of these compounds with potential for the development of new therapies becomes evident, since the characterization of in vitro cytotoxicity, a common practice in the biological evaluation of health products, is fundamental for the initial analysis of their biocompatibility [16]. Thus, cytotoxicity tests are based on the exposure of a cell lineage culture to direct or indirect contact with a given substance or target material for analysis, observing the cell changes resulting from the interaction by time and appropriate conditions of exposure with the same [5].
In the works included in this review, tests were used in normal human cells, cancer cells, and also in Vero cells. It is important to note that the screening of candidates for bio actives in vitro allows a faster and more economical evaluation compared to models [17]. However, animal models share greater similarities with the complex living tissues of humans and tests support a greater source of information to measure the safety and efficacy of drugs [18]. Despite this, no articles were found with studies on the cytotoxic effects of aminonitriles, which would be pertinent.
The methods for evaluating the cytotoxic effects used in the analyzed studies were the fluorimetric resazurin reduction assay and the colorimetric tetrazolium assay also called the MTT assay. In this regard, resazurin reduction assays have an advantage over MTT assays, as they are relatively cheaper, use a homogeneous format, and are more sensitive [19]. Furthermore, it is perceived that there is a wide possibility of cytotoxicity tests yet to be explored in the evaluation of aminonitriles, such as those performed in human erythrocytes to verify the hemolytic potential, hemagglutination and the potential for osmotic fragility, which have already been used in biocompatibility studies [20,21].
In the works by Madácsi, et al. and Shaikh, et al., the studied aminonitriles have low or even no significant cytotoxicity, demonstrating the promising potential for the pharmaceutical branch over its use as an antimicrobial drug [13,14]. In the study by Madácsi, et al. those compounds that showed some cellular effect on malignant cell lines were also toxic in healthy fibroblasts, but with lesser effect, demonstrating a certain selectivity [13]. Furthermore, the work by Nakai, et al. achieved great success in their investigation into the possibility of using the selected heterocycles as bioactive in drugs, since the molecules studied had significant antitumor activity [12].
Given the evidence summarized in this integrative literature review, new possibilities were observed in the scientific field for the use of aminonitriles. In general, it was seen that the results of the studies analyzed are quite promising in terms of antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activity, but cytotoxic analysis is still scarce. The data indicate the possibility of low toxic cellular capacity or even no significant cytotoxic effect, demonstrating potential in the pharmaceutical field.
Despite the reduced number of studies in the final sample, the level of evidence was considered good, due to the meticulous methodological process applied. However, there is a noticeable need for research that explores cellular effects more specifically, evidencing the mechanism of molecular interactions found in the various areas of pre-clinical investigations, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the need to expand cytotoxicity tests is evident, with the use of other protocols and the use of other cell lines, corroborating the construction of more solid information about this class of biomolecules.
Finally, studies mentioning the cytotoxic activities of aminonitriles are scarce. However, those that had this purpose and were presented in this work demonstrated their high structural and chemical versatility, in which the addition of different radicals, such as methyl or chlorine, and stereochemical dispositions appear to influence the cellular response.
Through this review of the current literature, it is expected to contribute to the increase and dissemination of information about this class of molecules, in addition to stimulating new experimental scientific studies, given the need to explore more about their cytotoxic effects.
Financial support
This work was funded by the Infrastructure Program for Young Researchers (First Projects Program - PPP), instituted by Public Notice No. 010/2021 (Term of grant: 3204/2021), by the Research Support Foundation of the State of Paraíba (FAPESQ-PB), in partnership with the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), by the Institutional Program of Scientific Initiation Scholarships (PIBIC) – PIBIC/CNPq 2022/2023 and the Volunteer Institutional Scientific Initiation Program (PIVIC) of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG).
- Kouznetsov VV, Galvis CEP. Strecker reaction and α-amino nitriles: Recent advances in their chemistry, synthesis, and biological properties. Tetrahedron. 2018 Feb 22; 74(8):773–810.
- Grundke C, Vierengel N, Opatz T. α -Aminonitriles: From Sustainable Preparation to Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rec. 2020 Sep;20(9):989-1016. doi: 10.1002/tcr.202000066. Epub 2020 Jul 24. PMID: 32706179.
- Shalayel I, Coulibaly S, Ly KD, Milet A, Vallée Y. The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: A Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean. Life (Basel). 2018 Oct 19;8(4):47. doi: 10.3390/life8040047. PMID: 30347745; PMCID: PMC6316830.
- Almeida HM, Oliveira I, Ferreira S. Aminonitrile Potential in Terms of Pharmacological and Clinical Applicability. 2021 Feb 21. https://sciforum.net/paper/view/9258
- Masson AO, Nascimento MHM, Lombello CB. Análise comparativa de diferentes métodos de citotoxicidade in vitro. In: XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Biomédica – CBEB. Uberlândia; 2014; 2484-2488.
- Andrade EL, Bento AF, Cavalli J, Oliveira SK, Schwanke RC, Siqueira JM, Freitas CS, Marcon R, Calixto JB. Non-clinical studies in the process of new drug development - Part II: Good laboratory practice, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, safety and dose translation to clinical studies. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2016 Dec 12;49(12):e5646. doi: 10.1590/1414-431X20165646. PMID: 27982281; PMCID: PMC5188860.
- Dhollande S, Taylor A, Meyer S, Scott M. Conducting integrative reviews: a guide for novice nursing researchers. J Res Nurs. 2021 Aug;26(5):427-438. doi: 10.1177/1744987121997907. Epub 2021 Aug 5. PMID: 35251272; PMCID: PMC8894639.
- Stern C, Jordan Z, McArthur A. Developing the review question and inclusion criteria. Am J Nurs. 2014 Apr;114(4):53-6. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000445689.67800.86. PMID: 24681476.
- Agency for Heathcare Research and Quality. AHRQ Indicators. Agency for Heathcare Research and Quality. [cited 2022 Sep 13]. https://qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/
- Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71. PMID: 33782057; PMCID: PMC8005924.
- Graphpad Software. Prism. Prism. https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/
- Nakai K, Kubo K, Yokoya M, Saito N. Preparation of renieramycin left-half model compounds. Tetrahedron. 2014 Sep 16; 70(37):6529–45.
- Madácsi R, Traj P, Hackler Jr L, Nagy LI, Kari B, Puskás LG, Kanizsai I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine–based β-aminonitriles and their derivatives: β-amino carboxamides, (thio)ureas, and tetracycles. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 2020; 57(2):635–52.
- Shaikh IN, Hosamani KM, Kurjogi MM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of new α-aminonitrile-based benzimidazole biomolecules as potent antimicrobial and antitubercular agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2018 Feb;351(2). doi: 10.1002/ardp.201700205. Epub 2018 Jan 22. PMID: 29356105.
- Lupatini E de O, Barreto JOM, Zimmermann IR, Silva EN da. Medicamentos e pesquisa translacional: etapas, atores e políticas de saúde no contexto brasileiro. Saúde debate. 2020 Feb 10;43:181–99.
- Masson AO, Lombello CB. Cytotoxic evaluation methodologies: comparative study according to exposure time. In Foz do Iguaçu; 2016; 1–12. http://slabo.org.br/cont_anais/anais_9_colaob/manuscript/13-032TT.pdf
- Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Understanding the correlation between in vitro and in vivo immunotoxicity tests for nanomedicines. J Control Release. 2013 Dec 10;172(2):456-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.025. Epub 2013 Jun 3. PMID: 23742883; PMCID: PMC5831149.
- Garattini S, Grignaschi G. Animal testing is still the best way to find new treatments for patients. Eur J Intern Med. 2017 Apr;39:32-35. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.11.013. Epub 2016 Dec 1. PMID: 27916437.
- Assay Guidance Manual. https://ncats.nih.gov/expertise/preclinical/agm
- de Araújo JSC, de Castilho ARF, Lira AB, Pereira AV, de Azevêdo TKB, de Brito Costa EMM, Pereira MDSV, Pessôa HLF, Pereira JV. Antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria and cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of Anacardium occidentale L. and Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan extracts. Arch Oral Biol. 2018 Jan;85:113-119. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.10.008. Epub 2017 Oct 14. PMID: 29054025.
- Valáriková J, Čížová A, Račková L, Bystrický S. Anti-staphylococcal activity of quaternized mannan from the yeast Candida albicans. Carbohydr Polym. 2020 Jul 15;240:116288. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116288. Epub 2020 Apr 18. PMID: 32475569.


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Investing in bookkeeping solutions for your small business might be one of the very best choices you make for your firm. These financial experts can be crucial in preparing you for future economic success.
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This post may contain affiliate links. See my disclosure policy for more details.
Here is CVS's coupon policy. I emailed them to see if they can send me an official document we can print and take to the store. In the meantime, print this out because it comes directly from CVS so these are the rules.
- CVS/pharmacy will accept coupons printed from the Internet. They must have a legible barcode that scans at the register.
- If the coupon does not scan at the register, the cashier should politely inform you that we are unable to accept your coupon. We do not allow manual overrides at the register for coupons printed from the Internet.
- Our registers are set to allow 1 CVS coupon and 1 manufacturer coupon per item. However, the staff should be allowing customers to use Extra Bucks in combination with other CVS coupons since these are coupons you have "earned." In addition, similarly they should be allowing the use of "offer at the register" coupons which would be an open offer of $3 off of $15 or a certain dollar amount off of a specific item. Since our registers are programmed to only accept 2 coupons (1 CVS, 1 manufacturer) per item if the number of coupons exceed the items purchased a member of management will need to assist the cashier in processing the coupons. I apologize in advance for any inconvenience this may cause.
- You can use coupons towards a clearance item but the coupon will be adjusted if it is more than the price of the item.
- The BOGO coupon allows you to purchase 2 items and get them both for free with a BOGO Free Sale. With the manufacturer's coupons you can combine one with one CVS coupon. You will be responsible for any tax due.
Thanks Centsable Momma for sharing!


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Featured Article:
Author: Prabhu Chandrasekaran
AI has been there over a decade, and with Gen AI touching newer frontiers and pushing the envelope across boundaries irrespective of industries and part of the society, One thing that is clearly emerging world is not the same and – "Data" is not mere oil but a "Strategic Asset". Just like any asset there is component of compounding and decay depending on the quality of asset. As the theme AI engulfs organizations at large the data that is fed to train the models become pertinent and so is their quality. This paper aims to reiterate the importance of data quality and touches upon the broader theme of an hybrid approach towards data quality which encompasses AI
Most of the organizations experience the issues and challenges that arises due to the poor data quality. According to Gartner, poor data quality costs organizations an annual average of $12.9 million., and hinders the organizations ability to prioritise and allocate resources for the right business imperatives . Poor data quality leads to poor customer experiences and missed opportunities through leveraging data as strategic asset. This is in a way chicken and egg story.
As more and more AI transforms itself as data generator through applications, interactions, and transactions from being data consumer (like a model trained through data), the issue would gobble up in space and scale in no time. This issue becomes even critical since AI is driven by data. Quality of data determines the quality of AI effectiveness. It's an interesting debate to see what precedes what and that's for a different day, of course there would be actors in the system to drive the outcomes in their favour and skew the data, this is again a facet that has to be addressed systematically.
"Data quality is an investment, not an expense." – Thomas C. Redman, Author of "Data Driven Decisions: The Importance of Data and Analytics in Business"
In a nutshell, data quality for AI is an issue caused by default design and synthetic influence. This is an area where organizations battle the issues like inability to take timely decisions and issues associated with biases and ethics., Experiments have revealed the AI biases skews the outcomes significantly contrary to the larger organizations or societal vision. Example in the images generated by Midjourney on the prompts of different professions… What Can AI-Generated Images Tell Us About Society's Biases? is a good example of how existing data is biased and non-inclusive., and builds a more compelling reason to prioritise data quality
Data quality issues can be addressed through broadly accepted conventions of parameters of Completeness,Accuracy, Consistency, Validity, Uniqueness and referential Integrity.,. through frameworks like AIMQ, CDQ, COLDQ, DQA, DQAF,HDQM,HIQM,OODA DQ,TBDQ, TDQM etc However, this has been in theory in many organizations and most of the organizations had limited success in embedding these frameworks . Hence moving away from "Classical" data quality management, let's see how an integrated approach with AI can help in driving Data Quality Agenda. An approach towards data quality management must be a hybrid integrated approach that leverages appropriate data strategy and AI technology.
Data Strategy & Design: Data is a strategic asset and quality data asset building requires a comprehensive data strategy and design . In a typical DALC – Data Asset Life Cycle, which defines 6 phases of Create, Store, Use, Share, Retain and Destruct, it's important that organisations have a strategy and design for each phase. Today, we see a disproportionate focus on data usage and sharing in organizations, the rest of the areas are left to the technology strategy – which focuses only on the use of technology rather than keeping data as a key outcome. This requires an interplay between data strategy and IT (tech) strategy in parallel
Key Considerations during this Strategy and Design phase would be the contextualisation of data, the kind of information system (technology), type of business and its requirement. The approach should broadly cover definition of relevant data quality attributes, data quality evaluation criteria and data quality improvement and enrichment methods on an ongoing basis.
Post having a Data Strategy & Design, AI could be leveraged to improve quality of data and minimize the downsides for an organization through interventions throughout the DALC( Data Asset Life Cycle) This could be in areas like
1. Gen AI can be used effectively in data collection through systematic interaction and connecting multiple sources of information to ensure data collected is of high quality at source. Ex: Interactive questionnaire with real-time validation with connected sources and searches.
Siemens is using generative AI to clean and augment data for its industrial machinery. This helps Siemens to improve the accuracy of its predictive maintenance models, which can help to prevent machine failures and improve uptime. Siemens Energy is using AI to check for missing data in its industrial equipment data. This helps Siemens Energy to improve the reliability of its equipment and prevent unplanned downtime. Siemens Energy is also using AI to add missing information to its industrial equipment data, such as sensor readings and performance metrics.
2. Leveraging AI for Data Profiling and Cleansing the raw data to identify issues and anomalies, traditionally this part of the cleaning the dirty data takes several days and man hours and are subject to errors – with AI and ML performing the data profiling and cleansing activities can make the data robust and reliable at source. Ex: Check for duplicates, invalid data ,formatting errors and fixing them by appropriate correction
Walmart is using Generative AI is used to label images of its products. This helps Walmart to automate the process of product categorization and tagging, which can save time and improve accuracy.
3. AI can be augmented to undertake validation checks against predefined rules and quality standards defined through the data strategy and gaps can be addressed with a suitable imputation technique through appropriate ML . Ex: Check for missing data and add necessary information basis the AI search or introducing data through imputation methods
Amazon is using AI to check for missing data in its product catalog. This helps Amazon to ensure that its customers have access to accurate and up-to-date information about its products. Amazon is also using AI to add missing information to its product catalog, such as product reviews and images.
4. Synthetic data can be augmented with precision and there are different AI approaches that leverages different techniques and applications of machine learning and statistical analysis for Anomaly Detection and replacing with reliable data which help in transforming the poor-quality decaying data to high value asset. Ex: AI & ML approaches can be leveraged to generate data algorithmically basis real world scenarios which can be used to validate data models and further train machine learning during the conditions of data non availability
Target is using AI and ML to generate synthetic data for its customer segmentation. This data is used to train machine learning models that can segment customers into different groups based on their demographics, purchase history, and other factors. This helps Target to target its marketing campaigns more effectively.
Target uses data to improve its customer experience. The company's data strategy identifies the need to collect data about customer preferences, shopping habits, and demographics. The IT strategy defines the use of a cloud-based data warehouse to store and manage this data. The data warehouse is then used to build machine learning models that can predict customer demand, personalize product recommendations, and prevent fraud.
Framework for Leveraging AI for Data Quality in the Data Strategy Stages
The below offers a framework that outlines the various stage of Data Strategy, key outcomes and how AI integration can be explored to augment and deliver improving data quality
Data Strategy Stage | Key Outcome | AI Integrations that can be explored |
Data Acquisition and Ingestion | Identify necessary data sources and types | Utilize AI for data cleansing and validation during ingestionImplement data acquisition methods like scraping or APIs. |
Data Storage and Management | Establish secure and scalable data storage infrastructure | Utilize AI for metadata tagging and catalogingEnforce data quality and security standards using AI-driven tools |
Data Processing and Analysis | Convert raw data into a form that is fit for use, and enable to extract meaningful insights, patterns, trends, and relationships | Apply AI for preprocessing, feature engineering, and dimensionality reductionUtilize machine learning and deep learning models for analysisAutomate data pipelines for real-time or batch processing |
Data Visualization and Interpretation | Transforming data into a visual format for effective communication of insights and understanding | Adopt AI-powered analytics tools for generating insights and predictionsLeverage AI to develop user-friendly interfaces for non-technical stakeholders |
Data Monitoring and Maintenance | Track and maintain the quality and integrity of data, and align to the data distribution, archival and disposal compliance polices | Implement AI-driven monitoring for anomalies and data quality issuesSet up automated data maintenance routines, including archiving and purgingTrain and retrain AI models to adapt to evolving data |
In Summary, Gen AI has caught the world by storm, according to economic impact potential of Gen AI study by McKinsey indicates generative AI has the potential to generate $2.6 trillion to $4.4 trillion in value across industries. However, the realisation of such high potential opportunity involves a calibrated data strategy, design and use of AI prioritising data quality to maximise their Return on Investment.
Gartner report also indicates data decay in organizations range between 2.5% per month to 5.8% per month that is whopping 30% to 70% per annum. The half life period of data is diminishing as the quantum of the new data generated is exploding. Hence the organizations in whatever stage they are have to prioritise data quality standards and align data strategy along with technology strategy, adopt suitable frameworks to have appropriate data quality standards infused at the design and definition . This shall aid the adoption of AI effectively for better RoI and avoid the downsides of AI Models generating algorithmic bias due to poor data quality and leading to suboptimal and negative returns.
Of course, irrespective of the AI leverage an Iterative Refinement and Human-in-the-loop shall help to ensure better quality and handle complex cases, provide domain knowledge, and refine results., Certainly AI can reduce the effort, time, cost and enable businesses to perform at scale when used in tandem with right data quality framework.
Prabhu is Senior Leader in the Data and Analytics Industry, bringing in more than 2 decades of experience in Business and Digital Transformation. Passionate professional of ESG Analytics and Reporting – He inspires organisations and leaders on Data Strategy and through Business Insights and works in the area of building effective processes and governance for analytics functions to enable compliance and execution excellence
Title picture: freepik.com
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Dallas, Texas – Ryan, a leading global tax services firm with the largest indirect and property tax practices in North America, today announced that the Firm's Net Promoter® Score ranked as one of the very best scores listed in the 2014 Satmetrix® Net Promoter® Benchmark. In a March 5, 2014 press release, Satmetrix® listed several companies that ranked among the highest in customer loyalty, including USAA, Costco, Apple, Amazon, Southwest Airlines, Pandora, and Kaiser Permanente. These premier customer service companies posted Net Promoter® Scores that ranged between 84 and 40. The report ranked more than 219 business to consumer brands across 22 U.S. industry sectors.
Ryan's Net Promoter® Score of 84 was based on 1,522 global client survey responses collected by an independent research firm between January 1, 2013 and December 1, 2013. Net Promoter® is both a customer loyalty metric and a discipline for using customer feedback to fuel profitable growth. Developed by Satmetrix®, Bain & Company, and Fred Reichheld, the concept was first popularized through Reichheld's book, The Ultimate Question, and further explored by Richard Owen and Dr. Laura Brooks of Satmetrix® in Answering the Ultimate Question. The Net Promoter Score®, or NPS®, has been embraced by leading companies worldwide as the gold standard for measuring and improving customer loyalty.
"Although there are many factors that have contributed to our success, by far the most critical is our single-minded focus on client service," said G. Brint Ryan, Chairman and CEO of Ryan. "Our Firm is proud to earn one of the highest Net Promoter® Scores according to the 2014 Net Promoter® Benchmark, and we pledge to continue delivering superior client value and results."
NPS®, Net Promoter® and Net Promoter Score® are registered trademarks of Satmetrix® Systems, Inc., Bain & Company, and Fred Reichheld.
About Ryan
Ryan, an award-winning global tax services and software provider, is the largest Firm in the world dedicated exclusively to business taxes. With global headquarters in Dallas, Texas, the Firm provides an integrated suite of federal, state, local, and international tax services on a multijurisdictional basis, including tax recovery, consulting, advocacy, compliance, and technology services. Ryan is an 11-time recipient of the International Service Excellence Award from the Customer Service Institute of America (CSIA) for its commitment to world-class client service. Empowered by the dynamic myRyan work environment, which is widely recognized as the most innovative in the tax services industry, Ryan's multidisciplinary team of more than 4,700 professionals and associates serves over 29,000 clients in more than 75 countries, including many of the world's most prominent Global 5000 companies. More information about Ryan can be found at ryan.com.
Melodie Elliott
Director, Content & Communications Marketing
- Topics
- Awards & Recognition


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Sat, Feb 11
|La Vigne Wine Bar
Sweetheart Wine and Chocolate Pairing Event
Chocolate and Wine...The Perfect Pair!
Time & Location
Feb 11, 2023, 3:00 PM – 9:00 PM
La Vigne Wine Bar, 111 N 1st Ave, La Grange, KY 40031, USA
About the event
Pairing chocolate with a fine wine is a perfect sensory experience! Join us for this fun and informative Date Night event and enjoy (5) exciting pairings.
Each ticket purchase includes (5) various chocolate samplings paired with (5) 2 oz pours of popular wine varieties.
Additional beverage and charcuterie menu items available for purchase.
Limited seating. Advance reservations via ticket purchase recommended. Being 21 or older is required. Bringing a "Date" is optional.
$30.00 per particpant.
Chocolate & Wine 3:00
Ticket purchase for 3:00 PM tasting.
$30.00+$0.75 service feeChocolate & Wine 5:00
Ticket purchase for 5:00 PM tasting.
$30.00+$0.75 service feeSold OutChocolate & Wine 7:00
Ticket purchase for 7:00 PM tasting.
$30.00+$0.75 service feeSold OutChocolate & Wine 9:00
Ticket purchase for 9:00 PM tasting.
$30.00+$0.75 service fee


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Richard Perez-Pena of The New York Times takes a look Friday at why Dow Jones & Co. CEO Richard Zannino is leaving and at the background of new CEO Les Hinton.
Perez-Pena wrote, "Mr. Zannino said the choice to leave was his; others at Dow Jones were divided as to whether that was so, while some said the decision was mutual. Mr. Murdoch has a history of putting his loyalists atop newly acquired operations. At the same time, Mr. Zannino and people who work with him have said that he has no desire to be running one unit— even a large one — of a much larger corporation.
"Mr. Zannino is also in line for a financial windfall when he leaves, under a change-of-control provision Dow Jones adopted last summer. His exit package is worth more than $26 million, including $3.4 million in severance pay and nearly $7 million in shares, according to estimates from James F. Reda & Associates, a consulting firm.
"Mr. Hinton, 63, a former reporter who has worked under Mr. Murdoch since the 1960s, has cut costs at News Corporation's British papers and more tightly integrated their operations — experience that could help fold Dow Jones into its new parent.
"His experience ranges from stints at one of News Corporation's most serious papers, The Times, to working at some of its raciest. He endured a recent press scandal involving a News of the World reporter being jailed for intercepting the voice mail of some of the royal family's staff."
Read more here.


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