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See list of all Rally Points with transportation to Lincoln Financial Field for Seahawks @ Owls
The Story
Why we Rally
Rally is rideshare for communities connecting with their passions. Not your average bus trip, it's a Rally ride. Share your story of why you're going on social media and earn free rides.
Rally partners with hundreds of bus companies across the country and only work with operators that follow proper safety and sanitization protocols.
Mobilized by Rally
On Arrival
Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, PA
Your trip
Lincoln Financial Field is the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. The stadium opened in 2003 and seats 68,532.Lincoln Financial Field is located a few miles south of Center City. It shares a parking lot with the Wachovia Center and Spectrum as well as Citizens Bank Park. The stadium replaced Veterans Stadium, which lacked amenities and had a horrible playing surface, but also was one of the league's louder stadiums and made the Eagles tough to beat at home. The stadium features a grass surface.Parking surrounds the stadium in vast lots, although construction on the Citizens Bank Park has limited the number of spaces available; it is advisable to arrive early. Tailgating is abundant before Eagles games.The best (and only) bar near the stadium is Legends. It is located in the Holiday Inn, and is worth checking out before the game if you aren't tailgating.
Venue Information:
- Capacity: 69,176
- Type: Bowl
- More information on Lincoln Financial Field
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Interested in Lincoln Financial Field
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All trips to Lincoln Financial FieldFAQs
Unless otherwise noted, you'll ride comfortably in a standard charter bus with an on-board restroom, spacious seats, and ample storage. The newest buses also feature electrical outlets and wifi. For private trips that you create, bear in mind that our smaller and school bus options do not have the same amenities as the standard charter. You can explore our vehicles here.
Yes. All our standard charter buses include a restroom, which is cleaned and restocked after every trip. Bear in mind that our smaller and school bus options do not have the same amenities as the standard charter. You will also only have access to the bathroom during your trip to and from the venue. If you plan to tailgate next to your bus, please note that access to the interior of the bus and its bathroom are not guaranteed. You can explore our vehicles here.
Rally partners with local charter bus companies in or near your area that provide the newest motorcoaches and most reliable drivers. We check Department of Transportation (DOT) records to ensure the highest safety standards.
Contact the Rally Customer Experience team via firstname.lastname@example.com or the live chat option in the bottom righthand corner of your screen. Let us know the event you are going to and the city you would like to depart from and we'll get it added for you!
At Rally, we do our best to have a full inventory of all of the concerts, games, races, and other events that our customers are trying to get to. If you don't see what you're looking for, please suggest an event by contacting our Customer Experience team via firstname.lastname@example.com or the live chat option in the bottom righthand corner of your screen.
Rally is crowdpowered travel. A trip gets confirmed once a minimum number of riders book seats (usually 25). In the event that the trip has not been confirmed by two weeks before the event date, you will receive notification that the trip is still tentative. If your trip fails to be confirmed by 1 week prior to the event date, you will receive notification of its cancellation. You will be refunded any money already paid.
Typically, once you've selected your departure city (Rally Point), there is a Status section telling you the number of seats remaining in order to confirm the trip. Remember: if your Rally Point does not meet its booking threshold, you may be routed with other Rally Point pick-ups in order to confirm your trip.
Rally connects people who are headed the same way. By traveling together with a minimum number of other riders, everyone gets a good price. Below that minimum number of seats, we wouldn't be able to keep the price of each seat competitive.
We love children! The minimum age to ride the bus is thirteen (13) unless accompanied by a guardian. Children ages 4 and under who will be sitting on your lap do not require booked seats.
You can save a booking without entering payment information for up to seven (7) days. This means your booking page will be saved for you to easily return to and the cost of your seat will be guaranteed for that time period. Please note: Your seat on the bus is not guaranteed until you complete your booking and provide payment details.
No, you cannot put a seat on hold without completing the booking process and providing your credit card information.
We accept VISA, Discover, Mastercard, and PayPal.
We strive to use buses that are accessible to everyone. If you need an ADA-compliant bus, please book early and notify our team of your needs. If you have a wheelchair but can board the bus without it, there's plenty of room under each bus to store a folding wheelchair. If you'll need to store something larger (like a non-adjustable wheelchair or scooter), please get in touch with us and we'll do our best to make it work.
A bus captain is a rider who volunteers as a trip leader to assist in minor trip duties. Captains are responsible for checking riders in and ensuring everyone knows details like how to find the bus and when to be back after the event ends. We are also known to reward our captains for a job well done!
To sign up as a bus captain, simply:
Log in or register for your account (using the same email you used to book your seats).
Click on the "VIEW BOOKING DETAILS" green button
Click on the green text, "I would like to be a bus captain for this Rally Point" -- and answer the one question survey.
*Note: If you do not see this option on your booking page, we may not have enabled captains for your particular event. Feel free to reach out to us at firstname.lastname@example.com to inquire further.
Double-check your trip page to make sure you know the exact schedule, and plan to arrive at your pickup point at least 15 minutes prior to scheduled departure. This gives you time to get settled, and helps the driver or bus captain get everyone on board.
Rally offers curbside pickup from Rally Points, and nearby parking is not guaranteed. While we make an effort to choose Rally Points that have public parking available, we recommend riders consider being dropped off by a family member or friend, carpooling, or taking taxis/public transit. If you do park near your Rally Point, be sure to obey parking regulations and know that Rally cannot be liable if your vehicle is damaged, ticketed, or towed.
Rally strives to work with the best bus partners to minimize any incidents of bus delays. If, however, you should experience such a delay, our mobile app lets you track the location of your bus at any time on the day of the event. If the bus will be more than a few minutes late, you'll receive a notification by email or text.
Seating is on a first come, first served basis. If multiple buses are leaving the same pickup point, you and your friends just line up together and board as a group. Once you choose a bus, you'll ride the same one back home.
You don't need to print a physical ticket to ride with Rally. The day before your trip, you will receive an email from Rally with your trip details and a QR code. When you board the bus, use the kiosk on the bus to scan your code or type in your booking number. You can also just check your name and booking number with the driver and you'll be welcomed aboard.
Every rider can carry on two small items (like bags and coolers), and store two larger items (like lawn chairs or ski gear) in the undercarriage. If you are planning to tailgate, you can bring along your supplies: coolers, food and drinks (no glass containers), folding chairs, tents and even grills (no propane). The safety of our riders is our top priority, and we've found that no matter how careful people are, glass tends to break. We also ask that you clean up your seat area before you leave the bus.
Yes, alcoholic beverages are permitted on our buses unless otherwise noted. No glass containers allowed
Yes. You'll take the same bus to and from your event, so you can leave non-valuable items you will not need during the event on board the bus. Upon arrival at the venue, buses are locked, so you will not have access to your items during the event. Rally is not responsible for any lost items.
In order to maximize the number of people we are able to rally with to events, your trip may have additional stops on the way to your venue. This also means that if your Rally Point does not meet its booking threshold, you may be routed with other Rally Point pick-ups in order to confirm your trip. We typically require a minimum of five (5) riders from a given Rally Point in order to confirm the stop.
No. All bus expenses have been paid for ahead of the trip. You should not be giving any money to your driver unless you decide to tip at the end of the ride.
For rides over four (4) hours in duration, there will be rest stops every 3 to 4 hours. The exact timing and locations for these stops are determined by your driver.
We respect the privacy of our riders and cannot share a list of riders or their contact information (except to the Bus Captain on the day of the event). There is, however, an option to chat with everyone on your bus or trip (if there are multiple buses from your departure point) via the Rally Rider app on the day of the event.
Every Rally bus comes equipped with first aid kits. If any rider experiences a medical emergency, our driver will pull over and call 911.
Most football and many concert venues (but not all) allow tailgating in parking lots. We recommend you check with the venue's rules before planning to tailgate next to the bus. We do not offer tailgating supplies on our trips, but you're welcome to bring coolers, food and drinks (no glass containers), folding chairs, tents and even grills (no propane). After tailgating, you can store everything back on the bus for the return trip. You have access to the storage underneath the bus during tailgating, but not access to the actual bus (for example, the bathroom). Once the event is over, the bus will be open for all to board for the return trip.
You will have access to the storage underneath the bus during tailgating, but you will not be able to board the bus. This means that once we reach the venue, you can set up your tailgate next to the bus, and then you can store everything back on the bus for the return trip before you head into the game or concert. Access to board the bus will be granted once the event is over and you re-board the bus for the return trip.
Rally's scheduled departure times are based on the estimated end time of the event. Buses will depart up to 45 minutes after the actual conclusion of the event and any post-game ceremonies unless otherwise noted.
Your bus will always be parked where you exited, though we do recommend taking note of the colors, brand name, and license plate just in case. If you can't find it, just use our app to locate the bus or give us a call and we'll direct you.
Yes please! Our drivers go the extra mile to make the trip almost as awesome as the event itself. If you appreciate their work — and we think you will — they'd certainly appreciate a small token of your thanks. You can tip in person or by using the Rally Rider app.
Individuals are liable for themselves to board the bus in a safe manner.
Rally's main mode of contacting riders leading up to your event is via the email address you used when you purchased your seat. On the day of the event, we may also text you real-time updates of any issues, delays, or reminders. Please be sure to use an email address you check often so you don't miss any updates about your trip as well as a cell phone number that will reach you on the day of your trip.
Log in to your Rally account at any time and view your upcoming trips. There you will have the option to cancel your seat. You may also transfer your seat to someone else up until the day of the trip.
By default, all one-way and round-trip bookings for travel are fully refundable for any reason until 7 days before the start date of the event. Certain trips may have different dates and will be posted as such. For a more comprehensive view of Rally's policies, please see our Terms & Conditions
To transfer a booking, simply:
Log in or register for your account (using the same email you used to book your seats)
Click on the "VIEW BOOKING DETAILS" green button
Click "I would like to transfer my seat to someone else."
If the email address to which you transfer the seats already has a Rally account, then the person will find the booking transferred to them within that account. If they did not already have an account, one will be created for them. By using the forgot password flow on the site, they can create a password and access their account. You will both receive an email to confirm the transfer.
Yes. You can find your personalized referral link when you log into your Rally account. You'll receive a future $5 off coupon for each friend that uses your link to book a trip. We also have a rewards for miles program, awarding you $1 off your next ride for each 20 miles you travel.
Feel free to send us an email at email@example.com. We'd love to chat. You may also find the answer in our Terms & Conditions.
We work hard every day to deliver better service, and we truly value your feedback. We ask every rider to tell us what they thought of Rally after they get home, and we use their feedback to constantly improve our service. Feel free to contact us directly at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The safety of our riders is our #1 priority and we are closely monitoring many sources, including the CDC and local governments, to adhere to the highest standards and expectations of our riders. At Rally, we partner with hundreds of bus companies across the country and have decided to only work with operators that are implementing COVID-19 specific procedures.
For riders who are looking for particular measures to be taken, we highly recommend creating your own Rally trip. A privately chartered bus will allow you to control your environment and give you the most flexibility when it comes to travel conditions and special arrangements.
We are asking all riders to remain at home if they are not feeling well or may have been exposed to COVID-19. We understand this is a difficult and unprecedented time, but we must be mindful of our communities and self-regulate as much as possible.
Rally's worry-free cancellation policy remains the same. Unless otherwise stated, most events on our platform allow for free cancellations up to 7 days before your trip departure. And if your event is canceled, you're fully refunded.
Rally trips to Lincoln Financial Field for Seahawks @ Owls
Rally to Seahawks @ Owls is a service that provides transportation to Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, PA. We use crowdpower to provide shuttles to all games for the Temple University Owls and the Wagner College Seahawks. We use technology and great local operators to offer round trip and one-way bus travel from a Rally Point near you to Seahawks @ Owls on Saturday, September 25, 2021. Parking at Lincoln Financial Field is expensive because of surge demand and traffic in Philadelphia, PA is expected to be difficult to navigate on game day. Get together and go with Rally and ride above traffic while enjoying entertainment and access to a restroom on our high-end buses. Download the Rally app and get real-time updates on trip status and bus location to make your travel even easier. Find out more about Rally or get an introduction with answers to your first-time questions. And feel free to contact us for more information, we love hearing your thoughts and suggestions!


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Think lazy summer days ... the beach, melting ice-cream, flying kites, and sailboats on the sea shore ~ all wrapped up in a quilt.
Kaffe Marquee is ideal for use in this quilt as it comes as a panel in many colors.
Some quick details:
- The finished quilt measures: 55 inches x 65.5 inches
- The fabrics are a mix of old and new ~ all stripes.
- Solid fabric is Robert Kaufman - Kona Cotton Solid ~ Ash
- The design is super simple - cut 5.5 inch squares and alternate the direction of the stripes.
- And I have added some fun borders.
This fun and unique quilt has been added to my Etsy Store. You can find the listing here. SOLD
Follow RPQ on:

subset: commoncrawl


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Label: ERYTHROMYCIN capsule, delayed release pellets
- NDC Code(s): 68308-250-10
- Packager: Mayne Pharma Inc.
- Category: HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL
- DEA Schedule: None
- Marketing Status: New Drug Application Authorized Generic
Drug Label Information
Updated December 7, 2022
If you are a consumer or patient please visit this version.
- Download DRUG LABEL INFO: PDF XML
- Official Label (Printer Friendly)
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP and other antibacterial drugs, erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.
Erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP capsules contain enteric-coated pellets of erythromycin base for oral administration. Each erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP contains 250 mg of erythromycin base. Also contains: lactose NF, povidone USP, and other ingredients. The capsule shell contains gelatin NF, titanium dioxide USP, FD&C Yellow #6, D&C Yellow #10 and FD&C Red #3.
Erythromycin is produced by a strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly Streptomyces erythraeus) and belongs to the macrolide group of antibiotics. It is basic and readily forms salts with acids but it is the base which is microbiologically active. Erythromycin base is (3R *, 4S *, 5S *, 6R *, 7R *, 9R *, 11R *, 12R *, 13S *, 14R *)-4-[(2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl- 3-O-methyl-α-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-6-[[3,4,6- trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-β-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-oxacyclo-tetradecane-2,10-dione.
Orally administered erythromycin base and its salts are readily absorbed in the microbiologically active form. Interindividual variations in the absorption of erythromycin are, however, observed, and some patients do not achieve acceptable serum levels. Erythromycin is largely bound to plasma proteins, and the freely dissociating bound fraction after administration of erythromycin base represents 90 percent of the total erythromycin absorbed. After absorption, erythromycin diffuses readily into most body fluids. In the absence of meningeal inflammation, low concentrations are normally achieved in the spinal fluid, but the passage of the drug across the blood-brain barrier increases in meningitis. The drug is excreted in human milk. The drug crosses the placental barrier, but fetal plasma levels are low. Erythromycin is not removed by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.
In the presence of normal hepatic function erythromycin is concentrated in the liver and is excreted in the bile; the effect of hepatic dysfunction on biliary excretion of erythromycin is not known. After oral administration, less than 5 percent of the administered dose can be recovered in the active form in the urine.
The enteric coating of pellets in erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP protects the erythromycin base from inactivation by gastric acidity. Because of their small size and enteric coating, the pellets readily pass intact from the stomach to the small intestine and dissolve efficiently to allow absorption of erythromycin in a uniform manner. After administration of a single dose of a 250 mg erythromycin delayed-release capsule, USP, peak serum levels in the range of 1.13 to 1.68 mcg/mL are attained in approximately 3 hours and decline to 0.30 to 0.42 mcg/mL in 6 hours. Optimal conditions for stability in the presence of gastric secretion and for complete absorption are attained when erythromycin is taken on an empty stomach.
Mechanism of Action
Erythromycin acts by inhibition of protein synthesis by binding 50 S ribosomal subunits of susceptible organisms. It does not affect nucleic acid synthesis.
The major route of resistance is modification of the 23S rRNA in the 50S ribosomal subunit to insensitivity, while efflux can also be significant.
Interactions With Other Antimicrobials
Antagonism exists in vitro between erythromycin and clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol.
Erythromycin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Gram-positive bacteria:
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium minutissimum
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-negative bacteria:
- Bordetella pertussis
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Legionella pneumophila
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Other Microorganisms:
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Treponema pallidum
- Ureaplasma urealyticum
Erythromycin is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the diseases listed below:
Upper respiratory tract infections of mild to moderate degree caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae (when used concomitantly with adequate doses of sulfonamides, since many strains of H. influenzae are not susceptible to the erythromycin concentrations ordinarily achieved) (see appropriate sulfonamide labeling for prescribing information).
Lower respiratory tract infections of mild to moderate severity caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Streptococcus pyogenes.
Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes.
Pertussis (whooping cough) caused by Bordetella pertussis. Erythromycin is effective in eliminating the organism from the nasopharynx of infected individuals rendering them noninfectious. Some clinical studies suggest that erythromycin may be helpful in the prophylaxis of pertussis in exposed susceptible individuals.
Respiratory tract infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Skin and skin structure infections of mild to moderate severity caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus (resistant staphylococci may emerge during treatment).
Diphtheria: Infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, as an adjunct to antitoxin, to prevent establishment of carriers and to eradicate the organism in carriers.
Erythrasma: In the treatment of infections due to Corynebacterium minutissimum.
Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum: Erythromycin is an alternate choice of treatment for primary syphilis in penicillin-allergic patients. In primary syphilis, spinal fluid examinations should be done before treatment and as part of follow-up after therapy.
Intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica (oral erythromycins only). Extraenteric amebiasis requires treatment with other agents.
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Erythromycin lactobionate for injection, USP followed by erythromycin base orally, as an alternative drug in treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease caused by N. gonorrhoeae in female patients with a history of sensitivity to penicillin. Patients should have a serologic test for syphilis before receiving erythromycin as treatment of gonorrhea and a follow-up serologic test for syphilis after 3 months.
Erythromycins are indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: conjunctivitis of the newborn, pneumonia of infancy, and urogenital infections during pregnancy. When tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated, erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults due to Chlamydia trachomatis.
When tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated, erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Legionnaires' Disease caused by Legionella pneumophila. Although no controlled clinical efficacy studies have been conducted, in vitro and limited preliminary clinical data suggest that erythromycin may be effective in treating Legionnaires' Disease.
Prevention of Initial Attacks of Rheumatic Fever
Penicillin is considered by the American Heart Association to be the drug of choice in the prevention of initial attacks of rheumatic fever (treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes infections of the upper respiratory tract, e.g., tonsillitis or pharyngitis). Erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of penicillin-allergic patients.1 The therapeutic dose should be administered for ten days.
Prevention of Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever
Penicillin or sulfonamides are considered by the American Heart Association to be the drugs of choice in the prevention of recurrent attacks of rheumatic fever. In patients who are allergic to penicillin and sulfonamides, oral erythromycin is recommended by the American Heart Association in the long-term prophylaxis of streptococcal pharyngitis (for the prevention of recurrent attacks of rheumatic fever).1
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP and other antibacterial drugs, erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to this antibiotic.
Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients taking terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride, pimozide, ergotamine, or dihydroergotamine (see PRECAUTIONS - Drug Interactions).
Do not use erythromycin concomitantly with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) that are extensively metabolized by CYP 3A4 (lovastatin or simvastatin), due to the increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis (see PRECAUTIONS - Drug Interactions).
There have been reports of hepatic dysfunction, including increased liver enzymes, and hepatocellular and/or cholestatic hepatitis, with or without jaundice, occurring in patients receiving oral erythromycin products.
QT Prolongation
Erythromycin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases of arrhythmia. Cases of torsades de pointes have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving erythromycin. Fatalities have been reported. Erythromycin should be avoided in patients with known prolongation of the QT interval, patients with ongoing proarrhythmic conditions such as uncorrected hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, clinically significant bradycardia, and in patients receiving Class IA (quinidine, procainamide) or Class III (dofetilide, amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic agents. Elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval.
Syphilis in pregnancy
There have been reports suggesting that erythromycin does not reach the fetus in adequate concentration to prevent congenital syphilis. Infants born to women treated during pregnancy with oral erythromycin for early syphilis should be treated with an appropriate penicillin regimen.
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Drug Interactions
Serious adverse reactions have been reported in patients taking erythromycin concomitantly with CYP3A4 substrates. These include colchicine toxicity with colchicine; rhabdomyolysis with simvastatin, lovastatin, and atorvastatin; and hypotension with calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 (for example, verapamil, amlodipine, diltiazem) (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).
There have been post-marketing reports of colchicine toxicity with concomitant use of erythromycin and colchicine. This interaction is potentially life-threatening, and may occur while using both drugs at their recommended doses (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).
Rhabdomyolysis with or without renal impairment has been reported in seriously ill patients receiving erythromycin concomitantly with lovastatin. Therefore, patients receiving concomitant lovastatin and erythromycin should be carefully monitored for creatine kinase (CK) and serum transaminase levels. (See package insert for lovastatin.)
Prescribing erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Since erythromycin is principally excreted by the liver, caution should be exercised when erythromycin is administered to patients with impaired hepatic function (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and WARNINGS.)
Exacerbation of symptoms of myasthenia gravis and new onset of symptoms of myasthenic syndrome has been reported in patients receiving erythromycin therapy.
There have been reports of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) occurring in infants following erythromycin therapy. In one cohort of 157 newborns who were given erythromycin for pertussis prophylaxis, seven neonates (5 percent) developed symptoms of non bilious vomiting or irritability with feeding and were subsequently diagnosed as having IHPS requiring surgical pyloromyotomy. A possible dose-response effect was described with an absolute risk of IHPS of 5.1 percent for infants who took erythromycin for 8 to 14 days and 10 percent for infants who took erythromycin for 15 to 21 days.2 Since erythromycin may be used in the treatment of conditions in infants which are associated with significant mortality or morbidity (such as pertussis or neonatal Chlamydia trachomatis infections), the benefit of erythromycin therapy needs to be weighed against the potential risk of developing IHPS. Parents should be informed to contact their physician if vomiting or irritability with feeding occurs.
Prolonged or repeated use of erythromycin may result in an overgrowth of nonsusceptible bacteria or fungi. If superinfection occurs, erythromycin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.
When indicated, incision and drainage or other surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.
Information for Patients
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (for example, the common cold). When erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
Drug Interactions
Erythromycin use in patients who are receiving high doses of theophylline may be associated with an increase in serum theophylline levels and potential theophylline toxicity. In case of theophylline toxicity and/or elevated serum theophylline levels, the dose of theophylline should be reduced while the patient is receiving concomitant erythromycin therapy.
There have been published reports suggesting that when oral erythromycin is given concurrently with theophylline there is a significant decrease in erythromycin serum concentrations of approximately 35 percent. The mechanism by which this interaction occurs is unknown. The decrease in erythromycin concentrations due to co-administration of theophylline could result in subtherapeutic concentrations of erythromycin.
Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias, and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients receiving concurrent verapamil, belonging to the calcium channel blockers drug class.
Concomitant administration of erythromycin and digoxin has been reported to result in elevated digoxin serum levels.
There have been reports of increased anticoagulant effects when erythromycin and oral anticoagulants were used concomitantly. Increased anticoagulation effects due to interactions of erythromycin with oral anticoagulants may be more pronounced in the elderly.
Erythromycin is a substrate and inhibitor of the 3A isoform subfamily of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP3A). Co-administration of erythromycin and a drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A may be associated with elevations in drug concentrations that could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the concomitant drug. Dosage adjustments may be considered, and when possible, serum concentrations of drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A should be monitored closely in patients concurrently receiving erythromycin.
The following are examples of some clinically significant CYP3A based drug interactions. Interactions with other drugs metabolized by the CYP3A isoform are also possible. The following CYP3A based drug interactions have been observed with erythromycin products in post-marketing experience:
Post-marketing reports indicate that co-administration of erythromycin with ergotamine or dihydroergotamine has been associated with acute ergot toxicity characterized by vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues including central nervous system. Concomitant administration of erythromycin with ergotamine or dihydroergotamine is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Triazolobenzodiazepines (such as triazolam and alprazolam) and related benzodiazepines
Erythromycin has been reported to decrease the clearance of triazolam and midazolam, and thus, may increase the pharmacologic effect of these benzodiazepines.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Erythromycin has been reported to increase concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (for example, lovastatin and simvastatin). Rare reports of rhabdomyolysis have been reported in patients taking these drugs concomitantly (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Sildenafil (Viagra)
Erythromycin has been reported to increase the systemic exposure (AUC) of sildenafil. Reduction of sildenafil dosage should be considered. (See Viagra package insert.)
There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of erythromycin with carbamazepine, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, alfentanil, disopyramide, bromocriptine, rifabutin, quinidine methylprednisolone, cilostazol, and vinblastine.
Concomitant administration of erythromycin with cisapride, pimozide, astemizole, or terfenadine is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
In addition, there have been reports of interactions of erythromycin with drugs not thought to be metabolized by CYP3A, including hexobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate.
Erythromycin has been reported to significantly alter the metabolism of the nonsedating antihistamines terfenadine and astemizole when taken concomitantly. Rare cases of serious cardiovascular adverse events, including electrocardiographic QT/QTc interval prolongation, cardiac arrest, torsades de pointes, and other ventricular arrhythmias, have been observed (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). In addition, deaths have been reported rarely with concomitant administration of terfenadine and erythromycin.
There have been post-marketing reports of drug interactions when erythromycin was co-administered with cisapride, resulting in QT prolongation, cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and torsades de pointes, most likely due to the inhibition of hepatic metabolism of cisapride by erythromycin. Fatalities have been reported (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Colchicine is a substrate for both CYP3A4 and the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Erythromycin is considered a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. A significant increase in colchicine plasma concentration is anticipated when co-administered with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors such as erythromycin. If co-administration of colchicine and erythromycin is necessary, the starting dose of colchicine may need to be reduced, and the maximum colchicine dose should be lowered. Patients should be monitored for clinical symptoms of colchicine toxicity (see WARNINGS).
Drug/Laboratory test interactions
Erythromycin interferes with the fluorometric determination of urinary catecholamines.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility
Long-term (2-year) oral studies conducted in rats with erythromycin base did not provide evidence of tumorigenicity. Mutagenicity studies have not been conducted. There was no apparent effect on male or female fertility in rats fed erythromycin (base) at levels up to 0.25 percent of diet.
Teratogenic Effects
There was no evidence of teratogenicity or any other adverse effect on reproduction in female rats fed erythromycin base (up to 0.25 percent of diet) prior to and during mating, during gestation, and through weaning of two successive litters. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers
Erythromycin is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when erythromycin is administered to a nursing woman.
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies with erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of the decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Elderly patients may be more susceptible to development of torsades de pointes arrhythmias than younger patients (see WARNINGS).
Elderly patients may experience increased effects of oral anticoagulant therapy while undergoing treatment with erythromycin (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions.)
erythromycin delayed-release capsules, USP do not contain sodium.
The most frequent side effects of oral erythromycin preparations are gastrointestinal and are dose-related. They include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and anorexia. Symptoms of hepatitis, hepatic dysfunction and/or abnormal liver function test results may occur (see WARNINGS).
Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibacterial treatment (see WARNINGS).
Erythromycin has been associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and torsade de pointes (see WARNINGS).
Allergic reactions ranging from urticaria to anaphylaxis have occurred. Skin reactions ranging from mild eruptions to erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported rarely.
There have been reports of interstitial nephritis coincident with erythromycin use.
There have been reports of pancreatitis and convulsions.
There have been isolated reports of reversible hearing loss occurring chiefly in patients with renal insufficiency and in patients receiving high doses of erythromycin.
Erythromycin is well absorbed and may be given without regard to meals. Optimum blood levels are obtained in a fasting state (administration at least one half hour and preferably two hours before or after a meal); however, blood levels obtained upon administration of enteric-coated erythromycin products in the presence of food are still above minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of most organisms for which erythromycin is indicated.
- ADULTS: The usual dose is 250 mg every 6 hours taken one hour before meals. If twice-a-day dosage is desired, the recommended dose is 500 mg every 12 hours. Dosage may be increased up to 4 grams per day, according to the severity of the infection. Twice-a-day dosing is not recommended when doses larger than 1 gram daily are administered.
- CHILDREN: Age, weight, and severity of the infection are important factors in determining the proper dosage. The usual dosage is 30 to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses. For the treatment of more severe infections, this dose may be doubled.
Streptococcal infections
A therapeutic dosage of oral erythromycin should be administered for at least 10 days. For continuous prophylaxis against recurrences of streptococcal infections in persons with a history of rheumatic heart disease, the dose is 250 mg twice a day.
Intestinal amebiasis
250 mg four times daily for 10 to 14 days for adults; 30 to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses for 10 to 14 days for children.
Legionnaires' disease
Although optimal doses have not been established, doses utilized in reported clinical data were those recommended above (1 to 4 grams daily in divided doses).
Urogenital infections during pregnancy due to Chlamydia trachomatis
Although the optimal dose and duration of therapy have not been established, the suggested treatment is erythromycin 500 mg, by mouth, 4 times a day on an empty stomach for at least 7 days. For women who cannot tolerate this regimen, a decreased dose of 250 mg, by mouth, 4 times a day should be used for at least 14 days.
For adults with uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in whom tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated: 500 mg, by mouth, 4 times a day for at least 7 days.
Although optimum dosage and duration of therapy have not been established, doses of erythromycin utilized in reported clinical studies were 40 to 50 mg/kg/day, given in divided doses for 5 to 14 days.
Each Erythromycin Delayed-Release Capsule, USP, 250 mg has an orange transparent body and orange opaque cap. The cap and body are imprinted with "Erymax" and "250 mg" in black ink. Each capsule contains 250 mg erythromycin as enteric-coated pellets. The pellets are colored white.
The capsules are available as follows:
Bottle of 100 capsules -
- Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association: Prevention of Rheumatic Fever. Circulation. 78(4):1082-1086, October 1988.
- Honein, M.A., et. al.: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after pertussis prophylaxis with erythromycin: a case review and cohort study. The Lancet 1999;354 (9196): 2101-5.
- PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 250 mg Capsule Bottle Label
erythromycin capsule, delayed release pelletsProduct Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG Item Code (Source) NDC:68308-250 Route of Administration ORAL Active Ingredient/Active Moiety Ingredient Name Basis of Strength Strength erythromycin (UNII: 63937KV33D) (erythromycin - UNII:63937KV33D) erythromycin 250 mg Inactive Ingredients Ingredient Name Strength lactose, unspecified form (UNII: J2B2A4N98G) povidone, unspecified (UNII: FZ989GH94E) FD&C Yellow NO. 6 (UNII: H77VEI93A8) gelatin, unspecified (UNII: 2G86QN327L) titanium dioxide (UNII: 15FIX9V2JP) Product Characteristics Color ORANGE (clear and orange opaque) Score no score Shape CAPSULE Size 22mm Flavor Imprint Code Erymax;250mg Contains Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:68308-250-10 100 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC; Type 0: Not a Combination Product 07/29/2013 Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC NDA050536 07/29/2013 Labeler - Mayne Pharma Inc. (867220261) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Mayne Pharma International Pty Ltd 756003745 MANUFACTURE(68308-250) , ANALYSIS(68308-250) , PACK(68308-250) , LABEL(68308-250) Establishment Name Address ID/FEI Business Operations Catalent Greenville, Inc. 118812386 PACK(68308-250) , LABEL(68308-250)


text:
Aphasia Development Tutorial
From Openmoko
Contents |
Your choice: GTA01 use FSO 5.5. GTA02 use FSO 5.5 or OpenWrt.
A very configurable Linux distribution, and light on system resources. There's a great forum at [2]
Go to OpenWrt, section Build custom image and follow the instructions. When you are at the point Configure target and packages you have to do some choises. Here is the minimum installation for Aphasia:
make menuconf OpenWrt Kamikaze (r16871) Configuration Target System (Samsung S3C24xx [2.6]) ---> Samsung S3C24xx [2.6] Target Profile (Openmoko GTA-02 (minimal)) ---> Openmoko GTA-02 (minimal) [*] Image configuration ---> (192.168.0.202) LAN IP Address Xorg ---> app ---> <*> xauth Xorg ---> driver ---> <*> xf86-input-tslib Xorg ---> driver ---> <*> xf86-video-glamo Xorg ---> font ---> <*> dejavu-fonts-ttf Network ---> <*> gpsd Network ---> <*> ser2net Phone ---> <*> freerunner-alsa-scenarios Utilities ---> <*> alsa-utils Utilities ---> <*> bash Extra packages ---> <*> zoneinfo-europe Sound ---> <*> lame Sound ---> <*> madplay Sound ---> <*> flite Sound ---> <*> sox Languages ---> <*> erlang
For some reason the file libmp3lame.so.0 is missing after installation. You can copy ./build_dir/target-arm_uClibc-0.9.30.1/lame-398-2/ipkg-install/usr/lib/libmp3lame.so.0.0.0 to your neo and then make a softlink to /usr/lib/libmp3lame.so.0
Configure gpsd and ser2net
To autostart ser2net and gpsd insert a line in /etc/init.d/httpd, last line in desktop section:
desktop() { config_foreach system_config system hostname="${hostname:-OpenWrt}" unset args config_load httpd [ "$?" != "0" ] && { uci_set_default httpd <<EOF config 'httpd' option 'port' '80' option 'home' '/www' EOF config_load httpd } config_foreach httpd_config httpd /usr/sbin/ser2net ; /usr/sbin/gpsd /dev/ttySAC1 }
Open /etc/ser2net.conf and replace all port examples at the very end with this single line:
2001:raw:0:/dev/ttySAC0:115200 NONE 1STOPBIT 8DATABITS -XONXOFF -LOCAL RTSCTS
Runtime Environment
Install the GUI package ex11
Take a look at this example of what you can do with ex11 [3] Take the file at [4] and unzip it in your source directory.
mkdir /root/trunk cd /root/trunk tar -xvf ex11_lib.tgz
In file /root/.profile
export DISPLAY=:0
In file /etc/hosts remove . (dot) at the end of line localhost.
127.0.0.1 localhost
In file /root/.erlang
io:format("Running Erlang from root~n"). code:add_patha("/root/trunk").
Copy Xauthority from host
scp .Xauthority phone:/root
Add localhost to it with xauth
xauth add OpenWrt/unix:0 MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 cfcc5ef98f9718f90154f355c0ae9f62 exit cp .Xauthority /
Include erlang VM in the boot process, simply add a line to /etc/init.d/x11 right after Xorg:
start() { export DISPLAY=":0" config_load x11 Xorg $ARGS & erl -setcookie SFEWRG34AFDSGAFG35235 -name firstname.lastname@example.com -noshell -pa /root/trunk -s main start > debug.txt }
Development Environment
This section is about setting up and do some work on your development system. It can be a PC with Linux or Windows, or it can be a Mac.
- Linux I am using SciTE for Erlang development on my Linux box. There are other alternatives but SciTE has some nice features not found in other IDE's.
- Windows SciTE
- Mac SciTE or TextMate. SciTE works on any os x including Snow Leopard. Install MacPorts and mac os x X11 server. Then just "port install SciTE".
Seting up SciTE on Linux for openmoko development
Before you start configuring SciTE, make sure ssh, scp and rsh works from a terminal window. Read USB_Networking to get it working. I have to run this script whenever I connect the neo to the host
#!/bin/bash ifconfig usb0 192.168.0.200 netmask 255.255.255.0 /sbin/route add -host 192.168.0.202/32 dev usb0 echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -A POSTROUTING -t nat -j MASQUERADE -s 192.168.0.0/24 iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
Download from here http://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html and install. If you have apt-get it can be as easy as
sudo apt-get install scite
Start SciTE and select menu Options|Open Global Options and uncomment
and at other lines where erlang is a comment. You may have to start SciTE as root to do this. (To uncomment you just delete the hash at the beginning of the line).
Create a file named SciTE.properties in your erlang source directory.
# SciTE.properties is the per directory local options file and can be used to # override settings made in SciTEGlobal.properties, SciTEUser.properties and # SciTEDirectory.properties. command.compile.*.erl=erlc $(FileName).erl command.go.subsystem.*.erl=0 command.go.*.erl=erl -noshell -s $(FileName) start command.subsystem.1.*.erl=0 command.name.1.*.erl=svn update command.1.*.erl= svn update $(FileNameExt) command.name.2.*.erl= svn ci command.2.*.erl= svn ci -m '$(4)' $(FileNameExt) command.name.3.*.erl=svn co command.3.*.erl=*svn co $(1) command.name.4.*.erl=svn status command.4.*.erl= svn status command.name.5.*.erl=hot code loading command.5.*.erl=erl -noshell -setcookie SFEWRG34AFDSGAFG35235 -name firstname.lastname@example.com -eval "net_adm:ping('email@example.com'), c:nl($(FileName))." -s init stop command.subsystem.6.*.erl=0 command.name.6.*.erl=copy to Freerunner command.6.*.erl= scp $(FileName).beam phone:/root/trunk/ command.subsystem.7.*.erl=0 command.name.7.*.erl=add to subversion command.7.*.erl= svn add $(FileNameExt) abbreviations.*.erl=$(SciteUserHome)/erl_abbrev.properties line.margin.visible=1 line.margin.width=2+ style.*.33
Finally it's starting to be interesting, how is the Aphasia system built? It's not very common to build systems in Erlang, and definitely rare to build GUI code in it. If you want to check out how fast a GUI can be on a soft real-time system like erlang, take a look at this video clip. Listen to the finger tapping the screen and notice there is almost no latency at all.
I'm using vector graphics to produce new widgets. Vector graphics is lightweight and programmable, easy to scale and rotate, and the bytesize is small. Use any vector-capable drawing application. I use an opensource 2D drawing software, QCAD to create the GUI components. Save as DXF file format and use dxf2erl to convert the cad drawing to erlang source code. Take dxf2erl.erl from here
Aphasia is built for people with different communicative disabilities. Menus where ruled out from the Aphasia GUI from the very beginning due to the fact that you don't even have to have a disability to get lost in a miniature menu system.
Instead I'm using a positioning system where services (I'll talk about those later) are laid out on a large surface (surface of the earth actually) and you can reach a service by swiping the screen in different directions. Another much cooler way to reach a service is when you physically go to a certain place in "real life" (like Jane did in this narrative).
The thing I call a service
A service is often described as a contract between a consumer and a producer. When you go to the barber you know you will get a shave (if you are a man). The service is the implicit contract between you and the barber that he will shave, not rub.
There are many barber shops down the street offering essentially the same service, so there can be many service producers for one service consumer.
And in the Aphasia system, each service producer is a separate Erlang process. All services are running in parallell, just like in real life. The Erlang VM is quite different from other platforms, thousands or tens of thousands of processes running at the same time is not uncommon in a well designed Erlang system.
The GSM Service producer
Where should we start if not with the GSM service producer (I will use the name GSM process from now on). What kind of service can we expect from the GSM process, can we expect it to offer a bearer between our phone and some other. The kind of payload we are sending on that bearer is not stated in the service.
The GSM process is always on, it's also invisible. Most processes can display themselves on the screen but the GSM process does never show up, it's running in the background listening and reacting to the different signals coming from the Calypso GSM chip via the ser2net deamon. It is also checking it's own mailbox for messages. Every Erlang process have a private mailbox. It can also send messages to other processes.
If the Calypso GSM chip gets an incomming call, the GSM process sends a message to the Userland process to "go to and start" the Dialer process (remember every process have a GPS position). It also sends a message to the Sound process to act on an incoming call. All this takes no time at all, Erlang is soft-realtime, and at the same moment the caller hears the first ring-tone the neo starts to play (my neo plays Gasoline "This is my life").
The Userland process is the mother of all other processes, and can, if something nasty should happen in the Dialer process, kill it off and start a new Dialer process. That's how Erlang can have 5 nines.
Aphasia Userland Process
The mother of all Aphasia processes. This process can display itself on the screen. It's an empty fullscreen window. And that is the first thing it does, displays itself. Then it creates the backend processes, the Sound process, the GSM process that you already know about, and the GPS process I only mentioned before.
Then it goes into it's main loop. All Erlang processes have a main loop where they receive messages and send messages (if they are built to stay alive).
The GPS process
Just like GSM, this process is invisible and always on. It can on enquiry reply current Lat/Long. It can also periodically send current position to another process. It is using GPSD as it's source of information. As you probably notice by now, each Erlang process is very small and is compliant to the UNIX pattern "do one thing and do it well". The GPS process is currently only 50 lines of code.
The GPS process is constantly recording a track point file in standard Google Maps GPX format. Here is a sample recorded at the 9 km running track in a recreational area in Gothenburg. Here is the same file converted to a Google Earth track by GPS Visualizer.
The Sound process
Started to code the Sound process (Sound Service Provider - remember ;) this weekend. It's using madplay and aplay together to be able to play mp3's: madplay --output=wave:- /root/" ++ Tune ++ " | aplay --buffer-size=20480. The service can control volume with a call to amixer sset "PCM" VolumeValue.
This is the sound process so far
(if you want the latest version, look in the project area)
-module(sound). -author(skvamme). -vsn("$Id"). -export([make/1]). make(Parent) -> spawn_link(fun() -> init(Parent) end). init(Parent) -> io:format("Sound process is started~n",[]), loop(Parent,null). loop(Parent,Port) -> receive {setsound,cpugsmhandset} -> os:cmd("amixer -d sset \"PCM\" 255"), os:cmd("amixer -d sset \"Mono Mixer Left\" on"), os:cmd("amixer -d sset \"Mono Mixer Right\" on"), os:cmd("amixer -d sset \"Left Mixer Left\" on"), os:cmd("amixer -d sset \"Right Mixer Right\" on"), ?MODULE:loop(Parent,Port); {stop} -> os:cmd("killall madplay"), ?MODULE:loop(Parent,Port); {play,Tune} -> D = "madplay --output=wave:- /root/" ++ Tune ++ " | aplay --buffer-size=20480", Port1 = open_port({spawn,D}, [stream, use_stdio, stderr_to_stdout]), ?MODULE:loop(Parent,Port1); {setsound,Type} -> os:cmd("alsactl -f /usr/share/openmoko/scenarios/" ++ Type ++ ".state restore"), ?MODULE:loop(Parent,Port); {volume, up} -> os:cmd("amixer -d sset \"PCM\" 255"), ?MODULE:loop(Parent,Port); Any -> io:format("Sound got unknown msg:~p~n",[Any]), ?MODULE:loop(Parent,Port) end.
As you can see it's quite simple, let's single-step it.
-module(sound). Every piece of erlang code must have a name. An erlang module is nothing but a piece of code. With a name, for your convienience, so you can easily use it.
-vsn("$Id"). This is a tag for my configuration management system, subversion. You don't need versioning but it's nice to know you can back out of a change in code that just didn't work.
-export([make/1]). This one is important. It tells which functions are public. make() can be called from another module just by a call to sound:make(xxx). The /1 indicates it takes only one argument. If you want all your functions to be public you can use -compile(export_all).
make(Parent) -> spawn_link(fun() -> init(Parent) end). make(Parent) is declared as public and all it does is to spawn (create) a new process and call the init function in that process. Creating a process in erlang is cheap and is comparable to creating a new object in eg. Java.
init(Parent) -> io:format("Sound process is started~n",[]), loop(Parent,null). This process is called by make() as the first thing to do after creating the new process. The name is not important, it can be anything, but it does one imprtant thing except from printing a log message. It is starting the loop.
loop(Parent,Port) -> The loop! Every erlang process have it's own private mailbox. This loop is the place where all incoming messages are taken care of.
receive opens the mailbox and acts just like a case statement.
{setsound,cpugsmhandset} -> If the recieved message looks exactly like this. the following lines of code are executed.
os:cmd("amixer -d sset \"PCM\" 255"), This code calls the module os and a function in that module, cmd(). Yes, it's executing an os command, amixer with a few parameters.
end. Ends the receive command.
Higher Order Services
Up till now we have created services serving other services. Now it's about time to show a top level service, one that is serving the user. One that can be seen and touched.
- Each service has a location. Moving around is done by swiping in different directions, movie clip below.
- Another, cooler way to change service is to take a walk down the street. The GPS service is doing the swipin' for you, and the services for a certain location are showing up on screen when you move around.
- When you walk up to the bus stop the GPS service makes sure you have the clock and the bus traveling service at hand. What the bus traveling service should do is up to you and your doktor.


text:
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
Totally Tubular
It seems very possible that this shift in desired silhouette is simply a natural cycle in fashion's fickle concept of the ideal body type. The above image shows the difference in silhouette between the first decade of the 1910s and the 1920s. As you can see, the desired shape changes radically from the "S-curve" of the 1910s: the bust is flattened and the waist is wider, creating what is essentially a "tubular" effect.
Which all begs the question: are we currently in a twenties renaissance? I'm not sure. Personally, I would describe the current fashion silhouette as an inverted cone. Mad Men may be all the rage on tv, but the Lohan look still rules on the street. Flowing, billowy tunics on top, skinny jeans or leggings on the bottom, all culminating in diminutive flats on the feet (demonstrated below by two celebrities with very different figures). While this silhouette may not be exactly tubular, it's certainly more androgynous and a definite foil to the hourglass.
While it's easy to brush all this off as a harmless whim of fashion, it seems that the preferred silhouette of an era and body image are intertwined. According to the study, "In 1954, the women on average aspired to lose just under 3lbs, while today's woman wanted to shed more than 10lbs. 1950s women aspired to ideal hips measuring just over 35 inches, while modern women wanted hips of less than 31 inches but larger waists than the 1950s women."
Do tubular silhouettes inspire poor body image? Like so many things, I'm sure this is specific to the woman. I've tried on exactly one pair of skinny jeans in my life, and it was traumatic. I can't say that I've ever felt worse about my body. On the other end of the spectrum, I feel at my most confident in hourglass silhouettes. So, I personally opt to eschew the current "inverted cone" trend. I think this is easy to do when you're 30 years old, comfortable in your style, and not as swayed by trends. But if I were in high school and everyone around me were sporting skinny jeans, I think I would have a harder time treading my own path. And lord knows, high school is hard enough as it is.
What do you think? Do you agree that women today aspire to a more androgynous silhouette? And how do you think that relates to body image?
42 comments:
- AnonymousNovember 11, 2009 at 8:30 AM
I think that it's a pretty unhealthy look that the general populace aspires to these days with all of the skinny. (I could be biased, having been eating disordered myself some 15 years ago, but I digress.) My husband has called it the "She needs a sandwich" look or alternately, the "14 year old boy locked in the basement without food" look. (He's obviously not a fan.)
My goal is to have the Joan Holloway (Phooey on her husband, Mr. Harris!) look, but I will need to shed some pounds or reshape myself a bit. However, I consider her look "ideal" in my mind, and my husband fortunately agrees! ;) I have a figure a lot closer to the tubular ideal that the hourglass, though that is partly the result of being flat chested - I actually have a pretty large waist/hip difference (nearly ten inches), although I guess it's telling that the fat I would most like to lose is that which supplies those extra hip inches.
But the thought I have about this hourglass/tubular issue is that it's quite easy to excoriate the 'skinny' trend as being all about body fascism, invented by chain-smoking anorexics on the New York fashion scene and cruelly and unrealistically sold to average women who then feel obliged to shoehorn their normal healthy bodies into this ridiculous ideal. But the tubular trend in the 20s was nothing like that - it coincided with a rapid increase in social freedom for women after the first world war, and the more athletic ideal body type and the less restrictive clothing of that period probably reflect that. I wouldn't necessarily argue that we're seeing any comparable increase in women's freedom right now - that's not the reason for the resurgence of tubular. But there has been a massive increase in a cultural preoccupation with health and fitness, and the tubular body type is the one produced by being very very fit - just look at female athletes or ballet dancers. So the tubular thing is probably as much part of an interest in fitness (which is a marker of wealth and social status in today's Western societies) as an aspiration to teenage-boy skinniness.
Those of the hourglass persuasion sometimes present themselves as being grown-up, confident, 'sassy' women in contrast to the unfortunate rake-thin wannabe teenage tubulars, but I want to say that aspiring to be tubular rather than hourglass doesn't have to mean a denial of grown-up femininity. I mean, I'm short, slim and flat-chested, but I think I can be just as grown-up, confident and sassy as a smoking hot hourglass.
I guess what I'm trying to say is that personal body image and attitude should say a lot more about you than your body type.
NB I hope no hourglasses are offended by this - I think your shape is gorgeous, I just think you don't have the monopoly on grown-up femininity.I definitely see 20s fashion as an inspiration for today's trends. The tunic look has a real 20s feel about it and I feel sure one could wear a cocoon coat without comment. I feel there was a big change in fashion about a year or more ago where the 90s low-rise, midriff-baring styles were jettisoned wholesale and this empire-waist, straight-down tunic and skinny jeans came to the fore. Fortunately we also have the long belted cardigan and wide-legged trousers for the rest of us :-). However, look around you: dresses have not a waist seam in sight.
I don't like the 50s girdled effect but I think every decade, although it may have a signature look, has fashions that appeal to a variety of types. My mother, who married at 18 in 1954, spent the rest of the decade (she claims) wearing combat fatigues as part of the bohemian resurgance, not in poodle skirts and pearls. The historical "image" of a decade is not completely accurate; this decade may be characterised by this skinny look but there are plenty of attractive fashions for other body types as well. Especially if you can sew :-)Hanna has a very good point (the same one that came to my mind as reading, but she said it much better than I could have lol) I also have a short slim body type, so I have always been drawn to 1960s sorts of styles. That era also had a popular body image of androgyny and being 'tubular'. Think Twiggy.
I really believe it is just a phase, I'd bet in five or ten years the 50s silhouette will be all the rage again.Yes, Hanna, you make some great points. I should have said that one body type isn't inherently any better than another, it's just strange how arbitrary any ideal of the moment is. If I sound biased toward hourglass figures, that is merely my own viewpoint as someone with a curvy body. I think we should all aspire to make our own bodies our personal ideal.
ejvc, your mom sounds awesome! I've often thought it strange how one look can completely represent a decade, when in fact there were many options for how to dress.- AnonymousNovember 11, 2009 at 9:52 AM
Having a full bust and wide hip bones that will never be 31", I can say that if tubular is it, I am a failure. I've tried on skinny jeans and I wanted to cry...then I realized that it was the jeans, not me. I can't imagine a less feminine style. Empire waist tops/dresses make me look pregnant because I am large busted. Also not a good look.
Thank God I can sew! The more I sew for myself, the more I realize that I am beautiful the way I am. I'm not remotely overweight but because of my proportions and my petite frame I can rarely find clothes off the rack that fit at all. It takes more time to sew a garment than hauling off to a store to buy one, but then I think about the time that I sit feeling gross about my body because I have to go through tons of clothes in the dressing room to find something that sort of fits (and what sort of fits never expresses me style-wise) and all the time I spend freaking out about how all those truckloads of clothes don't fit me and really after all of that, I think sewing saves me time and allows me to have my heart protected from all that yuck.
In the end, we're all shaped differently and I think you just have to rock what you have. I think that today, there are so many different styles out there that every woman is able to chose what suits her best - or whatever she likes best, other than in the beginning of the century, when wearing pants was considered scandalous. the only "shape" I really don't like is the one implemented by "high fashion" designers who have no interest in making women feel good but only displaying their creations in the best possible way. quite a number of male designers do not have any personal interest in making women look female or sexy.
I love how you always come up with such interesting questions and topics. thank you!Thirty-one inch "ideal" hips! I have an hourglass figure. My WAIST is 31 inches and I am not particularly large even having had one baby. (I am currently pregnant with another, so I'm sure my waist has grown, but never mind.) At a more ideal weight (for MY frame!) my hips are still closer to 40" than 30".
ReplyDeleteI think when Hanna says "But there has been a massive increase in a cultural preoccupation with health and fitness" she is on to something, but I think more than health and fitness there has become an obsession with an impossible to achieve ideal of beauty. Not even the models in the adverts are the real thing anymore. This constant pressure exerted by the media (magazines, TV, movies, music) to look 'beautiful' plays on the natural insecurities of women and causes them to constantly re-assess whether they are happy with their appearances. People spend too much time trying to conform with the latest ideal as opposed to going with what works for them.
I am lucky to be naturally slim (UK 8/10) but I feel a constant pressure to stay that way (and ideally lose a few pounds), and often find myself looking at these airbrushed pictures and feeling discontented with what I have. Sometimes I wonder if it is a natural part of womanhood (women in every era have always been concerned with how they look) but one which has been inflated beyond all reasonableness in our current obsessive society...
Anyway, rant over!Well, there is no way that my body could ever fit into the tubular ideal, nor do I want to aspire to it.
My dd is an hourglass figure, but living in Korea the shape of young women is mostly that tubular ideal. Finding jeans that fit her was rather traumatic too even though she is quite thin. It's really a good thing that she has a good body image!- AnonymousNovember 11, 2009 at 10:53 AM
Are hips below 31" even possible? Even the skinniest fashion models usually have hips of 32"-34". It seems like you'd have to be very short as well as very slender to pull a number like that off.
But I digress. I really hate the tubular look. Not the body type, but the clothing silhouette. It's so unfeminine. Not my preferred style at all.
And I agree with what some of the other commentators said about skinny jeans. I have a pair that I bought in a fit of pique, and never ever wear. Goodness! 31" hips - that's literally off the charts. I'm sitting here looking at my Simplicity pattern envelope, and the smallest size (4) has 31.5" hips, along with a 22" waist and 29.5" bust. I'm having a very hard time imagining a woman with any median-range bone structure actually wanting hips that small. It's such an odd trend.
ReplyDeleteTubular? Really? I didn't know that you could really change your body type. You are what you are. Sure the clothes can give the illusion of a different silhouette but then it just makes it more obvious you are not naturally that way. I've just recently come to embrace my shape and have found particular styles in many different eras that look good on me. I am a fashion trends person, but only when I like the look. If it doesn't look good on me...I move on, but that wasn't always easy for me to do.
ReplyDeleteI think there's also something to be said here about the "art" of fashion. Fashion is always aspiring to reinvent itself. Bring old looks back in modern ways. The tunic/skinny jean look can easily hearken to the huge sweatshirt/legging look of the 80s, the Twiggy tunic of the 60s, the flapper look of the 20s. Things go in and out and back around again.
I gave a pretty gray skirt to Salvation Army 10 years ago because the waist was too high. Now I look at all my hip slung skirts and wish the waist was higher. Tastes and trends change as we are exposed to new things, or at least reinventions of past trends.
We also have innovation in fabrics, such as stretchy jeans. I recently bought pants that are basically leggings with jeans stitching. They're so comfortable and stretch around the parts that don't fit into earlier versions of skinnies. So such trends are not as restrictive as they once were, and accommodate a wider spread of body type.
In the movie 'Thoroughly Modern Millie', Julie Andrews laments over how large here breasts are, that her pearls don't lay right. I think as long as there are trends and art in fashion, women will be curious to try them, hoping their bodies will oblige.I've always wanted to be hour-glass, but I'm
pear-shaped with a big bootie and a flat chest. I wouldn't mind my behind, if my chest matched. :-)For the past 20 years, it seems like the body "ideal" is buxom on top, yet skinny in the hips and thighs. (Look at all those Disney princesses, every starlet, and Barbie!)It's probably one of the least common, naturally occuring body types.A great, thought provoking post again... and I love reading everyone's comments!
I used to be hourglass, and LOVED it. I learned to dress my figure, even at a time when it was more fashionable to look like a boy. Now, my body shape is more the "disfigured" or "janky" type, and I'm having the darndest time trying to figure out how to dress myself. And I'm pretty sure feeling feminine again is out of the question.
However, what Hanna said with "personal body image and attitude should say a lot more about you than your body type" is inspirational! Thanks Hanna!Very interesting indeed. Women's fashion has changed a great deal over the years, but I always thought that the "widening" of the waistline was more a result of comfort and convenience. Who could be bothered to put on a corset or girdle every day!?
However, I can't say the same for the skinny jean phenomenon; they're anything but comfortable -- but that's my personal preference. Being rather hippy and full in the thighs, I feel like a stuffed sausage in them, so I avoid. That being said, I think everyone is free to make choices about clothing that makes them feel good, even peer-pressured teens.
The bigger issue isn't necessarily the tubular trend, but rather skeletal models. They paint an image of "ideal" that is completely unhealthy and unnatural. No matter what your natural bust-hip-thigh ratio, protruding bones should't be considered something to strive for, but I continue to see mal-nourished, Auschwitz models in ads. Gross! Hopefully, new natural beauty campaigns can counter that.
Love the skin you're in, I say.Such an interesting point.
I for one love the look of a smaller waist, be it the illusion or the actual thing. I really cant stand anything trendy to me it all hits in the wrong place, why put on a pair of super tight jeans that make your legs look nice and skinny but your waist look like a muffin.
Are waist is naturally one of the smallest parts of our bodys we should be praising it and instead we are ruining with all these super low cut jeans and raunchy trends.
♥DarlaAll I can say is congratulations for choosing to not follow a trend. I have seen many girls in skinny skinny bumster jeans that I feel like they should have made the decision that that style is not for them. Fashion and looking good to me is all about finding what looks good on you and making sure your clothes fit properly regardless of the size on the tag. It is this last item that I think gets vastly ignored in today's society that and taking the tacking out of the vent in your coat or jacket.
ReplyDeleteI've spent quite a bit of time trying to remember what my mom called that thing she was into in the 50s -- and of course, it was the Beat generation - beatniks, counterculture, etc, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_generation
-- my parents were from California and lived in Berkeley in the late 50s/early 60s so they were in on the action, I guess!- AnonymousNovember 11, 2009 at 5:24 PM
My issue with the Tubular look has to do with the fact that it can only be pulled off by naturally tubular people. If you think of the hour glass look of the 50's and 60's or better yet, the V shape of the 40's and 80's, there are ways of setting about the illusion of such a figure.
For the V shape with a narrow hip, you can create the line with shoulder pads, pintucks, and poof sleeves on top, and a dark colored straight as possible bottom. The "New Look" hour glass, you have a poofy skirt to either hide or enhance your hips, and plenty of interesting necklines with gathers or more ease on top to create a fuller looking bust, or a very plain neckline if you're already busty.
With the tube look, you can't de-emphasize everything, and since there is no curve to draw attention to, unless you naturally have a tube, all the imbalances of your figure show. I actually have what's closer to a classically hourglass shape (37 DD-29-39) but in the past I haven't really dressed for it. I think this was largely due to a desire to look like women like Lindsay Lohan, who has a larger bust (as I do)but fairly slim hips.
It was really not until I started watching Mad Men that I realized how sexy my shape could be, which is silly, because my boyfriend thinks I'm "Hot, not fat" but I never wanted to listen to him.
I do think the tubular shape desired these days can carry some health risks, just because carrying more fat around the waist is always going to be slightly more dangerous for one's health. Of course, this is not always the case.
I wish society would get over its ideals and just celebrate women of all shapes. I'm tired of all my friends, who are blessed with gorgeous bodies, feeling that they are too (short, tall, fat, thin, curvy, pear-shaped, flat chested, busty) and feel that they *are* desirable, beautiful, and as healthy as they want to be.- HillaryNovember 11, 2009 at 7:03 PM
Interesting. I come from very tubular stock-- smallish hips for my frame, definitely large waist and small bust, but 31" hips?! Holy. Suddenly my hips are feeling lush, shapely and proud of themselves!
I liked Hanna's post too from beginning to end. I think she probably really nailed it in terms of the uber-fit body, that makes a lot of sense. I definitely get those twinges of feminine inferiority about hourglass women she was talking about too, that they are more feminine, more WOMAN, than I am. Reading it though I'm struck that for her it's something external, because I've totally internalized that and frankly hadn't consciously thought about it in a long time. Well time!
Have to admit though I'm grinning over thinking about my body type as *less* tubular than the current ideal! Welcome new way to think about it. - missalexNovember 11, 2009 at 7:11 PM
what im seeing is less of a 20s androgynous look, but more of a 40s sillhouette - with strong wide shoulders and narrow hips. both sillhouettes came about because of the world wars - women had to take over from the men who went to war and so adopted a more masculine style, followed by very feminine styles in the 30s and 50s when the wars were over. the strong shoulder look is huge everywhere right now (just have a look at net-a-porter.com), and as for the widening waistline, i would put that down to the 'obesity epidemic' plus laziness plus less corsets! i would define the 60s twiggy look as being small all over, with minimal curves, not necessarily tubular though - tubular is very much a 20s sillhouette.
however, as everyone above has said, love the skin youre in, and there are always ways to flatter your shape. :)
missalex Veeery interesting topic, Gertie! (Have I ever told you how much I love your blog? Not only is it sewing related, but you post about such interesting and thought provoking things!) I don't have a lot to add to what you've already said: I agree with everything. I think most women aspire to the more tubular silhouette nowadays, but as you said there is an odd correlation between the 20s and now. Looking through some of my old magazines from the 20s, I'm always struck by the sheer multitude of diet and weight loss ads--even over 80 years ago this was a big industry! Whereas in comparison to 40s and 50s publications, while they are still present, it doesn't seem quite as prominent. Perhaps the real reason is that when fashion dictates a slimmer, less natural female form, our ideas of self worth and body image are bullied into being intertwined with the fashion whims.
I had to giggle at what you said about skinny jeans--because that's exactly how I feel! ;) I made the mistake of buying a pair earlier this year. I had lost my holiday/honeymoon weight (too many slices of Key Lime pie when we were honeymooning in Key West! ;), and was feeling pretty good about my bod. However, now I hate wearing them, so they just sit in the drawer. lol. I don't know what I was on that day I bought them, but they really do nothing for me! :pWhen I was a teenager, I was a stick quite naturally. I ate and ate and ate and just stayed super skinny. I was teased all the time for being so thin. I wasn't tubular because I wasn't completely flat chested, but I was just naturally thin. For that reason, it frustrates me at times when people say it is unhealthy looking. Sometimes that is just the way the person is! I was very healthy, I just didn't gain weight. Yes, there are definitely instances when it is unhealthy, but that isn't always the case.
All trends pass. As you said, you finally reach an age when you are comfortable with yourself and find your own style. It is at that point that you no longer find the need to follow each trend as it comes. It is also at that point that you are probably much better dressed!!With all the photo "enhancing". and eating disorders, plaguing our media, I think we all need to strive to be healthy. That will mean different things to different people. We were not all created to look the same and so I say embrace what style makes you feel the best about yourself, within reason of being appropriate of course. I also think we as a society would fair better if we would spend just a little more time trying to be better people who are kind and care about eachother, because that will make you beautiful in a way that no outfit or body style could match.
ReplyDeleteFirst, Hanna: well spoken!
Then I'd like to share my mums experience of growing up in the 1950's and 1960's as a slender girl with gorgeous legs, a less defined waist and lack of big bust: she hated it! She had no chance of living up to the ideals, as gorgeous as she was, when the ideal was the hourglass figure.
I have a similar figure to my mum (but I must say she looked better than mI do, she looked - if you like - like a tubular Bigitte Bardot) and life is just so much easier for me!
What I want to say is: no matter what body type is the ideal, there will always be BEAUTIFUL girls who don't look the "right" way, and they will feel inferior and wrong.
So I'm all for promoting DIFFERENT body types. I'd love to be able to carry off hourglass, it's beautiful, but I look much better in skinny jeans, and I love that too. I only hope that we get a more diversified world in the future than in the past.
Oh, and if the problem with the skinny look of the moment is that some girls develop eating-disorders then the problem with the hourglass ideal is that it makes flat-chested women go through very invasive BA-surgery to
have any chance of acheving the ideal shape.
And to me, the fact that women feel bad enough about themselves to think they need surgery to be ok is as troublesome as the fact that other women diet to stribe towards a body-type that is not their normal body-type.
I just hope we all could love ourselves more the way we are!Hmmm...I was an hourglass in my teen years, a tube in early adulthood and now in middle-age my waistline has disappeared. I can look at this issue from all perspectives.
Truthfully, there is no magic in any body type. You have what nature or your parents give you and how you choose to adorn it is a personal choice.
Many times, I have seen very large women who look strikingly lovely, because they choose clothing that flatters. However, I have looked in the mirror on occasion and thought, "These clothes are really ugly on me...oh well, nobody really cares". Now who has the better body image?
On another note, I have always been struck by how fashion is a product of time and place. Today, people in developed countries are physically larger because we know so much more about nutrition during pregnancy and early childhood. The clothing my mother and grandmother wore simply never fit my late-20th century body.I think most women have body types that lend more to the hour glass. I ENVY those women with curves! I am clad in the "inverted cone" most days because I am shaped more like a boy. lol! it leads me to ask should I emphasize what curves I do have? I don't know. either way I feel fine with my body. I keep telling myself even at 25 "you'll get curves when you grow up" lol! good topic!
ReplyDelete- Pamela DNovember 14, 2009 at 3:00 AM
I think the writer you cite is out of touch if he/she thinks 31" hips exist for any part of the population of grown women. I have costumed high school theatrical productions and sewn for people and have NEVER, not once, measured any adult female with hips that small! This would include measuring skinny 14 and 15 year olds. For that matter I have not measured anybody with hips smaller than 34" and those 34" hipped people are usually short(5' to 5'2") and thin. This, of course, is just my personal experience. And...I am trying to get the clothes to fit, not make people happy with some ridiculous number. I think there is a lot of fudging that goes on with measurements and weights: in beauty contests, tabloid magazines etc...
For goodness sake, there are plenty of women with 31" thighs!
I think the beginning of the tubular look coincided with the exposed midsection look. It was a look primarily suitable to the young - "Look, I haven't had a baby yet!" Wearing the waistline just below the true waist, diminishes the waist/hip differential. It is not a look that suits everybody. I think with the recent emphasis on belts, the true waist may be coming back. All I know is that my daughters, always on the cutting edge, have pilfered all my belts from when I once had a small waist back in the 80s. Lindsay Lohan and co may be a bit behind the fashion curve. What? I thought everyone new this. Fashion trends change and rotate, but they reflect the shift in ethos of a society. Currently, fashion seems to be (in a very diluted manner) copying the 20s- large, blocky shirts, turbans at UO, long necklaces, and that "inverted cone" shape pioneered by Poiret and the like- but also the 60s/70s in Twiggy figures, bangles, sandals, loose hair, babydoll dresses, whathaveyou. I think it's a reflection of our out-of-control consumerism (20s) and our desire to believe that this wasteland of buying is really some sort of utopian summer of love (70s). But that's just me. I can't help but look at fashion from anything but an art historical perspective.
ReplyDeleteI'm obviously late with this commentary, but i just had a class about gender/sex differences and partner selection. Reasearchers have actually found out, that the most attractive body type is the one that has a waist to hip ratio of 0.7. And it doesn't matter what size you are, it's the proportion that matters. Just a facinating little detail:)Of course I calculated my own figure as well and got the result 0.67. So i'm pretty close:D.
ReplyDeleteI'm late as well (found your blog through Sal/Already Pretty!), but echo the thoughts about cyclical fashions and cyclical "best" body types.
I hate that some body shapes are applauded at various times while others are degraded as too curvy/not curvy enough. And I'm glad women are pushing for more size acceptance, too.
However, I have to say that I really wish the discussions around body acceptance and body size would include a more pronounced subset on body shape and *proportions.*
We have a lot of shorter-legged, shorter-waisted Rectangles/H shapes in my family ("tubes" I guess, as it's a case of non-defined waists). But we vary in body size and bustiness.
From a clothes-buying and -wearing perspective, those with more meat on their bones are actually ill-served by getting caught up in the "curvy" momentum because--just like the leaner Rectangles--if they try to wear things that suit proportionate "size Whatever" Hourglasses or Triangles it's not that pretty.
The Extended Vix Family does a lot better when we dress for our shape/proportions, then modify for size/bustiness.
Having finally (at 40) come to understand the above--and having shopped with friends of varying sizes with a focus on the above--it really does make it easier to internalize a "it's not my body it's the clothes that suck" message.
Obviously I can go on about this, ha!
But I think learning how to *fake* a more balanced look is a useful skill for anyone to have (should they wish to employ it!). In addition to potentially boosting morale, it also helps one cheat and adapt trends/looks that really aren't suited for one's shape.
[And I know it's heresy, but I think Hourglasses and Triangles with short waists who want the most flattering silhouette need to watch those belts and high waists!]I agree with your suggestion that this may be some sort of 'natural cycle' in fashion. It seems to me that most periods in which the curves of the body were 'in' were followed by periods in which curves were 'out'.
The 1910's in which curves were emphasised with crippling corsets was followed by the 1920's in which slender, boyish figures were 'in'. The 1950's in which hourglass figures were so favourable were followed by the 1960's in which icons like Twiggy sported slim, androgynous frames. In the 1980's 'power dressing' women wore tailored suits in which a sort of hourglass shape was created by the huge shoulderpads and peplums which emphasised the hips. This period was followed by the 1990's in which the adrogynous grunge look was somewhat popular amongst many.
I'm not entirely sure how the 1930's, 1940's and 1970's fit into this 'theory' of mine. Anyone got any ideas?- EssebeeJanuary 31, 2012 at 1:12 PM
Last year I did some study with the pattern maker who led the Australian RipCurl sizing survey. She said the biggest difference between women now and women 50 years ago, talking averages of course, is that waists have thickened proportionately. The tubular shape is simply more common now than it used to be.
The reasons are unclear but are possibly related to exposure to synthetic hormones, mostly from plastics leaching into our environment.
Kind of scary, and not just a problem for the ladies. Apparently the average sperm count in gentlemen is much, much lower than it was 50 years ago as well.
This bothers me a lot, but I still forget to take my own grocery bags shopping. - AnonymousJune 16, 2012 at 9:34 PM
I do believe this 'aspiration' to no disernable waistline, is by default really: our modern diet: high in sugar and bad carbs, results in a large waist. I have noticed the 'spare tire around the waist' syndrom in even very young girls. Not a good look. The very low waisted pants with the 'muffin top' only enchances this 'look'.