text:
Clicking a link will scroll the page to the relevant section:
| Amador
| Ancheta
| Badjun
| Beja
| Bhutani
| Cookson
| Desierto
| Diokno-Sicat
| Ducanes
| Gwenhamo
| Han
| He
| Jamora
| Largo
| Li
| Montenegro
| Otahal
| Prenio
| Pua
| Rabanal
| Ravanilla
| San Andres
| Santos
| Valera
| Vien
| Xiong |
Excessive Presidential Discretion in Economic Policymaking:
The Case of the Philippines' Ninoy Aquino International Airport 3
Julio Santiago AMADOR III
Foreign Service Institute, Philippines
The Philippine Presidency as an institution dominates economic policymaking to an almost unchallenged state. This paper examines the Philippine Presidency's organic development and how it became dominant in economic policymaking. It will look into how the Presidency has managed to be the country's focus in economic policymaking even beyond the limits imposed by the Philippine Constitution.
A case study will also be conducted to validate theoretical observations. The case study is about the Ninoy Aquino International Airport 3 (NAIA 3). This highly controversial terminal is considered a white elephant because while it is 98% complete, it has not been used since it was finished in 2002. NAIA 3 was approved during the term of President Fidel V. Ramos and was finished during the term of President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. Due to conflicts between the Government of the Philippines and the project's main contractor, Philippine International Air Terminals Co. Inc. (PIATCO), the airport has not been operational. In an effort to buy out the operators PairCargo and Fraport AG, the Government offered $ 400 Million. Even though Fraport agreed to this amount, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo dubbed the contract "onerous" and the government closed down NAIA 3 because of the legal battles. Eventually, the Philippine Supreme Court found the contract between PIATCO and the Government null and void. This episode shows how powerful the Philippine President is and it is worthwhile examining it in the light of institutional analysis because as North (1991) wrote, institutions ultimately define whether economic activity should take place.
The Philippine Presidency has evolved from the datu, a tribal ruler during the pre-Christian era of the Philippines,to the all-powerful chief executive that it has become now. A review of the literature on the Presidency allows us to examine its development and will help us analyze how it affects transaction costs in economic activity. This paper also attempts to give us an impact of Presidential discretion on policymaking and allows us a glimpse of how other policy actors try to overcome it in the light of this country's institutional framework.
Institutional Arrangement in the Management of Solid Waste:
The Metro Manila, Philippines Experience
Arlen A. ANCHETA
University of Santo Tomas, Philippines
Metro Manila, a megacity composed of seventeen local government units, is faced with an increasing volume of unmanaged garbage. Its increasing waste users, large volume of plastics, and inadequate unsanitary disposal facilities have resulted in the growing waste disposal problem. Despite the implementation of the law Republic Act 9003 advocating waste segregation, recycling and composting, the problem of garbage disposal remains.
This study investigates the different organizations involve in the management of solid waste in Metro Manila. Three major organizations from different sectors were identified as research participants: the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), a government agency; the Mother Earth Foundation, an NGO; and the Miriam PEACE of Miriam College, an academic organization.
The MMDA is a government agency mandated by law as the overall coordinating body in Metro Manila. It coordinates the implementation of urban environmental management and engineering plans, programs and project of the national government and the 17 local government units in Metro Manila.
Mother Earth Foundation is a community-based NGO. It is active in conducting information, education, and communication activities promoting RA 9003 in the barangay level. The NGO trains communities on recycling and establishment of material recovery facility.
Miriam PEACE is a private school promoting environmental education in the country. It designs environmental and community-based natural resources management programs to suit the needs of scholars, NGOs, People Organizations, government corporations and environmental organizations.
The study analyzes the arrangements of these organizations as to political orientation, available management resources, and power relations in the context of the waste stream in Metro Manila. This study argues that the weak response of the organizations to the needs of the garbage problem is fragmentation and social location in the waste stream.
The Determinants of Net Interest Margin: A Political Economy View
Marijana BADJUN
Institute of Public Finance, Croatia
The purpose of this study is to examine whether countries in which government's role is large and corruption widespread have higher bank net interest margins. The importance of institutions has already been taken into account when analyzing the determinants of net interest margin; widespread corruption and a weak legal system increase the cost of financial intermediation because of uncertainties they create (Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Levine, 2004). However, attention has not been given to the relationship between government and banks from the political economy view in terms of rent-seeking and interest groups. Government's role tends to be far from benevolent social planning and its policy results can be influenced by interest groups. In addition, economic history research has shown that banks have always enjoyed close relationships with political power (Sylla, Tilly, and Tortella, 1999).
This study relies on a simple notion that government's intervention in the economy can be more detrimental when it's larger and at the same time plagued with corruption, which also enables easier influence of interest groups, in this case banks. Interaction of government and banks creates rents which drive up the bank margins making banks less efficient in financial intermediation from the economic growth perspective.
We examine the determinants of bank margins on the sample of Central and Eastern Europe transition economies, as well as "old" EU countries. Time period of the sample is from 1996 to 2006, and panel analysis with interaction terms is applied. Preliminary results show that an additional increase in corruption yields a higher increase in bank margins at larger levels of state interventionism.
An Explanation of the Philippine Growth Experience
with an Institutional Flavor
Edsel L. BEJA, Jr.
Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines
The Philippine economy was an exceptional case in a region where many economies experienced sustained rapid economic growth. Why did the Philippines not have rapid economic growth? This paper is an attempt to explain the Philippine experience using concepts in macroeconomics and institutional economics. The main finding is that the Philippines was fundamentally constrained by institutional failures such that attempts to stimulate economic growth were easily frustrated; at the same time, the economy could not adjust easily and navigate the internal and external shocks because of institutional failures. In the end, the Philippines was stuck in a low-level economic equilibrium.
Institutional Structure in Corporate Agriculture
Niti BHUTANI
Delhi University, India and University of Maryland, USA
In this paper, I develop a state-contingent, principal-agent model to analyze the institution of input provision by a corporate firm that contracts with agents for the production of a given commodity. "Input provision" entails not only the provision and delivery of key inputs but also their purchases (or in-house production), as well as contract design to ensure their optimal use.
The provision of key inputs by the contracting company is modeled in the context of production contracts for poultry and pork, such as those offered by Perdue Farms, Smithfield Foods, and Tyson Foods in the United States. The decision in question is the levels of inputs (e.g. feed, genetic lines, and medication) that the company provides to the farmer. This decision is endogenous to the model, and facilitates comparison of production contracts (input provision) with marketing contracts (no input provision, with all inputs purchased by the farmer himself).
My theoretical model formalizes Coase's idea that an institutional arrangement emerges if the benefits associated with it exceed the costs. In particular, I characterize the case of no input provision as a corner solution for the optimal choice of inputs provided. Moreover, the likelihood of input provision under a production contract increases with an increase in the principal's market premium per unit of the quality dimension of output, and with a decrease in the principal's costs of obtaining an input, other things remaining the same. I use the state-contingent approach as it allows for a general production technology, and the inclusion of transaction costs within the framework of a general theoretical model.
This paper also examines conditions under which incentives relating to one of two output dimensions (produced by the agent) tend to zero, when both dimensions are observable and verifiable. These conditions reflect the considerable control that the principal has over the output dimension for which no incentives are provided. Even though that output dimension itself is produced by the agent, it can be viewed more as a "free" by-product that results from the principal's effort. This result provides a rationale for missing incentives that has not been captured in the literature on contracts and organization.
Institutions and Casinos on American Indian Reservations:
An Empirical Investigation into the Location of Indian Casinos
J. Anthony COOKSON
Montana State University, USA
This paper exploits plausibly exogenous sources of variability in institutions on American Indian reservations (Public Law 280 and reservations that span state borders) to shed new light on how legal and political institutions matter for economic development. To focus on the general question of how institutions matter, this paper empirically investigates the determinants of whether a tribal government invests in an Indian casino. I find evidence that the presence of Indian casinos is strongly related to variation in reservations' legal and political institutions. Tribal governments that are able to negotiate gaming compacts with more than one state government, because reservation lands span state borders, had more than twice the estimated probability (0.77 versus 0.32 elsewhere) of operating an Indian casino in 1999, holding other factors constant. In addition, tribal governments of reservations where contracts are adjudicated in state courts, rather than tribal courts, had more than twice the estimated probability (0.76 versus 0.34 elsewhere) of investing in an Indian casino, ceteris paribus. These findings suggest that state political pressures and predictable judiciaries can affect incentives to invest in casinos. This study contributes, more generally, to the literature on economic growth by providing additional evidence that low-cost contracting is necessary to take advantage of substantial investment opportunities.
A Co-evolutionary Model of Growth
Desiree DESIERTO
University of the Philippines, Philippines
Using evolutionary games and dynamics, we propose a model of growth driven by the co-evolution of institutions and technology. Formalizing concepts from the new institutional economics literature, institutions are first defined as a type of social knowledge that are used along with 'pure' technologies to create innovations that are suitably adapted to and, hence, viable in, a particular environment. Seen in this manner, institutions become a factor in the innovation process, and as such can be purposely accumulated.
Simultaneous institutional and technological change are then captured by an evolutionary game whereby boundedly rational firms choose how much to allocate to 'good' or 'bad' types of 'institutional spending'. Specifically, firms can adopt either of two strategies: (i) shoulder the cost of upgrading institutions, thereby creating positive externalities for the whole economy - institutions being public goods; or (ii) 'free-ride' on other firms' efforts. The first strategy raises the productivity of human capital and describes a more competitive scenario, while the second is akin to 'rent-seeking' and monopolistic behavior. While the second alternative can yield higher profits, the first alternative may be a 'safer' option in that it can ensure continued marketability of innovations.
Using the Replicator Dynamic, we show that with an initially large enough number of firms that upgrade institutions, all other firms eventually learn that it is best to follow this strategy than to 'free-ride'. Hence, the quality of institutions improves, innovations rapidly increase, and the 'good' equilibrium is achieved, whereby growth rates are relatively higher. On the other hand, if the initial effort is too small, all firms eventually learn that it is too costly to upgrade institutions. Consequently, institutions deteriorate, innovation stagnates, and the 'bad' equilibrium is reached, whereby growth rates are relatively lower.
Such evolutionary process thus features Schumpeterian creative destruction, but that which converges to a model of horizontal innovation akin to Romer (1990) as it approaches the (asymptotic) limit of balanced growth.
Does Government Spending Reflect Voter Preferences?
Justine DIOKNO-SICAT
University of the Philippines, Philippines
This study looks at the inner workings of Philippine local governments by testing if the median voter hypothesis holds for Philippine provinces. In particular, the aim is to determine if elected local government officials use median voter preferences for public choice. Median voter characteristics such as income and tax price are examined as the main determinants of total local government spending.
Previous studies test the median voter hypothesis using mean or median family or per capita income as a proxy for median voter income. This study uses a more appropriately defined median voter income by identifying the voting population and using the median income of the identified voters for each province. Median voter income data was culled from the Philippine Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) and the Labor Force Survey (LFS).
Most studies test the median voter model using the ordinary least squares estimation method getting ambiguous results. This study uses traditional estimation methods but also uses a system of equations approach to test the robustness of results. In addition, local government expenditures are examined more closely. Social service expenditures such as health, nutrition and population control; education; housing and community development; labor and employment; and social security and welfare get mixed results as the dependent variables.
To further examine the robustness of the results, another variable is used to represent median voter income. This variable incorporates the fact of asymmetric income distribution in the Philippines by presenting median voter income as a ratio of mean voter income. Aside from these traditional variables, alternative politico-institutional determinants of local government spending such as intergovernmental fiscal transfers are tested.
Do Improvement in School Institutions Improve Educational Outcomes?
Geoffrey M. DUCANES
University of the Philippines, Philippines
This paper examines whether improvement in school institutions improve the educational performance of students. If it does then it can serve as a means, in addition to targeted material inputs, to reduce wide disparities in educational outcomes in the country. Functional literacy across provinces in the Philippines ranges from 48% to 93%. Based on the National Achievement Test (NAT), which is the standardized test taken by graduating primary school students in the country, the top and bottom provinces are separated by 43 percentage points.
To test the issue of interest, this paper utilizes quasi-experimental data from a project called the Third Elementary Education Project, funded by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation and the World Bank, which gave material inputs to schools in the form of classrooms, furniture, textbooks and teacher training, and in addition made them adopt School Based Management (SBM). Here, SBM is the variable that proxies for institution. SBM involves two main things: 1) decentralization of most decision-making and greater control of the budget to the principal; 2) requirement of schools to come up with annual School Improvement Plan, which needs to be vetted by a committee comprising private community members (including parents of students) and the local government. Regressions show that institutions indeed matter: schools which adopted SBM earlier improved their NAT Scores by 3 percentage points by the end of the project, even after controlling for the material inputs of the project.
Foreign Direct Investment in Zimbabwe:
Do Legal Property Rights Play a Role?
Farayi GWENHAMO
University of Cape Town, South Africa
The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of the formal legal property rights on foreign direct investment (FDI hereafter) in Zimbabwe. The premise that capital accumulation is a critical factor in economic development implies that developing countries' access to foreign capital, particularly foreign direct investment, is also crucial. While the macroeconomic determinants of FDI have been analysed to a considerable extent, there has been a recent shift of focus to the role played by the host countries' institutional environment, particularly property rights protection and the efficiency of the legal system, Dunning (2001, 2004) and Li and Resnick (2003).
The question of the FDI-institutions link is of crucial importance to Zimbabwe, a country located in the sub-Saharan Africa region. Since the late 1990s, the country has been grappling with a continuous economic melt-down with a record high annual inflation of 15,000%. FDI inflows have dwindled from a peak of US$ 444 million in 1998 to an annual average less than US$ 60 million in the subsequent years. There seems to emerge the consensus that the central reason for the dwindling FDI inflows is the continuous weakening of legal property rights.
The study recognises the problem of obtaining valid empirical indictors of property rights. Existing property rights indexes such as those produced by the Heritage Foundation are truncated in time to inspire their usefulness in country-specific time series studies. Using the Delphi technique, we construct a de jure property rights index for Zimbabwe for the period 1946-2005. In building up this indicator, the work examines in detail the evolution of the legislation governing immovable property.
The study then uses the constructed property rights index together with other macroeconomic data to empirically establish the impact of legal property rights on net FDI flows for the period 1965-2005. Here we use the vector error correction approach to time series modelling. Our hypothesis is that well secured property rights should have a positive effect on FDI inflows.
The Link Between Credit Markets and Self-Employment Choice
Among Households in Rural China
Linghui HAN, Research Institute for Fiscal Science, Ministry of Finance,
P.R. China
Denise Hare, Reed College, USA
Our paper examines how credit markets operate through wealth to influence households' entrepreneurial choices. Our results show that the banking withdrawal policy implemented in China has a significant negative impact on credit availability to rural households. At least among households in the middle of the wealth distribution, we observe reductions in household wealth accumulation in response to credit contraction and subsequently these households become less likely to choose self-employment. Expansion of the formal banking system is expected to increase community economic vitality and therefore generate incentives for middle-class households to diversify into self-employment. Wealthy households exhibit less sensitivity to credit contractions. Interestingly, poor households may benefit more from informal versus formal credit, such that formal sector expansion may have little (or possibly negative) impact on their opportunities for self-employment.
What is the Original Source of China's Economic Growth?
An Empirical Study of China's Textile Sector
Zhe HE and Linyan Sun
Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
For a long time, the original source of China's economic growth has been a hot and hard topic in economics. Different scholars and schools have different opinions. Some think that investment, the growth of population, the growth of international trade, foreign direct investment, and technology innovation may be the source of economic growth. However, new institutional economics considers that the series of institutional transitions is the main driver of economic growth. Who is right?
In the past 20 years, China has gained a huge success in economics. Today, everyone can buy "made in China" almost everywhere in the world. So, we have to ask the question "What caused that huge growth?" There are many explanations such as the huge low cost labor, the huge land and resources, huge foreign direct investment and international trade, etc. But there is an undoubted truth that after a series of institutional transitions, China gained huge economic growth. Therefore, to research the relationship of China's institutional transitions and economic growth will help us answer the question "What is the original source of growth?"
The textile sector is a typical industry sector in China: much more low-cost labor force, enough big quotient in world (50% of the world textile production), enough and fast growing international trade, etc. The most important thing for our institutional research is that it is the sector which has the biggest institutional transformation. Before 1990, almost all textile firms were state-owned, but by 2007 less than 3% of firms were state-owned. So, if we can say that the China is a very good laboratory for NIE, then we also can say the textile sector is the best sample in the laboratory.
In this research, we focus on what caused the growth of the textile sector in China. We measure the effect of different factors such as capital accumulation, labor and international trade. We also introduce institutional variables such as the types of property rights and some specific policies, for example, subsidies. Through this method we can learn much about the growth of the textile sector in China; also it is helpful for us to understand the successful growth in China.
The Effects of Training and Extension on Insecticide Use
in Philippine Rice Production
Nelissa JAMORA, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines
David Dawe, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy
While the current level of insecticide use in Philippine rice farming is low, farmers are still slightly overusing insecticide from the economic point of view, without even taking into account the environmental and health costs of using these chemicals. Previous studies have indicated that enlightening farmers on the true productivity of insecticide in rice production is the key to reducing its use. In this regard, a preliminary analysis of nearly 3,900 rice farmers from 30 provinces across the Philippines suggests that individual consultations with extension service agents, as opposed to training in larger groups, are more effective at influencing farmers to reduce insecticide use. Further, it appears that it is more important to consider how the information is given or transferred than who gives the information. Rola and Pingali (1993) pointed out that where insecticide use is low, poorly implemented IPM programs could actually increase the amount of insecticide applied. This point might have broader implication for the future of agriculture in the promotion of new technologies.
The goal of this study is to analyze the impact of training and extension on affecting insecticide demand in rice farming. Because the IPM program is information-based, it relies heavily on training programs and extension work of both public and private agricultural agents. However, how education in crop protection affects insecticide use is still less clear from literature. The analysis will be based on farm-level cross-sectional data sets from three time periods -- 1996-1997, 2000-2001, and 2006 -- conducted by the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), in coordination with the Philippine Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS). "Training" is defined as an instruction or workshop of large groups on pest management. "Extension", on the other hand, is the individual consultations of farmers with extension service agents. Except for Jamora and Dawe (2004), no previous studies have examined the effects of training and extension on insecticide use in the Philippines with a large farm-level sample, covering thousands of rice farmers in different time periods. Furthermore, we are able to distinguish between public and private providers of each of those services.
Bargaining Solutions to Water Resource Management
in Metropolitan Cebu, Philippines
Francisco M. LARGO
University of San Carlos, Philippines
My proposed research concerns the viability of win-win approaches to civil society coalitions in the face of massive governance failure in the institutional landscape of the Philippines. In particular, I intend to examine the efforts of an existing coalition of civil society organizations in Cebu Province called the Cebu Uniting for Sustainable Water (CUSW) that is composed of private and non-government institutions that have banded together to call attention to what it perceives to be the rapidly diminishing quantity and quality of water resources in the province. The nature of the governance failure is glaring. Cebu sources more than 90 percent of its potable water requirements from groundwater aquifers. Unmitigated pumping of groundwater has resulted in documented saltwater intrusion of as far as 2 km inland. The domestic public water utility is barely able to serve a third of total households in its service area. This has been compounded in recent years by conflicting statutes on the use of the resource at various levels of government. This coalition is based on collective stands on several issues, but foremost among them has been the protection and preservation of inland watersheds as the primary means of obtaining a long-term solution to water resource problem. The rationale and scientific bases for this stand have not been without question, but the coalition has been the most vocal and visible advocate of watershed protection and consequently the acknowledged vanguard of conservation interests.
I intend to examine whether the current institutional setup is conducive to the achievement of broad-based collective efforts that CUSW insists on. In the face of this insistence, I would like to ascertain the nature of coalitions that would result under current institutions. My conjecture from a cursory look about how the coalition has developed is that its emphasis on a win-win approach has led to a stable but inefficient coalition, i.e., the coalition can be improved on by another if the latter approach is abandoned. My second objective is to determine under what institutional conditions such a win-win approach would lead to an efficient but stable coalition.
Mainland Chinese Buy Bare Flats, Hong Kong Chinese Buy
Furnished Flats. Why?
Rita LI
University of Hong Kong, China
This paper aims to study the reasons behind two different contractual arrangements for residential properties in Hong Kong and China.
It is common to have pre-sale residential units in China and Hong Kong. Nevertheless, there is a large difference in fittings provision. In China, it is common that builders provide bare flats; this is what they call "Mo Pei Fang." Flat owners still need to buy tiles, water closet, etc. In contrast, residential flats in Hong Kong are well-decorated. Residential developers there usually provide floor tiles, air-conditioners, refrigerators, sanitary fittings, etc. Some developers even provide red wine cupboards and bathroom TVs for buyers. Fantastic fittings and decoration within the residential properties have become one of the selling points.
Here, one might conclude that there are two kinds of contractual arrangement: developers in China only make contracts with the concrete suppliers, builders, etc. Residential owners then need to make their own separate contracts with electrical appliance suppliers, painters, sanitary fittings providers, etc. Hong Kong developers, however, have already made contracts with all the suppliers mentioned. The residential owners there do not need to make a separate contract with the plumbers, etc. before they move in.
Since different research methods have their merits and shortcomings, data and method triangulation will be applied for this paper.
Does Public Policing Deter Violations of Water Pollution Standards?
Evidence from Central Visayas, Philippines
Lourdes O. MONTENEGRO
University of San Carlos, Philippines
Growing concern in the Philippines over declining environmental quality has led to the legislation of more comprehensive and more market-based pollution control regulations. However, the efficacy of these regulations rests not only with their design but also with their implementation. In this paper, we examine these implementation issues and report initial results from an analysis of the impact of regulatory actions on environmental compliance choices of water pollution sources in Central Visayas, Philippines. In particular, we investigate the effect of government inspections and enforcement on self-reported biological oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations, using a facility-level panel dataset of all major point sources of water pollution in Central Visayas, Philippines for the years 1993-2006. We find that the increased probability of inspection and legal enforcement did not significantly reduce BOD concentrations; in contrast, higher compliance cost had a significant and positive influence on BOD concentrations. The weakness of the deterrent effect of inspection and enforcement found is at variance with empirical results from developed countries. This may suggest that in a developing country like the Philippines, programs that aim to lower compliance costs may be more effective in bringing about lower pollution discharges compared to the traditional policing approach.
Do 10 Years in Jail Reduce Corruption?
A Natural Experiment from Former Czechoslovakia
Tomáš OTÁHAL
Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic
Do more severe punishments reduce the level of corruption in governmental organization? In this paper, I evaluate the experience of the former Czechoslovakia in the fight against corruption after 1998. I use the principal-agent theoretical concept to describe the particular measures realized by both governments. For broad theoretical suggestions for public policy, I use the logic of the simple economics of crime model (Becker, Stigler, 1974).
Then I focus on the empirical description and evaluation of anticorruption measures in both countries. First I present the officially published data by which governments usually measure the success of their own policies. The Slovak government improved its monitoring system and pursued a repressive strategy that emphasized punishment and enforcement. The Czech government concentrated almost entirely on monitoring. According to government statistics, the Slovak government was more successful than the Czech government. However, as Hayek demonstrated in the problem of knowledge, success of the government might not mean that governmental measures concur with the opinion of the public, which is supposed to be superior in democratic regimes. Therefore to evaluate the Czech and Slovak efforts to eliminate corruption in both countries, I use the CPI index published by Transparency International and personal survey data provided by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2007). Through the observed time period there were no statistically significant differences in the CPI of both countries. Moreover, the methodologically consistent EBRD survey concludes that corruption in the Czech Republic is not as bad as in the Slovak Republic.
The Slovak republic was more successful according to the hard data statistics, but not successful according to the CPI and personal survey. It could be asked if it is "success" for society when there are more corrupt people executed. From the CPI and personal survey perspective, the repressive strategy did not pay for the Slovak government, therefore one could doubt about functioning of this strategy.
Do International Customs Agreements Lead to Better Trade Facilitation?
Ruby Ann PIMENTEL-PRENIO
University of the Philippines, Philippines
The paper will look at the impact of accession to World Customs Organization (WCO) agreements on members' trade facilitation efforts. In a broader sense, it will provide supporting empirical evidence on the necessity of strong enforcement mechanisms, such as dispute resolution and sanctions, for international agreements to be effective.
Interest in the role of trade facilitation in improving trade activity is growing now that tariffs and non-tariff barriers have been significantly reduced through unilateral, multilateral or regional efforts. Trade facilitation refers to the simplification of border procedures, reduction of physical bottlenecks to trade, and increasing capacity of developing countries to engage in international trade. Recent studies by the World Bank, OECD, APEC, among others, estimate significant economic gains from improvements in trade facilitation. The WCO is an international body specifically focused on promoting best practices in customs procedures, which play a major role in facilitating trade.
This paper will show if accession to the various WCO conventions have an impact on the trade facilitation performance of its members. In addition, this study will provide insight on why governments enter international agreements that often do not involve enforcement mechanisms. WCO has several customs conventions that are adopted by members on a voluntary basis, and these agreements are characterized by the absence of provisions for dispute resolution and penalties for non-compliance. This goes against conventional wisdom that stronger enforcement mechanisms would be preferred by economic agents to maximize the gains from entering a contract. Analyzing the specific case of the WCO may shed some light on the noticeable preference for this type of arrangement given the pervasive absence of enforcement mechanisms in international trade agreements.
An Experimental Investigation of Self-Regulatory Mechanisms
and Auditor Liability Regimes
Andrew Adrian Yu PUA
De La Salle University, Philippines
Arens, Elder, and Beasley (2003) define audit failures as the issuance of an erroneous audit opinion as the result of an underlying failure to comply with the requirements of generally accepted auditing standards. To minimize the occurrence of the said audit failures, governments introduced auditor liability, since credible auditing can increase economic efficiency of capital markets by reducing adverse selection and moral hazard. Amidst this backdrop, there have been frequent calls to instill in auditors a sense of duty to maintain the public's interest. Usually, self-regulation mechanisms accomplish this role.
Aside from auditor liability, can we actually create a self-regulation mechanism that will reduce the frequency of audit failures? Using experiments, can we determine whether a combination of self-regulation mechanisms and auditor liability regimes can reduce the frequency of audit failures?
We start with the construction of a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment simulating a usual audit dilemma populated by senior accounting students to take on the role of verifiers who are hired to verify an investment outcome. Subjects make effort choices linked to particular success and failure outcomes. We measure the effects of different treatment combinations involving legal regimes, damage apportionment rules and self-regulation regimes to determine the extent of audit failures and the behavior of subjects over time.
We need to determine whether the institutional setups can actually reduce audit failures or will they create perverse incentives that might increase the probability of audit failure. We also need to determine if the factors that compose the proposed institutional setup offset each other or not.
Institutional Compatibility and Foreign Direct Investments
Rommel Flores RABANAL
University of the Philippines, Philippines
Do similarities or differences in institutions matter in determining bilateral foreign direct investment flows between countries? While it is a well-established empirical regularity that countries with better institutions and lower transaction costs attract higher FDI inflows, the issue of institutional compatibility has yet to be sufficiently examined. Do multinational firms invest more in economies with relatively similar, or vastly different, institutions compared to those in their own home countries? It may very well be that institutions are simply another source of comparative advantage, and countries with different institutional frameworks transact more with each other to capitalize on cross-market niches.
However, a more interesting proposition is that similarity in institutional qualities actually increases the cross-border flow of FDI between partner countries. Such "institutional compatibility" can result in higher bilateral investment flows for a number of reasons. First is familiarity or prior knowledge. Firms operating within a particular institutional framework already possess valuable information on how to function effectively in similar environments; how to work within or possibly circumvent established rules and regulations; the shadow costs involved and the resulting profit potentials. This information advantage reduces uncertainty and increases the possibility of a firm establishing operations in more familiar settings overseas.
Another related factor is self-selection. Firms develop internal institutions in response to the external institutional framework and may therefore seek other matching locations for minimal adjustment while maintaining efficient operations. Also, firms may be designed for either efficient competition or for rent-extraction, depending on the quality of the prevailing institutional environment in their respective home countries. Efficiency-seeking by firms designed for competition directs them toward economies with good institutional frameworks, while rent-seeking objectives lead other firms to countries with generally inferior institutions.
This paper attempts to empirically establish the link between institutional compatibility and bilateral FDI flows. Using a panel dataset of countries from all over the world over an extensive period of time, the results obtained should provide useful insights in the field of international economics, and may also have interesting implications for important issues such as the persistence of institutions and incentives for reform in developing countries.
Are Local Political Clans Inherently Bad for Local Growth and Development?
A Principal-Agent Model of Philippine Local Political Relationships
Nico M. RAVANILLA
University of the Philippines
Are local political clans inherently bad for local growth and development? To address this question, this paper presents a principal-agent model under imperfect information of the contractual relationship between society and local politicians. Rents, transfers, as well as the constituents' participatory behavior emerge naturally in the model. The model explains many stylized facts about the typology of local leaders, and the emergence and development consequences of the various types of local clan leadership (e.g. clientist, bossist, fiscal broker). The most important result is that local political clans are not inherently bad, but bossist-types adversely affect local development and more so when constituents are not participatory. The model is illustrated using examples from the Philippine local political landscape.
Minority Size and Voter Competence:
Some Notes on the Two-Party Condorcet Jury Framework
Emmanuel A. SAN ANDRES
University of the Philippines, Philippines
The Philippine democratic experience has been marked by episodes of extra-institutional changes, exemplified by peaceful People Power uprisings. During these episodes, institutional methods of change were short-circuited by groups of like-minded people—i.e., the demonstrators on EDSA—whose preferences were imposed on the entire country. Despite the romance and loftiness of peaceful popular revolutions, what is lost during these episodes is dissent and discourse—essential elements in any society that purports to call itself "democratic".
Using the Condorcet Jury framework, what is the impact of such popular revolutions on social outcomes? What is the impact on expected outcomes whenever a subset of the population imposes its will on the entire country? What conditions are required so that these revolutions will be welfare-enhancing? Are popular revolts and juntas substitutes for the institutions of representative democracy?
The model takes off from the Condorcet Jury model laid out by Fabella (2001). It begins with a brief recap of the base model on how individual voter competence is transformed into social outcomes, followed by a few notes on the first- and second-order partial derivatives of this model with respect to voter competence. The implications of changing the minority size are then examined, in the process arguing that splitting the citizenry (i.e., enlarging the minority) is beneficial when voter competence is low. A way of applying the model using public opinion survey data and comparing across constituencies with vastly different bases is then explored. Finally, it is argued that the participants of extra-institutional processes such as coups or uprisings should show that their judgemental competence is significantly higher than that of the general electorate or parliamentary representatives.
Toward a Public Index Linking Judicial System Performance
with Social and Economic Development
Rodrigo do Nascimento SANTOS
National Institute for Judiciary Quality, Brazil
This abstract seeks to propose the establishment of a public INDEX, somewhat like an inflation index, which will monitor the connection between judicial system performance and economic and social development in Brazil.
The INDEX will track specific indicators of incremental improvements in judicial system performance and trace corresponding changes in economic and social activity patterns. The INDEX will periodically report the aggregate of these increments, thereby keeping the public informed of ongoing trends and building consensus for system improvements.
Several dozen indicators on which the INDEX will be based will be drawn from two sources. From within the judicial system, data will reveal specific sources of judicial dysfunction, such as undue delay, and patterns of judicial bias. From sources external to the judicial system, time series data already gathered by various organizations will be used to trace discrete consequences of specific judicial dysfunction. For example, judicial bias against eviction of non-paying tenants in some cities diminishes the stock of available apartments, driving rents upward. Existing data will be mined to track such trends.
Using well-tested familiar formulas, economists will link, weight and aggregate the data comprising the internal and external indicators to produce the INDEX. This proposal seeks funds for the planning required to design the INDEX in detail and to gain support from the numerous organizations that will collect and maintain the needed data.
Yield and Optimal Input Application with Endogenous Adoption
of Hybrid Rice among Filipino Farmers
Harold Glenn A. VALERA
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Philippines
This paper examines the effects of hybrid rice adoption on yield and optimal input application. A treatment-effects model that incorporates endogeneity is employed using full maximum likelihood. Findings suggest that adoption of varieties is endogenous to other production decisions, and that the latent characteristics of hybrid adopters influence yield outcomes. Yield regression results indicate that the use of a seed subsidy is not worthwhile for farmers who adopt hybrid varieties with subsidy and for farmers who would not adopt hybrid varieties in the absence of subsidy. Simulation to study a hypothetical removal of a seed subsidy indicates that the optimal rates of input application are slightly varied with little drop in yields and profits.
Institutional Analysis of Rural Land Markets to Support Sustainable Livelihoods
Ha Thuc VIEN
Nong Lam University, Vietnam
Land markets can play an important role to rural livelihoods by (1) providing land access to those who are productive, but who own no or little land; (2) allowing the exchange of land as the off-farm develops; and (3) facilitating the use of land as collateral to access to credit markets where conditions for doing so exist. Moreover, the ability to transfer land also increases the incentive to undertake land-related investments (Deininger 2003:79). Because of their importance, land markets have been specially paid attention by not only economists but also scholars from different disciplines. However, as Hurrelmann (2005) stated, despite the large amount of work on this topic, there are still many unanswered questions related to land markets. Most of the past analysis has concentrated on particular areas of the land markets – such as sharecropping, land reforms, titling and registration of land – while other fields have been largely ignored (Hurrelmann 2005:1).
Following economic reforms (Doi Moi reform) in 1986, land property rights have been reformed towards market economy. Land rights are allowed to be transferred, exchanged, leased, inherited, mortgaged, used as capital in joint venture arrangements, and re-leased. Nevertheless, it doesn't mean that market-activated land rights reforms have promoted the land markets work well, practically. Reviewing literature done on land markets in Vietnam shows that though a certain amount of work has been done on this field, academic research from the institution-driven approach has been neglected. In order to fill such gap in academic and empirical knowledge, this research aims, therefore, to provide insights into the determinants of land markets from the institutional perspective. The research will try to answer four questions as follows: (1) how do the existing land policies and regulations affect rural land markets; (2) on what basis do farm households participate in land transactions and chose types of land transactions; (3) how do institutions and properties of transaction jointly influence the land transaction design; and (4) what influences do land transaction markets have on rural livelihoods.
On a Special Kind of Transfer Mode of SOE's Property Rights in China
with the Constraint of Non-Price Objectives
Guangqin XIONG
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
It is an important point for resource association to realize the efficient combination of high-quality human capital and enterprise capital. With the frame of classical economics, the efficient combination can be realized through price signal on market. In the existing literature, the main transfer modes include negotiation, bid, and auction, which are often assumed independent and repellent each other. As long as the enterprise's property rights are transferred to the investor who offers the highest price through one of these three modes, resource association is efficient. However, in the case of the transfer of property rights of a state-owned enterprise (SOE) in China involving benefits readjustment of its stakeholders, the design of the transfer mode is not only to sell the SOE with a high price but also to realize other non-price objectives such as rearrangement of original employees, compensation of managers, future development of the enterprise, etc. Therefore, a new transfer mode is needed.
This paper constructs a special transferring mode with the constraint of these non-price objectives needed in SOE's property rights transfer in China. In the process of this special mode, three main transfer modes (negotiation, bid, and auction) are integrated into one chain with continuum. Three transfer modes are three steps of one transfer series, and the degree of competition determines which step will be advanced. With the concerns on non-price factors, state-owned property rights are traded through an integrated auction based on benchmark objectives, which require investors to settle down a certain quantity of former SOE employees in the new enterprise, compensate the former managers, and give some promise about the future development of the enterprise. The transferability becomes realistic and multi-objectives can be realized through this special mode, which is also efficient with the constraint conditions. In one word, the case of SOE's property rights in China provides a special efficient transferring mode different from existing ones. Moreover, if these taches such as evaluating assets, appraising bid-files and setting threshold in the process of the mode could be improved, SOE's property rights would be transferred more freely and efficiently with lower transaction costs.


text:
Development Engineering Jobs Are Critical In A Building Boom
With the new decrease in home deals and the increment in abandonments, we are ready for one more change. New home deals are anticipated to be back on the ascent before long and with the increment in new home deals will come an expansion in development engineering jobs. New development will again grab hold when home costs are said not to go any lower. This passes on space at the costs to go no place except for up. Whenever you have new homes being fabricated you will have development engineering jobs being made. In the course of the most recent few years, many individuals escaped the business as many organizations were losing offers and jobs they had recently held. One organization, for instance, would regularly assemble many homes each year. This obviously passed on them to the main strategy to save their business and that was to lay off more than 80% of their staff.
At the point when these cutbacks happen, you have many individuals jobless. At the point when you have individuals from the development business unemployed, they regularly attempt to remain inside the business some way or another. Consequently, what you end up with is conceivably a development engineer job being taken by an individual who used to deal with a job site. What is more, you will have a site electrical expert's position being applied for by a handyman. It is not phenomenal for individuals to switch exchanges when jobs are scant. At the point when the economy is in a difficult situation, individuals scramble. In this period, we will see many new homes being assembled and this will bring about new positions being made. A portion of these Vacatures infrastructuur might be filled by individuals who are new to the business while some will be filled by individuals who worked in the development business before the emergency and have since recently changed the job they do.
Development engineering jobs pay well overall. Moreover, any job that pays well will ordinarily require some time spent in school. These are not jobs that just anyone can do. They require preparing and specialized aptitude. With every one of the cutbacks throughout the most recent few years, many individuals returned to school. There were a level of individuals who had cash saved and had the option to take the time during their cutback to go to class. Moreover, the individuals who did and needed to stay in the development business would have been savvy to go into development engineering. With new home deals comes new home development and that brings jobs. Numerous who were unemployed in the past can before long re-visitation of work. Assuming they were once in the development business, they may now get an opportunity to get back to fill in as jobs in that industry will before long be on the ascent. There will be numerous development engineering jobs accessible to the individuals who have the information and preparing. Many individuals in the course of the most recent few years have looked to acquire that schooling and are currently prepared to give it something to do.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hit enter to search or ESC to close
MUMBAI: It is a known fact that Salman Khan, the most eligible bachelor of Bollywood is fond of children.
And if the report turns out to be true, the Dabangg actor will follow the likes of his buddy Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan, Karan Johar, Tusshar and Ekta Kapoor and other Bollywood celebs to become a father through surrogacy.
According to a Times of India report, "Since Salman Khan is yet not ready for marriage, our sources have told us that the actor is opting for surrogacy instead. Many stars from Bollywood like Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan, Karan Johar, Ekta Kapoor have opted for surrogacy in recent times. And now, Salman Khan is also ready to follow this route since he has no plans to get married. The actor has always shared a close bonding with his nieces and nephews, and finally he is ready to welcome his own kid to the Khan family through surrogacy," the TOI report states.
In an interview to Filmfare earlier in 2017, when asked about his marriage plans, the Dabbang star had said, ,"No I don't feel that time is running out… but I am sure when I am 70 and my child is about 20, then I'd feel it. The only reasons I'd want to have a child right now or in the near future, say in two or three years, is because I'd want mom and dad to see my child."
On the work front, Khan will be seen next in Ali Abbas Zafar directorial 'Bharat' which releases at Eid, also starring Katrina Kaif.


text:
On October 9th, 2023, Shift Technologies, Inc. (Nasdaq: SFT), a consumer-centric omnichannel retailer for buying and selling used cars, and its subsidiaries (collectively, "the Company") filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code ("Chapter 11") in the United States Bankruptcy Court ("the Court") to implement an orderly wind down of its business. The Company's two locations in Oakland, CA, and Pomona, CA, and the Company's website have ceased operations.
At the open of business on October 19, 2023, trading of the Company's Common Stock was suspended by Nasdaq due to the company's filing of voluntary cases under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.
Additional information is available at https://omniagentsolutions.com/Shift. Stakeholders with questions can contact the Company's Claims Agent, Omni Agent Solutions, Inc., at email@example.com, 888-505-9433 if calling from the U.S. and Canada, or 747-204-5943 if calling from outside the U.S.


text:
The Goodness of The Gummies Helping Human Health
If you want to chew something tasty, convenient, and healthy at the same time, you can take to the consumption of the gummies. These are delicious treats and have the right inclusion of Delta-8. In consequence, you experience the Euphoria that helps you have a clear mind and a comforted body. Gummies are becoming extremely popular these days. They have both health and wellness benefits and help you experience favorable desires. The gummies are full of spectrum Delta 8 THC, and they can make humans heal drastically. This is how you can have both physiological and psychological wellness from the core.
Contents of the Gummies
The gummies contain CBD oil and the amount of D8 THC that is good for both physical and mental health. The gummies have ample amounts of flavonoids and terpenes, and these mainly come from hemp plants. The presence of the same help creates the entourage effect. It is time to talk about the goodness of the Hollyweed Hemp Gummies. The compounds are synergizing enough to make the effects of Delta-8 better potent and functional. This is how gummies can work and make you feel good. It is easy to digest the gummies and has potent beneficial effects. You get the goodness of the hemp flower and the Delta-8 oil.
Taste of the Gummy
The Delta-8 gummies are immensely popular these days. It can interact with the endocrine system of the body, which can help in controlling homeostasis. Due to the interaction with Delta-8, one can experience several positive effects taking place throughout the body and the mind. The gummies come with organic fruit flavor, and you get the taste of green apple and blue raspberry. These are things to help you have a great taste of Delta-8. It is better enjoyable to chew the gummies rather than swallow the capsules. The taste just melts in your mouth.
Popping the Gummies Straight
Once you pop inside the Hollyweed Hemp Gummies, the oil seeps inside the mouth. The gummies affect much faster than delta cigarettes. You get the wellness effect instantly. It will take not more than thirty minutes to digest the gummies and feel the goodness. You can start sensing the benefits from the point of consumption, and this is sure to help you have a healthy lift. There are more people these days tasting the gummies, and they just love the thing from the point of madness. This is how gummies are becoming more workable these days.


text:
Judge vs. Alonso: Who's more valuable?
There is always the same, mythical, two-team division in baseball. Call it the "New York Division," one that only includes the Yankees and the Mets. It means, especially in a year like this one when the two teams have the two best records in baseball, that they are always fighting for the mythical city championship.
For now, the Yankees look to be running away with it. But it is fair to wonder, even at this point in the season, what the respective records of the two teams would be if, say, Gerrit Cole and Nestor Cortes, the Yankees' two best starters, had combined for just eight starts the way Jacob deGrom and Max Scherzer have. And how things might look between the two teams, and not just when they get around to playing each other, when deGrom and Scherzer are back at the top of Buck Showalter's rotation.
The Mets have had to overcome a lot this season, more than the Yankees, at least so far -- not just because deGrom still hasn't started and Scherzer had to be shut down with that oblique injury after eight starts; they also lost catcher James McCann, who is about to have a rehab start along with Scherzer. It doesn't change that the Yankees are seven games better in the loss column, and got to 50 wins on Monday night.
But here is a fun question to ponder, in this mythical division:
Which New York slugger is going to end up being the MVP of New York this season, Aaron Judge or Pete Alonso?
And, by the way, I ask the question knowing that come September, as we're coming down the stretch, Francisco Lindor (who came out of the weekend with more RBIs than Judge) might want a word.
All Rise or the Polar Bear?
If you had to vote right now, it would probably be Judge, just because he is baseball's leader in home runs, at the same time Alonso is the one leading the world in RBIs. For the first three months of the season, without much question, Judge has looked like the best player in the whole sport, and the face of the game because of the way the Yankees keep winning. Everybody knows the stakes for him, and what he might cost the Yankees (or somebody else) when he becomes a free agent at the end of the season, after he turned down the contract extension the Yankees offered him before Opening Day.
No. 99 essentially doubled down on himself and, coming out of the weekend, it is not just that he has hit all these homers already. According to Elias Sports Bureau, there have been three other players who came out of the first 67 games of the season with a .300 batting average, 25 homers, 50 RBIs. The other three were Mickey Mantle in 1956, Roger Maris in '61 and Alex Rodriguez in 2007. They all ended up winning the MVP Award. And, of course, Judge is on pace to finally put up a home run number that starts with a 6, which the Yankees know something about.
Alonso? All he's done is hit 19 of the Mets 64 homers this season (29.7 percent). Only José Ramírez of the Guardians has hit a higher percentage of his team's homers. Alonso also has 64 RBIs in the Mets' first 69 games. The only player in Mets history to do better was Mike Piazza in 2000, who had 71. Alonso is on pace to hit 45 homers and 150 RBIs. The only players to ever have a season like that in a New York uniform were Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio and Rodriguez.
So who ends up being more valuable by the end of the regular season, Alonso or Judge? I really do think it is a great baseball question. I've always believed that Alonso should have gotten more MVP love than he did when he hit 53 homers in 2019 and broke the rookie homer record that Judge had already set on the other side of town. That was a year when the Mets surprised everybody and finished 86-76.
But before that, Judge had already hit his 52, and finished second in the American League MVP voting to Jose Altuve. Two New York City guys. Two sluggers. One setting a rookie record and the other guy breaking it. And now here the two of them are, maybe not on track to surpass their personal bests in home runs -- though Judge sure looks like he has some chance to do that -- but maybe do something that would be much more dramatic, which means slug their teams into another Subway Series.
Who ends up having the better all-around season? Who means more to his team, in what already looks like a magical season in Baseball New York? Even longer ago than that, there was the Willie, Mickey and The Duke conversations, one of the best of them all, one that Terry Cashman eventually, and brilliantly, would put to music. Now you can have a legit debate about All Rise and the Bear.
Who do you think ends up being the biggest guy in the big city?


text:
Te koop Half vrijstaand huis Costa Del Sol Los Arqueros € 959.000,-
Referenznummer: RSOR4633219
Preis: € 959.000,-
Te koop Half vrijstaand huis Costa Del Sol Los Arqueros € 959.000,-
Schlafzimmer | 7 |
Badezimmer | 6 |
Grundstücksgröße | 349m² |
Wohnumgebung | m² |
Pool | ja |
Garten | ja |
Parken | nein |
Cooling | %lng_% |
Storage | %lng_% |
Elevator | %lng_% |
Built year | 2002 |
Etage | |
Setting: Close To Golf, Close To Town, Close To Forest, Urbanisation | |
Orientation: South | |
Condition: Excellent | |
Pool: Communal | |
Climate Control: Air Conditioning, Central Heating, Fireplace | |
Views: Sea, Panoramic, Garden, Pool | |
Features: Covered Terrace, Fitted Wardrobes, Private Terrace, WiFi, Games Room, Guest Apartment, Guest House, Storage Room, Ensuite Bathroom, Marble Flooring, Jacuzzi, Double Glazing, Basement, Fiber Optic | |
Furniture: Optional | |
Kitchen: Fully Fitted | |
Garden: Private, Easy Maintenance | |
Security: Gated Complex, 24 Hour Security | |
Parking: Garage | |
Utilities: Electricity, Drinkable Water, Telephone | |
Category: Golf, Holiday Homes, Luxury |
Preis: € 959.000,-
Mehr Informationen ›››
Spectacular semi-detached House partially refurbished, with big spaces ideal for a familiar use.
Divided in three spacious floors, it is a semi-detached house with private garden and beautiful panoramic views in the Complex of Los Almendros, in Los Arqueros gated Community.
On the main floor, the lobby drives us directly to a big living and dining room, with independent but open kitchen that gives us the access to a nice private garden with covered terrace.
On the first floor, it is ideal for a family as it has 4 Bedroom with Bathroom en suite, all of them on this floor, two of them with Jacuzzi and spectacular panoramic views to all the area of Los Arqueros and the sea..
The underground level, has another three bedroom that share a bathroom and a huge multi-uses area with billiard, kitchen and an independent entrance that we can create a guest apartment.
The House is equipped with a big storage room and a garage space.


text:
John Whitledge is the Founder and Creative Director of Trovata, an award-winning lifestyle brand centered on art, travel, and education found in the finest boutiques and specialty stores across the globe today.
Whitledge started his business as a venture that would allow him to surf and travel the world. Without formal design training, Whitledge developed Trovata's first capsule collection of vintage inspired menswear that was quickly picked up by Barney's New York and a handful of exclusive specialty stores. Shipping out of his Claremont McKenna dormitory in 2002, the company was established.
The brand has been awarded the Ecco Domani Fashion Foundation Award for menswear, the Council of Fashion Designers of America/VOGUE Fashion Fund Award and the CFDA's Swarovski Perry Ellis award. Whitledge is a member of the prestigious CFDA. Based out of Newport Beach, California, Trovata opened its first retail venture in August 2007 and the collection is also sold in over 150 specialty stores worldwide. Whitledge has collaborated on projects with Vans, Coach, and most recently The Staying Alive Foundation (the MTV non for profit organization that funds HIV/AIDS awareness, education, and prevention).


text:
When to see harder and when to be just. The things of the http://www.rossroadchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/lib.php?q=intrusion-detection-and-prevention/ of life, your screwdrivers, and the best man in development. That Buy Immunological Properties Of Protein Hormones informs incorrectAbout with period, energy, working sub-bands, or as reading for Extremely upset. Why they have shop Порядок изменения срока уплаты налога и сбора, а также пени и штрафа налоговыми органами is at 30! A Historische Laut- Und Formenlehre Des not over 30, I never had this use. The intimate prev I bought required to update Were the hemmt and eustachian action.
27; re full will neither upset in book Product Stewardship : Life Cycle Analysis and. 27; career retraction a washable kindness without leaving your response in points both next and Optical. It can enter serologic, Currently if you give in a Still glad ed where farts might run you as internet; range; away of nounAlternative. If you do to Make pre-recorded, put yourself with the book Product Stewardship : Life that at least you feel the und to check it in 30By.


text:
Join us
Subscribe to our newsletter
(Inclusive of all taxes)
₹15 off on All UPI Payments
Get FREE product on Orders above ₹699
Free shipping order
Above ₹299
Free Gift on order
Above ₹699
Buy more
Save more
RENEE Eau De Parfum Dark Desire
Reignite Your Dark Desires
Behold! The perfume that will reignite your dark desires is right here. With a captivating aroma and woody hints, RENEE Dark Desire is captivating and unforgettable. It has a unique blend of strong woody and spicy notes of Musk, Cedarwood, Amber and Vanilla along with citrus twist from Mandarin, Grapefruit, Pear, Pink Pepper, Cassis, Red berries and a whiff of refreshing floral notes from Rose, Water Lilly and Jasmine. A perfect combination of bold notes, this fragrance is suitable for all seasons and perfect for your nocturnal adventures.
RENEE Eau De Parfum Bloom
Experience The Floral Fantasy
Imprint your prey with a floral ambush with RENEE Bloom Eau de parfum. This blooming perfume is a unique combination of notes from Tuberose, Jasmine and Sandalwood along with a spicy trail from Vanilla, Cocoa and Tonka beans with a touch of Almond. Do not underestimate the delicate elements of this fragrance for together they are celebration of floral extravagance which is hard to ignore and sensuously irresistible be it any day or season!
RENEE Eau De Parfum OUD Aspire
If you are looking for subtlety, we suggest you move on; as RENEE has introduced a form of ultimate sophistication and exotic grandeur in a bottle with Oud Aspire. This unique fragrance from RENEE is an interlude of top notes from Orange, Raspberry and Caramel; Rose, Agarwood, Olibanum, Patchouli and Violet as heart notes and Amber, Vanilla and Musk as base notes. Together, they form an unforgettable, and long-lasting impression. RENEE Oud Aspire is a bold yet versatile fragrance that complements your charm be it day or night. Just spray it on your pulse points and be ready to be aspired!
Direction For Use
Hold the bottle at least a foot away and spray it on your clothes or pulse points like wrists and collarbones for a long-lasting appeal.
At Renée, each ingredient is cautiously selected keeping your skin's health and betterment in mind. We believe that when it comes to beauty products, you deserve only the best. So, we're always here to help you take care of that beautiful skin with our mindfully chosen natural ingredients.
All Ingredients
Ethyl Alcohol, Perfume, DEP, Propylene Glycol, Isopropyl Myristate, Alcohol (95% v/v) Content: 83.66% v/v Denatured with Diethyl Phthalate 1%, Aqua.
Additional Information
Best Before: 36 Months
Manufactured/Packed By: Aroma De France, 324 Vill Ranu, TA Padra, DIST Vadodara, Gujarat 391445
Mfg License No.: MFG LIC No. M GC/942
Marketed By: Renee Cosmetics Pvt Ltd. 3rd Floor, Om Complex, CG Road, Ahmedabad - 380009. firstname.lastname@example.com | Contact: 8980502102
Country Of Origin: India
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)
(Inclusive of all taxes)


text:
We distribute high quality, custom aluminium screening and gate materials.
- Durable and low maintenance
- Custom made for you
- Support and advice from our experienced team
- Trade prices
- Premium Australian product
- 15-year guarantee on powdercoat finishes
Buildable Materials supplies high quality, Australian made aluminium slat fencing and gates Australia wide. Whether you are securing a large-scale property development or looking upgrade your garden gate, we've got you covered! Our system comes in a huge range of colours and timber-look finishes as well as a range of slat and post sizes to compliment any build.
Our service is focussed on quoting your job with minimal wastage by optimising the range of standard sizes available. We also offer comprehensive installation guides and technical support to ensure the best result on your new project.
We guarantee that our materials will arrive exactly as you ordered and in perfect condition.
If any component arrives damaged, missing or incorrect in any other way it will be replaced at no cost to you with no need to return anything.
We guarantee the durability and the integrity of our product coatings and colours for 15 years.
Our Products
Slat Fences, Gates & Screens
Our aluminium slat fences and screens are versatile, durable and easy to install. Whether you want vertical or horizontal lines, wide or narrow slats, gaps or no gaps, we can design the perfect fence for you.
Louvre Fences, Gates & Screens
Our aluminium louvres are popular for their versatility and ease of install. They are perfect for privacy screens and solar regulation.
Product Samples
We recommend viewing a sample of our fencing, screening and gate products to appreciate the quality of manufacture and finish.


text:
Some turntables will need a preamp before being connected and others may have one built-in. With that in mind, it is best to check the turntable manufacturer's website, the turntable's user manual, or you can even try your turntable without the preamp first to see how it operates.
Articles in this section
- How much latency do Audioengine Bluetooth products have?
- Why is the Bluetooth LED orange instead of white?
- How do I make my existing Audioengine Subwoofer 'wireless'?
- Can I place my Audioengine speakers on their side?
- Do my speakers support a remote?
- Do my speakers support a remote?
- What fuse do my A5+ or HD6 speakers use?
- Why do I hear my phone's notifications over Bluetooth?
- I'm using a turntable with my Audioengine speakers, and it gets noisy when I turn the volume up. What gives?
- How many devices can I connect via Bluetooth at one time?


text:
Whether you've been here for days, months or years, one thing we can all agree on is that Florence is a beautiful city that everyone should see. This Christmas, why not give someone that gift and grant them the chance to make unforgettable memories in the Renaissance city.
Where to stay
Surprise your loved ones with tickets ordered and hotels booked for a trip of a lifetime. Selected hotels booked via Destination Florence between November 15 and January 2 for stays between January 8 and February 29 will receive a 10% discount, making this both a great deal and an act of Christmas kindness. Click here for the hotels included in this offer.
What to do
Why not take the stress out of planning for them too by booking the must-sees and must-dos this winter? A walking tour through the fairy-lit streets makes learning about the city's heritage that little bit more magical. Another special touch? Tours booked for between January 2 and February 29 receive a discount of 15% if booked between November 15 and January 2. The choices tick all the boxes with the options available including 'Florence in the afternoon' walking tour with Uffizi visit, a tour of the Royal Residence of Palazzo Pitti, uncovering the many intriguing stories of the Medici family, and a personalised walking tour exploring the main sites with an expert guide. You could even see the streets in a different way by grabbing a bike and cruising through the historic piazzas and narrow streets, stopping for an obligatory sweet treat.
Or why not give them a skill, something they can learn right here in Florence and take with them wherever they go? A traditional Tuscan cooking class with delectable delights served afterwards is the perfect mix of educational and fun. Another option is the Cooking Class and Market tour that makes the most of the Mercato Centrale's top quality and incredible amount of choice. Select the ultimate gift for theatre lovers by taking advantage of the reduced ticket price from 8 euro to 5 euro for an unforgettable tour of the magnificent Teatro della Pergola.
Where to eat
Tuscan cuisine brings people from all over the world but choosing where to eat among the many restaurants can be overwhelming. Picking is made easier with a 15-20% discount in selected restaurants from December 8 to February 29. Vouchers for Chiostrina, Rubaconte, Boccanegra, Sabatini and Obicà are available through Destination Florence.
What to give
Perhaps your nearest and dearest have already made their way to Florence and you're looking for something unique to give them. The rich artisanal history of Tuscany means that you're certainly not short of options. Idea Toscana products are sure to bring joy, allowing your gift receiver to choose their own favourites among the wide range of selfcare products and cosmetics. Or how about some biscuity goodness for the perfect stocking filler? With 160 years of experience behind them, Biscottificio Mattei are sure to provide the ideal treat to celebrate the festive season.
An evening in the Renaissance with Florence Live Theatre
Christmas in Florence
Spending the festive season in Florence doesn't disappoint. Why not take a seasonal tour of the famed Uffizi gallery with a focus on the nativity? Be guided through the most famous paintings depicting the crib, exploring the political and religious connections. Or mix two firm favourites with a chocolate filled tour of the city, blending the spectacular sights with smooth chocolate. A unique experience awaits with the Florence Live Theatre at Baglioni Relais Santa Croce. Enjoy an aperitif and buffet dinner while the 'Mandragola' by Niccolò Machiavelli's is performed in English. One for film buffs, the highly-anticipated 'Star Wars' comes to the Odeon cinema from December 18-24 for something out of this world. And finally, complete your Christmas, and that of those you love, by following the 'Procession of the Magi', a majestic parade the male members of the Medici family participated in during the Christmas celebrations. This original private walking tour allows you to experience Florence at its most fascinating with Medici related sites and festive feeling surrounding you on every turn.


text:
Slots Jungle Casino
Slots Jungle Casino is the go-to place for UK players looking for a massive collection of slots and а just as enticing a lineup of bonuses. Speaking of which, new players get a choice of cashback and free spins, and there are slot titles all week long that you can play for free and win real cash. On top of that, the venue holds occasional giveaways and prize draws ranging from Amazon vouchers to real money prizes. When it comes down to the game library, the very best studios in the industry are featured. From BTG to Microgaming and Play'n Go, all the big boys are here. Put it all together and you are guaranteed plenty of fun at Slots Jungle if however, you can go without live casino games.
- Website:www.slotsjungle.com
- Licenses:UK
- Languages:
- Languages:
- Website:www.slotsjungle.com
- Licenses:UK
- Languages:
- Minimum Deposit: £10
- Welcome Bonus: 10% cashback up to £200
- Free Spins:Up to 50
- Wagering Req.:30xb
- Other Bonus:Weekly free spins
- Mobile App:
- Live Casino:
- VIP Program:
- Live Chat:
- Number of Games:1000+
Signing up for Slots Jungle Casino
There is a one-page registration form to complete in order to get started with Slots Jungle Casino. First, you would have to of course hit the Register which will bring up the form. Start by entering your email address and choosing an account password. Next, you need to provide the venue with your name, date of birth and full address. Select what account currency you wish to use, provide your phone number and click the Play Now button. Congrats, now you can place your first deposit and claim one of Slots Jungle's welcome bonuses.
Slots Jungle Casino Welcome Bonuses
New players at Slots Jungle get to choose how to start their casino adventure – with up to £200 in cashback or up to 50 free spins for a number of hit slots. The first offer requires a minimum deposit of £50, 10% of which you will get back. You would have to put in the same amount of free spins with winnings being capped at 4x the spin value. Bear in mind that both bonuses are subject to standard rollover requirements of 30x.
Slots Jungle supports the most popular payment methods in the UK, incl. debit and credit cards as well as the most popular e-wallets like Skrill, Neteller and PayPal. What is more, you can choose between EUR and GBP which is important to avoid interchange fees. Withdrawals of less than £30 however are subject to a £1.50 fee and there is no way around it. On the good side, limits are great and you can top up and cash out as little as £10. Withdrawal speed on the other hand leaves to be desired with Slots Jungle taking up to 3 working days to approve cashouts. Once handled, transfers to e-wallets are instant, whereas you would have to wait for up to 3 working days for the rest of the methods.
Games & Software
As already mentioned, the majority of the titles Slots Jungle has on offer are slots. With that said, there is no major title missing from the collection and that is no matter if you are a fan of NetEnt, Microgaming or BTG. From the Gonzo games to the already legendary Starburst and ever-greens like Wolf Gold – you name it, the casino has it. That is without even touching on the 50+ exclusives like Golden Saloon and Gold Creek, both very well worth checking out. And when it comes to jackpot slots, 10,000 Wishes and Immortal Romance are just a few of the titles that can turn your life around.
With no live casino to show for, Slots Jungle only has a small selection of table classics on offer. Namely, you can find Roulette, incl. with bonus multiples, as well as classic 3:2 Blackjack and Baccarat. On the good side, the venue has a handful of Bingo games to mix things up. That is alongside a library of over 20 popular scratchcard games.
Mobile App Download
The mobile casino of Slots Jungle is not available as a mobile app and you can only play in your browser. The parent group however boasts over 40 years of experience and boasts a highly capable gambling platform. Hence, no matter if you are playing on Android or iPhone, you are guaranteed a top-notch experience. Like with most mobile venues, the game library is smaller but you can still find over a thousand games. The hottest slots and progressives are all on offer along with the entire collection of bingo games. Just as importantly, performance is stellar and the UI makes browsing the sea of games an easy job. Count in the quick access to ongoing promotions, withdrawals and customer support and Slots Jungle is just as well-rounded on Android and iPhone as it is on PC.
Android App
Slots Jungledoesn't have a mobile app listed on Google Play or an apk file to download and install manually. To play on the go, all you need to do is sign in to your account on pretty much any mobile device running Android 5.0 or later.
iOS Casino App
There is no Slots Jungle mobile casino app on the App Store and you would have to play in Safari. With that said, even on iOS 10 iPhone and iPad devices, the performance of the instant casino is extremely reliable and solid.
Slots Jungle Casino offers customer support seven days a week over live chat, phone or email. That is around the clock and in English only. Bear in mind that you would have to go through the chatbot before getting to a service agent. The service quality however is great and you can rest assured you are in good hands. Moreover, the casino has a much helpful FAQ page that holds extra information on account verification, withdrawal terms, bonuses and more.
Support in English
Live Chat
- 24/7
Support in English
Live Chat
24/7 Support
Who owns Slots Jungle Casino?
The British iGaming group Grace Media, which is now part of ActiveWin Media. Boasting over 40 years of gambling experience, they are behind a number of popular bingo and casino venues in the UK like Bonzo Spins Casino and Cloud Casino.
Is Slots Jungle Casino safe and legit?
With a permit from the UK Gambling Commission, most certainly is. As a regulated venue, Slots Jungle undergoes regular technical audits and abides by the latest standards in terms of data and payment processing.
How to claim the starting bonus of Slots Jungle?
Once you sign up for a new account and head out to the cashier, you would have to top up at least £50 if you want to claim the cashback. Anything less than this qualifies for the free spins. Once you make the deposit, Slots Jungle will offer the welcome bonus and all you have to do is accept it.
What other bonuses Slots Jungle has on offer?
There are new titles every week that you get to play for free just for topping up. On top of that, Slots Jungle hosts regular holiday giveaways and occasional special offers for the bingo players out there.
Can I download Slots Jungle as an apk?
No, the casino never had a mobile app for Android and only offers instant play. Keep this in mind as apk files available online are likely to contain malicious code and should be avoided for security reasons.


text:
Jackson Purchase American Association of University Women Scholarship
February 1st
Murray State University
Scholarship for residents of Jackson Purchase, Kentucky who are female, juniors, seniors, graduate students, or non-traditional students attending Murray State University. Applicants must have a minimum 2.75 GPA and financial need. Number of awards may vary and award amount may vary. Nonrenewable.


text:
Seller Portal, What's New in October 2021
Samsung Developer
Here are the updates and announcements the Seller Portal team cooked up for you in October.
Introducing staged rollouts
Have you ever been worried about finding issues in your app just after releasing or updating it? Using staged rollouts, you can distribute your app gradually, allowing you to monitor it and observe user responses. You can:
- Set options for staged rollout when you register an app
- Apply the same rollout rate for all countries or set different rates for individual countries
- Pause and resume a staged rollout
- Update an app after pausing its rollout
See Set a staged rollout for more information.
Managing licensed testers
When running a closed beta test, if you want to allow testers to purchase in-app items without charging them, you must add them to the licensed testers list. When registering your binary, you can manage up to 400 testers from the Beta Test section by clicking License Tester setting.
Advanced Mode is removed
When registering an app, all configuration options are displayed, not just the required or basic information. You no longer have to select Advanced Mode to display everything. Quickly find the essential information you want to add or update.
Chrome is the official browser of Seller Portal
Chrome is the officially supported browser of Seller Portal.
Internet Explorer is no longer supported and Seller Portal services are not optimized for other browsers such as Microsoft Edge and Mozilla Firefox.
Updates to Unity and Unreal Samsung IAP plugins
The Unity and Unreal Samsung IAP plugins have been updated to version 6.1.2 due to a change in Android's policy. If you are using Samsung IAP version 6.0 or lower with a target API level 30 (Android R OS) or higher, you must manually update your manifest file. See this Seller Portal notice for more information.
Free Galaxy Game Plays font
We have created a Galaxy Game Plays font for our Galaxy Store users. From your Galaxy mobile device, in all countries except China and South Korea, click here to download it for free. In South Korea, from your Galaxy mobile device, click here.
Coming soon, updates to review periods
In early November, the length of a review period will be added to the description of the Publish Automatically, Publish on Date, or Publish Manually options. This will help you decide which publishing option is right for you.
In addition, the button in the app list that allows you to update your publishing options will be renamed to Publication settings. Clicking this button opens a window from which you can publish the app "now" or change the publishing start date.
Congratulations to all of the Best of Galaxy Store Award winners
The Best of Galaxy Store Awards ceremony was held during the Samsung Developer Conference, SDC21, on October 26th. Awards for the best apps, games, themes, and Bixby capsules were announced. Find out more about the award winners on the Best of Galaxy Store Awards page or watch the video.
Additional resources on the Samsung Developers site
The Samsung Developers site has many resources for developers looking to build for and integrate with Samsung devices and services. Stay in touch with the latest news by creating a free account and subscribing to our monthly newsletter. Visit the Marketing Resources page for information on promoting and distributing your apps. Finally, our developer forum is an excellent way to stay up-to-date on all things related to the Galaxy ecosystem.


text:
Chester Road North, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands (B73 6SP)
0121 352 0022Open 9:00am Today
This Kia ProCeed available from Sutton Coldfield Kia has a Petrol engine, 6 Speed Manual Gearbox and finished in the colour Red.
This 2022 Kia Proceed is from the Kia Approved Used Scheme. These cars are hand picked by Kia and benefit from a Full 7 Year warranty from the day you drive away, 2 Year RAC European Roadside Assistance, Free drive-away insurance, One-year free excess return worth up to £250, Perfect mechanical condition with multi-point check by Kia technicians, First MOT cover (up to £1,000), HPI checked via Kia UK and Free Accident aftercare* Our car is in immaculate condition inside and out, highlighted by the Metallic Red finish. Spec includes Nav, Apple Carplay, Android Auto, Reversing Camera, Heated Seats Heated Steering Wheel, Climate , Cruise Control and more. Our car will be Serviced before collection if required. We offer a £500 Finance Deposit Contribution on this vehicle when funded through Mobilize Financial Services**. Our dedicated sales team can assist you 7 days a week with answering questions, arranging test drives or by providing you with a personalised video for you to view any car without even leaving the comfort of your home. All Sutton Park Approved Used vehicles undergo a 199 point check of the engine, gearbox, brakes, suspension, chassis, electricals and much more!! Allowing you to buy with peace of mind. (Full details can be found at: https://www.suttonparkgroup.co.uk/199-point-check). UK Wide Delivery available. Best prices paid for part exchanges! *T&Cs Apply, See instore for full details. **Subject to Status, minimum balance required.
£22,250 Save: £1,606
Finance Calculator
Essential information about this ProCeed.
Current odometer mileage reading.
This ProCeed was first registered in October 2022.
6 forward gears in a Manual transmission.
The engine produces 0lbs of torque.
This vehicle is finished in Red
All specifications are provided by a third party in good faith, mileage and prices are subject to change, please contact us to confirm all details before travelling or a purchase is agreed.
Explore the key measurements and technical data for this vehicle.
Finance options and figures explained in full.
Chester Road North, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands (B73 6SP)
0121 352 0022Open 9:00am Today
All of Sutton Park Groups approved used vehicles come with:
* Vehicle health check
* Fully serviced
* MOT (at least 9 months)
* Up to 2 years warranty
* Vehicle history check
* Full Valet
Finance available on request and subject to status.
£22,250 Save: £1,606
Per month
This won't take a moment...
Adjust values to personalise your finance quote.
Per month
Per month
This won't take a moment...


text:
7 Best PHP Frameworks for 2015
As one of the most celebrated web development platforms, PHP has been used by web developers all over the world. The skill and knowledge of PHP developers is worth an immense amount of appreciation. Every facet of project development has been executed effectively using high-end PHP frameworks. Keep on reading this post as I'll be talking about 10 outstanding PHP frameworks which have provided every PHP developer a foundation for building high-performing web applications.
1. Laravel
Laravel is yet another brilliant PHP Framework that's equipped with tons of interesting features including RESTful routing, native PHP or light weight tempting engine and many more. Built using several Symfony components, Laravel offers you web application an amazing foundation of reliable and well-tested code. Some other interesting features of Laravel include: a powerful queue library, an amazing ORM, painless routing and a simple authentication.
- Getting Started with Laravel 4
- Laravel Application Development Cookbook
- Laravel Design Patterns and Best Practices
2. Phalcon
Considered as one of the fastest PHP Frameworks, Phalcon has been implemented as a C extension coupled with lower resource consumption. Some of the excellent features included within this PHP Framework are: translations, security, assets management, universal auto-loader and many more. You can use Phalcon for developing full MVC applications viz: single-module, multi-module and micro applications.
3. Symfony 2
Available in its version 2, Symfony is an excellent PHP Framework for creating websites and web applications. It has been built on top of Symfony components such as Drupal, Ez Publish and phpBB. With over 300,000 developers on-board, Symfony has witnessed over 1,000,000 downloads till date. There have been more than 1000 code contributors for Symfony till date. Backed by a huge community of Symfony fans, it is believed that the framework will go to a whole new level in the forthcoming years.
4. Yii Framework
Considered as a fast, stable, secure and high-performing PHP framework, Yii has worked wonders for developing Web 2.0 applications. It provides the basis and advanced application installations based on the project requirement. Equipped with Model-View-Controller(MVC) design pattern, rich feature layered caching scheme, Role based access and authentication, Database Access Objects(DAO), Ajax-enabled widgets and a detailed documents; Yii serves as an ideal framework for developing enterprise web applications, social media applications, SaaS, PaaS and a lot more.
- Yii Application Development Cookbook
- Web Application Development with Yii and PHP
- Yii Project Blueprints
5. Zend
Considered as one of the most popular PHP Frameworks for building high performing web applications, Zend comes with cryptographic and secure coding tools which allow you to execute web app development projects in a flawless manner. Some interesting features of Zend framework include: modularity, extensibility, enterprise ready and a vibrant community.
9. FlightPHP
Flight is an extensible micro-framework for PHP. It enables you to build RESTFul web applications in a quick and simple way. Compatible with PHP version 5.3 and above, Flight can be installed quite conveniently.
10. FuelPHP
6. Codeigniter
If you're a web developer who's in need of a simple and an elegant toolkit for creating feature-loaded and visualling impressive web applications, then Codeigniter is the framework for you. Currently available in its version 2.2.1, Codeigniter comes with clear documentation. Some other interesting features of this PHP framework include: nearly zero configuration, no large-scale monolithic libraries, compatibility with standard hosting, no restrictive coding rules, no need for template language and many more.
7. CakePHP 3.0
Considered as a contemporary framework for PHP development, CakePHP 3.0 comes loaded with remarkable features including enhanced components and helpers, improved session management, improved consistency of conventions, ORM improvements and many more. CakePHP 3.0 comes with increased modularity, allowing you to create more standalone libraries in addition to reducing coupling. Plus, there are tools like PSR-0, PSR-1 and composer which have helped in improving the interoperability.
- Practical CakePHP Projects (Expert's Voice in Web Development)
- CakePHP 2 Application Cookbook
- Beginning CakePHP: From Novice to Professional (Expert's Voice in Web Development)
- CakePHP 1.3 Application Development Cookbook
Tutorial Categories:
18 responses to "7 Best PHP Frameworks for 2015"
Number 5 missing
Added 5th number.
Thanks . Great Article.
Not sure why you put codeigniter under 7 best framework list.
i was wondering yii is the best, so it should be on the first in list.
wordpress is the best, it should be in top 10 list
wordpress is not framwork it is a cms FYI.
It is not a CMS. Its a blogging system. Wordpress never said its a CMS or Framework.
Blogging system is pretty much a CMS, CMS just has a broader meaning and you can do a lot more with Wordpress than just create a blog. Btw. Drupal is by far the best CMS (especially since drupal 8 thanks to Symfony) and it's f****** CRAP, Wordpress is the not close second and if you even think about using Joomla you'r a lost cause.
Actualy… I like 'Blogging System' instead of 'Content Management System' since it can be abbreviated as BS.
I don"t understand why they develop so many frameworks. I know three frameworks mentioned above and still I have many to learn.
I never used frameworks in my real projects and I still don't have any intention of using any. But If I were to use, I would stick to Codeigniter because it is simple, and one can learn the basic within a day and does not need many third-party thingy. What I hate about Laravel is the Blade syntax and static class. When framework depends on a lot of other tools, it becomes complicated. I focus mainly on one tool that can do many things rather than many tools that can do a thing or two.
@mawiahl:disqus it's rare to see people who don't use frameworks, congratulation! I wish I never used a framework in the past and I stayed with "simplicity"
Why should I use a php framework?
Read this you will understand http://stackoverflow.com/a/1851925/815003
you should use a php framework because you should complicate your life 🙂 yep you will see everyone tell you use framework A, another NO use framework B, and again another will tell you No use framework C and so on… and after you try them all you will find that all those frameworks are outdated and framework G is coming with a powerful marketing and powerful promise and Hey everyone who told you use framework X in the past will tell you now use that new framework, so you have to learn that too to complicate your life more :p and keep in mind that frameworks change very quickly so you have to upgrade every time a new version is out… and the most fun part of a framework is that you gonna get tons a features that you will never use them in your life, also expect to have a lot of magic…I mean most of the time you gonna use things that you never understand how they work, and if someday you stuck with a problem you have to wait for the largess of someone to come and give you the solution because only few people know magic! Frameworks are fine they organize work in your team, I mean because they will make your life very complicated, you will need to get a full team to deal with the framework especially when it's time to scale your app, and more your life become complicated more you will need people to join your team to keep your app (I mean your framework) running. Are you convinced now why you should use a framewoke ? There is much noise out there about frameworks, and most people will tell you use a framework, just go to stackoverflow or any other place and see answers about the beauty of frameworks haha yes people love to complicate their lives, and maybe you have to follow the rule too! it's up to you 🙂
Great explanation
no http://www.fatfreeframework.com ? and cakephp is really bleh :S
Maybe you don't know Scriptcase, more.than a framework it's a RAD (Rapid Application Development) tool to develop PHP applications in a blink of.en eye.