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mount(8) [freebsd man page]
MOUNT(8) BSD System Manager's Manual MOUNT(8) NAME
mount -- mount file systems SYNOPSIS
mount [-adflpruvw] [-F fstab] [-o options] [-t ufs | external_type] mount [-dfpruvw] special | node mount [-dfpruvw] [-o options] [-t ufs | external_type] special node DESCRIPTION
The mount utility calls the nmount(2) system call to prepare and graft a special device or the remote node (rhost:path) on to the file system tree at the point node. If either special or node are not provided, the appropriate information is taken from the fstab(5) file. The system maintains a list of currently mounted file systems. If no arguments are given to mount, this list is printed. The options are as follows: -a All the file systems described in fstab(5) are mounted. Exceptions are those marked as ``noauto'', those marked as ``late'' (unless the -l option was specified), those excluded by the -t flag (see below), or if they are already mounted (except the root file system which is always remounted to preserve traditional single user mode behavior). -d Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call. This option is useful in conjunction with the -v flag to determine what the mount command is trying to do. -F fstab Specify the fstab file to use. -f Forces the revocation of write access when trying to downgrade a file system mount status from read-write to read-only. Also forces the R/W mount of an unclean file system (dangerous; use with caution). -L When used in conjunction with the -a option, mount only those file systems which are marked as ``late''. -l When used in conjunction with the -a option, also mount those file systems which are marked as ``late''. -n For compatibility with some other implementations, this flag is currently a no-op. -o Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. In case of conflicting options being speci- fied, the rightmost option takes effect. The following options are available: acls Enable POSIX.1e Access Control Lists, or ACLs, which can be customized via the setfacl(1) and getfacl(1) commands. This flag is mutually exclusive with nfsv4acls flag. async All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously. This is a dangerous flag to set, since it does not guarantee that the file system structure on the disk will remain consistent. For this reason, the async flag should be used sparingly, and only when some data recovery mechanism is present. automounted This flag indicates that the file system was mounted by automountd(8). Automounted file systems are automatically unmounted by autounmountd(8). current When used with the -u flag, this is the same as specifying the options currently in effect for the mounted file system. force The same as -f; forces the revocation of write access when trying to downgrade a file system mount status from read-write to read-only. Also forces the R/W mount of an unclean file system (dangerous; use with caution). fstab When used with the -u flag, this is the same as specifying all the options listed in the fstab(5) file for the file system. late This file system should be skipped when mount is run with the -a flag but without the -l flag. mountprog=<program> Force mount to use the specified program to mount the file system, instead of calling nmount(2) directly. For example: mount -t foofs -o mountprog=/mydir/fooprog /dev/acd0 /mnt multilabel Enable multi-label Mandatory Access Control, or MAC, on the specified file system. If the file system supports multilabel operation, individual labels will be maintained for each object in the file system, rather than using a single label for all objects. An alternative to the -l flag in tunefs(8). See mac(4) for more information, which cause the multilabel mount flag to be set automatically at mount-time. nfsv4acls Enable NFSv4 ACLs, which can be customized via the setfacl(1) and getfacl(1) commands. This flag is mutually exclusive with acls flag. noasync Metadata I/O should be done synchronously, while data I/O should be done asynchronously. This is the default. noatime Do not update the file access time when reading from a file. This option is useful on file systems where there are large numbers of files and performance is more critical than updating the file access time (which is rarely ever important). This option is currently only supported on local file systems. noauto This file system should be skipped when mount is run with the -a flag. noclusterr Disable read clustering. noclusterw Disable write clustering. noexec Do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system. This option is useful for a server that has file systems containing binaries for architectures other than its own. Note: This option was not designed as a security feature and no guarantee is made that it will prevent malicious code execution; for example, it is still possible to execute scripts which reside on a noexec mounted partition. nosuid Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. Note: this option is worthless if a public available suid or sgid wrapper like suidperl(1) is installed on your system. It is set automatically when the user does not have super-user privileges. nosymfollow Do not follow symlinks on the mounted file system. ro The same as -r; mount the file system read-only (even the super-user may not write it). snapshot This option allows a snapshot of the specified file system to be taken. The -u flag is required with this option. Note that snapshot files must be created in the file system that is being snapshotted. You may create up to 20 snapshots per file sys- tem. Active snapshots are recorded in the superblock, so they persist across unmount and remount operations and across sys- tem reboots. When you are done with a snapshot, it can be removed with the rm(1) command. Snapshots may be removed in any order, however you may not get back all the space contained in the snapshot as another snapshot may claim some of the blocks that it is releasing. Note that the schg flag is set on snapshots to ensure that not even the root user can write to them. The unlink command makes an exception for snapshot files in that it allows them to be removed even though they have the schg flag set, so it is not necessary to clear the schg flag before removing a snapshot file. Once you have taken a snapshot, there are three interesting things that you can do with it: 1. Run fsck(8) on the snapshot file. Assuming that the file system was clean when it was mounted, you should always get a clean (and unchanging) result from running fsck on the snapshot. This is essentially what the background fsck process does. 2. Run dump(8) on the snapshot. You will get a dump that is consistent with the file system as of the timestamp of the snapshot. 3. Mount the snapshot as a frozen image of the file system. To mount the snapshot /var/snapshot/snap1: mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /var/snapshot/snap1 -u 4 mount -r /dev/md4 /mnt You can now cruise around your frozen /var file system at /mnt. Everything will be in the same state that it was at the time the snapshot was taken. The one exception is that any earlier snapshots will appear as zero length files. When you are done with the mounted snapshot: umount /mnt mdconfig -d -u 4 suiddir A directory on the mounted file system will respond to the SUID bit being set, by setting the owner of any new files to be the same as the owner of the directory. New directories will inherit the bit from their parents. Execute bits are removed from the file, and it will not be given to root. This feature is designed for use on fileservers serving PC users via ftp, SAMBA, or netatalk. It provides security holes for shell users and as such should not be used on shell machines, especially on home directories. This option requires the SUID- DIR option in the kernel to work. Only UFS file systems support this option. See chmod(2) for more information. sync All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously. update The same as -u; indicate that the status of an already mounted file system should be changed. union Causes the namespace at the mount point to appear as the union of the mounted file system root and the existing directory. Lookups will be done in the mounted file system first. If those operations fail due to a non-existent file the underlying directory is then accessed. All creates are done in the mounted file system. Any additional options specific to a file system type that is not one of the internally known types (see the -t option) may be passed as a comma separated list; these options are distinguished by a leading ``-'' (dash). For example, the mount command: mount -t cd9660 -o -e /dev/cd0 /cdrom causes mount to execute the equivalent of: /sbin/mount_cd9660 -e /dev/cd0 /cdrom Options that take a value are specified using the -option=value syntax: mount -t msdosfs -o -u=fred,-g=wheel /dev/da0s1 /mnt is equivalent to /sbin/mount_msdosfs -u fred -g wheel /dev/da0s1 /mnt Additional options specific to file system types which are not internally known (see the description of the -t option below) may be described in the manual pages for the associated /sbin/mount_XXX utilities. -p Print mount information in fstab(5) format. Implies also the -v option. -r The file system is to be mounted read-only. Mount the file system read-only (even the super-user may not write it). The same as the ro argument to the -o option. -t ufs | external_type The argument following the -t is used to indicate the file system type. The type ufs is the default. The -t option can be used to indicate that the actions should only be taken on file systems of the specified type. More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed with ``no'' to specify the file system types for which action should not be taken. For example, the mount command: mount -a -t nonfs,nullfs mounts all file systems except those of type NFS and NULLFS. The default behavior of mount is to pass the -t option directly to the nmount(2) system call in the fstype option. However, for the following file system types: cd9660, mfs, msdosfs, nfs, nullfs, oldnfs, smbfs, udf, and unionfs. mount will not call nmount(2) directly and will instead attempt to execute a program in /sbin/mount_XXX where XXX is replaced by the file system type name. For example, nfs file systems are mounted by the program /sbin/mount_nfs. Most file systems will be dynamically loaded by the kernel if not already present, and if the kernel module is available. -u The -u flag indicates that the status of an already mounted file system should be changed. Any of the options discussed above (the -o option) may be changed; also a file system can be changed from read-only to read-write or vice versa. An attempt to change from read-write to read-only will fail if any files on the file system are currently open for writing unless the -f flag is also speci- fied. The set of options is determined by applying the options specified in the argument to -o and finally applying the -r or -w option. -v Verbose mode. If the -v is used alone, show all file systems, including those that were mounted with the MNT_IGNORE flag and show additional information about each file system (including fsid when run by root). -w The file system object is to be read and write. ENVIRONMENT
PATH_FSTAB If the environment variable PATH_FSTAB is set, all operations are performed against the specified file. PATH_FSTAB will not be honored if the process environment or memory address space is considered ``tainted''. (See issetugid(2) for more information.) FILES
/etc/fstab file system table DIAGNOSTICS
Various, most of them are self-explanatory. XXXXX file system is not available The kernel does not support the respective file system type. Note that support for a particular file system might be provided either on a static (kernel compile-time), or dynamic basis (loaded as a kernel module by kldload(8)). SEE ALSO
getfacl(1), setfacl(1), nmount(2), acl(3), mac(4), devfs(5), ext2fs(5), fstab(5), procfs(5), tmpfs(5), automount(8), fstyp(8), kldload(8), mount_cd9660(8), mount_msdosfs(8), mount_nfs(8), mount_nullfs(8), mount_smbfs(8), mount_udf(8), mount_unionfs(8), umount(8), zfs(8), zpool(8) HISTORY
A mount utility appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX. CAVEATS
After a successful mount, the permissions on the original mount point determine if .. is accessible from the mounted file system. The mini- mum permissions for the mount point for traversal across the mount point in both directions to be possible for all users is 0111 (execute for all). Use of the mount is preferred over the use of the file system specific mount_XXX commands. In particular, mountd(8) gets a SIGHUP signal (that causes an update of the export list) only when the file system is mounted via mount. BUGS
It is possible for a corrupted file system to cause a crash. BSD
December 3, 2014 BSD


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Special Reports + Analysis
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Creating a More Diverse and Inclusive Screen Printing Industry
LET'S TALK About It: Part 3 discusses how four screen printers have employed people with disabilities, why you should consider doing the same, the resources that are available, and more. Watch the live webinar, held August 16, moderated by Adrienne Palmer, editor-in-chief, Screen Printing magazine, with panelists Ali Banholzer, Amber Massey, Ryan Moor, and Jed Seifert. The multi-part series is hosted exclusively by ROQ.US and U.N.I.T.E Together. Let's Talk About It: Part 1 focused on Black, female screen printers and can be watched here; Part 2 focused on the LGBTQ+ community and can be watched here.
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Marathon Bombing Suspect's Friend Pleads Guilty
A college friend of Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev pleaded guilty Thursday to impeding the investigation by removing incriminating evidence from Tsarnaev's dorm room several days after the deadly attack.
Dias Kadyrbayev, 20, admitted in federal court that he removed Tsarnaev's laptop computer and a backpack containing fireworks that had been emptied of their explosive powder from Tsarnaev's room at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth.
Twin bombs placed near the finish line of the 2013 marathon killed three people and injured more than 260.
Under a plea agreement, federal prosecutors said they would ask for no more than seven years in prison. The agreement allows his lawyer to argue for a lesser sentence. Kadyrbayev also agreed not to fight deportation after he completes his prison sentence.
U.S. District Judge Douglas Woodlock set sentencing for Nov. 18 but did not immediately accept the plea agreement, saying he first wanted to review a report that will be prepared by the probation department.
Kadyrbayev's decision to plead guilty came just two weeks before he was scheduled to go on trial and a month after his friend and co-conspirator, Azamat Tazhayakov, was convicted of identical charges by a jury.
During Tazhayakov's trial, prosecutors described Kadyrbayev as the leader in the decision to remove the items, but said Tazhayakov agreed with the plan. They said Kadyrbayev was the one who actually threw away the backpack and fireworks, which were later recovered in a landfill.
Kadyrbayev's lawyer, Robert Stahl, said his client made a "terrible error in judgment that he's paying for dearly."
Stahl emphasized that Kadyrbayev - a native of Kazakhstan who came to the U.S. in 2011 on a student visa - "had absolutely no knowledge" that Tsarnaev and his brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, were planning to bomb the marathon and was "shocked and horrified" when he learned they were suspects.
He said Kadyrbayev, who was 19 at the time, "now understands he never should have gone to that dorm room, and he never should have taken any items from that room."
His plea agreement with prosecutors does not make any mention of him agreeing to testify against a third friend who was also charged. Robel Phillipos, of Cambridge, is accused of lying to investigators about being present when Kadyrbayev took the items from Tsarnaev's room. Phillipos is scheduled to go on trial next month.
Typically, plea agreements describe whether defendants have given substantial assistance to prosecutors and have agreed to testify against co-defendants.
The backpack, fireworks and laptop were taken from Tsarnaev's room hours after the FBI publicly released photographs and videos of Tsarnaev and his brother as suspects in the bombing.
Prosecutors said Kadyrbayev exchanged text messages with Tsarnaev after seeing the photos, and Tsarnaev told him he could go to his dorm room and "take what's there."
Prosecutors said the fireworks had been emptied of explosive powder that can be used to make bombs.
Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a shootout with police several days after the bombings. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev has pleaded not guilty to 30 federal charges and faces the possibility of the death penalty if convicted. His trial is scheduled to begin in November.
This article was originally published on August 21, 2014.


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Now streaming on:
What is "Room 237" really about? On the surface, Rodney Ascher's documentary exhibits the theories a few obsessive fans have put forward to reveal what they think Stanley Kubrick's "The Shining" is really about. According to them, Kubrick stashed "hidden meanings" in the vacancies, hallways, ballrooms, bathrooms, walk-in storage areas and hedge-mazes of the Overlook Hotel in his 1980 horror film.
Trouble is, the "Room 237" conspirators — er, contributors — don't seem to realize that those meanings are either not hidden, not meanings or not remotely supported by the secret evidence they think they've uncovered. "Room 237" isn't film criticism, it isn't coherent analysis, but listening to fanatics go on and on about their fixations can be kind of fun. For a while, at least.
Five off-screen narrators pitch various interpretations of "The Shining," accompanied by stock footage, illustrative recreations and clips from Kubrick's filmography. For Bill Blakemore, the subject of Kubrick's "Masterpiece of Modern Horror" is the genocidal slaughter of Native Americans by white European settlers; for Geoffrey Cocks, it's about the Holocaust in Nazi-dominated Europe; for Juli Kearns, it's an exploration of an impossible, Escher-like maze called the Overlook Hotel.
John Fell Ryan has discovered some interesting juxtapositions that occur if you project two prints of "The Shining" on top of each other at the same time, with one running forward and the other running backward. Jay Weidner, who characterizes himself as a "conspiracy hunter," insists "The Shining" is Kubrick's belated, life-risking confession/apology for faking the television footage of the Apollo 11 moon landing on the sets for "2001: A Space Odyssey" at the behest of the U.S. government.
"Room 237" could easily be (mis)taken for a comedic satire of fervent movie-geekery if the theories it presents — some more cockeyed than others — hadn't appeared on the Internet years ago. That's where Ascher found the inspirations for his documentary.
It starts off with a visual trick: In a digitally modified clip from Kubrick's final film, "Eyes Wide Shut" (1999), Dr. Bill Harford (Tom Cruise) stands outside the Sonata Cafe in Greenwich Village, which is actually a set at Pinewood Studios near London (which is the source of a little in-joke: The location is identified as "EUROPE"). But instead of inspecting a display featuring his old friend, pianist Nick Nightingale, he's looking at promotional materials for "The Shining." You could say that "Room 237" is based on a similar illusion, getting us to see things in a movie that either aren't there or aren't what they appear to be.
Let's rewind: Back in 2010, Ascher made a notably similar short film called "The S From Hell," a parodic inquiry into the off-the-wall proposition that the Screen Gems logo, which appeared after episodes of popular TV series such as "Bewitched" and "The Partridge Family" from 1965 to 1974, was so frightening, it traumatized a generation of unsuspecting children. Maybe you don't recall being terrified by this or any other logo? Me, neither. But we could've repressed it.
The goofy premise of "The S from Hell" is no less unlikely than some of the blarney put forward in "Room 237." The movie doesn't judge the relative merits of its subjects' opinions, probably because that might be construed as favoritism. That's understandable. But as a result, the movie lacks examples of sound critical thinking. All we have here are do-it-yourself interactive fan games.
In "The Shining," the genial hotel manager (played by Barry Nelson) mentions that the Overlook was built on an ancient Indian burial ground — a familiar horror-movie trope. Sure enough, the hotel decor is inspired by Native American motifs, as we can plainly see. But what, then, is the movie supposedly saying about the genocide of Native Americans? That their vengeful spirits might come back and kill people at a hotel? As the saying goes, that's not subtext, it's text.
The proponents of the Holocaust and staged-moon-landing scenarios undermine their own hypotheses by backing into them. They start with extraneous information (Kubrick wanted to make a Holocaust movie but could never figure out how; nobody was in a better position than Kubrick to fake moon footage in 1969). Then they scour the nooks and crannies of "The Shining" for anything that could be construed to support, or at least reference, their chosen preconceptions.
So is the recurrence of the number 42 (on Danny's jersey; in the movie "Summer of '42" on TV) an allusion to 1942, the year of the Wannsee Conference when Nazi officials met to plan the Final Solution? What about that German typewriter? And is Danny's hand-knit Apollo 11 sweater linked to the ultra-scary Room 237 because the average distance between the Earth and the moon is 237,000 miles? Even though it isn't 237,000 miles, but let's not allow facts and a few extra zeroes to spoil a juicy conspiracy plot. What if the first word in the famous typewritten "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" manuscript could be read as "A11" — as in "Apollo 11"?! What if, indeed.
The double-projection trick isn't a theory at all, just a nifty experiment in randomness somewhat less remarkable than the discovery that Pink Floyd's "Dark Side of the Moon" produces some striking juxtapositions when played along with "The Wizard of Oz." Likewise, it's sorta neat that the Outlook does not have an intelligible floor plan, as it fits with the movie's "lost in the maze" motif. But there's nothing unusual about it. That's the way movie sets are usually built — in disconnected bits and pieces, not as integral units.
Kubrick's longtime assistant and collaborator Leon Vitali (who played Lord Bullingdon in "Barry Lyndon") recently said that "Room 237" had him "falling about laughing most of the time" because he knows these ideas are "absolute balderdash." The Adler typewriter, for example, belonged to Kubrick himself, and that particular model was once as commonplace as late-model iPhones.
Any movie is the product of forethought, accident and improvisation. In the end, once the film is released, the filmmakers' intentions don't really matter anymore because it belongs to the audience. At that point, if something's there, it's there. "Room 237," regrettably, isn't all there.
102 minutes


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In the run-up to Sunday's Oscars, ABC promoted the broadcast as: "Finally! An Oscars the guys can enjoy!" What did that mean, exactly?
(PHOTOS: Portraits of the Actors Behind This Year's Great Performances)
Judging by the ABC commercial (below): butt shots of hot actresses, a show featuring the guy-friendly fare like The Avengers, and the comedy of show host Seth MacFarlane, writer and creator of young-male-magnet cartoons like Family Guy and American Dad and the dirty-teddy-bear comedy Ted:
Time for me to turn in my Guy Card, I guess. I'll give ABC credit for taking a chance. But where James Franco and Anne Hathaway were inept two years ago, and Billy Crystal was fine-but-dull a year ago, MacFarlane was uncomfortable, smarmy, unfunny — and not even bad in any memorably creative way.
MacFarlane, who's known to fans of his shows but perhaps less so as a nonanimated entertainer, was a risk for the Academy, and must have known he was coming in with a target on his back. So he delivered an opening routine that was all about inoculating himself against bad reviews, with William Shatner as James T. Kirk returning from the future to warn him against a disastrous performance, including a song directed at Hollywood women called, "We Saw Your Boobs."
See, it wasn't a drawn-out, obnoxious Oscar song; it was a joke about doing a drawn-out, obnoxious Oscar song!
The problem — and the problem with his whole table-setting performance — is: first, a metajoke about telling an unfunny joke is still an unfunny joke.
And second, the Oscars are not about the host. People watching the Oscars care about being entertained. They care, maybe, about what movie will win. They care whether MacFarlane will make them laugh. But they're not, unless they are MacFarlane's agent or family, wondering "Is Seth MacFarlane going to get good reviews in the morning?" I should be biased toward any Oscar performance that pretends TV critics are that important in the larger scheme of things, but even I can't fool myself about that one.
As Family Guy proves, MacFarlane can make up for quality with quantity, and there were some decent bits in the opening, especially a sequence that re-created the movie Flight with sock puppets. But the opening, overall, was tentative and filled with dead spots that a more practiced comedian might have gotten past.
(MORE: Oscars 2013: The Complete List of Winners)
His comedy also had a nasty streak, especially concerning women. Zero Dark Thirty's dogged CIA agent, played by Jessica Chastain, was a tribute to "every woman's innate ability to never, ever let anything go." After Adele sang, MacFarlane joked that movie critic Rex Reed — who recently called Melissa McCarthy a "hippo" — would be on in a moment to review her. Adele's a plus-size lady, get it? (Earlier, introducing co-presenters McCarthy and Paul Rudd, MacFarlane cracked: "See if you can tell 'em apart!")
The host sets the tone for the awards, giving the audience permission to have a good time, and the rhythm of the evening felt off from the get-go. But I can't blame MacFarlane for all of that. It was a clunkily produced, drearily long show, with some truly horrid scripted patter that stranded some talented actors. (A quintet from The Avengers cast needed a superhero to rescue them from an endless introduction.) And there were some flat-out bizarre production choices, like the decision to play off long-winded winners with the music from Jaws — which might have worked as a gag, once, except it really wasn't one. They were just actually playing people off to Jaws.
The night's theme was "Music in Movies," which played to another MacFarlane skill set: he's got a genuine love of show tunes and a decent set of pipes. (He got to indulge his inner theater geek with a funny, non sequitur re-creation of the von Trapp family escape at the end of The Sound of Music, just before introducing Christopher Plummer.)
If the "boobs" song and the like fell flat, the music did salvage some moments in the show: in particular, Shirley Bassey showed that decades later, she can still ravish the most distinctive pronunciation in Bond songs ("Gold-fingAH!"). But there was also a bizarre amount of attention lavished on the 10-year-old movie Chicago, the last musical to win Best Picture but not exactly a landmark in cinema history. (Awkwardly, the producers of the Oscars, Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, were producers of Chicago, and so spent a good part of the night honoring … themselves?)
(MORE: Oscars 2013: Best and Worst Red-Carpet Moments)
The Oscars are finally about the awards, though, and toward the end of a very long show, the ceremony got a spark of life from some surprises and moving speeches. Jennifer Lawrence charmed in her underdog win, tripping on the way up to the podium and recovering by telling the crowd, "You guys are just standing up because you feel bad that I fell." (She and Adele share that rare, disarming gift of making the world feel delighted for their own wild good fortune.) Daniel Day-Lewis accepted Best Actor from Meryl Streep and joked, "I had actually committed to playing Margaret Thatcher."
Ben Affleck gave a charmingly broken-up thank you on Argo's Best Picture win, which was announced, in a bizarre twist, by Michelle Obama, via a live feed from D.C. (How uncomfortable would it have been had Best Picture gone to political hot-potato Zero Dark Thirty?) Even MacFarlane seemed looser, and funnier in small doses, as the night went on. Before Streep took the stage, he said, "Our next presenter needs no introduction" — and walked off.
Before I even read the comments here, I'm going to guess that people who really like MacFarlane and his 10-jokes-a-minute Family Guy also liked his Oscars: particularly young viewers and male viewers, MacFarlane's core audience, who don't necessarily tune in for the Oscars. (Disclosure: I'm middle-aged and agree with the South Park guys that Family Guy plays like it's written by manatees.) And that, after all, was probably what ABC was going for with "an Oscars the guys can enjoy": not an Oscar that only young men would watch, but an Oscars watched by everyone who would watch them regardless, plus young men. Young men who are also big fans of Chicago and Les Miz.
It may work well for them; we'll have to see the ratings. (It will also probably help that this was a more commercially successful crop of Best Picture nominees than in some recent years.) But it was also up, for a key hour, against The Walking Dead, a show that's huge among young male viewers. Want an Oscar the guys can enjoy? It might need more zombies.


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Coil Springs
Lifted coil springs for Chevy, GMC, Dodge, Ford and Jeep can not only raise the ride height of your vehicle, lift coil springs can be used to compensate for heavier load carrying requirements as well.
Over time, truck, jeep and SUV coil springs become fatigued and lose ride height causing aftermarket tires to rub. Ride quality is also compromised with worn out coil lift truck springs. Replacement lift coil springs can solve these common problems.
For minimal lift and more heavy duty applications see SuperCoils


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Last Minute Thanksgiving Prep
We're a deadline driven trade, so we know how those pesky deadlines can sneak up on you. With Thanksgiving just hours away, there's precious time to plan. No need to stress with these last minute tips to plan a bountiful Thanksgiving dinner.
Plan now.
Sounds crazy but with only three days to plan for Thanksgiving, you need to use your time wisely. Sit down and think about your meal. Know how many people you will host, when you'll be serving and what's on the menu. Write down everything you'll need so you can make one outing to the store.
Visit the deli.
Purchasing ready-made side dishes can be a huge time saver if you're in a pinch. Grocery stores have a wide variety of options to please all. They may not be grandma's recipes but they can save a meal and you can always doctor them up a bit to make them your own.
Ask for help.
Have your guests bring the side dishes and desserts to take some weight off of your shoulders. This leaves you time to focus on the turkey, potatoes and stuffing.
Don't stress.
Remember that your guests are happy to get together and spend some quality time, so relax. And if you impress them with a fabulous dessert, your family may forget that you didn't use grandma's stuffing recipe.
Even the best laid plans go awry. If you have complications with part of your meal, consider Thanksgiving meal sandwiches. Don't laugh until you've tried a turkey, potato, cranberry, stuffing and gravy sandwich. Delicious.
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It lies on hand that October is all about pumpkins. I am sure many of you have pumpkins on your minds too. Thinking about different faces or designs your Jack o' Lanterns might have this Halloween. This is certainly a fun month in the year.
I wanted to welcome October elegantly though. Although I have a few ideas of what scary faces my pumpkins will put on at the end of the month, I was keen on doing something a little different with the mini pumpkins my mother-in-law gave me.
As she grows these in her garden I got a generous load of them. Initially they were placed in and around the house - arranged in different ways. All rather boring I kept thinking.
Finally my brain experienced the light bulb effect and I was excited to quickly realize my ideas. So, Soeren and I went for one of our walks in the woods and collected chestnuts, acorns and acorn leaves, berries, hibiscus, flowers and anything else we thought might look good in the arrangement.
I went to the florist on the way home and bought a nice orange/peach colored rose and some floral foam.
We got home and spent a good hour designing our centerpiece of the month. It was quite easy once everything was sorted out.
You'll need:
Colored leaves, chestnuts, acorns, berries, physallis, flowers - basically anything a long walk in the woods will give you.
A rose - the color of the rose should match the Fall colors of the bouquet
Floral foam
Wired wood picks
Greening pins
Floral glue
A small plate or tea saucer
How to:
Simply cut the top of the pumpkin and remove the flesh and seeds. As mini pumpkins are not edible throw this away. Cut a small piece of the floral foam so that it fits snugly into the pumpkin. Using the wood picks, greening pins and glue arrange your flowers, leaves, nuts and berries into the foam to give a nice voluptuous arrangement.
On the plate or tea saucer, fix a few colored leaves using the floral glue. Make sure the leaves cover the plate nicely. Place the pumpkin bouquet in the middle of the plate. Finally glue a few nuts onto the leaves and fill any gaps with green moss or leaves.
A day or so later a good friend of mine came over to visit us and she was so enamored by the creation that she requested me to make a few for her birthday party a few days later. I was delighted to and as she only needed three the arrangements were ready in no time.
This time I went for a peach colored rose and added a few green leaves from the roses to the arrangement. I sprayed the nuts with a bit of hairspray to give them a glossy shine. I also integrated the top of the pumpkin into the arrangement.
This month the lovely Sandi of Whistlestop Cafe is hosting Centerpiece of the Month and I would love to send her one of these little Pumpkin Bouquets to brighten her October.
More ideas for Autumn decoration:
Fall decoration around the home
Cut above the rest - carving ideas for Halloween pumpkins
Technorati Tags: autumn, fall, bouquet, flower, arrangement, pumpkin, berries, design, home, decoration, flowers, floral, COTM, photography, nikon d 70s
All photographs and written content on What's For Lunch, Honey? © 2006-2007 Meeta Albrecht unless otherwise indicated. | All rights reserved | Please Ask First


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The Afghan War Diary (AWD for short) consists of messages from several important US military communications systems. The messaging systems have changed over time; as such reporting standards and message format have changed as well. This reading guide tries to provide some helpful hints on interpretation and understanding of the messages contained in the AWD.
Most of the messages follow a pre-set structure that is designed to make automated processing of the contents easier. It is best to think of the messages in the terms of an overall collective logbook of the Afghan war. The AWD contains the relevant events, occurrences and intelligence experiences of the military, shared among many recipients. The basic idea is that all the messages taken together should provide a full picture of a day's important events, intelligence, warnings, and other statistics. Each unit, outpost, convoy, or other military action generates reports about relevant daily events. The range of topics is rather wide: Improvised Explosives Devices encountered, offensive operations, taking enemy fire, engagement with possible hostile forces, talking with village elders, numbers of wounded, dead, and detained, kidnappings, broader intelligence information and explicit threat warnings from intercepted radio communications, local informers or the afghan police. It also includes day to day complaints about lack of equipment and supplies.
The description of events in the messages is often rather short and terse. To grasp the reporting style, it is helpful to understand the conditions under which the messages are composed and sent. Often they come from field units who have been under fire or under other stressful conditions all day and see the report-writing as nasty paperwork that needs to be completed with little apparent benefit to expect. So the reporting is kept to the necessary minimum, with as little type-work as possible. The field units also need to expect questions from higher up or disciplinary measures for events recorded in the messages, so they will tend to gloss over violations of rules of engagement and other problematic behavior; the reports are often detailed when discussing actions or interactions by enemy forces. Once it is in the AWD messages, it is officially part of the record — it is subject to analysis and scrutiny. The truthfulness and completeness especially of descriptions of events must always be carefully considered. Circumstances that completely change the meaning of a reported event may have been omitted.
The reports need to answer the critical questions: Who, When, Where, What, With whom, by what Means and Why. The AWD messages are not addressed to individuals but to groups of recipients that are fulfilling certain functions, such as duty officers in a certain region. The systems where the messages originate perform distribution based on criteria like region, classification level and other information. The goal of distribution is to provide those with access and the need to know all of the information that is relevant to their duties. In practice, this seems to be working imperfectly. The messages contain geo-location information in the forms of latitude-longitude, military grid coordinates and region.
The messages contain a large number of abbreviations that are essential to understanding its contents. When browsing through the messages, underlined abbreviations pop up as a little explanation when the mouse is hovering over it. The meanings and use of some shorthands have changed over time, others are sometimes ambiguous or have several meanings that are used depending on context, region or reporting unit. If you discover the meaning of a so-far unresolved acronym or abbreviations, or if you have corrections, please submit them to email@example.com.
An especially helpful reference to names of military units and task-forces and their respective responsibilities can be found at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/enduring-freedom.htm
The site also contains a list of bases, airfields http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/afghanistan.htm Location names are also often shortened to three-character acronyms.
Messages may contain date and time information. Dates are mostly presented in either US numeric form (Year-Month-Day, e.g. 2009-09-04) or various Euro-style shorthands (Day-Month-Year, e.g. 2 Jan 04 or 02-Jan-04 or 2jan04 etc.).
Times are frequently noted with a time-zone identifier behind the time, e.g. "09:32Z". Most common are Z (Zulu Time, aka. UTC time zone), D (Delta Time, aka. UTC + 4 hours) and B (Bravo Time, aka UTC + 2 hours). A full list off time zones can be found here: http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/military/
Other times are noted without any time zone identifier at all. The Afghanistan time zone is AFT (UTC + 4:30), which may complicate things further if you are looking up messages based on local time.
Finding messages relating to known events may be complicated by date and time zone shifting; if the event is in the night or early morning, it may cause a report to appear to be misfiled. It is advisable to always look through messages before and on the proceeding day for any event.
David Leigh, the Guardian's investigations editor, explains the online tools they have created to help you understand the secret US military files on the war in Afghanistan: www.guardian.co.uk/world/datablog/video/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-war-logs-video-tutorial


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Today's Names to Know: Pats, Colts,
Intro: This is a huge weekend in sports for marquee games: Friday, The NBA regular-season debut of the Celtics' "Big Three." Saturday, college football's Game of the Year, arguably. Sunday, the NFL Game of the Year. In today's Quickie post, we'll start with college football, hit the NFL preview, recap last night's NBA and then get into everything else you want/need/have to know for today, including Bonds' boycott, Torre's intro, Hingis' "retirement" and more...
CFB Preview and Picks:
If Oregon wins, they claim the biggest single win of the season by any contending team, to go along with wins over Michigan (more impressive now than then) and USC, with only that fumbled-away loss to Cal (looks worse now than then). They would arguably become the top one-loss team in the country and arguably deserve consideration as a Top 2 team.
(If the season ended today,
To get you to that 6:40 ET kickoff, I recommend you check out LSU at Alabama at 3:30. LSU playing for a very quality BCS-impacting win -- not to mention the SEC West lead (and perhaps division title). Oh, and there's a little thing about Saban vs. his old team...
19 USC over
24 Wake Forest over 23
25 Clemson over Duke
Last Night: Virginia Tech rebounded from that season-gutting loss to BC by throttling Georgia Tech in
NFL Preview and Picks: Here are my Top 5 Most Intriguing Storylines for the Weekend:
2. Pats-Colts
3. Pats-Colts
4. Pats-Colts
5. Pats-Colts
I started out doing that list tongue-in-cheek and planned to fill in five more (real) storylines, but then I reconsidered: This IS the Game of the Year in the NFL, the true barometer of how far ahead of the rest of the league the Patriots are. Nationally, everything else is totally eclipsed.
Bengals over at Bills
Broncos over at Lions
Panthers over at Titans
Packers over at Chiefs
Chargers over at Vikings
Jags over at Saints
Redskins over at Jets
Cards over at Bucs
Seahawks over at Browns
Pats over at Colts (by 30+)
Texans over at Raiders
Cowboys over at Eagles
Steelers over Ravens (MNF)
(You read that right: I pick every road team playing on Sunday to win.)
NBA Tonight: Celtics' Big Three debut against my Wizards. I (with every other lazy bandwagoneer) have picked the Celtics to win the East this season, although I don't think many others agreed with me in picking Kevin Garnett as the runaway NBA MVP.
"Big Three's" are the new hotness in the NBA, and it's not like the Wizards have a weak Big Three of their own (Arenas,
NBA Last Night: Tracy McGrady tops
Barry Bonds will boycott Baseball Hall of Fame...: ...If they display his 756 ball with the asterisk branded onto it. "There is no such thing as an asterisk in baseball." I can see his point -- many baseball purists who loathe Bonds agreed that so-called populist branding of the ball was an insult to the game and its fans.
But now that it's done, and the
Dodgers hire Joe Torre: I'm sure the Dodgers are excited, given Torre's track record and the fact that he's one of only a few managers in baseball who brings buzz with him -- especially because this is an NL pennant that is wide open for the taking. (I can only imagine the lure of the Dodgers for an old Brooklynite like Torre. I used to go jogging right past the old Torre house.)
(Meanwhile, I kind of like that Joe Girardi has chosen No. 27 as his uniform number; that's the number of titles the Yankees will have won... as soon as Girardi wins one.)
Tennis Scandal: I put this on my still-evolving Twitter feed yesterday afternoon, but is it wrong that I find
(I'd dispute that: If the Nets offered Vince Carter AND Richard Jefferson, don't you think the Lakers would be better off? Meanwhile,
More reasonably, it's time for the Lakers to recognize that between
Soccer: Carlos Valderrama gets the prize for best ref-arguing skills. The former star turned assistant coach was ejected from a game for arguing with a ref... by waving cash in his face. Can't wait for the first NBA fan sitting courtside to try the same thing.
I feel incredibly bad for Andy Reid, whose son obviously has massive problems. That said: Without being overly proscriptive, it seems awkward at this point that he would continue coaching the Eagles, when his family is so obviously messed up. Cripes, the judge called Reid's home a "drug emporium."
Congrats to Pro Football Talk on its seven-year anniversary. In what might be the biggest news to hit the sports blogosphere of the year, PFT announced what many of its long-time fans have been waiting for: Permalinks on all individual Rumor Mill posts, along with (gasp) an RSS feed. Can't wait for that.
(I really like the new PFT logo, too. Hmm: Maybe it's time for a DanShanoff.com logo. Sorry, an NBA- or MLB-style silhouette of me slurping other bloggers isn't feasible.)


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Nearly four decades later, there's some solace for the families of young women in Argentina who were killed after giving birth under orders from the country's then-dictators. The women's babies — Argentina's "stolen children" — were then handed over to loyal members of the military.
Thursday, former dictators Rafael Videla and Reynaldo Bignone were convicted "for the systematic stealing of babies from political prisoners," as The Associated Press writes. The wire service adds that:
"Videla, 86, was sentenced to 50 years in prison, while the 84-year-old Bignone got 15 years for their roles in the baby thefts. The prison time is symbolic, though, because both men have been behind bars for years following multiple convictions and life sentences for other crimes against humanity."
Back in March, Morning Edition's Steve Inskeep spoke with Francisco Goldman of The New Yorker about his report on "Children of the Dirty War." As Goldman reported:
"During the Process of National Reorganization — the military junta's grandiose name for the period of its rule, from 1976 to 1983 — as many as 30,000 people, mostly young Argentines, were disappeared. ...
"Approximately 30 percent of the disappeared were women. Some were abducted with their small children, and some, perhaps 3 percent, were pregnant, or became so while in detention, usually through rape by guards and torturers. Pregnant prisoners were routinely kept alive until they'd given birth. Sometimes the mothers were able to nurse their newborns, at least sporadically, for a few days, or even weeks, before the babies were taken from them and the mothers were 'transferred' — sent to their deaths, in the Dirty War's notorious nomenclature."
The New York Times says "some 500 babies born in jail were taken by the military." Today, the BBC posted an interview with one of the stolen children, Victoria Montenegro. It was difficult to learn of her birth mother's fate, she says, because she had grown up only knowing the couple who raised her. "With this verdict we are repairing what happened," she says. "This sentence is very liberating for me."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Grand Theft Auto IV
Grand Theft Auto IV | |
Developers | Rockstar North Rockstar Toronto (PC) |
Publishers | Rockstar Games Capcom (Japan) Cyberfront (Japan PC) |
Platform | |
Release dates | PS3 29 April 2008 29 April 2008 Xbox 360 PC |
Engine | RAGE |
Protagonist | Niko Bellic |
Location | Liberty City Alderney State |
Year | 2008 |
Grand Theft Auto IV (officially abbreviated as GTA IV) is the eleventh Grand Theft Auto game in the series, the first of the GTA IV Era.
The game was developed by Rockstar North and was published and released by Rockstar Games for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC. The Xbox 360 and PS3 versions were been released worldwide to widespread hype on April 29, 2008. GTA IV was subsequently been awarded the Gaming World Record of the Most Successful Entertainment Launch of All Time and has received numerous other awards and accolades. The original version made even more success than its expansions. The PC version was released on December 3, 2008.
Game Information
Game Content
Game Features
Main Articles
The very first dialogue by Niko in the very first trailer for the game, this sets up the first notable protagonist to be from another country, Niko Bellic, to enter the United States of America and make more critical analysis of American culture than previous main characters have done. Grand Theft Auto IV's deeper meaning circulates around Niko's own philosophy, and his clear, blunt critiques of American culture and life in general make the deeper ideas much easier to see and understand. Niko is normally shown to be in the right, but is also proven to be overly cynical, leaving interpretation open to the viewer. The game and its very complex plot deals with several themes:
As read on the packaging of the game, Rockstar Games asks "what does the American dream mean today?". Niko is cynical about America, saying "capitalism is a dirty business" and only people who are extremely greedy and/or born into wealth have any opportunity. Mikhail Faustin also laments before he dies that "America made him greedy! ...This American greed takes everyone! It is like a disease!". Niko mocks American stereotypes like "strip malls and clinical obesity" (as do the makers of the game by hilariously parodying concepts like post-9/11 hysteria and celebrity obsession). On the flip-side Roman Bellic, as well as other characters (Brucie Kibbutz, Bernie Crane, Ivan Bytchkov and Hossan Ramzy among others) are optimistic about America and life in general, tend to do very well for themselves financially, and try in vain to encourage Niko to be more optimistic.
The American dream is also shown not to be promised to anyone, not even when they already live in America. Social circles all the way from Playboy X and Elizabeta Torres to Patrick McReary all have trouble making and responsibly saving money, not restricting it to any one nationality. Early on, The Beat 102.7 explains that their listeners "don't know how to manage their money yet!". Gerry describes his family's spending habits as "Never any fucking focus! Never! ...Oh yeah, wine and women as quick as possible, and remain a slave forever". Packie eventually says after a mission "Well, Niko, that was a whole lot of effort for no fucking reward. Story of my life." to which Niko replies "It is the story of a lot of lives, Packie. I'm getting used to hearing it". A very interesting part of the in-game media is a show called I'm Rich, which documents the most outrageous displays of gluttony by the world's wealthiest people, enough to make anyone feel inadequate.
Grand Theft Auto IV has an extremely complex plot with a very long list of characters. It is also the first game that allows the player to change the plot by making choices, which all have consequences. This creates an atmosphere where Niko is haunted and shadowed by his past actions wherever he goes. He tells Roman "There is no such thing as a new beginning, Roman. With every day we live, we pick up new baggage, baggage we must carry with us for the rest of our lives. There's no dropping it and pretending we are fresh and clean, just because we get off a boat in a new place." Prime examples include his numerous run-ins with Ray Bulgarin, most of the random characters, and working alongside Johnny Klebitz or Patrick McReary while he had, either by not having met them yet or circumstances beyond his control, killed someone close to them. In the finale, Niko feels the coffin of Kate or Roman, depending on the player's choice, on his conscience because of his criminal lifestyle, saying they "never should have gotten close to me". He is deeply depressed about being trapped in the criminal lifestyle (by a need of income), telling Kate McReary and others that he wishes he could leave it behind, but often adds that he knows he can't.
Main Characters:
- Niko Bellic: The playable protagonist, through whose eyes the player sees the world of the game. He is morally upstanding and logical despite his criminal life, but is often shown to have authority issues. He is also more cynical and pessimistic than is good for him. He seems to sort people into three categories:
- Roman Bellic, Little Jacob, Brucie Kibbutz, Kate McReary and Bernie Crane: The optimists, people Niko likes because of their positivity, and they all try in vain to encourage Niko to be more optimistic. Many are foolish and could be mistaken for comic relief, but they do offer pearls of wisdom about life and success, a realization that Niko must make at the same time. Other interesting cases are Ivan Bytchkov, and Hossan, both immigrants like Niko but with much more confidence in the American way of life.
- Packie McReary, Gerald McReary, Derrick McReary, Dwayne Forge and Phil Bell: The pessimists, people Niko likes because they have angst that he instinctively responds to. Packie and Dwayne especially become friends of Niko because of their shared struggle; Niko confides in Dwayne remarkably early in their relationship when he says "you remind me of me". It's also notable that he relates well to Jon Gravelli and his bleak sense of humor, despite an enormous age gap, other lifestyle differences and Niko's traditional dislike of his bosses.
- Vlad Glebov, Dimitri Rascalov, Mikhail Faustin, Ray Bulgarin, Francis McReary, United Liberty Paper, Manny Escuela, Elizabeta Torres, Playboy X, Ray Boccino and Jimmy Pegorino: The corrupt, people Niko doesn't like (or forced to take orders of them) because of their greed or immorality. He had to take orders from all of them, considers killing most of them at least once, and inevitably kills above one third of them. This, combined with his dislike of capitalism, shows that Niko has authority issues and can't stand corrupt people in power. With the exception of United Liberty Paper, Elizabeta (who ends up in jail) and only if spared Playboy X and Francis McReary, all of the corrupt end up dead
- Mallorie Bardas, Karen, Jon Gravelli, Darko Brevic, Bryce Dawkins, Johnny Klebitz; other characters in the game.
- Michelle, Kate McReary, Carmen Ortiz, Kiki Jenkins and Alex Chilton; girlfriends Niko can date. Michelle and Kate are unlocked in the story mode; the other 3 must be met by the internet. Each girlfriend has their own opinions on what they would like Niko to drive in, wear and go to. The 3 online girlfriends can give Niko a special ability once he pleases them enough in quality and quantity of date.
Audio File | |
File:GTAIV-Theme.ogg | |
Soviet Connection - GTA IV Main Theme | Author: Michael Hunter |
Spoiler Warning: Plot and/or ending details are in the text which follows. |
Time period
Grand Theft Auto series
The game is set in 2008, the year the game was released. It is specifically between July and October:
- In The Ballad of Gay Tony, whose timeline intersects the original GTA IV frequently, Gay Tony mentions in I Luv LC that "the banks" had been bailed out which was made official on October 3, 2008.
- A Weazel News segment on the radio says that Paper Trail and Entourage were about one month apart.
- Another Weazel News radio cast says that a month after the Platypus captain's body was found, shipmate Dave Bosoy was also found dead - Dave was found around the same time as Undress to Kill.
- Ernesto Lopez mentions to Luis Lopez that his children are in school.
- The entire plot also likely happens in less than three months - a celebrity named Cloe Parker has a three-month-old child, and in tabloid tradition there would have been extensive coverage of her pregnancy.
- The real-life New York City begins to snow around mid November, and it never snows in the game.
- It's never revealed whether John Hunter or Michael Graves was elected governor, which would have occurred in early November.
Grand Theft Auto IV follows the story of Niko Bellic; Before the events of the game, he fought in the Bosnian War as a teenager, was betrayed by one of the members (which got most of the squad killed) and is now obsessed with getting revenge. After fighting in the war, bad circumstances led him to work for Ray Bulgarin in human trafficking, which ended with Niko being blamed for a sinking ship and leaving Europe to escape Bulgarin's wrath and power. While spending the next seven months in the merchant navy he made the decision to move to Liberty City, where his cousin Roman claimed to be living a life of luxury (as well as to hunt down one of the two suspected traitors, Florian Cravic).
The game begins with Niko getting off the container ship "Platypus" and meeting his cousin Roman. He quickly finds out that Roman completely bluffed about his lifestyle, both as a joke and to recruit help, as he is living the average life of a poor immigrant in Hove Beach. Niko spends the next few weeks working at Roman's cab depot (making friends like "Little" Jacob Hughes and Brucie Kibbutz in the process, as well as a girlfriend Michelle) and fighting off his loan sharks - this eventually leads to Niko killing Vlad Glebov, a Russian mobster and one of the sharks, for sleeping with Roman's girlfriend Mallorie Bardas. Immediately after, they are kidnapped by the Russian mob and before they are both nearly killed, Niko wins over the mob's leaders Mikhail Faustin and Dimitri Rascalov to work for them instead. Because Mikhail is a violent, irrational sociopath (even by organized crime standards), he has Niko kill the son of Kenny Petrovic, the most powerful Russian mobster in the United States. After a short while, Dimitri tells Niko that to survive Petrovic, he must kill Mikhail. They successfully kill him and appease Petrovic, but when Niko is to receive payment, Dimitri reveals that he is now partnered with Ray Bulgarin and tries to have him killed. Niko and Roman, whose apartment and cab depot were also burned to the ground by Dimitri, must leave Broker and hide with Mallorie's cousins, north of town in Bohan.
Bohan and early Algonquin
Mallorie introduces Niko to both Manny Ecsuela, a community organizer making a documentary about his good deeds, and Elizabeta Torres, an extremely influential drug supplier (who, in turn, introduces Niko to Playboy X and Patrick McReary). Through Manny, Niko is blackmailed by police chief Francis McReary into silencing people for him, including famous lawyer Tom Goldberg. As the authorities close in on Elizabeta's drug ring, Niko's girlfriend Michelle reveals that she is an undercover agent and Niko will be forced to work for her boss. Elizabeta is arrested and sentenced to 300 years (but not before she kills Manny, for trying to citizen arrest her for publicity). Niko moves on to work for Playboy, who is embarrassed to welcome back his old-fashioned mentor Dwayne Forge from prison. As their views conflict and their friendship deteriorates, Playboy and Dwayne each try to have Niko kill the other. Niko's decision of who to kill is one of seven pivotal choices in the game, left to the player. Niko is paid twenty-five grand to kill Dwayne, who could be framed as suicidal, delusional and ready to die. However, if he kills Playboy, who could be considered very greedy and disrespectful to his mentor, he is rewarded with his penthouse and car (worth much more). Niko also does very secretive work for United Liberty Paper, the front company which Michelle's (real name Karen) superiors cover themselves with. Niko is ironically told to kill other criminals who immigrated from Eastern Europe, for their ties to financing terrorist activity.
Late Algonquin and Alderney
Roman is kidnapped by Dimitri's Russian mob once again, after his gambling habit led him to "gambling in their private club". After Niko rescues him, Roman finally becomes a millionaire and purchases a luxury condo for him and Niko. Soon after he is contacted again by Packie McReary, and begins working with his family and friends in the Irish mob (also finding out chief McReary is his brother). Niko becomes a family friend, eventually dating Packie's sister Kate McReary. Niko is introduced to Ray Boccino of the Pegorino Family, who employ Packie's crew as extra muscle. Ray leads everyone involved in a messy, complex diamond deal that pits them against the Ancelotti Family, resulting in Niko and Packie kidnapping the don's daughter to demand back the diamonds that were stolen back from them. The diamonds are lost in garbage during a firefight between Niko/Packie and Ray Bulgarin again, who was the very first owner of the diamonds. Niko is also forced to make a choice of killing one of Packie's older brothers, Francis or Derrick. Francis is a crooked police commissioner, and if spared will reward Niko with $10-20,000 and the favor of calling off a police pursuit. Derrick, however, is a derelict heroin addict and has nothing to offer Niko aside from the satisfaction of killing Francis.
For his assistance, Niko demanded that Boccino lead him to Florian - he successfully tracks Florian down, who changed his name to Bernie Crane. Niko discovers that Florian/Bernie was innocent and a closeted homosexual (leaving Niko to hunt down the real traitor, Darko Brevic). Niko continues to help Bernie as a friend, helping to ward off blackmailers of his boyfriend, closeted politician Bryce Dawkins (the demands, control of construction unions, are from Dimitri and Ray Bulgarin of all people). After his help they have a profound friendship, and Bernie rewards Niko with an Infernus supercar.
Niko works his way up in the Pegorinos, eventually meeting their boss Jimmy Pegorino and working directly for him (eventually, he is told to kill Ray Boccino). United Liberty Paper contacts Niko again to work for Jon Gravelli, the head of the city's most powerful mafia family and now on his death bed. In exchange for his help, United Liberty Paper kidnaps Darko (who lived in Bucharest, Romania) for Niko to confront personally. Darko admits to betraying the group to pay for his drug habit, and Niko must make the personal choice of either killing him or, as Roman encourages him, forgetting revenge and letting him suffer alive.
At the end of the game, Pegorino chooses to do a heroin deal with Dimitri Rascalov. Niko has the choice of whether to comply and follow Pegorino's orders, and be paid a very large sum of money, or to take revenge on Dimitri. In both scenarios, Niko targets both Dimitri and Pegorino (whether or not Niko chooses the deal, in which Dimitri betrays him as expected). In between the incidents, Roman and Mallorie get married when someone is killed at their wedding. Depending on which path is chosen, it is either Roman Bellic or Kate McReary. By the story's conclusion both Dimitri and Pegorino are dead, while Mallorie is pregnant with Roman's child.
Niko's choices
During the game, the player makes a total of seven choices based on the morality of the player. They are listed below:
- Spare or kill Ivan Bytchkov (sent to kill him by Vlad Glebov).
- Reward: Random character if spared.
- Spare or kill Cherise Glover (sent to kill her boyfriend by Dwayne Forge).
- Reward: Random character if spared.
- Spare or kill Clarence Little (sent to kill him by Francis McReary).
- Reward: Random character if spared.
- Kill Playboy X or Dwayne Forge (each request you kill the other).
- Reward for killing Playboy X: Playboy X's Penthouse as a usable safehouse, Dwayne Forge as a friend and a new costume.
- Reward for killing Dwayne Forge: $25,000
- Kill Francis McReary or Derrick McReary (each request you kill the other).
- Reward for killing Francis McReary: Nothing
- Reward for killing Derrick McReary: $10,000 (20,000 if you call Francis on the roof) and the ability to remove your Wanted Level soon after this message (this ability is removed by the end of the game).
- Spare or kill Darko Brevic.
- Reward: Nothing for spare or kill.
- Choose to strike a deal or exact revenge.
- Reward for choosing Deal: Kate McReary is alive, paid $250,000 sooner.
- Reward for choosing Revenge: Roman Bellic is alive, paid $250,000 later.
Two episodes have been released for Grand Theft Auto IV for the Xbox 360, and then released for Playstation 3 and PC in April 2010. The Lost and Damned was released on February 17, 2009, and features biker Johnny Klebitz as the player character. The Ballad of Gay Tony was been released on October 29, 2009, with Luis Fernando Lopez as the protagonist. It was simultaneously released with the disc version of Episodes from Liberty City, which features both games. These episodes are set in the same city and time as GTA IV, and have many overlapping storylines, characters, and missions. They add new missions, characters, vehicles, weapons, and other gameplay features.
There was much controversy over Grand Theft Auto IV, however, the series has experienced trouble throughout its whole time on the shelves. Before it was released, it was almost banned. MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) noted the drunk driving feature and requested it either not released or rated AO. Because of this, Niko says "I'm not sure I should be doing this," whenever he is drunk driving but strangely this is something he never would say if he were to murder an NPC or commit a crime other than drunk driving.
External links


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It didn't take long for politics to enter the fray of Olympic sports. On Day One of preliminary competition, members of the North Korean women's soccer team staged a short protest after a mix-up with their national flag.
Glitches are common in the early days of an Olympic Games. But in this uber-hyped atmosphere, where nations do sporting battle with other nations, even the glitches can be charged with extra meaning.
Such was the case Wednesday at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland, site of a preliminary women's soccer match between North Korea and Colombia. As the teams were introduced, the jumbo TV screen flashed the North Korean players' pictures — next to a South Korean flag.
That's no laughing matter between hostile neighbors. The North Korean players left the field in protest, delaying the match for more than an hour.
Olympic organizers accepted blame for the mix-up. Once the players returned to the field, North Korea won, 2-0.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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LOS ANGELES — With a single behemoth purchase, Comcast is creating a dominant force in American entertainment and presenting federal regulators with an equally outsized quandary: How should they handle a conglomerate that promises to improve cable TV and Internet service to millions of homes but also consolidates unprecedented control of what viewers watch and download?
Comcast, which was already the nation's No. 1 pay TV and Internet provider, says its $45.2 billion purchase of Time Warner Cable will provide faster, more reliable service to more customers and save money on TV programming costs.
If the acquisition is approved, Comcast will serve some 30 million pay TV customers and 32 million Internet subscribers.
But industry watchdogs say the deal will give the company too much power and ultimately raise the price of high-speed connections.
"How much power over content do we want a single company to have?" said Bert Foer, president of the American Antitrust Institute, a Washington based consumer interest group.
The all-stock deal approved by the boards of both companies trumps a proposal from Charter Communications to buy Time Warner Cable for about $38 billion. It also represents another giant expansion following Comcast's $30 billion purchase of NBCUniversal, operator of networks like NBC, Bravo and USA, which was completed last March.
Comcast says it will continue to operate under conditions the government imposed when it approved that transaction, including a requirement that it provide standalone Internet service without tying it to a pay TV package and that it make programming available without discrimination to other providers, including online video providers. However, those conditions expire in 2018, and Comcast CEO Brian Roberts was not prepared to voluntarily extend those into the future in a conference call with journalists.
"Those Internet conditions would apply on Day One," he said. "How long that goes is not something I want to speculate on, but many years at the very minimum."
Roberts argued that the cable industry has been losing TV subscribers for the last decade because of increased competition from satellite TV providers such as DirecTV and Dish and telecom companies like AT&T and Verizon. Despite gaining subscribers in the final quarter of last year, the forecast is to lose more in 2014.
"It's a very competitive business," he said. "That being said, we've expanded for consumers their capabilities and access to content in remarkable ways."
While the provision of video is competitive, it is becoming increasingly less important for cable operators as higher programming costs cut into their profits. On the other hand, providing Internet services is highly profitable and in many markets, cable companies offer the best speeds available.
"In most places outside of a few big metro areas, you've only got cable as the only game in town," said Craig Aaron, president of Free Press, a public-interest group that focuses on the media industry. "I don't see there on their list of proposed consumer benefits prices going down."
The deal is expected to close by the end of the year, pending shareholder and regulatory approvals
The two companies already have strongholds in the major markets of New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. Comcast has 22 million pay TV customers but plans to divest 3 million after the deal closes. Time Warner Cable will contribute 11.2 million customers.
The price amounts to $158.82 per share for Time Warner Cable and is about 17 percent above that stock's Wednesday closing price of $135.31. It tops a Charter Communications Inc. proposal to buy Time Warner Cable for about $132.50 per share.
Charter had pursued Time Warner Cable for months, but Time Warner Cable CEO Rob Marcus consistently rejected what he called a lowball offer, saying he would cut a deal for $160 per share in cash and stock.
For a time, Comcast, which also owns NBCUniversal, stayed in the background, waiting to purchase any chunk of subscribers that a combined Charter-Time Warner Cable would sell off. Charter had planned to finance its bid with $25 billion in new debt. As part of a plan to pay off the debt quickly, the company considered selling off some of its territories after a deal had closed. Time Warner Cable's Marcus had also balked at the huge debt burden the Charter takeover represented.
The Comcast-Time Warner Cable combination's total of roughly 30 million customers is believed to be a level that won't trigger the concern of antitrust authorities. Divesting subscribers could help the deal get approved more quickly.
Comcast is also taking the position that because Comcast and Time Warner Cable don't serve overlapping markets, their combination won't reduce competition for consumers. Comcast operates in Chicago and mainly in Northeast markets that also include Boston, Washington and its home base of Philadelphia. Time Warner Cable has strongholds around its headquarters in New York, as well in Los Angeles, Dallas and Milwaukee.
In many of those areas, the combined Comcast/Time Warner Cable will face competition from rivals AT&T and Verizon, which provide both pay TV services and Internet hookups. Both AT&T and Verizon are growing quickly. They ended 2013 with 5.5 million and 5.3 million pay TV subscribers, respectively.
Time Warner Cable shareholders will receive 2.875 Comcast shares for every Time Warner Cable share they own. Once the deal is final, they will end up owning about 23 percent of the combined company.
Comcast and Time Warner Cable are expected to save $1.5 billion in annual costs over three years, with half of that realized in the first year.
Comcast also plans to add an additional $10 billion in share buybacks at the close of the deal, on top of a recent plan to boost its share buyback authority to $7.5 billion from $1 billion.
Conceding that it had lost the takeover battle, Charter issued a statement Wednesday saying the company "has always maintained that our greatest opportunity to create value for shareholders is by executing our current business plan, and that we will continue to be disciplined in this and any other (merger and acquisition) activity we pursue."
Shares of Time Warner Cable jumped 7 percent, or $9.46, to $144.77 Thursday morning after the deal was announced, while broader trading indexes slipped less than 1 percent. Comcast shares fell more than 3 percent, or $1.74, to $53.50.
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Outfit #2: Blazer: Robert Rodriguez via Amazon Fashion, Skirt: Topshop, Tee: AA, Shoes: Chanel. Sunglasses: Ray Ban. Necklace: HStern (a gift from my family in Moscow – miss & love you guys!)
A few weeks ago, Amazon Fashion asked me to pick out an outfit to wear during NYFW. I always knew Amazon sold everything, but never realized what a substantial fashion department they had. After having way too many things in my shopping cart, I narrowed down to the BCBG Max Azria pleated leather skirt I'm wearing in the first outfit and the Robert Rodriguez blazer I'm wearing in the second (was immediately drawn to the exaggerated shoulders). Days later, I mix and matched these classic pieces with my current wardrobe (minus the leather jacket, which I borrowed from Christine).
photos by: Keith Hodne


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Bookmark movie Raylene wearing a black corset riding a hard cockADDED: 2017-12-05 | TIME: 5:05 |
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The effects of basement flood damage or other water damage can go quickly from bad to irreparable if not addressed immediately. Water damage and excess water in your home can cause electrical hazards, expensive damage to your home's structure and furnishings, and lead to the growth of hazardous bacteria and mold.
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Not necessarily. Our trained technicians will adjust the temperature to its optimum setting for the proper drying conditions. Once set, do not change the setting or shut off the HVAC system; doing so may prolong the drying process.
After water damage in your home, stair carpeting is generally not removed for safety reasons. Exposed tack strips or staples, especially on steps, can be dangerous. However, there are situations where removing carpet from stairs is necessary to prevent damage to hardwood steps underneath, or in the case of sewage contamination. Removing tack strips is not advised, as this may damage the hardwood or the subfloor. Extreme caution must be used whenever the tack strip is exposed or when the carpeted stairs are damp. If carpet left on the stairs is unsalvageable, it will be removed when new carpet is installed.
Water damage can occur from a leak, plumbing issues or weather-related events. Repairing the damage can range from a quick fix to a large scale restoration but the good news is that most of the time it could have been avoided in the firs
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We offer a Free quote and UK design service, get in touch today.
We can install tarmac driveways in Glasgow City G13 1 which are becoming increasingly popular due to the durability and cheaper costs compared to some other driveway options.
The installation of a macadam surfaces it is fairly quick and easy and can be used within a matter of hours, which makes this material a great choice for home owners across the UK. To make up the tarmac specification, it is a mixture of stones and hot tar which is then laid evenly on a sub base and left to dry. As experts we are able to install your surface quickly and with no faults as our installers have years of experience with surfacing and tarmac.
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On average, we found 23 Mb of introgressed sequence per individual (Fig. 1F), with East Asian individuals inheriting 21% more Neandertal sequence than Europeans. Within subpopulations, we found small but statistically significant variation in the amount of introgressed sequence among Europeans (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; p-value = 4.2 × 10−12), but not among East Asians (p-value = 0.43).and:
Consistent with recent inferences (5, 9), observed patterns of introgression were incom-patible with a one pulse model (Fig. 3B), suggesting that gene flow be-tween Neandertals and humans occurred multiple times. Although we varied many parameters of each model (10) (fig. S14), only the ratio of ancestral effective population size between East Asians and Europeans (NeASN/NeEUR) and the relative amount of introgression between the sec-ond and first pulse (m2/m1) had appreciable effects on model fit (Fig. 3B). We estimate that NeASN/NeEUR is 1.29 (95% CI of 1.15-1.57), and that East Asians received an additional 20.2% (95% CI of 13.4%-27.1%) more Neandertal sequence in the second pulse (10).
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1245938
Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes
Benjamin Vernot, Joshua M. Akey
Anatomically modern humans overlapped and mated with Neandertals such that non-African humans inherit ~1-3% of their genomes from Neandertal ancestors. We identified Neandertal lineages that persist in the DNA of modern humans, in whole-genome sequences from 379 European and 286 East Asian individuals, recovering over 15 Gb of introgressed sequence that spans ~20% of the Neandertal genome (FDR = 5%). Analyses of surviving archaic lineages suggests that there were fitness costs to hybridization, admixture occurred both before and subsequent to divergence of non-African modern humans, and Neandertals were a source of adaptive variation for loci involved in skin phenotypes. Our results provide a new avenue for paleogenomics studies, allowing substantial amounts of population-level DNA sequence information to be obtained from extinct groups even in the absence of fossilized remains.