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DNA origami technology has proven to be an excellent tool for precisely manipulating molecules and colloidal elements in a three-dimensional manner. However, fabrication of single crystals with well-defined facets from highly programmable, complex DNA origami units is a great challenge. Here, we report the successful fabrication of DNA origami single crystals with Wulff shapes and high yield. By regulating the symmetries and binding modes of the DNA origami building blocks, the crystalline shapes can be designed and well-controlled. The single crystals are then used to induce precise growth of an ultrathin layer of silica on the edges, resulting in mechanically reinforced silica-DNA hybrid structures that preserve the details of the single crystals without distortion. The silica-infused microcrystals can be directly observed in the dry state, which allows meticulous analysis of the crystal facets and tomographic 3D reconstruction of the single crystals by high-resolution electron microscopy.
Single crystals formed by atoms, macromolecules and colloidal nanoparticles have become an essential part of modern material science, including laser materials, semiconductor materials, magnetic materials, etc.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Since the 18th century, the Gibbs-Wulff rule has been widely applied to explain and predict crystal habits formed by atoms, based on the principle of thermodynamic equilibrium which claims the minimal surface energy for crystal growth10. However, unlike atoms with precise bond geometries and binding energies, assembly of macromolecules or colloidal building blocks into single crystals with designable crystalline morphologies remains a great challenge. DNA origami frames are sometimes treated as analogues of atoms11,12,13,14,15,16,17, because the shapes of the structures and the functional sites on them can be well-controlled by design18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30. Moreover, colloidal-sized particles and proteins can be precisely encaged by these DNA frames21,25,29. Therefore, a general approach for fabricating single crystals of colloidal building blocks with designable morphology could be initiated by first making DNA origami single crystals, as proposed by Seeman 38 years ago31. However, due to the size of DNA origami and the more intricate interactions between the origami structures, designing and assembling origami units into single crystals has been very challenging. Several reports have demonstrated the successful fabrication of DNA origami lattice, using polyhedral or triangular DNA origami single monomers as the building blocks25,29, as well as by co-assembling two different shapes of DNA polyhedra32, but single crystals with distinct Wulff shapes have not yet been observed.
Here, we demonstrate that DNA origami frames (DOFs) with programmable geometries and binding behaviours can be crystallized into well-defined Wulff single crystals. We illustrate our approach with regular and elongated octahedral DOFs by applying a strict slow-cooling process through the respective melting temperatures, obtaining crystals of cubic and cuboid habits accordingly with high fidelity and yield. Furthermore, the structural details of these engineered crystals can be precisely transferred to inorganic materials by controlling the growth of a very thin layer of a silica shell (~1–2 nm) on the frames33,34,35, preserving and reinforcing the crystal structures without distortion, which enables detailed structural analyses of these single crystals under long-term exposure to electron beams without disintegration of the structure. Moreover, unlike naturally occurring crystals, the morphologies of these artificial single crystals can be engineered by designing the binding modes of the DNA building blocks and the parameters of the unit cells via DNA nanotechnology. We foresee that these techniques could lead to the creation of a family of designable inorganic–organic single crystals, which could greatly expand the toolbox and potential applications of mesoporous inorganic materials by 'duplicating' the morphology of silica into other functional materials36,37.
Results and discussion
Crystallization of regular octahedral DNA frames
The growth of Wulff single crystals was firstly investigated by using a symmetric regular octahedral (R-octa) DNA frame as the building block. Each strut of the frame is composed of a six-helix bundle of identical length (~28.6 nm), thickness (~6 nm) and molecular weight (over 4.3 MDa). To manufacture three-dimensional (3D) DNA origami crystals, 8-nt-long complementary A and B sequences were encoded in the termini of the sticky ends, binding A- and B- building blocks in the crystal arrangement (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Figs. 1, 2). We should stress that the annealing protocols are crucial for the formation of single crystals. After careful optimization, a slow annealing procedure, which enables the formation of equilibrium crystal habits with minimal surface energy, was performed for assembly of high-quality DNA crystals (Supplementary Fig. 3). Importantly, a high ionic strength (12.5 mM Mg2+) was required throughout the process, not only for synthesizing DOF building blocks, but also for maintaining the stability of the crystals in solution.
Negative-stained transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was then used to observe the details of the aggregates. Grains with discernible cubic shapes and features closely resembling possible facets of cubic microcrystals can be easily found, as shown in Fig. 1a and Supplementary Figs. 4–6. To preserve the overall structural configurations of the DNA large assemblies under TEM, the samples were rinsed by buffer solution (with 12.5 mM MgAc2) before negative-staining. However, zoomed-in observation of the edge part does not reveal highly ordered arrangements (Supplementary Fig. 7), which could be attributed to the collapse of the soft DNA crystals during the drying process. In aqueous solution, the cubic crystals are also sensitive to external conditions. For example, high temperatures or low ionic concentrations can easily damage the crystals (Supplementary Fig. 8). As a result, direct observation of the structural details of DOF single crystals can hardly be realized with electron microscopy. The DOF crystals were then used as organic templates to grow silica-DNA hybrid structures32,33,34. We discovered that a uniform thin silica layer (~1–2 nm) can be grown on the surface of DOFs, and the final silica-DNA structures precisely retain the structural details of the single crystals (Fig. 1b, see details in SI). The silica-infused DOF crystals exhibit much enhanced structural stability, enabling direct imaging of crystals with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TEM instruments. The stereo shapes of the cubic grains are readily identified in the dry state via SEM (Fig. 1c), exhibiting the overall sizes and geometries similar to those obtained in TEM as shown in Fig. 1a. Moreover, these microcrystals presenting different orientations are all consistent with the cubic formation, indicating that the silica coating has faithfully preserved the DNA cubic crystals in the silica-DNA replica (Supplementary Figs. 9, 10).
Crystallization of elongated octahedral DNA frames
The crystal habits in principle can be designed by modifying the geometries and binding modes of the DNA origami building blocks. To demonstrate this concept, an elongated octahedral (E-octa) DOF with D4h symmetry was designed and tested (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 11). The E-octa DOF contains twelve edges of two different lengths. The four edges in the middle-plane have the same length as the R-octa DOF (~28.6 nm), while the other eight edges are elongated to ~35.7 nm (Supplementary Fig. 12). Crystals of E-octa DOFs were also assembled from A- and B- E-octa origami units. To avoid unwanted binding modes between neighbouring E-octa DOFs (Supplementary Fig. 13), the sticky ends in the E-octa DOFs were designed to contain two different sets of sequences (purple sticky ends complementary to purple sticky ends and blue sticky ends complementary to blue sticky ends; Fig. 1d and Supplementary Fig. 14). These two kinds of E-octa DOFs were assembled separately and then mixed together by using the same thermal annealing procedure previously discussed. The observed products are cuboid-shaped DNA crystals, in good agreement with our design (Fig. 1d). More specifically, the shapes of the Wulff crystals (a = b < c) directly correlate with the geometry of the building block (elongated along one axis). Comprehensive views of cuboid grains after silica embedding and a sketchy model simulating the grain orientation (Fig. 1e and Supplementary Fig. 19) confirm this concept. Therefore, promisingly, by manipulating the edge length of octahedral building blocks, relevant cuboid microcrystals with a defined parameter ratio (a: b: c) could be anticipated to be readily obtained.
Yields and surface defects of Wulff-shaped microcrystals
A high yield (>95%) of DNA origami crystals with cubic or cuboid Wulff shapes is evidenced by the large-scale SEM images, which show abundant microcrystals in a single image (Fig. 2a, b and Supplementary Figs. 20, 21). Visualization at low magnification by SEM proves the integral polyhedral shapes of the grains. We observed the edge lengths of the obtained microcrystals were not homogenous, which can be possibly attributed to the slow and inhomogeneous colloidal crystal growth process at this initial monomer concentration2. The statistics of the cubic grain size distribution of (Fig. 2a, right panel) reveal that almost half of the grains have edge lengths (a = b = c) centralized in the range of 3~4 μm. In contrast, for the cuboid grains which possess a geometrical morphology with partial symmetry (a = b ≠ c), the length ratio of the two unequal edges (a and c) shows an evident tendency of lying in the range from 1.6 to 1.9 (Fig. 2b, right panel), based on the fact that the edge lengths of the subfaces (a and b) are mostly identical (Supplementary Fig. 23).
Close surface inspection of individual cubic (Fig. 2c) and cuboid (Fig. 2d) grains deposited on a substrate was performed using SEM. The low magnification images of the whole grains show well-ordered and periodic bright contrast, which is identified as the octahedral building blocks (Supplementary Figs. 24, 25) with sizes of ~40 nm, close to the theoretical size of the DOFs. The packing mode of the high contrast DOFs is consistent with the {100} facet of the cubic crystals, demonstrating correct assembly as designed. Thereinto, typical regions enclosed by coloured rectangles display several types of common surface defects, that are frequently observed in the generated microcrystals2, including vacancies (enclosed by red rectangles), step edges formed among different layers (enclosed by the blue rectangle) and particle adatoms (enclosed by the green rectangle). All the defects are symbolized by a vacant box in the sketchily matched models as shown in Fig. 2c, d. Furthermore, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping verifies the silica encapsulation of the microcrystals (Supplementary Fig. 26). Tilt series of SEM and TEM images were also acquired of the individual microcrystals and showed that the 3D morphologies were consistent with the cubic crystal habits (Supplementary Figs. 27, 28).
High-resolution structural analysis of cubic grains
As proposed in Fig. 1c, the silica encapsulation process should only solidify the DOFs to form 3D inorganic porous frameworks without deviating them from the real binding modes and morphologies of the microcrystals. To verify this experimentally, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) was employed due to the high-resolution imaging ability38. Supplementary Video 1 showcases the entire process of tilting experiment for an encapsulated cubic grain. A low magnification HAADF-STEM image of a [001]-oriented cubic microcrystal (Fig. 3a, (i)) reveals a square shape with an edge length of ~4 µm. High-resolution HAADF-STEM images were also acquired along the [001], [011] and [111] zone-axes (Fig. 3a, (ii)–(iv) and Supplementary Fig. 33) and clearly show that the porous motifs well match the models (inset), revealing the arrangements of R-octa DOFs for the corresponding zone-axis.
The enlarged [001] zone-axis HAADF-STEM images (Fig. 3b and Supplementary Fig. 39) show the periodic structure of the porous motifs, for which the width (Fig. 3b, top panel) and length (Fig. 3b, right panel) are measured to be 23.7 nm and 23.3 nm respectively via line profile analysis. The size statistics of the pores enclosed by the cross-organized DOFs reveal homogeneous areas of (23.1 ± 1.2) × (23.4 ± 1.1) nm2 (Fig. 3b, top right panel), after analysis of more than fifty positions. In addition, high-resolution energy-dispersive spectroscopy (HR-EDS) mapping confirms that the chemical composition (C/Si/O/N/P) is completely confined in the silica shell framework without diffusion into the porous channels (Fig. 3c and Supplementary Fig. 40). Accordingly, some intrinsic geometrical parameters of the DOFs were measured by line profile analysis in a partial region along the [011] zone-axis (Fig. 3d and Supplementary Figs. 42, 43), revealing that the length and diameter of bundles are increased to 29.7 nm and 8.9 nm respectively after silica infusion (Fig. 3d, top panels). Based on the statistics of the bundle diameters, the average thickness of the silica shell is calculated to be 1.4 ± 0.3 nm (Fig. 3d, bottom right panel).
To investigate the internal arrangements of the R-octa DOFs inside the cubic single crystals, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were applied after the silica encapsulation process. The function of S(q) (extracted structure factor) vs q (scattering vector) reveals several distinguishable resolution-limited Bragg peaks, as shown in Fig. 3e, demonstrating successful crystallization of DOFs in a 3D manner. It also proves that the silica encapsulation process does not affect the packing mode and long-range order of the single crystals. The crystallite sizes can be calculated from the Scherrer formula D = Kλ/Bcosθ ≈ 4.1 μm, which is similar to the grain size observed in SEM as shown in Fig. 2a. The one-dimensional curve well matches the fitting result (black curve shown in Fig. 4e) obtained by applying R-octa units as the building block with bundle thickness equal to 9 nm (Supplementary Fig. 45), which explains the in situ integrated stabilization of the microcrystals by the strategy of silica encapsulation, without detectable damage.
Moreover, the formation of cubic microcrystals could be accomplished and rationalized by the parameter γ (surface energy) calculated for the exposed facets. Three traditional Wulff shapes of the microcrystals: cube, rhombic dodecahedron and octahedron exposing the {100}, {110} and {111} facets, respectively (Fig. 3f and Supplementary Fig. 47), could be formed by applying R-octa as the building block, while maintaining the internal binding mode of DOFs the same as that shown in Supplementary Fig. 2. According to the rule of a standard broken-bond model, minimal exposure of unconnected vertices per unit area contributes to thermodynamically favoured state39. By assuming equivalent volumes for these three proposed Wulff shapes of microcrystals, the relative surface energy γ exhibits a ratio of γ{100}:γ{110}:γ{111} = 1.00:1.40:1.56 (see details in Supplementary Figs. 48–50), which predicts the equilibrium Wulff polyhedron to be a cube with only {100} facets exposed, well matching the experimental results. With the binding energy of 8-bp complementary sticky ends (Supplementary Fig. 50a) estimated to be 58.52 kJ/mol, the molar surface energies of the three imagined crystal habits are calculated to be 11.94 kJ/mol (cube), 16.66 kJ/mol (rhombic dodecahedron) and 18.58 kJ/mol (octahedron), respectively (Fig. 3g). According to Gibbs-Wulff theory10, the cube habit with the lowest surface energy is a thermodynamic equilibrium habit.
High-resolution structural analysis of cuboid grains
Figure 4a shows a typical HAADF-STEM image acquired from a [100]-oriented free-standing cuboid microcrystal with apparent lattice fringes, suggesting a highly ordered arrangement of E-octa DOFs (see also Supplementary Fig. 51). An enlarged image from an arbitrary partial region (Fig. 4b and Supplementary Fig. 52) shows distinct elongation of the porous structures along the [001] direction, which is further revealed by line profile analysis (Fig. 4b, top and right panels). The mean area of the mesopores increases to (39.0 ± 1.4) × (27.2 ± 1.7) nm2 (Fig. 4b, top right panel) due to the elongation of the building blocks along the corresponding axis. Nevertheless, the porous structures still maintain the nanometre-level uniformity of the elemental distribution shown in the HR-EDS mappings (Fig. 4c and Supplementary Fig. 53). Similarly, in addition to mesopores, other configurational features can also be preserved based on the view along [110] zone axis, because of the thin layer of silica coated on the DNA bundles, with a thickness of 1.7 ± 0.3 nm (Figs. 4d, 4e and Supplementary Figs. 55–57). Moreover, Supplementary Video 2 shows the tilting experiment of the edge part of a discrete encapsulated cuboid single-crystal visualized via HAADF-STEM.
Furthermore, electron tomography was used to produce detailed 3D images of the internal part of the cuboid single crystal with a volume of ~0.37 × 0.34 × 0.25 µm3 (Supplementary Fig. 58), by recording two tilt series of projections along mutually perpendicular tilt axes (Supplementary Fig. 59 and Supplementary Videos 3, 4). The packing mode of the E-octa DOFs is clearly visualized in the volume rendering from the two different viewing directions (Fig. 4f, g, left panels). Furthermore, cross-sectional views along two mutually perpendicular orientations (Fig. 4f, g, right panels) verify the uniform structure inside this fragment. The included 3D animations (Supplementary Videos 5–9) clearly show each monomer unit in this cuboid grain, indicating not only the strictly ordered arrangement of monomers along the [100] and [001] orientations, but also the regularity of the core section over a long micro-scale range. Notably, the entire structure of the observed grain shows robustness sufficient for constant exposure to focused beam irradiation over 3 h, attributed to the silica matrix encapsulation.
In conclusion, we have experimentally and theoretically demonstrated the successful fabrication of Wulff equilibrium crystals from DNA origami units. The relationship between the geometry of the nanoscale DNA origami building blocks and the shape of the corresponding microcrystals was enlightened through the shown cases of R-octa and E-octa, providing a promising route for creating arbitrary single crystals with the desired Wulff shape. Moreover, since the bond energy of the chosen sites on the DNA origami building blocks with their neighbours can be artificially manipulated by tuning the number of pairing bases, the growth rate of different crystal facets can be thermodynamically controlled during the crystallization process, which provides another way to define the shapes of Wulff crystals. In addition, an accurate infusion process could establish a feasible methodology in the manufacture of diverse hybrid materials. The conformations of DNA single crystals could be duplicated with nanometre-level precision into other functional frameworks with designated components, which would bring insights and developments to the catalysis, optics, and other interdisciplinary fields.
Design and synthesis of R-octa and E-octa DNA origami frames
R-octa and E-octa DOF are predesigned with caDNAno software (http://cadnano.org/)40. For R-octa DOFs, each edge of the frame is composed of a six-helix bundle (6HB) with length of 84 base pairs (bps), while for E-octa DOFs, eight edges above and below the middle plane are elongated into 105 base pairs (bps). One single-strand DNA (sticky end) is designed to be extended from both ends of each edge, so four sticky ends stretch out from each vertex. Partially complementary bases of sticky ends will trigger the binding with other homogeneous DOF monomers. Structural parameters of the pre-designed DOFs are shown in details in Supplementary Fig. 12. The DOF monomers are synthesized using M13mp18 DNA as the scaffold followed by mixing with staple oligonucleotides (see Supplementary Tables), buffer, and salts. Synthetic procedure is carried out by carefully treating the mixed solution with thermal annealing process from 95 °C to 20 °C for ~20 h in a PCR device. Representative negatively stained TEM images of obtained samples are shown in Supplementary Figs. 1, 11.
Fabrication of cubic and cuboid microcrystals
Two kinds of octahedral DOFs carrying partially complementary 'sticky ends' are employed in equal molar amount for fabrication of microcrystals, which is accomplished through thermal annealing process. In a typical procedure, annealing process is conducted from 50 °C to 20 °C with the rate of −0.2 °C/h to ensure the formation of thermodynamically equilibrium products.
PEG precipitation process
For PEG precipitation, PEG buffer (20% m/v) should be prepared at first. Twenty grams of PEG lumps (Mw: 8000 g/mol or 10,000 g/mol) were dissolved in 100 mL buffer solution (2 × TE, 500 mM NaCl), in which 20-min ultrasonic treatment can help accelerate the dissolution process of PEG. Prepared DNA origami solution was mixed with the same account of PEG buffer in 1.5 mL centrifuge tube and was then centrifuged at 20,000 rcf for 3 h. The supernatant was then removed. The condensed DNA origami sediment attached at the bottom was mixed with desired buffer solution (usually 1 × TAE, 12.5 mM MgAc2) and redispersed after shaking at a constant temperature overnight (1000 rpm, 12 h, 37.5 °C).
Silica infusion process
The specific approach of silica shell growth is performed according to the slightly modified Stöber method which contains a series of hydrolysis and condensation process. Encapsulation is initiated by washing samples at room temperature through removing the supernatant and filling fresh 1×TAE buffer which contains 7 mM MgCl2. After treating for several rounds, concentration of Mg2+ in solution has been decreased prominently. Then the sample is mixed with TMAPS at room temperature and shaken on thermomixer (350 rpm, 20 min). TMAPS is utilized as a co-structure directing agent (CSDA), which can accumulate on the phosphate group of dsDNA backbone under the favourable condition which created by decreased Mg2+ concentration, and the co-condensation sites for silica precursor are provided through the adsorption onto DNA backbone. Subsequently, TEOS is added followed by shaking for another 30 min at the same rate. For two silanes we used, the molar ratio of nucleotide: TMAPS: TEOS is ~1:10:20. Silanes are both diluted with methanol in the procedures described above according to the amount of samples in solution. After the above process are completed, the sample mixed with silanes is left statically for over 10 h at room temperature, during which the cloudy precipitate formed at the bottom of the tube, which indicates microcrystals have undergone solidification and silica debris is simultaneously generated due to the excess amount of the silanes in solution. Since the spatially organized nucleation sites for silicification is presented by absorption of TMAPS to uniform-distributed negative charges on the microstructure, the formation of Si–O–Si bonds are fulfilled directly on the fundamental DNA structure and the entire bare grains are encapsulated by the amorphous silica shell.
3D reconstruction method
The 86 projections of two orthogonal tilt axes with a field of view of 500 × 500 nm for tomographic reconstruction are collected on a double aberration-corrected FEI Titan cubed G2 60–300 S/TEM using FEI tomography software in HAADF-STEM mode. A series of projections are collected from −64 to +50 degrees and from −42 to +52 degrees about two perpendicular tilting axes. Projections are taken every 4 degrees at the angle lower than ±20 degrees and every 2 degrees at the angle higher than ±20 degrees. The projections are subsequently processed using IMOD41. After the alignment, back-projection algorithm is used to generate the 3D reconstructions from the projections of two tilt axes. The logarithm of the projections and a Gaussian filter (cutoff of 0.35 and sigma of 0.035) are used in the algorithm. The results of two tilt axes are further combined into a final 3D rendered image in IMOD. The 3D image for visualization is rendered by Avizo. The voxel size of the 3D reconstruction is 1 nm.
Data availability
All data are available within the manuscript and supplementary information. Additional data are available upon reasonable request, sent to the corresponding author: email@example.com. Source data are provided with this paper.
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This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21971109, No. 11874199 and No. 21834004), Jiangsu Youth Fund (Grant No. BK20180337), the International Cooperation and Exchange Program by NSFC (No. 11911530174) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 14380151 and No. 020514380224) from Nanjing University. We thank all the team members of beamlines BL16B1 and BL19U2 at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) for technical support in SAXS data collection. We also thank X. Lu (Nanjing University) and Z. Liu (Shanghai Technical Platform for Testing and Characterization on Inorganic Materials, CASSIC, China) for assistance in characterization of solidified specimens.
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Y.T. and Y.W. conceived concept and designed the experiments. Y.W. and L.D. performed experiments and collected data. M.J. helped with the assembly of DNA origami crystals. P.W. and Z.D. carried out STEM characterization and 3D reconstruction. J.L. helped with the SAXS modelling. H.X., X.L., Y.K. and C.F. discussed the research and provided suggestions. Y.W., L.D. and Y.T. prepared the manuscript.
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Wang, Y., Dai, L., Ding, Z. et al. DNA origami single crystals with Wulff shapes. Nat Commun 12, 3011 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23332-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23332-4
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subset: commoncrawl


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White Chocolate Chips Cookies – Best Recipe To Kick off Baking Season
A white chocolate chip cookie is a drop cookie (baked snack) that features white chocolate chips as its distinguishing ingredient. Before we talk about the history of white chocolate, let's dig into the background of chocolate chip cookies.
White Chocolate Chips Cookies – You're Going To Love This Recipe
Chocolate chip cookies were created by Ruth Graves Wakefield and Sue Brides around 1938. It originated in the US when Ruth owned the Toll House Inn ( a popular restaurant) in Massachusetts when she chopped up a Nestle semi-sweet chocolate bar and added the chopped chocolate to a cookie recipe.
Initially, the cookies were named Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie and became a favorite in American homes.
You can bake them and give them to your neighbors and friends when they are sick or as a thank you to someone or to a couple who just had a baby.
The best part is white chocolate chip cookies are easy to make.
White Chocolate Chips Cookies
- 120g unsalted butter, softened
- 85g white sugar
- 65g brown sugar
- 2 medium eggs
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- 180g plain flour
- ½ tsp of baking soda
- 180g white chocolate chips or white chocolate broken into chunks
- The first step is to preheat the oven at a 180C or 160C fan and place two large baking sheets with baking parchment.
- Next, collect all the mentioned ingredients, followed by adding the flour, baking soda, and salt to a mixing bowl. Whisk them together perfectly.
- Add butter at room temperature and both sugars to the bowl. Mix them until they get light and fluffy.
- The next turn is of vanilla extract and eggs each at a time.
- Now add the flour and combine the batter before adding white chocolate chips.
- After adding white chocolate chips and whisking them until distributed equally, roll the mixture into ten even-sized balls between the palms.
- Now place those cookies onto a baking tray and bake for 10-12 minutes until the edges are golden.
- Take them out carefully and leave them on the sheets to cool slightly.
- Transfer them to a wire rack and let them cool down and your cookies are ready.
Nutrition Facts
- Amount Per ServingCalories480
- % Daily Value *
- Total Fat
- Cholesterol 17mg 6%
- Sodium 420mg 18%
- Total Carbohydrate
- Protein 6g 12%
* The % Daily Value tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000 calories a day is used for general nutrition advice.
What Makes White Chocolate Chip Cookies Chewy Vs Crunchy?
If you want your white chocolate chip cookies chewy and crunchy, try following these steps.
Add a tablespoon of honey or molasses to the dough before baking to make them chewy. Add more brown sugar instead of white sugar as brown sugar contains more moisture making your cookies chewy.
You should add melted butter to have dense and chewy cookies as no extra air is added to the dough during creaming.
When you use two eggs, try using one whole egg and one egg yolk (leave out an egg white), and add two tablespoons of milk, which will give you chewy cookies.
For crunchiness in your cookies, add all-purpose flour that will result in a darker brown and crispy cookie.
How Do I Store White Chocolate Chip Cookies?
There are two ways to store white chocolate chip cookies.
One is to freeze the dough before baking. After you prepare the dough, roll it into even-sized balls and place it on a baking sheet.
You have to flash-freeze these cookie calls until they harden. Then transfer them into an airtight container till you want.
Once you decide to bake these cookies, remove the frozen dough from the freezer and keep it in the refrigerator overnight or at room temperature for two hours before baking.
The second method is freeze-baked cookies. After you baked your cookies, let them cool down to room temperature and then store them in an airtight container. You can store white chocolate chip cookies in the freezer for two months.
When you want to have them, take them out and keep them at room temperature for a few minutes. Then heat them in the oven set to 250 degrees F in a baking dish covered with foil or a lid.
If you are keeping them at room temperature or parceling them, seal them in an airtight container and add a piece of bread to the bag that will slow down the moisture loss from the cookies.
How Long Do It Last?
The chocolate chip cookies can last up to three to five days at room temperature and in the freezer for up to two months in an airtight container.
Heat them for five seconds before serving them after taking them from the refrigerator.
Also Read:- Strawberry Lemonade Jello Shots With Vodka


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Although not, there had been together with large prices differences throughout these many years assortment, ranging from $six.99 to help you $ regarding the not nearly as expensive-30 cohort and you may $ to $ throughout the over-30 one to. We did not come across a cycle that'll explain the variations.
To make use of this new software, you will want to join its Facebook account or even their mobile phone amount. If you are using their Facebook subscription, which in turn designs the cornerstone of the Tinder profile. Based on Tinder, this will be to ensure serves are available with folks exactly whom display interests and you can common household members. However, Tinder doesn't blog post towards the Fb character, and if you're concerned with family relations bringing position about your discuss from site, on the about this area, you may be sure.
Tinder including brings itself the means to access the content of chats when you find yourself making use of the application and can even display your data with businesses for advertising purposes.
Tinder is one of the new Fits Level of organizations, who has got Lots of Seafood, OkCupid and Suits. Your details shall be shared with other people to the class. Tinder and you will OkCupid features has just are categorized as flame following the discharge regarding a research because of the Norwegian Individual Council and you can which found that the latest programs is discussing individual associate advice which have third parties.
Need glance at the private information one Tinder provides gained about you making use of the Receive my Research tool and you will together with request their removal.
Matching: To join up, their complete a profile, that you'll would of the registering with Facebook, and then populate their profile with advice including your interests or your perfect day. You will see men and women using three tips: from the appearing her or him by length and you can ages, utilising the "Carousel" (hence performs similarly to Tinder), otherwise by using SmartPick (and this analyzes compatibility ranging from Zoosk participants and produces suits suggestions). Zoosk claims to study on the tips because you use the website, hence making more compatible caters to as you utilize the site a lot more.
Zoosk also https://besthookupwebsites.org/ferzu-review/ provides free and paid down subscriptions, and you may a wages-as-you-wade system playing with "Zoosk Gold coins". This new free pages get to be the a good evaluate – if you want to correspond with pages on the site your have to pay that have a registration.
Free: Players renders a visibility, pick group, and you will upload earliest winks, but they can not publish otherwise select texts.
Paid: Memberships cost $ a month to own half a dozen-weeks, $ thirty day period for three-weeks otherwise $ 30 days repaid month-to-month. Memberships car-replace otherwise terminate their subscription prior to ends. That have a made registration, you might receive and send texts and you can winks, communicate with relationships, see pages of them which have viewed your own personal, and also have done access to Smartpick, Zoosk's matching characteristics.
Membership enhancements: You could potentially shell out a whole lot more to open state-of-the-art provides, such Superior Chatting (which enables those with totally free subscription to respond with the texts as opposed to opt-in), Hide & Discover (allows visibility perform, plus covering up the character) and you may Quick Break (allows some other associate keep in mind that you do not same as him otherwise this lady; you have a beneficial smash involved).
Zoosk Gold coins: You are able to secure if not purchase Zoosk "Coins", and this discover the suits, allows marriagemindedpeoplemeet you to definitely post electronic merchandise, boost reputation, while having delivery confirmations with the emails, one of new features. Gold coins prices $ having 180, in order to $ to own 1800 coins. Gold coins would be made that with otherwise applying to anyone third-cluster application, surveys, features and websites.
For those who subscribe to Zoosk and present the site access to at least one of your social network profiles, including Myspace or even Myspace, they could manage listings to you thereon system, plus they may collect facts about family members.


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
The Finance Department is responsible for preparing financial reports that promote transparency and accountability. The financial documents on the left navigation of this page are available for your review.
The following summary data is from the government-wide Statement of Activities in the City's Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (ACFR). The government-wide Statement of Activities reports the results of the City's operations on an accrual basis of accounting. Revenues are recognized when earned and expenses are recognized at the time the liability is incurred.
Fiscal Year 2022 Budgeted full-time equivalent positions: 1,478.29


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Do you have an update, particularly for vendor revenues, for the following post? http://wikibon.org/wiki/v/Big_Data_Vendor_Revenue_and_Market_Forecast_2013-2017
I am a writer at Seeking Alpha specializing in tech issues.
The 2015 update that is available to the public is on premium.wikibon.com, full vendor revenues are available to premium members (hit the contact button on the new site for more details).


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- You are here:
- Home
- Government
- Departments A - F
- Arts & Culture
- Fireworks Festival
Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Photos by David Bauer
DeKoven Drive at Washington Street: (no southbound traffic) 10am – 11pm.
Court Street: (between Melilli Plaza and DeKoven Drive): 2 pm – 11 pm.
Harbor Drive: 7 pm – 11 pm.
DeKoven Drive: 7pm – 11pm.
Dingwall Drive: closed between Metro Square and Dekoven Drive 7 pm – 11 pm.
MLK Way: closed between Metro Square and Dekoven Drive 7 pm – 11 pm.
River Road: closed between Harbor Drive and Walnut Street 7 pm – 11 pm.
Eastern Dr.: between Silver St. and River Rd (southbound traffic only) 7 pm 11 pm.
** Access to Eastern Drive via Walnut Street to River Road
Main Street, Municipal Lots, Commuter Lot (Eastern Drive), CVH Grounds,and the Jackson Corrugated Lot (access from Walnut Street to River Road)
The south lot of Harbor Drive and the upper City Hall Parking lot.
City Hall Area, Harbor Area, CVH Grounds.


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Collembola, otherwise known as springtails, are one of the largest groups of insect-like organisms found in the soil. A close relative of silverfish, these arthropods include over 6000 separate species worldwide. They are no longer considered insects but remain arthropods for classification purposes.
Collembola or Springtails?
They are named Collembola because each sports an appendage known as a collophore or tube (1) from the first abdominal segment. the common name 'springtail' comes from an additional forked appendage located on the forth segment known as a furcula (2) which is locked into another appendage on the third segment known as a tenaculum. It is held in place by this locking mechanism until it is released against a hard surface causing the animal to 'spring' into the air some 20cm. This is not controlled movement but a survival mechanism.
Springtails are wingless hexapods (six-footers) with incomplete metamorphosis. There are no larval or pupae stages; the newly hatched springtails resemble the adults. Springtails molt several times during their life cycle. Springtails are typically small (less than 6 mm), feed on decaying vegetation and organic matter found in the soil, and require high humidity to survive. They will also feed on the recently dead springtails from the groups. Springtails are not usually considered a major plant pest unless populations are so high that they begin feeding on soft plant tissues. At least one important species is a garden or greenhouse pest because it will feed on pollen and soft flower tissues. Soft tissues especially involve flowers or florets and springtails seem more attracted to plants with lighter colours.
Crop-specific springtails
There are also at least two other springtail species that tend to be crop-specific pests. Springtails prefer cooler conditions, need moisture, and come in a wide range of colours. Some are known as 'Snow Fleas' because they appear in early spring on the melting snow. There are 4 important families in this group, which have been found at extremely high population densities of over 750 million individuals per hectare. Although they seldom cause problems, they have been known to become an issue in human habitations when populations are very high, but again they need an organic food source and high moisture levels to survive.
Diseases from Springtails
They are not known to harbour any particular disease or pathogens, nor are they a primary vector for pests and diseases. Insects with chewing mouth-parts, such as springtails, seldom are. They may well carry fungal or bacterial spores from their soil habitats and initiate secondary infections at the feed sites through this mechanism. To determine the presence and density of existing populations in outdoor gardens or indoor growing areas, you can place a pan of water on the growing medium or soil below the plants prior to irrigation. The insects cannot control their jumping and some will land in the water and drown, so that they can be counted later.
Control methods
Springtails can best be controlled through modifying growing practices. Over-watering, plant and soil debris left on floors or bench tops, and poorly aerated mediums are all factors that contribute to population increases. While insecticide controls are available, such as those containing the active ingredients bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, carbaryl, Malathion, or permethrin, the best form of control is using proper cultural practices.
Control is best achieved through sanitation before, during and after cropping.
- Proper soil drainage is critical to ensure that the plant mediums are not saturated and can dry between applications of water.
- Use new medium and avoid adding organic material from outdoor sources.
- For rooms that have been contaminated, it is usually enough to carry out a thorough clean-up after the crop and allow a brief dry period when everything in the room is allowed to dry totally with slightly elevated temperatures.
- Avoid re-contamination with the next crop.


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Thinking about taking your business to the next level? Well, it might be time to consider implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. But wait! How do you know if your business is actually ready for it? No worries, we've got you covered! In this blog, we'll explore six clear signs that indicate your business is ready to implement an ERP system.
6 Signs your Business is Ready for an ERP Implementation
#1 Rapid Growth and Expansion:
One of the key indicators that your business is ready to implement an ERP is rapid growth and expansion. As your company scales, it becomes increasingly challenging to manage various departments, processes, and data manually. An ERP system provides a centralized platform that integrates all aspects of your business, including finance, sales, inventory, manufacturing, and customer relationship management. By implementing an ERP system, you can effectively handle increased complexity and ensure seamless coordination between different departments.
#2 Lack of Automation and Streamlined Processing:
Efficiency is the backbone of a successful business, and relying on outdated legacy systems and manual tasks can hinder growth and profitability. By implementing an ERP system, businesses can automate and streamline processes, reducing the time and effort spent on manual tasks while minimizing the risk of errors. From sales order creation and invoice generation to inventory allocation, stock replenishment, order management, and receivables tracking, an ERP system provides a comprehensive solution.
With real-time visibility and accurate data, businesses can make informed decisions, optimize resource allocation, and drive operational efficiency. Embracing an ERP system empowers businesses to save costs, increase productivity, and focus on strategic activities that fuel growth and customer satisfaction.
#3 Increasing Customer Demands and Expectations:
In today's customer-centric era, meeting and exceeding customer expectations is crucial for any business success. If your customers expect faster response time, personalized experience, and efficient order fulfillment, an ERP system can help you deliver on those demands efficiently. With integrated Customer Relationship Management (CRM) functionality, an ERP system enables you to manage customer interactions, track sales opportunities, and provide superior service.
With comprehensive supply chain functionality, including inventory management and demand planning, an ERP system enables you to optimize operations, improve order accuracy, and enhance customer satisfaction. By centralizing customer data, you can personalize your offerings, improve customer experience, and foster long-term loyalty.
#4 Regulatory Compliance Challenges:
Staying compliant with industry regulations and standards is a significant concern for businesses across various sectors. If your organization struggles with meeting compliance requirements, an ERP system can provide robust solutions. An ERP system helps you establish standardized processes, maintain accurate records, and generate audit trails. It ensures that your business adheres to regulatory guidelines, minimizes the risk of penalties, and enhances overall data security.
#5 Not Having Access to Accurate Business Data:
In today's fast-paced business world, quick and easy access to accurate information is vital for making informed decisions. However, relying on disconnected systems and manual processes can lead to delays and inefficiencies. By implementing an ERP solution, businesses can centralize their data, providing instant access to key information. Executives gain a holistic view of operations, while employees can access relevant data for better decision-making, increased productivity, and improved customer experiences. With an ERP system, businesses can streamline their processes, break down data barriers, and stay active in this competitive market.
#6 Time-Consuming and Challenging Accounting
One of the clear indicators that your company is in need to implement an ERP software is when your accounting department starts facing challenges. Manual processes, such as relying on paper-based invoices and sales orders, can be time-consuming and prone to errors. The repetitive task of manually entering data into various accounting and sales systems eats away precious hours that could be spent on more strategic activities.
Implementing an ERP solution can revolutionize your accounting operations. By centralizing financial data in a single database, ERP software eliminates the need for manual cross-posting, rekeying of numbers, and data reconciliation. This streamlines the accounting process, saving time and improving accuracy. Accounting staff can focus on more value-added tasks and deliver critical reports quickly. An ERP system empowers your accounting department to become more productive, efficient, and responsive, ultimately contributing to the overall success of your business.
Why is Odoo the Right Choice for your ERP Needs?
When it comes to meeting your ERP needs, Odoo stands out as an excellent choice. With its comprehensive and integrated features, Odoo offers a solution that covers all aspects of your business operations. From sales and inventory management to accounting and human resources, Odoo streamlines and automates processes, making your life easier.
Another advantage of Odoo is its user-friendly interface, making it easy for your employees to navigate and utilize the system effectively. Additionally, Odoo's open-source nature brings both cost-effectiveness and flexibility to the table. You have the freedom to customize and adapt the system as your business evolves, without being tied down by expensive licensing fees. Whether you're a small startup or a large enterprise, Odoo caters to businesses of all sizes.
Partner with Ksolves for Seamless Odoo Implementation
When it comes to seamless Odoo Implementation, choosing Ksolves as our partner is the way to go. As an esteemed Odoo Gold Partner, Ksolves offers unparalleled expertise and a proven track record of delivering exceptional results. With our skilled team, you can expect a smooth and efficient implementation, customized to your specific requirements. By partnering with Ksolves, you can confidently embark on our Odoo journey, knowing that you have a trusted and experienced partner supporting you every step of the way.
Close Out
In conclusion, implementing an ERP system can be a transformative step for businesses seeking growth, efficiency, and improved customer experiences. By recognizing the signs of readiness outlined in this blog – rapid growth and expansion, lack of automation and streamlined processing, increasing customer demands, regulatory compliance challenges, limited access to accurate data, and time-consuming accounting processes – businesses can make informed decisions about embracing an ERP solution.
Odoo, with its comprehensive features, user-friendly interface, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, emerges as an ideal choice to meet the ERP needs of businesses of all sizes. By utilizing the power of Odoo and partnering with a reputable implementation provider like Ksolves, businesses can embark on a successful ERP journey, unlocking their full potential and paving the way for sustained growth and success.


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Joe Miller and Brian Massie discuss the basics of property taxes.
How much is a mil?
1 mil = $.001
10 mils = $.01 [.001 x 10]
.01 cent is = 1% of $1
Inside millage is not voted on by the taxpayers, and the maximum property taxes collected through inside millage is 10 mil, or 1% of the assessed property value.
Assessed value = Appraised Value x 35%
Outside millage must have voter approval to be collected.
"Continuous" levies are collected FOREVER, and the taxing authority never has to be accountable to the voters.
"CPT" levies are an acronym for "Continuing Period of Time", and like the "Continuous" levies are FOREVER.
How much does 1 mil cost a taxpayer?
Easiest Calculation: $35.00 per mil for every $100,000 of appraised value.
5 mill levy will cost $175.00 per year for every $100,000 of appraised value.
[5 x $35.00]
Categories: Community Activism, Joe Miller, Podcasts


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Source: ASK
Uncoated casting refers in particular to the use of a system for improving the casting surface which consists of additives and the appropriate binders and makes it possible to forego the coating process.
For the caster, uncoated casting opens up the possibility of saving material costs both for charge materials and for the peripheral equipment (furnace drying systems, coating pans, etc.). The most important point in favor of uncoated casting is arguably the fact that one or even two work steps can be saved. Both the coating process itself and the following drying take up time and involve personnel. For this reason, it can be expected that the omission of these work steps will yield an increase in productivity. Foregoing the coating process is also accompanied by a reduction of energy costs since the cost-intensive furnace drying of coated cores is omitted. In addition, alcohol-based coatings represent a particular potential danger in foundries from the point of view of occupational safety laws. Not using these materials means increasing safety at the same time. A source of errors can be eliminated by switching to uncoated casting. Coating-specific casting defects, such as scabbing or inclusions, could be prevented this way.
Advantages from the use of additives
- No need for expensive special sands, such as chrome ore sand, sand of Swedish provenience, zirconium sand or chamotte sand; in some cases, these sands can be substituted
- Inexpensive auxiliary material that counteracts veining and has proven itself again and again
- Relatively low added amounts
- Uncoated casting is also possible under certain conditions
Source: ASK


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Our comprehensive solutions and services guide you on your digitalization journey.
Finding the right business solution:
We speak your language! Our industry-specific solutions are perfectly tailored to your needs.
A game-changing strategy to a fully digital company.
Tips and updates for our solutions, informative blog posts, compelling case studies, and news about our company.
BE-terna achieves the 2023-2024 Microsoft Business Applications Inner Circle award.
Live Q&A webinar
The world of commerce has been turned upside down in the last couple of years.
In a matter of months, retailers experienced digital growth that usually takes years to achieve. With this unexpected growth and change, not only in customer behaviour and expectations but also in the way we do business and collaborate, companies had to adjust quickly.
Unfortunately, many of them are still struggling in this new landscape.
How do you stay competitive in a market that moves at lightning speed, and more importantly, how do you satisfy your customers?
Join us for a LIVE introductory Q&A held by our very own retail experts to tell you how BE-terna can help you with these challenges.
Speaking will be our Business Development Manager, Marija Stankovic, who joined BE-terna after a 10-year career in merchandising and digital marketing at Macy's, one of the leading department stores in the US. Chatting with her will be Rico Haenel, Commerce Business Line Manager and Managing Director who has been working with our fashion clients for 10 years.
We will cover the top line of our offering, answer all your questions and give you a heads-up on what is coming in the next year!


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Tickets are available now for the January 24 performance by The McDermott Trio, presented by Mainly Mozart, at the Rancho Santa Fe Garden Club.
BESPOKE. REFINED. LUXURY. As a consistent leading luxury real estate brokerage team in San Diego County, having closed more than $2.5 Billion in residential sales, Brizolis Janzen & Associates is a powerhouse of knowledge and expertise. MISSION STATEMENT: The dedication and commitment to the best interest of the client is always at the forefront of our practice. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
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The newly enacted Patent Box Regime (Deduction) Rules ('the Rules') which came into effect on the 13 August 2019, clarify and expand upon Article 14(1)(p) of the Income Tax Act ('ITA'), Chapter 123 of the Laws of Malta.
A qualifying income derived from a qualifying intellectual property ('qualifying IP') may be claimed by any beneficiary whose income arises in the course of a trade, business, profession, vocation or otherwise.
Qualifying IP
For an ITA deduction to be claimed, the IP in question must fall within the parameters of what is referred to as 'qualifying IP', which for the purposes of the Rules refers to three main categories:
For the purposes of the Rules, a small entity is an entity which either has a turnover on a group basis of not more than fifty million Euros (€50,000,000) or does not itself earn more than seven million and five hundred thousand Euros (€7,500,000) in gross revenue from the IP assets.
Entitlement to Deduction
In order for the Patent Box Regime's Deduction to apply, a number of cumulative requisites need to be satisfied:
Calculation of the Deduction
The Rules set out a formula which must be followed when calculating such tax deduction, by dividing the qualifying IP Expenditure by the Total IP Expenditure, following which such figure is multiplied by the income or capital gains derived from the qualifying IP, and multiplied again by 95 percent. Namely, the following formula applies:
95% x ('Qualifying IP Expenditure' divided by 'Total IP Expenditure' x 'Income or Gains derived from Qualifying IP')
The income or gains derived from the qualifying IP must fall under the categories stipulated for in Articles 4 and 5 of the ITA. Such income or gains must be derived from the use, enjoyment and employment of such qualifying IP, royalty or similar income.
In the case of 'Total IP Expenditure', this constitutes expenditure which is directly incurred in the acquisition, creation, development, improvement or protection of the qualifying IP. Such qualifying IP expenditure must be actually incurred by the beneficiary. It may also cover expenses incurred by any other persons which the beneficiary would have had to incur himself and acquisition costs and expenditure for outsourcing activities made to related parties.
The costs taken into account for the purposes of quantifying the 'Qualifying IP Expenditure' shall be established at the time when they are incurred. Such Qualifying IP Expenditure is expenditure incurred:
Should a beneficiary, in respect of the qualifying IP, incur a loss which he is entitled to set-off against his income or capital gains, he may elect one of the following benefits:
Article written by Dr Terence Cassar, Dr Bernice Saliba and Legal Trainee Camille Pellicano.
For more information or assistance on copyright and intellectual property law kindly contact Dr Ian Gauci on email@example.com or Dr Terence Cassar on firstname.lastname@example.com.
This article is not intended to impart legal advice and readers are asked to seek verification of statements made before acting on them.


text: Claim Managing your cover Claiming Mobile App Claims and Manual Claims Mobile App Claim Submit your Extras claims with the simple, free Transport Health mobile app. Just search 'Transport Health' in the app store to download it to your Apple or Android device. Once you open the app, there's no need to login, and you can claim by providing up to three photos. Manual Claim Make a claim by printing off the following claim form and sending it to us with a copy of your receipt. Before lodging your claim: Please check that your receipt contains the following details: Full name of the person who received the product, service or treatment. Date of your service/treatment or the date the product was purchased. Name of the healthcare practitioner who provided the product, service or treatment. Provider number of the healthcare practitioner. Address and contact number of the healthcare practitioner. Download claim form Please remember If you have not paid the account, a cheque will be issued in the practitioner's name. All claims submitted must be less than two years from the date of service. If you are sending in a claim for health aids, orthotics, orthopaedic shoes or contraceptives, you will need to include a letter from your prescribing practitioner detailing the medical reason you require the aid. For inpatient medical claims we require you to send in the Medicare statement unless your invoice tells you to send it directly to your fund. If you require your original receipt, please send us a copy as we do not send originals back. Forms Hopefully you'll find everything you need here, but if you're after something we don't have please give us a call on 1300 806 808 or drop us a line at firstname.lastname@example.com Useful forms Third Party Authority As the main member of a couple/family membership, use this form to give your nominated person full authority (this excludes the ability to cancel or suspend your membership). Open form Direct Debit Form Use this form to set up an automatic direct debit from your bank account or credit card. Please print, complete, sign and then send it to us by email, fax or snail mail. Open form Suspend Cover Travelling overseas? You can't take your health cover with you, but you may be able to suspend it while you're away. See all of the terms and conditions on page 2 of this form. Open form Rebate Tier Nomination If you're not currently receiving the government rebate as a reduction in your contributions, or need to change your rebate level, you can change your rebate option here. Form Fund Rules You can read all about our Fund Rules here: Click here Student Dependant Your kids are covered by your family membership until they turn 21. After that, they can stay on your cover at no extra cost up until the age of 25 if they qualify as a 'student dependent'. Open form Claim form Use this form to make all Hospital and Extras claims (where HICAPS is unavailable). Please print, complete, sign and then send it to us by email, fax or snail mail. Open form Direct Debit Service Agreement Service Agreement only. For the Direct Debit form and Agreement see above. Open form Member Services Portal Click here to go to the member portal


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Are you a follower of Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa? She is popular enough for the youth at this time. We have added the detailed biography of this Actress, TV Presenter, Fashion Designer, Businesswoman, and Instagram Star. If you are interested in Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa, we can assure you will be happy by visiting here. Scroll down the below section, you will get Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa age, net worth, height, affairs, education and many more. Go ahead to check the details.
Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa Bio
The real name of this Actress, TV Presenter, Fashion Designer, Businesswoman, and Instagram Star is Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa. The tag name is Enhle Mbali. Her nationality is South African by birth. Her home town is Johannesburg, South Africa. She follows Christianity. She continues her study till Graduate with a bachelors's degree. To get more information check the below table section.
Original name | Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa |
Tag Name | Enhle Mbali |
Gender | Female |
Nationality | South African |
Community | South African |
Religious Belief | Christianity |
Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa Age and birth place
Do you know what is the age of Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa? Birthday and information like Birthplace, home town etc have been focused here. By going through the following table, you will get the information about her birthday. The birth date is 3-Mar-88. Presently, She is 34 years old. The location of her birth is South Africa.
Birth Date | 3-Mar-88 |
Age as in [year] | 34 years old |
Birthplace | South Africa |
Grow Up at | Johannesburg, South Africa |
Zodiac Sign | Pisces |
Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa Height and Physical Description
Physical structure expresses the beauty of celebrities. Idol's physical state, height, weight even the hairstyle is followed by the fans. We are aware of it. She is almost 168 cm. She is approximately 62 kg in weight. The value of weight can be changed anytime. We will try to show the recent one. The hair color is Dark Brown and the eye color is Brown.
Height | 168 cm |
Height(s) Feet | 5 Feet 6 Inch |
Heights in meter | 1.68 meter |
Weight | 62 kg |
Weight(s) in pound | 136 lbs |
Body Measurement | 36-27-38 |
Size of Brest | 36 inch |
Waist Size in Inch | 27 inches |
Shoe Size UK | 6 |
Hip Size in inch | 38 inches |
Eye Colour | Brown |
Hair Color | Dark Brown |
Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa Marital Status and boyfriend
Do you know is Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa married or single or dating someone? People always shows keen interest about the personal life of any celebrities. To give idea about her marital status, affairs, hobbies, and many other things we decorated this section. Her favorite personalities and things have been described here. Check the below to the table to know about your favorite person's marital life.
Marital Status | Divorced |
Dating History | Not disclosed by the actress |
Affair(s) | — |
Husband/Spouse | Nkosinathi Innocent Maphumulo (m. 2011 – div. 2019) |
Hobbies | Reading, Theatre Play & Artwork |
Father Name | Will be Updated Soon |
Mother | No Data Found |
Brother | Will Update Soon |
Sister | Will be Updated Soon |
Famous Relatives | Not Available |
Daughter and Son | will update. |
Educational Backgrounds
In this part we are going to discuss about Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa's educational qualification. People always ask about the educational background of their favourite personages. Fans always love to follow their favourite celebreties and get inspired from their activities, qualities like education, vitues and others. Educational qualifications are described in the table below. It's quite tough to find out the relaiable information in online. In case of getting less reliable source of data, we preffer to keep it blank.
School Name | Local High School. |
Collge | Will update |
Level of Education | Graduate with a Bachelors's degree |
Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa's Professional Life and Controversies
Here we have gathered information about her professional life. The professional information;, favorite things will also be provided. As a professional, her is mainly Actress, TV Presenter, Fashion Designer, Businesswoman, and Instagram Star.
Distinguished For | for being the ex-wife of Black Coffee (South African DJ and Producer) |
Main Profession | Actress, TV Presenter, Fashion Designer, Businesswoman, and Instagram Star |
Tattoo Presence | NA. |
Hobbies | Reading, Theatre Play & Artwork |
Favorite Celebrities | Beyonce (American Singer) and Will Smith (American Actor) |
Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa Net Worth and Earnings
Have you ever thought about Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa's net worth? Do you know how much She earn every month or her salary? You know well that no one's salary and assets remain fixed for a long period of time. By following the table get idea about her net worth and salary. We have added controversies in this section. The total net worth of Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa is $1.2 million US dollars (As of 2019).
Earning | — |
Net Worths | $1.2 million US dollars (As of 2019) |
Favourite Color | Red |
Favorite Food | Mexican Cuisine |
Holiday Destination | Greece |
Frequently Ask Questions
What is the educational qualification of Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa?
Her educational qualification is Graduate with a bachelors's degree.
Is Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa Married?
She is divorced.
What are the hobbies of Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa?
The hobbies are Reading, theatre play & artwork.
What is the profession of Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa?
She is Actress, tv presenter, fashion designer, businesswoman, and instagram star.
What is the religious belief of Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa?
She believes in Christianity.
Here is all about Enhle Mbali Mlotshwa net worth, bio, hight,weight, and other information. All these information will help you to know about the person. There may have some wrong information, if you find anything like that inform us through comment or use our contact detailsWe are awaiting your opinion.


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Sudbury Stories: A Greener Resource Pathway
June 12, 2023
Greater Sudbury is known internationally as a mining centre of excellence – and as a site where the industry's impact has marked our changing landscape. Our Sudbury stories have been shared through several recent events that focus, in one way or another, on how the legacy of mining impacts our green economic future. I was pleased to participate in these events and to reflect on how far we've come from that 1960s moonscape. From an IMAX film about a conservation legend that showcases the Sudbury regreening story, to a gathering of industry executives in the battery electric vehicle chain, all signs are pointing to Sudbury's competitive advantage in the green economy.
On May 30, Science North hosted the Jane Goodall – Reasons for Hope IMAX film premiere. The film showcases a number of "good news" conservation stories from across the world, including Greater Sudbury's regreening journey – a story that demonstrates the resilience of the landscape and the dedication of leaders to restoring local environmental quality. This film elevates the Sudbury story to an international level, and the hard work of our community members stands as an inspiration for communities impacted by resource development and primary industry around the world.
The IMAX film premiere coincided with the Northern Ontario Youth Climate Action Summit, also hosted at Science North. This two-day event for high school students provided hands-on learning opportunities to empower young people with the tools, skills, networks, and confidence to continue to affect positive change within their communities.
Across town, the second BEV In-Depth: Mines to Mobility conference (held May 31 – June 1, 2023) attracted hundreds of attendees from across Ontario to discuss the future of the battery electric vehicle industry. Presenters and delegates included industry leaders, researchers, and technical experts. The strong turnout was a testament to the timeliness of this topic; with both the provincial and federal governments having signaled their intent to invest in the critical minerals sector, stakeholders are eager to ensure a made-in-Ontario approach to connecting the supply chain.
The conference made clear that a successful transition to an electric future will require more than new vehicle production. We will need to make sure that our communities and workplaces have the required infrastructure and clean power supply to support these increased loads for charging batteries and powering equipment. It was heartening to see representatives from mining, the auto industry, and the energy sector all participate in the two-day event.
I was thrilled to see so much local innovation on display at the conference host venue, Cambrian College, itself an emerging leader in applied research related to the underground battery electric vehicle sector. Collaboration between local postsecondary institutions and industry is key to building a workforce with the skills and talents needed to seize this generational opportunity. Many local firms are already leading the way in underground mining BEV technology, automation, and advanced telecommunications. As Mayor, I am committed to continuing to support this sector, and to assist in the attraction and retention of the talent required to fuel this transition. I want to ensure that as this industry grows, these good jobs stay in Greater Sudbury and companies feel encouraged to locate and expand here.
In addition, from June 9 to 11, Greater Sudbury was the host city of Ontario Nature's 2023 Annual Gathering and 92nd Annual General Meeting. This long-standing event brought together a provincial network of environmentalists to participate in nature workshops, hear keynote speeches by local ecology leaders, and enjoy field trips to significant sites of restoration activity across our city. Several prominent Greater Sudbury environmental non-profits and organizations were essential in coordinating the conference and delivering programming. These include the Junction Creek Stewardship Committee, Sudbury Naturalists, Coalition for a Liveable Sudbury, Conservation Sudbury, reThink Green, Rainbow Routes, as well as the City of Greater Sudbury's VETAC and EarthCare programs. This was the first time the AGM had been held in Greater Sudbury, and was a great chance to shine more light on Greater Sudbury's successful regreening story – and provided an opportunity to chart a path for the next fifty years of restoration efforts.
I am extremely proud of the hard work and leadership of our citizens in the fields of ecological reclamation and a cleaner mining industry. I am proud to be a champion for Greater Sudbury, and I look forward to continuing to work together on this pathway to a greener future for our children and grandchildren.


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Ms. Damian represents public and private companies and individuals in a variety of complex business and securities litigation. She regularly serves as court-appointed Federal Equity Receiver, Special Monitor, and distribution Agent, and also serves as Receiver and Monitor in state court matters. Ms. Damian also serves as counsel to Receivers serving in both state and federal court. She counsels companies on corporate governance matters and serves as counsel to special litigation committees performing internal investigations in response to shareholder derivative demands. She also represents officers and directors in corporate and securities litigation matters, and various partners or members in closely held "business divorce" matters.
Ms. Damian represents national law firms in a variety of legal malpractice matters, including those involving allegations of malpractice in connection with failed advocacy, failed transactions, and the failure of financial institutions.
Ms. Damian also has substantial experience advising executives on contractual and compensation matters and litigating executive and general employment matters, including representation and counseling on behalf of national and local companies in discrimination and harassment claims. She also has experience in counseling clients and litigating issues concerning various employment-related issues including, non-competition agreements, and theft of trade secrets.
Ms. Damian is a Past Chair of the Business Law Section of The Florida Bar, President of the International Women's Forum (IWF) Florida Chapter, and served as Co-Chair of the IWF 2018 World Leadership Conference. Ms. Damian has received several professional acknowledgments. She is listed as one of the Top 50 Women Lawyers in the state of Florida by Florida Super Lawyers magazine. Ms. Damian has also been included in Florida Trend's Legal Elite and the Top Lawyers in South Florida Legal Guide since 2004.
Ms. Damian is active in child advocacy and is a founder of the non-profit Educate Tomorrow. Ms. Damian currently serves as Chair of the Board of the SEED School of Miami a public urban boarding school for underserved youth. Ms. Damian received numerous awards for her service including The 2011 Pro Bono Award for Child Advocacy from the Dade County Bar Association and Eleventh Judicial Circuit; The 2005 Florida Bar Association Young Lawyer Division Pro Bono Award; The Lawyers For Children 2005 John Edward Smith Award; 2006 Junior League of Miami, Inc. "Woman Who Make a Difference" award; "2007 Pepsi Everyday Freedom Hero Award" and "The Florida Bar President's 2008 Pro Bono Service Award, and the 2012 Florida Association of Women Lawyers (FAWL) "Mattie Belle Davis Award," Women Who Rock 2019, and FAWL's Women Making History Award in 2019.


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Today, there are innumerable beauty brands claiming "clean" or "green" status, but few of them can boast the OG status of One Love Organics. This ECOCERT® line, crafted in small batches in Georgia (represent!) is accessible, efficacious and a total joy to use. Learn more about what makes this brand stand out when you read on.
This post is sponsored by One Love Organics, an ECOCERT® skincare brand that's accessible and effective. As always, The New Knew only works with brands who we trust are making the world a better place.
By: Lisa Fennessy
One Love Organics was one of the very first brands I tried almost 8 years ago when I started blogging about better beauty and it just kind of became a measuring stick that I used going forward. Why?
🤍I love the efficacy of this brand. I will recommend their Botanical B Cleansing Oil until the day I die it's so good.
🤍I love the integrity of this brand. They found a way to get their products ECOCERT® certified (the gold standard of better beauty certifications) even when there was no possible option in sight.
🤍I love their won't-settle-for-less approach—like when other brands were smelling like patchouli and bergamot essential oils, OLO came in like BAM, our products actually smell good and still meet ECOCERT® specs (and this was back in 2010!).
🤍I love their transparency and willingness to educate like last year when the TNK took a virtual tour of the OLO manufacturing facility with founder Suzanne LeRoux herself.
🤍I love their commitment to excellence as Suzanne is still directing formulations and testing all of OLOs new releases herself.
I've been using OLO exclusively for the past month (TRULY!) and not only does my skin feel amaze, but I'm also so excited to dish on my absolute top pick faves. But first, let me tell you a little bit more about what makes this brand a standout.
- Why One Love Organics is a standout in better beauty
- My top One Love Organics picks for a full skincare routine
- One Love Organics FAQ
Why One Love Organics is a standout in better beauty
Aside from having one of my all-time favorite exfoliators, One Love Organics is a clear standout because of its commitment to incredibly high, ethical ingredient standards. You know how hard it is to determine which certifications are legit or not, but with OLO, they've made it simple BY BUILDING THEIR OWN ECOCERT® MANUFACTURING FACILITY.
Yep, they went there.
Founder/CEO Suzanne LeRoux told us what that means a couple years ago:
"We have a system in place in order to achieve and maintain certification that tracks ingredients from source to finished formula, ensures the freshness and organic and/or natural origin of each ingredient and finished formula, ensures that we only use recyclable packaging, that we have sustainable manufacturing methods to reduce waste and encourages the recyclability of everything we use in our facility—including paper.
Our cleaning agents and even pest control methods must also be approved as well. We are physically inspected and audited each year by our certification officer. It's quite rigorous and not only covers the products themselves but also our business practices, including how we market the products as natural and organic as well. I can honestly say that I will purchase anything with confidence that has an ECOCERT®/COSMOS seal after working with them for the past six years. They are ethical and thorough with every detail!"
Basically, they're fulfilling all my wildest dreams when it comes to ingredients, third-party testing, formulas, cleaning agents and more—but above all, they make products I wanna reach for every day.
My top One Love Organics picks for a full skincare routine
It's rare that I'd actually want to craft an entire skincare routine from one brand, but OLO makes that a simple choice. Since the brand launched with 3 products in 2010, it's grown to include beautifully diverse products that cover all my bases for a skincare routine.
Here are my top picks, which can *easily* be compiled to complete a full day/night time routine. If you're looking for a simple way to boost your skin without worrying about the cocktails you might accidentally be creating by crafting your own routine, OLO is the answer.
AM/PM: Botanical B Cleansing Oil | $42
If you've heard of OLO, this is probably the product you've tried. It's their number one best-selling product—and for good reason. It works to remove makeup and dirt and grime, it feels and smells great AND IT MILKS. This is one of the first oil cleansers I ever tried that gives you that satisfying light foaming feel when you add water, all without stripping skin. Papaya, pumpkin, and sunflower oils synergistically work together to deliver gentle, yet powerful cleansing action while providing essential B vitamins to nourish your skin.
Plus, can we talk about the scent?! It's like if a pina colada and a white gummy bear had a baby and it takes you to a happy place instantly.
A super quick note we wanted to clarify…this product isn't ECOCERT® certified like the others we're mentioning, so we asked specifically about it, and here's what OLO's founder said:
"The B Cleansing Oil is crafted in our ECOCERT® licensed facility, ensuring high-quality production standards. Although it is not ECOCERT® certified, this product contains over 70% organic ingredients. While two ingredients did not meet the ultra-strict ECOCERT® guidelines, it's important to note that the B Cleansing Oil complies with all the rigorous standards set by our clean beauty retailers… it has to do with environmentally friendly production and waste management, not anything to do with naturalness or safety. Rest assured, it is not the fragrance. That was approved by ECOCERT® and is in other ECOCERT® certified organic products."
And we were like THANK YOU FOR THE TRANSPARENCY.
What we like:
- Scent
- Ingredients
- Feel on skin
- Foaming ability that still rinses clean
- Papain and papaya enzymes exfoliate gently
- Synthetic fragrance-free
- Cruelty-free
What we don't:
- 🦗(well, Nicolle wishes it didn't contain beeswax, because she's allergic, but that's a bit of an outlier when it comes to critiques)
AM: Botanical C Facial Serum | $75
This is a final step in your morning skincare routine and a great choice for dry and sensitive skin types. The formula is intended to be moisturizing rather than exfoliating, and it takes a triple-action approach to help boost skin dulled by stress and environmental elements:
- Vitamin C ester: a potent, moisturizing and stable form of Vitamin C to boost radiance.
- Plant-powered C Complex of rosehip, baobab, acerola and seabuckthorn to receive the benefit of the full range of C nutrients.
- Green tea and vitamin E naturally boost their effectiveness, and a clinically proven botanical extract of hops works to increase luminosity and nourish skin for a more radiant, even-toned appearance.
What we like:
- Non-phototoxic formula is safe for daytime use
- ECOCERT® certified natural and organic
- Multiple types of vitamin C to target skin unevenness
- A little goes a long way
- Silky feeling post application
- 88% of the total ingredients are from organic farming
What we don't:
- If you use too much, the serum feels like it sits more on top of skin than soaking in right away
AM/PM: Love + Rose Hydrating Serum | $78
Remember how brands started going all high-tech with "blue light blockers," from skincare and makeup to those blue light glasses? Well, that's a trend that is sticking around, especially since we're all zombies who stare at our screens 1 million hours a day. This hydrating serum from OLO helps combat that with an anti-blue light active derived from rice. Combine that with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid to create a breathable barrier on the outer layer of the skin to prevent evaporation and hold in moisture to boost hydration and improve the look of skin's texture, and you've got a win-win. Use this after misting and before moisturizing.
What we like:
- Uber hydrating, as it's formulated in a base of aloe and contains high molecular weight hyaluronic acid
- Has a silky finish that you don't expect from a cream
- ECOCERT® certified natural and organic
- Synthetic fragrance-free, vegan, cruelty-free
- Anti-pollution and anti-blue light natural active ingredients reduce the effects of environmental and screen-light stressors
- Acts as a primer, hydrating, conditioning and smoothing skin
What we don't:
- It's a great addition to a skincare routine, but not always necessary—like if you already use a serum / oil and a moisturizer on top, do you need this?
AM/PM: Brand New Day | $49
This face scrub satisfies that deep down desire to get up close and personal with an exfoliant while still maintaining skin integrity. The texture of this formula is a gentle micro grit thanks to mineral-rich clay, which OLO says binds to unwanted congestion, and ultra-fine polishing minerals to whisk away additional buildup. But the exfoliation fun continues with added tropical fruit enzymes to double down bringing a gentle chemical exfoliation as well. It also delivers mango butter rich in antioxidants, vitamins C and E and moisturization.
You can use this straight up or leave it on for 5 minutes before using light pressure to massage in circular motions and then rinsing. Love the versatility. Love the (signature white gummy bear OLO) scent. Love the smooth and moisturized feel of my skin after using it. CAN'T 👏GET 👏ENOUGH 👏.
What we like:
- A micro-grit texture that VERY gently exfoliates, but still scratches that deep positive neural pathway for face scrubs that I got from being an 80s baby
- Added tropical enzymes add a chemical exfoliation to the manual scrubby feeling
- Can be a quick scrub OR a quick, glow-inducing face mask
- Moisturizing while still clearing away dead skin cells
- ECOCERT® certified natural and organic
What we don't:
- 🦗
PM: Botanical A Bio-Retinol | $78
For people who don't want to or can't use retinol…there's another alternative! THIS. It's a combo of 3 acids:
- Lactic acid (a moisturizer and an exfoliator),
- phytic acid (derived from rice that helps to brighten the skin)
- and salicylic acid (derived from the wintergreen plant extract to help refine the look of pores and helps with blemishes)
This blend is added at 4%, which is the sweet spot for where it can still be effective without causing flaking, rashes, redness or irritation and why it is suitable for even the most sensitive skin.
THEN on top of this, OLO added in a bio-alternative retinol from the cockspur plant (backed with clinicals), which works to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, helps with blemishes and refine the look of pores. But the cool thing about this ingredient is it actually works to support the skin's microbiome too.
Another cool thing? You can pat it along the orbital bone to exfoliate the eye area (!!) AND, Botanical A was also dermatologist tested with people who have sensitive skin and it came out with a 0 irritancy score. Woo. Hoo. 👏👏👏
What we like:
- Great (and gentle enough) for sensitive skin
- We can see visible smoothing results after using
- Synthetic fragrance-free, cruelty-free, vegan
- ECOCERT/COSMOS® certified natural and organic
- 42% of the total ingredients are from organic farming
- Doesn't have harsh side effects like real retinol at high levels can
- Can be used as a spot treatment to help clear pores
- Can be used as an eye treatment, which is another bonus for sensitive-skinned people
What we don't:
- It's not as strong as real retinol, which my skin can tolerate
What's your favorite OLO product?
TNK Team Note: This article contains affiliate links. TNK uses affiliate links as a source for revenue to fund operations of the business and to be less dependent on branded content. TNK stands behind all product recommendations. Still have questions about these links or our process? Feel free to email us.
One Love Organics FAQ
Suzanne LeRoux and her husband, Chase, started and still solely own OLO, which is unique. Learn more here.
One Love Organics crafts everything in small batches at our ECOCERT/COSMOS® certified manufacturing facility, nestled in the picturesque Golden Isles of Georgia—a community the brand has been a part of since its inception in 2010. Learn more here.


text: A couple of the classes/workshops at Artisan's Asylum sell kits as part of their class, including one generic soldering/kitmaking workshop where you buy one of a dozen kits from multiple sources and the instructor helps you assemble it. On Tue, Mar 19, 2013 at 12:34 PM, Phillip Broussard <phillip at squidfoo.com>wrote: > We are considering selling some of the more popular kits and parts to the > public out of our hackerspace. I would like to know if anyone else does > this and how successful they have been. The closest thing to competition > would be Radio Shack or driving 3 hours to the next largest city. > > Phil > > _______________________________________________ > Discuss mailing list > Discuss at lists.hackerspaces.org > http://lists.hackerspaces.org/mailman/listinfo/discuss > > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <http://lists.hackerspaces.org/pipermail/discuss/attachments/20130319/bdcfc89d/attachment.html>