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Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess
Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess
Today, Ethiopia and its neighbors are once again in the grip of an unrelenting famine, which has left more than 16 million people on the brink of starvation. After a massive international mobilization to aid this region in the 1980s, the Horn of Africa has become synonymous with famine and malnutrition. But across the Atlantic Ocean, another country is currently facing an epidemic that has left not tens of millions, but more than 100 million people malnourished-a quarter of them morbidly so. This growing problem receives little attention as a public health disaster, despite warnings from health officials that malnourishment has reached epidemic levels and has left vast numbers of people sick, less productive, and far more likely to die prematurely.
In this country-the United States-55 percent of adults are overweight and 23 percent are obese. (Definitions of obesity and overweight are not arbitrary, but are based on the internationally accepted standards. See map, pages 30-31.) The medical expenses and lost wages caused by obesity cost the country an estimated $118 billion each year, the equivalent of 12 percent of the annual health budget. Being overweight and obese are major risk factors in coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke and diabetes. Together these diseases are the leading killers in the United States, accounting for half of all deaths.
Misconceptions of hunger and overeating abound worldwide. We tend to think of hunger as resulting from a desperate scarcity of food, and we imagine it occurring only in poor countries. However, in those nations in Africa and South Asia where hunger is most severe, there is often plenty of food to go around. And even food rich nations are home to many underfed people.
Meanwhile, as the concept of malnutrition stretches to encompass excess as well as deficiency, wealthy nations are seeing rates of malnourishment that rival those in desperately poor regions. And overeating is growing in poorer nations as well, even where hunger remains stubbornly high. In Colombia, for example, 41 percent of adults are overweight, a prevalence that rivals rates found in Europe. While hunger is a more acute problem and should be the highest nutritional concern, overeating is the fastest growing form of malnourishment in the world, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). For the first time in history, the number of overweight people rivals the number who are underweight, both estimated at 1.1 billion.
Because myth and misconception permeate the world's understanding of malnutrition, policy responses have been wildly off the mark in addressing the problem. Efforts to eliminate hunger often focus
on technological quick fixes aimed at boosting crop yields and producing more food, for example, rather than addressing the socioeconomic causes of hunger, such as meager incomes, inequitable distribution of land, and the disenfranchisement of women. Efforts to reduce overeating single out affected individuals-through fad diets, diet drugs, or the like-while failing to promote prevention and education about healthy alternatives in a food environment full of heavily marketed, nutritionally suspect, "supersized" junk food. The result: half of humanity, in both rich and poor nations, is malnourished today, according to the WHO. And this is in spite of recent decades of global food surpluses.
Malnutrition has become a significant impediment to development in rich and poor countries alike. At the individual level, both hunger and obesity can reduce a person's physical fitness, increase susceptibility to illness, and shorten lifespan. In addition, children deprived of adequate nutrients during development can suffer from permanently reduced mental capacity. At the national level, poor eating hampers educational performance, curtails economic productivity, increases the burden of health care, and reduces general well-being. Confronting this epidemic of poor eating will have widespread benefits, but first the myths that obscure the causes of malnutrition must be dispelled.
The Scarcity Myth
In the early 1980s, the world was flooded by news of hunger and death from the Horn of Africa. By 1985, nearly 300,000 people had died. But international observers paid little attention to the fact that in the midst of famine, these countries were exporting cotton, sugar cane, and other cash crops that had been grown on some of the country's best agricultural land. While only 30 percent of farmland in Ethiopia was affected by drought, ubiquitous images of emaciated people surrounded by parched land have served to reinforce the single largest myth about malnutrition: that hunger results from a national scarcity of food.
Indeed, for more than 40 years the world has produced regular and often bountiful food surpluses-large enough, in fact, to prompt major producing countries like the United States to pay farmers not to farm some of their land. Indeed, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 80 percent of hungry children in the developing world live in countries that produce food surpluses. And only about a quarter of the reduction in hunger between 1970 and 1995 could be attributed to increasing food availability per person, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
This is not to say that scarcity might not one day become the principal source of hunger, as population growth and ongoing damage to farmland and water supplies shrink food availability per person in many countries. Countries like Nigeria and Pakistan, which are on track to double their populations in the next 50 years, have already seen stocks of surplus food erode steadily in the 1990s. And countries such as India, which overpump groundwater to prop up agricultural production, will be hard pressed to maintain self sufficiency once aquifers run dry or become uneconomical to pump. But for the billion or so people who are hungry today, the finger of blame points in other directions.
Hands down, the major cause of hunger is poverty-a lack of access to the goods and services essential for a healthy life. Where people are hungry, it's a good bet that they have little income, cannot gain title to land or qualify for credit, have poor access to health care, or have little or no education. Worldwide, 150 million people were unemployed at the end of 1998, and as many as 900 million had jobs that paid less than a living wage. These billion-plus people largely overlap with the 1.1 billion people who are underweight, and for whom hunger is a chronic experience. And nearly 2 billion more teeter at the edge of hunger, surviving on just 2 dollars or less per day, a large share of which is spent on food.
Hunger, like its main root, poverty, disproportionately affects females. Girls in India, for example, are four times as likely to be acutely malnourished as boys. And while 25 percent of men in developing countries suffer from anemia, a condition of iron deficiency, the rate is 45 percent for women-and 60 percent for those who are pregnant. This gender bias stems from cultural prejudices in households and in societies at large. Most directly, lean rations at home are often dished out to father and sons before mother and daughters, even though females in developing countries typically work longer hours than males do. Gender bias is also manifest in education. Inequitable schooling opportunities for girls lead to economic insecurity: women represent two thirds of the world's illiterate people and three fifths of its poor. With fewer educational and economic opportunities than men, women tend to be hungrier and suffer from more nutrient difficiencies.
Any serious attack on hunger, therefore, will aim to reduce poverty, and will give special attention to women. The IFPRI study on curbing malnutrition found that improving women's education and status together accounted for more than half of the reduction in malnutrition between 1970 and 1995. Such nutritional leverage stems from a woman's pivotal role in the family. A woman "eats for two" when she is pregnant and when she is nursing; pull her out of poverty, and improvements in her nutrition are passed on to her infant. But there's more: studies show that provided with an income, a woman will spend nearly all of it on household needs, especially food. The same money in a man's pocket is likely to be spent in part-up to 25 percent-on non-family items, such as cigarettes or alcohol.
From this perspective, microcredit initiatives, such as those of the Bangladesh-originated Grameen Bank, offer a promising means of combatting hunger. These unconventional programs provide small loans of tens or hundreds of dollars to help very poor women generate income through basket-weaving, chicken-raising, or other small projects. As the loans lift women out of poverty, they also yield nutritional benefits: a 10 percent increase in a woman's Grameen borrowing, for example, has been shown to produce a 6 percent increase in the arm circumference of her children (a measure of nutritional well-being). It also increases by 20 percent the likelihood that her daughter will be enrolled in school, which lowers the girl's risk of suffering malnutrition as an adult.
International support for such programs could expand them dramatically. One option is the nonprofit Microcredit Summit's campaign to raise $22 billion to increase the number of microcredit beneficiaries from 8 million in the late 1990s to 100 million by 2005. Such investments are a high-leverage option for a nation's foreign aid commitment, given all of the benefits-improved nutrition, better health, and slower rates of population growth-that come from reducing poverty, especially among women.
At a broader social level, the journey out of poverty and hunger can be expedited through better access to land and agricultural credit. These measures are especially important for women, since they produce more than half of the world's food, and a large share of what is consumed in rural households in developing countries. In India, Nepal, and Thailand, less than 10 percent of women own land, and those who do often have small, marginal tracts. For landless women, credit is next to impossible to obtain: in five African countries-Kenya, Malawi, Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Zimbabwe-where women constitute a large share of farmers, they receive less than one percent of the loans provided in agriculture. This despite their exceptional creditworthiness: women typically pay their debts more faithfully than men do.
Women also need access to sound nutritional information as a way to avoid nutritional impoverishment and unnecessary food expenditures. Breastfeeding campaigns, for example, can highlight the many advantages of this free and wholesome method of infant feeding. Baby formulas are often prepared in unsanitary conditions or watered down to reduce costs. Campaigns to promote breastfeeding and restrict sales of formula have been estimated to reduce illness from diarrhea-a condition that robs infants of needed vitamins and minerals-by 8 to 20 percent. They have reduced deaths from diarrhea by 24 to 27 percent. Breastfeeding also acts as a natural contraceptive following pregnancy, spacing births at greater intervals and thereby easing the pressure to feed everyone in poor families.
Nutritional education efforts are also essential to fighting hunger, and the most successful programs involve entire communities by enlisting affected people and local leaders. The BIDANI program in the Philippines, for example, provides orientation and training for villagers to participate in nutritional "interventions," which have worked to elevate 82 percent of enrolled children to a higher nutritional status. A similar program in Gambia substantially cut the death rate among women and children by working with the highly respected women elders of the matriarchal Kabilo tribe to educate community members about child-feeding practices, hygiene, and maternal health care.
Important as these social initiatives are for improving nutrition, more direct action is often required to meet the needs of those who suffer from hunger today. Even here, however, creative approaches can empower women and aid entire communities. In one simple case in Benin, food aid is dispensed not directly to families, but to girls at school, who bring it home to their parents. The practice combats the cultural bias against girls found in many countries, which often results in their removal from school at a young age to help at home or to allow a brother to get an education. It achieves two critical nutritional goals: it gets food to families that need it, and it increases girls' future employment prospects, which in turn reduces the likelihood of future malnutrition.
The Prone-to-Obesity Myth
For those who have access to enough food, eating habits around the world are in the midst of the most significant change since the development of agriculture thousands of years ago. Since the turn of the century, traditional diets featuring whole grains, vegetables, and fruits have been supplanted by diets rich in meat, dairy products, and highly processed items that are loaded with fat and sugar. This shift, already entrenched in industrial countries and now accelerating in developing nations as incomes rise, has created an epidemic of overeating and sparked a largely misunderstood public health crisis worldwide. In the United States, the leader in this global surge toward larger waist sizes, more than half of all adults are now overweight-a condition that, like hunger, increases susceptibility to disease and disability, reduces worker productivity, and cuts lives short.
The proliferation of high-calorie, high-fat foods that are widely available, heavily promoted, low in cost and nutrition, and served in huge portions has created what Yale psychologist Kelly Brownell calls a "toxic food environment." Sweets and fats increasingly crowd out nutritionally complete foods that provide essential micronutrients. For instance, one-fifth of the "vegetables" eaten today in the United States are servings of french fries and potato chips. Our propensity to eat sweet and fatty foods may have served our ancestors well for weathering seasonal lean times, but amidst unbridled abundance for many, it has become a handicap. When these eating habits are combined with increasingly urbanized, automated, and more sedentary lifestyles, it becomes clear why gaining weight is often difficult to avoid.
Failure to recognize the existence of this negative food environment has created the widespread misconception that individuals are entirely to blame for overeating. The reality is most countries embrace policies and practices that promote mass overconsumption of unhealthy foods, but that abandon citizens when it comes to dealing with the health implications. Because individuals are stigmatized as weak-willed or prone to obesity, prevailing efforts to curb overeating have focused on techno-fixes and diets, not prevention and nutrition education.
This end-of-the-pipe mentality manifests itself in a variety of ways: liposuction is now the leading form of cosmetic surgery in the United States with 400,000 operations performed each year; fad diet books top the bestseller lists; designer "foods" such as olestra promise worry-free consumption of nutritionally empty snacks; and laboratories scurry to find the human "fat gene" in an effort to engineer our way our of obesity. While the U.S. Agriculture Department spends $333 million each year to educate the public about nutrition, the U.S. diet and weight-loss industry records annual revenues of $33 billion. And the highly lucrative weight-loss business feeds off of a global food industry that now has significant influence over food choices around the world.
Indeed, consumers get the majority of their dietary cues about food from food companies, who spend more on advertising-$30 billion each year in the United States alone-than any other industry. The most heavily advertised foods, unfortunately, tend to be of dubious nutritional value. And food advertisers disproportionately target children, the least savvy consumers, in order to shape lifelong habits. In fact, in the United States, the average child watches 10,000 commercials each year, more than any other segment of the population. And more than 90 percent of these ads are for sugary cereals, candy, soda, or other junk food, according to surveys by the Center for Science in the Public Interest.
Numerous studies show that these ads work. They prompt children to more frequently request, purchase, and consume advertised foods, even when they become adults. And as kids fill up on items loaded with empty calories like soda or candy, more nutritious items are squeezed out of the diet. Marketing to children has intensified in recent years as food companies have begun to target the school environment. More than 5,000 U.S. schools-13 percent of the country's total-now have contracts with fast-food establishments to provide either food service, vending machines, or both. Since 1990, soda companies have offered millions of dollars to cash-strapped school districts in the United States for exclusive rights to sell their products in schools.
With industrial country markets increasingly saturated, many food corporations are now looking to developing countries for greater profits. Mexico recently surpassed the United States as the top per capita consumer of Coca-Cola, for example. And that company's 1998 annual report notes that Africa's rapid population growth and low per capita consumption of carbonated beverages make that continent "a land of opportunity for us." The number of U.S. fast-food restaurants operating around the world is also growing rapidly: four of the five McDonald's restaurants that open every day are located outside the United States.
Overeating is also becoming a problem even in countries where hunger and poverty persist. In China, for example, consumption of high-fat foods such as pork and soy oil (which is used for frying) both soared after the economic boom of the 1980s, while consumption of rice and starchy roots dropped-changes that were most pronounced among wealthier households. The parallel trend of urbanization in the developing world also means exposure to new foods and food advertising-particularly for highly processed and packaged items-and considerably more sedentary lifestyles. A recent study of 133 developing countries found that migration to the city-without any changes in income-can more than double per capita intake of sweeteners. Cash-squeezed households in Guayaquil, Ecuador, often spurn potatoes and fresh fruit juices in favor of fried plantains, potato chips, and soft drinks, replacing nutrient-dense foods with empty calories.
A world raised on Big Macs and soda isn't inevitable. But countering an increasingly ubiquitous toxic food environment will require dispelling the myths that surround overeating. Governments will have to recognize the existence of a health epidemic of overeating, and will have to work to counter the social pressures that promote poor eating habits. Empowering individuals through education about nutrition and healthy eating habits, particularly for children, is also essential.
If preventing overeating is the goal, rather than treating it after habits have been formed, then the school environment is an obvious place to start. In Singapore, for example, the nationwide Trim and Fit Scheme has reduced obesity among children by 33to 50 percent, depending on the age group, by instituting changes in school catering and increasing nutrition and physical education for teachers and children. Similar programs in other countries have found comparable results, yet physical education programs in many nations are actually being scaled back.
Mass-media educational campaigns can also change long-standing nutritional habits in adults. Finland launched a campaign in the 1970s and 1980s to reduce the country's high incidence of coronary heart disease, which involved government-sponsored advertisements, national dietary guidelines, and regulations on food labeling. This broad, high-profile approach-it also advocated an end to smoking, and involved groups as diverse as farmers and the Finnish Heart Association-increased fruit and vegetable consumption per person two-fold and slashed mortality from coronary heart disease by 65 percent between 1969 and 1995. About half of the drop in mortality is credited to the lower levels of cholesterol induced by the nutrition education campaign.
A public health approach to overeating might also take some hints from successful campaigns against smoking, including warning labels and taxes to deter consumption. In Finland, the government now requires "heavily salted" to appear on foods high in sodium, while allowing low-sodium foods to bear the label "reduced salt content." A complement to the "low-fat" labels that grace so many new food products would be a more ominous "high-fat" or "high-sugar" label.
Consumption of nutrient-poor foods can be further reduced by fiscal tools. Yale's Kelly Brownell advocates adoption of a tax on food based on the nutrient value per calorie. Fatty and sugary foods low in nutrients and loaded with calories would be taxed the most, while fruits and vegetables might escape taxation entirely. The idea is to discourage consumption of unhealthy foods-and to raise revenue to promote healthier alternatives, nutrition education, or exercise programs, in essence to make it easier and cheaper to eat well. Large-scale cafeteria and vending machine studies show how powerful an influence price has on buying choices-reducing the price and increasing the selection of fruit, salad, and other healthy choices can often double or triple purchase of these items, even as total food purchases remain the same.
Such a tax is also justified as the cost of overeating to society grows. Graham Colditz at Harvard estimates the direct costs (hospital stays, medicine, treatment, and visits to the doctor) and indirect costs (reduced productivity, missed workdays, disability pensions) of obesity in the United States to be $118 billion annually. This sum, equal to nearly 12 percent of the U.S. annual health budget, is more than double the $47 billion in costs attributable to cigarette smoking-a better known and heavily taxed drag on public health. Fiscal measures to reduce overeating may be most attractive to developing countries, which must tackle growing caseloads of costly chronic diseases even as they struggle to eradicate infectious illness.
Putting the Pieces Together
The effects of poor nutrition run deep into every aspect of a community, curtailing performance at school and work, increasing the cost of health care, and reducing health and well-being. By the same token, improving nutrition promises to have equally far-reaching, positive impacts on regions that choose to address the problem. Better eating can set into motion a host of other benefits, many in areas seemingly unrelated to food.
For this to occur, however, efforts to improve nutrition must be integrated into all aspects of a country's development decisions-from health care priorities to transportation funding to curricula planning for schools. A cleaner water supply, for example, would reduce the incidence of intestinal parasites that hamper the body's capacity to absorb micronutrients. Thus a ministry of public works dedicated to increasing access to clean water is a logical partner in a campaign to reduce micronutrient deficiencies. Similarly, transportation officials who promote bicycle commuting, ministers of culture who discourage TV watching, and an agriculture ministry that promotes nutritional education are all promoting lifestyles that, in conjunction with better eating, can reduce incidences of obesity.
There are numerous less obvious means, as well, by which nutritional improvement can be woven into daily life. To begin with, smart nutrition policies can be added to already-existing social programs. Health, education, and agricultural extension programs already reach deep into nutritionally vulnerable populations through existing networks of clinics, schools, and rural development offices. Nutrition is a natural outgrowth of their current responsibilities. Clinic staff, for example, could promote breast-feeding, and extension agents could encourage home gardening. Such partnering is cost effective, not only because it uses existing infrastructure, but also because it often reduces the need for the original service. Women educated about breastfeeding on a prenatal visit, for example, are less likely to return months later with an infant suffering from diarrhea.
Programs intended to eradicate poverty, from microlending to employment creation, are most likely to raise nutritional levels when accompanied by education about health and nutrition. A "Credit with Education" program initiated in Ghana by the international group Freedom from Hunger coupled lending with education about breastfeeding, child feeding, diarrhea prevention, immunization, and family planning. A three-year follow-up study documented improved health and nutrition practices, fewer and shorter-lived episodes of food shortages, and dramatic improvements in childrens' nutrition among the participants compared with the control groups. Barbara MkNelly, the program's coordinator, warns that "simply improving a family's ability to buy food is no guarantee that poor baby-feeding practices, dietary choices or living conditions will not undercut nutritional gains."
The city of Curitiba, Brazil has even found links between nutrition and the city's waste flows. Concerned about the city's growing waste burden, and about malnutrition among the poorest sectors of the population, officials established a recycling program for organic waste that benefits farmers, the urban poor, and the city in general. City residents separate their organic waste from the rest of their garbage, bag it, then exchange it for fresh fruits and vegetables from local farmers at a city center. The city reduces its waste flow, farmers reduce their dependence on chemical fertilizer, and the urban poor get a steady supply of nutritious foods.
In any society, but especially where food cues come primarily from advertising, education is critical to making progress toward good nutrition. In the United States, the Berkeley Food System Project, for example, not only teaches kids about healthy eating, but promotes the use of vegetable gardens in school to help children learn about food at the source. The gardens also supply some of the food for school cafeterias, which were required in 1999 to begin serving all-organic lunches. The project encourages schools to incorporate this comprehensive view of food into their classwork. Janet Brown, who spearheaded the project for the Center for Ecoliteracy, explains that kids weaned on packaged and processed foods often shy away from fruits and veggies, because they have not been properly introduced. "But when a child pops a cherry tomato that she helped to grow into her mouth, then introducing a salad bar in the cafeteria is likely to be more successful."
Nutritional literacy is not just for kids, however. Doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals are well positioned to educate patients about the links between diet and health, and can be instrumental in improving eating habits. But modern medical systems often de-emphasize the role of nutrition: in the United States, only 23 percent of medical schools required that students take a separate course in nutrition in 1994. Doctors poorly trained in nutrition are less likely to take a preventive approach to health care, such as encouraging greater consumption of fruits and vegetables or increased physical activity, and are more likely to deal only with the consequences of poor eating-prescribing a cholesterol-lowering drug, for example, or scheduling bypass surgery. A recent U.S. survey by the Centers for Disease Control found "less than half of obese adults report being advised to lose weight by health care professionals."
Beyond educating medical professionals, health care as a whole could integrate nutrition by recognizing obesity as a disease and covering weight-loss programs and other nutritional interventions. Covering these expenses would not only reduce illness and patient suffering, but is likely to cut health care costs. An encouraging first step in this direction is Mutual of Omaha's decision to cover intensive dietary and lifestyle modification program of patients with heart disease, an initiative they hope will eliminate costly prescriptions and prevent surgeries months or years down the road. A logical next step for the industry might be to cover regular nutrition check-ups, akin to dental check-ups, as part of a basic insurance coverage.
Where communities have lost access to healthy food options, improving diets may require involving players throughout the food chain. Support of urban agriculture and urban farmers' markets has proven effective in getting good food to low-income urbanites. Urban gardens in Cuba, which meet 30 percent of the vegetable demand in some cities, have prospered under government nurturing. In the nutritionally impoverished inner cities of wealthier nations, farmers' markets are often the only source of fresh produce, as green grocers and supermarkets have left for the more affluent suburbs, and as fast food joints and convenience stores have replaced them. The Toronto Food Policy Council has used both farmers markets and produce delivery schemes to connect local farmers and low-income urban residents, many of whom are single mothers. Some 70 percent of those buying food now eat more vegetables than they did when the program began in the early 1990s; 21 percent eat a greater variety; and 16 percent now try new foods. More people also know about the recommended five or more servings a day of fruit and veggies.
Eliminating poor eating is the business of fiscal authorities as well. The food tax advocated by Kelly Brownell could raise funds for nutritional interventions. Michael Jacobsen, director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, notes that even small taxes could generate sufficient revenues to fund "television advertisements, physical education teachers, bicycle paths, swimming pools, and other obesity prevention measures." In the United States, a 2/3-cent tax per can of soda, a 5 percent tax on new televisions and video equipment, a $65 tax on each new motor vehicle, or an extra penny tax per gallon of gasoline would each raise roughly $1 billion each year.
Even without such a tax, authorities in some countries have begun to encourage lifestyle changes that are important complements to good nutrition. Australia's Department of Transport and Regional Services, Department of Health and Aged Care, and Department of Environment and Heritage teamed up in 1999 to promote the country's National Bicycling Strategy, which seeks to raise the level of cycling in the country. The involvement of this diverse set of government agencies demonstrates the broad impact that a commitment to good nutrition can have. More cycling means more exercise, an indispensable tool in the fight against overweight. But it can also mean cleaner air, less congested cities, and cheaper transportation infrastructure.
A final part of reshaping the food environment is recultivating an appreciation of food as a cultural and nutritional treasure. The consumer culture, applied to eating, emphasizes brand allegiance and mega-meals, often at the expense of nutrition and health. Groups like the Slow Food Movement, based in Italy, and the Oldways Preservation and Exchange Trust in the United States, offer a postmodern critique of today's culinary norm by promoting a return to the art of cooking traditional foods and of socializing around food. Their work, which targets chefs as well as consumers, is the kind of cultural intervention that could help more people shift to a healthy diet, similar to the change in consciousness that encouraged a shift away from smoking in the United States. Government encouragement of these groups, perhaps through assistance with marketing and promotional activities, would insure that this important work benefits everyone, not just elites.
The experience of the Slow Food Movement and Oldways shows that as people care more about their food choices, their concerns are likely to evolve well beyond nutritional value. Health-conscious consumers often gravitate toward organic produce, in an effort to avoid agrochemical residues and to stop promoting farm practices that deplete the soil or pollute waterways. Many also reduce their consumption of animal products, which can reduce their intake of fat and cholesterol, but also eases the pressure on land and water resources. And these consumers are likely to seek out local food sources, which offer superior freshness and quality, as well as the opportunity to know the farmer and his methods.
The far-reaching effects of nutrition make it a central factor in personal and national development. Poor eating is as much a drag on national economic activity as it is on personal health. The reverse is also true: development choices, such as whether girls have as many years of schooling as boys, or whether food corporations are free to advertise without limit to young consumers, heavily influence what and how we eat.
Gary Gardner is a senior researcher and Brian Halweil is a staff researcher at the Worldwatch Institute. They are co-authors of Worldwatch Paper 150, Overfed and Underfed: The Global Epidemic of Malnutrition (2000).


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Camenabologue SE Top: Never again Summit Comment ewen 4 hours ago Went up via the Forest ride from the table track. Put it this way, it may have been the conditions, it may have been the waterlogged steep ride but this is one hill I am never going near again. Th... Waterfalls Galore Track 4135 march-fixer 6 hours ago There are two major waterfalls in Jamaica. Dunn's River Falls and Reach Falls. Reach Falls is by far the most beautiful walk, Len: 6.2km, Climb: 109m, Area: Jamaica, Portland () Tinahealy Circuit Track 4212 march-fixer 6 hours ago This is a very nice circular circuit which starts and ends in a pleasant carpark. The route heads westwards out along... walk, Len: 24.0km, Climb: 866m, Area: Muskeagh Hill, Dublin/Wicklow (Ireland) Lost GPS Forum: General geohappy 7 hours ago If you happen to be climbing up the east face of Slievemore on Achill, keep an eye out for a dropped Garmin GPS which foolishly I clipped on the wrong strap. It is quite steep and my first serious... 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After crossing the gate a... walk, Len: 2.0km, Climb: 105m, Area: Croghan Hill, North Midlands (Ireland) C|| Table Mountain West Top: Bird's eye view Summit Comment Colin Murphy 4 days ago As I reached the summit of this top on a gorgeous September day, I could see about 5 dark birds circling above and swooping to the heather every now and then, so I assume they were birds of prey o... Tonduff East Top: Dull top with panoramic views Summit Comment Colin Murphy 4 days ago The view to the south west from the summit. Table Mountain West Top: Unremarkable top with fine views. Summit Summary Collaborative entry Last edit by: Colin Murphy 4 days ago Usually done in conjunction with Lowbawn or Table Mt. itself, but can be completed relatively easily in isolation. parking for a few cars at a crossroads of sorts at S983 948. There is a barrier h... Most Recent Monthly Newsletter. Conditions and Info Use of MountainViews is governed by conditions and a privacy policy. 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Video display Mourne Mountains Area More detail Place count in area: 59, OSI/LPS Maps: 20, 29 Highest place: Slieve Donard, 850m Maximum height for area: 850 metres, Maximum prominence for area: 822 metres, Places in area Mourne Mountains:Ben Crom 526mButter Mountain 500mCarn Mountain 585.2mCarn Mountain North Top 553.7mChimney Rock Mountain 656mCock Mountain 504mCock Mountain South-West Top 505mCove Mountain 654.8mCrenville 460mCrossone 540mCrotlieve Mountain 347mDoan 592.6mEagle Mountain 638mFinlieve 578mGruggandoo 382mHen Mountain 354mKnockchree 306mKnockiveagh 235mMillstone Mountain 460mOtt Mountain 526.8mPigeon Rock Mountain 534mPigeon Rock Mountain South Top 530mRocky Mountain 404mRocky Mountain 524mShanlieve 626mSlieve Bearnagh 739mSlieve Bearnagh North Tor 680mSlieve Beg 595.9mSlieve Binnian 745.9mSlieve Binnian East Top 630mSlieve Binnian North Top 678mSlieve Binnian North Tor 670mSlieve Commedagh 767mSlieve Corragh 640mSlieve Donard 850mSlieve Loughshannagh 617mSlieve Meelbeg 701.9mSlieve Meelmore 680mSlieve Muck 670.4mSlieveacarnane 296mSlievegarran 391mSlievelamagan 702.2mSlievemartin 485mSlievemeel 420mSlievemeen 472mSlievemoughanmore 560mSlievenaboley 324mSlievenaglogh 445mSlievenaglogh 586mSlievenaglogh East Top 575mSlievenalargy 280mSlievenamiskan 444mSlievenaslat 272mTievedockaragh 473mWee Binnian 460mWee Slievemoughan 428mSlieve Croob: Cratlieve 429mSlieve Croob 534mSlievenisky 446m Note: this list of places includes island features such as summits, but not islands as such. Centre on map. Butter Mountain Mountain Sliabh an Ime A name in Irish also Slievenamuck an extra name in English (Ir. Sliabh an Ime [PNNI], 'mountain of the butter') Down County, in Arderin List, Mudstone, greywacke & conglomerate Bedrock Height: 500m OS 1:50k Mapsheet: 29 Grid Reference: J27480 27975 Place visited by 212 members. Recently by: IndyMan, Grumbler, nupat, Lauranna, trostanite, arderincorbett, seamaspeineas, ilenia, marcellawalking, msammon, PeakPaul, mgtrose, IainT, livelife2thefull, pdtempan I have visited this place: NO (You need to be a logged-in member to change this.) More detail Longitude: -6.048062, Latitude: 54.184927 , Easting: 327480, Northing: 327975 Prominence: 95m, Isolation: 1.3km ITM: 727401 827980, GPS IDs, 6 char: BtrMnt, 10 char: BtrMntnBedrock type: Mudstone, greywacke & conglomerate, (Deep marine turbidite sequence) The name 'Butter Mountain' is not a reference to EU surpluses. It probably comes from the practice of burying butter to preserve it. It was used by people who tended cattle in the mountains during the summer. [Mícheál Ó Mainnín] Butter Mountain is the 570th highest place in Ireland. Linkback: https://mountainviews.ie/summit/458/ Rate Gallery COMMENTS for Butter Mountain 1 2 Next page >> Follow this place's comments Picture from group : Butter Mountain from the east. Picture: Butter Mountain from the east. A short but rewarding climb. Short Summary created by simon3, Harry Goodman 5 May 2012 For a short and simple walk up this hill park at Spelga Dam J268 273 A. Walk a short way (E) along the road to a track on the left J269 273 B. Follow this part of the way uphill before striking out NE on a grassy track to gain the high point J2747827981 C. For modest effort there are rewarding views from the top. East and north to the line of the high Mournes from Slieve Muck to Slieve Meelmore. To the SE over Spelga Dam Pidgeon Rock, Slievemoughanmore and Eagle Mt stand out and nearer at hand Slievenamiskin, Cock and Hen Mts. For an alternatively route park at the Blue Quarry (Ott Track) car park on the Slievenaman Road J280 279 D. Take the stone steps up from the back of the car park and once over the wooden stile go up W to the top. Once there, for a looped walk, descend by way of the route up from Spelga Dam. Once down at the road go left up to the road junction where another left turn will soon lead back to the start. Linkback: https://mountainviews.ie/summit/458/comment/5217/ craiglynn666 on Butter Mountain, 2004 by craiglynn666 15 Jun 2004 I recently did my bronze duke of ed. we started from meelmore lodge, a little lodge with a beautiful morning view of lukes mountain and hare's gap. we hiked to the northern foot of butter mountain and trekked over it to spelga dam. we continued east along the road and went round ott mountain and over the saddle between meelbeg and loughshannagh. beautiful views of doan and part of ben crom reservoir there. we could also see donard. magnificent. we went round meelbeg and went over another saddle between meelbed and bernagh down to fofanny. we hiked along the ulster way and up the trassy track to the camp half way up. day two and we went down trassy and into tollymore. through tollymore via the southern paths and up the drinns (i cringe at the word!) and out over the plain between tollymore and donard park. through donard park via greenhill YMCA centre and past donard bridge. continuing on through and down out to maggie's leap. an amazing 2 days. the hardest part being the drinns believe it or not. a piece of advice - don't do the drinns in segments, i.e. taking a break every few minutes, like our group did. do it in one go and get it over and done with. then have a good break at the top, with a spectacular view over to, i think, dromore. nicest view - through the saddle between meelbed and loughshannagh Linkback: https://mountainviews.ie/summit/458/comment/992/ Your Score: Very useful << >>Average Picture from CaptainVertigo : Perfect Training Ground Picture: Perfect Training Ground CaptainVertigo on Butter Mountain, 2006 by CaptainVertigo 5 Mar 2006 A healthy adult ought to make it to the summit of Butter Mountain from the Spelga Dam Car Park in about ten minutes! There's a big reward in terms of views for practically no effort. I brought John(7) and Peter(5) there today, and, really, its a super safe training ground for little people. They have mini walking poles which they love because it gives them that authentic "mountaineer" feeling. I can't think how you'd injure yourself on that grassy slope...short of being dropped from a helicopter head first. The photo shows the wee folk ascending Butter mountain. John's the one with the GPS !!! Linkback: https://mountainviews.ie/summit/458/comment/2219/ Your Score: Very useful << >>Average Alex92 on Butter Mountain, 2007 by Alex92 13 Apr 2007 I did Butter yesterday while waiting to be picked up in the Ott/Blue Quarry car park, after I camped on the shores of Loughshannagh. It's a nice enough wee dander, and as said in previous contributions, it does provide some great views of Spelga dam, Fofanny dam, Bearnagh, Ott, Carn and the other surrounding mountains, without requiring much effort. Best approach is from Ott/Blue Quarry carpark. Ascend up the granite path to the style, and follow the grassy trail to the summit. Gaiters may be needed, as I found out when the whole of my lower right leg sunk into a bog... not nice! Butter is a good introduction if you're looking to use it in a lengthly walk, and it's a good "training ground" for smaller kids as suggested by CaptainVertigo. One word of warning though: Whatever you do, DO NOT ever leave your car over night in the Ott car park. Recently a car was burnt out after being left over night, and I have had my own experiences where a relative of mine had their car broken into. Alternatively arrange for someone to drop you off and pick you up if you are camping, or use the Mourne Rambler bus service. But parking for daytrips should be fine, just take caution. Linkback: https://mountainviews.ie/summit/458/comment/2667/ Your Score: Very useful << >>Average Picture from wicklore : The Goat bidding me farewell or else he just wants food off me! Picture: The Goat bidding me farewell or else he just wants food off me! wicklore on Butter Mountain, 2008 by wicklore 13 Oct 2008 Butter Mountain should have been a quick up and down from the Blue Quarry/Ott car park. However I was distracted by a pure white goat that clearly wanted to follow me. It was only short of clambering over the stile with me which is on the path leading from the car park. When we said our goodbyes at the stile I hauled myself up to the summit trying to get into the "Healthy Adult will do it in 10 minutes" bracket as posted by CaptainVertigo. My previous long hike in the Mournes had made me unhealthy and it took about 18 minutes from the carpark! Nice views of the Spelga Dam and across to cloud topped Meelbeg and Slieve Loughshannagh. Billy Goat awaited below and I knew I had a healthy snack to share with him so I bade farewell to Butter Mountain and the Mournes until another day. Linkback: https://mountainviews.ie/summit/458/comment/3387/ Your Score: Very useful << >>Average Picture from Harry Goodman : View W from Butter mt, Cock and Hen mts in foreground. Picture: View W from Butter mt, Cock and Hen mts in foreground. Following the Mourne Way over Butter Mt. by Harry Goodman 8 Nov 2011 As described in other members comments there is a short and easy way to climb Butter Mt. There is however a more rewarding alternative route which follows part of the Mourne Way. Starting at the Blue Quarry (Ott Track) car park J280 279 D the route is fully described in the WalkNI web site and in an illustrated booklet which can be requested on line. There are fine views NE to the high Mournes and, as the walk follows the wide U shaped ridge on the top of Butter Mt and turns SW Cock and Hen Mts in the Western Mournes and Slieve Gullion in Armagh come into view. On reaching the Spelga Pass road J260280 E turn left and at the T junction left again to walk back to the start. If you have two cars leave one at the Spelga Dam Car Park and avoid the road walk back. Linkback: https://mountainviews.ie/summit/458/comment/4063/ Your Score: Very useful << >>Average COMMENTS for Butter Mountain 1 2 Next page >> (End of comment section for Butter Mountain.) Some mapping: Open Street Map (Various variations used.) British summit data courtesy: Database of British & Irish Hills (Creative Commons Licence) MountainViews.ie, a Hill-walking Website for the island of Ireland. 11 Million Visitors Per Year. 1300 Contributors.

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A Larimer County gentleman farmer wants a federal bankruptcy judge to negate the auction of Grant Family Farm leases to his land, saying the winner of the leases isn't a farmer worth doing business with.
In the 12-page filing in U.S. Bankruptcy Court, farmer Curtis Bridges says the four-year, $54,000-a-year lease he penned with Andy Grant in 2010 to plant on about 200 acres of organic-certified group should be declared in default and returned.
The lease was one of several auctioned last month as part of the Grant Family Farms bankruptcy. Though winner Localization Partners, an investment consortium that kept GFF afloat through 2012 with a $1.5 million loan, won the auction, Bridges said they're not farmers.
"The trustee and court should not obligate an unwilling party to participate in a lease with individuals that are not their choice and who have not demonstrated a record of successful business practices in the area of agriculture," Bridges wrote in his dissent.
The auction results still require a judge's approval — scheduled to be discussed in court on April 11 — but objections can be filed through Thursday. Bridges' is the first to say he wants out.
Grant Farms filed for liquidation in December following a sour year in which it teetered on bankruptcy despite running one of the more successful, and biggest, Community-Supported Agriculture programs, where people pay to help defray the cost of farming, then share in the harvest.
In his filing, Bridges cites a number of issues with the lease that he says point to an automatic default under its terms, enough that the court should negate the auction assignment and allow Bridges to lease it to another organic farmer he's identified, but not named.
Big in his craw, though, seems to be that LP isn't a farming outfit. Bridges is a retired corporate type who took on farming in 2006. A bachelor's degree in business and an MBA allow him to know better that most in how to run a successful operation, he says. He's also chairman of the Larimer County Agricultural Advisory Board, which reports to that county's commission.
Bridges notes that with just eight months left on the lease, it should be easy to cancel.
Not to be immovable, Bridges says in his petition that he'll happily let LP access to the acreage to harvest unidentified winter crops put there last year at no charge — as long as it's out of there by May 5. That's because the unidentified organic farmer has until May 10 to put organically based corn into the ground to meet insurance schedules.
Additionally, Bridges said he'd pay $6,000 to match LP's bid on the lease.
No immediate word from the principals at LP on Bridges' filing.


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Quite a bit of smart commentary came in on " Can Europe Still Compete in Technology? ", divided pretty equally between those who say oui and those who say nein.
But first, some clarification on what was invented by whom:
Thomas Tupper, Anaheim, CA: Hold up — since when does Europe get credit for the World Wide Web?
Charles Anderson, Elkton, MD: You are mistaken to say that the compact disc was invented by Europe. The digital compact disc was invented by James T. Russell (born in Bremerton, Washington, USA). This is proven in patent records for the first digital to optical recording and playback system.
The World Wide Web — the software superstructure that brought rich, hyperlinked content to the text-based Internet — was a 1989 European addition to the basic infrastructure created by the U.S. in the 1960s and 70s. Definitely European: The inventor, Tim Berners-Lee, didn't get rich, but he did get a knighthood. The compact disc is a little less clear: James Russell, a prodigious American inventor, held numerous initial patents on optical recording, but U.S. firms never managed to make it into a consumer product.
John Combs, San Jose, CA: That "remarkable reading device with the roll-out screen" is merely a variation of a technology which Sony has already shipped real products. The "electronic paper" from E Ink will also roll up, and who knows -- Sony and E Ink (US-based) may ship an actual rollable product before the Europeans do. Here's info on the e-ink aspect of it: http://www.eink.com/press/releases/pr70.html.
I've seen the Sony LIBRIé (available only in Japanese) and it's an interesting approach to the ebook. Rumor has it that Sony is talking to U.S. publishers and it may appear in English before long. But Philips technology is in that product as well and as I understand it, Philips, through their spin-off Polymer Vision, has the patent on the rollable version.
Beyond specific inventions, plenty of readers — primarily from the U.S. — came forward to defend Europe:
Christopher Eldridge, Harrisburg PA: I find the Europeans particularly innovative. Consider the Chunnel, the new link between Denmark and Sweden, the new tunnel under the Swiss Alps. They have the new NH90, an all composite helicopter and also they have the first business jet with fly by wire. They are the location of ITER, the newest thermonuclear reactor; they've built the world's largest telescope (the VLT in Chile) as well as the Queen Mary 2. They have the best satellite launching record, the best X-ray space telescope ... and I could go on! I find them remarkable — even as an American. We should be so lucky. The U.S. no longer has the tallest buildings, the longest bridges, the largest airliners ...
John Hopkins, Munich, Bavaria: I've been living in Munich for 3 months and my view is that technology has become much more integrated into everyday life here than in the US. The navigation system in my VW van gets traffic information off the radio, displays where the traffic is and routes me around it — and this is everywhere, not just the cities. There's also widespread use of motion sensor lighting in many halls and entrance ways in office buildings. The high-speed train (ICE) here is commonly used between cities and at a top speed of 150 km/hr, the trip is fast and with the use of the recent technology, very safe. Europe may not be generating many new patents, but they are taking technology and implementing it for use by the general population in ways that the U.S. is not.
But then there were those who agreed with the darker predictions in the column:
Bill: The European mind is risk-adverse beyond belief, and it is hurting them commercially. They have institutes where PhD-types do nothing but write equipment standards; all EU members must use the same equipment standards as well as all other nations importing to the EU. But to meet these overly-strict safety standards requires extensive modifications of existing equipment and numerous tests at expensive labs. We redesign our equipment for the EU and pass on the additional costs to them, but don't add the extra stuff to equipment destined for the rest of the world.
So the Europeans now have a major economic disadvantage relative to those nations that do not require these additional costs. The Europeans need to recognize that some personal risk is inevitable when you use power equipment, and absolute intolerance for such risk is very, very expensive and probably in the end economically fatal.
Anonymous: Good article, but you neglected to discuss two aspects of contemporary European culture that pretty much ensure that Old Europe becomes an also-ran in technology over the next generation:
Europe has become decidedly hostile to the concept of intellectual property and is increasingly taking a third-world-ish view of copyrights and patents. The desire to abolish the concept of patents for software (an area in which Europe has for the last two generations significantly trailed the US and Asia) is but the latest example of an increasing hostility to technology as a whole among the Euro-bureaucracy.
Second, and even more damaging, is Europe's addiction to subsidies of all kinds that distort the economic and technological landscape in favor of established players (the so-called national champions) and penalize/block any innovative competitors that might arise, thereby driving out the native-born innovators that they need to maintain their competitiveness and standard of living. Of course, they will always be able to reminisce about the grand old days of Watt and Pasteur, no?
Ihtishaam Qazi, Morgantown WV: One of the impediments to Europe's technological evolution has been its race relations. Ten or fifteen years ago U.S. and European firms needed skilled labor, especially in computer-related fields, and looked to China and India. While Europe turned a little later to those sources, many people from Asia had a prejudice going to Germany or France because of the more inhospitable climate toward the non-white races. Pre-9/11, the doors to America were open and when given a choice between the more-open U.S. culture or Germany, nearly every person chose America.
Ellen K. Sullivan: I share your enthusiasm for Eastern Europe innovation as a potential source of commercial IT fortune in Europe but suspect that EU accession will damper the effect and alter the trajectory.
Finally, the one quote in the column that drew the most spirited response was consultant Rudy Burger's comment that "Europeans need to reconsider their six weeks of vacation."
Adrian Staruszkiewicz, Chicago, IL: The length of vacation in Europe shows that companies there really care about people working for them. Who can prove that working with vacations makes this "race" even faster? At Stalin's gulags there were no vacations at all! How many Nobel Price winners did those "racing camps" in gulags produce? Employment "at will" is not the answer, the same way as working 7 days a week, 16 hours a day, with no vacation will not "produce" exciting new technologies.
Lee Craig, Norway: I was a bit shocked at the comments on how Europe should lose its six weeks of vacation, along with the reference to it slipping into the Third World. One might argue that with the conditions under which Americans work, you've already beaten Europe to that status. You seem to miss the point that technology is a means to an end — who wants to be the lead innovator if this means that all your time is spent innovating?
And finally, here's a solution that Japan is already embracing:
Louis Savain, Miami, Florida: The suggestion that Europeans need to reconsider their six weeks of vacation shows a lack of vision. The most cost-effective way to boost both production and productivity is to invest heavily in automation. Europe needs an economic policy that encourages research in the robotization of the workplace. In the not-too-distant future, only countries with the best and smartest automata will have an edge in the market place. It is understandable that Europeans are keen on retaining their cultural heritage but automation is not averse to culture. A gourmet meal need not necessarily be prepared by a human chef.
Or as HAL might say: Bon appetit, Dave!
© 2013 MSNBC Interactive. Reprints


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About the Oregon Zoo
The 64-acre Oregon Zoo is located in Portland, a city and surrounding metropolitan area of 2.26 million people. Attendance in 2011 exceeded 1.6 million.
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The Oregon Zoo is governed and operated by Metro, the Portland regional government, which posts job openings on its website. The zoo also offers internships on an as-needed basis.


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One of the myths that surround Fibromyalgia is that it's caused by being overweight. I've had it since I was a child and I wasn't by any means overweight when this endless nightmare started. Approximately 25 years later, I'm considered obese. I also have Polycystic Ovary syndrome so I've gotten a double dose of uncontrollable weight gain.
There are many reasons why some of us with Fibromyalgia gain weight. The biggest cause is the hormonal imbalances that come courtesy of this monster. Fibromyalgia affects the levels of cortisol, thyroid, serotonin and insulin and then there's a production of growth hormones. Can you guess what all that causes? Our metabolism slows way down and we get fluffy.
Fatigue is also one of our biggest nemeses in trying to lose weight. We don't ever get enough quality sleep and on most days we feel like we're trying to function after being dipped in molasses. It's hard to incorporate exercise into our daily routine, when we can barely work and take care of the household. I'm a big advocate for exercise and Fibromyalgia, not only for weight-loss, but to lower pain levels and increase happy thoughts. This doesn't mean it's easy to do. It takes time, patience and a lot of focus.
The pain all on its own is a cause for weight gain for obvious reasons.
Most attribute medication to the sole cause of weight gain. Some of the medications used to treat Fibromyalgia do cause weight gain, but that's only one of the reasons. Personally I've been off of all prescription medications for almost 3 years and I still have major weight issues.
Fibromyalgia makes everything a struggle and losing weight is only one of them. If anyone has had weight loss success, please share your story. Those of us who struggle with it, would appreciate the help and the hope.
I hope everyone is having a wonderful day/night. Gentle hugs and lots of love!


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Legal Planet colleague Holly Doremus did an excellent job last week of previewing today's U.S. Supreme Court arguments in Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center, a potentially important case involving the scope of USEPA's point source permit jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. But given the results of those arguments and a major, late-breaking regulatory development similarly anticipated in Holly's recent post, it looks like the Decker case–at least in its current form–will end not with a bang, but with a whimper.
This past Friday, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued new regulations "clarifying" that stormwater discharges from logging roads are not subject to NPDES permit requirements under the Clean Water Act. That, of course, is precisely the issue in the Decker case. In its website notice announcing the new rule, EPA expressly noted the fact that the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals had disagreed with the Agency's prior interpretation of the Clean Water Act's permit requirements, and that the purpose of the newly-promulgated regulation was to "clarify the Agency's intent" as it relates to the logging roads at issue in Decker.
The parties duly communicated the new regulations to the Supreme Court justices late Friday afternoon, and that development wound up dominating the Court arguments this morning.
Chief Justice Roberts began the proceedings by wryly congratulating counsel for the logging industry and State of Oregon "on getting nearly all of the relief you were looking for in the form of the new rule." The Chief Justice was not nearly as polite when the Deputy Solicitor General began his argument on behalf of USEPA (as amicus supporting the industry and Oregon petitioners). Were you as surprised as we were, asked Roberts, that the rule was issued on Friday? After the government's lawyer revealed that he, too, had only learned of the new regulation on Friday, the Chief Justice mused that 875 pages of merits briefing in the case had been rendered largely irrelevant, and that the Court could have postponed the Decker arguments until April if it had known in advance that the new rule was coming–presumably to allow supplemental briefing on the effect on the case of the late-breaking EPA regulation.
As it was, the arguments the justices heard today were very different from those that counsel were undoubtedly preparing as recently as last week. Rather than the issues Holly so ably summarized in last week's post, the advocates (and justices) focused on what the Court should do in light of the new EPA regulation.
Counsel for petitioners logging industry and Oregon urged the justices to reverse the Ninth Circuit's unfavorable decision on the ground that the lower court erred in failing to apply the USEPA's Silvicultural Rule. But the justices seemed unwilling to adopt that suggestion, finding–in the words of Justice Kagan–that as of last Friday the Court is dealing with a very different regulation.
The Solicitor General, by contrast, argued that the best course would be for the Court to dismiss the case as moot, and presumably vacating the Ninth Circuit opinion in the process. However, the SG indicated that it would also be appropriate for the Court to remand the case to the Ninth Circuit to address the mootness question in the first instance.
Counsel for the environmental group respondent proposed yet a third option to the Court: to dismiss the petition for certiorari as improvidently granted. But that led to a series of questions from the justices as to what such a dismissal would mean for past and future proceedings in the lower federal courts. It appeared that a working majority of the justices, for example, were uncomfortable with the prospect of the Ninth Circuit opinion in Decker remaining in effect. In the course of his response to the justices' questions, moreover, the environmentalists' counsel made it clear that a legal challenge to the new EPA regulation would be forthcoming, on the ground that it is contrary to the statutory provisions of the Clean Water Act.
Following this morning's arguments, it seems obvious that the Northwest Environmental Defense Center will not preserve its win in the Ninth Circuit. But it's almost equally unlikely that the timber industry and Oregon will obtain the reversal on the merits that they had been fervently seeking from the Supreme Court. More likely, the Court will wind up disposing of the Decker case on procedural grounds, without issuing a substantive decision. And that, ironically, will vindicate the Solicitor General's original recommendation to the Court–ignored by the justices–that the Decker case was not cert-worthy in the first place.


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Is it some rule around here that you must link the hugest possible images possible?
You all would have screamed if you saw board signatures on the RPGFan forums back when this place was using RPGBoard back in '98 and '99. Only a few know who I'm talking about, but Keith's forum signature was a full page long full of Macross GIFs and a MIDI file. Bear in mind, this was also back when 99% of us were using dial-up.


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S.F. Transbay Tower plans get final OKs
Plans for the soaring, 1,070-foot-tall Transbay Tower received their final approvals from the Planning Commission Thursday, clearing the way for construction of what will become the city's tallest building.
The decision also may have opened the door to the desperately needed funding to build what planners say will be the crown of the downtown skyline at 101 First St.
"This is the culmination of five years of work," said Paul Paradis, senior manager for Hines, the Houston developer of the tower. "It's cause for real celebration."
It's also a welcome bit of good news for Hines, which saw its deep-pocketed investment partner in the project, insurance giant MetLife, pull out this summer. Since then, a Sept. 30 deadline for Hines to provide the public Transbay Joint Powers Authority, which owns the land, with a non-refundable $5 million line of credit has passed with no action taken.
Negotiations are continuing, said Adam Alberti, spokesman for the authority.
But while Paradis declined to discuss details of the tower's financing, he said the commission's actions could provide a real boost in attracting investors.
"An entitled piece of land in San Francisco is a valuable asset and investors realize that," he said.
The 61-story tower is the centerpiece of an effort to re-envision the city's downtown.
The new office building will be part of a 145-acre Transit Center District that will include commercial high-rises, residential towers, hotels and retail space, all wrapped around a planned Transit Center that will be the hub for local and regional bus lines, as well as the underground terminus for the proposed Caltrain extension and the statewide high-speed rail line.
The new center is part of an effort to create what the plan for the area calls a "dynamic urban center." Expanding the city's traditional downtown, with its emphasis on high-density office building, to the transit-rich SoMa neighborhood would make the Transit Center "the center of downtown, reinforcing the primacy of public transit in organizing the City's development pattern."
Cash cow for project
"For years there has been a strong desire to create a very-high-density district around the Transit Center," Planning Director John Rahaim said Thursday. "The tower has been in the plan since Day 1 and was meant to be the centerpiece of the larger district."
It's also a cash cow for the transit project. Much of the anticipated $185 million sales price for the tower site will go toward construction costs for the Transit Center and Caltrain extension.
The completed development will change the look of the city. The Transbay Tower will be the city's tallest building, 217 feet taller than the 853-foot-tall Transamerica Pyramid.
Shadow complaints
There have been plenty of complaints about the size and bulk of the buildings, as well as the number of people it will bring into the area and the shadows the structures will cast on public parks and open spaces.
But at every turn, city officials have told opponents that the mega-towers are the best way to meet San Francisco's growing need for office space and residential units close to transit.
There was little argument about the project from the commission. The only dissents came from commissioners Kathrin Moore and Hisashi Sugaya, both concerned about shadow impacts.
"There's a need for a certain amount of density for (a project) to be successful," said Commissioner Gwyneth Borden. The tower "is an integral part of the Transit Center."
The next step for the developer is to complete the details of the sales agreement with the authority. The transbay authority "is working with Hines and will be happy to get an agreement," said Alberti, the agency's spokesman. "No one is circling a date on the calendar, but the talks can't go on in perpetuity."
John Wildermuth is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Greetings from the Class AA Track & Field State Championships at the University of Louisville's Owsley B. Frazier Cardinal Park.
I profiled Shelby County junior Zach Shipley, who is the prohibitive favorite in the boys' 300-meter hurdles, in today's paper so here is a quick look at some of today's events to watch involving athletes from both Collins and Shelby County.
Shelby County junior Jamie Bradley should score points in both the girls' shot put and discus. She is the No. 5 seed in the shot put with her region-winning throw of 31-feet, 11-inches. Hart County's Lindsey Burd is the top seed at 34-11. Bradley is also the No. 7 seed (95-4) in the discus, which she considers her better event of the two, behind Rockcastle County's Amy Johnson (109-7).
The Titans' foursome of Caterina Karas, Gabby Karas, Sinead Maharrey and Maria Cozzens is the No. 4 seed (with a qualifying time of 10 minutes, 11.76 seconds) in the girls' 3,200 relay behind South Oldham (9:58.95), but Collins Coach Jerry Lucas told me earlier this week that he wasn't sure the group was going to be able to run because of injuries.
Shelby County junior Michael Barry is the No. 6 seed (15.38) in the boys' 110 hurdles. He finished sixth at State last year, but has a legit shot to win the event. Lloyd Memorial's Tyler Bray is the top seed with a time of 14.93.
Collins seventh-grader Gabby Karas is the top seed in the girls' 1,600. If you look at the seeding times it looks like it's going to be a two-horse race between Karas - the reigning AA state cross country champ - and Paducah Tilghman freshman Aleja Grant, who is the No. 2 seed at 5:12.02. The third seed, South Oldham's Keightley Dudgeon, is 20 seconds behind Grant in the seed times.
One of the most entertaing races should be the boys' 400 relay. Shelby County's quartet of Barry, Derek White, Chase Manica and Shipley are seeded eighth in the event at 44.96, but top-seed Paducah Tilghman is barely a second faster than the Rockets with its time of 43.92.
Collins senior Caterina Karas, who won state titles in the 1,600 and 3,200 last year, will try to add a state championship in the 800. She is the top seed in that event, which should be a rematch of the region meet. At Henry County, Karas won the race in 2:21.52 while Spencer County senior Christina Shawver, who is the No. 2 seed in today's race, was second in 2:25.14.
Shelby County senior Zakk Bailey could also score points in the triple and long jumps. He is the 11th seed in the triple jump (Collins senior Norvis Smith is 16th) and the 14th seed in the long jump.
Shelby County senior Chris Blake is seed 13th in the high jump.
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National Federation of the Blind
National Center for Blind Youth in Science (NCBYS)-
STEM Initiatives and Programs for Blind Youth
NCBYS Web Portal
The only national clearinghouse of information, resources, and programs to improve opportunities for the blind in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) subjects and careers. Partnerships with the National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other leading organizations help us to provide resources to parents and educators, and quality programs for blind youth.
NFB Junior Science Academy
This biennial STEM program for children in grades three through six helps foster early success in STEM subjects for young blind and low-vision children. Visit www.blindscience.org to read articles or view pictures from past programs.
NFB Youth Slam
This biennial STEM program for students in grades nine to twelve strives to empower blind and low-vision youth through hands-on activities and challenging experiences related to STEM courses and professions. Visit www.blindscience.org to watch videos, read articles, or view pictures from past programs.
Stay up-to-date on the latest news and activities related to the NCBYS initiative:
- Read the NFB Science Blog at www.blindscience.org/ncbys/NFBScience_Blog.asp
- Follow us on Twitter at: www.twitter.com/NFBScience
For more information, please contact the Education Team at the NFB Jernigan Institute at (410) 659-9314.


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what is a Domestic partners
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The Dangers of Journalism (REPORT)
(Video 25 years of Reporters Without Borders)
(HN, 4/5/12) - Yesterday's suicide bombing at the newly opened National Theater of Somalia is now believed to have killed four people, including the nation's Olympics chief and FIFA head among them; just as a ceremony began in celebration of the Somali National Television's one-year anniversary.
It was meant to be a moment of lightness in the much darkness Somalia has experienced in 25-plus years of unrest, famine, and chaos.
It also - again - highlighted the dangerous situations global journalists contend with - even at an afternoon cultural event - to tell the story.
Journalism, on any stage, is never safe.
Various reports say that at least 10 journalists - four of them women - were seriously injured when the blast ripped through the theater 5 minutes into a speech by the Somali Prime Minister, Abdiwelli Mohamed.
Witnesses said they believed the bomber had been a female who mingled with the crowd before detonating. The explosion killed 4 people. The nation's Olympics chief and FIFA head among them.
The Al-Shabaab militant group has taken responsibility.
The hurt reporters are named as (SEE PHOTOS HERE): Said Shire Warsame of Shabelle TV, Ahmed Ali Kahiye of Radio Kulmiye; Ayaan Abdi (female) of S24 TV/Somalie 24 and Hamdi Mohamed Hassan Hiis (female) of Somali Channel TV; Deeqa Mohamed (female) of the state-run Radio Mogadishu/ Radio Mogadiscio; Mohamed Noor and Mohamed Sharif of Radio Bar-kulan; Somali National Television staffers and Abdulkadir Mohamed Hassan, and freelance journalists Suleiman Sheikh Ismail and Mulki Hassan Haile (female) of Royal TV.
Reporters Without Borders in Paris said, "We condemn this despicable attack in the strongest possible terms and our thoughts are with the many victims,"
By all accounts, being `on assignment' can sometimes mean life or death for a journalist - and not always glamorous.
In its annual "Attacks on the Press" report, the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) detailed intimidation and deaths to journalists.
Imprisonments of reporters worldwide shot up more than 20% to its highest level since the mid-1990s in 2011, according to the annual survey - an increase driven largely by widespread jailings across the Middle East and North Africa; finding, 179 writers, editors, and photojournalists behind bars on December 1. More than 34 higher than in 2010.
Additionally Iran was the world's worst jailer, with 42 journalists behind bars. Eritrea, China, Burma, Vietnam, Syria, and Turkey also ranked among the world's worst.
Losing their lives in 2011 were 46 journalists who were killed in the line of work around the world - undertaking dangerous assignments such as covering street protests and civil strife which reached a record level last year (2 more than 2010) as political unrest swept the Arab world.
Reporters Without Borders puts that number at 66; and a tally by Switzerland Press Emblem Campaign says the total is as high as 106.
Photographers and camera operators made up about 40% of the overall death toll and noted an increase in the deaths of Internet journalists - who rarely have appeared in the totals before - with nine killed last year.
(Video of the moment of blast in Somalia yesterday, captured - via The Guardian)
Country-by-country, in 2011, Pakistan had the most deaths with seven, while Libya and Iraq followed with five each, and Mexico had three.
So far in 2012, the most hazardous duty ranks are: Syria- 7, Somalia-3, India-2, Nigeria-2, Thailand-1, Pakistan-1, Brazil-2, Bangladesh-2, Afghanistan-1, Philippines-1
By all accounts approximately 22 journalists have died this year alone.
They are:
Ali Ahmed Abdi, Radio Galkayo, Puntlandi - 3/4/12 in Galkayo, Somalia
Rajesh Mishra, Media Raj - 3/4/12 in Rewa, India
Abukar Hassan Mohamoud, Somaliweyn Radio - 2/28/12 in Mogadishu, Somalia
Anas al-Tarsha, Freelance - 2/24/12 in Homs, Syria
Rémi Ochlik, Freelance - 2/22/12 in Homs, Syria
Marie Colvin, Sunday Times - 2/22/12 in Homs, Syria
Rami al-Sayed, Freelance - 2/21/12 in Homs, Syria
Mario Randolfo Lopes, Vassouras na Net - 2/9/12 in Barra do Piraí, Brazil
Mazhar Tayyara, Freelance - 2/4/12 in Homs, Syria
Hassan Osman Abdi, Shabelle Media Network - 1/28/12 in Mogadishu, Somalia
Enenche Akogwu, Channels TV - 1/20/12 in Kano, Nigeria
Mukarram Khan Aatif, Freelance - 1/17/12 in Shabqadar, Pakistan
Wisut "Ae" Tangwittayaporn, Inside Phuket - 1/12/12 in Phuket, Thailand
Gilles Jacquier, France 2 - 1/11/12 in Homs, Syria
Samid Khan Bahadarzai, Melma Radio - 2/21/12 in Orgun, Afghanistan
Chandrika Rai, Navbharat, The Hitavada - 2/18/12 in Umaria, India
Paulo Roberto Rodrigues, Jornal Da Praça, Mercosul - 2/12/12 in Ponta Porá, Brazil
Meherun Runi, ATN Bangla Television - 2/1112 in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Golam Mustofa Sarowar, Maasranga Television - 2/11/12 in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Nansok Sallah, Highland FM - 1/18/12 in Jos, Nigeria
Christopher Guarin, Radyo Mo Nationwide/Tatak - 1/5/12 in General Santos City, Philippines
Shukri Abu al-Burghul, Al-Thawra/Radio Damascus - 1/3/12 in Damascus, Syria


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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
National Standards
The following is a description of each of the Five Cs goal areas and its related standards. To learn more about the standards, refer to the Standards and the Five Cs video in the Teaching Foreign Languages K-12 video library.
CommunicationCommunicate in Languages Other Than English
Standard 1.1: Interpersonal Communication
Students engage in conversations, provide and obtain information, express feelings and emotions, and exchange opinions.
Standard 1.2: Interpretive Communication
Students understand and interpret written and spoken language on a variety of topics.
Standard 1.3: Presentational Communication
Students present information, concepts, and ideas to an audience of listeners or readers on a variety of topics.
CulturesGain Knowledge and Understanding of Other Cultures
Standard 2.1: Practices of Culture
Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the practices and perspectives of the culture studied.
Standard 2.2: Products of Culture
Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the products and perspectives of the culture studied.
ConnectionsConnect with Other Disciplines and Acquire Information
Standard 3.1: Making Connections
Students reinforce and further their knowledge of other disciplines through the foreign language.
Standard 3.2: Acquiring Information
Students acquire information and recognize the distinctive viewpoints that are only available through the foreign language and its cultures.
ComparisonsDevelop Insight into the Nature of Language and Culture
Standard 4.1: Language Comparisons
Students demonstrate understanding of the nature of language through comparisons of the language studied and their own.
Standard 4.2: Cultural Comparisons
Students demonstrate understanding of the concept of culture through comparisons of the cultures studied and their own.
CommunitiesParticipate in Multilingual Communities at Home and Around the World
Standard 5.1: School and Community
Students use the language both within and beyond the school setting.
Standard 5.2: Lifelong Learning
Students show evidence of becoming lifelong learners by using the language for personal enjoyment and enrichment.
Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century reprinted courtesy of the National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project, a program of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Copyright 1999. All rights reserved.
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|About This Workshop >
Introduction | Session Summaries | Using This Web Guide
About Action Research | National Standards | Who's Who | Facilitator Tips
Technical Notes | Credits
Foreign Languages Workshop Home | © | | Glossary | Site Map
© Annenberg Foundation 2017. All rights reserved. Legal Policy


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Flockwork: Addictive Sheep Herding!
by: ReignDesign • 155
All iPhone applications categories
by: ReignDesign • 155
"Addictive, sweet, entertaining, colourful, responsive, varied, playable and generous — an absolutely sheep-shape game that's a shear delight."
- Tap! Magazine (5/5 stars)
"The cartoon-like graphics and challenging gameplay will appeal to any puzzle fan."
- AppAdvice (4/5 stars)
"… a very well-designed game, and ReignDesign is clearly a very talented team"
- Tech In Asia
"…a great puzzle game that's easy to pick up (but hard to put down) and seriously fun to play."
- AppVader
95 "baa-ffling" levels, hundreds of sheep, and an incompetent dog: this is the puzzle game your retina iPad has been waiting for!
Obligatory plot: The sheep dog was just resting his eyes for a moment… but when he opened them, the sheep were gone!!
In Flockwork, your job is to help the sheep back to safety, but there's a catch: all the sheep move together in a flock. You'll need to use your finger and your brain to guide them through 95 stages of puzzles. Bounce sheep off walls, squeeze them through gaps, build bridges… dodge hungry wolves!
- 95 fun-filled levels
- Game Center Leaderboards and Achievements
- Retina display graphics for the new iPad
- Drag your finger on the screen, and the flock of sheep will follow!
- Guide them to the targets, and collect stars
- Avoid the hazards, and don't let them escape!
- http://bit.ly/flockworktrailer
- Web: http://www.reigngames.com/flockwork/
- Twitter: @reigngames
- Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/flockwork
from 155 reviews
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"I became a Conservation Officer because of the importance that fish and wildlife have played in my life. Growing up and still, I am an avid hunter and fishermen. It is important to me that these resources remain protected so that I can continue to enjoy them as well as allow those in future generations to also enjoy them. Being a Conservation Officer, I feel I am able to contribute to the good of society by educating and enforcing the laws as well as protecting the people I serve. I wouldn't have it any other way."
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Popular Celebrity Hosts
Celebrity speakers, hosts and famous 'guests' have long been an excellent way to bring glitz and cachet to a high-profile event. Famous speakers and faces have been gracing the corporate dinner, awards and conference circuits for years and nowadays the range of events requiring celebrity speakers has grown significantly, along with the range and number of speakers working the circuit.
Often the personalities in the highest demand come as rather a surprise - often a formerly quiet sports or music star later reveals themselves to have excellent crowd engagement and message delivery skills and abilities and they will grow a hugely successful book of loyal customers and engagements. Business people or 'ordinary' people with big stories are also hugely popular, particularly if the audience is looking to be inspired or the event is for a fundraising purpose. Former music stars, 'notorious personalities' and even former criminals can make their mark entertaining after-dinner guests! Other more heavyweight and intellectual speakers of professional note will also be in huge demand at industry and technical conferences and gatherings and their fees will be charged as appropriate.
Certainly the engagement of well chosen celebrity motivational speakers and hosts can add real value to a high profile event. Famous after dinner speakers will encourage guests to attend or buy tickets for corporate and commercial events bringing pizzazz and glamour to the proceedings, guaranteeing PR and viral buzz about your occasion. Ask around for recommendations and look for testimonials when picking the right 'fit' celebrity for your event. A good agency will be able to help find the right match for your objectives.


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