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Tracy Watkins highlights the problems for ACT. The party has fallen apart. The party operations are dying, the candidates can't get their messages straight and they can not be relied on to be a coalition partner after 2014.
Dr Brash's leadership was supposed to haul the party back from the brink. Instead it looks increasingly like a party in its death throes.
Who is going to partner National if ACT are gone and United Future are gone and Pita Sharples and Tariana Turia retire? That's why National is going to be natural party of opposition if they do not take a stand on the electoral reform referendum.
Labour and teh Greens along with their union buddies have registered to spend cash supporting MMP, not only that their MMPs are very vocal in support. National MPs meanwhile are under strict instruction to play Sgt. Shultz.
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Come watch your favorite Just For Kix dancer at our Spring Show on May 5!
DATE: May 5
LOCATION: WBL HS North Campus
LENGTH: 1.5-2 hours
ADMISSION: $6 Adults, $4 K-12 Students, under 5 years old are free!
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For more information, contact Director Laurisa at 651-653-8539 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Please SHARE this information!


text:
WO2002019639A1 - Content processor - Google PatentsContent processor
- Publication number
- Authority
- Grant status
- Application
- Patent type
- Prior art keywords
- data
- network
- content
- engine
- processor
- Prior art date
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic regulation in packet switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control or congestion control
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L29/00—Arrangements, apparatus, circuits or systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04L1/00 - H04L27/00 contains provisionally no documents
- H04L29/02—Communication control; Communication processing contains provisionally no documents
- H04L29/06—Communication control; Communication processing contains provisionally no documents characterised by a protocol
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic regulation in packet switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control or congestion control
- H04L47/24—Flow control or congestion control depending on the type of traffic, e.g. priority or quality of service [QoS]
- H04L47/2441—Flow classification
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic regulation in packet switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control or congestion control
- H04L47/34—Sequence integrity, e.g. sequence numbers
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
- H04L63/1408—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic by monitoring network traffic
- H04L63/1416—Event detection, e.g. attack signature detection
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
- H04L63/1441—Countermeasures against malicious traffic
- H04L63/145—Countermeasures against malicious traffic the attack involving the propagation of malware through the network, e.g. viruses, trojans or worms
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Application independent communication protocol aspects or techniques in packet data networks
- H04L69/22—Header parsing or analysis
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to broadband data networking equipment. Specifically, the present invention relates to a content processor that scans, classifies and modifies network traffic based on content.
BACKGROUND ART The character and requirements of networks and networking hardware are changing dramatically as the demands on networks change. Not only is there an ever-increasing demand for more bandwidth, the nature of the traffic flowing on the networks is changing. With the demand for video and voice over the network in addition to data, end users and network providers alike are demanding that the network provide services such as quality-of-service (QoS), traffic metering, and enhanced security. However, the existing Internet Protocol (IP) networks were not designed to provide such services because of the limited information they contain about the nature of the data passing over them.
Existing network equipment that makes up the infrastructure was designed only to forward data through the network's maze of switches and routers without any regard for the nature of the traffic. The equipment used in existing networks, such as routers, switches, and remote access servers (RAS), are not able to process any information in the network data stream beyond the packet headers and usually only the headers associated with a particular layer of the network or with a set of particular protocols. Inferences can be made about the type of traffic by the particular protocol, or by other information in the packet header such as address or port numbers, but high-level information about the nature of the traffic and the content of the traffic is impossible to discern at wire speeds.
In order to better understand packet processing and the deficiencies of existing network equipment it is helpful to have an understanding of its basic operation. The functionality of most network equipment can be broken down into four basic components. The first component is the physical layer interface (PHY layer) which converts an analog waveform transmitted over a physical medium such as copper wire pairs, coaxial cable, optical fiber, or air, into a bit stream which the network equipment can process, and vice versa. The PHY layer is the first or last piece of silicon that the network data hits in a particular device, depending on the direction of traffic. The second basic functional component is the switch fabric. The switch fabric forwards the traffic between the ingress and egress ports of a device across the bus or backplane of that device. The third component is host processing, which can encompass a range of operations that lie outside the path of the traffic passing thought a device. This can include controlling communication between components, enabling configuration, and performing network management functions. Host processors are usually off-the-shelf general purpose RISC or CISC microprocessors.
The final component is the packet processing function, which lies between the PHY layer and the switch fabric. Packet processing can be characterized into two categories of operation, those classified as fast-path and those classified as slow-path. Fast-path operations are those performed on the live data stream in real time. Slow-path operations are performed outside the flow of traffic but are required to forward a portion of the packets processed. Slow-path operations include unknown address resolution, route calculation, and routing and forwarding table updates. Some of the slow-path operations can be performed by the host processor if necessary.
For a piece of network equipment to be useful and effective, the vast majority of traffic must be handled on the fast-path in order to keep up with network traffic and to avoid being a bottleneck. To keep up with the data flow fast-path operations have always been limited both in number and in scope. There are five basic operations that have traditionally been fast-path operations: framing/parsing, classification, modification, encryption/compression, and queuing. Traditionally the fast-path operations have been performed by a general purpose microprocessor or custom ASICs. However, in order to provide some programmability while maintaining speed requirements, many companies have recently introduced highly specialized network processors (NPUs) to operate on the fast-path data stream. While NPTJs are able to operate at the same data rates as ASICs, such as OC-12, OC-48 and OC-192, they provide some level of programmability. Even with state of the art NPUs, however, fast-path operations must still be limited to specific, well-defined operations that operate only on very specific fields within the data packets. None of the current network devices, even those employing NPUs, are able to delve deep into a packet, beyond simple header information and into the packet contents while on the fast-path of data flow. The ability to look beyond the header information while still in the fast-path and into the packet contents would allow a network device to identify the nature of the information carried in the packet, thereby allowing much more detailed packet classification. Knowledge of the content would also allow specific contents to be identified and scanned to provide security such as virus detection, denial of service (DoS) prevention, etc. Further, looking deeper into the data packets and being able to maintain an awareness of content over an entire traffic flow would allow for validation of network traffic flows, and verification of network protocols to aid in the processing of packets down stream. Accordingly, what is needed is a network device that can look beyond simple header information and into the packet contents or payload, to be able to scan the payload on the fast- path at wire speeds beyond 1 gigabit per second, and to be able to maintain state information or awareness throughout an entire data traffic flow.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The present invention provides for a content processor that is able to scan the entire contents of data packets forming a network data flow, the contents of data packets including both header and payload information. The content processor includes a queue engine, which is used to reorder out of order data packets and to reassemble fragmented data packets in the network data flow. A session id is used to associate each data packet with a particular flow. After being processed by the queue engine, a context engine schedules the scanning of the data packets. For scanning, data packets are broken into smaller blocks each block associated with a particular data packet, or context. To make the content processor more efficient, multiple contexts, each belonging to a different session, are processed simultaneously. Once scheduled, the contexts are sent to the content scanning engine to be scanned. The content scanning engine includes a string preprocessor which simplifies the string for scanning by compressing white space, etc. The content scanning engine then scans the data packets in two steps: first, the string memories which holds the database of known strings, is used to identify potential matches to the data packet; second, using the leaf string memories and the leaf string compare engine, it is determined whether there is an exact match between any identified potential match and the contents of the data packet.
A conclusion is generated in response to the scanning by the content scanning engine. The conclusion is programmable and can represent any information or instruction desired by the user. In general the conclusion will indicate one of a number of likely scenarios. For example, the conclusion will indicate that more scanning is required using the next block of data, that an action, or instruction, needs to be performed by the content processor, that information needs to be sent to the host processor for further processing, or when scanning is complete, that the packet is ready to be sent with the conclusion representing routing and quality of service treatment for the data packet. Instructions or actions to be taken are carried out by a script engine in the context engine, which is able to execute preprogrammed scripts. The context engine also includes a host interface, which is used for communication between the content processor and the host microprocessor.
The foregoing has outlined, rather broadly, preferred and alternative features of the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional features of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed conception and specific embodiment as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a network topology diagram illustrating example environments in which the present invention can operate;
Figure 2 is a block diagram of a single blade network apparatus according to the present invention; Figure 3 is a block diagram of the content processor from Figure 2; and
Figure 4 is a block diagram of a multiple blade routing network apparatus according to the present invention.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring now to Figure 1, a network topology is shown which is an example of several network infrastructures that connect in some manner to a broader public IP network 10 such as the internet. Figure 1 is in no way meant to be a precise network architecture, but only to serve as a rough illustration of a variety of network structures which can exist on a broadband IP network. Public IP network 10 can be accessed in a variety of ways. Figure 1 shows the public IP network being accessed through a private IP network 12 which can be the IP network of a company such as MCI or UUNET which provide private core networks. An endless variety of network structures can be connected to private IP network 12 in order to access other networks connected to private IP network 12 or to access public IP network 10.
One example of a network structure connecting to private IP network 12 is hosting network 14. Hosting network 14 is an example of a network structure that provides hosting services for internet websites. These hosting services can be in the form of webfarm 16.
Webfarm 16 begins with webservers 30 and database 32 which contain the webpages, programs and databases associated with a particular website such as amazon.com or yahoo.com. Webservers 30 connect to redundant load balancers 28 which receive incoming internet traffic and assign it to a particular webserver to balance the loads across all of webservers 30. Redundant intrusion detection systems 26 and firewalls connect to load balancers 28 and provide security for webfarm 16. Individual webfarms 16 and 17 connect to hosting network 14's switched backbone 18 by means of a network of switches 20 and routers 22. Hosting network 14' s switched backbone 18 is itself made up of a network of switches 20 which then connect to one or more routers 22 to connect to private IP network 12. Connections between individual webfarms 16 and 17 and the switched backbone 18 of hosting network 14 are usually made at speeds such as OC-3 or OC-12 (approx. 150 megabits/sec or 625 megabits/sec), while the connection from router 22 of hosting network 14 to private IP network 12 are on the order OC- 48 speeds (approx. 2.5 gigabits/sec). Another example of network structures connecting to private IP network are illustrated with service provider network 34. Service provider network 34 is an example of a network structure for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) to provide both data and voice access to private IP network 12 and public IP network 10. Service provider network 34 provides services such as internet and intranet access for enterprise networks 36 and 37. Enterprise networks 36 and 37 are, for example, company networks such as the company network for Lucent Technologies or Merrill Lynch. Each enterprise network, such as enterprise network 36, includes a plurality of network servers and individual workstations connected to a switched backbone 18, which can be connected by routers 22 to service provider network 34. In addition to internet access for enterprise networks, service provider network 34 provides dial-up internet access for individuals or small businesses. Dial-up access is provided in service provider network 34 by remote access server (RAS) 42, which allows personal computers (PCs) to call into service provider network 34 through the public switched telephone network (PSTN), not shown. Once a connection has been made between the PC 50 and RAS 42 through the PSTN, PC 50 can then access the private or public IP networks 12 and 10. Service provider network 34 also provides the ability to use the internet to provide voice calls over a data network referred to as Voice over IP (VoIP). VoIP networks 46 and 47 allow IP phones 48 and PCs 50 equipped with the proper software to make telephone calls to other phones, or PCs connected to the internet or even to regular phones connected to the PSTN. VoIP networks, such as VoIP network 46, include media gateways 52 and other equipment, not shown, to collect and concentrate the VoIP calls which are sent through service provider network 34 and private and public internet 12 and 10 as required. As mentioned, the advent of VoIP as well as other real time services such as video over the internet make quality of service a priority for service providers in order to match the traditional telephone service provided by traditional telephone companies. Service provider network 34 includes a switched backbone 18 formed by switches 20 as well as routers 22 between it and its end users and between it and private IP network 12. Domain name servers 44 and other networking equipment, which are not shown, are also included in service provider network 34. Similar to hosting network 34, connection speeds for service provider network 34 can range from speeds such as Tl, T3, OC-3 and OC-12 for connecting to enterprise networks 36 and 37 as well as VoIP networks 46 and 47 all the way to OC-48 and conceivably even OC-192 for connections to the private IP network.
It can easily be seen that aggregation points 60 exist at the edges of these various network structures where data is passed from one network structure to another at speeds such as OC-3, OC-12, and OC-48. One major problem in the network structures shown in Figure 1 is the lack of any type of intelligence at these aggregation points 60 which would allow the network to provide services such as security, metering and quality of service. The intelligence to provide these services would require that the network understand the type of data passing through the aggregation points 60 and not just the destination and/or source information which is currently all that is understood. Understanding the type of data, or its contents, including the contents of the associated payloads as well as header information, and further understanding and maintaining a state awareness across each individual traffic flow would allow the network to configure itself in real time to bandwidth requirements on the network for applications such as VoIP or video where quality of service is a fundamental requirement. An intelligent, or "content aware", network would also be able to identify and filter out security problems such as email worms, viruses, denial of service (DoS) attacks, and illegal hacking in a manner that would be transparent to end users. Further, a content aware network would provide for metering capabilities by hosting companies and service providers, allowing these companies to regulate the amount of bandwidth allotted to individual customers as well as to charge precisely for bandwidth and additional features such as security.
In accordance with the requirements set forth above, the present invention provides for a network device that is able to scan, classify, and modify network traffic including payload information at speeds of OC-3, OC-12, OC-48 and greater thereby providing a "content aware" network. Referring now to Figure 2, one embodiment of a network apparatus according to the present invention is shown. Network apparatus 100, as shown, accepts data received from a high-speed network line or lines, processes the data, and then places the data back on a line or lines. Network apparatus 100 accepts data from the line by means of input physical interface 102. Input physical interface 102 can consist of a plurality of ports, and can accept any number of network speeds and protocols, including such high speeds as OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, and protocols including 10/100 Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, and SONET. Input physical interface 102 takes the data from the physical ports, frames the data, and then formats the data for placement on fast-path data bus 126 which is preferably an industry standard data bus such as a POS-PHY Level 3, or an ATM UTOPIA Level 3 type data bus.
Fast-path data bus 126 feeds the data to traffic flow scanning processor 140, which includes header preprocessor 104 and content processor 110. The data is first sent to header preprocessor 104, which is operable to perform several operations using information contained in the data packet headers. Header preprocessor 104 stores the received data packets in packet storage memory 106 and scans the header information. The header information is scanned to identify the type, or protocol, of the data packet, which is used to determine routing information and to decode the IP header starting byte. As will be discussed below, network apparatus 100, in order to function properly, needs to reorder out of order data packets and reassemble data packet fragments. Header preprocessor 104 is operable to perform the assembly of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells into complete data packets (PDUs), which could include the stripping of ATM header information.
After data packets have been processed by header preprocessor 104 the data packets, any conclusion formed by the header preprocessor, such as QoS information, are sent on fast-data path 126 to the other half of traffic flow scanning engine 140, content processor 110. The received packets are stored in packet storage memory 112 while they are processed by content processor 110. Content processor 110 is operable to scan the contents of data packets received from header preprocessor 104, including the entire payload contents of the data packets. The header is scanned as well, one goal of which is to create a session id using predetermined attributes of the data packet. In the preferred embodiment, a session id is created using session information consisting of the source address, destination address, source port, destination port and protocol, although one skilled in the art would understand that a session id could be created using any subset of fields listed or any additional fields in the data packet without departing from the scope of the present invention. When a data packet is received that has new session information the header preprocessor creates a unique session id to identify that particular traffic flow. Each successive data packet with the same session information is assigned the same session id to identify each packet within that flow. Session ids are retired when the particular traffic flow is ended through an explicit action, or when the traffic flow times out, meaning that a data packet for that traffic flow has not been received within a predetermined amount of time. While the session id is discussed herein as being created by the header preprocessor 104 the session id can be created anywhere in traffic flow scanning engine 140 including in content processor 110.
The scanning of the header by content processor 110 also allows network apparatus 100 to perform routing functions. Routing tables and information can be stored in database memory 112. Routing instructions received by network apparatus 100 are identified, recorded and passed to microprocessor 124 by content processor 110 so that microprocessor 124 is able to update the routing tables in database memory 112 accordingly. While network apparatus 100 is shown as a single blade apparatus, the input and the output could be formed by multiple lines, for example- four OC-12 lines could be connected to network apparatus 100 which operates at OC-48 speeds. In such a case, single blade network apparatus 100 will have limited routing or switching capabilities between the multiple lines, although the switching capability will be less than in a conventional router or switch. Additionally, a network apparatus can be constructed according to the principles of the present invention, which is able to operate as a network router or switch. Such an implementation is discussed in greater detail with reference to Figure 4. The contents of any or all data packets are compared to a database of known signatures and if the contents of a data packet, or packets, match a known signature, an action associated with that signature and/or session id can be taken by network apparatus 100. Additionally, content processor 110 is operable to maintain state awareness throughout each individual traffic flow. In other words, content processor 110 maintains a database for each session which stores state information related to not only the current data packets from a traffic flow, but state information related to the entirety of the traffic flow. This allows network apparatus 100 to act on not only based on the content of the data packets being scanned but also based on the contents of the entire traffic flow. The specific operation of content processor 110 will be described with reference to Figure 3. Once the contents of the packets have been scanned and a conclusion reached by traffic flow scanning engine 140, the packets and the associated conclusions of either or both the header preprocessor and the content processor are sent to quality of service (QoS) processor 116. QoS processor 116 again stores the packets in its own packet storage memory 118 for forwarding. QoS processor 116 is operable to perform the traffic flow management for the stream of data packets processed by network apparatus 100. QoS processor contains engines for traffic management 126, traffic shaping 128 and packet modification 130.
QoS processor 116 takes the conclusion of either or both of header preprocessor 104 and content processor 110 and assigns the data packet to one of its internal quality of service queues 132 based on the conclusion. The quality of service queues 132 can be assigned priority relative to one another or can be assigned a maximum or minimum percentage of the traffic flow through the device. This allows QoS processor to assign the necessary bandwidth to traffic flows such as VoIP, video and other flows with high quality and reliability requirements while assigning remaining bandwidth to traffic flows with low quality requirements such as email and general web surfing to low priority queues. Information in queues that do not have the available bandwidth to transmit all the data currently residing in the queue according to the QoS engine is selectively discarded thereby removing that data from the traffic flow.
The quality of service queues 132 also allow network apparatus 100 to manage network attacks such as denial of service (DoS) attacks. Network apparatus 100 can act to qualify traffic flows by scanning the contents of the packets and verifying that the contents contain valid network traffic between known sources and destinations. Traffic flows that have not been verified because they are from unknown sources or because they are new unclassified flows can be assigned to a low quality of service queue until the sources are verified or the traffic flow classified as valid traffic. Since most DoS attacks send either new session information, data from spoofed sources, or meaningless data, network apparatus 100 would assign those traffic flows to low quality traffic queues. This ensures that the DoS traffic would receive no more than a small percentage (i.e. 5%) of the available bandwidth thereby preventing the attacker from flooding downstream network equipment.
The QoS queues 132 in QoS processor 116 (there are 65k queues in the present embodiment of the QoS processor although any number of queues could be used) feed into schedulers 134 (1024 in the present embodiment), which feed into logic ports 136 (256 in the present embodiment), which send the data to flow control port managers 138 (32 is the present embodiment) which can correspond to physical egress ports for the network device. The traffic management engine 126 and the traffic shaping engine 128 determine the operation of the schedulers and logic ports in order to maintain traffic flow in accordance with the programmed parameters.
QoS processor 116 also includes packet modification engine 130, which is operable to modify, add, or delete bits in any of the fields of a data packet. This allows QoS processor 116 to change addresses for routing or to place the appropriate headers on the data packets for the required protocol. The packet modification engine 130 can also be used to change information within the payload itself if necessary. Data packets are then sent along fast-data path 126 to output PHY interface 120 where it is converted back into an analog signal and placed on the network.
As with all network equipment, a certain amount of network traffic will not be able to be processed along fast-data path 126. This traffic will need to be processed by on board microprocessor 124. The fast-path traffic flow scanning engine 140 and QoS processor 116 send packets requiring additional processing to flow management processor 122, which forwards them to microprocessor 124 for processing. The microprocessor 124 then communicates back to traffic flow scanning engine 140 and QoS processor 116 through flow management processor 122. Flow management processor 122 is also operable to collect data and statistics on the nature of the traffic flow through network apparatus 100. In addition to processing odd, or missing packets, microprocessor 124 also controls the user management interface 142 and recompiles databases 108 and 114 to accommodate new signatures and can be used to learn and unlearn sessions identified by the traffic flow scanning engine 140.
As can be seen from the description of Figure 2, network apparatus 100 allows the entire contents of any or all data packets received to be scanned against a database of known signatures. The scanned contents can be any variable or arbitrary length and can even cross packet boundaries. The abilities of network apparatus 100 allow the construction of a network device that is content aware which gives the network device the ability to operate on data packets based on the content of that data packet.
Referring now to Figure 3, the content processor 110 of Figure 2 is described in greater detail. As described above content processor 110 is operable to scan the contents of data packets forwarded from header preprocessor 104 from Figure 2. Content processor 110 includes three separate engines, queue engine 302, context engine 304, and content scanning engine 306.
Since content processor 110 scans the contents of the payload, and is able to scan across packet boundaries, content processor 110 must be able to reassemble fragmented packets and reorder out of order packets on a per session basis. Reordering and reassembling is the function of queue engine 302. Queue engine 302 receives data off the fast-path data bus 126 using fast- path interface 310. Packets are then sent to packet reorder and reassembly engine 312, which uses packet memory controller 316 to store the packets into packet memory 112. Reordering and reassembly engine 312 also uses link list controller 314 and link list memory 318 to develop detailed link lists that are used to order the data packets for processing. The data packets are broken into 256 byte blocks for storage within the queue engine 302. Session CAM 320 can store the session id generated by queue engine 302 of content processor 110. Reordering and reassembly engine 312 uses the session id to link data packets belonging to the same data flow.
In order to obtain the high throughput speeds required, content processor 110 must be able to process packets from multiple sessions simultaneously. Content processor 110 processes blocks of data from multiple data packets each belonging to a unique traffic flow having an associated session id. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, context engine 304 of content processor 110 processes 64 byte blocks of 64 different data packets from unique traffic flows simultaneously. Each of the 64 byte blocks of the 64 different data flows represents a single context for the content processor. The scheduling and management of all the simultaneous contexts for content processor 110 is handled by context engine 304.
Context engine 304 works with queue engine 302 to select a new context when a context has finished processing and has been transmitted out of content processor 110. Next free context/next free block engine 330 communicates with link list controller 314 to identify the next block of a data packet to process. Since content processor 110 must scan data packets in order, only one data packet or traffic flow with a particular session id can be active at one time. Active control list 332 keeps a list of session ids with active contexts and checks new contexts against the active list to insure that the new context is from an inactive session id. When a new context has been identified packet loader 340 uses the link list information retrieved by the next free context/next free block engine to retrieve the required block of data from packet memory 112 using packet memory controller 316. The new data block is then loaded into a free buffer from context buffers 342 where it waits to be retrieved by content scanning engine interface 344.
Content scanning engine interface 344 is the interface between context engine 304 and content scanning engine 306. When content scanning engine 306 has room for a new context to be scanned, content scanning engine interface 344 sends a new context to string preprocessor 360 in content scanning engine 306. String preprocessor 360 is operable to simplify the context by performing operations such as compressing white space (i.e. spaces, tabs, returns) into a single space to simplify scanning. Once string preprocessor 360 has finished, the context is loaded into one of the buffers in context buffers 362 until it is retrieved by string compare 364. String compare 364 controls the input and output to signature memory 366. While four signature memories 366, each of which is potentially capable of handling multiple contexts, are shown any number could be used to increase or decrease the throughput through content scanning engine 110. In the present embodiment, each of the signature memories 366 is capable of processing four contexts at one time.
One of the signature memories 366 is assigned the context by scheduler 364 and then compares the significant bits of the context to the database of known strings that reside in signature memory 366. The signature memory 366 determines whether there is a potential match between the context and one of the known signatures using significant bits, which are those bits that are unique to a particular signature. If there is a potential match, the context and the potentially matched string are sent to leaf string compare 368 which uses leaf string memories 370 to perform a bit to bit comparison of the context and the potentially matched string. Although four string memories 366 and two leaf string memories 370 are shown, any number of string memories 366 and leaf string memories 370 can be used in order to optimize the throughput of content processor 110. The conclusion of the content scanning are then sent back to the payload scanning interface 344 along with possibly a request for new data to be scanned. The conclusion of the content scanning can be any of a number of possible conclusions. The scanning may not have reached a conclusion yet and may need additional data from a new data packet to continue scanning in which case the state of the traffic flow, which can be referred to as an intermediate state, and any incomplete scans are stored in session memory 354 along with other appropriate information such as sequence numbers, counters etc. The conclusion reached by signature memory 366 may also be that scanning is complete and there is or isn't a match, in which case the data packet and the conclusion are sent to transmit engine 352 for passing to QoS processor 116 from Figure 2. The scanning could also determine that the data packet needs to be forwarded to microprocessor 124 from Figure 2 for further processing, so that the data packet is sent to host interface 350 and placed on host interface bus 372. In addition to handling odd packets, host interface bus 350 allows microprocessor 124 to control any aspect of the operation of content processor 110 by letting microprocessor 124 write to any buffer or register in context engine 304. State information is stored in session memory 354 and is updated as necessary after data associated with the particular traffic flow is scanned. The state could be an intermediate state, representing that the matching is incomplete and additional data is needed to continue the scanning. Also, the state could be a partial state indicating that one or more events have occurred from a plurality of events required to generate a particular conclusion. The state may be a final state indicating that a final conclusion has been reached for the associated traffic flow and no further scanning is necessary. Or, the state may represent any other condition required or programmed into the content processor. The state information for each traffic flow, in whatever form, represents the content awareness of network apparatus 100 from Figure 2, and allows the network apparatus to act not only on the information scanned, but also on all the information that has been previously scanned for each traffic flow.
The operation of transmit engine 352, host interface 350, session memory controller 348, which controls the use of session memory 354, and of general-purpose arithmetic logic unit (GP ALU) 346, which is used to increment or decrement counter, move pointers, etc., is controlled by script engine 334. Script engine 334 operates to execute programmable scripts stored in script memory 336 using registers 338 as necessary. Script engine 334 uses control bus 374 to send instruction to any of elements in context engine 304. Script engine 334 or other engines within content processor 100 have the ability to modify the contents of the data packets scanned. For example, viruses can be detected in emails scanned by content processor 100, in which case the content processor can act to alter the bits of infected attachment essentially rendering the email harmless.
The abilities of content processor 100 are unique in a number of respects. Content processor 100 has the ability to scan the contents of any data packet or packets for any information that can be represented as a signature or series of signatures. The signatures can be of any arbitrary length, can begin and end anywhere within the packets and can cross packet boundaries. Further, content processor 110 is able to maintain state awareness throughout all of the individual traffic flow by storing state information for each traffic flow representing any or all signatures matched during the course of that traffic flow. Existing network processors operate by looking for fixed length information at a precise point within each data packet and cannot look across packet boundaries. By only being able to look at fixed length information at precise points in a packet, existing network processors are limited to acting on information contained at an identifiable location within some level of the packet headers and cannot look into the payload of a data packet much less make decisions on state information for the entire traffic flow or even on the contents of the data packet including the payload. Referring now to Figure 4 an embodiment of the network apparatus of the present invention with routing capabilities is described. Routing network apparatus 400 is formed by two or more route engine cards, or blades, 402 connected to switch fabric 404. One or more management cards 406 are also included to provide a user interface and to manage route engine cards 402. Each of route engine cards 402 operate fundamentally as described with respect to network apparatus 100 of Figure 2. Traffic flow scanning engine 408, formed by header preprocessor 410 and content processor 412, scans the contents of the data packets and generates a conclusion based on the contents. The packets and associated conclusions are forwarded to ingress QoS processor 414, which assigns the packets to a QoS queue. The data packets are then sent to the switch fabric, which forwards the data packets to the proper route engine card 402 for its assigned output port. The data packet then flows through the egress QoS processor 418, which schedules the traffic received from all the route engine cards 402 for transmission onto the network. The microprocessor 124 shown in Figure 2 could be present on the route engine card 402 or could potentially be moved to the management card 406 to allow one microprocessor to support multiple route engine cards 402. Each of the route engine cards 402 could even have its own microprocessor with an additional microprocessor on management card 406. Having multiple route engine cards with multiple ingress and egress paths allows routing network apparatus to function as a routing network device, as opposed to the single ingress and egress path of the "bump-in-the-line" device described with respect to Figure 2. This allows the routing functions of header preprocessor 410 to be utilized in routing network apparatus 400.
While the header preprocessor, the QoS processors, and the flow management processor described with reference to Figures 2 and 4 can be any suitable processor capable of executing the described functions, in the preferred embodiment the header preprocessor is the Fast Pattern Processor (FPP), the QoS processor is the Routing Switch Processor (RSP), and the flow management processor is the ASI processor, all manufactured by the Agere Division of Lucent Technologies, Austin Texas. Similarly the switch fabric may be any suitable switch fabric as is well known in the industry, including those manufactured by Power X Networks, Inc., 2833 Junction Ave., Suite 110, San Jose, CA. The microprocessor described with reference to Figures 2 and 4 could be any suitable microprocessor including the PowerPC line of microprocessors from Motorola, Inc., or the X86 or Pentium line of microprocessors available from Intel Corporation. Although particular references have been made to specific protocols, implementations and materials, those skilled in the art should understand that the network apparatus, both the "bump-in-the-line" and the routing apparatus can function independent of protocol, and in a variety of different implementations without departing from the scope of the invention.
Although the present invention has been described in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that they can make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in its broadest form.
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|Packet routing and vectoring based on payload comparison with spatially related templates
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|Broadcom Corporation
|Switching network employing virus detection
|EP1853025A1 (en) *
|Broadcom Corporation
|Packet routing with payload analysis, encapsulation and service module vectoring
|US7895657B2 (en)
|Broadcom Corporation
|Switching network employing virus detection
|US7948977B2 (en)
|Broadcom Corporation
|Packet routing with payload analysis, encapsulation and service module vectoring
|US8072976B2 (en)
|Broadcom Corporation
|Packet routing and vectoring based on payload comparison with spatially related templates
|US8223965B2 (en)
|Broadcom Corporation
|Switching network supporting media rights management
|CN102905269A (en) *
|Method and device for detecting cellphone viruses
|WO2013014033A1 (en) *
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method and device for detecting mobile phone virus
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Pilot-Astronaut Georgy Grechko sharply criticized the position of Russian aeronautics recently. On Tuesday he visited the Mordovian capital of Saransk, and conducted an Internet press conference.
He said that in the last 20 years Russian space agency directors have made 'great mistakes' in working out a strategy of development of domestic cosmonautics. 'We didn't handle the Mir orbiting station correctly, at the beginning we repaired it and then we wrecked it, though it could have served the country for several more years,' he said.
Answering a question about the weak financing for cosmonautics, Grechko said that all the material problems connected with the national space program could be decided by selling space technology. With this lucrative source of financing, we could build a new orbiting station Mir-2; however, the wrong decision was made to reduce the national space program in favour of Russia's participation in international space projects.
'As a result, the level of domestic cosmonautics has become strongly dependent on the US,' he said. Grechko also said that soon 'Russia's place in space will be taken most likely by the Chinese who are quickly developing a national space agency of their own.'
The photos, taken by NASA, show a body of water two kilometres in diameter in the area of the south pole of Mars
Representatives of the Israeli Defence Ministry responded to recent reports about the possible delivery of S-300 SAM systems from Russia to Syria. Israeli Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman said that Israel would destroy those systems
Russia is to start supplying S-300 air defence systems to Syria in the near future. The shipments will be conducted free of charge


text:
The Washington Post is spotlighting several political issues that have been prominent during the 2005 campaign. All the articles are available by clicking on Election News at www.washingtonpost.com/metro. Today's topic: gang-related crime.
Background Gang violence has risen in Northern Virginia in recent years, among Latino gangs in particular, authorities say. Some estimate that Mara Salvatrucha, or MS-13, the most pervasive and violent gang, has 2,500 members in the region. The General Assembly has passed laws that increase penalties for convicted gang members, and millions of federal and state dollars have been spent on anti-gang task forces and initiatives.
The Debate Republican Jerry W. Kilgore proposes a rehabilitation program for some gang members and more severe penalties, including the death sentence, for some gang crimes. Democrat Timothy M. Kaine wants to hire more state troopers, offer anti-gang training for teachers and principals and strengthen penalties for crimes involving guns.
The Race The winner of the Nov. 8 election will become Virginia's chief executive, managing the administrative branch of state government, which includes state police. The governor presents budgets -- which can include anti-gang initiatives -- to the General Assembly and reviews legislation, including any gang-related bills.


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Søger du Company image Freelancere eller Jobs?
Brug for hjælp til Company image? Ansæt en freelancer i dag! Er du specialiseret i Company image? Brug dine Company image færdigheder og begynd at tjene penge online i dag! Freelancer er den største markedsplads for jobs i verden. Der er i øjeblikket 17.764 jobs, der venter på at du begynder at arbejde!Jeg vil gerne ansætte Jeg vil gerne arbejde
Company image Job:
|Pris (EUR)
|Pris (EUR)
|Set up look up and validation for 3 Mautic built-in forms
|We would like someone to build 4 web forms with lookup search and verification using API (Numverify API, mailboxlayer API and streetLayer API) on the existing pre-built Mautic form pages. Form 1 • First name • Surname • Email (lookup verify and validate) Form 2 • First name • Surname • Email (lookup verify and validate) • Mobile phone (lookup verify ...
|PHP, Javascript, Software Arkitektur, HTML, API
|Apr 24, 2018
|I dag6d 17h
|Build a Responsive Desktop Website and a Mobile Website for a Business Portfolio
|We are a 3D visualisation company from Melbourne looking for an experienced Website Developer to help us build our new website for desktop and mobile. We are looking for somebody with strong English skills who has worked with designers in the past and enjoys making sites look good and function effectively. The UI/UX Design has been completed and mocked up, and you will be working closely wit...
|PHP, Web Design, WordPress, CSS, HTML
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 15h
|New logo and brochure for IT consulting company
|Need a new logo and brochure for a consulting company providing technology services for small and mid-sized companies. Focus areas include IT strategy, migrate to cloud, ERP selection and implementation, project management. Want to project a professional, but not stuffy, image – a consulting company that is nimble, focused on the client's profitability, and understands business not ju...
|Grafisk Design, Logo Design, Firmaidentitet, Brochure Design
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 10h
|Design some Icons
|I just need someone to create two similar images to the 1) House and the 2) roof shingle, in the attached. This is for a roofing company app. These will be separate images. I do NOT want the Roofer App name in the images. For the roof shingle, the size of the image would need to go across the mobile device, as shown in the attached. For the house, if you want to try and put a little roofer gu...
|Grafisk Design, HTML, Ikon Design, Photoshop, Web Design
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag2d 10h
|Create a Real Estate logo
|The name of the company is Homes With Soule. We want a simple, clean logo that shows we're a real estate team but also makes someone think of the soul. We want it to also demonstrate and include 3 words - Wisdom, Integrity, Commitment. Attached is an image I created that captures the general idea, but it's too busy. The colors are ok, but I want to use colors that represent these i...
|Grafisk Design, Logo Design
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag2d 9h
|QR Scanner / Firebase User / Firebase login functionality in Ionic App
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|Mobile App Development, iPhone, Android, Ionic Framework
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 8h
|AutoCad lighting interior design
|Lobby with Water Feature A Corporate Real Estate company has asked you to design the lobby of their new sales building. They are looking for a soft, inviting environment that is elegant, not flashy. To capture the essence of the company, the architect has designed a floor to ceiling water feature that is the focal point of the space. It is your job to create a lighting design that accents the...
|Bygnings Arkitektur, 3D Rendering, AutoCAD, Indretnings Design
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 8h
|interior design lighting
|Lobby with Water Feature A Corporate Real Estate company has asked you to design the lobby of their new sales building. They are looking for a soft, inviting environment that is elegant, not flashy. To capture the essence of the company, the architect has designed a floor to ceiling water feature that is the focal point of the space. It is your job to create a lighting design that accents the...
|Bygnings Arkitektur, 3D Rendering, Hjemme Design, Indretnings Design, 3D Modellering
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 8h
|Need simple website based on Divi for a new data analytics company + ongoing maintenance
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|Web Design, Grafisk Design, WordPress, Markedsføring, HTML
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 5h
|Write and design images of 52 nutrition facts about ragi "finger millet" (a crop in India)
|I want to 52 images for social media promotion of my company. Image should have one nutritional fact about "ragi/nachni/finger millet". Ragi is a grain which has high calcium and iron content along with many different properties. We want to highlight all of those in image format which can be circulated on whatssap.
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|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 5h
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|Javascript, node.js, PostgreSQL, Angular.js, Typescript
|Apr 23, 2018
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|Animering, Drawing, Sketching, Videoredigering, Video Services
|Apr 23, 2018
|I dag6d 1h
|Unique web design for our company needed
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|Web Design, Grafisk Design, Logo Design, Photoshop, Design
|Apr 23, 2018
|Apr 23, 20185d 23h
|Design a sample company logo
|I'm going to start a small IT company but I'm still thinking of good company name. I need someone to give me a good logo for my two options company name. this is a small IT company that will help business to convert their manual process to automated system. Someone who will win this contest hopefully will be my contact for my other projects and company design like my calling card, brochu...
|Grafisk Design, Logo Design, Photoshop
|Apr 23, 2018
|Apr 23, 20183d 22h
|I need a logo designed
|Hello! I need a logo for a company that does home remodeling. We would like there to be an image/icon and the name involved in the logo. Details (Must Include): Name: Greenhouse Remodeling Tagline: Home Remodeling Ratio: 1:1 (must fit in 1:1 frame) Colors: Green - HEX #789904 Grey - HEX #24272a Lt Grey - HEX #cfd2d3 BE CREATIVE! We are a remodeling compan...
|Adobe Illustrator, Grafisk Design, Logo Design
|Apr 23, 2018
|Apr 23, 20185d 18h
|Design a Logo
|Looking for a logo for my company called - Simply BBQ The company makes items such as BBQ Rubs, BBQ Sauces, BBQ Aprons etc. Design Spec: No more than 3 colours Image and Text Look at some American Stye BBQ companies for ideas
|Grafisk Design, Logo Design
|Apr 22, 2018
|Apr 22, 20185d
|Convert an image into a dxf CAD file
|We are building a front wall which has a recess in it. We wish to install a piece of laser cut metal artwork inside that recess that has the address of the property in it. The piece of laser cut metal will "wrap around the corner". The laser cutting company does not want to design the piece of artwork. They want to be supplied with a CAD file in .dxf format. So we have come up wit...
|Grafisk Design, CAD / CAM, AutoCAD, Produkt Design, 3D Modellering
|Apr 22, 2018
|Apr 22, 20184d 16h
|banner for a promotion on facebook and instaram
|Hi i need a banner for my company, we need to use the attached image and logo, please add this text below with a nice font. also, be sure to make this with thje colors to math our website [url fjernet, log ind for visning] Piezas Racing y Accessorios para autos al mejor precio. Free Shipping a todo Puerto Rico! Thanks
|Apr 21, 2018
|Apr 21, 20184d 6h
|T-shirt design
|I am needing to create a t-shirt design to be worn by our team for promotional days, at trade shows, as giveaways and at sponsored events I would like a front and back tshirt design using our brand colours (a 4 colour print) that can be printed on different coloured tshirts, clothing etc. The industry we are in is animal health and performance, and our platform we have developed collects vital s...
|Grafisk Design, Logo Design, Photoshop, Photoshop Design, T-Shirts
|Apr 21, 2018
|Apr 21, 20183d 20h
|Design Window film advertisement
|My study abroad company requires a window film advertisement display for our shop front window. We want to have it show 6 countries where we place students. Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, UK, Canada and USA. Australia should be very eye-catching as it is our main destination. I am looking for creativity on how this can be shown. OUr company colours are the burnt orange and different shades o...
|Grafisk Design
|Apr 21, 2018
|Apr 21, 20183d 18h
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text:
I Love You, Mummy
Written by Amber Cassidy
Illustrated by Amber Cassidy
I Love You, Mummy by Amber Cassidy
About the Author
Other Formats
Book Info
Board book
10 pages
Amber Cassidy
More books by Amber Cassidy
Autumn Publishing Ltd
Publication date
1st May 2014
Lovereading is just a convenient way to find new books and hear others opinions on them.Sarah Murray – age 15
We love Lovereading4kids because it promotes reading choices, new authors and a sense of community for children of all ages!Rachel Bridgeman
You give me age appropriate ideas of books I can read and buy for the children and find out what other children their age think of them too.Katie Lonsdale
LoveReading4Kids is a modern and creative way of emphasising the value and importance of books in this digital age #booksforlifeAmrit Bunet – Teen
I love lovereading4kids because I've read amazing books I would never have picked up, and its opened doors to new genre's I now love.Harriet Cunningham
It is fantastic, you get to read lots of books and you always find something new and amazing in them.Erica Motoc, age 7
I love all the books they recommend & put up for me to review. I also love the fact that they give new authors the chance to share their booDaisy Pennock – age 15
A great way to introduce kids to great books, authors & genres. Parents can find age-appropriate books to share with their children.Judi Davies – Aberdare Girls Sch


text:
Supply Chain Solutions for Growing Companies
Your Digital Supply Chain Partners
Manage, simplify and accelerate distribution center processes, from receipt of goods, through inventory control, to product delivery and logistics operations.
Cut costs while boosting productivity.
Increase efficiency of floor operator, through access to accurate, real-time information while carrying out tasks. Can track who has done what and when in the warehouse with just a mouse click.
Automated inventory resupply alerts based on consumption. Generates re-stocking tasks to keep warehouse in optimized condition.
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Integration with SONDA increases client response time from 48 hours to 12 hours. Connect with NEXT to improve delivery times and increase company profits.


text:
A report retort
I write in response to "Liberals pay lip service to feminism while failing survivors on campus, again," the opinion piece submitted by Aidan McNally, chairperson of the Canadian Federation of Students—Nova Scotia, which appeared in The Coast's Voice of the City section on March 15. McNally's commentary on the development and implementation of the report "Changing the Culture of Acceptance: Recommendations to address sexual violence on university campuses," released in January 2017, is inaccurate and bears correction.
The effective prevention of sexual violence and protection of students are important priorities to Nova Scotia's universities, which fully endorsed the report's 10 recommendations. The breadth of the recommendations will lead to identifying opportunities for improvement in the education and training of students, staff and faculty to deal with this serious issue.
McNally indicates the report's "intersectional approach to the issue of sexualized violence...was only the direct result of the tireless contributions of students, the Antigonish Women's Resources Centre and the Avalon Sexual Violence Centre." She is correct in crediting their input to the report's recommendations, but fails to recognize the contributions of others at the table, namely universities, the NSCC and government representatives.
In her capacity as CFS chair for Nova Scotia, McNally goes on to say that while the report's "final recommendations were ones we could stand behind, the final report omitted the most critical contributions—a call for implementation timelines and accountability mechanisms."
While McNally was not at the table, I can assure readers that her CFS predecessor was not only an active contributor to the development and vetting of the report's 10 recommendations, she, along with all committee members, endorsed and signed off on the final text of each recommendation. Universities are fully committed to working in close collaboration and cooperation with students, government and each other, utilizing all resources and best practices in the planning and implementation of the report's recommendations. —Peter Halpin, executive director, Council of Nova Scotia University Presidents (CONSUP)
Calling bullshit
Thank you the Coast for running your article on efforts here in this wonderful city to stop events in the name of entertainment, which feature animal exploitation and abuse ("Bull-riding event draws animal welfare protest," City story by Sam Gillett, April 5).
Bulls don't buck for fun. They do it because they're shocked by 5,000-volt pocket-sized tazers. They do it because they have tightly cinched straps around their abdomens, and they buck because grown men and women twist their tails. All to cause pain. All to put on an "entertaining" show.
I've seen a shift for the good towards more and more people placing nonhuman animals inside the circle of human compassion and empathy. Bull riding events, like circuses with exotic animals and pig scramble events—now both gone from NS—are anachronisms. In light of today's knowledge of nonhuman animal sentience, they should rightly be banned from our fair city and province. Nonhuman animals suffer, they feel pain like we do.
The petition to stop the Halifax event of Professional Bull Riders Canada's Elite Monster Energy Tour, scheduled for May 26 at the Scotiabank Centre, already has more than 71,000 signatures. I encourage you to add yours at bit.ly/2q8L2ea. There will also be a "Stop Cruel Bull Riding Events in Halifax" protest: bit.ly/2GHV2pW.
There aren't many issues that get as much attention as animal abuse. I do hope city council sees from all this interest in this issue, that Halifax is better than this. We are a modern city, in a place where tourism is so important, that has to be aware of its reputation world wide—and this reputation is tarnished when we endorse such animal abuse. —Ty Savoy, Lake Echo
In the March 15 story "Ancestral Roots Awards offers overdue recognition to young Black leaders," the caption under the photo of Kyah Sparks incorrectly described Sparks as the event organizer. In fact, Sparks was the host and Chanae Parsons was the organizer. The Coast regrets the error.
Showing 1-4 of 4
posted by MICHAEL KARANICOLAS, Apr 19/18
posted by CHRIS PARSONS, Apr 19/18
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 18/18
Stereotypes and racial profiling poison the debate on cannabis legalization. comments 4
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 16/18
An update on plans to replace the outdated, severely inadequate Gottingen Street station presented to board of commissioners. comments 0
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 16/18
The Liberal Party hosts its national convention this week at the Halifax Convention Centre. comments 0
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 13/18
Weak passwords and weak oversight from Internal Services plagued the same computer system that recently allowed a massive data breach. comments 0
posted by KIERAN LEAVITT, Apr 12/18
Jury begins deliberations in the first-degree murder trial of Randy Riley. comments 0
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 12/18
Nobody knows how much HRM will have to pay, but everyone agrees it'll be a lot more than initial expectations. comments 0
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 11/18
Personal information for thousands of Nova Scotians compromised thanks to paper-thin security standards. comments 0
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 9/18
Projected $6-million surplus over the next decade now an $18-million deficit. comments 6
posted by JACOB BOON, Apr 9/18
Halifax councillor filed official complaint with CBC because he didn't know his comments about white nationalist group were on the record. comments 3
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Environment committee moves forward with recommendation restricting junk mail deliveries at homes with a "No Flyers" sign. comments 2
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text:
Lucie Pointed Check Two Part Flat
Product code: DZZ31912
Free delivery on orders over kr250
40% off everything excluding sale!
kr 153,00 kr 255,00
Colour: black
EU Size: Please select
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Style NotesA classic wardrobe staple, pumps are a must-have on off-duty weekends. Look for chic tied styles with strappy detailing and pointed toes. Understated more your thing? Opt for pretty ballet pumps with bow trims for laid-back vibes.
Details & CareUpper:Textiles materials Lining and Sock:textiles materials. Outer:Textiles materials
Delivery info
FREE DELIVERY ON ORDERS OVER 250kr
Delivery option Delivery times Delivery cost Norwegian Standard Delivery Up to 6 working days. kr69.90
Click here for further information.
Returns info
We hope you are satisfied with all of your purchases but if you ever need to return an item, you can do so within 14 days from the date your parcel was dispatched.
Please note, we cannot offer refunds on cosmetics and pierced jewellery or on swimwear and lingerie if the hygiene seal is not in place or has been broken.
Click here to view our full Returns Policy.


text:
Reference Number. 204365
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The White Room Recording StudioWhite Room is a recording studio for artists and songwriters as well as established bands. No matter who you, what your background is or your skill level, you''ll work with a professional recording engineer and producer to create full on commercial productions. You''ll work in the studio with Pro Tools HD, SSL Console and PreAmps, Great River PreAmps, Focusrite and Neumann equipment. You will also have access to Yamaha and Roland pianos, Fender and Gibson guitars and basses, Native Instruments synths, Drum machines and more to produce any genre of music. Dave Phillips is the engineer and producer. SSR educated, Avid Certified Expert, Avid Instructor, BA (Hons) 1st class, University Lecturer and 12 years of experience in recording and music. Dave is also a multi-instrumentalist and experienced performer. White Room Recording Studio offers affordable rates to clients for short and long term relationships. Demos are also produced for bands to budget. Don''t commit to a studio until you''ve contacted White Room.
The White Room Recording Studio
Leighton Road
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