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Friday, March 5, 2010
How to Measure a Cup of Flour and Why You Shouldn't
The closest I've ever come to throwing the remote through the TV screen was the time I saw a well-know Food Network cooking personality (she has dark hair) measure a tablespoon of chopped parsley to sprinkle over the top of some casserole. Really? Come on!
However, when it comes to baking, exact measurements are critical. A perfectly moist cookie recipe made with 2 cups of flour for one cook can be a dry, disappointing experience for another. Why?
As you'll see in this short, but hopefully illuminating video, the amount of flour that will fit in a cup can vary greatly. If at all possible, when baking, use recipes that call for flour by weight and use a small digital scale to portion.
This is not a sponsored post, but I will disclose that the EatSmart scale you see in the clip was sent to me to test out. I've only used it a few times, so I can't comment on its lifespan or durability, but so far, so good, and I really love the simple design. Here's a link to the Amazon page where it's sold, and received many excellent reviews.
32 comments:
- Ryan said...
I do quite a bit of no-knead bread and since I have a large, nice dutch oven, I do a double batch... I converted all my flour measurements to weight. Nothing like having most of your flour in the bowl and forgetting whether you've added 5 cups or 6. It also makes it easier to adjust when I add in other types of flour or grains.
- March 5, 2010 at 2:24 PM
Thanks for all you great tops, chef ! I'm not a chef but I too try and make food more 'approachable' on my blog. It's a shame how many things people do not make because the don't know a certain technique or do not recognize an ingredient. I love learning and teaching. And your videos are great !
- March 5, 2010 at 2:40 PM
- Chef John said...
- March 5, 2010 at 3:40 PM
It's great advice, but do you use that advice? I can see a lemorange in a cup in the background! Blatantly in your next recipe it'll have
1 cup of lemorange.
You saw it here first. - March 5, 2010 at 4:00 PM
- Chef John said...
I'll do the jokes.
- March 5, 2010 at 4:02 PM
I always weigh my flour because it's so much easier. I used to think that it was more accurate, but I wonder. I've seen published weights for 1 cup of flour vary by over an ounce! I have been using 4 1/2 ounces per cup of bread or all purpose flour for a long time. It seems to work fine.
However, I gotta say i've never gone wrong with your methods so maybe I should change. On the other hand, if it ain't broke..........
Jackie - March 5, 2010 at 5:36 PM
My girlfriend cooks food like a baker and bakes like a chef.
- March 5, 2010 at 7:26 PM
- Chef John said...
- March 5, 2010 at 7:27 PM
- Chris K. said...
When weighing flour I tare a big, lightweight container on my scale and sift the flour into it with a mesh strainer.
This way I get nice, fluffy flour measured accurately, without making a mess. When the flour is weighed out I can tare the container again, and add whatever else the recipe calls for. So consistent and easy!
I'm really glad you posted this, Chef. Baking was intimidating to me for too long. Learning how to properly measure by mass not only improved my baking, but took some of the fear out of it as well.
Plus, now I can actually tell if my dealer is shorting me or not.
BAM! - March 5, 2010 at 8:05 PM
- Birder said...
How wonderfully practical. The scientist in me loves this. Thanks for the ace tip!
- March 5, 2010 at 8:26 PM
- Kalena Michele said...
This was right on time. I was just baking a batch of brownies from a recipe I got from Ina Garten and this time they were particularly fudgey. I didn't pack the flour down like I did last time. Now I know...thanks for the post and vid!
- March 5, 2010 at 10:09 PM
- Livia said...
When I first came to the US, I had to spend some time figuring out how to use a cup to measure flour w/o messing up my recipes, which were all in grams, kilograms and dekagrams! Yes, we crazy Hungarians use dekagrams in recipes. Not only that, but we order deciliters of a drink in a restaurant, and decimeters of material (cloth) in a store.
It's good to see that my parents taught me well, and using weights wasn't entirely a waste :-) But then, I so got used to cups, that even if I bought a scale I'm not sure I would switch back now...and, to my husband's great entertainment, I always 'adjust' recipes if I don't like the consistency of a dough or batter anyway :-) - March 5, 2010 at 10:09 PM
- Charlemange said...
I love baking bread and I get many of my recipes from a site called The Fresh Loaf. Many of the recipes there do call for weighing, which I have been converting to cups because it seems like such a hassle. I do have a digital tare scale that I bought for homemade soap making, so it hasn't been used much. Maybe I will give this a try.
- March 5, 2010 at 11:39 PM
- blogagog said...
I'm not a baker, but whenever I occasionally try to make cookies, they tend to taste more like a cake than a cookie. Is that from too much flour?
- March 6, 2010 at 2:17 AM
- Chef John said...
no probably not. But, no real way to tell from here.
- March 6, 2010 at 3:32 AM
- rosemary said...
I prefer recipes with cup measurement because you work faster with a cup than the scale. This is going to help me a lot. You are my culinary hero!!
- March 6, 2010 at 3:46 AM
- Jana said...
Thanks for another great video. You are my food hero. Can you tell me where I can find a conversion chart to go from cups, tbsp etc. to weight. I'm sure for example a cup of sugar will weigh more than a cup of flour.
- March 6, 2010 at 9:03 AM
- redforever said...
I live in the Calgary, Alberta area of Canada, known for its balmy Chinook winds......and its lack of humidity. In winter, our humidity can be 15%.
That in turn means that our dry goods are REALLY dry... And that in turn means that the flour will absorb more liquid than the recipe calls for....and that means that most baking products will end up very dry unless I adjust the amount of flour. And weighing the flour won't help for my problem.
I always start with a little less flour. I have no problem doing so except sometimes with fussy recipes like perhaps angel food or things of that nature....which I only make once in a blue moon anyhow.
For bread, I start with less flour and then go by the principle my grandmother taught me. It has to "feel right".
For cookies, I always start with less flour and then feel the dough. Normally that does the trick, but if I have compensated too much and the cookies spread too much, then I make a note for the next time I use the recipe.
I have not found altitude (about same as Denver) to be as much of a problem for most things I bake. - March 6, 2010 at 10:19 AM
Bought a similar scale from Amazon.com which I can switch the readings from ounces to grams. Some recipes on line post measurements only in grams. Plus I like to play around with it to see if amount stated is the amount I am getting in lets say, a stick of butter. Do I have too much time on my hands, yes I do. Enjoy your site and have made more than a few of your dishes. Thanks for helping me stay busy.
- March 6, 2010 at 10:28 AM
Nice way to put your sneaky sneaky amazon referal link ;)
- March 6, 2010 at 10:42 AM
Actually, I believe this was all covered in Scarface.
My guess is you're next vid involves a Lemorange being pushed out of a helicopter.
Scott - Boston - March 6, 2010 at 12:39 PM
- J. Kenji said...
Great tip, but Where is your data for weight vs. volume coming from? All the sources I've seen agree that 5 ounces of flour is equal to 1 cup.
Do you have a source that says 4.3 ounces?
Thanks! - March 6, 2010 at 12:43 PM
- Chef John said...
King Arthur flour which i use a lot list 4.2, the Book of Yields list 4.2-4.5 depending on type, and many other sources. Those that list 5 oz I believe are assuming a little denser pack. The point is however, use weight when possible.
- March 6, 2010 at 12:57 PM
- Chef John said...
Janna, google search "weight volume measurement conversions" and you'll get hundreds of chart options
- March 6, 2010 at 1:00 PM
- Chris said...
Thank you so much for that. I try and tell people that weighing is better--they don't believe me. I'm the only baker in my family (all good cooks--all BAD bakers), but I get no respect (I'm the Rodney Dangerfield of baking).
I've been using 4.25 for a cup of flour for a while... it's served me well. - March 6, 2010 at 3:19 PM
Are there a different conversion weights per cup for ap flour vs bread flour vs cake flour?
Without thinking too much about it I'd assume there might be more oz per cup of bread flour and fewer for cake flour? - March 6, 2010 at 11:37 PM
- DanYells said...
Great video!! I've always wondering about this, and now I know! :)
- March 7, 2010 at 2:10 AM
- rosemary said...
Jana visit http://www.recipes4us.co.uk/us_cups_to_weight.htm
and you will find cup to g or oz conversions for most ingredients. - March 7, 2010 at 4:27 AM
- Chef John said...
yes they are all different, all available online if you search by specific flour
- March 8, 2010 at 2:09 AM
- Chef John said...
yes they are all different, all available online if you search by specific flour
- March 8, 2010 at 2:09 AM
- Chef John said...
btw, Scott, classic comment!
- March 9, 2010 at 12:10 AM
- Pyrofish said...
I sent this video to my wife after she told me she was having trouble with a bread recipe. I asked her if she was weighing the flour, she said no. So I thought this would help. Xmas eve, I put the no-knead beer bread, usually my job, in her hands. She loves it so much, I thought she should know how to make it. She calls me into the kitchen and says something is messed up, one bowl was more liquid than the other... liquid? I asked if she weighed the flour, and she said, sort of. On the side of the 2quart measuring cup, there's a line for 18oz... DOH! She told me she did as your video said, and scooped the flour into the measuring cup. I had her repeat the process as she had before to see how much flour we were short. The 18oz liquid measure for loose flour was about 10 oz of flour. The bowls were roughly 8 oz short. I thought that was a pretty funny mistake, and one I never thought to warn her of. Useful for new bakers/bread bakers anyway. What's funny, is our 15lb 1g accurate scale is always plugged in for weighing the baby, weighing meat, and weighing flour. She just thought that 18oz line was easier :-)
- December 26, 2013 at 12:12 PM


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Manually using Bluetooth
From Openmoko
In progress: This article or section documents one or more features whose implementation are in progress. |
Bluetooth is one of the core functions of the Neo1973, however it is basically unimplemented on the software side at the moment. Hardware problems in the P1 phone mean that the CPU has to be active in order to wake on external bluetooth events, which will reduce the battery life to some 2 days at best in standby.
This page details how to use bluetooth from the command line. We have quite a lot of plans about what exactly Bluetooth should be used for.
Please keep in mind that whenever hcid
or pand
or hidd
are mentioned it means that instructions are applicable only to bluez3 systems which is deprecated ages ago. Modern bluez4 uses only one daemon - bluetoothd
and you are supposed to use dbus api directly to configure it. For pairing from command line use simple-agent script.
Power it up
Power up the adapter by clicking on the bluetooth icon in the top bar and selecting power on.
For any FSO-based distro (including SHR) you want to consult FSO_Resources page.
For others consult your distro's documentation. The most low-level way to power bluetooth on is to
echo 1 > /sys/bus/platform/devices/neo1973-pm-bt.0/power_on
At the shell, "hciconfig" should print information about the adapter if it powered up properly:
The devices should show as UP. If not you can use
hciconfig <device> up
hciconfig hci0 up
How to use bluez4 dbus API
You can do it with OpenmokoFramework/mdbus or with
First you need to get path to the default bluetooth adapter which should appear when you have bluetoothd running and bluetooth device is powered on. Do it like this:
export BTADAPTER=`dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply / org.bluez.Manager.DefaultAdapter | tail -1 | sed 's/^.*"\(.*\)".*$/\1/'`
To introspect with dbus-send you can employ something like this:
dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply $BTADAPTER org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect
The next example is how to make your device discoverable:
dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply $BTADAPTER org.bluez.Adapter.SetProperty string:Discoverable variant:boolean:true
Scanning for bluetooth devices
hcitool scan
This will list the addresses of any discoverable bluetooth devices in the vicinity
Pairing is nothing special, do it with simple-agent [1] as described here or with any other agent you like as described in that agent's documentation. Bluez also comes with a simple command-line agent written in C, you can grab the source from [2] .
Make sure the bluetooth chip is powered up (see below) and that bluetoothd is running.
Now, to actually pair with other device, you will need the simple-agent script. If you do not have that already, download, put it in /usr/local/bin/ and run chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/simple-agent
Now put the other device into pairing mode and run hcitool scan. Find that device and use its address in the command simple-agent hci0 XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX. If you give a third parameter (what it is doesn't matter) to simple-agent, it will disconnect then reconnect.
If you give it only one parameter, it will register as an agent and will wait for other devices to initiate pairing. Feel free to tweak that script to your needs (e.g. to hardcode a pin to use).
HID (Human Input Device)
Pair with your device first.
Then do
dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply $BTADAPTER/dev_00_18_00_00_C2_37 org.bluez.Input.Connect
Where 00_18_00_00_C2_37
is the address of your HID device. You can query for the device address with:
dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply $BTADAPTER org.bluez.Adapter.ListDevices
I've tested this with a BT mouse (no issues) and with SE cellphones that can pretend to be a mouse and keyboard. Both cellphones work without issues with my laptop using exactly the same procedure. The first phone seemed to work for a couple of seconds with FR too, after that the connection was lost. The second didn't work with FR at all.
I tried an external BT dongle (broadcom iirc) with both my FR and laptop (to eliminate hardware differences) and the result was the same. Even though bluez and kernel versions were roughly the same O_o -- PaulFertser
Being able to use HID devices
deprecated bluez3-specific, will be removed
If you are trying to connect a keyboard and you have bluez4, see Freedom_Slim_Keyboard.
Using a bluetooth keyboard with the built-in terminal is a little funky... I can only type into the console using the bt keyboard if the onscreen keyboard is visible. Also, pressing "p" twice on the bt keyboard actually gives you a "q".
We want to be able to use a bluetooth keyboard to type into the various applications of our Neo1973. To use a Bluetooth Keyboard type: (11:22:33:44:55:66 is the Address of your BT-Keyboard)
hidd --connect 11:22:33:44:55:66
and press "Connect" on your BT-KB. Alternately, if you know that only one BT-Keyboard is within range, you can just:
hidd --search
to find and connect to any BT-Keyboard. There are some bluetooth keyboard only support SPP profile can't direct using hidd comannd to connect. Please reference the discussion of this page for more information.
Tested on:
- Logitech diNovo Mini Works well, very portable and the touchpad also works just fine. Also has no problems with double letters.
- Logitech Dinovo Edge
- Logitech Dinovo Media Desktop (keyboard)
- Nokia SU-8W. Switched on the BT keyboard, scanned for BT address and ran the connect statement above. Works fine.
- Chordite. This keyboard uses the Broadcom BCM2042 BT keyboard controller along with a custom driver.
- Apple's Aluminum Keyboard. You may have to add 'auth enable; encrypt enable;' to device {} in hcid.conf. Run the passkey agent the first time. --search works to pair and every time after. (Might be obvious for those who have used BT in other spots, but you have to type in y our passkey on the keyboard as the connect is happening, otherwise pairing doesn't take place. I don't think there is a prompt on the Neo for this)
- Apple's white "Wireless Keyboard (original)" - details may be the same as above. (tested some time ago)
- FrogPad - as above
- The freedom keyboard and its many rebranded models (they look like this: [3]) need 'modprobe uinput' to circumvent the 'Can't open input device: No such file or directory (2)' error of 'hidd --search'. It works as of february 7th 2008.
- Freeedom Universal Keyboard Model G912 does not work (see Discussion Page)
- Logitech Playstation 3 Keyboard Works well, Mouse pad works.
- iGo Stowaway UltraSlim (which was apparently discontinued early 2008, but can still be bought in some places) (user:ChristW I have 2008.8 on it, and using hidd --search to connect to the iGo works perfectly. I also used it to edit a new contact, dial a number and edit a settings text box in TangoGPS. So far, no problems...)
- I-Tech Virtual Laser Keyboard works. Cursor keys not recognized as such, but produce keycodes than can be mapped.
This is a script that I've (User:ChristW) been using with varying results. YMMV:
echo Power on echo 1 > /sys/bus/platform/devices/neo1973-pm-bt.0/power_on sleep 1 echo Reset on echo 1 > /sys/bus/platform/devices/neo1973-pm-bt.0/reset sleep 1 echo Reset off echo 0 > /sys/bus/platform/devices/neo1973-pm-bt.0/reset sleep 1 echo hciconfig down hciconfig hci0 down sleep 1 echo hciconfig up hciconfig hci0 up sleep 1 echo Connect hidd --connect XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
(See also Freedom_Slim_Keyboard for fso scripts which work with bluez4.)
Edit /etc/X11/Xserver and replace tslib with /dev/input/mice.
"GTA02") if [ `screen_width` -gt 330 ] ; then DPI=285 else DPI=140 fi ARGS="$ARGS -dpi ${DPI} -screen ${SCREEN_SIZE} -mouse /dev/input/mice -root-ppm /usr/share/pixmaps/xsplash-vga.ppm vt1" XSERVER=/usr/bin/Xglamo ;;
Acting as HID device
We want to be able to use the Neo as a HID device, being able to use it as controller for presentations. See ReMoko
i guess it's Bluez4-compatible
Here's how to connect to an external Bluetooth GPS and read NMEA data (Tested with a Holux GPSSlim236 and a Nokia LD-3W ).
First, switch on the GPS and identify the BT address:
hcitool scan
Then, edit /etc/bluetooth/rfcomm.conf, which by default has all settings commented out, to something like this:
rfcomm0 { # Automatically bind the device at startup bind no; # Bluetooth address of the device device 00:11:22:33:44:55; # RFCOMM channel for the connection (check your GPS docs for details) channel 1; # Description of the connection comment "Bluetooth GPS"; }
Restart the BT services:
root@neo:~$ /etc/init.d/bluetooth stop root@neo:~$ /etc/init.d/bluetooth start
You should now be able to bind the GPS to /dev/rfcomm0, like this:
root@neo:~$ rfcomm bind 0
Confirm the connect:
root@neo:~$ rfcomm rfcomm0: 00:11:22:33:44:55 channel 1 clean
... and watch the NMEA strings coming from your GPS:
root@neo:~$ cat /dev/rfcomm0 $GPGGA,111748.000,5907.6964,N,01121.1787,E,1,06,1.2,57.7,M,40.1,M,,0000*6F $GPRMC,111748.000,A,5907.6964,N,01121.1787,E,0.00,94.94,160807,,,A*50 $GPVTG,94.94,T,,M,0.00,N,0.0,K,A*3D
If you have nothing better to do, you can now pinpoint my office :-).
Mostly bluez4-compatible, you don't need to edit hcid.conf at all, bluetoothd will take care of using proper parameters itself
OBEX (abbreviation of OBject EXchange, also termed IrOBEX) is a communications protocol that facilitates the exchange of binary objects between devices. Here is the notes about how to use OBEX to send/receive files via bluetooth in NEO.
power on bluetooth.
hcid.conf modify /etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf
# # HCI daemon configuration file. # # HCId options options { # Automatically initialize new devices autoinit yes; # Security Manager mode # none - Security manager disabled # auto - Use local PIN for incoming connections # user - Always ask user for a PIN # security auto; # Pairing mode # none - Pairing disabled # multi - Allow pairing with already paired devices # once - Pair once and deny successive attempts pairing multi; # Default PIN code for incoming connections passkey "1234"; } # Default settings for HCI devices device { # Local device name # %d - device id # %h - host name name "%h-%d"; # Local device class class 0x000100; # Default packet type pkt_type DH1,DM1,HV1; # Inquiry and Page scan iscan enable; pscan enable; # Default link mode # none - no specific policy # accept - always accept incoming connections # master - become master on incoming connections, # deny role switch on outgoing connections lm accept; # Default link policy # none - no specific policy # rswitch - allow role switch # hold - allow hold mode # sniff - allow sniff mode # park - allow park mode lp rswitch,hold,sniff,park; }
hcid - Bluetooth Host Controller Interface Daemon
All paired devices information are stored in /var/lib/bluetooth/BT HW addr folder eg.
root@om-gta02:/var/lib/bluetooth/00:06:6E:16:EB:C7# ls classes features lastused names panu config gn manufacturers nap
Display local devices
root@om-gta02:/# hcitool dev
Scan all nearby bluetooth devices
root@om-gta02:~# hcitool scan
Browse what kind of services in this device
root@om-gta02:~# sdptool browse 00:18:C5:42:18:78
Browsing 00:18:C5:42:18:78 ... Service Name: OBEX File Transfer Service RecHandle: 0x1005b Service Class ID List: "OBEX File Transfer" (0x1106) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 11 "OBEX" (0x0008) Language Base Attr List: code_ISO639: 0x454e encoding: 0x6a base_offset: 0x100 Profile Descriptor List: "OBEX File Transfer" (0x1106) Version: 0x0100 Service Name: OBEX Object Push Service RecHandle: 0x1005e Service Class ID List: "OBEX Object Push" (0x1105) Protocol Descriptor List: "L2CAP" (0x0100) "RFCOMM" (0x0003) Channel: 9 "OBEX" (0x0008) Language Base Attr List: code_ISO639: 0x454e encoding: 0x6a base_offset: 0x100 Profile Descriptor List: "OBEX Object Push" (0x1105) Version: 0x0100
Use obexpush and obexftp tools
install obexpush, obexftp packages
opkg install obexpush obexftp
obexpush would launch 'opd' and it's a obex data server. It starts OBEX file transfer service. The default folder is /home/root and it would store all received files here.
root@om-gta02:~# ps aux | grep opd root 1322 0.0 0.4 1972 604 ? Ss 16:21 0:00 opd: waiting for incomming OBEX connections on channel 10...
How to pair with a bluetooth device, check bluez wiki
Please note that whenever hcid
or pand
is mentioned it means that instructions are applicable only to bluez3 systems which is deprecated ages ago. Modern bluez4 uses only one daemon - bluetoothd
and you are supposed to use dbus api directly to configure it to connect as a client or act as a server. The API is described at [4]. Please update other instructions as soon as you get it working.
To ease the task you can try to use Blueman GUI software on one or both sides of the link.
Information about bluez4 networking
I managed to successfully connect from PocketPC PDA (used as PANU) to my FR (both NAP and GN configurations worked). Also i was able to use my laptop as PANU and my FR as GN/NAP, reverse should work too.
For some reason bluez4 needs ipv6 (fixed on 2009-03-10) and ethernet bridging kernel support. So to avoid more problems you better have it. Also you'll need bnep kernel module.
Bluetooth networking concepts
This HOW-TO is directly applicable only to bluez3 but still worth reading to understand PANU/GN/NAP roles: [5].
In short, GN is network bridge (aka hub/switch), NAP is network router and PANU is a network client.
You can enable or disable various roles by setting Enable
property to true/false. Example for GN:
dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply $BTADAPTER org.bluez.NetworkHub.SetProperty string:Enabled variant:boolean:true
For PANU use org.bluez.NetworkPeer interface and for NAP use org.bluez.NetworkRouter.
You might want to know UUID of GN for later use, so you need to read its properties:
dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply $BTADAPTER org.bluez.NetworkHub.GetProperties
To use NAP you'll need to create bridge device manually with
brctl addbr pan1
For GN bridge pan0
is created automatically on bluetoothd
I can't see a difference between GN and NAP in the Linux networking context so i suppose GN is the easiest to get going
Pairing is nothing special, do it with simple-agent as described in other sections or by any other pairing agent.
On GN/NAP role you need to trust the PANU peer:
dbus-send --system --dest=org.bluez --print-reply $BTADAPTER/dev_00_06_6E_17_27_E0 org.bluez.Device.SetProperty string:Trusted variant:boolean:true
Where 00_06_6E_17_27_E0
is the MAC of peer.
Connection establishing
On PANU you need to have a helper script panu.py
#!/usr/bin/python import dbus import sys import os bus = dbus.SystemBus() network = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object("org.bluez", sys.argv[1]), "org.bluez.Network") network.Connect("GN") print "Networking established, exit the shell to end this session" os.spawnl(os.P_WAIT, os.environ['SHELL']) print "Networking released"
Then you do:
./panu.py $BTADAPTER/dev_00_06_6E_17_27_E0
Where 00_16_CE_E4_44_D5
is MAC of GN/NAP.
Hopefully after this you'll have two new interfaces bnep0
created on both sides and it'll be added to the pan0
bridge on GN.
Set up packet forwarding, IP addresses etc. as usual.
Using PC's connection from Neo
Bluetooth networking with a Linux system
deprecated bluez3-specific, to be removed soon
Bluetooth should behave just like our usbnet and provide full TCP/IP access to the phone. BNEP has to be used.
On the laptop
- Start bluetooth
/etc/init.d/bluetooth start
- Start pand as server
pand -s
- As soon as pand is started on the phone configure your IP address
ip a add 10.0.0.1/24 dev bnep0 ip l set bnep0 up
- Configure IP forwarding and masquerading to your liking (see USB_Networking). You can even set up Udev rules to do this for you once the bnep0 interface appears.
On the Neo
- There is a little script that does the steps below (and retries the pand -c command; I had issues with it not working the first time every time) at Bt-net-script You shouldn't need the other steps below if you use the script.
- Power on bluetooth (see above)
- Scan for the laptop
root@fic-gta01:~$ hcitool scan Scanning ... 00:0E:6D:C0:0l:6A Sho 00:20:E0:5A:FE:C8 BlueZ (0)
- Connect to the laptop pand
root@fic-gta01:~$ pand -c 00:20:E0:5A:FE:C8
- Configure your IP address
ip a add 10.0.0.2/24 dev bnep0 ip r add default via 10.0.0.1
- Sometimes you may need to bring up the bnep0 on the phone as well:
ip l set bnep0 up
- Enjoy
- --Mantis 18:37, 15 October 2008 (UTC) Note for use on OpenSuse 11.0 - I was getting a connection failure with 'Host is down(112)' errors in /var/log/messages (on neo).
I found that editing /etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf to set 'pscan enable' instead of 'pscan disable' and making passkey consistent with Neo Freerunner made it work.
Should see log line like
pand[17965]: New connection from 00:06:6E:XX:XX:XX at bnep0
if connection is successful in server's /var/log/messages.
Bluetooth networking with a MacOS X system
Please refer to MacOS_X#Bluetooth_2
For using the Neo as a dialup Bluetooth server and the Mac as the client, please see below at Manually_using_Bluetooth#PPP_Networking
Bluetooth networking with a Windows XP system
This was tested with a Windows XP SP2 on a IBM Thinkpad T41 with the Widcomm BT stack
- Start bluetooth on Windows XP
- Enable "Network Access" in the Bluetooth configuration
- Scan for the Neo and pair with the Neo (right click, select pair)
On the Neo
- Enable PAN support on the Neo by changing Autostart from false to true in /etc/bluetooth/network.service
- Power on bluetooth (see above)
- Scan for the laptop
root@fic-gta01:~$ hcitool scan Scanning ... <laptop_bt_address> Thinkpad ...
- Connect to the laptop pand
pand -c <laptop_bt_address> -r PANU -d NAP -e bnep0 -A -E -S
(add '-n' to see the pand status messages until you get it right)
For some reason, I was not able to initiate PAN connections from the Neo, I got 'Permission denied (13)' even when I had explicitly allowed the Neo to connect (right click on Neo icon, set properties, on Authorization tab). But initiating 'PAN User' from Windows worked when executing on Neo:
pand -l -r PANU -d NAP -e bnep0 -A -E -S
(add '-n' to see the pand status messages until you get it right)
- Configure your IP address. It should work like when connecting to Linux:
ip a add 10.0.0.2/24 dev bnep0 ip r add default via 10.0.0.1
If this does not work, the IP stacks may have auto-assigned network addresses to themselves. You can look this up with 'ifconfig' on the Neo and with 'ipconfig' on Windows.
- You should now be able to ssh/putty from Windows to your Neo. Enjoy!
By setting up the Windows Bluetooth connection properly, it should also be possible to share the Internet Connection of the Windows box with the Neo.
PPP Networking
If you are unable to use the 'BNEP' method described above, you may be able to use PPP and a DUN (dialup-networking) emulation mode. On the Neo:
- Edit the /etc/default/bluetooth file and set the following options:
RFCOMM_ENABLE=true DUND_ENABLE=true DUND_OPTIONS="--listen --persist call dun"
- Create an /etc/ppp/peers/dun file with options like the following:
115200 192.168.2.202:192.168.2.200 passive local noipdefault noauth nodefaultroute
- Restart bluetooth (/etc/init.d/bluetooth stop ; /etc/init.d/bluetooth start)
To connect from a MacOS 10.3 client:
- Open "Applications/Utilities/Bluetooth Serial Utility"
- Click on "New"
- Choose a name, then click "Choose Device"
- Locate your Neo, then select the "LAN Access Point" service. If your device is not found, or if this service does not show up, then you will need to troubleshoot and fix that before continuing. Bluetooth is designed for short-range communication, so make sure that the devices are physically close to each other.
- Select "Port type: RS-232" and "Show in Network Preferences". Click OK.
- Open the Network Preferences page then "Show: Network Port Configurations". Enable the new device that you defined in the previous step and drag it to the bottom of the device list (so that it will not interfere with your other network connections)
- Choose "Show: <your-device-name>", then click "Modem"
- Select "Null Modem 115200" from the list of available devices. Uncheck "Wait for dial tone" and "Enable error correction and compression in modem". Optionally check "Show modem status in menu bar".
- Click "Connect". If everything worked, you will end up with a 'ppp0' device on your Mac with a local address of 192.168.2.200 and you will be able to access your Neo at 192.168.2.202.
Bluetooth networking with a Linux system - More secure way
Check this, probably needs some corrections
Bluetooth should behave just like our usbnet and provide full TCP/IP access to the phone. BNEP has to be used.
On the laptop
- check these options in /etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf
security auto; passkey "your pin"; lm master;
- Start bluetooth
# /etc/init.d/bluetooth start
- Start pand as server
pand --listen --role NAP --encrypt
- Add in /etc/network/interfaces (see USB_Networking)
auto bnep0 iface bnep0 inet static address 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.1.0 post-up iptables -A POSTROUTING -t nat -j MASQUERADE -s 192.168.1.0/24 post-up echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward post-up iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
On the Neo
- Power on bluetooth (see above)
- Scan for the laptop
root@fic-gta01:~$ hcitool scan Scanning ... 00:20:E0:5A:FE:C8 laptop
- Set pin
root@fic-gta01:~$ passkey-agent 'your pin' 00:20:E0:5A:FE:C8 &
- Connect to the laptop pand
root@fic-gta01:~$ pand -c 00:20:E0:5A:FE:C8
- Configure your IP address
root@fic-gta01:~$ ifconfig bnep0 192.168.1.2 root@fic-gta01:~$ route add default gateway 192.168.1.1
- Enjoy
Using Neo's connection from PC
Calling Neo's GPRS modem via Bluetooth
In this mode, Neo would behave like any other phone which can be used from a PC to get a network connection.
This section not written yet. Has someone set it up?
Sharing existing Neo's connection
In this mode, Neo already has a network connection (GPRS, WLAN, ...), and it should get shared to the PC. This guide is general on how to forward network connection from a machine running Linux to another machine. If interested, please see more information for example at http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/bluetooth-guide.xml.
On the PC
- Check with hciconfig you have working Bluetooth
On the Neo (if on Debian etc., remember modprobe ohci_hcd hci_usb)
- Initialize Bluetooth as told before:
- echo 1 > /sys/bus/platform/devices/neo1973-pm-bt.0/power_on
- echo 0 > /sys/bus/platform/devices/neo1973-pm-bt.0/reset
- install iptables: opkg install http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/feeds/2008/ipk/glibc/armv4t/base/iptables_1.3.8-r4.1_armv4t.ipk
- modprobe bnep
- Check that hcid is running both on Neo and PC (Bluetooth 4.x: install bluez-compat)
- Use default passkey "1234" in /etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf
- pand --listen --role NAP --master --autozap # note: after this you might have to the the step 1 below ("On the PC") or the next step of getting the interface up does not work # note2: you could automate pand listener to start automatically when Bluetooth is turned on
- ifconfig bnep0 10.0.5.2 up
- echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
- iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -j MASQUERADE -o ppp0
On the PC:
- sudo pand --connect <your bluetooth mac address> --service NAP --autozap
- ifconfig bnep0 10.0.5.1 up
- You can test the connection with ping 10.0.5.2
- sudo ip route add default via 10.0.5.2 dev bnep0
- [not automated yet] add GPRS connection's nameservers to /etc/resolv.conf
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
See A2DP.
Headset Audio
Neo1973_Audio_Subsystem has detail about alsa settings and a proposal for audio scenario management.
To try this out, follow the instructions on the A2DP page to install software and run the passkey agent.
Remove or disable the stuff you put in asound.conf. When using a voice headset, the application uses the regular system audio device and it gets routed to bluetooth in the codec.
Put the headset in pairing mode. Replace the bluetooth address below with your headset's and run the python script:
#!/usr/bin/python import dbus bus = dbus.SystemBus() manager = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object('org.bluez', '/org/bluez'), 'org.bluez.Manager') conn = manager.ActivateService('audio') audio = dbus.Interface(bus.get_object(conn, '/org/bluez/audio'), 'org.bluez.audio.Manager') path = audio.CreateHeadset('00:0B:2E:39:33:22') audio.ChangeDefaultHeadset(path) headset = dbus.Interface (bus.get_object(conn, path), 'org.bluez.audio.Headset') headset.Connect() headset.Play()
Now place a call and try to route it to bluetooth (after it's in progress):
alsactl -f /etc/gsmbluetooth.state restore
You may also be able to listen to system audio given the right state file:
alsactl -f /etc/systembluetooth.state restore madplay song.mp3
Bluetooth Headset on Freerunner
The following describes a procedure applicable only to some old deprecated shit (namely OM2008.x), skip to the next section if you want to see instructions on using BT headset with modern FSO-based distros.
This thread suggests the following:
- Turn on bluetooth. If some of the scripts below fail you may need to reboot Bluetooth after suspend
- Pair your headset according to these instructions or use the script below. The script will change your .asoundrc so make a backup before you run it.
- http://handheldshell.com/BtConfigure.py
- Put the headset in pairing mode ( this only needs to be done once for each new headset ) and run
- Download the the following python scripts to set up the audio service and set the headset as the default device:
- http://handheldshell.com/BtHeadset.py
- http://handheldshell.com/passkey.py
- http://handheldshell.com/BtHeadsetDisconnect.py
- http://handheldshell.com/python-pyalsaaudio_0.3-ml0_armv4t.ipk - can someone add python-pyalsa to the feeds ?
- Download the the following python scripts if you prefer not to mess around with alsactl:
- put pymixer in /usr/bin
chmod u+x /usr/bin/pymixer.py
- put volume.desktop in /usr/share/applications
- Get the [alsa state file] - this state file _WORKS_, mic and earphones are properly routed
cp gsm_headset.txt /usr/share/openmoko/scenarios/btheadset.state
- from the home screen run Volume
- from the terminal run
- Wait until it says waiting for call to end, you should hear static in the headset. If you don't something has gone wrong.
- Now start the call
- In the volume control switch to the btheadset tab. press restore
- You should now hear the call in your headset.
- End the call
- This was all done with the 2008-updates image from sept 4.
- The new scripts rely on a specific format for the .asoundrc . A stanza like this is required :
pcm.headset { type bluetooth device <headset mac> profile "voice" }
Once Again, Bluetooth Headset on Freerunner
List of known to work headsets
Moved to List_of_bluetooth_headsets
List of non-working headsets
Iqua BHS-333 (it turns on/off, beeps etc properly, but gives no sound) -- PaulFertser
Nokia BH-200 same as above :( , will try again --Vanous
User reports
Heh, firsthand success experience finally :) I did everything according to these instructions, restarted frameworkd, started zhone, used fsoraw to request bluetooth resource (once i needed to press button on headset to turn it on). Call ring sounds at the Freerunner, calls got automatically routed to the headset, the sound was ok both ways (probably some tweaking might be needed depending on your headset's mic sensitivity). Unfortunately, alsa python bindings in Debian are too old so this works only for the first call (updating bindings should solve that). - this is not valid for SHR users, more calls can be placed and even after suspend when the bt device get's disconnected, it can be manually reconnected via dbus call (see bellow) -- Vanous. -- PaulFertser
PLEASE NOTE: You will need a recent git revision of frameworkd (latest in SHR-Unstable repos will do) and bluez4 to do this.
If you're using SHR unstable, you already has a correct state file and rules.yaml, so you can skip to the pairing section.
Some SHR versions have ophoned disabled. Make sure there's no disable=1 in [ophoned] section in /etc/frameworkd.conf
State file
To prepare, you will need a fixed statefile for bluetooth. You can download this at: http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/453116/gsmbluetooth.state You need to put it on your Freerunner in the /usr/share/openmoko/scenarios/ directory.
Rules file
You will also need to modify your /etc/freesmartphone/oevents/rules.yaml file. You should replace the entire section from Call -> Audio Scenario Handling (Which is shown) to (but not including) while: PowerStatus() with the following:
- # # Call -> Audio Scenario Handling # trigger: IncomingMessage() actions: MessageTone(play) - while: CallListContains("incoming") filters: Not(CallListContains("active")) actions: - RingTone() - SetDisplayBrightness("0", 90) - OccupyResource(CPU) - while: CallStatus() filters: Or(HasAttr(status, "outgoing"), HasAttr(status, "active")) actions: - OccupyResource(CPU) - while: CallStatus() filters: - Or(HasAttr(status, "outgoing"), HasAttr(status, "active")) - Not(BTHeadsetIsConnected()) actions: - SetScenario(gsmhandset) - while: CallStatus() filters: - Or(HasAttr(status, "outgoing"), HasAttr(status, "active")) - BTHeadsetIsConnected() actions: - SetScenario(gsmbluetooth) - BTHeadsetPlaying() -
Now you will need to restart frameworkd:
/etc/init.d/frameworkd restart
This causes problems for me, so you may find it easier to reboot. (Restarting ophonekitd seems to help with this):
killall ophonekitd && ophonekitd&
Now, you must pair the bluetooth headset with your Freerunner. Make sure the bluetooth chip is powered up (can be done through the Connectivity section in the SHR-Unstable settings manager) and that bluetoothd is running:
/etc/init.d/bluetooth start
Now, to actually pair the bluetooth headset, you will need the simple-agent script. If you already have it, excellent. If you, like me, do not, then you can get it here: http://dl.getdropbox.com/u/453116/simple-agent Put it in /usr/bin/ and run chmod a+x /usr/bin/simple-agent
Now put your headset into pairing mode and run hcitool scan. Find your headset and use its address in the command simple-agent hci0 XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX. If you give a third parameter (what it is doesn't matter) to simple-agent, it will disconnect then reconnect to the headset.
Configuring bluez
Uncomment SCORouting=PCM setting in [General] section of
like this:
# SCO routing. Either PCM or HCI (in which case audio is routed to/from ALSA) # Defaults to HCI SCORouting=PCM
do not forget to restart bluetoothd after that.
/etc/init.d/bluetooth stop /etc/init.d/bluetooth start
Configuring FSO
Now we must tell frameworkd that you have a bluetooth headset. Headset parameters should be set in
Parameters bt-headset-enabled and bt-headset-address (see opreferences/schema/phone.yaml for semantics).
You need to restart FSO for the changes to take effect.
example of my /etc/freesmartphone/opreferences/conf/phone/default.yaml:
message-length: 7 message-tone: notify_message.wav message-vibration: 1 message-volume: 10 ring-loop: 1 ring-tone: ringtone_ringnroll.wav ring-vibration: 1 ring-volume: 10 bt-headset-enabled: 1 bt-headset-address: 00:09:DD:31:92:98
Connecting and reconnecting the bt device
You might need to get the bluetooth headset connected manually on the beggining and also after suspend:
mdbus -s org.bluez $BTADAPTER/dev_xx_xx_xx_xx_xx_xx org.bluez.Headset.Connect
where xx_xx_xx_xx_xx_xx is address of the device, for example:
mdbus -s org.bluez $BTADAPTER/dev_00_09_DD_31_92_98 org.bluez.Headset.Connect
Hopefully, your bluetooth headset now works. Good luck!
Additional helpfull testing commands
Unfortunately, some headsets do not output any sound while everything else (it turns on, beeps, powers amplifier, turns off) works as expected. The reason is unknown but nevertheless one might try these commands (please don't forget to report the results on ML!):
rmmod sco modprobe sco disable_esco=1
If you want to manually play with bluetooth and statefiles, take into account that there's a kernel bug that makes loading gsmbluetooth state file not enough to actually work. One has to do
amixer sset "Capture Left Mixer" "Analogue Mix Right" amixer sset "Capture Left Mixer" "Analogue Mix Left"
every time after loading this statefile.
Ensure you have bluetooth powered and that bluetoothd is running. Read frameworkd log for the hints. Report on IRC/ML.
If anything goes wrong, capture the bluetooth traffic with
hcidump -l 4096 -w bt.dump
and attach bt.dump to your bug reports etc.
Further reading
- http://www.holtmann.org/papers/bluetooth/ols2006_slides.pdf
- http://wiki.bluez.org/wiki/Audio#org.bluez.Audio
- http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/bluetooth-guide.xml
- http://github.com/gabrys/gta02-gsm-bt-fix -- small standalone program to "fix" using Bluetooth for GSM calls. Can be used in any distribution that doesn't fix the problem on their own.
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text:
Chapter 15
Jesus is the vine; His disciples are the branches—He discourses on the perfect law of love—His servants have been chosen and ordained by Him—The world hates and fights true religion—He promises the Comforter, the Spirit of Truth.
1 I am the true avine, and my Father is the husbandman.
2 Every abranch in me that beareth not bfruit he taketh away: and every branch that beareth fruit, he cpurgeth it, that it may bring forth more fruit.
3 Now ye are clean through the word which I have spoken unto you.
4 aAbide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me.
5 I am the avine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without bme ye can do nothing.
6 If a man aabide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned.
7 If ye aabide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall bask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you.
8 Herein is my Father aglorified, that ye bear much fruit; so shall ye be my disciples.
9 As the Father hath aloved me, so have I loved you: continue ye in my love.
10 If ye akeep my commandments, ye shall abide in my blove; even as I have kept my Father's commandments, and abide in his love.
11 These things have I spoken unto you, that my joy might remain in you, and that your ajoy might be full.
12 This is my commandment, That ye alove one another, as I have bloved you.
13 Greater alove hath no man than this, that a man lay down his blife for his cfriends.
14 Ye are my afriends, if ye do whatsoever I bcommand you.
15 Henceforth I call you not servants; for the servant knoweth not what his lord doeth: but I have called you afriends; for all things that I have bheard of my Father I have made cknown unto you.
16 Ye have not chosen me, but I have achosen you, and bordained you, that ye should go and bring forth cfruit, and that your fruit should remain: that whatsoever ye shall ask of the Father in my dname, he may give it you.
17 These things I command you, that ye love one another.
18 If the world ahate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated you.
19 If ye were of the aworld, the world would blove his own: but because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you.
20 Remember the word that I said unto you, The aservant is not greater than his lord. If they have bpersecuted me, they will also persecute you; if they have kept my saying, they will keep yours also.
21 But all these things will they do unto you for my name's sake, because they know not him that sent me.
22 If I had not come and spoken unto them, they had not had asin: but now they have no bcloak for their sin.
23 He that hateth me hateth my Father also.
24 If I had not done among them the works which none other man did, they had not had asin: but now have they both seen and hated both me and my Father.
25 But this cometh to pass, that the word might be fulfilled that is written in their law, They ahated me without a cause.
26 But when the aComforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, he shall btestify of me:
27 And ye also shall bear awitness, because ye have been with me from the beginning.


text:
"Oh, no. Walnut cake. Why does he always ask for walnut cakes??" :(
That used to be little Patricia complaining about her uncle's birthday cakes always being walnut flavored cakes. And little Patricia did not like walnuts. In fact, little Patricia thought that walnuts tasted weird.
But little Patricia has become a big girl – she's 30 now! – and has learned to love not only walnuts, but all things nuts. And the buttery, delicious macadamias are now one of her favorite ingredients, not to mention they are wonderful paired with coconut.
Patricia has become such a centered, responsible adult that she has made everyone eat oats disguised as cookies. Again! :)
Hawaiian macadamia coconut cookies
from here
1 cup (226g) unsalted butter, at room temperature
¾ cup (150g) granulated sugar
¾ cup (132g) firmly packed brown sugar
1 egg
grated zest of 1 large orange
1 ½ cups (210g) all-purpose flour
1 ¼ cups (145g) rolled oats
1 teaspoon baking powder
½ teaspoon salt
¾ cup (68g) sweetened desiccated coconut
¾ cup (100g) macadamia nuts, coarsely chopped
Preheat oven to 180ºC/350ºF; line 2 large baking sheets with baking paper.
In a large bowl, cream butter and both sugars. Add egg and beat well. Add orange rind and beat well.
In a separate bowl, combine flour, oats, baking powder and salt. Beat into creamed mixture. Stir in coconut and macadamia nuts.
Make balls with 1 tablespoon full of dough – it's soft, so don't roll it too much - and place them on the sheet, about 5cm (2in) apart. Press down the tops with a lightly floured fork to flatten slightly. Bake for 12 to 15 minutes or until edges are golden – mine took 18 minutes for that.
Cool for 5 minutes before removing from sheet. Cool on wire racks.
Makes about 3 dozen – I got 38


text:
14 Nights | OUTRAGEOUS OUTBACK
About Eden, Germany
You will visit the following 11 places:
Tauranga is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It was settled by Māori late in the 13th century and by Europeans in the early 19th century and was constituted as a city in 1963. Tauranga is one of New Zealand's main centres for business, international trade, culture, fashion and horticultural science. The Port of Tauranga is also New Zealand's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage and efficiency. It is one of New Zealand's fastest growing cities, with a 14 percent increase in population between the 2001 census and the 2006 census, though that number has slowed to 11% between the 2006 Census and the 2013 Census.
City of Dunedin
Dunedin is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. The city is home to several beaches, including Dunedin Causeway, Honeymoon Island, and Caladesi Island State Park, which is consistently rated among the best beaches in the world. The downtown business district is notable for its absence of large commercial signage, corporate franchise restaurants or chain retail stores. Since 1977, Dunedin is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays, as well as the class-A Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League. Dunedin is one of the smallest communities used by Major League spring training teams, although surrounded by a large metropolitan area. Until early 2005, Dunedin was the home of Nielsen Media Research's production operations. The city is also home to multiple breweries including Dunedin Brewery, Florida's oldest microbrewery.
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre (also known as the "Central Business District" or "CBD") is the hub of the greater geographical area (or "metropolitan area") and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of four million. In Southbank, the Melbourne Arts Precinct is site of Arts Centre Melbourne – a performing arts complex – and National Gallery of Victoria, displaying Australian and Indigenous art.
Wellington is the capital city and third most populous urban area of New Zealand. It's scenic natural harbour and green hillsides adorned with tiered suburbs of colonial villas are popular with tourists. The city offers a blend of culture, heritage, fine food and coffee, together with lively arts and entertainment. Surrounded by hills and a rugged coastline, it serves up a vibrant inner city experience with a slice of New Zealand scenery. And because of its compact nature, you can sample it all: boutiques, art galleries, trendy cafés and restaurants. Right on its doorstep is a network of walking and biking trails with beautiful wineries and vineyards just a few hours away.
Sydney is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. The city is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. It is also the oldest and most cosmopolitan city in Australia with an enviable reputation as one of the world's most beautiful and liveable cities. Brimming with history, nature, culture, art, fashion, cuisine, design, Sydney's set next to miles of ocean coastline and sandy surf beaches. Long-term immigration has led to the cities reputation as one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse cities in Australia and the world. The city is also home to the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, two of the most iconic structures on this planet.
The Auckland metropolitan area in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with 1,354,900 residents, 31 percent of the country's population. Auckland also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world. In Māori Auckland's name is Tāmaki Makaurau, or the transliterated version of Auckland, Ākarana. The 2010 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland 4th equal place in the world on its list, while The Economist's World's Most Livable Cities index of 2010 ranked Auckland in 10th place. In 2008, Auckland was classified as an Alpha World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory by Loughborough University.
Napier is a New Zealand city with a seaport, located in Hawke's Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island. About 18 kilometres south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings. These two neighbouring cities are often called "The Bay Cities" or "The Twin Cities" of New Zealand. Napier is a popular tourist city, with a unique concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture, built after much of the city was razed in the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, a statue on Marine Parade called Pania of the Reef. Thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F.A.W.C! Food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale.
Akaroa County
Akaroa is a small town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, situated within a harbour of the same name. The name Akaroa is Kāi Tahu Māori for "Long Harbour", which would be spelled "Whangaroa" in standard Māori. It is set on sheltered harbour and is overlooked and surrounded by the remnants of a miocene volcano. Akaroa is a popular resort town and in summer the temporary population can reach 15,000 which places stress on the summer water supply, which is entirely dependent upon rainfall on the hills.
Burnie is a port city on the north-west coast of Tasmania. When founded in 1827, Burnie was named Emu Bay but it was renamed for William Burnie, a director of the Van Diemen's Land Company, in the early 1840s. At the 2011 Australian Census Burnie had an urban population of 19,819, making it the fourth largest city in Tasmania. Burnie together with nearby Wynyard had an estimated urban population of 26,869 at June 2015. Burnie is governed by the City of Burnie local government area.


text:
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text:
A regular reader emails today to demand, "Don't even think about leaving town without posting on the use of force hearing yesterday. You are LATE as it is."
So it's not just TYC which must meet expectations, apparently, but me, as well! I couldn't make it to the hearing; I'd already said my piece when I submitted written comments, and was waiting till I had a little more information. But now I feel obligated (since I'm "LATE," after all!) to go ahead and link to MSM coverage of TYC's hearing yesterday to evaluate its proposed use of force policy. Here's the coverage I saw:
- Critics: TYC pepper spray policy is vague, The Daily Texan
- TYC urged to limit pepper spray, AP
- Teen inmates pepper sprayed on videotape, The Austin Statesman
SEE ALSO: Public policy report from Texas Criminal Justice Coalition (pdf) on TYC Pepper Spray Policy.
RELATED: For the period I'll be in N'awlins, I've put up a reader poll asking, which will happen first at the Texas Youth Commission:
- The National Guard or state police are called in to guard TYC facilities because they're shortstaffed
- Acting Executive Director Dimitria Pope is relieved of her position
- A new conservator is appointed
- TYC announces more facility closures
- The 81st (2009) Texas Legislature convenes


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Brand: King Greek
Style: GSTC-Banner
Alpha Epsilon Phi Sorority Banner Flag
$ 19.95
Product Images
Product Details
This Sorority banner flag is made specifically for Alpha Epsilon Phi Sorority. Banner comes as shown and can also be used as a flag. There are 2 grommeted holes on the left side to hang the banner as a flag. This banner is perfect for your table at recruitment or can be used as decoration in any Fraternity house or dorm room. Banner is made of nylon and measures: 34-inch in height x 62-inch in width. Rush service is available for 20% of the total.
Style #: GSTC-Banner


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Friday Sigma Makeup Brushes Giveaway!
Happy Friday! Like last Friday, it's the end of the week and time to celebrate with a giveaway!
Today I will be giving away Sigma Makeup Face Kit and Eye Kit, yay! There will be one winner on my blog, and another on my YouTube page.
***Picture Credit to www.SigmaMakeup.com
It's really easy to win and there are two ways to win. Here's how to participate:
1) To win on this blog, make sure you're a follower. Hit the follower button, that's it! Also, leave a comment saying hello!
2) To win on my YouTube page, make sure you're a subscriber to my channel and leave a comment on the Video saying hello!
Easy right?
Check this blog on Monday, August 31, 2009 for the winners. Winners will need to email me their contact information at email@example.com by the Friday after (September 4, 2009) in order to not forfeit their prize for another giveaway.
You can find these products at www.sigmamakeup.com
Good luck!
Atlanta Makeup Artist


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'Judith Wright's own definitive selection of her poetry, covering the best and most memorable of her remarkable oeuvre.
'From the elegant and moving precision of the first collection, The Moving Image (1946), to the political passion of Phantom Dwelling (1985), Wright's poetry speaks with intelligence and courage - and gracefully sensuous imagery.
'Forty years of poetic production from Australia's best-loved poet.' (Publication summary)


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The Forsyth County Tax Office will begin its tax software conversion on July 1st.
To Whom It May Concern:
On Tuesday July 1, 2014, an interruption in property tax collection and payment services is anticipated. The interruption could continue through July 14th, 2014.
Forsyth County Tax Administration is scheduled to convert to a new billing and collections system beginning on July 1, 2014.
On-line bill lookup data will be unavailable beginning June 30, 2014 at 2:00pm and will not be updated until the new system is operating.
Electronic payment methods will be unavailable for tax payment processing beginning Monday June 30, 2014 at 2:00pm. Electronic payment of taxes will resume when the new system is operating.
Tax payments can be made at any time through the mail or in person. Fully paid past due Registered Motor Vehicle bills will have blocks removed.
Payments by mail:
Payments made in person:
After hours drop box location:
Tax Administration sincerely apologizes for any inconvenience this interruption may cause. We will work diligently to help ensure a smooth conversion process and complete the project with as little service interruption as possible.
If you have any questions or need assistance with current account balances, please contact us at 336-703-2300 Option #1.


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Facial Wax Powder Guide: An Easy & Painless Hair Removal Option For Brides!
by Pratiksha PandeyBridal Makeup Artists in Pauri Garhwal
(1):You must look your gorgeous-best on the happiest day of your life- The best bridal makeup artists in Pauri Garhwal turn your dream bridal look into reality. Below is the list of makeup artists in Pauri Garhwal along with the pictures of their work...Read more
Latest Reviews of Makeup Artists on WeddingBazaar
Kusum1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 4 days, 10 hours, and 41 minutes ago
★ 5.0she is amazing. I have never looked – or felt – so beautiful in my life. That is quite a feat given that I am 50! Regardless, her talent was equally appreciated by my 19 year old daughter. i would recommend kavita to every bride to be.
...See MoreNavya1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 4 days, 10 hours, and 52 minutes ago
★ 5.0What a great makeup artist!she did a terrific job with my hair,got lots of compliments,and that made wedding day more beautiful and happy as girls are always hungry for good compliments☺. I would definitely recommend kavita to make your special day the best ever. Thank you so much kavita joshi
...See MorePriya1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 4 days, 21 hours, and 31 minutes ago
★ 5.0Best makeup artist I have come across she make me look like a Princess Just perfect i never thought that i could look this beautiful Thanks kavita makeover for this i specifically and highly recommend you kavita makeover 🥺
...See MoreRajeshwari 1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 4 days, 21 hours, and 44 minutes ago
★ 5.0Best makeup artist i have come across she made my day most beautiful she did the makeup according to my function and requirements really suck a nice job I just love it she will make ur wedding dream come true A 1000 stars for her I highly highly recommend kavita makeover to all would be bride
...See MoreLatest Bridal Makeup Ideas
Hiring Guide for Bridal Makeup Artists in Pauri Garhwal
Services offered in Bridal Maakeup in Pauri Garhwal
- Airbrush Makeup - This is the latest style wherein the makeup artist in Pauri Garhwal uses a small makeup air compressor, an airbrush gun, and special water-based or silicone-based airbrush foundation which is very thin. This allows a consistent application of foundation which sits evenly on the skin, & it's very light weight! The final result gives you a very natural, yet very finished and polished look.If you're confused about what service to go for, have a look at our blog post here.
- Regular Makeup - Traditional style of Makeup done with tools as you know & use at home - brush, sponge or a duo fiber brush. So as you would suspect, the application of traditional foundation will be of thicker consistency.
- Guest Makeup - Usually traditional style of Makeup for your bridesmaids, family members, friends, etc.
- Trial Makeup - If you need a Trial session with the Bridal Makeup Artist before booking. Different Bridal Makeup Artists in Pauri Garhwal have different trial policies - some give a trial for free, some charge a fee for it, others will adjust it only if you book them.
Services included in a typical Bridal Makeup package in Pauri Garhwal
- Makeup of your choice - Airbrush/HD/Regular
- Hairstyling
- Draping (Dupatta or Saree)
- Nail painting
Things to keep in mind at a makeup trial in Pauri Garhwal
- Click pictures (arre haan selfies, bhai) in different lights (Day light + Artificial light) and see if it suits your complexion.
- See how your makeup is holding up and for how long, and see if it suits your skin type
- Ask yourself - Does it feel too loud for your liking? Or too subtle? Has the makeup artist managed to conceal your dark circles, blemishes, acne marks?
Helpful TIPs on booking a bridal makeup artist in Pauri Garhwal
- Try to finalise only one bridal makeup artist for all wedding functions to avoid any confusion.
- Having the same bridal makeup artist will ensure that you look different for each function.
- While you are finalising one bridal makeup artist try to keep one as a backup plan (get trials done, get a rough idea of the pricing). Just in case of any last minute cancellations.
- Ideally artists offer reduced packages when booked for multiple ceremonies.
- The advance is not refunded in case you end up cancelling your booking.
- Bridal Makeup Artists are generally willing to travel all across locations given their travel and accommodation charges are paid for.
- Don't confuse a freelance makeup artist as a fresher.
- Once you have booked your bridal makeup artist, make sure to call them a week prior to your wedding functions. (As a reminder!)
Other Wedding Services We Provide in Pauri Garhwal
Wedding Photographers: Capture the event without missing any precious moment.
Bridal Designers: Design your trousseau as per the latest fashion trends.
Choreographers: Learn some new moves for your wedding.
Wedding Videographers: Today wedding videos beat Bollywood movies.
Mehndi Artists: What's a bride without some gorgeous mehendi?
Wedding Decorators: Choose modern or traditional, let every corner look fabulous.
Wedding Invitations: The invitation for the big day has to be special.
Wedding Planners: Leave the planning to the experts in the field.
Wedding Venues: Choose the venue that best suits you.
Frequently Asked Questions about Bridal Makeup Artists in Pauri Garhwal
Q - Are there any offers on bridal makeup packages in Pauri Garhwal that I can get through WeddingBazaar?
Oh yes! Bridal makeup artist is WeddingBazaar's most popular service. A lot of top-notch bridal makeup artists in Pauri Garhwal on WeddingBazaar offer huge discounts and packages on booking through WeddingBazaar. Several bridal makeup artists in Pauri Garhwal are also offering free bridal makeup trials. Ask your WeddingBazaar wedding manager for ongoing offers & discounts. You can also check out our budget bridal makeup packages in Pauri Garhwal
Q - How does WeddingBazaar help me book the perfect bridal makeup artist in Pauri Garhwal
Verified bridal makeup artists only - All the bridal makeup artists on WeddingBazaar have gone through a strict background check to ensure high quality of work & customer satisfaction. 100s of Bridal Makeup Artists in Pauri Garhwal who provide a wide variety of services - from new-age airbrush makeup & HD makeup to the traditional regular makeup. We have bridal makeup artists in Pauri Garhwal in all affordability ranges - from budget to premium segment. When you request for quotation from a bridal makeup artist or any other wedding service provider, you are assigned a dedicated WeddingBazaar wedding manager, who will assist you in choosing the best bridal makeup artist in Pauri Garhwal based on your specific requirements, in negotiating prices & booking. And relax, there are no charges for any of this :)
Q - What is the average price for bridal makeup artist in Pauri Garhwal?
Average price for bridal makeup artist in Pauri Garhwal will depend on the type of makeup you're choosing - airbrush, HD or regular. It will also depend on how many number of bridal makeup sessions that you want to book the bridal makeup artist for. Prices for one session of regular/HD bridal makeup may start from Rs. 6000 to Rs. 30000. Charges for makeup of guests or bridesmaid are usually separate but a lot lesser. WeddingBazaar has options of all affordability range, including budget bridal makeup artists in Pauri Garhwal. Just put in a query & be assured that your WeddingBazaar wedding manager will get you the best deal in your budget.
Q - What all wedding services in Pauri Garhwal can I book through WeddingBazaar?
You can book a wide range of wedding services in Pauri Garhwal & almost all Indian cities through WeddingBazaar - Wedding Photographers, Bridal Makeup Artists, Mehndi Artists, Venues (banquets halls, farmhouses, resorts, etc.), Wedding Decorators & Florists, Bridal Designers, Invitation Designers and printers, Wedding Planners, Choreographers, Transportation, Cakes, Trousseau packers, and a lot many. Just check them all out - here.
Q - What should I keep in mind before booking my bridal makeup artist in Pauri Garhwal?
What does the bridal makeup package include and exclude. Availability of dates and time and how many booking does your bridal makeup artist have on the same day. Who will be coming to the venue - whether the head or an alternative, and how many people. Clarify this in advance to avoid any last minute surprises!. Ask for a trial before finalising if needed For outstation weddings, it is necessary to confirm how comfortable the bridal makeup artist is in travelling along. Travel and accommodation logistics and clarity on who would bear the charges is required. It is generally accepted that these are paid for by the bride. About the makeup lights! Discuss who is bringing it. If you have to arrange for it, make sure you know where to get supplies from. Try not to rely on a verbal contract. Sign a written contract! Check out our blogs on bridal makeup artists here.
Q - Should I have my makeup done at the makeup artist's studio or at my event venue?
Salon: Bridal makeup artists in a salon have a hierarchy of artists (Head, Senior and Junior) and charges vary as per their position. Head artist charges the most. If a salon makeup artist is travelling to your location, she will charge 50-100% extra as she would be bringing her kit, artists and lights (almost her salon to your place) Freelance bridal makeup artists: They usually have a head and a set of assistants (which includes a hairstylist). They typically carry makeup lights to the location.


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China's Communist Party had hoped a high profile corruption trial this week would send a message that the party punishes its own and operates under the rule of law. But so far, the trail of former Politburo member Bo Xilai hasn't quite worked out that way. NPR's Frank Langfitt reports on how China's biggest case in decades is toying with the expectations of the millions of people following the trial.
FRANK LANGFITT, BYLINE: When top officials to on trial here, they follow the same old script. They admit their crimes, apologize and humbly accept punishment. Bo Xilai, the charismatic former party boss of China's biggest city, Chongqing, did none of that. Yesterday, the trial's opening day, he denied doing anything wrong and picked apart some of the charges against him. Gong, a Beijing writer who followed the case by reading online transcripts, was impressed.
GONG: (Foreign language spoken)
LANGFITT: Based on yesterday's observation, I think many people have reached a consensus that Bo Xilai was the biggest winner, he says. Bo cross-examined a tycoon named Xu Ming, who claimed to have bribed him. But under repeated questioning, Xu admitted he'd never given any money directly to Bo. Gong thought that was pretty good.
GONG: (Through translator) Everyone saw Bo using his strong logic to imply the evidence provided by the prosecutor was simply indefensible. Public opinion has turned to support Bo and become sympathetic to him.
RACHEL LU: I'm Rachel Lu. I'm editor and co-founder of Tea Leaf Nation.
LANGFITT: Tea Leaf is an Internet magazine that follows China's social media. Lu says reactions like Gong's were fairly typical.
LU: So there are actually a lot of people who said, hey, I thought Bo Xilai was this ruthless guy who did all these really bad things. But now, I see that he's actually seemed to be a good lawyer for himself, and a lot of people have become his, quote and unquote, "fans" at least as far as this trial is concerned.
LANGFITT: For the record, Bo is widely seen as having run Chongqing as a brutal fiefdom. The local police department is accused of engaging in routine torture. After Bo's deft courtroom work yesterday, some of China's state-run media savaged him. Again, Rachel Lu.
LU: The official government mouthpieces put out these articles basically saying Bo Xilai is, you know, a liar. He's, you know, trying to mislead the public. So I think maybe the party was caught off guard a little bit by his performance.
LANGFITT: Bo did not fare as well today. He seemed to speak less. Some of the witness testimony began to mount. In a video, his wife, Gu Kailai, who was convicted of murdering a British businessman, said Bo knew of illegal gifts the family had received from that tycoon, Xu Ming.
GU KAILAI: (Foreign language spoken)
LANGFITT: For example, buying plane tickets, booking international flights and reserving seats, Xu had agencies that specialized in that, she said. But many people noted that the value of the alleged graft is pocket change by Chinese corruption standards. They saw the trial as the result of a power struggle between Bo and leaders in Beijing. A woman named Lin, who followed the trial online from central China's Hubei province, put it like this.
LIN: (Through translator) The real issue is not about corruption and taking bribes. The entire case absolutely will not be a victory of the rule of law. It's simply a victory of power.
LANGFITT: The trial resumes tomorrow. Bo is almost certain to be convicted, as is nearly every defendant who enters a Chinese court. Frank Langfitt, NPR News, Shanghai. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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It seems as if every few months there's a new diet whose rules and requirements we must follow if we're going to reach the goal of good health. The "paleo" diet provides a great example of this phenomenon. We're exhorted by paleo proponents to eat lots of fats and animal protein. Carbohydrate
Read more


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Full Length of The Gunman in High Quality Video
Now you can download full The Gunman in HD format with duration 115 Min and was released on 2015-02-16 with MPAA rating is 177.- Original Title : The Gunman
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Tags: assassin, hitman,


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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
... outputs, which can be passed through a Hauppauge HD-PVR (the original 1212 unit), to distribute the signal to other media directors, and to allow Orbiter's UI to be laid over the top.
Just bought a house and getting ready to start LMCE deployment...I would like to have 3MD and 2 Fios STB and 1 DVR box wired into one closet. Can I use just one USB-UIRT to send all the signals to the boxes. if my orbiter is set to control say...the living room, is the md or core smart enough to know not to change the channel on the bedroom STB...any suggestions?
For this setup, you will need to use a GC-100, because the system will need to distinguish one cable box from another, and a set of Xantech IR emitters.-Thom


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There is a fun event about to happen and as a French teacher I would be remiss in not
Since I am old school all the way, I'm going for the yellow jersey, natch! And because I'm on a major Nancy Bush Knitting on the Road kick, I have chosen the appropriately French Canal du Midi socks and plan on using this lovely Fleece Artist Sea Wool. You don't have to be a Francophile to participate, just someone who loves looking at guys with extremely muscular legs in tight shorts!


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- Home > Places > Lake Oswego > Real Estate > Apartments & Condos
All Apartments & Condos in Lake Oswego
- No listings found which match your selection.
No Records Found
Sorry, no records were found. Please adjust your search criteria and try again.
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"Self-love is the source of all our other loves." - Pierre Corneille
ShadiKeLaddoo.com "Quotes Life Dreams"
beautiful good evening quotes sister
- Feb 28
"The most powerful relationship you will ever have is the relationship with yourself." - Steve Maraboli
- Feb 27
"Love yourself first and everything else falls into line." - Lucille Ball
- Feb 26
"You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection." - Buddha
- Feb 25
"Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin as self-neglecting." - William Shakespeare
- Feb 24
"To love oneself is the beginning of a lifelong romance." - Oscar Wilde
- Feb 23
The two most powerful warriors are patience and time." - Leo Tolstoy
- Feb 22
"Be patient. Good things take time, but they are worth the wait."
- Feb 21
"Patience is the calm acceptance that things can happen in a different order than the one you have in mind."
- Feb 20
"The greatest things in life require time, patience, and perseverance."
- Feb 19
"Patience is not about waiting, but the ability to keep a good attitude while waiting."
- Feb 18
"Good things come to people who wait, but better things come to those who go out and get them."