text:
Monel Alloys
Monel Alloys
Monel are a group of alloys of nickel (from 52 % to 67 %) and copper, with small quantities of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. Monel alloys are also known as Monel metal. Monel alloys are not cupro-nickel alloys since they have less than 60 % copper. Monel was created in 1905 by Robert Crooks Stanley, who at that time worked at the International Nickel Company (Inco). Monel was named after company president Ambrose Monell, and patented in 1906. One 'l' was dropped, since family names were not allowed as trade-marks at that time. The trade-mark was registered in May 1921, and the name is now a trade-mark of Special Metals Corporation. Monel alloys are expensive alloys and their use is limited to those applications where they cannot be replaced with cheaper alternatives. Stronger than pure nickel, Monel alloys are resistant to corrosion by several aggressive agents which include rapidly flowing seawater. These alloys can be processed and fabricated readily by hot-working, cold-working, machining, and welding.
During the early years, Monel was born out of joint research into a more affordable route to nickel silver by three metallurgists, David H. Browne, Victor Hybinette, and Robert C. Stanley. It was ultimately Stanley who realized the lower oxidation point of the nickel-copper sulphide found in the Bessemerized matte, refining the first ingot where others had failed. In the process, he accidentally stumbled upon a highly corrosion-resistant super-alloy.
Monel alloy 400 exists in the industrial and built environment since 1905. It is a binary alloy of the same proportions of nickel and copper as is found naturally in the meteoritic nickel ore from the Sudbury (Ontario, Canada) mines and is hence considered a puritan alloy. It was one of the first nickel alloys, its history dating back to the original nickel-copper ore mined in Canada in the late nineteenth century. The composition of the original ore is roughly what the chemistry for Monel alloy 400 is today. This alloy is silvery in colour.
A short-lived architectural metal, Monel alloy 400 was replaced by its cheaper cousin, stainless steel, from the midn1930s. Monel alloy suffered from a lack of managerial support as focus shifted toward newer alloys. Extensive competition during the 1940s led th focus shifted towards newer alloys as extensive competition and nickel procurement issues harmed growth in the 1940s.This issue of nickel procurement led this alloy into relative obscurity by the 1950s. Today it remains a specialty alloy used mostly in the marine field.
Monel alloys are primarily nickel-copper alloys. There are several types of Monel alloys as given in Tab 1. However, the present popular grades are Monel alloy 400, Monel alloy 405, and Monel alloy 500. Monel alloy 400 is produced today by several companies worldwide as UNS N04400. Monel alloy 400 is also known as 'Historic Monel' and 'alloy 400'. UNS designation for Monel alloy 405 is UNSD N04405 and that of Monel alloy 500 is UNS N05500.
Tab 1 Types of Monel alloys | |||
Original name | Present name | Composition | Characteristics |
Monel | Monel alloy 400 also known as M-35 | Ni- 67%, Cu – 31.5%, Fe – 1.35%, Mn – 0.9%, Si – 0.15%, C – 0.12%, S – 0.005% | All types of applications where rust-less and corrosion-proof material is necessary with excellent mechanical properties |
Cast Monel | Monel alloy 410 | Ni – 66%, Cu – 30.5%, Si – 1.6%, Fe – 1%, Mn – 0.8%, C – 0.2%, S – 0.008% | Silicon added to improve ductility. Later noted that cannot go above 1.5 % and sulphur preferred |
'K' Monel | Monel Alloy K-500 | C – 0.18%, Ti – 0.5%, and Al – 2.8% | Age-hardened overnight at a lower 540 deg C, doubling hardness to 275 Brinell hardness. Non-magnetic |
'R' Monel | Monel alloy R-405 | C – 0.18%, S – 0.05% | Free-machining grade with higher sulphur content acting as chip breakers. |
'G' Monel | Unknown | A wrought alloy used as in-between regular Monel and 'K' Monel in doctor blades and beater bars | |
'H' Monel | Monel alloy 506 | Fe – 1.5%, Si – 3.2%, Cu – 30% | Cast alloy harder and stronger than Monel with as-cast strength of 760 MPa. Loss of ductility as a result |
'S' Monel | Monel alloy 505 | Similar to 'H' Monel, Fe – 2%, Si – 4%, Cu – 29% | Cast alloy harder than 'H' Monel for non-galling with as-cast strength of 900 MPa. Can be age-hardened up to 350 Brinell hardness |
'KR' Monel | Monel alloy 501 | Similar to 'K' Monel but C – 0.23% | Age-hardened like 'K' but machinability similar to 'R' because of precipitated graphite. Non-magnetic |
'326' Monel | Monel alloy 402 | Ni – 58%, Mn – 0.9%, Fe – 1.2%, Cu – 39.8% | For cable shielding, pickling and lower susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement when galvanically coupled to steel |
Monel alloy 403 | Similar to 402, Mn – 1.8%, Fe -0.5% | Composition changes to remain non-magnetic at the freezing point of seawater for minesweepers. Used also for electronics | |
'RH' Monel | Monel alloy 507 | C – 0.55%, Fe – 1.5%, Si – 2.7%, Cu – 30.5% | Cast alloy with similar properties to 'H' but adapted for machining |
'LC' Monel | Monel alloy 406 | Ni – 84%, Cu just 13% | Low Copper' for water piping and tanks, used for corrosion resistance to mineral waters |
'E' Monel | Monel alloy 411 | Similar to Cas, Ni – 62%, Cu- 32.5%, Fe – 1.5% but Nb – 1.3% | Niobium used to stiffen without an age hardening treatment. Used in food-handling equipment, tanks, and boilers |
Monel alloy 401 | Ni – 44.5%, Mn – 1.7%, Fe – 0.2%, Cu – 53%, Co – 0.5% | Low temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity, used for wire-wound resistors | |
Monel alloy 404 | Ni – 55%, Mn – 0.01%, Fe – 05%, Cu – 44%, Al – 0.02% | Low magnetism and excellent brazing characteristics, suitable for wet hydrogen in electronics | |
Monel alloy 474 | Similar to Monel alloy 404 but higher purity and free from non-metallic inclusions. Non-magnetic | ||
Monel alloy 450 | 70-30 cupro-nickel resisting corrosion and aiding against bio-fouling. Used in seawater applications |
Historical development of mining, smelting, and refining process of Monel alloy
From the very start of operations in Sudbury in Canada, ore was collected and separated into four grades namely (i) a mixed copper-nickel ore, (ii) copper pyrites, (iii) pyrrhotite or nickel ore, and (iv) diorite rock. Composition varied widely in the early days, with nickel ranging from 1.28 % to 8.12 % and copper ranging from 0.49 % to 15.71 % during the period between 1892 to 1899. It was at the Sudbury Creighton pit, mined from 1901, that veins of chalcopyrite and pentlandite were found in the pyrrhotite resulting in a 2.3:1 nickel copper ratio which became synonymous with Monel. The ore was hand sorted into three sizes, coarse, ragging, and fines, and was syphoned off from waste rock and initially roasted in yards for up to nine months to lower sulphur content from 30 % to around 7 %. Environmental air pollution forced a permanent replacement to roasting furnaces in 1929.
Roasted material was smelted alongside the 'green ore' and the 'reverts' using a 3.1:1 ratio in blast furnaces. As the top-grade surface ore was depleted during the war, sintering and reverberatory furnaces gradually gained importance in use from 1911. The product was finally Bessemerized in a converter to remove a 40 % iron content through slag which was dumped as waste until collection began in the 1970s. Shipped to the United States, early refining took place in the original location of Orford's works at Bayonne, New Jersey. While no evidence remains of the exact method, the original patent from Ambrose Monell describes the calcining of the Bessemerized matte to remove the sulphur, reduction of the oxides in a reverberatory furnace with carbon, and then copper or iron to alter the recipe appropriately. Later, president John F. Thompson confirmed this, noting Stanley added magnesium, likely for increased ductility.
In 1909, Browne filed a patent using lime in an electric arc furnace to separate off sulphur through a calcium sulphide slag. At Huntington, the process was perfected. The matte was ground into coarse sand by a jaw-crusher, cone crusher, and ball mill before entering a calcining furnace for four hours to remove the remaining 20 % sulphur. The resultant oxide was mixed with charcoal and sent to open hearth reverberatory furnaces to cast pigs, before final purification and casting in an electric furnace to produce two-ton ingots.
Unlike steel, porosity, slag, folds, or cracks were removed by a cutting down process known as milling, before being passed to the hammer department for chipping off defects. The blooms were then reheated and placed through the rolling mill to produce billets needed at the rod or sheet mill for production.
The Huntington refining process was continually improved. A Russian, Otto Lellep, described a more efficient conversion process for refining nickel or nickel-copper matte through steadily reducing conditions at very high temperature as early as 1917. It comes as no surprise that the later methods of 1923 and 1926 were assigned to the International Nickel Company (Inco). The company subsequently filed a new patent in 1928 which blew superheated steam into the matte at much lower temperature, avoiding lining damage to the converter and removing Lellep from the equation. The use of the natural nickel-copper ore and matte continued until 1947, at which time the company shifted to a nickel sinter and copper ingot charge. Presently the process uses an air induction method for production.
Monel alloy 400
Monel alloy 400 is primarily is a high temperature alloy with typical composition of 67 % nickel and 23 % copper. Small additions of manganese, silicon, and iron are made to improve the grade's overall strength and corrosion resistance. The alloy is mainly known for its high corrosion resistance. The high strength of this alloy is over a wide temperature range. Monel alloy 400 is designated as EN 2.4360 – NiCu30Fe in EN standards, and ISO NiCu30 in ISO standards.
Monel alloy 400 is primarily made up of nickel and copper with small additions of manganese, silicon, and iron for improving the overall strength and corrosion resistance of the grade. The alloy is a solid solution of nickel and copper which can be hardened by cold processing and prevents attack in the variety of conditions. It is the only alloy which attains minimum corrosion in the all types of application environments. That is why, it is an ideal nickel- based superalloy. The limiting values of chemical composition are nickel (plus cobalt) – 63 % minimum, copper – 28 % to 34 %, carbon – 0.3 % maximum, manganese – 2 % maximum, iron – 2.5 % maximum, sulphur – 0.024 % maximum, and silicon – 0.5 % maximum.
Monel alloy 400 is a solid-solution binary alloy. As nickel and copper are mutually soluble in all proportions, it is a single-phase alloy. It has a face-centered cubic lattice structure with a lattice parameter of 3.534 A (Angstrom). Fig 1 shows the typical microstructure of this alloy. In the unetched condition, a polished sample shows only randomly dispersed non-metallic inclusions. These consist of metal sulphides or silicates. Under some conditions, graphite particles can also be present.
Fig 1 Microstructure of Monel alloy 400
Structurally, Monel alloy 400 is a single phase, solid solution strengthened material which can be tempered or cold worked to improve its mechanical properties. It offers superior mechanical features at the sub-zero temperature ranges. The firmness and hardness improve with minor impairment of ductility or impact strength. The alloy does not show ductile to brittle transformation when it freezes to the liquid hydrogen point.
The physical properties of Monel alloy 400 are density – 8.8 grams per cubic centimetre, melting point – 1,300 deg C to 1,350 deg C, coefficient of expansion for tension – 13.9 micrometres per metre deg C (at 20 deg C to 100 deg C), modulus of elasticity (i) for tension and for compression – 179,300 MPa, and (ii) for torsion – 65,500 MPa, Poisson's ratio – 0.32, and Curie temperature – 21 deg C to 49 deg C. The modulus of elasticity in compression is the same as that in tension. It can be seen that the Curie temperature lies within the ambient range. It is affected by variations in chemical composition. The values given above represent the range which can be expected from normal production. Hence, some heats are magnetic at room temperature while others are not. If there is a strong requirement for non-magnetic characteristics, other alloys are to be considered. The effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity in tension is in Fig 2.
Fig 2 Effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity in tension
The mechanical properties of Monel alloy 400 depend on the type of product such as bar and rod, section, wire, sheet, plate, or pipe etc. and the processing which the material has undergone such as rolling, annealing, and stress relieving etc. For example, the mechanical properties of the alloy as rolled plate are tensile strength – 517 MPa to 655 MPa, yield strength (0.2 % offset) – 276 MPa to 517 MPa, elongation – 45 % to 30 %, hardness Brinell (3,000 kg) – 125 to 215, and hardness Rockwell B – 70 to 96, and the mechanical properties of hot rolled alloy as annealed plate are tensile strength – 482 MPa to 586 MPa, yield strength (0.2 % offset) – 193 MPa to 345 MPa, elongation – 50 % to 35 %, hardness Brinell (3,000 kg) – 110 to 140, and hardness Rockwell B – 60 to 76. The high strength and toughness of Monel alloy 400 is maintained over a wide range of temperatures up to 400 deg C. Monel alloy 400 is normally supplied in the cold worked stress relieved condition below 60 mm diameter and in the hot worked stress relieved condition for larger sizes. This ensures the maximum mechanical strength, the optimum machinability, and the best surface condition for the ultimate application.
Monel alloy 400 is characterized by relatively low hardness ranged between 115 HV (Vickers hardness) and 250 HV depending on the finishing process, and this disqualifies the material from applying where it is going to be exposed to wear because of erosion, cavitation, or adhesive wear. One of the processes which lead to get wear resistant surface on metal substrate is boriding. In this process, boron atoms are diffused into the substrate to form metallic borides of high hardness. Depending on the substrate material, boriding is also carried out to increase the corrosion resistance.
Monel alloy 400 has excellent mechanical properties at sub-zero temperatures. There is an increase in strength and hardness at sub-zero temperatures with only a slight decrease in elongation or impact resistance, without a ductile to brittle transition temperature. Hence, Monel ally 400 is a good material for use at sub-zero temperatures since it does not transition from ductile to brittle even at the temperature of liquid hydrogen. This is in marked contrast to several ferrous materials which are brittle at low temperatures despite their increased strength. Hence, because of the absence of a ductile to brittle transition temperature the Monel alloy 400 is also suited for several applications, where ferrous metals cannot be used.
Monel alloy 400 has good shear strength and shows excellent ductility and tough fracture characteristics at temperature range of room temperature to -200 deg C as measured by tear test over this temperature range with the maximum load increasing considerably with decrease in temperature. As regards to impact strength, Monel alloy 400 is notable for its toughness, which is maintained over a considerable range of temperatures. Tension and torsion impact test samples show that complete fractures occurring in the tension impact test samples whereas the torsion samples remaining intact. Attempts to produce fractures in the torsion samples by reducing the minimum area by 75 % are not successful because of the toughness of the material. Impact tests on samples representing both longitudinal and transverse orientation in the plate, and on welded samples of hot-finished plate at liquid-hydrogen and liquid-helium temperatures show no evidence of brittle fractures with the welded samples getting fractured in the weld. Also, samples do not show any significant quantity of anisotropy.
As regards creep and rupture properties are concerned, Monel alloy 400 is useful at temperatures up to and including 540 deg C in the oxidizing atmospheres. Higher temperatures can be employed if the alloy is in a reducing environment.
Monel alloy 400 shows exceptional corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid and several reducing media. It is also normally more resistant to attack by oxidizing media than higher copper alloys. This alloy offers exceptional resistance to hydrofluoric acid in all concentrations up to the boiling point and hence, it is one of few alloys which can be used in contact with fluorine and hydrogen fluoride. This alloy is highly resistant to several forms of sulphuric and hydrochloric acids under reducing conditions, as well as to alkalis. It is perhaps the most resistant of all commonly used engineering alloys. It is also resistant against salts and organic acids. This versatility makes Monel alloy 400 suitable for service in a variety of environments. This alloy offers excellent resistance in flowing seawater while with stagnant conditions show inducement of crevice and pitting corrosion. This alloy is also resistant to stress corrosion cracking and pitting in the majority of fresh and industrial waters. These corrosion resistant properties make this alloy widely utilized in chemical and marine engineering.
Monel alloy 400 offers excellent corrosion resistance in a variety of environments. Corrosion rates are low, particularly in rapidly flowing brackish or seawater. The product also provides excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in freshwater. It is also suited to several applications where ferrous metals cannot be used. Products made of this alloy, because of its chemical inertness, are characterized by a long lifetime. Also, because of its high corrosion resistance, Monel alloy 400 is used for constructions and functional parts where aggressive environment occur. These can be acid, alkali, and salt but also seawater and polluted urban air. It is air contamination which force architects and engineers to use corrosion-resistant material for buildings covering. Monel alloy 400 is a perfect solution for this requirement. The first major roofing installation made of Monel alloy was Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New York City in 1909. The potential life of this roof was estimated as 300 years and lasted the life of the building.
Monel alloy 400 remains bright and free from discolouration when heated and cooled in a reducing atmosphere or quenched in an alcohol-water solution. Rate of cooling has no significant effect. The alloy forms an adherent oxide film if allowed to cool in air after heating. Both cold-worked and hot-worked Monel alloy 400 needs thermal treatment to develop the optimum combination of strength and ductility and to minimize distortion during subsequent machining.
The cold drawn stress relieved condition of Monel alloy 400 offers the best machinability and surface finish. Moreover, this material is easy to shape by forming and machining processes, contrary to other nickel super-alloys. Because of the alloys copper content, Monel alloy 400 is a viable, low-cost alternative when compared to commercially pure nickel.
Stress equalizing of cold-worked material causes an increase in the yield strength at 0 % offset without marked effects on other properties. Stress equalizing is done by holding for around 3 hours at a temperature of 300 deg C. Stress relieving reduces stresses without producing a recrystallized grain structure. This treatment is desired to get minimum distortion after metal removal. Heating for 1 hour to 2 hours at 540 deg C to 565 deg C relieves strains in either hot-worked or cold-worked products. Stress relief (540 deg C to 650 deg C for 1 hour, followed by slow cooling) is strongly desired as a precaution against stress-corrosion cracking in certain environments. Stress relieving slightly decreases tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness and slightly increases elongation.
Annealing can completely soften work-hardened material. Time and temperature needed depend on the quantity of previous cold work. In general, Monel alloy 400 is annealed by the open heating method by holding at 870 deg C to 980 deg C for 2 minutes to 10 minutes, whereas box annealing is done most satisfactory at 760 deg C to 815 deg C for 1 hour to 3 hours holding at temperature. Grain growth occurs when material is heated in the upper portion of the annealing temperature range.
Pickling can produce bright, clean surfaces on Monel alloy 400. The material remains bright and free from discolouration when heated and cooled in a reducing atmosphere or quenched in an alcohol-water solution. Rate of cooling has no significant effect. Monel alloy 400 forms an adherent oxide film if allowed to cool in air after heating. Both cold-worked and hot-worked monel alloy 400 needs thermal treatment to develop the optimum combination of strength and ductility and to minimize distortion during subsequent machining.
Monel alloy 400 is readily fabricated by standard processes. With respect to its resistance to hot deformation, Monel alloy 400 is softer than several steels. It can, hence, be hot-formed into almost any shape. The use of proper temperature during hot forming is important. The range of hot-forming temperatures is 650 deg C to 1,175 deg C. For heavy reductions, desired metal temperature is 950 deg C to 1,175 deg C. Light reductions can be taken down to 1,650 deg C. Working at the lower temperatures produces higher mechanical properties and smaller grain size. Prolonged soaking at hot-working temperatures is detrimental. If a delay occurs during processing, the furnace is required to be cut back to 1,000 deg C and not brought to temperature until operations are resumed. In no , the alloy is to be heated above 1,175 deg C since a permanent damage can result.
Heavy forging is not to be carried out very rapidly since it can cause the alloy to become overheated because of working. The use of an optical pyrometer is desired for the purpose of measurement. In hot-bending operations, the alloy is to be worked as soon as possible after removal from the furnace. Preheating tools and dies to around 250 deg C is helpful to prevent chilling the material while working. A controlled forging procedure is necessary to meet the requirements of some specifications for forged, hot-finished parts. Both the quantity of reduction and the finishing temperature are to be controlled in order to develop the desired properties.
Cold forming of the Monel alloy 400 is adaptable to virtually all methods of cold fabrication. The forces needed and the rate of work hardening are intermediate between those of mild steel and Type 304 stainless steel.
Monel alloy 400 can be machined at satisfactory rates with machine tools normally employed by the industry. In general, cold-drawn or cold-drawn and stress-relieved material is desired for best machinability and smoothest finish.
Monel alloy 400 can be readily joined and fabricated. By proper control of the quantity of hot or cold work and by the selection of appropriate thermal treatments, finished fabrications can be produced to a rather wide range of mechanical properties. The alloy offers good fabrication capabilities and can be hot or cold formed, readily machined and joined through welding, brazing, or soldering. It can be joined by a variety of processes including gas tungsten-arc, gas metal-arc and shielded metal-arc processes. In all of these processes thorough cleaning of the joint area is necessary to avoid embrittlement from such sources as lubricants and paints. The material is to be free of scale for best welding. Welding procedures are similar to those used for austenitic stainless steels. Neither preheating, nor post weld heat treatment are normally needed.
Joint design is similar to that used for austenitic stainless steels with two exceptions. The first is the need to accommodate the sluggish nature of the molten weld metal, necessitating a joint design sufficiently open enough to allow fuller filler wire access to fill the joint. Compared to carbon steels, nickel alloys and specialty stainless steels have a lower heat conductivity and higher heat expansion. These properties have to be taken into account by a larger root openings or root gaps (1 mm to 3 mm). Because of the viscosity of the welding material (compared to standard austenites) and the tendency to shrink, opening angles of 60-degree to 70-degree is to be provided for butt welds. The second is the high thermal conductivity and purity of the material which makes weld penetration lower than in austenitic stainless steel.
Monel alloy 400 is readily joined by conventional processes and procedures. Most of the conventional welding processes can be used to join Alloy 400 to itself or dissimilar alloys. The choice of welding product is dependent upon the materials being joined and the environment to which they are going to be exposed. Dissimilar joints of Monel alloy 400 and AISI 304 stainless steel are widely used in chemical, petrochemical, nuclear industries whose environments demand heat resistance, corrosion resistance, tolerance to thermal cycles and creep, and good mechanical properties. Apart from these requirements, the dissimilar welds result in saving of novel and expensive materials reducing cost thereby. Joining of Monel alloy 400 and AISI 316 stainless steel has wide applications in various engineering sectors.
Monel alloy 400 is widely used in several fields, especially in marine, chemical and hydrocarbon processing equipments. Typical applications are (i) valves and pumps, (ii) pump and propeller shafts, (iii) marine fixtures and fasteners, (iv) electrical and electronic components. (v) springs, (vi) gasoline and fresh water tanks, (vii) crude petroleum stills, process vessels and piping, (viii) heat exchangers, (ix) boiler feedwater heaters, and water feed and steam generator tubing in power plants, (x) deaerating heaters, (xi) splash zone sheathing, and (xii) offshore valves, pumps, fittings and fasteners.
Monel alloy 405
Monel alloy 405 (UNS N04405) is a nickel-copper alloy with high strength and toughness. Alloy 405 also has excellent corrosion resistance in a range of media including seawater, hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, and alkalis. Because of its increased sulphur content, Monel alloy 405 has improved machinability. Monel alloy 405 is mainly used for automatic screw machine stock and is not normally recommended for other applications.
Monel alloy 500
Monel alloy 500 is a precipitation hardening nickel-copper alloy which retains the excellent corrosion resistance of Monel alloy 400 with the added advantage of increased strength and hardness which can be maintained up to 650 deg C. The higher mechanical properties arise because of the small additions of aluminium and titanium to the nickel-copper base, and by heating under controlled conditions so that sub-microscopic particles of Ni3 (Ti, Al) are precipitated throughout the matrix. The thermal processing used to effect precipitation is normally called age hardening or aging.
Typical Monel alloy 500 products are (i) chains and cables, fasteners, and springs for marine service, (ii) pump and valve components for chemical processing, (iii) doctor blades and scrapers for pulp processing in paper production, (iv) oil well drill collars and instruments, pump shafts and impellers, non-magnetic housings, safety lifts and valves for oil and gas production, and (v) sensors and other electronic components.
The composition of the alloy is nickel (plus cobalt) – 63 % minimum, copper – 27 % to 33 %, carbon – 0.25 % maximum, manganese – 1.5 % maximum, iron – 2 % maximum, sulphur – 0.01 % maximum, silicon – 0.5 % maximum, aluminum – 2.3 % to 3.15 %, and titanium – 0.35 % to 0.85 %.
Physical properties of Monel alloy 500 are (i) density 8.44 grams per cubic centimetres, (ii) melting range – 1,315 deg C, to 1,350 deg C, (iii) modulus of elasticity (tension) – 179,264 MPa, (iv) modulus of elasticity (torsion) – 65,500 MPa, and (v) Poisson's ratio (aged material at room temperature) – 0.32. Fig 3 shows the effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity.
Fig 3 Effect of temperature on modulus of elasticity
A useful characteristic of the Monel alloy 500 is that it is virtually non-magnetic, even at quite low temperatures. It is possible, however, to develop a magnetic layer on the surface of the material during processing. Aluminum and copper can be selectively oxidized during heating, leaving a magnetic nickel-rich film on the outside of the piece. The effect is particularly noticeable on thin wire or strip where there is a high ratio of surface to weight. The magnetic film can be removed by pickling or bright dipping in acid, and the non-magnetic properties of the material is restored. The combination of low magnetic permeability, high strength, and good corrosion resistance has been used to advantage in a number of applications, notably oil-well surveying equipment and electronic components. Monel alloy 500 has been found to have exceptionally good dimensional stability, both in long-time exposure tests and in cyclic tests. This property of the alloy has led to its use in high-precision devices, such as gyros. Age hardening causes an initial volume contraction. An annealed rod contracts 0.00025 millimetres per millimetre (mm / mm) during aging.
The low-temperature properties of Monel alloy 500 are outstanding. Tensile and yield strengths increase with decrease in temperature while ductility and toughness are virtually unimpaired. No ductile-to-brittle transformation occurs even at temperatures as low as that of liquid hydrogen. Hence, the alloy is suitable for several cryogenic applications. Welds can be produced with the strength of age-hardened base metal with no serious loss in ductility if aging treatments are performed after welding annealed material. Welding of age-hardened material is to be avoided because of greatly reduced ductility.
Shear strength data of the Monel alloy-500 show that rivets can be made to develop exceptionally high strength by partial or full heat treatment prior to driving. The ratio of shear strength to ultimate tensile strength decreases very slightly with increasing hardness, indicating that the longer aging periods increase tensile strength more rapidly than shear strength. Aging for 4 hours at 582 deg C to 593 deg C followed by air cooling is desired for cold-headed rivets. This treatment is adequate to develop a shear strength of around 585 MPa in the shank. Monel alloy 500 is useful for corrosion-resistant springs at temperature up to 250 deg C.
Monel alloy 500 is an acceptable material for use as bolting in boilers and pressure vessels. It is produced by adding aluminum and titanium to the basic Monel nickel-copper composition. Suitable thermal treatments produce a sub-microscopic gamma prime precipitate throughout the matrix. Fig 4 shows typical microstructure of hot-rolled, as-rolled Monel ally 500.
Fig 4 Microstructure of Monel alloy 500
The corrosion resistance of Monel alloy 500 is substantially equivalent to that of Monel alloy 400 except that, when in the age-hardened condition, Monel alloy 500 has a higher tendency toward stress-corrosion cracking in some environments. Monel alloy 500 has been found to be resistant to a sour-gas environment. After 6 days of continuous immersion in saturated (3,500 ppm) hydrogen sulphide solutions at acidic and basic pHs (ranging from 1 to 11), U-bend samples of age-hardened sheet have shown no cracking. Hardness of the samples ranged from 28 RC (Rockwell C) to 40 RC. The combination of very low corrosion rates in high velocity sea water and high strength makes the Monel alloy 500 particularly suitable for shafts of centrifugal pumps in marine service. In stagnant or slow-moving sea water, fouling can occur followed by pitting, but this pitting slows down after a fairly rapid initial attack.
Two types of annealing procedures are performed on Monel alloy K500 namely (i) solution annealing, and (ii) process annealing. The treatments are different in both cases because of their purpose and procedure. In case of solution annealing, Monel alloy 500 is hardened by the formation of sub-microscopic particles of a secondary phase, Ni3(Ti,Al). Formation of the particles takes place as a solid-state reaction during an age-hardening (or precipitation-hardening) heat treatment. Prior to the aging treatment, the alloy component is to be solution-annealed to dissolve any phases which have formed in the alloy during previous processing. Solution annealing is normally performed by heating hot-finished products to 982 deg C and cold-worked products to 1,038 deg C. For avoiding excessive grain growth, time at temperature is to be kept to a minimum (normally, less than 30 minutes). Heating (ramp) and cooling times are to be kept to a minimum to avoid precipitation of detrimental phases. Cooling after solution annealing is normally accomplished by quenching in water. Fig 5 shows effect of water quenching from various annealing temperatures.
Fig 5 Effect of water quenching from various annealing temperatures
During mechanical processing in production and subsequent forming of Monel alloy 500 products, intermediate process annealing is sometimes needed to soften the product. Such anneals recrystallize the structure and are typically conducted at temperatures between 760 deg C to 870 deg C. While higher temperatures anneal the product, intermediate process annealing temperatures are limited to avoid excessive grain growth. Time at temperature is to be limited to avoid the formation of secondary phases which can compromise the hardness of the aged Monel alloy 500 product. Holding for one hour after the part has reached the set temperature and equalized is normally sufficient to soften the alloy product during processing. Exposure at temperature for times higher than 1.5 hours is not desired. Excessive exposure can result in the formation of titanium carbide (TiC). This compound is stable at the aging temperatures used to harden Monel alloy 500 such that the titanium cannot participate in the hardening reaction, the formation of Ni3(Ti,Al). Hence, the strength and hardness can be compromised. Obviously, it is better to avoid the formation of the titanium carbide phase. If, however, the phase is formed as a result of improper processing, solution annealing at 1,120 deg C for 30 minutes is needed to dissolve the particles. This heat treatment results in a large grain size which can somewhat compromise formability. However, the high-temperature solution treatment is necessary if the component is to develop full hardness and strength during the aging treatment.
If a Monel alloy 500 component is to be solution annealed at 1,120 deg C because of the presence of titanium carbide, it is to be subsequently reduced in section thickness before final heat treatment (solution annealing + age hardening) to comply with the requirements of the specification. Hence, material solution-annealed at 1,120 deg C can be aged without further reduction in section thickness and is acceptable if it meets the other requirements of the specification (mechanical properties, etc.) For optimum aging response and maximum softness, it is important to get an effective water quench from the heating temperature without delay. A delay in quenching or a slow quench can result in partial precipitation of the age hardening phase and subsequent impairment of the aging response. Addition of around 2 % by volume of alcohol to the water minimizes oxidation and facilitates pickling.
Material which has been heated for an appreciable length of time in the temperature range 590 deg C to 760 deg C gets overaged to an extent dependent on time and temperature of exposure. Overaged material has lower mechanical properties than properly aged metal, and the properties cannot be raised by subsequent aging treatments. In order to strengthen overaged material, it is to be solution-annealed (982 deg C to 1038 deg C) to redissolve the age-hardening constituents, and then re-aged. All benefits of cold work are lost in annealing. The highest strength achievable is that corresponding to the annealed and aged condition. Material which has been age-hardened to produce maximum hardness do not show an appreciable change in properties if again heated to or held at any temperature up to that at which the original heat treatment has been carried out. There can be a small increase in properties if the rate of cooling in the original heat treatment has been too rapid between 565 deg C and 425 deg C. If the hardened material is subsequently heated above 595 deg C and then cooled, there is a decrease in properties. Hardened Monel alloy 500 when subjected to long continued heating at 425 deg C, a further slow aging occurs during the first month of exposure, but continued heating causes no further significant change in properties.
Pickling is a standard method for producing a clean surface on Monel alloy 500. Proper temperature during deformation is the most important factor in achievement of hot malleability. Maximum desired heating temperature for hot working Monel alloy 500 is 1,150 deg C. The alloy is to be charged into a hot furnace and withdrawn when uniformly heated. Prolonged soaking at this temperature is harmful. If a delay occurs, such that the material is to be subjected to prolonged soaking, the temperature is to be reduced to or held at 1,035 deg C until shortly before ready to work, then brought to 1,150 deg C. When the workpiece is uniformly heated, it is to be withdrawn. In the event of long delay, the workpiece is to be removed from the furnace and water-quenched. The hot-working temperature range is 870 deg C to 1,150 deg C. Heavy work is best done between 1,035 deg C and 1,150 deg C and working below 870 deg C is not desired,
For finer grain in forgings, the final reheating temperature is to be 1,090 deg C and at least 30 % reduction of area is to be taken in the last forging operation. When hot working has been completed, or when it is necessary for Monel alloy 500 to cool before further hot working, it is not to be cooled in the air but it is to be quenched from a temperature of 790 deg C or higher. If the workpiece is allowed to cool slowly, it self-heat-treats (age-harden) to some extent, and stress gets set up which can lead to thermal splitting or tearing during subsequent reheating. In addition, quenched material has better response to age hardening, since more of the age-hardening constituent is retained in solution. The surface of the material is oxidized to a lesser degree and it is easier to pickle if it is quenched in water containing around 2 % by volume of alcohol. In the annealed condition, Monel alloy 500 can be cold-worked by standard procedures. Although the alloy needs considerable power to form, it has excellent ductility.
Heavy machining of Monel alloy 500 is best accomplished when the material is in the annealed condition or hot-worked and quenched condition. Age-hardened material, however, can be finish-machined to close tolerances and fine finishes. Hence, the desired practice is to machine slightly oversize, age-harden, then finish to size. During aging, a slight permanent contraction (around 0.0002 mm / mm) takes place, but little warpage occurs because of the low temperatures and slow cooling rates involved.
Monel alloy 500 products can be joined by conventional processes and procedures. Welding Monel alloy 500 is best accomplished by the gas-tungsten-arc welding (GTAW) process. Monel filler metal 60 is normally used. However, the weldments are not age hardenable and, hence, do not have strength matching that of the hardened base metal. Weldments needing strength similar to the aged base metal are to be deposited with filler metal of matching composition which is available from other suppliers.
Monel alloy 500 also offers an exceptionally high dimensional stability and, as with Monel alloy 400, its low temperature mechanical properties are very good with no transition temperature making the alloy suitable for several cryogenic applications. The corrosion resistance of Monel alloy 500 is essentially the same as that of Monel alloy 400, except when in the age hardened condition. Heat treated Monel alloy 500 has a higher tendency toward stress-corrosion cracking in certain environments. However, it has been found to be resistant in sour-gas environments. The combination of its high strength and excellent marine corrosion resistance in high-velocity seawater make Monel alloy 500 particularly suitable for marine shafts and centrifugal pumps. In stagnant or slow-moving seawater fouling can occur followed by pitting, but this pitting does slow down after a fairly rapid initial attack. Monel alloy 500 can be readily fabricated and can be hot and cold formed, although heavy deformation or machining is best achieved in the annealed condition. If heavy machining is to be carried out I,t is common practice to machine to near net shape and to precipitation harden prior to finish machining. This enables a better surface finish to be achieved as well as closer tolerances.


text:
Residing in the city of highly sought after El Sereno is 2930 Dorchester Avenue! This charming home is an absolute masterpiece designed tastefully featuring a newly painted exterior and interior, New HVAC, New Electrical, Plumbing and a New Tank-less Water Heater. Exterior has new concrete floors, Brand New wood fencing and new landscaping. Turnkey entry into a bright and spacious floor-plan with mountain views, new flooring through-out, baseboard moldings, recessed lighting and new double pane windows that illuminate every room. The recently remodeled kitchen is equipped with new stainless-steel appliances, gorgeous counter-tops and decorative tile back-splash. Also, featuring is the stone design fireplace in the living room and the newly remodeled bathrooms. Not only does this home offers a spacious private backyard with a lush green lawn and open patio but it also has a newly added studio (used to be the garage) with approximately 400 Sqft, its own kitchen and private bathroom! Close to Downtown LA, South Pasadena and Alhambra! Welcome home!
New Addition
2930 Dorchester Ave
El Sereno, CA
Sold for $728,500
- Lot Area 4800 sq ft.
- Floor Area 1343 sq ft.
- Bed 3
- Baths 3
- Year Built1940
- Zip Code90032
Raffi Soualian, JohnHart Real Estate *Based on information from the Association of REALTORS/Multiple Listing as of Feb 23 2024 and/or other sources. Display of MLS data is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS. The Broker/Agent providing the information contained herein may or may not have been the Listing and/or Selling Agent.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Travel
- 2 min read
Over 1k tourist vehicles stranded in Solang valley
The tourists had reaching Solang valley, 13km from Manali, in the morning to enjoy the snowfall. Palchan to Solang stretch along the Manali-Leh highway is covered with 8cm to 15cm of snow.
Over 1,000 tourist vehicles have been stranded between Palchan and Solang valley as the road turned slippery following snowfall on Tuesday. Three days ago, more than 300 tourists stranded in the snow were rescued from near the south portal of Atal tunnel.
Sources said tourists had been stranded since 3pm, when vehicles started skidding on the snow-covered road, and the over 4km-long highway is completely jammed with no space to drive forward or backward. The tourists had reaching Solang valley, 13km from Manali, in the morning to enjoy the snowfall. Palchan to Solang stretch along the Manali-Leh highway is covered with 8cm to 15cm of snow.
"All rooms in my hotel are fully occupied. Some rooms have even 6 to 8 persons. They were requesting for help and are okay sharing rooms. This happened for the first time that vehicles have been stranded in so little snow," Roshan Lal, a hotelier from Solang, said.
Police officials claimed the situation was under control and all tourists were safe. "Traffic has been jammed because of slippery road and we are trying to bring down vehicles one by one," said a cop.
Ambulance gets stuck
An ambulance of the 108 national ambulance service, which shifted a 70-year-old woman in critical condition from Keylong to Lahaul amid heavy snowfall, got stuck in over 2ft deep snow while returning on Tuesday. The pilot and emergency medical technician had to shovel the snow from the highway to move. The four-wheel drive ambulance is in huge demand in the snowbound valley. While Atal Tunnel is open for emergency, roads connecting it are blocked with thick snow cover, making driving very risky. Still, Lahaul residents are making optimum use of the Tunnel for evacuation during medical emergencies.
Avalanche warning
The Himachal Pradesh meteorological centre had issued an orange alert for heavy snowfall as the western disturbance will remain active in the state till Wednesday and is likely 0to bring widespread snow. Meanwhile, parts of the state continued to receive heavy snow on Tuesday. The Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment has issued avalanche warning bulletin for the state along Manali-Leh axis. SASE has predicted chances of avalanches in Solang-Dhundi and Sissu-Tandi stretch and near both portals of Atal tunnel. Kothi to Koksar via Rohtang, Zingzingbar to Sarchu and Hadsar areas are also under avalanche threat.


text:
Pumpkin, Faux Greenery, and Deco Mesh Fall Swag
This large and beautiful swag will add so much to your customer's door this fall season. Made on a greenery swag with green, orange, and black and white mesh, this swag is adorned with the popular Mark Roberts pumpkins in orange and black and white with sequins. The ribbon is black velvet, black and white check, and pumpkins. There are 2 bows. The faux greenery and pip berries are throughout the swag. The swag measures approximately 38x34x10 from tip to tip.


text:
Scoot launches daily flights to Guangzhou
Contributors are not employed, compensated or governed by TD, opinions and statements are from the contributor directly
Scoot has expanded its network in China with the launch of a new service to Guangzhou.
The Singaporean low-cost carrier kicked off the new route on 16 January, in time for Chinese New Year, and will now operate daily direct flights to the Chinese city using its Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft.
It takes over the daily flight from its partner Tigerair, which previously operated two daily Airbus A320 flights to Guangzhou. Tigerair will continue to operate one daily service on the route.
"Scoot is excited to kick-start 2016 and mark the upcoming one-year anniversary of 787 Dreamliner operations by expanding our footprint in the Pearl River Delta region, in addition to Hong Kong," said Campbell Wilson, CEO of Scoot. "Our Guangzhou flights complement Tigerair's existing daily Guangzhou services."
Scoot's daily flight, TZ128, will now depart Singapore's Changi Airport at 0125 and arrive at Guangzhou's Baiyun International Airport at 0455. The return service, TZ127, will then leave Guangzhou at 0555 and arrive back in Singapore at 1000.
This complements Tigerair's daily flights, which leave Singapore at 0605 and depart Guangzhou at 1045. Tigerair will also operate five extra flights to Guangzhou over the Chinese New Year period, between 8 and 15 February.
Guangzhou becomes Scoot's seventh destination in Greater China, following Hangzhou, Hong Kong, Nanjing, Qingdao, Shenyang and Tianjin. It also flies to two destinations in Taiwan.


text:
Mansfield Road, Woodthorpe, Nottingham
Property Features
- Unique three storey apartment
- Bathroom & en-suite
- Rear garden
- Four bedrooms
- Utility & outside toilet
Property Summary
Full Details
On the ground floor, a storm porch has access to the utility room, separate outside toilet and door to the kitchen. Separate door leads in to the main hallway with stairs up to the first floor, where there are two bedrooms, family bathroom and spacious living room over-looking the front. On the second floor are two further bedrooms and en-suite shower room. The fourth bedroom could alternatively be used as a dressing room. The property also has gas central heating with a modern Baxi combination gas boiler, majority modern double-glazed windows and a rear garden which is accessed from Woodland Grove.
Storm Porch
With quarry tiled floor, ceiling light and doors to the outside toilet, utility room and kitchen.
Outside Toilet
With toilet and corner washbasin.
Utility Room
Worktop with sink, plumbing for washing machine, radiator, double glazed window and wall mounted modern Baxi combination gas boiler.
A range of wall and base units with granite style worktops and inset stainless steel sink unit and drainer with tiled splashbacks. Integrated electric double oven and four-ring gas hob in brushed steel with extractor canopy. Plumbing for dishwasher, radiator, built-in shelved cupboards, double-glazed side window and a walk-in shelved pantry. Door leads to the inner lobby which has an external door, radiator and stairs to the first floor accommodation.
First Floor Landing
Meter cupboard with the RCD board and electric meter, radiator, stairs to the second-floor landing and doors to two bedrooms, bathroom and living room.
Living Room
Large feature cast iron fireplace and surround with coal effect gas fire and black polished marble hearth. Secondary glazed front window, radiator, TV point, cable and telephone points.
Bedroom 2
Feature decorative cast iron fireplace, double-glazed rear window, TV point, telephone point and radiator.
Bedroom 3
Also with a feature decorative cast iron fireplace, double-glazed rear window, TV and telephone points, radiator and original built-in shelved cupboards.
Conistsing of a bath with tiled surround, folding screen and chrome mains shower, dual flush toilet and pedestal washbasin with matching tiled surround. Chrome ladder towel rail, extractor fan and double-glazed side window.
Second Floor Landing
With doors to both bedrooms.
Bedroom 1
Secondary glazed dormer window to the front, radiator, TV and telephone points, original feature decorative cast iron fireplace and door through to the en-suite.
Consisting of a shower cubicle with chrome mains shower, dual flush toilet with tiled surround and washstand style washbasin with matching tiled splashback. Ladder towel rail, extractor fan, Velux window with blackout blind and connecting door to bedroom 4/dressing room.
Bedroom 4
Velux window with fitted blackout blind, radiator, TV and telephone points.
From Woodland Grove, a shared pedestrian path leads to gated access onto the garden with path leading to the side storm porch and separate side entrance hallway door.
Useful Information
TENURE: Freehold
COUNCIL TAX: Gedling Borough Council - Band B
The property is also situated within the Nottingham City boundaries and will therefore be part of the Selective Licensing scheme https://geoserver.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/myproperty/?c=housing Please note that selective licencing is non-transferable and therefore any new owner would need to apply for a new license and would need to obtain information from the council direct with regards to costs.


text:
Changing climate at Mono Lake could mean more dust storms
By Louis Sahagun, Los Angeles Times
Climate change is bringing less snow to the Sierra Nevada mountains — and less snowmelt to Mono Lake. That means if Los Angeles keeps taking its allocated share of water feeding into Mono Lake, it might be responsible for dust kicking up off the drying shore, authorities in the Eastern Sierra
When dust storms began rising off the dry bed of Owens Lake, authorities in the Eastern Sierra blamed Los Angeles' thirst. The city had, after all, drained the lake in the 1920s to serve its faucets.
Now, as dust kicks up from Mono Lake, authorities in the Eastern Sierra are once again blaming that water-craving metropolis about 350 miles to the south.
But this time, they're also blaming climate change.
Since 1994, a landmark State Water Resources Control Board decision has capped L.A.'s diversions of the streams that feed Mono Lake, defusing for a time one of California's most protracted environmental battles.
Scientists say climatic shifts, however, are bringing less snow to the Sierra Nevada and less snowmelt to Mono Lake.


text:
Romania: Daewoo Mangalia Shipyard Wins Contract for Construction of Four Ships
Daewoo Mangalia shipyard in Romania will build four ships for the Israeli Ofer Global Holdings group, under a contract of EUR 400 million, with the additional option of a further four ships. The ship construction will be completed by the end of 2013.
"The order released to Daewoo Mangalia shipyard is only part of the investment of USD 2.4 billion operated by Ofer in the Central and Eastern Europe, the first firm order of this size in the last three years", Ofer Global Holdings said in a press release.
Starting with 1997, Daewoo Mangalia Heavy Industries is a joint venture between shipbuilding company Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in Korea and 2 Mai Mangalia Shipyard in Romania. Ofer Global Holdings group is active in international shipping and real estate.
By Irina Popescu (Romania-Insider)
Source: Romania-Insider, May 23, 2011; Image: DMHI


text:
Presenting a pristine 1 bedroom, 1 bathroom condo that shows like new offering an excellent floor plan and maximizing the efficient use of space with custom built-in upgrades throughout along with airy 9′ ceilings. Nestled within the sought-after Rail Yards development, it rests alongside the picturesque Gorge Waterway and Galloping Goose Trail. Embrace your own urban sanctuary boasting a generous balcony and open living area, while mere steps away from grocery stores, restaurants, the inner harbor, and downtown. The interior exudes a super stylish ambiance with its radiant finishes and contemporary vinyl flooring. The kitchen is adorned with quartz countertops, stainless appliances, tile backsplash, and a spacious kitchen island. The luxurious 4-piece bathroom features a relaxing soaker tub. Additional highlights include in-suite laundry, a separate storage locker, secure underground parking and common bicycle/paddle board/kayak storage. Pets and rentals welcome. Common rooftop deck. Inte
Listed by Marko Juras and SOLD!
Thousands SAVED


text:
Skip to Main Content
Undergraduate Programs
Graduate Programs
Faculty Profiles
Our Learning Model
Undergraduate Admissions
Graduate Admissions
Transfer Students
Parents & Family
Our Learning Model
Cost & Financial Assistance
Get To Know PSU
Visit Campus
Current Students
Incoming Students
Parents & Family
Registrar's Office
Cost & Financial Resources
Student Success
Student Involvement
Campus & Community
Information Technology Services
Global Engagement
Request a Transcript
Give to PSU
Contact Alumni Relations
Events Calendar
Plymouth Magazine
Alumni Awards
Alumni Benefits
Ut Prosim/Volunteer
Lamson Library
Today's hours:
(more hours)
Lamson Library
SW 3500: Health & Society
SW 3500: Health & Society
Health Care Around the World
Comparing Nations / Useful Websites
United Kingdom
United States
China Health Care: Articles
China. World's biggest health care system goes under the knife.
SHENZHEN, CHINA—In most Chinese hospitals, teeming waiting rooms and forlorn patients wheeling intravenous drips through dingy, ill-lit halls are troubling but typical sights. University of Hong Kong (HKU)-Shenzhen Hospital, however, is anything but typical. Its gleaming wards and labs, opened to outpatients last July, are at the vanguard of China's health care reforms.
Making health care affordable in China
China is taking steps towards its goal of providing every single person in the country with access to modern health-care services, in part through health financing schemes. Jane Parry and Cui Weiyuan repor
More cash for health care in China
China has created a new CNY11 billion (US$1.3 billion) fund to improve the country's health system in the wake of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, a senior government official announced on Sept 10.
New evidence on financing equity in China's health care reform--a case study on Gansu province, China
In the transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy, China's state funding for health care declined and traditional coverage plans collapsed, leaving China's poor exposed to potentially ruinous health care costs. In reforming health care for the 21st century, equity in health care financing has become a major policy goal. To assess progress towards this goal, this paper examines the equity characteristics of health care financing in a province of northwestern China, comparing the equity performance between urban and rural areas at two different points in time.
Urban health insurance reform and coverage in China using data from National Health Services Surveys in 1998 and 2003
In 1997 there was a major reform of the government run urban health insurance system in China. The principal aims of the reform were to widen coverage of health insurance for the urban employed and contain medical costs. Following this reform there has been a transition from the dual system of the Government Insurance Scheme (GIS) and Labour Insurance Scheme (LIS) to the new Urban Employee Basic Health Insurance Scheme (BHIS).
What can be learned from China's health system?
China's health services used to be described as too difficult to access, too expensive, and too variable in quality. Has the situation changed after 3 years of reform? Winnie Chi-Man Yip and colleagues' most encouraging finding is that China has accomplished near universal coverage in a very short time.
Germany >>


text:
Quantity | Unit price | Reference price |
To 3 | €4.75 * | €23.75 * / 1 l |
From 4 | €3.95 * | €19.75 * / 1 l |
*prices incl. VAT plus shipping costs
Ready to ship today,
Delivery time appr. 1-4 days²
- Order number: 117052
- Allergen-Information: designed to minimize allergy risks
- Manufacturer product ID: DA90117
Gentle. Gentle for babies. The special baby shampoo
- gentle care for sensitive skin with valuable ingredients of organic almond - now gentler than ever
- the especially mild baby shampoo cleans and cares for sensitive scalp & fine hair
- pH skin neutral
- preserves the natural acid mantle of the skin
- does not sting the eyes
- for soft, shiny hair
- also suitable for skin prone to neurodermatitis
- especially sustainably developed - 0% microplastics, parabens and mineral oil
- 100% biodegradable formula** and climate positive***
- suitable from day 1 of life
**according to OECD 301/302 or equivalent methods
***through climate projects we offset moreCO2 than is caused
Free from everything that sensitive skin does not like
Particularly skin-friendly care for sensitive skin
HiPP Babysanft was developed to minimize allergy risks for particularly sensitive skin right from the start. That is why HiPP consistently avoids substances suspected of causing allergies and undesirable substances such as essential oils, parabens, kerosene oil and many more.
Valuable organic almond oil cares for and protects delicate skin naturally. Trust HiPP Babysanft because there is nothing in it that is not baby gentle.
What is so special about baby skin?
Baby skin is much thinner than adult skin and at the same time the horny layer has a looser structure and is less resistant. The barrier effect of the horny layer against harmful substances is therefore less well developed, and the skin reacts more sensitively to environmental influences.
The natural protective acid mantle of the skin does not form in newborns until after a few weeks and regenerates much more slowly than in adults, even in older children. It has an important task in keeping bacteria and pathogens at bay.
The horny layer of children's skin has a higher moisture content than that of adults. At the same time, however, sebum production in children is still greatly reduced. As a result, baby and children's skin is only covered with a very thin film of water and grease and can dry out easily. In addition, there is less protection against cold and injuries.
Why use baby care products at all?
After birth, the baby's skin must quickly adapt to a new environment. After many months in the amniotic fluid, it must now adapt to the air and external environmental influences.
For a while, it was said that you could do without skin care and washing products when caring for your baby. In the meantime, however, it is known that washing with water alone dries out the baby's skin. However, since baby skin is very sensitive, it does not tolerate the same care products as adult skin.
For this reason, we at HiPP have developed our very particularly mild baby care HiPP Babysanft , which is completely free of undesirable substances and takes into account the special needs of sensitive baby skin.
Gentle greetings from the entire Hipp Babysanft Sensitive team:
Füllmenge (Volumen): | 200 ml |
vegan: | yes |
Products with organic ingredients: | Yes |
age group: | from birth |
Shipping weight: | 0,455 kg |
Manufacturer: | Hipp |
Dimensions HxWxD (approx.): | 151x65x39 mm |
Made in: | EU (Germany) |
product group: | shampoo |
brand: | Hipp, Hipp Babysanft |
care products: | shampoo |
further properties: | klimapositiv, ohne Mikroplastik, Packaging recyclable |
Label: | ph-Hautneutral, vegan, without animal testing |
Target group: | Baby, child |
Manufacturer address: | Hipp GmbH & Co. Vertriebs KG, Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen (Ilm), Deutschland |
Aqua, Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate, Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Lauryl Glucoside, Sodium Chloride, Glyceryl Oleate, Coco-Glucoside, Glycerin, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Seed Extract, Citric Acid, Lactic Acid, Hydrogenated Palm Glycerides Citrate, Tocopherol, Sodium Anisate, Parfum. |
Washing hair for babies and toddlers
How often should baby and toddler hair be washed?
The easiest option is to wash baby's hair right at bath time. A regular bath, 2 to 3 times a week (more often if you like), is something you can enjoy with your baby. At the same time, you do not need to wash the hair every time, usually 1 to 2 times a week is enough.
What tips are there for making hair washing as pleasant as possible?
For the very young, it is enough to simply run the washcloth over the scalp and thus over the hair.
- Hold your baby so that the water does not run into their face.
- You could use a washcloth or a child's watering can to moisten and rinse.
- If your baby already has hair: Use a mild baby shampoo and gently massage it into your favorite's scalp.
- After rinsing, please do not rub the hair dry, but gently pat dry.
- Baby hair should only be combed with a soft baby brush, which will not irritate the sensitive baby skin, but gently massage it.
What should be considered when choosing a shampoo?
The baby or children's shampoo should be particularly mild and gentle and not stress the sensitive scalp. A shampoo that is mild on the eyes will not burn if something does get into the eye. For small children, there are also special shampoos for easy combing. Especially children with longer hair will be grateful if there is no pulling.
- Babies sometimes find washing their hair a little uncomfortable.
The HiPP Babysanft Baby Shampoo cleanses children's fine hair particularly gently and makes it soft and shiny. And the best thing for little bathing friends: HiPP Babysanft is particularly mild to the eyes. For longer children's hair, we now offer the HiPP Babysanft Children's Shampoo , which cares for delicate children's hair and combs without pulling. - Tip: For rinsing, use washcloths or a children's watering can.


text:
- Updated5-07-2023, 11:55
- NameProton Bus Simulator Road
- Version157.1
- CategorySimulation
- OS versionAndroid 4.1+
Proton Bus Simulator Road - an amazing car simulator where the user tries on the role of a bus driver in a densely populated city. Once behind the wheel of a multi-ton vehicle, the gamer will transport passengers through the streets of the metropolis. In each of the flights, the gambler will be forced to pick up people at the bus stop, after which he will have to travel along roads or highways, often stopping in specially designated places. This mobile project will make users happy with a well-designed environment, impressive gaming capabilities, as well as incredibly realistic physics and a comfortable control system.
Download Proton Bus Simulator Road free for android
Download Proton Bus Simulator Road for Android v.157.1 (MOD free purchases)
566.04 Mb
Download from Google Play
Similar apps
Comments (0)


text:
Ways to Meet Single Women Just for Marriage Nezaradené
09.10.2022 - Ľuboš Cifra
Meeting solo women intended for marriage does not have to be difficult. You could start by reaching them in people places. A high level00 good character, single women will be attracted to you and desire to be with you. You may also try introducing yourself to her family members. They may find out single females in your community and link you plan them.
Some one women are afraid of marriage. This fear stems from the types of parental people that they have seen. Others possess very high requirements of their wife. They may not be happy to settle for less than a prince on a white horse. Moreover, incredibly hot single girls who will be spoiled by male interest may not be happy to settle down.
In such a problem, single females can enroll in a single ladies conference. This conference will give you them with insights on online dating challenges and present them another chance at love. They can even fulfill pre-screened men who happen to be pre-screened by a specialized medical psychotherapist who have been exercising in the field for 20 years. These types of single females are likely to walk away with a renewed outlook upon dating and marriage. With such a distinctive opportunity, this can be a good idea to attend this conference in case you are single and want to find an ideal partner.
Single females from Far eastern Europe also have their particular fair share of expectations in terms of their companions. They are customarily more old-fashioned and benefit family above career. Additionally, they do not wish to squander their time on wasting actions that do not really add worth to their lives. Therefore , they prefer to fulfill men web based. A Slovenian woman probably will be interested in a job that does not require children.
There are many different types of women who would like to meet another man just for marriage. Yet , the majority of them happen to be young, educated, financially online dating stable, and single. Most of them are good cooks and household managers. Others are looking for a wife who will deal with them well and provide them with equal emotion. Most of them are incredibly attractive and can make wonderful companions for long-term connections.
A wholesome relationship begins with shared trust and honesty. A lady should not hold her challenges or thoughts inside. The woman should understand how to share her problems and joys with her man. If equally get-togethers are wide open and honest with each other, that they will be able to live a long and cheerful life together. She must not reject intimacy when she's tired. Libido is a vital part of virtually any relationship and really should be nurtured in a caring way.
The Internet can be a great place to look for single women for marital relationship. There are many websites that allow you to meet these women for free. These sites use a coordinating duodecimal system to match folks who would be good lovers for marital life.


text:
News Corp Will Slash 1,250 Jobs Following Rough Real Estate Earnings
4 min readTransfer Inc. revenue fell $23 million in Q4, due to a fall in house profits and referral earnings, according to earnings on Thursday. The business verified it was in talks with CoStar about a probable sale.
In these instances, double down — on your techniques, on your know-how, on you. Join us Aug. 8-10 at Inman Join Las Vegas to lean into the shift and discover from the best. Get your ticket now for the most effective rate.
Amid talks with CoStar Group about a opportunity sale of Realtor.com parent enterprise Transfer Inc., Information Corp profits dropped in the remaining quarter of 2022, with ideas to get rid of an approximated 1,250 work opportunities, the business said Thursday.
Revenues from real estate sales and referrals fell for the duration of the quarter, a 3-thirty day period extend that noticed Go income slide $23 million, or 14 percent, pushed by the broader true estate slowdown.
News Corp, which owns Dow Jones, The Wall Avenue Journal, and other media corporations throughout the planet, said that discussions about a possible $3 billion sale of Go are continue to underway, but declined to offer a great deal of an update on the potential deal.
"In conditions of portfolio optimization, as publicly reported, we have been actively engaged in discussions with CoStar Team about a opportunity sale of Go," News Corp mentioned in its earnings report. "Any transaction would be developed to build shareholder value and bolster Realtor.com's aggressive position."
"However," it extra, "there is no assurance with regards to the timing or completion of any transaction."
The enterprise reported true estate and publishing were strike "particularly hard" in the quarter, ahead of announcing a company-huge reduction in head depend.
"We will be decreasing head rely throughout the enterprise by 5 {73375d9cc0eb62eadf703eace8c5332f876cb0fdecf5a1aaee3be06b81bdcf82}," claimed Robert Thomson, News Corp CEO. "That is a important response specified these macro circumstances."
That quantities to about 1,250 workers, Reuters described. Thomson did not elaborate on regardless of whether any departments or subsidiaries would be strike more challenging than other individuals.
Thomson claimed he thought rates had peaked and that the up coming cycle of the authentic estate industry was "not much away."
He claimed profits per direct grew, and that Real estate agent.com would aim on expanding earnings from sell-facet listings.
"We now are rising our emphasis on the monetization of provide-aspect listings, as stock time on market place has greater drastically in the latest months," Thomson claimed. "And we will be capable to present Realtors and sellers with improved support."
The sale to CoStar would arrive at a time of slower serious estate transactions and affiliated things to do, like referrals, that travel earnings for Realtor.com.
News Corp would be shedding Real estate agent.com at a time when real estate profits have slowed substantially. CoStar would be selecting up an worldwide model at a time when it's searching for to develop a household serious estate enterprise on par with Zillow and other digital giants.
Move's revenues throughout the remaining three months of the yr fell to $146 million. The company noted earning $678 million in 2022, according to a tally of the previous four quarter filings by Information Corp. (Information Corp's fiscal year does not align with the calendar 12 months, so this earnings report was the company's next quarter, alternatively than the fourth.)
Authentic estate actions symbolize about 86 p.c of all Go revenues, the company stated in a the latest filing.
The organization pointed to a $25 million fall in serious estate similar things to do, which it claimed was driven by the "impact of the macroeconomic ecosystem on the housing industry, which includes larger house fascination prices, which has led to decrease lead and transaction volumes."
Move's referral design, which features ReadConnect Concierge, alongside with its other lead generation solutions dropped in the quarter, the business claimed.
Referrals accounted for 27 percent of all Move earnings in the quarter, which is down from 32 {73375d9cc0eb62eadf703eace8c5332f876cb0fdecf5a1aaee3be06b81bdcf82} the calendar year right before.
"Based on Move's internal data, normal month-to-month special buyers of Realtor.com's website and mobile internet sites for the fiscal next quarter declined 23 {73375d9cc0eb62eadf703eace8c5332f876cb0fdecf5a1aaee3be06b81bdcf82} calendar year-more than-12 months to 66 million," the enterprise claimed. "Lead quantity declined 37 {73375d9cc0eb62eadf703eace8c5332f876cb0fdecf5a1aaee3be06b81bdcf82}."
Email Taylor Anderson


text:
Badini, A. M. (2011) Destini delle Identità. By Lucio Russo. Rome: Edizioni Borla, 2009, 240 pp., €23.00.. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 59:659-666
This is part of the PEP-Web Archive. The full content of the document is available to PEP-Archive subscribers. (Session has not been authenticated)
You must be logged in to read the full document. Click here to login .


text:
Can someone please help me with this issue:
I got an email stating that my certificate will expire in 10 days
My domain is: https://veratanlp.centralus.cloudapp.azure.com
I ran this command: sudo certbot renew
It produced this output:
All renewal attempts failed. The following certs could not be renewed:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/veratanlp.centralus.cloudapp.azure.com/fullchain.pem (failure)
Timeout during connect (likely firewall problem)
To fix these errors, please make sure that your domain name was
entered correctly and the DNS A/AAAA record(s) for that domain
contain(s) the right IP address. Additionally, please check that
your computer has a publicly routable IP address and that no
firewalls are preventing the server from communicating with the
client. If you're using the webroot plugin, you should also verify
that you are serving files from the webroot path you provided.
My web server is (include version): Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)
The operating system my web server runs on is (include version): Ubuntu 18
The version of my client is (e.g. output of certbot --version
or certbot-auto --version
if you're using Certbot): certbot 0.28.0


text:
Homeschool Diploma Rejected on NOI
Q. I'm a second generation homeschool parent. My homeschool diploma was rejected as evidence of a high school diploma on my Notice of Intent. What should I do?
A. I am sorry for the complications you have encountered regarding your high school diploma. According to the Code of Virginia Section 22.1-254.1:
"Any parent . . . may elect to provide home instruction in lieu of school attendance if he(i) holds a high school diploma."
The law does not state that the high school diploma needs to come from a public or private school or that it has to be a diploma accredited by the Virginia Department of Education. You have complied with the law if you have filed your notice of intent, provided a diploma for option 1, and provided a "description of curriculum" (or a list of the subjects) you intend to teach. A diploma is a piece of paper that verifies that a student has completed a course of study. In the case of homeschooling, this is a course of study determined by the parent/administrator.
Homeschooling is a legal and valid education option according to the Virginia statute listed above and has equal standing with public and private education. Parent-issued diplomas are legal and valid documents. At the federal level, the Higher Education Act of 1998 says that a homeschool diploma does not need to be issued by the state or an accredited school. There are many private schools that are not accredited, but issue valid diplomas. Homeschool diplomas are also recognized for federal financial aid eligibility.
Often, by simply reviewing the law with the support of the facts mentioned above, you can resolve the problem. If you are dissatisfied with the superintendent's response, you have the right to make an appeal.
Making an Appeal
In the Law FAQ on the HEAV website, under "What can I do if I disagree with a decision made by the superintendent?," it states:
"If you are unable to resolve the division superintendent's request or decision, you may make an appeal to an independent hearing officer within thirty days. You must inform your superintendent that you request an appeal. An independent hearing officer will be chosen to hear both sides of the disagreement according to §22.1-254.1(E)."
We expect you will not need to make this appeal, but it is an option. Also, if you'd like, HEAV would be happy to contact the school authority to discuss the validity of homeschool diplomas.


text:
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has said Türkiye was seeking to increase the amount of liquified natural gas (LNG) purchased from the United States, also stressing it was ready for cooperation to deliver it to other nations in the region.
Erdoğan's remarks came as he stated that Türkiye and the U.S. "have mutual trade and investment opportunities in almost every sector," also highlighting his country's key role in diversifying routes and resources for energy security.
"Turkey has a key role in route and resource diversification for energy security. Our potential for cooperation in the field of energy offers us significant opportunities considering the current international conjuncture," Erdoğan told a meeting of the Turkish-American Business Council in New York on Wednesday.
"We want to increase the volume of gas that we buy from the United States on more favorable terms in the coming period," he noted.
Türkiye's investments in natural gas infrastructure, including LNG terminals, enabled the U.S. to become the country's second biggest gas supplier, Erdoğan said. And Türkiye has become U.S.' sixth biggest LNG customer in the world, he added.
"Thanks to our developed infrastructure, we are ready to cooperate in delivering American LNG to the countries of the region," Erdoğan said.
Among others, Erdoğan also called for the lifting of U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs imposed on Türkiye in 2018. He said such a move would significantly contribute to joint efforts between the two nations.
On goods exchange, the president said trade volume with the U.S. will reach $100 billion (TL 1.8 trillion) "in a short time" if the current momentum is kept decisively.
The bilateral trade increased by nearly 30% in the first eight months of this year compared to the same period of the previous year and reached $22 billion, he said.
"If this momentum is maintained with the right and decisive steps, our trade volume will reach the goal of $100 billion in a short time," Erdoğan added.
He said the U.S. and Türkiye are "friendly" and "strategic" partners and the cooperation between the two nations has contributed to the peace in certain regions around the world.
He said direct investments from the U.S. in Türkiye reached $14.1 billion and Turkish companies' investments in the U.S. reached the level of $8.6 billion.
Erdoğan recalled that the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's war in Ukraine have disrupted supply chains mainly in the food and energy sectors and many countries are struggling with high inflation rates.
He said Türkiye managed to overcome these challenges in terms of growth, exports and employment, adding the Turkish economy registered 11% growth last year, which he said was the largest rate among G-20 nations.
Despite the pandemic, Türkiye maintained its balanced growth, and its exports exceeded $250 billion on an annual basis as of September, said Erdoğan.
Between 2003-2021, Türkiye attracted more than $240 billion in foreign direct investment and $14 billion last year, said the president.
Erdoğan also said that Türkiye hosted more than 500,000 American tourists in the first seven months of this year. That happened thanks to the contribution of Turkish Airlines flying from Istanbul to 12 destinations in the U.S., he added.
"I believe that this number will increase in the coming period," Erdoğan said.


text:
The high fantasy graphic novel Griz Grobus, by co-writer/artist Simon Roy (Prophet, Jan's Atomic Heart and Other Stories) and co-writer Jess Pollard, with colors by Sergey Nazarov, will be available in trade paperback format for the first time this June 2024 from Image Comics.
Griz Grobus was originally a popular Webtoon sequential webcomic that leveled up its exposure with the 2021 launch of a Kickstarter campaign for a stunning hardcover edition. The campaign ignited fandom fervor, was fully funded in under a day, and raised nearly $70K—far exceeding the stretch goal. This Summer's forthcoming paperback edition will bring this roaring success story to an even wider audience of readers.
"Part of what we wanted to make, in Griz Grobus, was a story that felt like a foreign film from a country you haven't heard of," said Roy. "Natural, familiar elements, sitting harmoniously alongside the new and unfamiliar. The proposition of getting to introduce a whole new audience to our little pocket universe, and the worlds within it, is very exciting!"
Set in the same sci-fi universe as Roy's Habitat,Griz Grobus is another tale of life after the collapse of the interstellar empire. But unlike Habitat—where a once utopian orbital community found itself descending into cannibal tyranny—the characters of Griz Grobus inhabit the rural world of Altamira, where post-utopian frontier life has blossomed into something a bit more wholesome.
Pollard added: "I can definitely say it is one of the funniest, most delightful things I've ever been a part of, and I laugh every time I read the story, as if I'm reading it for the first time. I hope readers will feel the same warmth when they read this edition, whether it be for the first time, the second, or third."
Griz Grobus tells two parallel, intertwined tales from the far-off colony world. High in a sleepy mountain village, the overzealous academic ambitions of a young scribe lead to the resurrection of the town's ancient colonial-era priest-bot. This long-defunct pastor finds himself in a world that has passed him by, but refuses to simply accept his obsolescence, much to the chagrin of the scribe and the local townsfolk. The second story, a mise-en-abyme, is Altamira's most famous novel (being avidly read by the characters of the first story). It is a fantasy tale about a war-god who gets trapped in the body of a goose, and the efforts of one pacifist cook to delay the war-god's bloody return to the battlefield.
This lush, intricately detailed, standalone fable is perfect for fans of Hiyao Miyazaki, Asterix, and Arthur C. Clarke.
The Griz Grobus trade paperback will be available at local comic book shops on Wednesday, June 5 and independent bookstores, Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Books-a-Million, and Indigo on Tuesday, June 4. Griz Grobus will also be available across many digital platforms, including Amazon Kindle, Apple Books, and Google Play.