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In the U.S., approximately half of maids and housekeeping cleaners are Latino or Hispanic, while the vast majority are women (88.3%). This largely immigrant, underserved workforce faces complex factors, which may contribute to adverse health outcomes. To understand relevant barriers and challenges, this mixed-methods study explored the environmental health needs of a heterogeneous group of Latinas in New Jersey (NJ) who clean occupationally, and consisted of 3 focus groups (N = 15) with a cross-sectional survey (N = 9), both conducted in Spanish. Participants were recruited from community-based English as a Second Language classes in Hackensack, NJ. Analysis of focus group audio recordings included descriptive and in vivo coding followed by inductive coding to explore thematic analysis. The survey responses were evaluated using descriptive statistics. As per the survey results, the environmental health needs of this population include sore muscles, back problems, asthma, other respiratory issues, migraine or headache, and skin issues (rash, etc.). In the group discussions, the roles of genetics, food, and chemical exposures in cancer etiology were of great interest and a variety of opinions on the topic were explored. Both the focus group discussions and survey responses suggested that this population also faces barriers including lack of training, chemical exposures and inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE). These barriers are compounded by daily environmental exposures from personal home cleaning practices. The development of culturally- and linguistically-appropriate interventions are warranted to better protect the health of essential occupational cleaners who keep homes, businesses and schools clean.
Environmental health risks of cleaning occupations
Central to the health concerns of cleaning occupations are the common pathways for multiple exposures and the potential health effects of chemicals when used alone or in combinations.1 Cleaning products may not be selected for safer ingredients and may contain chemicals linked to respiratory issues, cancer and endocrine disruption, increasing job-related health risks. The presence of ingredients that may lead to adverse health effects2–4 is in addition to other work hazards such as physically intense, repetitive tasks leading to job injuries among custodians and cleaning staff working in hotels and private homes.5–7 The nature of this occupation often results in "low social and legal protection. . .without proper contracts or insurance" which makes professional cleaners "likely to escape from control such as regulations, health surveillance, and risk prevention"8(p 581). Underreporting of injuries among underserved workers via U.S. surveillance systems such as the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has been well documented.9,10
The working conditions of low-wage cleaners, explored as part of this study and detailed elsewhere,39 include long hours between cleaning occupationally and at home, and use of products chosen for affordability that contain harsh chemicals linked to asthma and other adverse health outcomes. Products for work use may be purchased by the cleaning professional or by the boss/employer. While occupational exposures represent the majority of time spent cleaning for the study participants, cleaning at home may contribute to health issues and environmental health needs as described by participants.
There is a small but growing body of research on cancer risk and mortality rates among workers in the cleaning industry. These studies often utilize established databases such as the Occupational Disease Surveillance System in Ontario, which reflected an increased risk for breast cancer diagnosis among female and male janitorial/cleaning personnel.11 A study utilizing the Belgian census to evaluate health risks of the cleaning industry via cause-specific mortality, found respiratory and cardiovascular deaths to be significantly higher for cleaning professionals than those in non-manual occupations.12 Similarly, a study comparing histologically confirmed thyroid cancer cases with controls found increased risk associated with certain occupations, including building and grounds cleaners and maintenance workers, janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners), which could be partly attributable to exposure to petrochemicals and solvents.13
In the U.S., nearly 90% percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners are female, with underserved minorities overrepresented: 46.1% are Latino/a or Hispanic, 17.3% are Black or African American and 4.1% are Asian.14 To date in the U.S., there are no federal laws requiring safety testing for cleaning products15 and only a few 100 of over 80 000 commercial chemicals have been tested for safety.16 Factors such as the timing of exposure, exposure site, mode of transmission, and developmental stage of the person affected (ie, infant, adolescent or older adult) combine to affect health outcomes and severity.17 These products commonly contain ingredients known to cause health effects, including fragrance/parfum, glycol ethers, surfactants and solvents, and, when used in combination, may give rise to still other health issues.18
In particular, human-made chemicals called xenoestrogens are estrogen mimickers, and found in some cleaning products. They interfere with the body's endocrine system and cause adverse health effects by damaging the correct functioning of natural estrogens.19 This process can affect the timing of puberty,19,20 and play a role in estrogen-dependent cancers such as breast cancer.21–23 Specifically, phthalates24 and triclosan25,26 have been associated with endocrine disruption and triclosan has been linked to breast cancer.27,28 Parabens, a common preservative in a range of products, are also xenoestrogens.29 As cleaning professionals may have language and education barriers, there may not be sufficient knowledge of the health effects of these chemicals, or of ways to mitigate exposures and report those which occur.
Occupational and environmental health exposures for Latinas
As Latina women comprise approximately half of the employees in cleaning occupations in the U.S.,30 this group may face higher work exposures than other racial and ethnic groups, while potentially affected by social factors including low literacy, language barriers, poverty, discrimination, segregation, immigration status, and lack of access to healthcare and resources in the community and beyond.2,3 These factors, individually or in combination, may impact not only physical health outcomes but mental wellbeing as well.31
It must be noted that, while unionized hotel workers are included in the U.S. workforce covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, self-employed professionals—including those cleaning homes—are not.32 These OSHA standards and guidelines help ensure safe and healthy work practices and worker protections. Additionally, some states have additional laws in place for workers in the cleaning industry. NJ only has state-specific safety protocols in place for workers employed by state/local government,32 which did not apply to any of this study's participants. This study includes both women who are employed by a cleaning company and those who are self-employed.
Data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey showed adverse health effects from both cleaning at work and at home even 10 to 20 years later, including accelerated lung function decline in females.7 Moreover, the effect size was comparable to that of 10 to 20 pack-years of tobacco smoking. A U.S. study of short-term effects among 43 female domestic cleaners with asthma and/or chronic bronchitis found increased respiratory complications on working days and days with greater hours spent cleaning—including cleaning at home—particularly from the use of diluted bleach, degreasing sprays and air fresheners.4
Exposure research specifically among Latinas includes a study of 56 domestic workers in San Antonio, Texas which surveyed participants regarding the types of routine cleaning tasks at work, the cleaning products used and respiratory symptoms experienced.33 The study on a hard-to-reach, understudied female population found that upper respiratory symptoms were common, along with "frequent use of potentially toxic cleaning products (eg, bleach, toilet bowl cleaners)" while 39.3% reported not using PPE.33 The lack of access to PPE and use of hazardous cleaning chemicals was echoed in the "Safe and Just Cleaners" study among female domestic cleaners (N = 52) in the New York City area.34
Such body burden is compounded by "background" exposures from the environment, including surface water and groundwater, air and soil,35 which combine with exposures from products and everyday practices on the job and at home, creating a "chemical soup" of exposures that may affect health outcomes.
It is currently not well understood how these environmental health factors, especially within the Latina cleaning community, may contribute to occupational exposures and potentially related adverse health outcomes including allergies and dermatologic and respiratory issues.2,3,5 These gaps in the literature need to be addressed in order to develop effective interventions via community-based participatory research (CBPR) for a future epidemiological study to address this population's concerns about toxic exposures associated with the cleaning profession and barriers to accessing safety measures and health care. This study serves as a first stage to engaging workers in assessing their needs, focusing on Latinas in the cleaning industry. Environmental health needs which are explored include health symptoms, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), general rating of personal health, health insurance status, time since last routine checkup, and history of illness (including those that could be linked to occupational cleaning) and lastly, medication use. The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is employed as the framework for designing instruments and analyzing data.
This is a mixed-methods36–38 study consisting of semi-structured focus groups and a closed-ended survey36 regarding cleaning practices at work and at home. It focuses on the environmental health needs of Latinas from different countries of origin, who work in the cleaning industry in New Jersey. The present study was part of a larger research project which also explored knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of this population, and its study design is described in detail elsewhere.39 The pilot phase consisted of FG #1 and #2. After the pilot phase, one survey question (# 38, detailed under separate publication39) was re-written for clarity while all other study processes remained the same.
The social cognitive theory (SCT) served as the guiding theoretical framework, and was instrumental in the creation of the focus group guide's open-ended questions and probes and the 43-question survey. Philosophical assumptions were incorporated into the interpretive framework and theory that framed the theoretical lens of the study.36 The SCT attributes human behavior to the recurrent interaction of environmental factors, personal factors, and individual behavior.46 The SCT was chosen for this study as an essential lens in exploring environmental influences on Latinas' work practices, specifically because it allows for a holistic analysis of the continual interaction of health and safety factors on the job and in cleaning at home, as well as influences of family, co-workers, culture, and the community. In this way, the mixed-methods study design further allows for a broad, holistic exploration of this population, by combining a quantitative survey and qualitative focus groups.
Participant recruitment
Participants were recruited from English as a Second Language (ESL) classes offered in Hackensack, New Jersey, where 2 of the team members volunteer, as these classes serve as a community resource for Latina women. Class attendees who had agreed to be contacted were approached by the study team and were provided with the information included in the recruitment flyer. The snowballing technique was also employed to increase enrollment. To facilitate recruitment, the flyer in English was designed at a fourth grade level on the Flesch-Kincaid scale and was then translated into Spanish.40
This research utilized purposive sampling. The study allowed for up to 5 focus groups, until thematic saturation was reached.41 The variables for study inclusion were: adult Latinas who worked in a cleaning occupation and spoke Spanish and/or English. The ESL students who also participated in the focus groups attended voluntarily and did not receive any class credit or grade. They did receive a $25 gift card for their time.
Data collection
Questions for the focus group guide and survey were created by the first author to align with the SCT and research questions. They were then reviewed for cultural and linguistic relevance by Latino investigators/team members with diverse subject matter expertise. The research question pertaining to environmental health needs was: For a bicultural population of Latina women from different countries of origin and acculturation levels who work in cleaning occupations, what are the environmental health needs of these cleaning professionals? Corresponding questions in the focus group guide included:
Do you think there's a connection between use of cleaning products at home and health?
Tell me about a time you may have experienced health concerns related to using cleaning products at home.
Do you think there's a connection between use of cleaning products at work and health?
Tell me about a time you may have experienced health concerns related to using cleaning products at work.
How do you deal with these health concerns? (discussed as part of cleaning at home and cleaning at work)
Facilitator prompt (if this is not already discussed): Are any long-term health effects such as cancer a concern when using cleaning products? (discussed as part of cleaning at home and cleaning at work)
The study translation method followed the U.S. Census Bureau's committee approach (consensus method) for translating data collection instruments and related materials.42 For the focus group guide, survey, recruitment flyer and eligibility checklist, 2 qualified translators conducted a translation of the documents independently while a third qualified translator compared the 2 documents and arrived at the final document. This third translator also translated all the write-in responses on the surveys from Spanish to English for analysis. All focus group transcripts were translated by a language service serving hospital systems and government agencies and provided letters of accuracy for each transcript. The consent form was translated by Hackensack University Medical Center's translation service, which provided a letter of accuracy, as per guidelines for all patient signed forms.
Three focus groups with a total of 15 participants were conducted until saturation was reached, as determined in consultation with the second author. Thematic saturation included repeating information from participants on working conditions, products used, lack of training, lack of consistent PPE use, and a variety of health factors potentially linked to occupational and home cleaning. After each focus group discussion, participants were asked to complete an interviewer-administered survey exploring socio-demographic information (age, gender, education level, language use, country of origin, etc.), cleaning practices and the use of cleaning products.
Focus group procedures.
The focus groups met in July 2019 (FG #1), November 2019 (FG #2), and February 2020 (FG #3). At the time that eligibility was confirmed, participants were asked whether they preferred participating in Spanish or English and all indicated a preference for Spanish. A certified bilingual translator served as the focus group moderator for the focus groups while the first author served as note-taker. Focus group sessions were scheduled at the participants' convenience and each session lasted approximately 90 minutes, beginning with the informed consent process, followed by the focus group discussion (~40-45 minutes). One of the 2 ice breakers for the focus groups asked participants their thoughts on the use of cell phones to get health information., which served to gage acceptability of using cell phones to deliver any needed resources in the future, as determined by the focus groups. The FG discussions were followed by a written paper and pencil survey (~15-20 minutes). Each session was audio recorded with participants' permission and light refreshments were provided. At the end of each session, participants were given a $25 gift card and were offered a tip sheet on safer cleaning practices, available in Spanish or in English, published by OSHA and other federal agencies.3
During FG #1, participants' unfamiliarity with written surveys and literacy challenges were barriers to filling out the survey. To address this for FG#2 and #3, 3 bilingual survey assistants from Latin American countries were added to administer the survey. The survey results presented include only survey data from FG #2 and #3 (n = 9) and are included in the paper to describe the characteristics of the FG participants. The focus group discussion results are from all 3 focus groups (n = 15).
The study was conducted according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the Declaration of Helsinki, Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and in accordance with the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations on Protection of Human Rights (21 CFR 50). It was approved by the Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Institutional Review Board (IRB) under Pro# 2019-0015. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to entering the study.
Data analysis
A bilingual translator transcribed and translated each of the focus group audio recordings verbatim into English for analysis, and provided a certificate of language accuracy.
The first author utilized an inductive approach that employed a multi-step coding process in analysis of the transcripts. The first step in the process of qualitative data analysis was to read and re-read all transcriptions to form a general understanding of the text prior to more in-depth analysis of identifying categories across the focus groups and then organizing the categories by color-coding the text.36,43,44 More in-depth review of the transcriptions resulted in the identification of emergent codes and sub-codes, using in vivo and descriptive coding descriptors. Codes presented in the first author's codebook were reviewed by the second author for accuracy and to establish consensus reaching and ensure trustworthiness using an audit trail process.36,46 Intercoder agreement served as an external check during the coding process to help come to a full consensus on the thematic analysis generated. Codes and themes in which consensus was not achieved were not moved forward in the data analysis. Additionally, the SCT was used as a framework for further interpretation and forming conclusions about the focus groups, as described in the Discussion.
Quantitative data.
The survey collected quantitative data on country of origin, household income and health issues experienced. Participants' survey responses were entered into a data capture and management tool, Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), in a password-protected account accessible only by the investigator team.45 The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics generated by REDCap.
Validity, credibility, and reliability: Focus group guide and survey
Validity of the focus group guide and survey was achieved through review by 3 co-authors who evaluated each question for clarity and appropriateness. The Delphi process consisted of 3 faculty members and was used seeking majority consensus for each question. As previously mentioned, questions were also reviewed for cultural and linguistic relevance by Latino members of the study team. Reliability of the 2 study tools were assessed during the pilot phase which consisted of the first 2 focus groups.38 Additionally, the first author compared pilot phase findings to the literature reviewed and identified overarching consistencies.
Demographic characteristics of participants
The first section of the participant survey consisted of 16 social/demographic questions as summarized in Table 1 and previously described under a separate publication.39 The demographic information from the qualitative results are presented first to give an overview of the characteristics of this population. All 9 survey respondents in FG #2 and FG #3 indicated being first generation, meaning that they were born outside the U.S. and immigrated to their new country. The median number of years living in the U.S. was 17.0 years, while the mean was 18.8 years (standard deviation = 7.9 years).
Table 1.
Demographics (N = 9).
Participants were also asked to identify the language in which they: read and speak, use at home, think, speak with friends, use for text messages, and use on social media (Facebook, Instagram, etc.). The majority of responses for each of the 6 questions were either Only Spanish or More Spanish than English.
Qualitative data
Recurring themes from all 3 focus groups included types of training received, products used, environmental health needs/health issues and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The first 2 themes are discussed in detail under separate publication.39
Environmental health needs
For Environmental Health Needs, participants described experiencing a range of symptoms from their cleaning occupation including asthma, skin irritation, headaches, muscle soreness and pain and vision issues. Those buying their own products include self-employed and those who were employees. One participant said "I have asthma. . .when you breathe it [bleach] in or something, you feel it here in the chest. . .but it's good because it whitens things. . ." (FG #1). Other comments on bleach from the same focus group were: "Bleach is very bad. . .because it's strong. . .it reaches the lungs." and "It [bleach] even gives you a headache." A FG #2 participant similarly stated: ". . .bleach does give me a headache. . ." and one Latina from FG #3 stated, ". . .so 1 day when my tongue started losing sensation [from using bleach]."
Another ingredient of concern—ammonia—was discussed in the second focus group: "sometimes they'll use ammonia and you can't even breathe. . ." and "I agree with her. . . because it's very harmful. . .and that goes straight to your lungs. . ." Dry cleaning chemicals were discussed in the same group: ". . .I worked at the, at a cleaner. . . but where we did the ironing, the machines where they did the dry cleaning were right there. . . so the whole time there was that smell (breathes in dryly). . . the whole time I was dizzy. . . my head would ache. . . no, no. . . it was terrible. . . and I lasted 11 years there. . ." The complete list of products used by participants from the 3 focus groups was previously published.39
Throughout the focus groups, the topic of cancer (a facilitator prompt in both the Cleaning at Home and Cleaning at Work sections) supported the theme of health concerns. For example, a mother discussed the breast cancer diagnosis of her young adult daughter, who also cleans occupationally and was present: "She had breast cancer because. . .my daughter doesn't drink, doesn't smoke, has never smoked, and you'd say, but it must be the chemicals you use at home, what she eats, the deli meats you eat. . ." (FG #1). Her daughter stated, ". . . it could be that many years back, it could be that it affected me, the product, or the chemical. . . or that it was genetic. . ." Another participant shared her belief that "no matter how many detergents and chemicals a cleaning product might have" they do not contribute to cancer. The perceived link between cancer and product ingredients was also discussed in the third focus group: ". . .on the label it says it's very prohibited. . .that over the course of years it causes cancer (. . .) the head, the eyes, all of that. . .you have to be very careful." The predominant codes are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2.
Summary of codes: environmental health needs.
Qualitative data—emergent theme: Use of PPE
For the second emergent theme, use of PPE, participants reported varied practices (eg, "normally we don't use masks or gloves" at home but use gloves at work; "normally 90 percent of us don't use masks [at work]"). Some participants purchased their own PPE (eg, "so I bring, I buy [my own gloves]" and "I had to bring a mask. . .for. . .the smell"), if they were self-employed or if their boss/employer did not purchase what was needed. One reported that institutions provide "these crappy materials for their employees." Although 2 other women noted they were given a mask at work, one noted it "doesn't help us with the smell. . .it's for the dust." One participant said at the end of the FG #3 session "products over the long term are harmful to anything in the body. . .that's why the masks are very important. . .I believe. . .right?" In addition to access issues for PPE, the results highlighted an overall lack of clarity on when to use masks, gloves and other protective equipment and how often to change PPE. The predominant codes are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3.
Summary of codes: use of PPE.
Quantitative data
In addition to demographics, the survey collected data on 3 sections: Health Information, Cleaning Routine at Work and Cleaning Routine at Home. The results of Health Information are detailed in (Table 4), and the latter 2 sections are detailed elsewhere.39
Table 4.
Health information (N = 9).
When asked about illnesses that could be caused by their cleaning profession, the most frequent illness noted was sore muscles (5 respondents, 62.5%), followed by back problems (4 respondents, 50.0%), and respiratory issues other than asthma (3 participants, 37.5%) (Figure 1).
Similarly, 8 women also responded to "Do you use any medication (prescribed, over the counter, or herbal products) to deal with work-related health issues?" with 4 (50.0%) stating Yes and the others replying No. The specific medications identified were "Melocytan paraddores" (refers to Parador, a type of acetaminophen), pain killer, and allergy pill + Tylenol. One participant also noted that she uses shoulder acupuncture for work-related health issues.
Together with the focus group transcripts, both the quantitative and qualitative data complemented each other to help form a comprehensive picture of the environmental health needs of the Latinas participating in the study. In this way, the findings of the qualitative focus groups supplemented the findings of the quantitative survey. Taken together, the data show that the environmental health needs of this population are complex and varied.
This unique group of occupational cleaners, first generation ESL adult learners and mothers of students in the district had defining characteristics due to the recruitment location. Motivation to connect with the community in learning another language suggests a commitment to adult learning, which is also reflected in the womens' desire for ongoing job training as voiced in the focus groups. As mothers to children in the district, they may have had a desire for flexible work which may have motivated their choice in occupation.
Also consistent with the literature were the respiratory and dermal issues reported, as well as other concerns such as sore muscles and back problems. Cancer was discussed by participants several times, with much confusion as to what, if anything, may cause cancer. The roles of genetics, food, and chemical exposures were of great interest and a variety of opinions on the topic were discussed, suggesting a need for further education. In this way, the focus group discussions expanded upon, and brought to life, information captured via the survey. Another example of the ways the survey and group discussions complimented each other was the use of PPE. While participants reported in the survey, the types of PPE used, it was the focus groups that elicited details about the inconsistent availability of PPE on the job, and the lack of training regarding its proper use.
Furthermore, the 6 constructs of the SCT (reciprocal determinism, behavioral capability, expectations, self-efficacy, observational learning (modeling) and reinforcements) helped frame both the survey and focus group guide. The construct of reciprocal determinism applied most to the research question regarding environmental health needs. Reciprocal determinism is defined as an interaction between an individual, his or her environment, and behavior.46 This construct was exemplified by participants via the many health effects they experienced, and the ways they interacted with their environment at work and at home in cleaning, training, using products and PPE in a continuous cycle where each influenced the next.
Additionally, one participant in FG #3 provided insights on social justice for Latinas in the cleaning industry, emphasizing the need for training and empowerment: "spread the word to many people. . .raise awareness. . .that we have to love ourselves a bit more." According to community-based participatory research (CBPR), when the community identifies and advocates for their health problems, research becomes more valuable. This principle speaks to the community's interest in improving their health and the effectiveness of CBPR. This research study lays the foundation for the development of a culturally and linguistically appropriate intervention to empower Latinas in cleaning occupations to advocate for and/or create a healthier work environment. Such an intervention may be particularly critical for self-employed workers who are not covered by OSHA and are self-reliant for their own cleaning training, with limited resources and access. A mobile, text-based intervention may be accessible but, as found in this study, literacy barriers may make it necessary to build in alternate methods of content delivery for those with limited literacy. Involving cleaning professionals and community advocates in the development of an intervention would help ensure that it effectively meets the needs of this population of essential workers.
Strengths and Limitations
Due to the limited sample size, this study has limited generalizability to other Latinas who clean occupationally, particularly to those who live outside of northern NJ. It can, however, offer meaningful insight and be used to inform the design of a larger prospective study with participants from a broader geographic area allowing for more diverse data. Although participants' acculturation was not assessed in this study, participants all spoke Spanish as their primary language, suggesting low-acculturation. Future research should consider assessing the environmental needs of Latinas in the cleaning industry with varied acculturation levels. Notably, some of the participants worked together occupationally and studying these social networks may be promising for environmental health research, as well as studying Latino men working in cleaning occupations such as janitorial roles.
Social desirability bias may have impacted the data collected, though rapport with the study team helped to minimize its impact. Opting not to video record the sessions helped to protect the participants' anonymity and perhaps help them feel more comfortable, but made it challenging to consistently identify which participant was speaking. Additionally, seasonal considerations seemed to influence recruitment for those without personal transportation, impacting the number of women who attended focus groups during the fall and winter. Finally, data on PPE use may drastically differ after the COVID-19 pandemic. Even with these limitations, the findings offer valuable insights into the environmental health needs of Latinas in cleaning occupations.
Latinas in cleaning occupations in northern NJ experience a range of environmental health needs which are influenced by diverse social barriers including low literacy (as seen with the survey issues that were found in FG #1), financial issues (as seen in the demographic section of the survey) and language barriers (as discussed during the FGs and seen in the Spanish language chosen for FG participation). The development of a tailored, culturally, and linguistically appropriate health intervention is warranted to provide training and resources for improving the environmental health of Latina cleaning professionals.
The research team would like to thank all of the participants for sharing their experiences, time and expertise. The team also thanks the bilingual survey assistants for their dedication: Yamilet Torres and Dora Ponce as well as those who provided translation support: Diana Bermudez of The Engagement Ed. Corp., Dora Ponce, and Maria Mansfield as well as Elizabeth Lind of Network Language Services Operations at Hackensack Meridian Health.
Author' Contributions ES conceptualized and designed the study, participated in study activities, and drafted and revised the manuscript. GPZ provided oversight for the study from design to publication and detailed review of the manuscript. FCB participated in conceptualizing the study, reviewed the focus group guide and survey, conducted recruitment with ES, facilitated the focus groups in Spanish, and conducted detailed manuscript review. EAC participated in reviewing the focus group guide and survey, administering the survey for participants, and reviewed the manuscript. APC provided study oversight from conceptualization to completion, expertise in conducting a linguistically and culturally appropriate study, and detailed manuscript review. DD participated in study design and contributed expertise on data preparation and statistical analysis. TNB provided detailed manuscript review and environmental health expertise for the completed analysis and discussion. BK and EGP provided guidance on protocol development, offered regulatory support and contributed to the manuscript write-up and review.
Availability of Data and Materials The datasets used for this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate The study was conducted according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the Declaration of Helsinki, Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and in accordance with the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations on Protection of Human Rights (21 CFR 50) and was approved by the Hackensack Meridian Health (HMH) Institutional Review Board (IRB) under Pro# 2019-0015. Written consent was obtained from each participant prior to entering the study.
Consent for Publication All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Standards of Reporting The STROBE Checklist for Cross-Sectional Studies was consulted during the review of this manuscript.


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It has been confirmed by Paul Kelly (Deputy Chief Medical Officer) that the COVIDSafe tracing app is now "fully functional" after all the Australian states and territories signed up to use it, and have been trained in its use.
There was a delay between the first release of the app and the ability for State Health departments to be able to access the data being recorded.
This has now been resolved after all states agreed to the system, and staff were suitably trained.
On the 8th May 2020, it was stated that about 5.4 million people had downloaded the App.
How does the COVIDSafe App work.
COVIDSafe recognises other devices with the COVIDSafe app installed and Bluetooth® enabled. When the app recognises another user, it notes the date, time, distance and duration of the contact and the other user's reference code. The COVIDSafe app does not collect your location.
To be effective, you should have the COVIDSafe app running as you go about your daily business and come into contact with people. Users will receive daily notifications to ensure the COVIDSafe app is running.
The information is encrypted and that encrypted identifier is stored securely on your phone. Not even you can access it. The contact information stored in people's mobiles is deleted on a 21-day rolling cycle. This period takes into account the COVID-19 incubation period and the time it takes to get tested.


text: Unlocking trends for women and investing November 2021 Insights & trends Insights & trends Register to watch 70:00 Learn insights for engaging with key audiences more effectivelyResearch shows that women are more comfortable with having their money in the bank vs. investing their money into long-term gains/strategies. Where and when are women investing? What are their concerns or search behavior? Register and learn how search and display advertising can help target key audiences and engage with women more effectively. Register to watch Speakers Anna AuenClient PartnerMicrosoftAnna is a "searchie" at heart, having her entire career rooted in Search Marketing and Digital Advertising. At Microsoft, Anna specializes in the Financial Services vertical, helping brands and agencies partner with Microsoft Advertising to drive performance, testing and innovation. In the ever-changing Digital landscape, Anna is passionate about building and growing strategic partnerships. Outside of the office, you can find Anna spending time with her family and chasing after her 2 year old daughter, Harper, and 7 year old Australian Shepard, Luna. Kelli KemeryLead Researcher, Market IntelligenceMicrosoftKelli spends her days researching consumer perceptions, adoption of new tech, influences on digital marketing, and how advertising influences consumer behavior and perceptions. She has been in market research for over a decade, working with brands like YouTube, Capital One, Bank of America, and more before joining the Market Intelligence team at Microsoft. She is a passionate storyteller, working to help brands build strong emotional connections with their consumers. Her goal is to teach brands how to be inclusive, trustworthy and responsible, while showing the power of marketing with a purpose. Melissa LynnIndustry DirectorMicrosoftAs a Sales Director, Melissa specializes in the Financial Services vertical, helping brands and agencies partner with Microsoft Advertising to drive performance, growth and innovation.Nicole RalphSr. Customer Success ManagerMicrosoftNicole brings with her over 13 years of professional services experience where she optimized change leadership and risk mitigation on various projects for clients in the Insurance and Financial Services Industries. Prior to joining Microsoft, she was a Business Program Manager in the Asset & Wealth Management (AWM) team at JPMorgan Chase where she led the enhancement of the governance framework, expanding digital offerings and tools as part of the technology business process changes. She is a supporter of Women & Diversity initiatives and also a sitting board member for the Jamaica Howard University Affinity Network (JHUAN) at her beloved alma mater Howard University.Kevin SalatProduct Marketing ManagerMicrosoftKevin is focused on growth solutions for customers. Prior to Microsoft, Kevin worked at iProspect and graduated from the University of Notre Dame. In his spare time, Kevin enjoys both solving and making crossword puzzles and going on long bike rides.Asef WafaAnalytical Lead, Financial ServicesMicrosoft AdvertisingPrior to joining Microsoft, Asef worked in the agency space working with clients like HBO, GSK, Jaguar-Land Rover. Asef holds a bachelor's in finance/ Entrepreneurship and a Masters in Analytics from the College of William & Mary. × Register to watch Please fill out this form to register for the event. Already registered? Sorry, there has been an error. Please check the form and try again. Having trouble? Visit our event partner. 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Prague's Broadway Palace failed to sell at auction even on the fourth attempt
The fourth attempt to sell Prague's Broadway Palace in an electronic auction ended in failure. The Office for State Representation in Property Matters (ÚZSVM) said today that it will now offer the building to the current tenant at the auction price. The tenant can exercise its right of first refusal within three months.
One bidder has entered the auction and paid a deposit of CZK 20 million. However, no bids were made during the two-day auction. The situation from previous attempts to sell the Broadway Palace was repeated. ÚZSVM held auctions in September 2021, last March and last August.
The functionalist building by architects Bohumír Kozák and Antonín Černý from the 1930s is located between Celetná and Na Příkopě streets near the Republic Square. The building consists of three interconnected tracts. It is one of the largest functionalist new buildings in the historic centre of Prague. At first it served the needs of Italian insurance companies and part of the complex contained apartments. After 1980 the building was adapted for administrative purposes. In 1938, a cinema was opened in the basement of the building with the most modern projection and sound equipment of the time. Today the premises of the functionalist palace are used by the Broadway Theatre.
In accordance with the law, after taking over the building, the Ministry of the Interior offered it first to other state institutions. However, none of them showed interest in it. Therefore, the authority is looking for a new owner through an electronic auction.
The sale of the Broadway Palace could become the largest sale in the history of the Office of the Ministry of the Interior. So far, the state has received the highest amount of CZK 790 million from the sale of the premises on náměstí Republiky in Prague and the sale of the Prague complex U Půjčovny, which sold for CZK 355.1 million after 100 bids.
Source: CTK


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Neighbors' repeated reports to police about drug-dealing in a Lancaster city neighborhood has removed a dealer from the streets – for at least 5 years.
Harold Dickson, 51, was recently jailed 5 to 11 years for selling heroin and marijuana in numerous transactions with undercover police officers.
Dickson has a long history of crime with court records that date back to the 1980s.
Lancaster city police eventually charged Dickson, of 500 block of Woodward Street, after neighbors repeatedly complained about drug-dealing activity on the block.
City police's Selective Enforcement Unit set up drug buys, and filed charges based on those.
Lancaster County Judge Howard Knisely recently ordered the sentence on felony counts of drug-dealing. Dickson was convicted at a jury trial in September.
Assistant District Attorney Kevin McGarry, who prosecuted the case, told the judge Dickson's actions caused quality of life issues for law-abiding citizens of the neighborhood.
Dickson's prior convictions include drug-dealing offenses and burglary.
MEDIA CONTACT: Brett A. Hambright, 717-295-2041; firstname.lastname@example.com; Twitter: @BrettHambright


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Historical European Martial Arts: Advanced Longsword
This class is geared towards those who have already taken Intermediate Longsword and wish to continue building on what they have already learned. Over the course of the semester, we will focus on tactics and techniques of fighting, as well as tournament training. Class will be a combination of partner drills and sparring. Full protective equipment and steel feders will be required for this class.
Register Online
DATES: 16 Wednesdays: January 17 - May 8, 2024
- No class 3/27
TIME: 6:00 - 800pm
LOCATION: San Luis Obispo Campus Room 1105
INSTRUCTOR: Jenna Johnson
QUESTIONS: Contact instructors at firstname.lastname@example.com or hemaslo.com


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What is the McDelivery Collection, you ask? Basically, it entails Big Mac-printed pillow cases, blankets and sleepwear — primarily, an adult-size ONESIE. There's also World Famous-branded sweats and slip-on sandals, so if you've ever wanted to look like a college freshman rolling into English Comp with Amaretto sour breath and a bad excuse for why, once again, your personal essay on The Summer I Did Telemarketing is late, this is your jam.
Or, you know, you could stash the Big Mac onesie for a particular vegan relative you really want to anger during holiday season 2017.
These freebies will be available to customers placing UberEATS orders from one of the following McDonald's locations starting at 11 a.m. tomorrow morning while supplies last. Good luck.
- 4920 North Kirby
- 4650 Highway 6
- 2017 South Main
- 6509 Washington
- 1302 Westheimer
- 1405 Post Oak
- 1504 Eldridge
- 6000 Richmond Avenue
- 1510 Studemont
- 6110 North Fry
- 22914 Morton Ranch Road


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History of Panama :
The Republic of Panama is situated in the Western Hemisphere and fringes toward the North with the Caribbean Sea, toward the South with the Pacific Ocean, toward the East with Colombia and toward the West with Costa Rica, Panama frames a connection between Central America and an isthmus of 80 km wide in its smaller area. The nation's populace of 2.7 million communicates in Spanish as the official language. Be that as it may, English is broadly spoken and comprehended in urban focuses.
Panama has a prevalently chosen, delegate arrangement of government with official, administrative, and legal branches. All-inclusive testimonial was founded in 1907, and Panamanians 18 years old and more seasoned are qualified to cast a ballot.
On a national level, Panama has Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches. The Executive branch is framed by the President – chose all in all decisions for a 5-year term – which designates at their watchfulness Cabinet Ministers and the chiefs of a few administrative substances.
Three Forces :
The Republic of Panama is a sovereign and autonomous State. Its legislature is unified, republican, equitable and delegate, created by a President, two Vice presidents, and twelve Ministers of State that contain the Executive Power, the Legislative Assembly with 72 Legislators incorporating the Legislative Power, and 9 Magistrates that head the Judicial Power. These three forces are the ones that oversee the nation.
Under the sacred modification of 1983, the official force is practiced by the president, who is prevalently chosen for a nonrenewable five-year term. The president was helped by two VPs—likewise prevalently chose for nonrenewable five-year terms—until 2009, when the second bad habit presidential position was dispensed with.
Settlement :
The most densely settled part of Panama is in the vicinity of the canal, on a broad coast-to-coast strip of land that crosses the country where it is at its lowest and narrowest. This area, partly drained by the Chagres River, is known as the Chagres, or Route, region.
Laws :
- The law of Panama depends on common law with impacts from Spanish lawful convention and Roman laws. For the initial quite a while of its reality, Panamanian law relied on the lawful code acquired from Colombia. The principal Panamanian codes, proclaimed in 1917, were tons of Colombia and other Latin American expresses that had before split away from the Spanish Empire. In this way, Panama's lawful legacy consolidated components from Spain and its settlements
- Law in Panama has acted for the most part as an instrument of brought together (and in the past dictator), systems than as means for quiet goals of questions between people. The situation of Panama as an exchange community has come about since the opening of the trans-isthmian railroad in 1855 of every a productive creation of lawful treatises and enactment by neighborhood legal scholars outfitted towards common and business law
- A few highlights of Anglo-American law have likewise been acknowledged in Panama. Habeas corpus, an element of Anglo-American legitimate system that isn't found in numerous Latin American codes, has been intrinsically ensured in Panama. The legal point of reference, another Anglo-American practice, has likewise made some progress. Judges and justices, for the most part, have had little breathing space in issues of method, deferrals, and degrees of blame
Treaty relations with the United States :
Throughout the years of Panama's independent existence, treaty relations with the United States have been subjected to several major changes. By the protocol of 1936, the United States yielded its right to seize additional land for its administration or defense of the canal. At the same time, the United States was pressured to pay a higher annuity for the canal because of the worldwide economic depression of the 1930s and the U.S. departure from the gold standard.
Negotiations between the United States and Panama during the first part of the Robles administration led to three new protocols, signed in June 1967.
Three Protocols :
- The first protocol abrogated the accord of 1903, reduced the size of the Canal Zone, and provided for joint operation of the canal.
- The second protocol continued the responsibility of the United States for the Canal Zone's defense
- the third protocol provided for a possible sea-level canal. These proposals were not ratified, because they aroused objections from many affected quarters.


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Amy Brief - Deep Denim/Cream
Discover Amy lingerie from Pretty Polly, featuring a beautifully graphic floral lace overlaid onto a contrasting blush microfiber cup for dramatic effect. Matching brief available.
- Size: XS, S, M & L
- Colours Available: Ivory, Black/Pink, White, Deep denim/cream
Fabric: 90% Polyamide, 10% Elastane


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I am on a Mac Pro, 2019, 3.2 GHz 16-core Intel Xeon W, running macOS Ventura 13.1.
When I restart my computer and open Adobe InDesign or Photoshop, there are no toolbars or windows showing. It is just a blank workspace. I have to go up to Window>Workspace>Reset PATRICK every time I open either of the programs.
It is a small annoyance but I am getting sick of having to do this. Any ideas?
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I won't speak to Photoshop but for InDesign I'd suggest restroring your InDesign preferences and caches:
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judging by your description, it appears that you experience this known bug:
try to update to the latest version of Ventura - it's possible it's fixed now (I didn't see this bug for months).


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The Garden of Earthly Delights SK8-Box
Bosch is certainly one of the most enigmatic artists of the history of art. His paintings use a symbolic language. His personal style is between gothic and Renaissance style.
«In The Garden of Earthly Delights», his imagination is expressed in a very personal style where fantastic creatures composed of animals, humans, plants and mechanical elements operate in strange worlds, kind of amazing visions. In this painting, some of the most unusual patterns are drawn: characters, creatures, monsters…This painting use a strong symbolism related to alchemy and to metaphorical language, witchcraft, tarot of Marseilles cards and religious mythology. Bosch combines cultural references and imaginative delirium…This painting represents a crowd of men and women naked, who abandon themselves to all kinds of entertainment surrounded by big birds and giant fruits. There are a lot of Interpretations of this strange piece of art. Bosch will be then forgotten for four centuries. But his work will finally influence the surrealist movement of the twentieth century.
SK8 BOX : The Garden of Earthly Delights – Limited edition Skateboard
• 3 collector items in a wood box (Sk8-box)
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We sell collector skateboards…and we ride them…Boom-art is an art gallery dedicated to skateboarding. Boom-art chooses talented artists from the 60 s to the present day and publishes limited editions of their works of art on limited edition skateboard an sk8-box. Each month, Boom-art sells new products on its website.


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13 Mai The Sugar Lifestyle
The glucose standard of living is a contemporary lifestyle that we have created. The definition of 'sugar lifestyle' has been accustomed to describe a life-style that boosts the intake of sugar just like those in cakes, goodies and sodas. This includes sweet candy, sweets, pastries, doughnuts and sugary sodas. It also incorporates coffee, tea, alcoholic beverages, sodas and liquor. Although these food types are a the main modern life-style, the sugars found in options not good for your body.
Sugar is known to contribute towards the development of several different diseases, including diabetes, unhealthy weight, and malignancy. As you can imagine, the unhealthy circumstances are connected with high sweets intake and low activity levels. Nevertheless , many people live their lives based on this glucose lifestyle , nor realize the dangers of sugars. The sweets lifestyle is definitely not only unsafe for your body, but it is likewise dangerous to your long term well-being.
There are numerous side effects which might be associated with obesity or obese such as weight gain and hypertension. If you are a person that lives a sugar way of life, then you are at greater risk for these kinds of health issues. The reason why sugar is definitely bad for you is that rasiing your blood glucose. When your blood glucose level increases, your body will use insulin to try and support it. Insulin has been proven to cause damage to your blood vessels and may also cause heart hits, strokes and perhaps death. When your body doesn't need as much glucose, it can melt away it away or store it in the liver to get used down the road.
On the other hand, if you are an over-indulterant or over-drinker, you may also have dangerous results. If you are a individual that drinks several cups of tea every day, it can raise your hypercholesteria amounts. If you are sipping a lot of coffee, you may well be at risk designed for becoming dependent on caffeine. Additionally , alcohol may raise the blood pressure and cause you to knowledge nausea, dizziness and nausea. You may also encounter stomach aches and pains and head aches as well. Every one of these symptoms will be associated with large blood sugar levels, which increase the risk of heart disease and cerebrovascular accident.
Sweets also boosts the amount of bad cholesterol that is in the human body. LDL or perhaps "bad" lipid disorders is connected with high blood pressure, heart disease, and cardiovascular attacks. Those that eat a diet high in sugars and reduced in proteins are in a greater risk for having problems including arthritis and diabetes. When you consume high glucose and have high cholesterol, then your odds of developing these problems are increased.
Sugar is now so inbedded in our contemporary society that many persons don't even consider quitting sugar. Although we know the perils of sugar, so many people are still consuming sugary food and sugar arrangement drinking soft drinks, candy and other sugar rich drinks during the day. If you are a person who wants to live a healthy life style and business lead a long and happy your life, then it is very important that you look at your daily habits and make changes to remove this kind of unhealthy standard of living.


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This is an archived page from 2021. Find out more
104.5 The Zone/WGFX-FM, a sports talk radio station from Nashville Talk announced that they're launching a podcast called 3 The Pro Way where three former football stars Kevin Dyson, Joey Kent, and Todd Campbell share inspiring stories and interview other athletes.
The debut episode will feature former Tennessee Titans star Eddie George.
Kevin Dyson said: "Life is a journey filled with decisions and consequences that create life lessons for us to grow from. It is these life experiences that shape and mold us all; more specifically, our guests, who will share the stories of their individual journeys that led to their current success."
Joey Kent added: "I'm excited about this opportunity to have in-depth conversations with athletes and professionals from the business realm. These conversations will focus on career transitions, but will also give the listener a peek behind the curtain of transformative experiences that have shaped their lives."
A trailer is available here.


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United Nations
Found in 3 Collections and/or Records:
Literary: "The Second World War": preface for the abridged [one-volume] edition [eventually incorporated into the published version as "An Epilogue on the Years 1945 to 1957"] covering WSC's speeches at Fulton [United States] (March 1946) and Zurich [Switzerland] (September 1946), tensions with the Soviet Union, the founding of NATO, the Berlin [Germany] blockade, the European Movement, the atomic bomb, Stalin's death, Indian independence, the Korean War, the creation of Israel, and the United Nations., Feb 1957
Reference Code: GBR/0014/CHUR 4/400A-C
Scope and Contents
Includes proofs, drafts, corrections, and notes annotated by "A H" [Alan Hodge], ?[William Deakin], "A M B" [Anthony Montague Browne], WSC, "D K" [Denis Kelly], and Emery Reves [earlier Imre Revesz], and file covers [added by Martin Gilbert].
Feb 1957
Conditions Governing Access:
Official: Prime Minister: correspondence between WSC and President Dwight D Eisenhower [President of the United States]., 29 Jan 1953 - 31 Mar 1955
Reference Code: GBR/0014/CHUR 6/3A-C
Scope and Contents
ff 1- 139 are copies of letters and telegrams from WSC to President Dwight D Eisenhower, 07 Feb 1953 - 31 Mar 1955.ff 140 - 214 are copies of letters from President Dwight D Eisenhower to WSC, 02 Feb1953 - 29 Mar 1955.ff 215 - 282 are copies of correspondence between WSC and President Dwight D Eisenhower, 29 Jan 1953 - 24 Mar 1955. Includes original letters from Dwight D Eisenhower, James D Moffett (2nd Secretary, United States Embassy in Britain) and Winthrop Aldrich (United States...
29 Jan 1953 - 31 Mar 1955
Conditions Governing Access:
Speeches: House of Commons and Non-House of Commons: Speech notes, Hansard and source material., 12 Jul 1954 - 05 Sep 1954
Reference Code: GBR/0014/CHUR 5/55A-B
Scope and Contents
Speech notes and copies of Hansard for WSC's speech (12 July, House of Commons) entitled "Visit to the United States and Canada" on subjects including: WSC's concern at the lack of information given by the United States on their hydrogen bomb tests; his visit with Anthony Eden [later 1st Lord Avon], Foreign Secretary, for personal talks with Dwight Eisenhower, President of the United States; hopes for more open relations in future; his reception in Canada; Britain's common aims with the...
12 Jul 1954 - 05 Sep 1954
Conditions Governing Access:
Additional filters:
- Subject
- East West relations 2
- International cooperation 2
- International tensions 2
- Literature 2
- Soviet Union 2
- Western Europe 2
- Air warfare 1
- Armed forces 1
- Communism 1
- Diseases 1
- Egypt 1
- Foreign policy 1
- Germany 1
- India (nation) 1
- Speeches 1 + ∧ less
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Protestors converge in front of the Indian Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, on June 17, in a demonstration against the insulting of the Prophet Muhammad by two BJP spokespeople. (Credit: Eko Siswono Toyudho/Anadolu Agency)
Sajeda Haider
India's Hindu nationalist government battled an unprecedented backlash from Muslim nations this month, following highly offensive remarks made about the Prophet Muhammad by one of its leaders on prime-time TV.
Events unfolded on May 26, during a debate on Times Now, a pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) news channel, when BJP national spokeswoman, Nupur Sharma, branded the Prophet a child rapist. Fellow spokesperson, Naveen Jindal, doubled down, adding his derogatory remarks to hers. Within hours, Indian Muslims, secular Hindus, and opposition parties took to social media to vent and askedPrime Minister Narendra Modi and BJP President Jagat Prakash Nadda to take disciplinary action against his spokespeople.
The first street protests by Muslims erupted after Friday prayers on June 3 in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state. The protests, which saw the police use force against peaceful demonstrators, continued throughout an official visit by the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind, and UP Chief Minister, Yogi Adityanath.
Unexpectedly, two days later, an international diplomatic storm erupted with 20 Muslim majority countries, including Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the UAE, vehemently criticising the Modi Government's inaction, putting New Delhi on the defensive on the global stage. The outrage led to the summons of Indian ambassadors in several capitals, démarches, criticism from foreign ministers, and demands that the Indian government apologise. Campaigns to #BoycottIndia trended on social media; Indian products were pulled from shelves, and Modi's image was strewn in bins and garbage dumps.
International Islamic institutions such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Grand Mosque in Makkah, the Prophet's Mosque in Madinah, Egypt's Al-Azhar al-Sharif, and its Grand Mufti, as well as the Fatwa Authorities Worldwide, all issued statements condemning India.
New Delhi was blindsided by the exploding anger of the world's two billion Muslims and immediately backtracked and offered disingenuous explanations—sans any remedial steps. The BJP said in a statement it is "against any ideology which insults or demeans any sect or religion," does not "promote such people or philosophy," and "respects all religions."
Indian diplomatic missions issued statements that Sharma's and Jindal's comments were those of "fringe elements" and did not reflect the stand of the Government.
In a half-hearted placatory move, Sharma had her BJP membership suspended, while Jindal was expelled, though legally, the duo could be prosecuted. Instead, they avoided any legal repercussions as they were simply espousing the ruling party's anti-Muslim ideology and divisive Hindu majoritarian agenda, spearheaded by Modi himself.
The Modi Government, used to turning a deaf ear to India's 200 million Muslims' plea for justice, was jolted by the unexpected reaction in the Middle East, where eight million Indians are employed and remit $40 billion yearly, representing 55 percent of international remittances. Moreover, Modi has cultivated personal ties with many Gulf leaders to counter the influence of Pakistan—the world's only Muslim nuclear power.
The remarks demeaning the Prophet perfectly align with the BJP's calibrated anti-Indian Muslim campaign, which methodically vilifies Muslims to unite Hindus along sectarian lines for electoral gains.
Since Modi became Prime Minister in 2014, Muslims have been killed in India merely for being Muslims. The BJP has passed the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) that has made religion a criterion for citizenship; restricted the slaughter of cows in most states at the cost of livelihood and food habits of Muslims; constructed a Hindu temple on the debris of a demolished mosque in Ayodhya with the help of a pro-Hindu Supreme Court judgement; revoked semi-autonomy provisions of Muslim-majority Kashmir; outlawed the wearing of hijabs in schools and colleges in Karnataka; criminalised marriage between Muslim men and Hindu women; rewrote history books to demonise India's Muslim rulers as Hindu-haters; is planning to impose a Uniform Civil Code, irrespective of faith and scriptures.
The targeting of Muslims gathered momentum after Modi's re-election in 2019. The BJP-RSS's tight grip on once-independent democratic institutions like the media and judiciary has over the last few years made India an increasingly dangerous place for Muslims to live or seek justice. The police in BJP-ruled states have been razing homes of Muslim protestors.
The governments of Muslim nations woke up this time as the remarks directly targeted Prophet Muhammad, angering the masses in those countries. The reaction from the Muslim world made the BJP realise that India's sharp turn toward bigotry and oppression of Muslims has not passed unnoticed by Muslim nations, though belatedly. Delhi finally realised that foreign relations are intrinsically linked to its domestic politics. Looking the other way is no longer an option, even for regimes in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, or Oman, which have good relations with the Modi Government.
Determined not to dilute his image as the 'Hindu Hriday Samrat' [King of Hindu Hearts] by succumbing to temporary pressure from the Muslim world, Modi has, to date, not condemned the remarks or distanced himself from Islamophobes.
According to Asaduddin Owais, parliamentarian and head of the All India Majlis-e Ittihad al-Muslimin Party, similar intervention by Muslim countries could have mitigated the suffering of India's Muslims. Modi "pays no heed" to the suffering of Indian Muslims and acts only under global pressure. "Global opinion matters more than protests by aggrieved and hurt Indian nationals," explained Owais.
The most publicised international statement this year, came in April when during a House Foreign Affairs Committee hearing, US Democratic Congresswoman Ilhan Omar asked the Biden Administration why it was "reluctant to criticise Modi's Government on human rights". Omar asked Deputy Secretary of State, Wendy Sherman: "How much does the Modi administration have to criminalise the act of being a Muslim in India for us to say something… Because when we remain silent, the situation gets out of control, as it did with the Rohingya…"


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Jackson a runaway MVP | BuffaloBills.com
"There were other Bills players that did an awful lot on the field for the team in 2009, but no one came close to the contributions of Fred Jackson. From his exploits on offense in both the run and passing game to his kick return duties on special teams there wasn't much that Jackson wasn't asked to do. There also weren't many times that Jackson failed to deliver, which is why the Bills back is the team's runaway 2009 MVP."
Franchise quarterback tops Bills' list of needs : The Buffalo News
Jerry Sullivan uses the great QB play in the Cardinals-Packers game to lament the pathetic offenses the Bills have had in recent seasons starting at the quarterback position. Sullivan is unusually hopeful about Buddy Nix's ability to find that signal caller after doing it twice for the Chargers in Drew Brees and Phillip Rivers.
Why the Bills should dump Marshawn Lynch | National Football Post
"There's no place for a guy like Lynch. Sure, he's still a young, talented running back who would definitely catch on somewhere else and put up some numbers, but the Bills need to think about one thing and one thing only right now: What is best way to get this organization to the top?"
Team in Transition
Jim Kelly on Coaching Search | WKBW News 7
Jim Kelly gives his thoughts on the Bills coaching search and Bill Cowher.
Bills to interview Jets offensive coordinator Schottenheimer | NY Daily News
"By rule, the Bills are allowed to meet with Schottenheimer before Sunday's AFC divisional game in San Diego, but it's unclear if that will happen this week. Schottenheimer is immersed in game preparation and, with the Jets scheduled to leave Friday, there might not be time for the two sides to get together."
Report: Jets to give Bills permission – Inside The Bills
"With the game plan being installed presumably on Tuesday all day and then installation following in practice, the Bills may be forced to wait until the end of the week, unless an interview can happen in the evening early this week."
Jets permission update – Inside The Bills
"Schottenheimer is likely to be the first candidate interviewed with an offensive background and a good resume of developing young quarterbacks in light of his success with Drew Brees in San Diego and Mark Sanchez in New York this season. He runs an offense similar to that of Norv Turner in San Diego and Cam Cameron in Baltimore, which features multiple shifts and spreads the ball around to take advantage of all of his team's offensive weapons."
Why Rivera may have declined – Inside The Bills
Chris Brown mentions two possibilities: He doesn't want to interview against his old pal Leslie Frazier and he may not want to throw his hat in the ring again and miss and therefore be viewed as an "also ran in terms of head coaching material."
Steelers executive Khan to interview with Seahawks | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
"Bobby April, who coached the Steelers' special teams in 1994 and 1995, is a candidate to replace Ligashesky. Tomlin interviewed April [Sunday]."
John Clayton's Last Call - ESPN
"According to a source, the Buffalo Bills will request a head-coaching interview with Cardinals assistant head coach Russ Grimm, but according to another source, Grimm is expected to decline the request and stay with the Cardinals. Though Grimm wants to be a head coach, he's not particularly intrigued by the Bills opportunity."
Jets' aide to talk with Bills : Buffalo Bills : The Buffalo News
"However, the Jets are on a tight schedule in preparing for the Chargers, and the interview must be conducted at a location deemed convenient by the Jets. It's possible it could be delayed until Friday or even next week, after the game, if the Jets lose."
BillBoard: Bills get OK on Schottenheimer
"There is no word yet on when the interview will take place. But the location is at the discretion of the Jets, so it obviously will happen in New Jersey. The Jets' heavy game-planning preparation days for their game in San Diego will be today through Wednesday. Schottenheimer's schedule would have more room Thursday or Friday morning."
Hall-of-fame QB likes new billboard | WIVB.com
"'These are Bills fans. They'll do whatever it takes. It doesn't matter. God bless 'em. And I understand the money over what it cost the billboard will go to Hunter's Hope, so great job guys,' said Kelly. The Cowher billboard is expected to be lit up for about a week."
Bills fans take their campaign for Cowher to the highway : The Buffalo News
"'I think it's important that Bills fans send the message that they're tired of the status quo,' Moran said. 'They want a big change. They don't want a first-time coach … they tried that twice this decade … and they don't want another retread coach like Dick Jauron. Bills fans want a proven winner who can change the culture of the franchise,' he added."
Twitter / Adam Caplan
Dungy type, quiet but gets respect. RT @piast1: @caplannfl What kind of coach do you think Frazier would be? Good fit for Buffalo?
More Bills News
Kurt Warner's career day caps NFL's wild-card weekend - Peter King - SI.com
"The Hall cut the list from 25 semi-finalists to 15 by eliminating... Steve Tasker (I am weeping)."
Randall Simon's Sausages: Top 10 - 10 Greatest NFL Wild Card Games
The Buffalo Bills land on the list twice in the top three. Number 3 is the Music City Miracle, number 2 in the Cardinals-Packers game from this past weekend, and number one is the greatest comeback in NFL history.
Twitter / Terrell Owens
RT @cezy1986: @terrellowens had 1of his worst yrs since b coming a 1receiver and still did better than roy..and wit miles and j witt. no ...
Fred's yardage totals rare – Inside The Bills
"As mentioned in our 'Jackson a runaway MVP' story on the home page Fred Jackson led the NFL with 2,516 yards compiling the fourth highest total in league history. Three players eclipsed the 2,500 all-purpose yard plateau this season counting Jackson with Cleveland's Josh Cribbs and Tennessee's Chris Johnson being the others. Before this season only three other NFL players had eclipsed the 2,500 all-purpose yard mark."
Philly moving a QB? – Inside The Bills
"Already fueling the speculation is the Philadelphia Inquirer report that assesses the situation, pointing out that the Eagles desperately need to fortify their defense and might need a proven answer at tailback should Brian Westbrook not be brought back. That could prompt the Eagles into trading either McNabb if the organization decides to start fresh or Kolb, if they believe their team is still a title contender."
2010 NFL Draft
Bama LB McClain headed to draft – Inside The Bills
"A Butkus award winner that has been calling the defensive signals for the Crimson Tide since he was a freshman is forgoing his senior season after winning a national title under Nick Saban. Saban called McClain one of the smartest players he's ever coached."


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ecoPayz Casinos in Ireland
ecoPayz is a popular e-wallet that is widely accepted at many online casinos in Ireland. It allows players to make secure and fast deposits to their online casino accounts using their bank account or credit card. ecoPayz transactions are processed instantly, with low fees charged by some online casinos. In this text, we will explore the benefits of using ecoPayz at online casinos in Ireland, including how to make a deposit, the minimum and maximum deposit amounts, and any potential fees or withdrawal options. If you're looking for a convenient and secure deposit method, ecoPayz may be the right choice for you.
🏆 Best ecoPayz Casinos in Ireland 2024
🧠 What We Know About ecoPayz?
Payment Metdod | Since Year | Owner | CEO | Headquarters | Number of Employees | Number of Active Countries | Number of Currencies Supported | Features |
EcoPayz | 2000 | PSI-Pay Ltd. | Jonathan Amrani | Horsham, UK | 51-200 | Worldwide | 45+ | Multiple funding options, prepaid cards, security features, VIP program, instant transactions |
💰 ecoPayz Casinos Deposit Options
Deposit to an online casino account with ecoPayz is a quick and simple process. Here are the steps to follow:
- Choose an online casino that accepts ecoPayz deposits. Many Irish online casinos offer this payment method, so be sure to check before signing up.
- Once you have created your account, navigate to the "Deposit" section and select ecoPayz as your payment method.
- Enter the amount you wish to deposit. The minimum and maximum deposit amounts vary between online casinos, so be sure to check the terms and conditions.
- You will then be directed to the ecoPayz website, where you will need to log in to your account.
- If you don't have an ecoPayz account, you can create one easily by following the instructions on the website.
- Once you're logged in, you'll need to confirm the transaction details and enter your payment information.
- After completing the payment, you'll be redirected back to the online casino site, where you can confirm that your account has been credited with the deposit amount.
Some online casinos may charge fees for ecoPayz deposits, so be sure to check the terms and conditions before making a transaction. Withdrawal options may also vary, so it's important to check if ecoPayz is a valid option for cashing out winnings. Overall, ecoPayz is a secure and convenient payment method for online casino deposits in Ireland.
🙌 ecoPayz Casino Benefits
There are several benefits to using ecoPayz as a deposit method at online casinos in Ireland.
Firstly, ecoPayz is a widely accepted payment option at many online casinos, which means players can use it at a variety of different sites. Additionally, ecoPayz offers fast and secure transactions, with funds typically appearing in players' accounts instantly.
Another benefit of using ecoPayz is that it provides an added layer of security for players' financial information. When making a deposit, players are directed to the ecoPayz website where they can enter their payment details securely. This means that sensitive financial information is not shared directly with the online casino, which can help to reduce the risk of fraud or identity theft.
EcoPayz also offers competitive fees for deposits, which can make it a cost-effective payment method for players.
Finally, ecoPayz is available as a mobile payment option, which means that players can easily make deposits from their mobile devices when playing at mobile casinos. Overall, ecoPayz is a convenient and secure payment option for players looking to deposit funds at online casinos in Ireland.
🔝 The Top 10 ecoPayz Online Casinos List
# | Online Casino | Our Rank | No Deposit Bonus | Live Casino | Deposit Time | Play Online |
1 | Wild Fortune | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
2 | Spin Samurai | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
3 | TonyBet | 5/5 | ❌ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
4 | Casino Rocket | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
5 | CasiQo | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
6 | Spin Casino | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
7 | Golden Star | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
8 | Rolling Slots | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
9 | JackpotCity | 5/5 | ✅ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
10 | EUSlot Casino | 5/5 | ❌ | ✅ | Instant or up to 24 hours | Play Review |
🗂 Limits, Time and Fees at ecoPayz Casinos
The minimum and maximum deposit amounts, as well as the time it takes for deposits to be processed, can vary depending on the online casino that accepts ecoPayz as a payment method.
However, in general, the minimum deposit amount at online casinos with ecoPayz is typically around €10-20, while the maximum deposit amount can be as high as €10,000 or more. It's important to check with the specific online casino for their minimum and maximum deposit limits before making a deposit with ecoPayz.
When it comes to processing time, ecoPayz deposits are usually processed instantly, which means that players can start playing their favorite casino games right away. However, there may be occasional delays due to technical issues or security checks.
In terms of fees, ecoPayz typically charges a small fee for transactions, which can range from 1-5% of the total deposit amount. Some online casinos may also charge additional fees for deposits made with ecoPayz, so it's important to check the terms and conditions of the casino before making a deposit.
ecoPayz is a reliable and convenient payment method for online casino players in Ireland, with reasonable deposit limits and processing times.
⚖ What are the Pros and Cons of ecoPayz Casinos?
✅ ecoPayz offers advanced security measures, including two-factor authentication, to protect your financial information and reduce the risk of fraud.
✅ ecoPayz offers a quick and easy way to make deposits and withdrawals at online casinos, without having to share your financial information with the casino.
✅ ecoPayz transactions are usually processed instantly, which means that you can start playing your favorite casino games right away.
✅ ecoPayz is available in many countries around the world, which makes it a convenient option for players who travel or live in different countries.
✅ Some online casinos offer exclusive bonuses to players who use ecoPayz to make deposits, which can increase your chances of winning big.
❌ ecoPayz charges fees for certain transactions, such as currency conversions and withdrawals, which can be higher than other payment methods.
❌ ecoPayz requires users to go through a verification process, which can take some time and may require additional documentation, such as proof of address and identity.
💶 Withdraw from Online Casinos with ecoPayz
Withdrawing winnings from an Irish online casino using ecoPayz is a straightforward process. Players simply need to navigate to the withdrawal section of the casino's cashier page and select ecoPayz as the preferred withdrawal method.
The processing time for ecoPayz withdrawals can vary depending on the online casino, but it typically takes between 1-3 business days for funds to be credited back to the player's ecoPayz account.
When it comes to fees, some online casinos may charge a small fee for withdrawals made with ecoPayz. However, ecoPayz itself does not charge any fees for withdrawals.
In order to withdraw funds using ecoPayz, players must have previously made a deposit with the same account. Additionally, some online casinos may require players to verify their identity before processing a withdrawal request.
Withdrawing funds from an online casino in Ireland using ecoPayz step-by-step guide:
- Log in to your online casino account and navigate to the cashier section.
- Look for the withdrawal options and select ecoPayz as your preferred method.
- Enter the amount you wish to withdraw and click "submit" or "withdraw".
- You may be prompted to enter your ecoPayz account details to confirm the withdrawal.
- Once you have confirmed the details, click on the "withdraw" button to submit the request.
- The processing time for ecoPayz withdrawals can vary depending on the online casino, but typically takes between 1-3 business days.
- Once the funds have been credited to your ecoPayz account, you can choose to either keep them in your ecoPayz wallet or transfer them to your bank account.
- If you choose to transfer the funds to your bank account, follow the instructions provided by ecoPayz to complete the transfer.
Online casinos may require you to verify your identity before processing a withdrawal request. Additionally, you must have previously made a deposit using ecoPayz in order to be able to withdraw funds using this method.
📱 Mobile ecoPayz Casinos
Many online casinos in Ireland now offer mobile versions of their websites or dedicated mobile apps, allowing players to enjoy their favorite games on the go. For players who prefer using ecoPayz as their preferred deposit method, this option is also available on mobile devices.
To make a deposit to a mobile casino using ecoPayz, follow these steps:
- Download the mobile casino app or access the mobile version of the casino website on your smartphone or tablet.
- Log in to your account using your credentials.
- Navigate to the cashier section and select ecoPayz as your preferred payment method.
- Enter the amount you wish to deposit and confirm the transaction.
- You will be redirected to the ecoPayz login page, where you can enter your account details and confirm the transaction.
- The funds should be credited to your casino account within a few seconds.
The process of making a deposit to a mobile casino using ecoPayz is straightforward and convenient, allowing players to make secure and fast transactions on the go. It is worth noting that some mobile casinos may offer exclusive bonuses or promotions for players who choose to deposit using ecoPayz or other e-wallets.
🔥 New ecoPayz Casinos
As the popularity of ecoPayz as a payment method for online casinos continues to grow, more and more new casinos in Ireland are starting to offer this option to their players. These new ecoPayz casinos provide players with a fast, secure, and convenient way to deposit funds and start playing their favorite casino games.
New ecoPayz casinos may offer a range of exciting features, such as a wide selection of games from top providers, generous welcome bonuses, and fast withdrawal times. They may also provide a mobile-optimized platform, allowing players to access their accounts and play games on their smartphones or tablets.
One of the advantages of playing at new ecoPayz casinos is that they often feature the latest technology and cutting-edge design, creating an immersive and enjoyable gaming experience for players. Additionally, new casinos may be more eager to attract new players and offer attractive promotions and bonuses, such as free spins, no deposit bonuses, or cashback offers.
👩💻 Live Casinos with ecoPayz
Live ecoPayz casinos have become increasingly popular in Ireland, as more and more players are looking for a reliable, safe and convenient payment method for their online gaming needs. These casinos offer a wide range of live dealer games, including blackjack, baccarat, roulette, and poker, all of which can be enjoyed with the added convenience of ecoPayz.
Live ecoPayz casinos provide players with a seamless and immersive gaming experience, allowing them to interact with live dealers and other players in real-time. The live dealers are professional and friendly, creating a welcoming atmosphere for players who want to feel as if they are in a land-based casino.
One of the benefits of playing at live ecoPayz casinos is that players can enjoy the convenience and security of using ecoPayz to deposit funds, which can be done quickly and easily. This payment method is popular among players due to its simplicity, security, and wide acceptance at most online casinos.
Live ecoPayz casinos in Ireland also offer various promotions and bonuses, including welcome bonuses and loyalty rewards, which can increase a player's chances of winning big. Overall, live ecoPayz casinos are an excellent choice for players who want to enjoy a more interactive and engaging online gaming experience, while also having the peace of mind that their payment transactions are secure and hassle-free.
👐 ecoPayz Alternatives
When it comes to depositing money at an online casino in Ireland, there are several options available apart from ecoPayz.
Trustly is an online payment method that allows users to make secure transactions directly from their bank account. This service is available in many Irish online casinos and offers instant deposits and withdrawals. Trustly is known for its high level of security and privacy, as users do not need to share their banking details with the online casino.
Neteller is an e-wallet service that allows users to make online payments and transfer funds to and from their account. This service is widely accepted in many Irish online casinos and is known for its fast and secure transactions. Neteller offers instant deposits and withdrawals, and users can easily manage their funds and transactions from their account dashboard.
Revolut is a digital banking app that offers instant and secure transactions to and from online casinos. This service is widely accepted in many Irish online casinos and is known for its competitive exchange rates and low fees. Revolut offers instant deposits and withdrawals, and users can easily track their transactions and manage their funds through their mobile app.
Zimpler is a mobile payment method that allows users to make quick and secure transactions from their mobile devices. This service is available in many Irish online casinos and offers instant deposits and withdrawals. Zimpler is known for its high level of security and privacy, as users do not need to share their banking details with the online casino. Additionally, Zimpler offers a budgeting tool that allows users to set deposit limits and control their spending.
ecoPayz Casinos FAQ
Is ecoPayz accepted at online casinos in Ireland?
Yes, ecoPayz is accepted at many online casinos in Ireland.
How do I use ecoPayz to make a deposit at an online casino?
To use ecoPayz at an online casino, select it as your preferred payment method and enter your ecoPayz account information, including your email address and password. Once you've confirmed the payment, your deposit will be credited to your casino account.
Is ecoPayz safe to use at online casinos?
EcoPayz is considered a safe payment method to use at online casinos as it uses advanced encryption technology to protect users' personal and financial information.
Are there any fees associated with using ecoPayz to make a deposit at an online casino?
There may be fees associated with using ecoPayz to make a deposit at an online casino, including transaction fees and currency exchange fees. It's best to check with both the online casino and ecoPayz website for any applicable fees.
Can I withdraw my winnings using ecoPayz?
Yes, you can withdraw your winnings using ecoPayz at online casinos that support this payment method. Simply select ecoPayz as your withdrawal method and follow the instructions to complete the transaction.
Is there a limit to how much I can deposit using ecoPayz at an online casino?
Yes, there is usually a maximum deposit limit when using ecoPayz at online casinos, typically around €5,000 per transaction.
How long does it take for my ecoPayz deposit to be processed at an online casino?
EcoPayz deposits are usually processed instantly at online casinos, which means that you can start playing right away. Withdrawals may take a few hours or up to several business days, depending on the online casino's processing times and ecoPayz's processing times.


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Please continue to pray for restoration of Israel's water resources. While Israel currently experiences the rainiest week so far this winter, weather experts assert that we are entering the fifth year of a drought in Israel and that water shortages are likely to continue unless critical policy changes are enacted.
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