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Key Regulatory Topics: Weekly Update 12 May - 18 May 2023
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This week, the FCA published four engagement papers on the new UK prospectus regime, setting out proposed changes across four areas - admission to regulated markets, further issuances of equities, protected forward-looking statements and improvements to wholesale debt capital markets. The PRA published its policy statement on model risk management principles for banks, and confirmed it will provide an update for "Simpler-regime Firms" in due course. In Europe, the EC adopted the Delegated Regulation on specific liquidity measurement for IFD firms, while the EBA published draft RTS on prudential consolidation of investment firm groups under the IFR. This week also saw the EC's adoption of the draft UK-EU Memorandum of Understanding establishing a framework for structured regulatory cooperation in the area of financial services.
Institutional and wholesale digital assets: latest developments – Wednesday 24 May, 9:00 – 10:00 am
This session will focus on the latest law and regulation of institutional/wholesale digital assets products and services; considering amongst others, prime and custody services, derivatives and digital securities. The first quarter of 2023 has seen a flurry of new developments which are going to form the fundamental legal and regulatory building blocks in relation to this fast-growing sector. These include, for example, proposed new regulated activities regimes; new disclosure/whitepaper rules; new market abuse regimes; reforms to underlying property law; reforms to insolvency law; and proposed new industry standard derivatives documentation. In this session our digital assets experts will discuss the key issues from these proposals, and the areas where market participants will want to input into the design of these new regimes.
Register here
Corporates and issurers
Four FCA engagement papers on new UK prospectus regime
On 18 May, the FCA published four engagement papers in relation to the future UK prospectus regime: (i) admission to trading on a regulated market – the FCA considers that there are strong arguments for retaining the bulk of current prospectus requirements on issuers seeking to have transferable securities admitted to trading on regulated markets. However it sets out where it considers there may be opportunities for small changes, which cumulatively could represent a significant improvement on the current requirements, including: when a prospectus should be required for admission to regulated markets and when exemptions should apply; the required content of a prospectus for initial admissions; the format of a prospectus; and the responsibility for a prospectus and how it is approved; (ii) further issuances of equity on regulated markets – the FCA considers, as a starting point, that prospectuses should not be required for further issuances for equity securities admitted to trading on regulated markets unless there is a clear argument that to do so is necessary for investor protection, taking into account other existing disclosure requirements on issuers. It seeks views on this, as well as: whether there should be a percentage threshold (of existing share capital) for a requirement to publish a prospectus; and what document should be required if a prospectus is not required; (iii) protected forward-looking statements (PFLS) – PFLS will be introduced by the FSMA 2000 (Public Offers and Admissions to Trading) Regulations 2023. PFLS will be subjected to a recklessness/dishonesty liability standard, with the burden of proof on investors, rather than the current negligence liability standard and reverse burden of proof. The FCA sets out its initial considerations for the rules that will specify what types of information can be considered PFLS, any conditions as to how it is prepared, and how it is presented within a prospectus; and (iv) non-equity securities – the FCA asks for views as to whether the regime can be improved for wholesale, debt capital markets. Areas discussed include: removing the dual disclosure standards; requiring additional disclosure for certain types of non-equity securities that are that are structured finance products or traded investment products; and if disclosure requirements for secondary issuances of non-equity securities should be revised. The deadline for comments is 29 September. The FCA intends for feedback to begin a dialogue that will inform further development of proposed rules, on which it will consult formally during 2024.
Admission to trading on a regulated market (i)
Further issuances of equity on regulated markets (ii)
Conduct and governance
FCA consults on amendments to remuneration requirements for small dual-regulated firms
On 12 May, the FCA began consulting on proposals to enhance the proportionality of the remuneration requirements for small dual-regulated firms. The FCA proposes to: (i) amend its proportionality thresholds which allow smaller, less complex dual-regulated firms to be excluded from some of the remuneration rules by increasing the total assets threshold and changing the additional criteria that firms with over £4 billion of total assets must meet; (ii) remove the requirement for smaller, less complex dual-regulated firms to apply the rules on malus and clawback; and (iii) align some minor differences between its rules and the PRA Rulebook, including those relating to the identification of dual-regulated firms' remuneration code staff. The FCA expects to publish its final rules in Q4. The FCA proposes for the amended rules and guidance to apply in respect of firms' first performance year, beginning after the publication of the final rules. The FCA notes that its proposals are broadly consistent with those set out by the PRA in their February consultation on the same topic. The deadline for comments is 9 June.
ESAs consolidated Q&As on PRIIPs KID
On 18 May, the ESAs consolidated a set of Q&As on the Regulation on key information document (KID) requirements for packaged retail and insurance-based investment products (the PRIIPs Regulation) and its Delegated Acts. The consolidated document combines responses given by the EC to questions requiring the interpretation of Union Law, which are colour coded in blue, and responses generated by the ESAs relating to the practical application or implementation of the PRIIPs Regulation and its Delegated Acts, which are not colour coded.
FCA research into consumer experience of the cost of living crisis
On 17 May, the FCA published the findings of a survey into the consumer experience of the rising cost of living in the six months to January 2023. The note includes statistics on the different ways that the rising cost of living has had an impact on consumers, including struggling to meet bill and credit commitments, or choosing to cancel or withdraw insurance coverage. It also includes positive stories of consumers' dealings with firms that reflect the guidance the FCA has issued, to encourage consumers to seek support early, and to illustrate to firms the real-life, beneficial impact of proactive support and appropriate forbearance. The FCA hopes that the survey findings highlight the continued importance of ensuring consumers get appropriate support when facing financial difficulty and ideally seek such support at an early stage. The survey was run among respondents to the FCA's main Financial Lives 2022 survey, a full report of which will be published later this year.
FOS approach to complaints involving discrimination
On 15 May, the FOS published guidance for firms on its general approach to complaints involving discrimination. The FOS explains that it assesses complaints involving discrimination in its usual way: taking account of relevant law and regulation, regulator's rules, guidance and standards, codes of practice and good industry practice. The FOS will consider, and take into account when deciding on appropriate action: (i) firms' overarching duty to treat customers fairly and whether they have met its expectations, on a case-by-case basis. In some cases, firms might have followed a standard process, but that might not have been appropriate or fair in the circumstances; (ii) how firms handled the matter once the consumer made a complaint about discrimination. The FOS will assess what actions have been taken, and the speed of the firm's response. When handling a complaint of this manner, the FOS expects that firms carry out a fair and impartial investigation; if relevant (iii) whether the firm was aware, or should have been aware, that its customer was vulnerable; and (iv) what support the firm offered or put in place. The FOS will consider how a firm's mistake has impacted a customer's life and what the customer wishes. Possible solutions include: (a) ensuring the consumer hasn't lost out financially; (b) asking firms to apologise; (c) asking firms to pay compensation to acknowledge the emotional and practical impact of mistakes; and (d) directing firms to review a decision or to make adjustments to how they communicate with the consumer. The FOS illustrates a number of case studies to serve as examples and further guidance.
Financial crime and sanctions
FCA speech on changing financial crime threats and the response required from firms
On 17 May, the FCA published a speech by Sarah Pritchard, FCA Executive Director of Markets and Executive Director of International, on how firms need to respond to changing financial crime threats. Key points include: (i) Ms Pritchard considers that it is the first line of defence that will understand the business and know how to creatively reduce risk. Those working on the first line need to frequently review the risks and threats to customers and assess whether their controls are equipped to deal with them. This review may include assessing how threats are identified, whether controls are updated in light of changes to threats and if customers are made aware of the risks and how they can spot scams; (ii) Ms Pritchard highlights that firms need to be considering how the Consumer Duty will apply in the context of financial crime. This will include considering how financial crime risks can be reduced when new products are designed; and (iii) the FCA has been using a new synthetic data tool to directly test firms' systems for screening names that are on the OFSI consolidated sanctions list. This has shown that some firms do not have adequate sanctions controls and are overly reliant on third-party providers whose systems are not tailored to meet the specific requirements of the business.
EC updates list of high-risk third countries under MLD4
On 17 May, the EC adopted a Delegated Regulation that amends the list of high-risk third countries with strategic AML and CTF deficiencies, produced under Article 9(2) of MLD4. The Delegated Regulation: (i) adds Nigeria and South Africa to the list; and (ii) removes Cambodia and Morocco. The Council and the EP will scrutinise the Delegated Regulation and if neither objects, it will enter into force 20 days following its publication in the OJ.
Home Office consults on new draft information orders code of practice under PoCA and TA 2000
On 16 May, the Home Office began consulting on a new draft information orders code of practice issued under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (PoCA) and the Terrorism Act 2000 (TA 2000). The code of practice provides guidance to the Director General of the National Crime Agency (NCA) or an authorised NCA officer on how to use certain powers. A new Code of Practice needs to be made to reflect possible future changes to POCA by the Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Bill, which include creating additional information order powers that will assist the NCA with operational analysis of information that is relevant to ML/TF or suspected ML/TF. The deadline for comments is 20 June.
Council of the EU adopts recast revised WTR
On 16 May, the Council of the EU announced that is has formally adopted the recast revised WTR. The Regulation will now be published in the OJ. The recast revised WTR will enter into force 20 days after publication and apply 18 months after that. The Council has also published the voting result for adoption of the Regulation.
Recast revised WTR press release
Recast revised WTR voting result
Trilogue negotiating positions on AMLR, MLD6 and AMLA Regulation
On 15 May, the Council of the EU published tables setting out the negotiating positions taken by the EC, the Council and the EP ahead of the commencement of the trilogue negotiations on the AMLR, MLD6 and the AMLA Regulation.
Please see the Financial Crime section for the adoption of the recast revised WTR by the Council for the EU.
Treasury Committee calls for consumer trading of unbacked cryptoassets to be regulated as gambling
On 17 May, the Treasury Committee published a report setting out recommendations to the Government on regulating crypto. The Committee's key conclusions and recommendations include: (i) recognising the potential for some forms of cryptoassets and their underlying technologies to bring benefits to financial services, it is important that the Government and regulators strive to keep pace with developments, including by ensuring that the FCA's authorisations gateway is open and effective, so that potential productive innovation in financial services is not unduly constrained; (ii) while the extent of the benefits cryptoasset technologies may bring to financial services remains unclear, the risks posed by cryptoassets to consumers and the environment are real and present and therefore it recommends that the Government takes a balanced approach to supporting the development of cryptoasset technologies; (iii) the Government should seek to avoid expending public resources on supporting cryptoasset activities without a clear, beneficial use case; and (iv) regardless of the regulatory regime, their price volatility and absence of intrinsic value means that unbacked cryptoassets will inevitably pose significant risks to consumers. Consumer speculation in unbacked cryptoassets more closely resembles gambling than it does a financial service. The Committee are concerned that regulating retail trading and investment activity in unbacked cryptoassets as a financial service will create a 'halo' effect that leads consumers to believe that this activity is safer than it is, or protected when it is not. Therefore, the Committee strongly recommends that the Government regulates retail trading and investment activity in unbacked cryptoassets as gambling rather than as a financial service.
Council of the EU adopts MiCA
On 16 May, the Council of the EU announced that is has formally adopted MiCA. The Regulation will now be published in the OJ. MiCA shall enter into force 20 days after publication and apply 18 months after that, except for the requirements relating to asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens which will apply after 12 months. The Council has also published the voting result for the adoption of the regulation.
Fund regulation
Please see the Markets and Market Infrastructure section for the FCA speech on the drive for data and increasing resilience in NBFI.
ESMA calls for amendments to UCITS Directive and AIFMD in relation to undue costs
On 17 May, ESMA published an opinion to the EC with suggested clarifications of the legislative provisions under the UCITS Directive and AIFMD relating to the notion of undue costs. ESMA explains that the initiative was prompted by one of the findings of the ESMA 2021 Common Supervisory Action on costs and fees, which showed divergent market practices as to what industry reported as "due" or "undue" costs in funds. ESMA's proposal is to take as a basis the supervisory expectations enshrined in the 2020 supervisory briefing on the supervision of costs and ground these expectations into clearer legal requirements. This would clarify the notion of due/undue costs for UCITS and AIFs and provide national competent authorities with a stronger legal basis to take supervisory and enforcement actions. ESMA is of the view that the EC: (i) should clarify the eligibility of costs in light of the list of costs included in the PRIIPs Regulation. ESMA could be empowered to develop draft RTS in order to: specify the circumstances in which the costs included in the PRIIPs list should be considered as undue/not eligible and specify under which conditions NCAs may authorise additional cost categories; (ii) should consider introducing the notion of undue cost in Article 14 of the UCITS Directive and Article 12 of the AIFMD. Where a manager has intentionally or negligently committed an infringement, the manager should be sanctioned with a fine that is proportionate to the harm caused to investors; and (iii) should consider introducing obligations for managers to develop a pricing process. ESMA states that its opinion will be taken into account by the EC in the context of the EC's Retail Investment Strategy and subsequent legislative proposals.
Markets and markets infrastructure
FSMA 2000 (Commodity Derivatives and Emission Allowances) Order 2023
On 17 May, the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Commodity Derivatives and Emission Allowances) Order 2023 was published, together with an explanatory memorandum. The purpose of the instrument is to streamline the process for determining when a firm trading commodity derivatives or emission allowances needs to be authorised as an investment firm, as part of the Wholesale Markets Review reforms. The FCA intends to establish a simpler and lower cost regime for determining when such a firm needs to be authorised as an investment firm. Currently firms are required to perform calculations to determine whether their trading activity is ancillary to their main commercial business, and therefore whether they fall within the RAO Schedule 3 exemption from the commodity position limits regime. The instrument: (i) removes the obligation for firms relying on the ancillary activities exemption to notify the FCA of their exemption annually; (ii) removes article 72J of the RAO which enables firms to carry on their business without obtaining authorisation if there is no data available to enable them to perform the test establishing when an activity is ancillary; and (iii) removes references to Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/592 which outlines the RTS for determining when a firm's activity is considered to be ancillary to its main commercial business. The instrument will come into force on 1 January 2025.
FSMA 2000 (Commodity Derivatives and Emission Allowances) Order 2023
FCA speech on the challenge of changing global markets
On 16 May, the FCA published a speech by Sarah Pritchard, FCA Executive Director of Markets and Executive Director of International, on meeting the challenge of changing global markets. Highlights include: (i) Ms Pritchard refers to the recently published consultation on reform to the listings regime. The FCA considers that there is a strong and pressing case for change to refocus UK listed markets, making it easier for firms to list while leading to a shift in responsibility and increased risk for shareholders. The FCA encourages further views on its proposals; (ii) the FCA will shortly be considering what if any reforms should be made to the prospectus rules. The FCA aims to move away from written evidence and papers and towards a more discussion-based engagement with industry and stakeholder groups (we have covered the FCA's engagement papers in the Corporates/Issuers section above); and (iii) the FCA plans to engage with the input into HMT's call for proposals for metrics that will help the FCA and others demonstrate how they are advancing its new secondary international competitiveness and growth objective, once in force.
Delegated Regulations amending RTS on transparency requirements for equity and non-equity instruments under MiFIR published in OJ
On 16 May, two Delegated Regulations relating to RTS under MiFIR were published in the OJ: (i) Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/944 amending and correcting the RTS laid down in Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/587 as regards certain transparency requirements applicable to transactions in equity instruments; and (ii) Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/945 amending the RTS laid down in Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/583 as regards certain transparency requirements applicable to transactions in non-equity instruments. The Delegated Regulations will enter into force 20 days after publication in the OJ, on 5 June. However certain provisions have a delayed application in both Delegated Regulations until 1 January 2024.
Delegated Regulation amending RTS on MiFID II tick size regime
On 16 May, Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/960 amending the RTS laid down in Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/588, which supplement MiFID II in relation to the tick size regime for shares, depositary receipts and exchange-traded funds, was published in the OJ. For the purposes of the tick size regime, trading venues must use the calculations of the average daily number of transactions that competent authorities publish on 1 March. The application date of the data published by competent authorities is changed from 1 April, to the first Monday of April, to allow trading venues the weekend to make necessary adaptations to their IT systems and infrastructures. It will come into force 20 days after its publication in the OJ, that is, 5 June.
FCA speech on the drive for data and increasing resilience in NBFI
On 16 May, the FCA published a speech, given by Ashley Alder, FCA Chair on the drive for data and increasing resilience in non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI). Mr Alder considers it essential that policy makers recognise that investment funds and other NBFI entities are structurally very different to banks, and carry out very different economic functions. Therefore traditional approaches to bank regulation are of limited relevance to the design of frameworks which might ensure increased resilience within the NBFI sector. While lots of data is available to assess risks in the open-ended fund, money market fund and CCP segments of NBFI, data is lacking in relation to private investments and funding markets. Therefore, Mr Alder considers that improving data in these areas should be a priority globally, to enable regulators to spot risks in private markets and supervise them credibly. This should include a good understanding of hidden on- or off- balance sheet leverage, a better assessment of liquidity risks, and better information on exposures between private markets and traditional banks. Disclosures should be sufficient to enable banks to accurately assess levels of leverage and concentration risks amongst their clients. Mr Alder states that the FCA's April 2023 recommendations for liability-driven investment asset managers intended to address deficiencies in risk management should be considered relevant to all NBFI firms and sectors.
IOSCO good practices on implementation of IOSCO principles for ETFs
On 12 May, IOSCO published a report setting out good practices to support the implementation of its Principles for exchange traded funds (ETFs) covering effective product structuring, disclosure, liquidity provision, and volatility control mechanisms. The good practices: (i) highlight issues for regulators, responsible entities and/or trading venues to consider when putting into practice the ETF Principles and other relevant IOSCO standards and guidance; (ii) take account of the differences among jurisdictions in the way that ETFs operate, the way they are regulated, and the markets in which they trade; and (iii) are broadly categorised under four themes that encompass the full life cycle of ETF products: (a) effective product structuring, including range of assets, strategies for ETF offerings, effective arbitrage mechanisms; (b) disclosure requirements, including on fees and on clear differentiation of ETFs from other exchange traded products and collective investment schemes; (c) liquidity provisions, including market monitoring and ensuring orderly trading; and (d) volatility control mechanisms, including communication between trading venues.
Payment services and payments systems
EC report on assembling payment account related data under PAD
On 13 May, the EC published its first report in relation to compliance with the Payments Account Directive (PAD) covering the period from 2016 to 2021, as mandated by Article 27. The EC notes that the timespan of the data collected and the differences in data collection methods makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions on the impact of the PAD. The report confirms however that the main measures of the PAD, regarding transparency and comparability, the switching service, and the right to a payment account with basic features (PABF), have all generally been put in place. The EC's findings include that: (i) in some Member States the figures for account switching are very low; (ii) in most Member States, all credit institutions that provide standard payment accounts have to offer PABF. However in some Member States only certain credit institutions are obliged; (iii) the data show that a considerable number of PABFs have been opened during the period reported, albeit only few in some Member States. Nevertheless, there has been a significant uptake in some Member States with a previously higher percentage of unbanked population. In order to ensure more complete availability and comparability of data going forward, the EC is working with Member States to agree the relevant data sets to be collected/provided.
EC report on application of PAD
On 12 May, the EC published a report on the application of the Payments Account Directive (PAD). The EC's conclusions include that the PAD: (i) in general, has helped to create transparency and comparability of payment account fees. However, some Member States have created an additional layer of new legislation when transposing the PAD, rather than replacing existing legislation, and this makes the national and EU regulatory framework more fragmented. This has also caused the duplication of documents on fee levels of payment accounts in Member States where documents with the same information already existed. Some aspects of the measures of the comparative sites also require improvement as cross-border transparency and comparison are not yet possible due to differences in the terminology used and to language barriers; (ii) has ensured that consumers have access to payment accounts with basic features which are offered by all or many credit institutions in each Member State; and (iii) has enabled all EU consumers to easily switch accounts domestically, although there are considerable differences between the different Member States in the number of yearly switches. Therefore additional measures could be useful, particularly to raise consumers' awareness of their right to switch. In view of these conclusions, the EC does not present any legislative proposal. It states that whether the PAD needs to be amended will need to be considered in further detail and in line with better regulation standards at a later stage and taking into account, in particular, the EBA Guidelines on the interaction between PAD and AML rules.
Prudential regulation
Please see the Recovery and Resolution section for the SRB publication its minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL) policy for 2023 and its MREL dashboard for Q4 2022
EC adopts Delegated Regulation on specific liquidity measurement of investment firms under the IFD
On 17 May, the EC adopted a Delegated Regulation on RTS on specific liquidity measurement under the IFD. The draft RTS specify the specific liquidity measurements for investment firms to provide a harmonised approach on how a competent authority should assess the liquidity risk and elements of liquidity risk when adopting the decision to impose specific liquidity requirements on an investment firm under Article 42 of the IFD. The assessment aims to ensure that an investment firm maintains adequate levels of liquid resources to address liquidity risk that may affect the investment firm itself and ultimately markets and clients. The draft RTS set out comprehensive elements that may raise major concerns about investment firms' liquidity risk and that the competent authorities must consider when assessing the materiality of those risks. Competent authorities are required to assess: (i) all services that an investment firm performs, including ancillary services; and (ii) all specific aspects of the investment firm's funding, external events, operational and reputational events, internal governance, and group structure, when relevant to liquidity risks.
PRA policy statement on model risk management principles for banks
On 17 May, the PRA published a policy statement on model risk management (MRM) principles for banks, together with the final text of a new Supervisory Statement. Overall, respondents to the consultation supported the PRA's proposals to raise the standard of MRM practices and recognised the need to manage risks posed by models that have a material impact on business decisions, while providing comments or requests for clarification on individual proposals. The PRA has therefore amended the proposals as consulted on, with the hope of reducing implementation costs and to improve readability. The Supervisory Statement is structured around five high-level principles, which set out what the PRA considers to be the core disciplines necessary for a robust MRM framework to manage model risk effectively across all model and risk types. The Supervisory Statement is relevant to all regulated UK-incorporated banks, building societies and PRA-designated investment firms with internal model approval to calculate regulatory capital requirements. The PRA will provide an update on the approach for all other firms, including 'Simpler-regime Firms', at a future date, once the definition of a 'Simpler-regime Firm' has been finalised as part of the strong and simple framework reforms. Irrespective of scope of application, the PRA notes that all firms regardless of size are already expected to manage the risks associated with models, as they would with any risk they are exposed to. The policy will take effect in 12 months on 17 May 2024. Firms that receive permission to use an internal model to calculate regulatory capital after the publication of this policy will have 12 months from the grant of that permission to comply with the Supervisory Statement. Before the policy comes into effect, firms are expected to conduct an initial self-assessment of their implemented MRM frameworks against these principles and, where relevant, to prepare remediation plans to address any identified shortcomings. Self-assessments should be updated at least annually thereafter, and any remediation plans should be reviewed and updated on a regular basis.
ECA report on ECB supervision of banks' credit risk
On 16 May, the European Court of Auditors (ECA) published a report on the ECB's supervision of banks' credit risk under the SSM. Overall the ECA concludes that the ECB stepped up its efforts in supervising banks' credit risk, and in particular non-performing loans (NPLs). However, more needs to be done for the ECB to gain increased assurance that credit risk is properly managed and covered. The ECA's findings include: (i) with the exception of some shortcomings, the assessments of the banks' credit risk level and control environment were of good quality with proper use of benchmarking tools. However, in the context of the Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP), the ECB made inefficient use of its existing tools and supervisory powers to ensure appropriate coverage of credit risk; (ii) the Pillar 2 methodology applied from 2021 has not provided assurance that the banks' various individual risks were appropriately covered. Moreover, the ECB did not apply its methodology consistently as it did not impose proportionally higher Pillar 2 requirements the higher the risks faced by a bank; (iii) the ECB did not escalate its supervisory measures for some banks even in the presence of high and sustained credit risk and persistent control weaknesses; (iv) supervision suffered to some extent from the fact that several national supervisors fell short of their commitments to provide staff resources; and (v) with regard to legacy NPLs, the ECB's approach to use a Pillar 2 add-on, by design, did not resolve the issue at once, as it gave banks years to comply. Moreover, not all banks acted as proactively as the ECB had expected. Further the approach resulted in an unequal treatment of banks, as those with a higher share of NPLs were given more time. To enhance operational efficiency, the ECA recommends that the ECB should: (a) strengthen the risk assessments of banks; (b) streamline the SREP; and (c) apply supervisory measures that better ensure sound coverage and management of risks by banks.
ECB revises methodology for phase 2 of asset quality review
On 16 May, the ECB revised its manual on the methodology for phase 2 of its asset quality review (AQR) as part of the assessment of relevant banks under the SSM, together with a set of related FAQs. The main changes relate to the credit file review, collateral valuation and collective provisioning chapters. The ECB states that the aim of the changes is to reduce the complexity of the AQR exercise and to incorporate the latest regulatory expectations. In particular, for the credit file review: (i) the samples will be more risk-based and will focus on the parts of portfolios with more historical reclassifications; (ii) the cash-flow multiples have been recalculated, allowing additional segmentation by sectors; (iii) collateral haircuts used for AQR purposes will incorporate the recovery strategy of each individual bank; and (iv) ECB supervisory coverage expectations for non-performing exposures have been incorporated as a floor. With regard to collective provisioning, the loss-given-loss for residential real estate portfolios will be estimated based on historical recoveries. It will be estimated using not only exposures that have incurred a write-off but also open defaults which should have been fully provisioned in accordance with the supervisory expectations in the addendum to the ECB guidance to banks on non-performing loans.
EBA report on holdings of eligible liabilities issued by G-SIIs and O-SIIs
On 16 May, the EBA published a report on the holdings by EU banks of minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL) instruments issued by global systemically important institutions (G-SIIs) and other systemically important institutions (O-SIIs), as mandated by Article 504a CRR II. The EBA's findings include: (i) that as of 31 December 2021, these holdings appear small and potential direct contagion risks are, therefore, limited. In particular, more than half of the resolution banks in the sample have exposures to eligible liabilities issued by G-SIIs and O-SIIs below 2% of MREL and 0.6% of the total risk exposure amount; (ii) overall, the largest EU banks do not rely on other banks to place their MREL instruments. As a consequence of these limited exposures, direct spill over effects from a possible bail-in appear limited. The EBA considers that although the current level of holdings of eligible liabilities does not appear to represent a source of concern, some measures could be envisaged to ensure that such situation is appropriately crystallised. Exposures to eligible liabilities could be curtailed at low levels using several tools. For instance, higher risk weights could be imposed on MREL-eligible instruments, specific limits could be introduced or a full deduction regime could be implemented. However, each of these options would need to be carefully considered so as to optimise the cost-benefit ratio. The EBA will consider how to enhance the availability of standardised data either for the purpose of regulator monitoring or for resolution planning.
EBA draft RTS on prudential consolidation of investment firm groups
On 12 May, the EBA published draft RTS on the scope and methods of consolidation of an investment firm group under the IFR. The IFR requires investment firm groups to identify a parent undertaking and those of its subsidiaries that are subject to the IFR to carry out the consolidation of the group. Particular attention is given to the setting up of a proper organisational structure and appropriate internal control mechanisms to ensure that the data required for consolidation are duly processed and reported. These RTS address in detail the four main elements that come into play when carrying out prudential consolidation for investment firm groups: (i) the scope of consolidation; (ii) the methods of consolidation; (iii) the methodology for the prudential consolidation of the capital requirements; and (iv) the rules applicable for minority interest and additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 instruments issued by subsidiaries in the context of prudential consolidation. The EBA states that it has leveraged, where possible, the existing work on the prudential consolidation of credit institutions, although differences exist based on the legal texts (i.e. IFR vs CRR). Therefore, the scope of consolidation for investment firm groups is more limited than that of banking groups and calls for a closer alignment with Article 22 of the Accounting Directive in terms of entities in the scope of consolidation, as well as on the methods for consolidation available to investment firm groups. As a result of this only two consolidation options are available for investment firms: full consolidation and the aggregation method. The EC also notes that the RTS are the final regulatory product of the EBA Roadmap on Investment Firms.
Recovery and resolution
EBA amends final guidelines on calculation of contributions to deposit guarantee schemes
On 15 May, the EBA revised its final report on guidelines on methods for calculating contributions to deposit guarantee schemes under the DGSD, which was published in February. The revised report amends paragraph 13 of the Guidelines to state that: (i) the 2015 Guidelines on the methods for calculating contributions to deposit guarantee schemes under the DGSD, which the 2023 Guidelines shall replace, are repealed with effect from the date of the application of the 2023 Guidelines, that is, 3 July 2024; and (ii) Paragraph 21 of the Guidelines on the delineation and reporting of available financial means of deposit guarantee schemes, is also deleted with effect from this date, as this has been incorporated into the new Guidelines.
SRB keeps MREL policy stable and publishes MREL dashboard for Q4 2022
On 15 May, the SRB published its minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL) policy for 2023 and its MREL dashboard for Q4 2022. The SRB has decided to maintain its policy on the calibration of MREL (total and subordinated component) with minimal changes this year to reflect amendments to the CRR made by Regulation 2022/2036, the "Daisy Chain Regulation". These changes are: (i) the SRB has reduced the size threshold for credit institutions considered as Relevant Legal Entities from EUR 10bn to EUR 5bn, keeping the other thresholds unchanged, from now on; and (ii) the SRB may decide to set internal MREL for certain intermediate financial holdings companies not subject to prudential requirements after a case-by-case assessment, where it is deemed instrumental to ensure a sound execution of the resolution strategy. The MREL dashboard presents the evolution of MREL targets and shortfalls for resolution (external MREL) and non-resolution entities (internal MREL) as well as the level and composition of resources of resolution entities in that quarter. In addition, it highlights recent developments in the cost of funding and provides an overview of gross issuances of MREL-eligible instruments in Q4 2022.
Regulatory reform post Brexit
Please see the Corporates/Issuers section for four engagement papers published by the FCA in relation to the future UK prospectus regime, as set out in the Edinburgh Reforms.
Sustainable finance
ESAs consolidated Q&As on SFDR
On 18 May, the ESAs consolidated a set of Q&As on the SFDR and the SFDR Delegated Regulation. The consolidated document combines responses given by the EC to questions requiring the interpretation of EU Law, which are colour coded in blue, and responses generated by the ESAs relating to the practical application or implementation of SFDR, which are not colour coded.
Other developments
EC adopts draft UK-EU MoU on regulatory cooperation in financial services
On 17 May, the EC adopted a draft MoU establishing a framework for structured regulatory cooperation in the area of financial services with the UK. The MoU, once signed by both parties, will create the administrative framework for voluntary regulatory cooperation in financial services between the EU and the UK, outside of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement structures. This includes the establishment of a Joint EU-UK Financial Regulatory Forum, which will serve as a platform to facilitate structured dialogue on issues related to financial services, similar to what the EC has with other third country jurisdictions, such as the USA. It is now subject to final political endorsement by the Council, before it can be signed by the EC on behalf of the EU.
PRA speech on use of supervisory and firm data
On 16 May, the PRA published a speech by Rebecca Jackson, PRA Director of Authorisations, RegTech and International Supervision on how the PRA uses supervisory and firm data. Key points include: (i) Ms Jackson sets out the three types of data that the PRA collects from firms: the structured, quantitative data collected under PRA rules via regulatory returns, the "ad hoc" data supervisors collect in response to emerging risks or to support policy development, cost benefit analysis or thematic work, and management information (MI); (ii) Ms Jackson recognises that regulatory returns are costly and time consuming to build and implement, for firms and for the PRA, and that they cannot meet all the PRA's needs all the time. Ms Jackson considers that standardising data requests would help plug gaps in data, but at a greater burden to firms. However, following Brexit there are opportunities to tailor the PRA's reporting requirements more to the UK market, and to look again at the aggregate burden of our reporting on industry; (iii) the BoE's long-term goal to transform data collection will enable it to regulate in new ways. Its work seeks to promote common standards governing the underlying transaction-level data needed to run a business. If common standards can be developed, the PRA will have a much better understanding of the data firms have available. The PRA can then work with firms to determine how to use this data to meet its requirements at lower burden or at greater speed; and (iv) the PRA's data scientists are making progress developing artificial intelligence and machine learning tools to apply to the unstructured information it receives, including, for example board packs. The PRA also continues to develop predictive analytics.


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Rewarding volunteers and recognising the value of their work is key to making volunteers feel wanted and useful and therefore increasing retention levels and their loyalty to your Trust. There are often strong financial restrictions on VSMs which limit what they can do but not all schemes require a large financial outlay.
VSMs must be careful to avoid rewarding volunteers financially or 'in kind' for their work as this can result in the creating of an informal contract between the NHS Trust and the volunteer. This has wide ranging legal implications which could result in the volunteer claiming to have been 'employed' at which point they would be covered by employment law and would be entitled to the minimum wage for any work that they had done. however, any misunderstanding can be avoided by following some basic principles:
Make sure that volunteers are receiving reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses only, collect receipts and avoid payment of a flat fee.
Reduce perks that could be seen as consideration (payment in kind)
For example, training must be relevant to the role and can't be offered as a reward after a specific length of service or hours volunteered (although you can stipulate that volunteers must show some sort of commitment to their role before they would be considered for specific training opportunities). Any minor perks should be described as purely at the discretion of the organisation, rather than an enforceable right the volunteer gains as part of the relationship
For more information about volunteer legislation, expenses, gifts and donations contact your local NAVSM hub

subset: commoncrawl


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1Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-57, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
2Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226,USA
3Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
Received date: July 28, 2011; Accepted date: August 25, 2011; Published date: August 27, 2011
Citation: Jovic D, Haque A, Hexig B, Nagaoka M, Akaike T (2011) Control of Singular Cell Cycle Synchronization of Mouse ES Cells for Hepatocyte Differentiation on E-Cadherin Substratum. J Biotechnol Biomaterial 1:113. doi:10.4172/2155-952X.1000113
Copyright: © 2011 Jovic D, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials
Stem cells have enormous potential for therapeutic applications due to their ability to differentiate into diverse cell types. However, preparation of specific lineages at high purity from embryonic stem cells remains a challenge. We have previously reported that embryonic stem (ES) cells on E-cadherin substratum form single-cell scattering morphology. In this study, we report the effect of the hydroxyurea on singular ES cell cycle synchronization to achieve homogeneous population of differentiated cells on E-cadherin substratum. ES cells were successfully arrested in G1 phase with the administration of hydroxyurea and subsequently induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells. The homogeneous population of cells on E-cadherin substratum from synchronized ES cells have higher capability to differentiate into hepatocytes-like cells than unsynchronized ES cells. Moreover, synchronized cells re-enter into the normal cell cycle with the elimination of hydroxyurea for differentiation. Our strategy for ES cell cycle synchronization before differentiation induction possibly helps to increase the yield of hepatocyte-like cells under homogeneous culture condition.
Single cells; ES cell cycle synchronization; Extracellular matrix; E-cadherin; Hepatic differentiation
The greatest potential of embryonic stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into diverse cell types including hepatocytes, represents a promising source. Proliferation and differentiation are two inversely correlated processes, which include diversity in cell cycle, morphology, and functions [1-7]. Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells have unusual cell cycle structure characterized by a short G1 phase and a proportionally long S phase. ES cells typically make decision to differentiate, proliferate, become quiescent, or undergo apoptosis in G1 phase [8-12]. The early studies suggest that mES cells typically respond to growth factors or other external stimuli in G1 phase [13-15]. However, this is very difficult to reveal the close link between cell cycle regulation, arresting cells in G1 phase, and induction of differentiation due to complicated microenvironment in the conventional ES cell culture systems.
In our previous studies, we reported that neither colony formation nor feeder layer is necessary for the maintenance of ES cell self-renewal and differentiation [16,17]. Mouse ES cells on our unique cell recognizable matrix, E-cad-Fc formed single cell scattering morphology. Considering this phenomena, we controlled cell cycles of individual cells on E-cad-Fc substratum in order to improve the efficiency of hepatocyte differentiation. We considered G1 to be the most suitable phase to synchronize ES cells in order to achieve optimal response to growth factors for differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to analyze mES cells under single cell culture conditions for monitoring the effect of cell cycle synchronization on targeted differentiation.
Preparation of E-cad-Fc-coated dishes
In our previous studies, expression and purification of E-cad-Fc chimera protein has been described elsewhere [16]. In brief, E-cad-Fc fusion protein was generated using the E-cadherin extracellular domain cDNA from mouse E-cadherin full-length cDNA provided by the RIKEN BRC DNA Bank (code 1184), and mutated mouse IgG1 Fc domain cDNA (T252M/T254S). To prepare the E-cad-Fc-coated surface, purified E-cad-Fc solution was directly added to non-treated polystyrene plates. After 2 hours of incubation at 37°C, plates were washed with PBS once, and then cells were seeded. Characteristic single-cell scattering morphology was observed after 20 h of incubation at 37°C.
Cell culture
For all cultures, feeder-free mouse embryonic stem cells (EB3 line) were used. Mouse embryonic stem cells were cultured on 0.1% gelatin and E-cad-Fc-coated dishes in Glasgow minimum essential medium (GMEM; Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1 mM L-glutamine (Millipore), 1% non essential amino acids (Gibco, Invitrogen), 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma Chemical), and 1,000 units/ml ESGRO (Chemicon). Mouse ES cells were passaged every two or three days using accutase (Millipore). The cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2-containing atmosphere.
Cell synchronization
For mES cell cycle synchronization on E-cadherin substratum, various concentrations of hydroxyurea (Sigma) were used for 6, 12, and 18 h. The following concentrations of hydroxyurea were selected: 0.5, 5, and 50 μg/ml. The 50 μg/ml hydroxyurea for 18 h of treatment was optimized for cell cycle synchronization using FACS analysis (data not shown). Control cultures on 0.1% gelatin-coated dishes with or without hydroxyurea were always grown in parallel. For cell cycle re-entry analysis, synchronized cells were washed three times with PBS to remove hydroxyurea. Fresh new medium were added and DNA content was analyzed by FACS at three different time points.
Mouse ES cell differentiation in vitro
We prepared three types of hepatocytes differentiation medium. We categorized differentiation medium depending on the types of growth factors added in basal medium. The composition of differentiation medium was identical to that described above for ES cell culture medium except that FBS concentration was reduced to 1% and 10% (v/v) knockout serum replacement (KSR; Invitrogen) were added and ESGRO was omitted. By convention, this medium was designated as basal medium. For differentiation medium I, the basal medium was supplemented with 0.2% DMSO (Sigma) and cells were treated for two days. Then DMSO was removed and 15 μg/ml sodium butyrate (Sigma Aldrich) was added for next six days. This medium was designated as differentiated medium II. For further maturation, cells at this stage were dissociated with accutase (Millipore) and reseeded again onto 35 mm E-cad- Fc-coated dishes at a density of 10,000 cells. We cultured the cells for another two weeks in differentiation medium III containing 10 ng/ml hepatocyte growth factor (HGF, Sigma), 10 ng/ml oncostatin M (OSM, Sigma) and 1 μM dexamethasone (DEX, Sigma). Fresh medium was added in every two days.
Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle distribution
Propidium iodide solution (50 μg/ml) (Sigma-Aldrich) with 10 μg/ ml RnaseA was added to harvested fixed cells 30 min before analysis. Stained cells were analyzed within 24 h. The cells were transferred to Falcon tubes and analyzed on Beckman coulter Epics XL FACS machine, adapted for excitation with 582/42-hm. FlowJo software (Tree Star) and WinMDI were used for data analysis.
Cells were fixed, permeabilized, and incubated with polyclonal primary antibodies that were detected with secondary antibodies as previously described [17]. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (Sigma), and examined by fluorescent inverted microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from cells using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen). RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA with an oligo-dT primer using Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). PCR was performed with TopTaq polymerase (Qiagen) in PCR buffer containing 0.2 mm dNTPs (Takara). The following primer pairs were used: Oct3/4 (forward: 5'-CTGAGGGCCAGGCAGGAGCGAC- 3', reverse: 5'-CTTTGGACCCTCTTCTGTGA -3'); AFP (forward: 5'-CACTGCTGCAACTCTTCGTA-3', reverse: 5'-CTTTGGACCCTCTTCTGTGA-3'); ALB (forward: 5'-TCTTCGTCTCCGGCTCTG- 3', reverse: 5'-CTGGCAACTTCATGCAAAT-3'); HNF3β (forward: 5'-GACCTCTTCCCTTTCTACCG-3', reverse: 5'-TTGAAGGCGTAATGGTGC- 3'); HNF4α (forward: 5'- CTTCCAAGAGCT GCAGATTG-3', reverse: 5'- CTTGTAGGATTCAGATCCCG-3'); E-cadherin (forward: 5'-AAACTTGGGGACAGCAACATCAG-3', reverse: 5'-TCTTTTGGTTTGCAGAGACAGGG-3'); Sox17 (forward: 5'-TTTGTGTATAAGCCCGAGATGG-3', reverse: 5'-AAGATTGAGAAAACACGCATGAC- 3'); β-actin (forward: 5'-CCTAAGGCCAACCGTGAAAAG- 3', reverse: (5'-TCTTCATGGTGCTAGGAGCCA-3'). Mouse primary hepatocytes were used as control for RT-PCR and FACS analysis.
Here, we designed a unique protocol, which is based on cell cycle synchronization of singular ES cells. Synchronized scattered cells on Ecadherin substratum were checked for their capability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in presence of soluble factors. The scheme is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the strategy using synchronized mES cells to induce differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells. A simplified presentation of cell directly induced into hepatocytes (A) and cells before differentiation stages were synchronized to be unique in cell cycle stages and then induced into differentiation process (B).
Cell Cycle Synchronization
Cell cycle control with a drug in scattered mES cells
Stem cell fate that is proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis is regulated by the transition of cell cycle from G0 into G1 phase [18,19]. It is essential for directed differentiation that large percentage of ES cells stays in G1 phase to receive maximum exposure of growth factors for considerable period of time. Treatments with drugs or serum deprivation are methods commonly used to synchronize cell lines into the G1 phase [20]. However, each protocol has several limitations, including presence of xenogenetic compounds, undefined culture condition, dependency on feeder cells, necessity of relatively high concentration of drugs for treatment, and chance of pathogen transmission [21]. Moreover, the synchronization based on the serum starvation was abandon because ES cells lack on dependency on serum stimuli [10].
Considering these limitations, here, we used hydroxyurea to synchronize scattered single cells in G1 phase prior to induction of differentiation. First, we optimized the dose and time dependency of hydroxyurea. We analyzed the effect of hydroxyurea on mES cells at three different concentrations (0.5, 5, 50 μg/ml) in three different time points (6, 12, and 18 h) (data not shown). The optimized treatment time and dose of hydroxyurea for cell cycle synchronization was 50 μg/ml for 18 h. Cells morphology was evaluated microscopically Figure 2(A) and Figure 2(B), and cells viability was determined using AlamarBlue assay (data not shown). In contrast to E-cadherin substratum, numerous cell deaths were observed on gelatin-coated dishes. To evaluate drug effect on ES cell cycle, we performed FACS analysis. The DNA of cells were stained with propidium iodide and quantified by FlowJo software. The cell cycle distribution of unsynchronized ES cells on E-cad-Fc matrix was %G1=29.1; %S=36.2; %G2=35.5. By 18 h of drug administration (50 μg/ml of hydroxyurea), high proportion of ES cells (%G1=94; %S=4.48; %G2=1.8) were arrested in G1 phase. The 50 μg/ml hydroxyurea for 18 h of treatment was optimized for cell cycle synchronization. In contrast to cells on E-cad-Fc, distribution of cell cycle of mES cell on gelatin was (%G1=51.7; %S=33.1; %G2=15.6) suggested that homogeneous population of ES cells on E-cad-Fc matrices facilitates the analysis of cell cycle simple and convenient Figure 3(A) and 3(B). Most ES cells on E-cadherin substratum were arrested in the G1 phase with least effect on their survivability with the treatment of very low concentration (50 μg/ml) of drug. On the other hand, cells on gelatincoated dishes did not show any big alteration in cell cycle distribution even with the treatment of high drug concentration (100 or 200 μg/ml) Figure 3(A). Therefore, even though drug administration had a deleterious effect on the cells, we successfully established the strategy for ES cell cycle synchronization with relatively high rate of survivability. The highly regulated ES cell cycle phenomenon on E-cad-Fc matrix extends differences between single and colony forming cells. Next, we investigated the ability of synchronized ES cells to re-enter into the cell cycle. DNA synthesis released from blocked cells was measured by FACS after exposure to normal ES culture conditions. The results suggest that mES cell cycles could be released from their blocked state and mitotic cells were detected in the time course Figure 3(C).
Figure 2: Morphological observation of mES cells on E-cadherin and gelatin-coated dishes. Bright field microscopic images showing mES cells on 0.1% gelatin-coated dishes formed tight shiny colonies, whereas cells on E-cadherin substratum were scattered. Cells were treated with hydroxyurea for 18 h. Control cells without any drugs treatment are indicated as 0 h (A, B). Scale bar represents 100 μm.
Figure 3: FACS analysis of mES cells seeded on gelatin and E-cadherin substratum. Percentage of cells at G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases of the cell cycle cultured on E-cadherin and gelatin substratum in ES culture medium and medium containing hydroxyurea (A, B). Re-entry of synchronized ES cells into the cell cycle. After cell cycle synchronization was achieved by hydroxyurea, the percentage of DNA-synthesizing cells was recorded at different time points under normal ES culture conditions (C). In every case, data are the mean of three individual experiments (n=3).
Differentiation of synchronized cells into hepatocytes
To evaluate whether synchronized mES cells have differentiation capability, we used combinations of cytokines and soluble inducers. We targeted hepatocytes, because in our previous study we showed the potential of E-cadherin substratum to support differentiation of mES cells into endoderm and hepatocyte-like cells [17]. Before starting differentiation, we confirmed that mES cells did not lose their pluripotency after a treatment with drug for synchronization. The expression level of undifferentiated gene Oct3/4 in both synchronized and unsynchronized ES cells were comparable Figure 4(A). We used combination of cytokines, sodium butyrate, and DMSO for differentiation. First, synchronized mES cells were treated with 0.2% DMSO for 2 days. In contrast to cells on gelatin, Oct3/4 expression on E-cadherin substratum was decreased dramatically in presence of DMSO within two days of differentiation Figure 4(B). For next six days, we treated the cells with sodium butyrate followed by addition of media supplemented with HGF, OSM, and DEX for another two weeks. We used RT-PCR assay to determine whether the synchronized ES cell-derived hepatic cells expressed typical differentiation markers, Sox17 (sex determining region Y box 17), AFP (α-fetoprotein), hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β and 4α (HNF3β, HNF4α), and albumin (ALB). First, we showed that the expression of definitive endoderm marker Sox17 decreased gradually after 8 days of differentiation. Later, we checked stage specific hepatic progenitor cell markers AFP, HNF3β and hepatocytes marker HNF4. We found that synchronized cells have a higher expression of AFP, HNF3β and HNF4α than unsynchronized cells at different stages of differentiation Figure 5(A). As adherence of differentiated cells on E-cad-Fc matrix is depending on E-cadherin mediated homophilic interaction, we confirmed the expression of E-cadherin throughout all stages of differentiation. Moreover, we observed the changes in morphology of differentiated cells with differentiation time Figure 5(B). We also checked the expression of typical hepatocyte marker, albumin (ALB) using RT-PCR analysis Figure 5(C). We found that ALB expression starts from 8 days of differentiation and reached maximum level on day 20. At all stages of differentiation, synchronized cells expressed higher level of ALB than unsynchronized cells. To check cell cycle distribution during proliferative stage and differentiation process we performed FACS analysis at d0, d8, and d20. Cell cycle re-distribution into G0/G1 phase was observed in day 8, 20 and 27 (data not shown). Cell cycle distribution of differentiated hepatocyte- like cells on day 20 resembled to mouse primary hepatocytes that are used as positive control Figure 5(D,E). Our results demonstrate that synchronization has a positive influence on ES cell differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells especially under single cell level. Differentiated cells from synchronized ES cells had higher capability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells than those from unsynchronized ES cells after culturing for 20 days. The ES-cell derived hepatocyte-like cells also showed similar cell cycle profile to that of mouse primary hepatocytes indicating the normal distribution of cell cycle at late stages of differentiation Figure 5(D).
Figure 4: Differentiation of synchronized and unsynchronized mES cells on E-cad-Fc-coated dishes. Oct3/4 (pluripotency marker) expression using RT-PCR analyses in ES cell culture media supplemented with or without hydroxyurea (A). Immunofluorescence images showing the expression of Oct3/4 protein under both, undifferentiated and differentiated culture condition (B). DAPI (blue) was used for nuclei staining. Scale bar represents 50 μm.
Figure 5: The effect of different culture conditions on mRNA expression level of lineage genes. RT-PCR analysis was carried out at different time points. Sox17 was used as endoderm marker gene. AFP was used as early hepatocytes marker. HNF3β and HNF4α were used as mid-late stage hepatocyte maker gene. b-actin was used a control gene (A). Morphological differences were also observed at different stages of differentiation (B). Semi-quantitative analysis of ALB gene using ImageQuant software. Expression level was normalized using house-keeping gene β-actin (C). Cell cycle distribution in 20 days of differentiation (D). Primary hepatocytes were used as a control (E). Data are mean ± SD, n = 3. Scale bar: 50 μm. Abbreviations: AFP, α-fetoprotein; HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor.
Cell cycle synchronization under homogeneous culture condition will allow ES cells to undergo efficient differentiation into specific lineages of cells for transplantation. Moreover, using this method it is possible to decrease the deleterious effect of drugs or enzymatic effect on differentiated hepatocyte-like cells. Our newly designed E-cadherin substratum can act as a 'cell-cooking plate' to regulate embryonic stem cell cycle, proliferation, and directed differentiation to specific lineages of cells for transplantation. In the future, single-cell analysis by visualizing different stages of cell cycle would give us the opportunity to understand the pathways that determine stem cell fate.
The authors thank Dr Seiichi Tada for his advices on FACS and cell cycle analysis.
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ISLAMABAD: Scores of students and their families have approached Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) and demanded extension in the deadline to apply for Medical and Dental College Admission Test (MDCAT) as numerous students are feared to be left out for this exam.
The deadline to apply for MDCAT was July 25 while students in different parts of the country were having their intermediate exams that ended on July 27.
On account of students' hectic engagements related to intermediate examinations, numerous students have reportedly missed the deadline to apply for MDCAT.
In addition, several students in far-flung areas of the country also missed the deadline for MDCAT due to internet related problems.
Officials in PMC informed Business Recorder that PMC recently received numerous applications by the students or their parents/guardians requesting extension in MDCAT exam.
However, the PMC, so far, has not, taken any decision on the extension of the exam application deadline.
The students and their families have demanded that their requests to extend the deadline be entertained. Otherwise, they stated, 'one precious year' of the students, who want to appear in MDCAT exam this year, would go in waste.
The test will take place from August 30 to September 30 in 20 designated cities across the country and in select cities abroad depending on the student registrations.
Copyright Business Recorder, 2021
Comments are closed.


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GEEK DAD - because learning shouldn't have to end when summer vacation starts. GEEK DAD is the ultimate guide to making those lazy summer days packed with fun and, dare I say, educational value. Keep the kids' intellectual curiosity alive with projects like light-up duct tape wallets and electronic origami. Build future coders with your very own binary calendar, or future engineers with a home hydroponic food garden. Instill some environmental awareness and help the kids "go green" by building a compost bin. The possibilities for summer fun are endless with some imagination and a dose of geek.
Having trouble dragging the kids off the couch? GEEK DAD shows you how to take the video game excitement outside - by making backyard versions of favorites like Madden and Sonic the Hedgehog (extra geek points for costumes). Create your own mini-water park and be the envy of your neighbors with an awesome homemade Slip 'n Slide. Time to break out your imagination and duct tape, you're going on a "staycation".
Warm summer nights can be spent playing with electronic lightening bugs of your own creation, or perched out on the lawn watching a movie on a self-built home movie theater! Staying at home will never be lame again.
What I Can Tell You: I am proud to say that my kids have a Geek Dad. We look to him for all the cool ideas.
Geek Dad is chock full of DIY projects that are not just geared to dads. Moms can have a great time with this too!
Each section gives you easy to follow directions that even the Non-Geek (me) mom can follow. Ken Denmead has taken each project and broken it down by the materials needed, the cost of the project, the level of difficulty and the amount of time necessary to complete.
Personally I really liked the section on making comic strips using toys and the cyborg jack-o-lanterns. Look for mine this Halloween.
Today's generation of dads grew up more tech-savvy than ever. Rather than joining the Little League team, many grew up playing computer games, Dungeons and Dragons, and watching Star Wars. Now with kids of their own, these digital-age dads are looking for fresh ways to share their love of science and technology, and help their kids develop a passion for learning and discovery.
Enter supergeek, and father of two, Ken Denmead. An engineer and editor of the incredibly popular GeekDad blog on wired.com, Ken has created the ultimate, idea-packed guide guaranteed to help dads and kids alike enjoy the magic of playtime together and tap into the infinite possibility of their imagination. With illustrations throughout, this book offers projects for all ages to suit any timeframe or budget. With Denmead's expert guidance, you and your child can:
•Fly a night-time kite ablaze with lights or launch a video camera with balloons
•Construct the "Best Slip n' Slide Ever," a guaranteed thrill ride
•Build a working lamp with LEGO bricks and CDs
•Create a customized comic strip or your own board game
•Make geeky crafts like cyborg jack-o'-lanterns or Ethernet cuff links
Brimming with endlessly fun and futuristic tidbits on everything from gaming to gadgets, GeekDad helps every tech-savvy father unleash his inner kid-and bond with the next generation of brainiacs.
I am going to leave this book out and hope that my husband takes a gander at it. Really great book.
Check out the Geek Dad Blog for the book here.
You can also check out Geek Dad on Facebook.
Disclaimer: I received a complimentary copy of Geek Dad courtesy of Penguin Group.


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New Attendee Experiences and Programming Unveiled
The Credit One Charleston Open has always been about more than tennis - but this year, we're taking food, music, and entertainment to the next level.
Learn MoreEnds in
Join us where the court meets the coast for a day or night of tennis excellence at the state-of-the-art Credit One Stadium.
Get TicketsUnique special events will be hosted throughout the tournament. Stay tuned for more exciting event announcements in the coming weeks!
Buy TicketsThe Credit One Charleston Open is where the world's best athletes compete in a world-class destination. Our coastal backdrop provides the perfect environment for backhands, dropshots and roars from the crowd.
The official Credit One Stadium mobile app is a must have for all Charleston Open fans in the stands and those following from home.
Learn more


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Women, and I mean highly qualified women, have been at the helm of decision making throughout ages. Before industrialization, women were known to be hunting and gathering food for the household even before the men took over in hunting for meat in the deepest forests.
Women have played vital roles in Ghana's politics with market women being the focal point for holding political meetings, bringing together electorates for campaigns and elections.
The year 2020, being an election year, we have seen many women participation in politics amid the wave of women inclusion in governance. It seems that the various women conferences and call to action for gender equality is eventually yielding results.
Notable examples
Chief Justice Georgina Woode, Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings, Ama Beyniwa Doe, Ursula Owusu, Adwoa Safo, Zenator Rawlings, Jane Naana Opoku Agyemang, just to mention but a few. These women have blazed trails in terms of politics in Ghana.
Not to forget the many female student leaders across our campuses and how they significantly change the frontiers of policies around them.
Qualified or not?
The debate on whether or not some women are qualified for the positions they assume is not of a broader concern but how well they deliver their mandate should be the focus of any of such debates. And to think that men's capabilities are more needed in politics is to think along ancient lines that women are only meant to managing homes.
The world is drastically changing, and therefore the more reason why the SDGs seek to see a larger percentage of gender equality. Africa, and for that matter, the bigger continents must keep applauding competent women who make strides to lead and govern.


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A case of Churg-Strauss syndrome with increased serum IgG4: A difference of eosinophils and IgG4-positive cell infiltration in involved tissues
Michiko Tsuchiya Takuma Minami Yukio Nagasaka
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital
A 73-year-old male was admitted to Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital because of increasing dyspnea on exertion and skin eruption. His past history was unremarkable except for hypertension. Through radiographic examination revealed diffused and patchy ground-glass opacity, prominent hilar shadow, a small amount of bilateral pleural effusion in the chest, and mucosal thickening in the paranasal sinuses. A laboratory examination showed eosinophilia (4,260/μl, 49% leucocytes), positive CRP (6.3 mg/ml), hypoalbuminemia (2.9 g/dl), and elevated serum IgG (3,013 mg/ml), IgG4 (966 mg/ml), and IgE (544 IU/ml). Autoantibodies were negative. A 12% (230 ml) increase of FEV1.0 and a decrease of respiratory system impedance (Zrs) were observed after use of a bronchodilator. A fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed white-yellow plaque on the tracheal and bronchial walls. Biopsies of the lung and tracheal lesion showed IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration with a few eosinophils in the alveoli and eosinophil infiltration with a few IgG4-positive plasma cells in the tracheal plaque. A biopsy of the skin eruption showed an infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, and histiocytes and a few IgG4-positive plasma cells. A diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) was made. This case also fulfilled the criteria of IgG4-related diseases. Corticosteroid therapy was started, and the skin eruption subsided rapidly and almost disappeared. The eosinophil count in peripheral blood was normalized within a month, and it took a few more months for serum IgG4 to do the same. The observed difference in the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells and eosinophils in the involved tissues may influence the clinical symptoms of CSS and coexisting IgG4-related lung diseases.
IgG4-related disease IgG4-related lung disease Churg-Strauss syndrome IgG4 positive plasma cell Eosinophilia
Received 20 Nov 2012 / Accepted 15 Mar 2013


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West Coast games are evil. This game seemed to putz around for about two hours and still was only in the fourth inning. I forgot I had to write the recap so I went to bed after the Kenta Maeda hit a two-RBI single to put the Dodgers up four runs to three. Everything else that happened after that, well I cannot tell you about and frankly, do not want to. It does not matter anyway because the Dodgers won and the Cardinals scored no more runs.
What I did see was the Cardinals pounce on Kenta Maeda right away. The game actually looked promising. Then the Birdos stranded runners and ran into outs and it was overall unpleasant.
Michael Wacha looked promising until things started to unravel in the fourth. His only real blemish until then was a Chase Utley solo homer. Wacha allowed a one-out single to Cody Bellinger, the infielder starting at centerfield for the injured Joc Pederson, followed that up by striking out Chase Utley, then gave up back-to-back singles to Enrique Henandez and Yasiel Puig. Puig stole second and then the opposing pitcher hit them home because that is a thing that happens to the Cardinals now.
Other stuff happened after that, but I went to sleep. Wacha apparently let two runners on, Brett Cecil allowed them to score, and then the Dodgers plated another run in the sixth for good measure.
Here is this thing:
Source: FanGraphs
Next up the Cardinals head to Coors to take on the Rockies. Carlos Martínez is set to start against Antonio Senzatela at 7:40 CST.


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Delays with our shipper PostNL
August 1st, 2022. Unfortunately our shipper PostNL is experiencing delays.
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This might result in delays with our shipments to clients. Please wait 3 days after the initial delivery date. In case your package is still not delivered please check the track & trace (if available) or else contact our customer service department.
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Team KERA


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There are tons of tablets PCs on the market today, and most of them are running either Android or iOS. But the real computing power lies in Windows-based tablets.
While it's true that most any tablet will work just fine if all you need to do is visit a website or two, send emails, play a simple game or peruse Facebook, you really need the power and flexibility of a full-blown computer if you plan to do any real work.
If you're looking for a true workhorse of a tablet at a great price, I believe you'll find that the Quantum View 10.1″ Tablet and Keyboard with Windows 8.1 & Office 2013 is an outstanding option. This awesome device offers much of the power and functionality of Microsoft's Surface line of Windows tablets at less than half the cost. [Read more…]


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Defining and using NEWTYPEs | |||||||||||
NEWTYPEs are exactly that - a way of defining new types in addition to the six basic types (byte, word, long, quick, float and string) already available in Blitz. Newtypes are structures built out of the basic types and other already defined newtypes. Newtypes are usually used to create a type which allows you to store different but related information in a single variable. A typical use for this would be a record in a database - you need to store different information (name, address, books borrowed, etc.) that is related (all that information would be for one person). The easiest way to do this would be to create a newtype to allow all this information to be stored in one place (i.e. in one variable). The first thing to do to be able to use a newtype is to create one. To start the definition of a newtype, you use 'NEWTYPE.<new_type_name>'. The type name must be unique, although for good programming practice you should give it a meaningful name. To end a definition, you use 'End NEWTYPE'. To define the contents of the type, you must define the variables (and their types) inside the NEWTYPE...End NEWTYPE lines. These variable definitions must be in the form 'variable_name.type' and not using the DEFTYPE command. These variables within the newtype are often called the fields of the newtype. You can even use newtypes as the type of a field, but it must have already been defined before you use it. You can use the colon character to put multiple fields on one line - doing this also has the advantage that you may omit the type of the second, third, fourth, etc fields and they will be given the same type as the first field on that line. The same suggestion about field names apply from the variables topic - keep the names meaningful and consistent. You will have noticed that inside the newtype definition, each line was indented by a couple of spaces. This is another point about keeping code readable - indentation. It makes the contents of a block of code (in this case the code between the NEWTYPE...End NEWTYPE) more readable, and you can see that it is all related. The amount you indent by does not really matter, as long as you keep it consistent. You can even put arrays inside newtype definitions, although this will be discussed in later pages of this topic. Now that you know how to define a type, you need to be able to use it. Defining a variable with your newtype is exactly the same as defining a variable with one of the basic types, except you substitute your type name instead of the basic type name. To recap, you can either use DEFTYPE or simply use the variable for the first time. However, if you are using the variable for the first time, you will probably need to access one of the fields or it will not make much sense. To access the fields in a newtype, you use the format 'variable_name\field_name' and you never include the type on the end of a field, not even when you defined a string using the dollar sign at the end: So that's how to use newtypes with variables. The main points to remember are (in no particular order):
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Installation | Troubleshooting | Programming | Archives | Links Page last modified: 14th September 2001 |


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The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in HTML
- Roles
- HTML, CSS, javascript, Github integration, Jekyll development
I made a website from the 1892 Sherlock Holmes collection The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. 12 stories, some of which you may well recognise, originally published in serial form in The Strand magazine.
HTML is the best format for online books
I like the idea of navigating to a website and starting to read. You don't need a new device or software; just your browser and a phone, tablet or PC (assuming the text's been responsively styled). Pick up your reading at any time from another device.
The Sherlock Holmes stories seemed just right for this. They're short (most can be read in 15-30 minutes), not too high brow and are freely available in pretty decent HTML on Gutenberg. Victorian readers would have bought the magazine every month; you could possibly see modern readers subscribing via RSS, and reading each new episode in their RSS software (another advantage: HTML is infinitely portable). An attentive reader could also start (cross)referencing via the magic of hyperlinks to create all sorts of interesting rabbit holes.
Technical details
Behind the scenes I'm using my normal technical stack: Jekyll, Tachyons, Github and Netlify. The stories are broken down into a chapters collection, which can be used to automatically generate a table of contents, and to split the stories into separate pages.
The table of contents did mean I got to use my favourite HTML elements, details
and summary
: semantic and accessible toggable content in pure HTML, I've no idea why these aren't all over the internet.
You can bookmark your place in the text by clicking on the #
sign that appears when you hover over a paragraph. Unfortunately, the (excellent) anchor.js doesn't work particularly well on mobile; so much so I've decided to hide (as in display:none
) anchors on narrow screens. I may take Dmitry Fadeyev's approach and add a bookmark toggle to the page so that anchors are either visible or not, regardless of the device. If you are reading across devices you'll also need to use a cloud bookmarking service (Firefox has one baked in). This isn't perfect, but it's keeping it no-login-required pure ☺.
I've also been using a very simple "framework" I made a few months back. Jekyll Tachyons creates a basic Jekyll site complete with the Tachyons framework. Most interestingly, you can choose to place styles in the document head
or in a separate stylesheet, and pick and choose the Tachyons modules it loads. I'm also using it on this site.
There are lots of possibilities here. I could index the text with Algolia to make it searchable and somehow categorised. If only I had the time to look into the potential of plain HTML and text.


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Time & Location
Aug 11, 2022, 12:00 PM – 3:00 PM
Pour-d, 39 Courtland St, Rockford, MI 49341, USA
About the event
In this final summer workshop, campers will learn the technique of creating unique hand drawn patterns! Every child that participates in our camps will have the opportunity to show their work in a city wide art show! Sign up your 6-8 Graders to explore our new maker space!
$30.00+$0.75 service fee
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Many homeowners and business owners understand the frustration that comes with inconsistent temperatures, and First Choice Heating & Air is here to provide the ultimate solution. When it comes to keeping your home comfortable and your HVAC system running efficiently, we are the experts you can trust. Contact us today and get ready to experience exceptional HVAC service in Draper, UT, and the surrounding areas. Whether you are experiencing a minor issue or a major breakdown, we have the knowledge and expertise to get your system back up and running in no time.
When to Schedule Your HVAC Repair
To maintain an efficient and reliable HVAC system, it's essential to be aware of the signs that indicate it may need repairs. Here are five key indicators that it's time to schedule a professional repair appointment:
- Unusual Noises: If you hear strange noises such as banging, squealing, or rattling coming from your HVAC system, it could be a sign of a mechanical problem that needs attention.
- Poor Airflow: Insufficient airflow from your vents or uneven distribution of cool or warm air can indicate blockages, leaks, or issues with your system's blower motor.
- Inconsistent Temperatures: If some rooms in your home are too hot while others are too cold, it could indicate ductwork issues, insufficient insulation, or equipment malfunction.
- Frequent Cycling: A system that frequently turns on and off without reaching the desired temperature may indicate a malfunctioning thermostat, dirty filters, or other underlying issues.
- High Energy Bills: If you notice a rash increase in your energy bills without any significant changes in usage, having your HVAC system inspected for potential problems affecting its efficiency is a good idea.
Don't wait until a minor issue evolves into a significant issue. Contact First Choice Heating & Air for AC Repair in Bluffdale, UT, to schedule your HVAC repair today.
Numerous Benefits of Prompt and Professional Repairs
Addressing HVAC issues promptly and enlisting the help of professionals like First Choice Heating & Air can offer several benefits. Here are five reasons why prompt and professional HVAC repairs are essential:
- Improved Energy Efficiency: Timely repairs can help restore your system's efficiency, ensuring it operates optimally and reduces energy waste. This, in turn, can lead to lower utility bills.
- Enhanced Indoor Air Quality: HVAC issues can contribute to poor indoor air quality, leading to allergies, respiratory problems, and discomfort. Professional repairs can help maintain clean and healthy air in your home.
- Prolonged System Lifespan: Regular maintenance and timely repairs can prolong the lifespan of your HVAC technique, helping you avoid premature replacements and saving you money in the long run.
- Consistent Comfort: Prompt repairs ensure that your HVAC system consistently delivers the desired comfort level throughout your home, regardless of the season.
- Peace of Mind: Knowing that your HVAC system is in top working condition brings peace of mind, allowing you to focus on other important aspects of your daily life.
Don't compromise on the comfort and well-being of your home. Contact First Choice Heating & Air today for prompt and professional HVAC repairs.
A Detailed And Comprehensive HVAC Repair Process
At First Choice Heating & Air, we follow a thorough and efficient HVAC repair process to ensure your Draper, UT, system is restored to its optimal performance:
- Inspection and Diagnosis: Our experienced technicians will carefully examine your HVAC system, identify the underlying issue, and provide you with a detailed diagnosis.
- Transparent Explanation: We will explain the problem, its potential causes, and the available repair options to help you make an informed decision.
- Professional Repairs: Our skilled technicians will carry out the necessary repairs using industry-leading tools and techniques, ensuring quality workmanship and long-lasting solutions.
- Testing and Calibration: After completing the repairs, we will test your HVAC system to ensure it functions correctly and calibrate it for optimal performance.
- Ongoing Maintenance: We offer comprehensive maintenance plans to help you keep your HVAC system in excellent condition, preventing future breakdowns and maximizing its lifespan.


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Lee Corso Was a College Roommate of Burt Reynolds and He's Got Some Stories
ESPN's Lee Corso is one heck of an entertaining analyst. Corso can be seen on ESPN's College GameDay, making his college football predictions with his crazy headgear. Corso was one heck of an athlete as he attended Florida State and played both football and baseball. While in college, Corso was a roommate of the late Hollywood actor Burt Reynolds, who was also a member of the Seminoles' football team.
Lee Corso was an outstanding athlete and coach
When Lee Corso graduated from high school, he was offered $5,000 to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. His father, however, wanted him to go to college. Corso enrolled at Florida State and played both football and baseball.
Corso played four years of football at Florida State. He played multiple offensive positions, including quarterback, halfback, and receiver. He also was a speedy cornerback. In baseball, he played shortstop and center field.
After his playing days were over, Corso became a college football head coach. He got his first head coaching job at Louisville in 1969. Corso led the Cardinals to their first bowl game in 12 years when they went to the Pasadena Bowl in 1970. He then went on to coach at Indiana for 10 years before coaching in the USFL and returning to the college ranks as an assistant.
Corso remains in college football as part of ESPN's College GameDay
When ESPN's College GameDay began in 1987, Lee Corso was part of the program. He remains a fixture on the pre-game show 33 years later. Corso is widely known for making his pick of the week and then wearing the school's mascot headgear.
ESPN thinks so much of Corso that it has brought the studio to his Florida home. While College GameDay members Rece Davis, Kirk Herbstreit, Desmond Howard and David Pollack are usually set up on site at a college campus, Corso remains home. The coronavirus (COVID-19) has wreaked havoc with the sports world and ESPN isn't taking any chances with Corso.
"We wanted to come up with some creative ways to integrate Coach [Corso] into the show every week," says Drew Gallagher, the coordinating producer of GameDay told The Orlando Sentinel. "It would have been very easy to fire up one camera for a traditional live shot like you see so often with on-air talent from their homes, but with Coach, it needed to be special. We just wanted to go above and beyond and make it seem like an extension of the GameDay set."
Corso was a roommate of Burt Reynolds at Florida State
Burt Reynolds, the late legendary actor, was Lee Corso's college roommate when the two played college football at Florida State. Reynolds got hurt during the first game of his sophomore year and decided to give up football. "That's when he told us, 'I'm going to Hollywood,'" Corso told Orlando Magazine back in 2013."I laughed at him."
Corso recalled when he met Buddy 'Burt' Reynolds at school. "Boy, he was good-looking," Corso said. "I used to send him to the student union as bait. He'd come back with two girls, one good-looking and the other… ehhh. I figured whatever he brought back for me was a lot better than what I could do for myself."
Corso jokingly said he and Reynolds made one heck of a tandem. "I had this two-door Chevrolet that my dad had painted metallic green," Corso said. "We called it the Green Hornet. With his looks and my car, we made the dynamic duo."


text: Luiggi knows the trick he invites this really hot guys home gives them some beer and... Bingo! Gerardo is a bodybuilder who just need a little fun after all hard training at the gym but he does not drink any alcohol. Luiggi ends up drinking all the stout beer and got out of control. Luiggi never fucked a boy as handsome as Gerado.


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The Harmony Beaded Necklace features matte 18kt Gold Plating with natural Pink Rhodonite stone beads.
Please note: This design features natural stones and each piece is one-of-a-kind. Colors and patterns may vary slightly from the image shown.
18kt matte gold plating
Dimensions: 17'' L
Adjustable lobster clasp with 2'' extension
Pink rhodonite & metal beads
New merchandise, special offers and sales directly to your inbox.


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You Will Thank Us – 5 Tips About Custom Cosmetic Boxes You Need to Know
Cosmetics are considered the most essential part of the daily routine of women. Every woman wants to enhance their features amazingly that's why the sales of cosmetics have enhanced massively. So, how you can enhance the image of your brand by the means of cosmetics? How to become a successful brand? You can become a successful brand by having boxes with artistic features.
What those artistic features can be? Those can be any design, illustrations, imprints, typography, etc. Look up the following features to have the most attractive custom cosmetic boxes:
Table of Contents
Ancient Boxes
You have seen in the market the boxes which have turned really old-fashioned and don't look that much attractive now. But you can make your boxes look more attractive now by giving them several themes. Do you know? Initially, make-up products were utilized in the Egyptian era. So, choose an Egyptian theme for the eye make-up boxes. You can illustrate the historical figures on the boxes and provide them with a vintage outlook.
However, like this, your boxes will look outstanding and you don't have to wait for the elevation of your sales.
For the ancient boxes, you can choose the rigid or kraft material. However, both material boxes will look attractive and you don't have to worry about the tedious packaging.
Further, the addition of the window patches will be a glamorous idea.
Maintain the Color and Balance
You can design the cosmetic boxes packaging in various designs by implementing various ideas. But the important is how to maintain the color balance. Because it is the outer packaging of the boxes which will grab the maximum attention of the manufacturers. So, make sure that you choose the colors which go best with the design of the cosmetic boxes.
Moreover, the design should be symmetrical with the shape of the box. For instance, if you have slim sleeve boxes you cannot add the circles on this box in larger diameters as it will break the symmetry of the design with the box size and will look bad as well. But you can go for having the striped lines in a balanced way or can choose the small diameter polka dots imprint on all over the box.
This will be an incredible hack that you can look at while manufacturing the boxes.
Adopt the Clever Designs
The clever designs are never out of style. You can nicely attract the onlookers by showing them your design artwork. You have seen that on cosmetic products there is always mentioned the usage of the product in some way.
But rather than inducing the text on the box more, you can add the usage of the product through the help of diagrams. However, the diagrams are really helpful to convey the information to the customers. Make sure that any illustration you apply on the boxes gets aligned with the overall brand.
Lookup for Charming Ideas for the make-up kits
You have seen various makeup kits roaming on the shelves. You can make these kits look awesome by adding charming ideas.
For instance, have you seen those lip glosses available in the marketplace in a box made in lips shape? Similarly, you can create a make-up kit like this. Create the one which your customers will love. You can do this by creating a make-up kit with a face illustration. Create the small sections on the cosmetic face box. Like the lips section will comprise of the lipsticks, the cheeks section will carry the blush on. And the eyes sections will carry the eyeshadows and all the eyes-related products. And the main face illustration section will carry the foundation for the face.
This will look the luminous way of displaying the makeup to the customers.
Show Simplicity and Design through the Cosmetics Packaging
It is essential to showcase simplicity through cosmetics. You can show the customers that your brand care for the environment by offering them cosmetics in biodegradable boxes.
For instance, have you seen the glossier companies' glosses? Their packaging is one of the best examples of lip glosses. Therefore, you can also create the one for your brand if you want to show the simplicity of your brand.
If you are not a fan of the boxes which are full of copies then inscribe this kind of packaging idea on your boxes. For instance, for your mascaras, you can simply add the words "long lashes" and follow it with simple neutral colors. Thus, it will give a youthful appearance to the packaging and your custom cosmetic boxes will look outstanding.
So, in order to attain the simple packaging, go for having the minimal copy and less color combination to provide a clear look to the boxes.
By reading the above-listed ideas you can attain the sophisticated and youthful packaging regarding your cosmetics.