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POS System Reviews Plaquemines County
Looking for a brand new Solution you may have a lot of questions and need reliable information regarding the best products available on the modern market. Our company - POS LA supplies various POS System bundles which include light intuitive software and reliable POS Hardware. In addition we offer free POS System reviews and provide full information on the features and prices of all products that we supply. Get answers on all your questions from our knowledgeable technical experts, who have gained great experience working with POS Systems for many years in our company. All details regarding software options and the variety of hardware solutions for any business area are provided in the simplest terms paying attention to your questions and needs. We provide our detailed information in order to give you a clear idea of the products that we supply and the services that we do. Contact us by sending a request for prices or other details and soon after it one of our representatives will get in touch with you to help you with all issues that you are interested in. Get your quotes from us now and order a new system to provide your private affair with security accuracy and reliability.
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Revel System is a POS Solution that operates on Apple products. Revel POS System is developed as a mobile solution which performs all POS tasks using an iPhone and iPad as well. Full functionality and high efficiency are combined in one software product by Revel Company... Maintaining all necessary features it is ready to meet all your needs.
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Breadcrumb is a System which is developed to work independently from a stationary POS computer. It is a web-based solution which can be accessed from any wireless mobile device. It is perfect for hospitality and entertainment business. Bars, restaurants, night clubs and other institutions equipped by Breadcrumb are guaranteed perfect control and accounting.
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Aldelo POS is a system mostly created for restaurants. It maintains all features to be perfect in the management of inventory, orders, employees and clients. Stock items are tracked and checked with every sale and you will never run out of your most popular goods. Touch screen Aldelo POS System will perfectly fit for every day performance.Looking for more detailed Aldelo POS Reviews, contact our experts and get free quotes.
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Future POS is another online based POS offering all options necessary for your own business. It is created for tablets and mobile devices. Any business powered by Future POS Systems is guaranteed security reliability and stable performance for a long time.
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Perfect for a restaurant bar or any other institution dealing with sales and services. Modern scalable software, ready for different business tasks was created by the Squirrel company is offered by us giving you an opportunity to manage business more professionally with less energy spent on it. Get any solution right now, or, if you need additional help, call us for free quotes! POS Reviews Plaquemines County - is our answer on all your questions regarding good equipment.
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53883: Group of Prisoners of War
My grandfather, Private Richard Griffiths is far right. He was shot in both arms in battle in early 1918 and taken prisoner by the German Forces.
He always remembered that the German Doctors had taken the trouble to ask him what he did in civilian life and when he had replied that he was a tailor, they had said they would do their best to take care of his hands and restore the movement and feeling to his fingers. He carried the scars of the bullet wounds throughout his life but always remembered the kindness and thoughtfulness of the German doctors.
The main camp at Lager Lechfeld was a large one with different sections for the different Allied nationalities. British prisoners were lucky compared to the Russians and Serbians, as they received occasional parcels from the British Red Cross. There was some bartering with the other allies, however. A Russian had carefully whittled a beautiful wooden box with a hinge and carved lid from a single piece of wood he had found around the camp, and he exchanged a bar of soap from his parcel for this box, which remains a family treasure to this day. Prisoners were also allowed to send home photos of themselves and the camp as postcards, and in return were allowed to keep one photo of their family.
The many hundreds of prisoners would organise concerts for themselves and the guards, and Richard, having a fine singing voice was always in demand. The guards would shout You sing, Welshie, and Taid would sing. ˜Arafa Don', ˜Elen Fwyn' and ˜Sul Y Blodau', those most affecting of Welsh tenor solos having an airing in the depths of Bavaria, before a cosmopolitan and captive audience.
Private Richard Griffiths 41122 (3rd Battalion Royal Welsh Fusiliers) was repatriated at the end of the war and finally demobbed and transferred to the reserves with two blue chevrons (signifying two years Overseas Service) and one wound stripe on 11 April 1919. His two brothers Ellis and Arthur also returned safely to Liverpool.
However, he was to feel the effects of war again in 1940, when, having established a busy and successful Tailor's shop on North John Street, Liverpool, this received a direct hit during the blitz " not getting proper compensation from the Board of Trade, he started again from scratch at over 60 years of age.
He lived until the age of 86, a tolerant, intelligent, hardworking and gentle man, loved and respected by everyone who knew him.
Editor's Comment:
Group photograph of men in a range of uniforms worn by Prisoners of War, including Service Dress jackets dyed black, and other items of black clothing with drab stripes added. The man seated left wears the uniform of the Australian Imperial Force. Note the prisoner number on the jacket of the man seated closest to the camera.

subset: commoncrawl


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The University of Sydney
In today's world, mental illness and distress are common and these account for a significant burden of disability within our community. At the same time, there is a growing interest in understanding and enhancing positive mental health and wellbeing; particularly from developments in the fields of positive psychology and mental health promotion. Positive Psychiatry is a new term (Jeste et al 2016) that describes a dual approach to mental health, where we build strengths, supports and healthy lifestyles as well as treating illness and distress.
In this course, we will explore different aspects of good mental health as well as provide an overview of the major kinds of mental disorders, their causes, treatments and how to seek help and support. The course will feature a large number of Australian experts in psychiatry, psychology and mental health research, and we will also hear from "lived experience experts", people who have lived with mental illness, and share their personal stories of recovery.
We take an evidence-based approach to a range of strategies that anyone can use to enhance their own mental health and that of others, from exercise and relaxation techniques through to the role of love, relationships and 'good' types of work. We cover topics from creativity and yoga through to psychiatric medications and psychotherapies.
Specific details
Category of Education
Medicine and Healthcare


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ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. >> For at least a week, authorities say, 15-year-old Nehemiah Griego had been planning the attack.
After shooting his mother and three siblings in their beds, he ambushed his father as the pastor returned home from an overnight shift at a homeless shelter. Then the teen reloaded the family's rifles.
His plan was to randomly shoot people at a Wal-Mart on Saturday, which happened to be "Guns Across America" day, until he could be killed in a shootout with law enforcement, according to authorities.
He also contemplated killing his 12-year-old girlfriend's parents, Bernalillo County Sheriff Dan Houston said Tuesday.
And while Griego loaded guns and ammunition into the family's van, Houston said, it was unclear whether the teen did go to a Wal-Mart or how seriously he contemplated continuing his rampage on the same day that thousands of gun advocates gathered peacefully at state capitals around the country to rally against stricter limits on firearms.
The "Guns Across America" events were held after President Barack Obama unveiled a sweeping package of federal gun-control proposals.
What authorities know, the sheriff said, was that Griego texted a picture of his dead mother to his girlfriend, then spent much of Saturday with her and her family, authorities said. That evening, he went to the church where his father worked and confessed to killing his parents and three younger siblings, authorities said.
The sheriff said he didn't know if Griego's contact with his girlfriend avoided further bloodshed. But he said she apparently knew what had happened, and officials were investigating whether she should be charged with failing to report the crime.
"We know Nehemiah had been contemplating this for some time," Houston told reporters at a news conference. Griego apparently had told others of his plans, but whom and when were still under investigation, Houston said.
The motive, Houston said, "was purely that he was frustrated with his mother. He did not give any further explanation."
The teen waived his right to arraignment in adult criminal court Tuesday on charges of murder and child abuse resulting in death and was ordered held without bond. He was arrested Saturday at his family's home in a rural area southwest of Albuquerque.
The sheriff's office identified the dead as Greg Griego, 51, his wife, Sarah Griego, 40, and three of their children: a 9-year-old boy, Zephania Griego, and daughters Jael Griego, 5, and Angelina Griego, 2.
According to Houston and charging documents, it began early Saturday at the family's home, when Nehemiah Griego acted on what he described to investigators as homicidal and suicidal thoughts.
Houston said the teen shot her as she slept at about 1 a.m. with a .22-caliber rifle the parents kept in a closet. He said he killed his siblings and then grabbed his parents' .223-caliber rifle and waited downstairs to ambush his father as he returned from work around 5 a.m.
Griego told authorities he then reloaded the two guns and put them in the family van. Houston said officers found the rifles, as well as at least a dozen rounds for the .22 and a handful of rounds for the other rifle, in the van.
At about 8 p.m., Griego went to Calvary church and told church members that his family was dead. Church officials called 911 and took Griego to his home.
Griego told detectives he discovered his family dead after returning from a friend's house, court documents say. The teen later confessed to shooting his mother because he "had anger issues" and was annoyed with her, the documents say.
The teen had no history of mental illness, and drugs or alcohol did not appear to be a factor, Houston said. He noted that the teen liked violent video games such as "Modern Warfare" and "Grand Theft Auto." He did not say whether he believed the games were a factor.
The boy's uncle, Eric Griego, said in an emailed statement on behalf of the family that the teen is "bright, curious and incredibly talented" with a love of music and sports.
"It is clear to those of us who know and love him that something went terribly wrong. Whether it was a mental breakdown or some deeper undiagnosed psychological issue, we can't be sure yet," the statement said.
Greg Griego was a gang member-turned pastor who had served at Calvary, one of Albuquerque's largest Christian churches. He had an extensive arrest record from his gang days, but was best known throughout the law enforcement community for his work as a voluntary chaplain.
Calvary Pastor Skip Heitzig said in a statement Tuesday that the deaths have stunned the church community. "We are doing what we can as a church body to minister to the remaining family members," he said. "Only the Lord Jesus Christ can heal this type of pain and heartache."
A records check by the Children, Youth and Families Department indicated no problems with the family and that Nehemiah Griego had never been in trouble with the law.
Sheriff's Deputy Aaron Williamson confirmed there was no history of any emergency calls to the home in the recent past.
"This is beyond any human reasoning or understanding," Houston said.
"It's horrific. What other words do you use? This is certainly the first time that I have been into a crime scene with this much destruction at one home."
In addition to the two rifles, two pistol-grip shotguns were in the home, Houston said. Griego's father taught him to use guns, and they shot together on a regular basis, Houston said.
Eric Griego's statement said the family had "differing views on gun rights and gun control" and asked the media "to not use Nehemiah as a pawn for ratings or to score political points.
"He is a troubled young man who made a terrible decision that will haunt him and his family forever."


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Direct Auto Insurance in Kingsport 1101 E Stone Dr
Day of the Week | Hours |
Monday | 8:30 AM - 5:30 PM |
Tuesday | 8:30 AM - 5:30 PM |
Wednesday | 8:30 AM - 5:30 PM |
Thursday | 8:30 AM - 5:30 PM |
Friday | 8:30 AM - 5:30 PM |
Saturday | 9:00 AM - 3:00 PM |
Sunday | Closed |
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We offer various types of car insurance products that help protect you, your passengers, and your vehicle in the event of a car accident or other covered incident. Some of these coverages are mandatory, while others are optional depending on where you live and include:
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- Personal injury protection (PIP) Get your free quote online, over the phone, or at a convenient Kingsport store near you to see how much you could save.*
*Rates and savings, if any, will vary. Discounts and pay plans subject to terms and conditions and may not be available in all states. Cost may vary based on how you buy. Direct Auto branded policies produced by Direct Auto Insurance for affiliates in the National General Insurance Group, Winston-Salem, NC.
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What would happen if you, and your income, were no longer around to help make ends meet? If you don't have an answer, consider term life insurance. Direct Auto offers affordable term life insurance in Tennessee to replace a loss of income, settle final medical and funeral expenses, pay for daily living expenses, like rent and groceries, or cover college tuition or related expenses.
For less than $1 a day†, you can count on the following term life benefits from Direct Auto:
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- Guaranteed renewal for two years at the same premium**
- No additional down payment when bought with an auto policy from Direct Auto
- An auto insurance discount when you by term life insurance and car insurance from Direct Auto*** If you're ready to see how Direct Auto can help you find peace of mind with a term life insurance policy, call or come in for a free quote or add term life insurance to your car insurance above.
† Per day amount based on annual premium for insured 18-50 years old with a $25,000 policy. Additional fee applies. *Written consent required of children 18 and older. **Policy terms and conditions apply.
***Multi-product discounts not available in all states and subject to terms and conditions. Individual term life insurance by Direct General Life Insurance Company, Nashville, TN. Policy Policy Nos: 58TL02010713, 12400 (OH), 12802 (WA) and in Michigan, by National Health Insurance Company, Policy No. 12815. Premium and other terms will vary by state, the insured's age, and the selected coverage.
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You never know when you'll get a flat tire, your car battery will call it quits, or the kids will accidentally lock the keys inside the car.
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Emergency road service plans can vary from company to company. With Direct Auto, you can expect all of the following services when you're a member of our Roadside Assistance program.
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*Roadside Assistance is not insurance. Administered through NationSafeDriver, Boca Raton, FL
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- Accident Medical Expense Reimbursement: Get reimbursed up to $1,000 for out-of-pocket medical expenses for things not covered by your auto insurance or health insurance.
- Accidental Death & Dismemberment: Get up to $10,000 after a covered injury to ease your financial burden. In the event of death, this benefit will be paid to your loved ones to cover funeral costs and compensate for lost income.
- Ambulance Assistance: Get up to $100 reimbursed if your accident requires a trip in an ambulance.
- Mechanical First Aid: In the event of a breakdown, get reimbursed up to $25 for service calls or minor adjustments (tire and fluid delivery excluded, as well as parts) to your car that allow it to continue driving safely (battery jump-starts, drive belts fixed, etc.).
- Rental Reimbursement & Lost Personal Effects Coverage: You could receive funds to help pay rental car expenses after an accident with another vehicle. Also get up to $300 to replace personal items if they are damaged in or stolen from the rental vehicle.
- Trip planning services & travel discounts: In addition to help with after-accident expenses, emergency protection plans also offer these fun perks to enjoy throughout your membership period, not just when an accident occurs. If you want to see how an Emergency Protection Plan might protect you, call or come in for a free emergency protection plan quote, or add it to your car insurance quote online.
*Emergency Protection Plans are separate products that are not insurance and each is administered through NationSafeDriver, Boca Raton, FL. Auto protection plan not available in Missouri.
- Savings up to 25% on auto insurance with safe driving, multi-product, and other driver discounts.
- Flexible payment options — decide when, how, and what you pay.
- Access to your policy online with MyAccount, 24/7 claims service, roadside assistance, and more.


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The Regimental Archive of the
Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia)
Search for soldiers who served in the Regiment
At the moment, the database covers the periods 1786-1817, 1872-1887 and 1914-1916. It includes nearly 7000 names.The information for 1786-1817 and for 1872-1887 is taken from the two Enlistment Registers which cover these periods. The Registers record a lot of information about those enlisting, including date and place of enlistment, as well as age, occupation and height. The early register also gives place of birth and a detailed physical description, while the later one gives address at the time of enlisting and records (for part of the period) whether the new recruit can read and write.
The information for 1914-1916 is taken from a Regimental Roll, which contains very little detail, so you will find only limited information on the database for this period usually only surname, initials, rank and Regimental number.
A note on place names: to make the database as useful as possible to researchers, spellings of place names recorded in the Registers have been modernised where appropriate and where possible. In some cases, it has not been possible to identify the place recorded in the Register, and in these cases the name has been transcribed exactly as written.
There are currently 6954 records in the database


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Pavo cristatus (*)
Cladus: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Aves
Subclassis: Carinatae
Infraclassis: Neornithes
Parvclassis: Neognathae
Ordo: Galliformes
Familia: Phasianidae
Subfamilia: Phasianinae
Genus: Pavo
Species: Pavo cristatus
Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758
Systema Naturae ed.10 p.156
Pavo cristatus, Joseph Smit
Vernacular names
English: Indian Peafowl
Português: Pavão
Svenska: Påfågel
中文: 藍孔雀
The Indian Peafowl or Blue Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is a large and brightly coloured bird of the pheasant family native to South Asia, but introduced and semi-feral in many other parts of the world. The male, peacock, is predominantly blue with a fan-like crest of spatula-tipped wire-like feathers and is best known for the long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers which bear colourful eyespots. These stiff and elongated feathers are raised into a fan and quivered in a display during courtship. The female lacks the train, has a greenish lower neck and has a duller brown plumage. They are found mainly on the ground in open forest or cultivation where they forage for berries, grains but will also prey on snakes, lizards, and small rodents. Their loud calls make them easy to detect, and in forest areas, often indicate the presence of a predator such as a tiger. They forage on the ground, moving in small groups and will usually try to escape on foot through undergrowth and avoid flying. They will fly up into tall trees to roost, however. It is the national bird of India.
Taxonomy and naming
The Indian Peafowl was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name of Pavo cristatus.[2] The Latin genus name Pavo and the Anglo-Saxon Pawe (from which the word "Peacock" is derived) are believed to be echoic in their origin and based on the usual call of the bird. The species name cristatus refers to the crest.[3]
The earliest usage of the word in written English is from around 1300 and spelling variants include pecok, pekok, pecokk, peacocke, peocock, pyckock, poucock, pocok, pokok, pokokke, and poocok among others. The current spelling was established in the late 17th century. Chaucer (1343–1400) used the word to refer to a proud and ostentatious person in his simile "proud a pekok" in Troilus and Criseyde (Book I, line 210).[4]
The Greek word for peacock was taos and was related to the Persian "tavus" (as in Takht-i-Tâvus for the famed Peacock Throne[5]). The Hebrew word tuki (plural tukkiyim) has been said to have been derived from the Tamil tokei but sometimes traced to the Egyptian tekh.[6][7]
The male, known as a peacock, is a large bird with a length from bill to tail of 100 to 115 cm (40 to 46 inches) and to the end of a fully grown train as much as 195 to 225 cm (78 to 90 inches) and weigh 4–6 kg (8.8-13.2 lbs). The females, or peahens, are smaller at around 95 cm (38 inches) in length and weigh 2.75–4 kg (6-8.8 lbs). Their size, colour and shape of crest make them unmistakable within their native distribution range. The male is metallic blue on the crown, the feathers of the head being short and curled. The fan-shaped crest on the head is made of feathers with bare black shafts and tipped with blush-green webbing. A white stripe above the eye and a crescent shaped white patch below the eye are formed by bare white skin. The sides of the head have iridescent greenish blue feathers. The back has scaly bronze-green feathers with black and copper markings. The scapular and the wings are buff and barred in black, the primaries are chestnut and the secondaries are black. The tail is dark brown and the "train" is made up by elongated upper tail coverts (more than 200 feathers, the actual tail has only 20 feathers) and nearly all of these feathers end with an elaborate eye-spot. A few of the outer feathers lack the spot and end in a crescent shaped black tip. The underside is dark glossy green shading into blackish under the tail. The thighs are buff coloured. The male has a spur on the leg above the hind toe.[8][9]
The adult peahen has a rufous-brown head with a crest as in the male but the tips chestnut edged with green. The upper body is brownish with paler mottling. The primaries, secondaries and tail are dark brown. The lower neck is metallic green and the breast feathers are dark brown glossed with green. The rest of the underparts are whitish.[8] Downy young are pale buff with a dark brown mark on the nape connecting with the eyes.[10] Young males looks like the females but the wings are chestnut coloured.[10][11]
The most common calls of the birds are a loud pia-ow or may-awe. The frequency of calling increases before the Monsoon season but may also be delivered in alarm or when they are disturbed by loud noises. In forests, theirs calls often indicate the presence of a predators such as the tiger.[8][11] They also make many other calls such as a rapid series of ka-aan..ka-aan or a rapid kok-kok.[11][12]
A leucistic white peafowl that is maintained by selective breeding in many parks such as this one at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. This mutation is commonly mistaken for an albino.
The "ocellate" tail coverts of a peacock
There are several colour mutations of Indian Peafowl. These very rarely occur in the wild, but selective breeding has made them common in captivity. The Black-shouldered or Japanned mutation was initially considered as a subspecies P. c. nigripennis(or even a species[13]), and was a topic of some interest during Darwin's time. It is however only a case of genetic variation within the population. In this mutation, the adult male is melanistic with black wings.[10][14] Young birds with the nigripennis mutation are creamy white with fulvous tipped wings. The gene produces melanism in the male and in the peahen it produces a dilution of colour with creamy white and brown markings. Other variations include the pied and white forms all of which are the result of allelic variation at specific loci.[15][16]
[edit] Distribution and habitat
The elongated upper tail coverts make up the "train" of the peacock
The Indian Peafowl is a resident breeder across the Indian subcontinent and is found in the drier lowland areas of Sri Lanka. In South Asia, it is found mainly below an altitude of 1800 m and in rare cases seen at about 2000m.[17] It is found in moist and dry-deciduous forests, but can adapt to live in cultivated regions and around human habitations and is usually found where water is available. In many parts of northern India, they are protected by religious sentiment and will forage around villages and towns for scraps. Some have suggested that the peacock was introduced into Europe by Alexander the Great,[18] while others suggest that the bird had reached Athens by 450 BC and may have been introduced even earlier.[19] It has since been introduced in many other parts of the world and has become feral in some areas.[11]
Behaviour and ecology
Peafowl are best known for the male's extravagant display feathers which, despite actually growing from their back, are thought of as a tail. The "train" is in reality made up of the enormously elongated upper tail coverts. The tail itself is brown and short as in the peahen. The colours result from the micro-structure of the feathers and the resulting optical phenomena.[20] The long train feathers (and tarsal spurs) of the male develop only after the second year of life. Fully developed trains are found in birds older than four years. In northern India, these begin to develop each February and are moulted at the end of August.[21] The moult of the flight feathers may be spread out across the year.[22]
The ornate train is believed to be the result of female sexual selection as males raise the feathers into a fan and quiver them as part of courtship display. Many studies have suggested that the quality of train is an honest signal of the condition of males and that peahens select males on the basis of their plumage. More recent studies however, suggest that other cues may be involved in mate selection by peahens.[23][24]
Indian Peahen with immatures at Hodal in Faridabad District of Haryana, India
Peafowl forage on the ground in small groups, known as musters, that usually have a cock and 3 to 5 hens. After the breeding season, the flocks tend to be made up only of females and young. They are found in the open early in the mornings and tend to stay in cover during the heat of the day. They are fond of dust-bathing and at dusk, groups walk in single file to a favourite waterhole to drink. When disturbed, they usually escape by running and rarely take to flight.[11]
Peafowl produce loud calls especially in the breeding season. They may call at night when alarmed and neighbouring birds may call in a relay like series. Nearly seven different call variants have been identified in the peacocks apart from six alarm calls that are commonly produced by both sexes.[25]
Peafowl roost in groups during the night on tall trees but may sometimes make use of rocks, buildings or pylons. In the Gir forest, they chose tall trees in steep river banks.[26][27] Birds arrive at dusk and call frequently before taking their position on the roost trees.[28] Due to this habit of congregating at the roost, many population studies are made at these sites. The population structure is not well understood, in a study in northern India (Jodhpur) the number of males was 170-210 for 100 females but a study involving evening counts at the roost site in southern India (Injar) suggested a ratio of 47 males for 100 females.[12]
The rear view of a displaying male showing the short tail feathers
Peacocks are polygamous, and the breeding season is spread out but appears to be dependent on the rains. Several males may congregate at a lek site and these males are often closely related.[29] Males at lek appear to maintain small territories next to each other and they allow females to visit them and make no attempt to guard harems. Females do not appear to favour specific males.[30] The males display in courtship by raising the upper-tail coverts into an arched fan. The wings are held half open and drooped and it periodically vibrates the long feathers producing a ruffling sound. The cock faces the hen initially and struts and prances around and sometimes turns around to display the tail.[11] Males may also freeze over food to invite a female in a form of courtship feeding.[31] Males may display even in the absence of females. When a male is displaying, females do not appear to show any interest and usually continue their foraging.[12] The peak season in southern India is April to May, January to March in Sri Lanka and June in northern India. The nest is a shallow scrape in the ground lined with leaves, sticks and other debris. Nests are sometimes placed on buildings[32] and in earlier times have been recorded using the disused nest platforms of the Indian White-rumped Vultures. The clutch consists of 4-8 fawn to buff white eggs which are incubated only by the female. The eggs hatch after about 28 days to hatch. The chicks are nidifugous and follow the mother around after hatching.[8] Downy young may sometimes climb on their mothers back and the female may carry them in flight to a safe tree branch.[33] An unusual instance of a male incubating a clutch of eggs has been reported.[11][34]
Peafowl are omnivorous and eat seeds, insects , fruits, small mammals and reptiles. They feed on small snakes but keep their distance from larger ones.[35] In the Gir forest of Gujarat, are large percent of their food is made up of the fallen berries of Zizyphus.[36] Around cultivated areas, peafowl feed on a wide range of crops such as groundnut, tomato, paddy, chilly and even bananas.[12] Around human habitations, they feed on a variety of food scraps and even human excreta.[11]
Mortality factors
Adult peafowl can usually escape ground predators by flying into trees. Leopards are able to ambush them however, and in some areas such as the Gir forest, peafowl are common prey.[27] Foraging in groups provides some safety as there are more eyes to look out for predators.[37] They are sometimes hunted by large birds of prey such as the Changeable Hawk-eagle and Rock Eagle-owl.[38][39] Chicks are prone to predation. Adults living near human habitations are sometimes hunted by domestic dogs or by humans in some areas (southern Tamil Nadu) for folk-remedies involving the use of "peacock oil".[12]
In captivity, birds have been known to live for 23 years but it is estimated that they live for only about 15 years in the wild.[40]
Conservation and status
The peacock became associated with pomp, pride and vanity as shown in this caricature of "Sir Vane Peacock" based on the work of J J Grandville
Indian Peafowl are widely distributed in the wild across South Asia and protected both culturally in many areas and by law in India. Conservative estimates of the population put them at more than 100,000.[41] Illegal poaching for meat however continues and declines have been noted in parts of India.[42]
Crosses between a male Green Peafowl, Pavo muticus and a peahen produces a stable hybrid called a "spalding", named after Mrs. Keith Spalding, a bird fancier in California.[43] There can be a problem if birds of unknown pedigree are released into the wild, as the viability of such hybrids and their offspring is often reduced (see Haldane's Rule and outbreeding depression).
Poaching of peacocks for their meat, feathers and accidental poisoning by feeding on pesticide treated seeds are known threats to wild birds.[44] Methods to identify if feathers have been plucked or have been shed naturally have been developed as Indian law allows the collection of feathers that have been shed.[45]
In parts of India, the birds can be a nuisance to agriculture as they damage crops.[11] They can also be a problem in gardens and homes where they damage plants, attack their reflections breaking glass and mirrors, perch and scratch cars or leave their droppings. Many cities where they have been introduced and gone feral have peafowl management programmes. These include educating citizens on how to prevent the birds from causing damage while treating the birds humanely.[46][47][48]
In culture
Prominent in many cultures, the peacock has been used in numerous iconic representations, including being designated the national bird of India in 1963.[11] The peacock, known as Mayura in Sanskrit, has enjoyed a fabled place in India since and is frequently depicted in temple art, mythology, poetry, folk-music and traditions.[49] Many Hindu deities are associated with the bird, Krishna is often depicted with a feather in his headband, while worshippers of Shiva associate the bird as the steed of the God of war, Karthikeya (also known as Skanda or Murugan). In Buddhist philosophy, the peacock represents wisdom.[50] Peacock feathers are used in many rituals and ornamentation. Peacock motifs are widespread in Indian temple architecture, old coinage, textiles and continue to be used in many modern items of art and utility.[19] In Greek mythology the origin of the peacocks plumage is explained in the tale of Juno and Argus.[43] The main figure of the Kurdish religion Yezidism, Melek Taus, is most commonly depicted as a peacock.[51][52] Peacock motifs are widely used even today such as in logo of the US NBC television network and the Sri Lankan Airlines.
Juno and Argus, by Rubens (c 1620)
These birds were often kept in menageries and as ornaments in large gardens and estates. A reference in the Bible mentions a peacock owned by King Solomon (I Kings, chapt X 22 and 23). In medieval times, knights in Europe took a "Vow of the Peacock" and decorated their helmets with its plumes. Feathers were buried with Viking warriors[53] and the flesh of the bird was said to cure snake venom and many other maladies. Numerous uses in Ayurveda have been documented. Peafowl were said to keep an area free of snakes.[54]
The colours of the peacock and the contrast with the much duller peahen were a puzzle to early thinkers. Charles Darwin wrote to Asa Gray that the "sight of a feather in a peacock's tail , whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" as he failed to see an adaptive advantage for the extravagant tail which seemed only to be an encumbrance. Darwin tried to develop a second principle of "sexual selection" to resolve the problem. American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer tried to show, from his own imagination, the value of the eyespots in camouflage in a 1907 painting.[55] It was only in the 1970s that this apparent contradiction was resolved based on the evolution of honest signalling and the handicap principle of Amotz Zahavi, though the actual mechanism may be less straightforward than it seems – the cost arising perhaps from the fact that the hormones that enhances feather development depress the immune system.[56][57]
In Anglo-Indian usage of the 1850s, to peacock meant making visits to ladies and gentlemen in the morning. In the 1890s, the term "peacocking" in Australia referred to the practice of buying up the best pieces of land ("picking the eyes") so as to render the surrounding lands valueless.[58] The English word "peacock" has come to be used to describe a man who is very proud or gives a lot of attention to his clothing.[59]
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* Galusha,JG; Hill,LM (1996) A study of the behaviour of Indian Peacocks Pavo cristatus on Protection Island, Jefferson County, Washington, USA. Pavo 34(1&2):23-31.
* Ganguli,U (1965) A Peahen nests on a roof. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 5(4):4-6.
* Prakash,M (1968) Mating of Peacocks Pavo cristatus. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 8(6), 4-5.
* Rao,MS; Zaki,S; Ganesh,T (1981) Colibacillosis in a Peacock. Current Science 50(12):550-551.
* Sharma,IK (1969) Habitat et comportment du Pavon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 37(3):219-223.
* Sharma,IK (1970) Analyse ecologique des parades du paon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 38(4):290-294.
* Sharma,IK (1972) Etude ecologique de la reproduction de la paon (Pavo cristatus). Alauda 40(4):378-384.
* Sharma,IK (1973) Ecological studies of biomass of the Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Tori 22(93-94):25-29.
* Sharma,IK (1974) Notes ecologique sur le paon bleu, Pavo cristatus. Les Carnets de Zoologie 34:41-45.
* Sharma,IK (1981) Adaptations and commensality of the Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) in the Indian Thar Desert. Annals Arid Zone. 20(2):71-75.
* Shrivastava,AB; Nair,NR; Awadhiya,RP; Katiyar,AK (1992) Traumatic ventriculitis in Peacock (Pavo cristatus). Indian Vet. J. 69(8):755.
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Thursday 22 February 2024 16:10, UK
Bayern Munich are on the brink of signing Xabi Alonso from Real Madrid, according to the Bundesliga club's financial director Jan-Christian Dreesen.
Dreesen said an agreement had been struck "in principle" with the Spanish club, with the 2010 World Cup winner due in Munich later on Thursday for a medical and to discuss terms.
The 32-year-old would become the fifth Spanish player on the Bavarians' books together with Pepe Reina, Juan Bernat, Thiago and Javi Martinez.
Bayern on Wednesday completed the signing of Mehdi Benatia from Roma for a fee of £20.7million and they were not expected to venture into the transfer market again this summer.
Alonso's arrival could see Xherdan Shaqiri seek a move away from the club.
The Switzerland international winger is attracting interest in Italy, with Juventus and Inter Milan both keen on the former Basel midfielder.


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Saturday, November 5, 2011
Sweet Potato Casserole with Pistachio Crust – Save the Mini Marshmallows for Your Hot Chocolate!
56 comments:
- JoAnn said...
Brilliant flavor combination. Will add to my Thanksgiving menu.
Thanks Chef!!! - November 5, 2011 at 4:51 PM
- Monica said...
that appears to be a definite improvement over that awful marsh, mallow junk. Personally I prefer roasted potatoes and roasted parsnips,
- November 5, 2011 at 5:09 PM
dear chef, you have my deepest respect, though i have to say that the combanaition of sweet potato
and pistachio does sound a bit odd...
happy thanksgiving!
etamar( the guy that hates parsly) - November 5, 2011 at 5:40 PM
I do HATE those little marshmallows on my sweet potatoes. Where in the heck did that get started anyway?
I want to try this but wondered if you think the lighter sweet potatoes would work as well. I just happen to like them a little better.
Jackie - November 5, 2011 at 7:25 PM
- Dawn's Recipes said...
Nasty! The only things marshmallows belong on are s'mores and hot cocoa. This pistachio topped version looks absolutely DIVINE! I'm thinking of making it and surprising everyone at my mother-in-law's house with it this Thanksgiving.
- November 6, 2011 at 5:48 AM
Hi Chef! We're putting together a "Friends Thanksgiving" and we'll be using a lot of your recipes - including this one. One problem... do we use the tangerine, mango bango, or your simple cranberry sauce. Meh, we'll just make them all!
Thanks for the recipes! - November 6, 2011 at 9:11 AM
- Marylh said...
I just found your blog - actually looking for Kale recipes! But this is wonderful. We have a great family sweet potato casserole my sister-in-law makes - thank goodness no marshmallows, but this is a great alternative. I will be back!
- November 6, 2011 at 12:10 PM
- Food Junkie said...
I don't hate sweet dishes but given a choice I will default to savoury or spicy over sweet. Thankfully sweet potatoes with marshmallows are NOT widely popular at Canadian Thanksgiving. This is a sweet potato dish I might actually enjoy.
- November 6, 2011 at 4:50 PM
- Grandma Honey said...
I made these tonight just like you said (except I had no allspice or cayenne), and we LOVED it. THIS will be our new sweet potato dish on Thanksgiving. The flavor was just right...not too sweet...the topping made it perfect!
- November 6, 2011 at 11:23 PM
He said dic-tator. THAT was funny. Glad I wasn't drinking milk.
- November 7, 2011 at 1:14 PM
- Rita said...
this recipe is not good for people like me who is allergic to peanuts and all tree nuts. ugh! that said, do you have any other good alternative for the pistachio?
- November 7, 2011 at 4:35 PM
- Chef John said...
Maybe corn nuts? You can just skip them too.
- November 7, 2011 at 4:44 PM
- Food Junkie said...
Wheat nuts might be a passable substitute for pistachios. I don't know if they are made in a nut free facility but they have a good crunchiness that might work if they can stand up to baking.
- November 7, 2011 at 4:58 PM
- Rita said...
AHAHAHAHAHA! corn nuts. that's cute, chef J. just thought of this - would panko work?
@food junkie - thanks for the tip. really appreciate it. i'll just have to read the label before purchasing. - November 8, 2011 at 11:13 AM
- Jank1114 said...
When you post these recipes can you also include written directions that we could print out?
- November 10, 2011 at 1:03 PM
- Chef John said...
I don't have/use written recipes. Also, I type so slowly that I don't feel like doing that late at night after spending so many hours working on these free videos. But, if you are welcome to type them up and post as a comment, which viewers have done in the past. Thanks!
- November 10, 2011 at 1:31 PM
- Gayla said...
With minor substitutions (like vegan sour cream instead of buttermilk) I was able to make this vegan and it was really good for anyone - vegan or not.
- November 16, 2011 at 1:22 PM
Chef, you are just amazing! One of my in-laws (claims) is allergic to pistachios when I mentioned making this for Thanksgiving. Could I substitute pecans instead?
THANK YOU! - November 16, 2011 at 5:04 PM
- Chef John said...
Yes, then I would. ;)
- November 16, 2011 at 5:54 PM
Cant wait to make this! Thank you!
For the sweet potatoes:
2 1/2 lbs sweet potatoes
salt to taste
2 tbsp butter
2 large eggs
1/4 cup maple syrup
1/4 cup buttermilk
1/3 cup milk
1/2 tsp vanilla
1/2 tsp salt
pinch of allspice
pinch of cayenne
For the pistachio crust:
1/2 cup chopped, crushed pistachios (I used roasted, salted)
1/2 cup light brown sugar
1/3 cup all-purpose flour
4 tbsp melted butter
Preheat oven to 350.
Peel, chop and boil sweet potatoes over high heat, salting water well. When they are tender, drain and add butter. Mash and set to side.
Whisk eggs, syrup, buttermilk, milk, vanilla, salt, allspice and cayenne together. Slowly add potatoes to mix in spoonfuls (temper) – place mixed mixture in a 2 ½ quart casserole dish allowing space for crust.
Combine pistachio crust ingredients, mixing well, and top casserole carefully. When evenly distributed, gently press crust down.
Bake for 25-30 minutes or until browned on top. Optional: brown under boiler for one minute. Let rest before serving. - November 17, 2011 at 8:36 AM
- JenniferJuniper said...
Hey Chef John,
Long time vlog watcher, first time commenter. Love your videos! Thank you so much for doing what you do! One of my in laws actually sent me an email asking if I could bring a "yam dish" when I come for Thanksgiving and I was immediately glad I remembered you made this video. I've never been a fan of marshmallow topped 'yam' casseroles and I'm excited to try this out! Thank you!
Quick question: We have around a two hour drive or better( to get to the family dinner and when we get there most or all of the food is supposed to be prepared so I don't want to cook it before hand and be forced to reheat but I don't know if I'll have much time to prepare it there. What's my best option? Can I assemble it most the way and bake it there? Would it be best just to reheat it? - November 17, 2011 at 8:54 PM
- Chef John said...
Just reheat it there! It will be much easier and taste the same.
- November 17, 2011 at 9:19 PM
- JenniferJuniper said...
Thank you for the advice and for your prompt response!
- November 18, 2011 at 3:16 AM
- Kyle said...
I love your blog and have a list of your recipes my wife and I are eager to make. We just made this one this morning for a family dinner, the topping is fabulous but the sweet potatoes are a little bland. We more family coming for Thanksgiving and we'd like to try again...does anybody have tips to bring the flavor of the sweet potatoes out a bit more?
- November 19, 2011 at 12:18 PM
- Grandma Honey said...
Kyle: I guess to each his own, but we loved it just the way it was. I wouldn't want the potatoes to be spicy at all or it would drown out that wonderful crust.
- November 19, 2011 at 2:03 PM
Kyle, you might try upping the allspice just a bit (leave the cayenne as is) and adding a little chopped ginger, nutmeg, turmeric, and/or a splash of Angostura bitters. Not too much, keep it deep, complex, and mysterious. I'm making it vegan, and will use soaked flax seed meal in place of egg, lemon to make it tart, no need for milk.
- November 21, 2011 at 4:51 PM
Hi Chef John,
Making this for Thanksgiving. Can I make this the night before and reheat?
Will the reheat ruin the crusty top?
Advice would be much appreciated!
Thanks so much. - November 21, 2011 at 5:59 PM
Hi Chef John,
I was also wondering something similar to Scott R., can I do everything else the night before and pop it in the oven the day of? Would you recommend leaving the topping off until cooking time?
Thanks in advance if you find the time to respond! Love your videos, made your pot roast recently. It was fantastic! :)
-Laura - November 22, 2011 at 1:50 PM
- Chef John said...
This is foolproof in that you can make ahead and reheat, or make ahead and cook when needed. It's not like the top stays that crispy anyway.
- November 22, 2011 at 1:54 PM
Perfect! Thanks!
-Laura - November 22, 2011 at 1:57 PM
Made this for an early Thanksgiving dinner but used yellow sweet potatoes and pecans (because I didn't have pistachios). This is the first time that my sweet potatoes were totally gone. Man were they good!
Thanks so much for this recipe. It's my new traditional dish.
Jackie - November 23, 2011 at 7:57 PM
This was a huge hit at my family thanksgiving, even with the family that didn't like sweet potatoes! Absolutely delicious! Thanks Chef John =)
- November 25, 2011 at 11:52 PM
Hello Chef John,
Review of French Onion Green Bean Casserole and Sweet Potato Casserole with Pistachio Crust. I made both of these dishes for this Thanksgiving (2011) and they were excellent. Thanks John for these superb versions; far superior to any recipe I have tried so far. These will remain on my company dinner and holiday menu lists. Thanks again! - November 26, 2011 at 2:46 PM
- SB said...
The Sweet Potato with Pistachio crust was a huge hit at our Thanksgiving dinner. Thank you Chef John!
- November 27, 2011 at 12:46 AM
Just wanted to comment that this dish was a hit here as well. Very tasty and SUCH and improvement over the standard version with marshmallows! Love the pistachio crumb topping and also the flavor of the sweet potatoes. Not too sweet, just perfect.
- November 28, 2011 at 3:25 PM
I made this for Thanksgiving, and I'm making it again tonight by request. It was a huge hit! Also made the Cabernet Cranberries and used your Roasted Turkey recipe/instructions from About.com (it was perfect). Thanks for making our Thanksgiving delicious!
- December 3, 2011 at 5:21 PM
- Heidi said...
One of my Thanksgiving guests was telling a friend about the wonderful sweet potatoes she had at our house. HER friend said that her sister in law brought the best sweet potatoes that she had ever had...with a pistachio crust! Kevin Bacon must be around here somewhere...
- December 15, 2011 at 4:42 PM
Hi Chef John...I have a question about the buttermilk...I hate to waste food and money, which usually happens when I buy buttermilk since the recipes usually call for just a little. Is is using that powdered buttermilk mix a totally horrible idea? I'm sure the real thing is better, but is using the powdered kind as a substitution really an option?
- March 24, 2012 at 3:59 PM
- Chef John said...
Sorry, I'm not familiar with the product!
- March 24, 2012 at 7:32 PM
- MissRedCooks said...
i tried this once and it was absolutely amazingly divine! but it's a side dish, so with which dish do you served this one? i made chicken but i don't know... it's sweet... what can i serve it with?
Thanks for all Chef John, you are amazing! - May 13, 2012 at 12:04 PM
- Anna said...
Southern cooks use this recipe with a pecan topping - also a winner. But I can't wait to try this pistachio topping. My father-in-law loves pistachios, and this will be fun to make for him and my mother-in-law.
- July 29, 2012 at 11:26 AM
- Anna said...
To anonymous:
Experiment using the buttermilk in other recipes. For example, it makes macaroni and cheese delicious. We use buttermilk in our cornbread recipes, biscuits, to make salad dressings, cakes and I haven't tried it, but a popsicle recipe of creamy fruit uses buttermilk instead of yogurt. - July 29, 2012 at 11:29 AM
- DubaiDavid said...
We went to an "extended" family Thanksgiving and brought this dish with us. With so many family members each bringing two or three side dishes, the four tables and kitchen island were full of "competing" plates. After a thorough gorging by all, everyone was asked to select their favorite side dish. And this dish took first overall! Thanks Chef! It's a winner.
- November 23, 2012 at 9:00 PM
- Jackie Reynolds said...
Hi Chef John,
I LOVE this casserole and have made it the last 2 Thanksgivings. This year I want to make it again, but my small problem is that I have a person with a severe nut allergy coming to dinner so I have removed all nuts from the menu. Well, except for an uncle whom will remain anonymous. Anyway, what do you think about substituting oatmeal for the pistachios? A better idea?
Also, I'm thinking of putting in some dark rum or bourbon. What do you think?
Thanks so much for your blog. It's my go to site. You're simply the BEST.
Jackie - November 19, 2013 at 6:29 PM
- Jackie Reynolds said...
Oh yeah, I will be feeding about 25 people. Do you think a double recipe will suffice?
Thanks again.
Jackie - November 19, 2013 at 6:43 PM
- Chef John said...
Not sure about the oatmeal. Doesn't sound too good to me. Replacing nuts is hard, since nothing like them! What about corn nuts?
2 would be close for 25, since one served about 8-10. - November 19, 2013 at 7:00 PM
- Jackie Reynolds said...
I'm going to try the corn nuts idea,. Thnaks for the suggestion!
Jackie - November 19, 2013 at 8:28 PM
- Jackie Reynolds said...
I'm making the casserole for tomorrow--an early TG celebration. A friend suggested crushed ginger snaps, so that is what I am going with. Not that I didn't like your corn nuts idea but the ginger snaps won the vote with the family. I'll report back.
- November 23, 2013 at 4:41 PM
- Unknown said...
Thank you so much for all of your recipes, you have thought us to cook. Love the way you explain in the video. Thanks again for your kind work. Syed
- November 24, 2013 at 5:42 PM
- Jackie Reynolds said...
So I tried the crushed ginger snaps and it was a big hit.
- November 25, 2013 at 1:26 AM
- Unknown said...
This is my husband's favorite dish. Every time I want to impress guest for dinner, I make this delicious dish. Always get a compliment and asked for the recipe. Follow the instructions step by step and you can't go wrong!!! Enjoy
- May 4, 2014 at 1:58 PM
- Unknown said...
This IS my go to holiday potato casserole dish! Me and my family love it! Making it tonight for the fourth Thanksgiving in a row! Thanks Chef John and Happy Thanksgiving! Xo
- November 26, 2014 at 7:14 PM
Thanks, CJ. This casserole brought both red & blue sides to the table this year.
If you were here, I'd kiss you right on top of your big, bodaciously beautiful bald head!
Happy RamaHanaQuanzMas!!! - November 26, 2016 at 9:32 AM
- Jim said...
This was a million bucks. My son has never had sweet potatoes and I've never been a fan. I made this and we love it. The only difference I did was all milk and cinnamon roll maple syrup made right here in Ohio. Well done Chef John, thanks! Happy Thanksgiving!
- November 23, 2017 at 5:12 PM
- Stephanie said...
I'm about to make this fantastic dish for the 3rd year in a row!! It's just wonderful and thanks so much for some totally yummy recipes!!
- November 20, 2018 at 9:37 PM
- Unknown said...
Stumbled across this recipe during my new, daily, "watch chef John" routine. Served this at our Canadian Thanksgiving yesterday. OMG! Instant favourite! Thank you Chef John for so many wonderful recipes.
- October 14, 2019 at 12:12 PM


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ROD McGUIRK Saturday, 16 March 2013 10:09 AM EDT
ROSS ISLAND, Antarctica — Across most of Earth, a tourist attraction that sees 35,000 visitors a year can safely be labeled sleepy. But when it's Antarctica, every footstep matters.
Tourism is rebounding here five years after the financial crisis stifled what had been a burgeoning industry. And it's not just retirees watching penguins from the deck of a ship. Visitors are taking tours inland and even engaging in "adventure tourism" like skydiving and scuba diving under the ever-sunlit skies of a Southern Hemisphere summer.
In a remote, frozen, almost pristine land where the only human residents are involved in research, that tourism comes with risks, for both the continent and the tourists. Boats pollute water and air, and create the potential for more devastating environmental damage. When something goes wrong, help can be an exceptionally long way off.
The downturn triggered by the economic meltdown created an opportunity for the 50 countries that share responsibility through the Antarctic Treaty to set rules to manage tourism, but little has been done. An international committee on Antarctica has produced just two mandatory rules since it was formed, and neither of those is yet in force.
"I think there's been a foot off the pedal in recent years," said Alan Hemmings, an environmental consultant on polar regions. "If it takes five years, 10 years to bring even what you agree into force, it's very difficult to micromanage these sorts of developments."
Antarctic tourism has grown from fewer than 2,000 visitors a year in the 1980s to more than 46,000 in 2007-08. Then the numbers plummeted, bottoming out at fewer than 27,000 in 2011-12.
The Rhode Island-based International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators doesn't have its final 2012-13 figures yet but estimates close to 35,000 visitors this season, which runs from November through March. The industry group expects slightly more tourists next summer.
It's not just the numbers of tourists but the activities that are changing, said Hemmings, who has been part of a delegation representing New Zealand in some Antarctic Treaty discussions.
"What used to be Antarctic tourism in the late '80s through the '90s was generally people of middle age or older going on cruises and small ships where they went ashore at a few locations and they looked at wildlife, historic sites and maybe visited one current station," he said. "But there's an increasing diversification of the activities now so it's much more action orientated. Now people want to go paragliding, waterskiing, diving or a variety of other things."
Visitors can also skydive over the frigid landscape, and London-based Henry Cookson Adventures took two- and three-man submarines to Antarctica in the latest summer. Hemmings said he was once asked to advise on a Germany company's plan to fly gliders over the colossal Transantarctic Mountains to the South Pole, but that project was never carried out.
On Ross Island, a stark black-and-white outcrop of ice on porous, volcanic rock, the active volcano Mount Erebus stands as a warning of the dangers of tourism in this remote and hostile environment. In 1979, an Air New Zealand airliner on a sightseeing tour from Auckland slammed into the mountain in whiteout conditions, killing all 257 people aboard. After that disaster, sightseeing flights over Antarctica did not resume until the mid-1990s.
Some of the earliest attempts at skydiving in Antarctica also ended in tragedy. Two Americans and an Austrian died in the same jump in 1997 near the U.S. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the geographic South Pole.
Hypoxia — a lack of oxygen — is a suspected reason why the skydivers failed to deploy their parachutes in time. Antarctica is not only the world's coldest, driest and windiest continent, but also the highest. The South Pole is on an icy plateau 9,300 feet above sea level and the air is relatively thin.
The last fatalities at sea near the continent were in February 2011, when a Norwegian-flagged, steel-hulled yacht with three crew vanished during wild weather in the Ross Sea.
It's not only tourists who get into trouble. Searchers will wait until at least October to recover the bodies of three Canadians involved in scientific research who died in a plane crash in January near a summit in the Queen Alexandra range. A fire aboard a Japanese whaling ship in the Ross Sea killed a crew member in 2007. And anti-whaling activists lost a boat that collided with a whaler in 2010. No one was injured.
Hemmings said tourist ships have been involved in several mishaps in Antarctica in the past five years.
"Misadventure can befall anybody," he said, but he added that the number of tourist ships coming to Antarctica's busiest areas was a concern.
While Antarctica is as big as the United States and Mexico combined, tourists and scientists for the most part keep to areas that aren't permanently frozen and where wildlife can be found. Those account for less than 2 percent of the continent.
It's a land of many hazards, not all of them obvious. The dry air makes static electricity a constant threat to electronics and a fire risk when refueling vehicles. Residents quickly get into the habit of touching metal fixtures as they pass, and metal discharge plates are set beside all telephones and computer keyboards.
Most tourists arrive on the Antarctic Peninsula, which is easily accessible from Argentina and Chile. The next most popular destination is the Ross Sea on the opposite side of the continent, a 10-day sail from New Zealand or Australia.
Both landscapes are intensely bright and profoundly silent during the 17 weeks between sunrise and sunset in the summer. The peninsula is a milder environment and has a wider variety of fauna and flora.
The Ross Sea, where the Royal Society Range soars 13,200 feet above the ice-clogged waters of McMurdo Sound, demonstrates the colossal grandeur for which Antarctica is renowned. It was also the starting point of British expeditions to the South Pole during the so-called heroic era of Antarctic exploration from 1895 to 1915. The early explorers' wooden huts still dot the coast.
The Ross Ice Shelf, the world's largest mass of floating ice covering an area almost as big as Spain, rises as steep, gleaming cliffs 200 feet from the sea.
Two cruise ships visited the sea's Ross Island, connected to the continent by ice, last summer. Summer temperatures average minus 6 degrees Celsius (21 Fahrenheit) but often seem colder due to wind chill.
Passengers visited the largest settlement in Antarctica, the sprawling U.S. McMurdo Station, which can accommodate more than 1,200 people, as well as New Zealand's neighboring Scott Base, which sleeps fewer than 90. Many also visited a drafty hut built by doomed British explorer Capt. Robert Falcon Scott in 1902 as an expedition base a few hundred yards from McMurdo Station.
The two bases, separated by a 2-mile ice road, don't facilitate tourism, but tourists are generally welcomed. Both have well-stocked gift shops.
Antarctic New Zealand's environment manager Neil Gilbert said more robust monitoring is needed to track impacts of tourism.
"The Antarctic Peninsula ... is one of, if not the, most rapidly warming part of the globe," Gilbert said. "We really don't know what additional impact that those tourism numbers ... are having on what is already a very significantly changing environment."
There are fears that habitat will be trampled, that tourists will introduce exotic species or microbes or will transfer native flora and fauna to parts of the continent where they never before existed.
A major fear is that a large cruise ship carrying thousands of passengers will run into trouble in these ice-clogged, storm-prone and poorly charted waters, creating an environmentally disastrous oil spill and a humanitarian crisis for the sparsely resourced Antarctic research stations and distant nations to respond to.
To reduce the risk of spills, the United Nations' shipping agency, the International Maritime Organization, barred the use of heavy fuel oil below 60 degrees latitude south in 2011.
That was a blow to operators of large cruise ships. Steve Wellmeier, administrative director of the tour operators group, said the ban initially slashed cruise passenger numbers by two-thirds.
But it was only a temporary obstacle to industry growth; large ocean liners can comply with the ban by using lighter distillate fuels in Antarctic waters. About 9,900 passengers are believed to have visited Antarctica on large cruise ships is the season now ending, double the total from 2011-12.
The fuel-oil ban is a rare thing for Antarctic tourism: a binding rule.
The 28 countries that comprise the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Committee have made 27 non-binding recommendations on tourism since 1966, but just two mandatory rules — and neither of those are yet in force.
A 2004 agreement requiring tourism operators to be insured to cover possible rescue operations or medical evacuations has been ratified by only 11 of the 28 countries. A 2009 agreement barring ships carrying more than 500 passengers from landing tourists — a measure to protect trampled sites — has the legal backing of just two countries, Japan and Uruguay.
The United States, by far the biggest source of tourists and tourism operators, has not signed either measure.
The International Maritime Organization intends to enforce a Polar Code, detailing safety standards for ships entering both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. It was supposed to be force by 2013, but the IMO now says it won't be adopted before 2014, and after that it will take another 18 months for the code to be implemented.
Hemmings said the current lack of standards is a problem because increasing numbers of cruise ships are negotiating the poorly charted and storm-prone seas without ice-strengthened hulls as Antarctic legs are added to South American, South Pacific and around-the-world cruises.
Those ships "are not necessarily ice-strengthened, or if they are ice-strengthened, are not ice-strengthened to a high standard because at other times of the year they're doing something different," Hemmings said.
Wellmeier, the industry group official, said the impending rules could knock some currently operating vessels out of Antarctica. In any case, he said he doesn't think tourism there will return to the explosive growth rates of the years before the financial crisis, simply because the ships needed for such expansion are not available.
Tourists far outnumber the scientists and support staff at national scientific research stations in Antarctica during the peak summer season, though the researchers make more of an impact because they stay longer. The summer population at the 39 stations across the continent peaked at about 4,400 in the 2011-12 year.
Wellmeier believes tourists should not be considered separately from the question of overall human impact on the Antarctic environment. He said too often it is research-station personnel who flout the rules.
"We hear horror stories every season," he said. "A group will come ashore from a national program and they're on their day off ... and they're breaking the rules, right and left, smoking and getting too close to the animals."
The United States has been criticized on environmental grounds for building a 995-mile ice road from McMurdo Station to the South Pole on which tractors drag fuel and supplies on sleds. The road provides a more reliable alternative to frequently grounded air services.
Australia-based adventurer Tim Jarvis sees Antarctic tourists not as a problem, but as part of the solution for a frozen continent where the ice is rapidly retreating. If more tourists see its wonders and the impacts of climate change, particularly on the Antarctic Peninsula, Jarvis said, the world will become more inclined to protect the continent.
"It's a pity we live in a world that's a little bit overregulated in many respects," he said of the prospect of greater controls on tourism.
Jarvis led a party of six in January and February on a 19-day reenactment of British explorer Ernest Shackleton's desperate sea and land journey to a South Georgia Island whaling station in the southern Atlantic Ocean in 1916. After his ship was crushed by sea ice, Shackleton left 22 of his crew at on a remote island, then set sail in a lifeboat on an 800-nautical-mile voyage to get help.
Jarvis's party encountered 26-foot waves, then repeatedly fell through crevasses as they trekked across the snow-covered mountains of South Georgia. Jarvis suffered frostbite to one of his feet but completed the journey. Three members of his party couldn't complete the climb because of trench foot, a condition caused by prolonged exposure to cold and wet conditions.
While the journey seems death-defying, it was the product of tremendous planning. Jarvis and his party spent more than a year applying for five permits from various treaty countries accompanied by detailed risk assessments and environmental impact statements. They paid for their own backup boat to rescue them in case anything went wrong.
"My broader message to people is that we all have the potential to do far more in our lives than we feel we're capable of doing and we should go and explore that ... but do it responsibly," Jarvis said.
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