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Keto Cheese Stuffed Meatballs
1 Minute Keto Brownie in a Mug Recipe
Courses in the Nutrition and Dietetics Program are only offered once a year, according to the guide below. Each level of the socio-ecological model will be discussed including individual, interpersonal, organization, community and policy. Fitness Programming and Exercise Prescription. The goal of admission requirements for the Kinesiology and Health Science concentration is to provide undergraduate students with a program of study with the highest possible standards. Provide instruction in facilitating the foundational movement skills which provide the basis for all movement capacities and their application in specialized activities geared to the early childhood through adolescent stages. Admission into the major as part of a cohort group occurs in the Fall Semester.
Department Honors
A noncompetitive, monitored activity component is required. Physical Activity and Health. The course provides a survey of the health-related effects and social-cultural and behavioral determinants of physical activity and exercise. Theories of Health Behavior. Designed to provide an overview of health behavior theories, program planning models and multi-level interventions typically used in public health.
Each level of the socio-ecological model will be discussed including individual, interpersonal, organization, community and policy. Directed field experience is required. Formerly titled "Foundations of Health Theory. Study of community health problems and the function and organization of public, private, and voluntary health agencies, application of health theories and models and program planning methods. Offered Fall Semester only.
Organization, administration, and supervision of health programs in the community, school, business, or industry setting. Application of health theories, models and program planning methods is required.
Application of theories and models for program development, implementation and evaluation. Health majors and minors only. Physical, social, and psychological development throughout the lifespan. Implications for health professionals at all stages of development prenatal to death are addressed. Practical application of techniques for shaping healthier emotional behavior; emphasis on personality, stress management, and fulfilling relationships.
Child and Adolescent Health Promotion. Designed for students who are interested in promoting the health of youth, as well as those students pursuing academic training in education and community health.
The primary goal of this course is to improve the health literacy of teachers and health promotion specialists through understanding and application of evidence-based child and adolescent health promotion concepts.
Program Planning and Evaluation. This course provides students with a basic understanding of planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs in a variety of settings, including worksite, healthcare, and community and at a various levels individual, organization, community, policy. Human Disease and Epidemiology. An in-depth look at the etiology, prevention, and treatment of chronic and contagious diseases afflicting humans and epidemiological methods.
An in-depth study of human sexuality, including psychosocial, cultural and physical aspects. An in-depth examination of the principles of nutrition and their effects on health and fitness. Emphasis on critical thinking and translation of nutritional knowledge to real-world settings.
Includes self-evaluation of diet and fitness habits. Application of health theories and models for program development, implementation, and evaluation in nutritional context. Environmental Health and Safety. Considers applicable factors of ecology, including problems related to water, waste, pesticides, foods, radiation, population, and other aspects of the total ecosystem, as well as personal and occupational safety within these parameters.
Capstone for Community Health and Preventive Services. This course aids students in synthesizing their classroom and internship experiences to reinforce critical skills and key responsibilities for Health Educators. This course will provide students with an overview of resources, skills, and recommendations regarding their professional development. Student is required to have a cumulative grade point average of 2. The opportunity for work experience in a private or public health-related agency.
Opportunities are developed in consultation with the faculty advisor and on-site coordinator. Special Studies in Health. Organized course offering the opportunity for specialized study in an area of health not available as part of the regular course offerings. Enrollment limited to candidates for honors in the Department of Health and Kinesiology during the last two semesters; consent of the Honors College.
Supervised research and preparation of an honors thesis. Practice in the techniques of individual physical activities. Sections focus on particular sports or fitness activities as indicated in the Schedule of Classes. Freshman Topics in Kinesiology. This course is designed to help students acquire the tools and life skills necessary to succeed in college and the future. The curriculum is an overview of topics including: Practice in the techniques of team sports.
Sections focus on particular sports as indicated in the Schedule of Classes. Generally offered Fall, Spring. Computer Applications in Kinesiology and Health. Application of computer and multimedia technology in Kinesiology and Health disciplines. Lifetime Fitness Activity Instruction. Practice in delivering instructions in lifetime fitness activities for adults. These activities include cycling, hiking, jogging, golf, badminton and tennis.
Fitness and Wellness Concepts. This course is designed to provide students with developmentally appropriate knowledge and skills in health and fitness. The course will address health-related issues in personal, interpersonal, and community settings. An individual fitness requirement may be required.
This course examines the word roots, prefixes, suffixes and terms used in medicine and clinical exercise. A major focus will be on the terms used in the major organ systems of the body, diseases, injuries, and medical treatments.
First Aid and CPR. A study of basic first aid procedures, cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR , automated external defibrillation AED , and blood borne pathogens. Upon successful completion of this course students will be able to sit for national certification in first aid and CPR. Study of the history and philosophy of physical activity, and an introduction to anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, motor behavior, and psychology of exercise and sport. This course will also introduce careers in kinesiology and the requirements for graduation with a degree in kinesiology.
Formerly titled "Cultural and Scientific Foundations of Kinesiology. Outdoor Activities and Innovative Games.
Practice in delivering instructions of selected outdoor activities hiking, orienteering, biking and innovative games for all age groups. Weekend class field trips required. Laboratory fee will be assessed.
Formerly titled "Outdoor Activities and Lifetime Sports. Introduction to concepts and skills that will prepare the student to become an effective leader of physical fitness, sport and health, and physical education programs. Skill Analysis in Physical Activity: Practice in delivering developmentally appropriate physical activity instruction in a variety of selected individual activities such as golf, bowling, archery, and track and field. This course will discuss the principles and philosophies of coaching sports.
Domains will remain consistent with that of the National Standards for Sport Coaches and will focus on philosophy and ethics, safety and injury prevention, physical conditioning, growth and development, teaching and communication, sport skills and tactics, organization and administration, and evaluation. Practice in delivering developmentally appropriate physical activity instruction in a variety of selected team sports, such as football, volleyball, and team handball.
Practice in delivering developmentally appropriate physical activity instruction in a variety of selected dual sports, such as badminton, tennis and handball. Practice in delivering a variety of appropriate aerobic, musculoskeletal fitness, and wellness activities for children and adults. Formerly titled "Aerobic Fitness Instruction. Provide instruction in facilitating the foundational movement skills which provide the basis for all movement capacities and their application in specialized activities geared to the early childhood through adolescent stages.
Formerly titled "Rhythmical Activities and Dance. Instructional techniques applied to health related fitness using resistance training, balance, flexibility, and musculoskeletal conditioning activities.
A study of motor, physical, and neuromuscular development across the human life span. Effects of social, cognitive, growth and maturation, and aging factors on motor development will be addressed. Directed field experience may be required. Scientific Principles of Physical Activity. A study of the physiological and biomechanical principles of physical activity and human movement. Emphasis is placed on acute responses and chronic adaptations of the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems to physical activity.
Care and Prevention of Athletic Injuries. Prevention and care of athletic injuries. A study of training and conditioning for the team and individual. Techniques and procedures for emergencies: Organization of the training room facility. Formerly titled "Athletic Injuries and Training Procedures. Anatomy and Physiology for Kinesiology. A detailed study of anatomy and physiology of the human cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. Emphasis will be placed on the anatomical factors that cause human movement and application to common exercise-related injuries.
Anatomy laboratory hours may be required. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of human movement through analysis of video and biomechanical data. Application of Biomechanics to sports performance enhancement and injury prevention. The study of the human body in sports motion and sport objects in motion. The application of mechanical principles, kinematics, and kinetics. Biomechanics laboratory hours are required.
Development, organization, and delivery of appropriate physical activities for children through the adolescent stage. Some fieldwork observation experiences may be required.
Laboratory exercises demonstrating principles of exercise physiology. Topics include metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and neuromuscular responses to physical activity and exercise. A study of the adaptation and effects of the body to physiological stress. Emphasis will be placed on the physiology of training, metabolism and work capacity, and electrocardiography.
Health Related Fitness Assessment Laboratory. This course includes laboratory and clinical measurements of aerobic capacity, balance, body composition, electrocardiography, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular strength, and pulmonary function.
Students are required to demonstrate competence in administering health related physical fitness. Health Related Fitness Assessment. A study of the principles and concepts of fitness measurement. Topics include graded exercise testing, electrocardiography, assessment of aerobic capacity, body composition, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and pulmonary function.
Fitness Programming and Exercise Prescription. A study and application of principles and concepts related to designing exercise programs. The target population includes apparently healthy adults and individuals with special considerations, including cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, obesity, diabetes, pregnancy, and children. A detailed examination of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. This course focuses on bones. The etiology and pathophysiology of common sport and exercise related injuries to the musculoskeleton will be introduced.
Laboratory examination of the skeletal system may be required. An investigation of psychological processes and behaviors related to participation in exercise and physical activities. Psychological effects of exercise, motives for fitness, exercise adherence, and fitness counseling. This course is designed to introduce students to a variety of therapeutic modalities currently used in clinical rehabilitation. Application of test, measurement, and evaluation theory.
Emphasis is on proper selection and administration of tests, appropriate evaluation of test results using basic statistical procedures, and assignment of grades. Introduction to Sport Psychology. This course involves an in-depth study of the psychological factors that underlie and support human behavior and performance, particularly as it relates to sports. This course introduces contemporary and practical theories regarding mental processes and applicable uses for this information.
Formerly titled "Psychosocial Aspects of Exercise and Sport. Evaluation of Athletic Injuries. This course deals in depth with issues related to athletic training, including assessment of injuries, and proper taping and wrapping techniques. Formerly titled "Advanced Athletic Training. Teaching Secondary Physical Education. Examination of current trends, issues, and pedagogical approaches to the teaching and learning of physical education in the secondary school curriculum.
Contemporary programming, behavior management strategies, and community outreach activities will be emphasized. Weekly fieldwork in the public schools at the secondary school level is required. Restricted course; advisor code required for registration. In-depth study of exercise physiology, emphasizing application of physiological principles of training for physical fitness and sport performance, graded exercise testing, and professional issues. This course includes introduction to research in exercise physiology.
This course examines various therapeutic exercises and programs used in the treatment and rehabilitation of exercise-related injuries. This course will address the basic concepts of nutrition from a scientific basis, applying these concepts to understanding of food nutritional labeling, dietary recommendations for health and fitness, as well as exercise or sport performance enhancement. This course will examine the essential knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for exercise physiology practiced in clinical settings.
Topics will include diseases of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic systems. Skills in administering graded exercise testing with ECG monitoring, pulmonary function testing, and screening for metabolic disease will be emphasized in laboratory settings.
Additionally, exercise prescription and programming will be studied for persons with chronic disease. Teaching Elementary Physical Education. Examination of current trends, issues, and pedagogical approaches to teaching and facilitating learning of physical education in the elementary school curriculum. Contemporary programming, problem solving, and community outreach activities will be emphasized. Weekly fieldwork in the public schools at the elementary school level is required.
Study of concepts of movement awareness and the elements of movement that are the basis of all movement capacities. Application of these concepts to the learning of motor skills will be included. Laboratory exercises demonstrating the principles of motor learning and motor control. Functional applications of motor control and learning theory in skill instruction and sports performance. Motor learning laboratory hours are required. Theory of coaching relevant to athletics. Emphasis on organization and content involved in coaching sports.
The sport content may vary in different semesters between baseball, basketball, football, soccer, softball, and volleyball. Course may be repeated for credit. A developmental and functional approach to the study of disabilities in physical activity. Legislation, pathologies, and adaptation principles. Field experience is required throughout the course.
Clinical Applications of Athletic Injuries. Consent of instructor and admission to the Athletic Training concentration or Kinesiology and Health Science concentration. This course provides practical applications in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of athletic injuries, and includes hours of supervised field, laboratory and clinical experiences in athletic training. May be repeated for credit for a maximum of 6 semester credit hours.
Practicum in Kinesiology Research. Admission to Kinesiology major and consent of Instructor. This course provides supervised research experience in various areas of kinesiology. May be repeated for credit, but not more than 6 semester credit hours will apply to a bachelor's degree. Supervised internship with appropriate agency in the field of kinesiology.
First Aid and CPR certification and consent of instructor. Supervised coaching practicum with appropriate agency in the field of kinesiology.
Formerly titled "Practicum in Kinesiology. Organized course offering the opportunity for specialized study not normally or not often available as part of the regular course offerings. Students will learn and apply counseling techniques to promote the adoption of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors in diverse populations. Basic counseling theories will be introduced. Capstone course and seminar for students pursuing training and certification in exercise science, and preparation for graduate studies.
Introduction to Nutritional Sciences. Basic concepts related to the classification and functions of nutrients; the process of digestion, absorption, transport, utilization, and storage of nutrients in humans and the interaction between diet and health.
Applied Food Science Practicum. The application of concepts related to the chemical, physical, sensory, and nutritional properties of food in menu planning, food preparation, and recipe modification. Introduction to Nutrition and Dietetics Careers. Nutrition and Dietetics majors only. General overview of nutrition and dietetics as a profession, including career opportunities, scope of practice, credentialing, code of ethics, and collaboration with other disciplines.
Self-directed modules on medical terminology, word roots, prefixes and suffixes will be integrated into the course content.
Practicum related to the procurement, preparation, and delivery of food in large foodservice operations. Concepts related to the chemical, physical, sensory, and nutritional properties of food in menu planning, food preparation, and recipe modification.
Nutrition and Health Assessment. Methods, tools, and interpretation of data in assessing the nutritional status of individuals including dietary, anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical assessment, as well as other measurements of health in individuals and the community.
Nutrition Counseling and Education. Discussion of theories of learning and behavior modification, models and techniques, communication skills, evaluation methods, and cultural competence in nutrition counseling and education; and application of concepts to facilitate behavioral change.
Nutrition in the Life Span. Nutritional needs during various stages of the lifecycle as influenced by physiologic, cultural, and environmental factors. Production and Foodservice System Management I. Principles related to the menu planning, food sanitation and safety, procurement, production, marketing, and materials management in foodservice operations Generally offered: Advanced discussion of nutrient structure, function and interaction, metabolic pathways, and regulation and integration of metabolism.
Application of learned strategies in meaningful community service through collaborative tasks performed at various community programs. Service learning activities are aimed at enriching the life experiences of students through civic responsibility and community outreach. Nutrition Care Process Practicum. A problem-based approach to dietetics practice using case simulations and studies; application of basic nutritional assessment skills, nutritional diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring in different settings; practice skills in counseling and nutrition education.
Theories and principles related to the foodservice, systems management including leadership, decision-making, human resources, and financial management of operations.
Medical Nutrition Therapy I. Pathophysiology and the application of the nutritional care process in the treatment of simple human diseases and conditions, part 1. Nutrition-related issues in public health, various community resources, agencies, and programs involved in health promotion and disease prevention. Nutrition in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Medical Nutrition Therapy II. Continuation of Advanced Medical Nutrition I; and review of the pathophysiology and the application of the nutritional care process in the treatment of more complex human disease and conditions.
Current Issues in Nutrition. In-depth discussion and analysis of emerging trends, concepts, and controversies in nutritional sciences, including application of evidence-based principles in the discussion. Independent Study in Nutrition and Dietetics. An exploration of topics of interest to the student in Nutrition and Dietetics. Students work under the close supervision of a faculty member to conduct research, intense study, or a project related to the selected topic. Introduction to Public Health.
Introduces students to the discipline of public health. It will cover a variety of disciplines to the basic tenets of public health. The course will also cover the role of public health in a global society. Data Management in Public Health. Study of the skills required to design, organize and implement a data management system in public health applications. It will cover an introduction to data preparation for statistical analysis, development of organizational tools, methods of data acquisition, data collection form design, principles of database development, quality control of data, and data security.
Provides the student with basic knowledge about epidemiological applications in a behavioral area. It covers behavioral and social environmental issues related to disease etiology, premature morbidity and mortality patterns. Provides an overview of the epidemiology of specific health-related behaviors, the relationships between these behaviors and health outcomes, and available evidence for the effectiveness and appropriateness of various approaches to modification of these behaviors.
Utilizes case discussion seminars to appraise the investigative methods and research designs for studying disease outbreaks and new epidemics. Historical and current cases will include examples of disease outbreaks e. Each case will evaluate the background of the problem, the investigative methods employed, the results, and the interventions taken to resolve the problem. Utilizes case discussion seminars to appraise the investigative methods and research designs for studying chronic disease, disease exposure, and ascertainment of risk.
Cases will include current examples of chronic diseases or conditions affecting population health e. Each case will evaluate the background of the problem, the investigative methods employed, the results, and the public policy and practice implications from the research.
Provides the opportunity for work experience in a private or public health-related agency. Opportunities are developed in consultation with faculty advisor and on-site coordinator. Supervised full-or part-time off-campus work experience and training in health care management. A minimum of hours of work experience is required. Individual conferences and written reports required. Special Studies in Public Health. The University of Texas at San Antonio. Department Honors The Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition awards Department Honors to certain outstanding students and provides the opportunity for advanced study under close faculty supervision.
Admission Policy The goal of admission requirements for the Health degree is to provide undergraduate students with a program of study with the highest possible standards. To declare a Health major, a pre-health student must have: Internship Eligibility Health majors are eligible to apply for an internship if they: Appeal Process Students who wish to appeal the internship requirement due to prior work experience may do so by completing and submitting the appeal form, available from the academic advisor, with written documentation to a three-member review committee.
Core Curriculum Requirements 42 semester credit hours Students seeking the B. Serve these meatballs up with a side salad and a little bit of sugar-free ketchup and you have a tasty dinner. Also, this is the same recipe I use for meatballs, Meatloaf, and meatloaf muffins! I always make a double or triple batch. This way the prep is done only once and I can make about 2 or 3 meals out of it! First, grind the pork rinds in a food processor or blender until they become the consistency of bread crumbs.
I love to use the flavored pork rinds too. Salt and vinegar are amazing in this recipe. Combine all the ingredients together except for the cheese cubes for the center. I use my hands to combine it all. Next, use the meatball maker or your hands to form the meatballs while adding a couple of cubes of cheese to the center. My personal favorite is pepper jack cheese!
This is where I start to prep for freezer meals ahead of time when I make the double or triple batch of meatballs. It's the easiest for me. Bake at degrees for about 20 minutes.
Keto Cheese Stuffed Meatballs. Amazon Associates Disclosure Jennifer Garza is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.


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Each factor evaluation:
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subset: commoncrawl


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Venus ousted as Bouchard reaches Family Circle Cup quarters
Venus Williams couldn't dig herself out of a hole this time and lost to Eugenie Bouchard 7-6 (6), 2-6, 6-4 at the Family Circle Cup on Thursday.
The 33-year-old Williams had fought back in each of her first two matches to advance. She seemed to follow the same game-plan in this one, rallying from a set down to win the second set and lead 2-1 in the third.
That's when the 20-year-old Canadian, took over, breaking Williams' serve twice down the stretch including the final game.
"She played a lot more consistently than I did," Williams said. "I think my errors really hurt me a lot today. Just a lot of up and down, a lot of errors."
Williams' defeat was part of a difficult day for past champions of the clay-court event. Along with 2004 winner Williams, two other previous Family Circle champs in Sabine Lisicki (2009) and Samantha Stosur (2010) lost third-round matches.
Lisicki, the fourth seed, fell to German countrywoman Andrea Petkovic 6-1, 6-0. Stosur, seeded seventh, was beaten by No. 9 seed Lucie Safarova 3-6, 6-4, 6-4.
The only previous winner of the five entered — two-time defending champion Serena Williams was ousted on Tuesday night — still around in the quarterfinals was No. 2 seed Jelena Jankovic, the 2007 winner here who defeated Croatia's Ajla Tomljanovic, 7-5, 6-1.
Bouchard finished off Venus Williams by reaching her opponent's drop shot and pushing it into the open court for her first victory over the seven-time Grand Slam tournament champion.
"I think I've shown to myself how mentally strong I can be," said Bouchard, seeded sixth at the Family Circle. "Today was really a mental battle. It was a bit ugly at times and tough on the court, but I fought through it."
Especially in two key stretches when it looked as if the 33-year-old Williams was ready to take control.
Bouchard was ahead 5-3 in the opening set when Williams rallied and held two set points in the tiebreaker. But Bouchard won the next four points, including a crisp backhand for a winner to secure the set.
When Williams moved on top in the third set, Bouchard did not panic but dug in to move on to her third quarterfinal round this year.
"I've just kind of raised my game a little bit and was extra solid on those important points," Bouchard said.
Bouchard will next face Jankovic, who at No. 8 in world is the highest-ranked player remaining in the tournament.
Jankovic has reached the Family Circle quarterfinals in six times since her championship run seven years ago. She's been beaten by a Williams sister each of the last two years, falling to Venus in 2012 and to Serena in last year's championship finals.
Jankovic struggled early as the 20-year-old Tomljanovic fought off a set point to tie the opening set at 5-all. Jankovic then won eight of the next nine games to move forward.
"I missed that overhead on my set point, which was kind of frustrating, and we leveled it at 5 5," Jankovic said. "But I was able to stay calm and regroup and finish that set. So that was very important."
Venus Williams' loss ends a run of recent success for her family on theses courts. Sister Serena was the two-time defending tournament champion before losing Tuesday night. Venus played with the Washington Kastles on the green clay to win the 2012 World Team Tennis title.
Venus Williams had been bothered by an illness that she said limited her endurance this week. She had to come from behind in her first two matches here to face Bouchard and did not have enough stamina to wait out her opponent's solid, flat ground strokes.
"That kind of made it more challenging. I mean I think normally I would probably be able to challenge the points a little bit longer and just make her play more shots and just be more willing to play longer points," said Williams, who reached the semifinals here last year before falling to sister Serena, the eventual champion.
Others advancing included third-seed Sara Errani, who outlasted Peng Shuai, 7-6 (6), 7-6 (5). Errani will play Swiss qualifier Belinda Bencic, who topped Elina Svitolina of the Ukraine, 6-7 (4), 6-4, 6-1.
Petkovic will face Safarova of the Czech Republic for a spot in the semifinals. For Safarova, the victory moved her to 9-2 all-time against 2011 U.S. Open champion Stosur.
No. 12 seed Daniela Hantuchova and Jana Cepelova will square off in the quarterfinals. Hantuchova defeated Teliana Pereira 6-2, 6-3 while Cepelova continued his surprising run with a 7-6 (4), 3-6, 6-3 victory over 13th-seeded Elena Vesnina.
Cepelova knocked off Serena Williams in the tournament's biggest stunner.


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The Plight of Birds
The Plight of Birds
Today, more than a thousand species of birds face extinction. Many more are in steady decline. Significantly, the strategies that can stop this attrition are the same strategies needed to achieve a sustainable human future.
Very little remains of the rich wildlife that once flourished in Europe. Most of the wolves, bears, and bison are long gone. The few fragments of wilderness that remain are highly valued. Among them, not many can compare with Spain's Doñana National Park, which lies on the Mediterranean coast a short distance across from Africa, and which is habitat to animals from two continents-and to an extraordinary variety of birds. Doñana's 50,000 hectares (123,000 acres) of marsh, dune, brush, and forest are one of the largest remaining breeding grounds for the endangered Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti) and the wintering grounds of hundreds of thousands of waterfowl.
Yet, Doñana is a paradise in peril. Siltation from upriver and water demands from irrigated farms surrounding the park are drying out marshes earlier in the year than in decades past. Nesting waterfowl such as the once abundant and now rare marbled duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris) are left high and dry. Cut off from the water, the birds have poor prospects for finding food and few places to escape foxes and other predators. Non-native eucalyptus trees, which were planted before the area was declared a park in 1969, have been growing fast and choking out native vegetation. And in 1998, a zinc mine reservoir just north of the park burst and spilled 5 million cubic meters of acidic water-heavily laced with cadmium, lead, copper, and other heavy metals-into the river. The spill covered almost 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) with toxic sludge, saturating the park's buffer zone and killing thousands of fish and birds, leaving much of the surviving wildlife contaminated at levels that likely impair their ability to breed.
Threats to Doñana's birdlife exemplify the range of pressures on many of the world's birds, which are increasingly in jeopardy despite their ability to fly from one place to another. From the nearly 3-meter-tall African ostrich to Cuba's 6-centimeter-long bee hummingbird, more than 9,800 bird species live on the planet. They perform essential natural services, without which our own existence would be greatly compromised. Birds pollinate crops, disperse seeds, control insects and rodents, and clean up carrion. For those of us who pay more attention, the colors, songs, flight, and varied behaviors of birds provide great inspiration. Yet, millions of us may be aware of birds' presence only on the margins of our consciousness. As a result, many bird species appear likely to die off in the coming decades.
Unprecedented Decline
Like Doñana's wildfowl, most of the world's declining bird species face multiple threats, virtually all of them from human activities. Even when a species is endangered by a single threat, remediation is difficult; but when the dangers come from several directions, the difficulty grows exponentially. The ostrich (Struthio camelus), for example, is being decimated both by hunting and by habitat loss, especially in the northern and western part of its wide but increasingly fragmented range in Africa. The world's largest bird, it lays the world's largest egg. But neither bird nor egg is any match for human hunters. "They're getting it from both sides. Adults are being killed and the eggs are being robbed," says Smithsonian Institution scientist Steve Monfort. In 2001, Monfort participated in a wildlife survey in Chad, and found no ostriches-only years-old shattered egg fragments. And in most parts of Africa where scattered ostriches do remain to take their chances with hunters, the fragile grasslands on which they depend for their varied diet of leaves, seeds, roots, and insects are being chewed up by over-grazing of livestock.
Variants of this story are being repeated on every continent, including Antarctica. In North America, massive displacement of native grasslands for monoculture farming and grazing is driving out two species of prairie chickens (Tympanuchus phasianellus and Tympanuchus pallidicinctus). In Eurasia, the great bustard (Otis tarda) and three other species of bustard are in rapid decline-there, too, as a result of what ecologist Paul Goriup calls the "generally low priority afforded to the conservation and sustainable use of grasslands, steppes, and rangelands throughout the world." In France and Spain, the pin-tailed sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata) is in biological freefall, for similar reasons. As the human population expands (from 1.6 billion to more than 6 billion in the past century alone), the Earth itself is becoming increasingly humanized-meaning that landscapes are being deforested, drained, paved, and chemically altered to make way for Homo _sapiens. Generally, the more human-dominated a landscape is, the more biologically poor and unstable it becomes overall.
Over the past two centuries, 103 species of birds have gone extinct. Among those never to be seen again are the New Zealand laughing owl (Sceloglaux albifacies), the Cuban macaw (Ara tricolor), and the once spectacularly abundant North Ameri- can passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). In the next one century 1,186 species could go extinct, according to Threatened Birds of the World, a comprehensive study published in 2000 by the global conservation group BirdLife International. And a far greater number, perhaps approaching 6,000 species, have gone into general decline. In Great Britain, for example, 139 of 247 breeding bird species are in moderate to rapid decline, according to annual surveys. Some Australian ornithologists estimate that one in five of their native birds are threatened with extinction in the not-too-distant future.
Many biologists argue that extinction is just the last stage of decline, occurring long after a species ceases to function as a natural part of its ecosystem. As local populations die out, remaining populations become isolated, their genetic diversity impoverished. "Avian diversity is in major decline," says Nigel Collar, an ornithologist who monitors world bird diversity at BirdLife International. "Not only are more and more species edging closer to extinction, but an unknown number of subspecies and populations are disappearing, and species with continuous ranges are breaking up into isolated pockets of organisms, allowing less and less genetic interchange. Sometimes when we lose what we think is a mere population, we may be losing a virtual species, in terms of its genetic variation. And what is true for birds is of course true for all of the Earth's life-forms."
The Greatest Threat
Habitat loss and degradation endangers more birds than any other factor. Habitat is routinely destroyed by commercial logging, slash-and-burn clearing, industrial or urban development, intensive farming, and over-grazing, among other land uses. According to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization's State of the World's Forests report, the planet is losing 9.4 million hectares (over 23 million acres) of forest cover per year, even though that calculation counts all the natural forest that's converted into plantations as still forested, which from a bird's standpoint is a further loss. Of all the species identified by BirdLife International as threatened, 85 percent are affected by habitat loss. Of these, more than 900 live in forests, almost 400 in grasslands, and 150 in wetlands.
The diversity of birds, like that of insects, mammals, or trees, is highest in the tropics. Predictably, the greatest numbers of threatened bird species also live in the tropics, particularly in Asia and Central and South America, where the human population is still growing rapidly. But while tropical forests have attracted the most public attention, less-heralded habitats face threats just as great. Grasslands, which once covered large areas of all continents except Antarctica, have largely disappeared-and with them many birds, including once-abundant prairie-chickens, bustards, and sandgrouse. In North America, the great grasslands that covered 40 percent of what is now the United States when the Europeans first arrived have declined to 1 percent of the country today. The prairie dog population has declined by 98 percent, and birds that once maintained ecological relationships with these colonial rodents, such as the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), which nests in the animals' old burrows, have largely disappeared.
In forested areas, woodland birds are declining as their habitat is increasingly fragmented-cut up by roads, plowed fields, and housing tracts. Fragmentation dries out forest edges, changes plant composition, increases vulnerability to storms, fires, and disease, and clears the way for invasive plants and animals. In North America, wood thrush and other forest songbird populations have diminished because when forests are fragmented, they are more easily invaded by the brown-headed cowbird, an interloper that lays its eggs in other species' nests-much to the detriment of the hosts' own young.
Forest remnants are also more likely to be raided for firewood or fence posts, even if they are not being formally logged, and the loss of much-sought-after dead trees severely limits nesting possibilities for parrots, owls, and other cavity-nesting birds. Furthermore, trees near edges are more subject to wind damage and the removal of loose bark, which would normally be a foraging site for birds such as Australia's crested shrike-tits (Falcunculus frontatus). Meanwhile, North American researchers have found that nesting populations of migrant birds such as scarlet tanagers and broad-winged hawks still thrive where woodlands remain extensive and contiguous, despite increased migratory perils and habitat destruction on their wintering grounds.
In many countries, reforestation programs _have increased overall tree cover in the past few decades. But those programs have put more emphasis on speeding up the production of wood or pulp than on protecting biodiversity. Tropical and subtropical foresters typically plant fast-growing, non-native eucalyptus, casuarina, and pine. In the southeastern United States and other temperate zones, foresters often replace natural forests with plantations of just one type of pine. These monotypic stands, lacking the plant and age diversity of natural forests, offer few bird species an adequate replacement for the original habitat.
Wetlands, the cradle of life for many species, remain under siege from industrial and agricultural pollution, infill and draining for construction or farming, or water diversions for irrigation or city water supplies. Increasingly, wildlife managers responsible for protecting wetlands in drier areas have had to acquire water rights to keep their protected areas wet and therefore welcoming to birds and other wildlife. Dropping water tables and rising soil salinity in Australia and other arid countries have destroyed once-extensive bird habitats, as well as farmland. An Australian government study, for example, estimated in 2000 that up to 1.5 million hectares (4.6 million acres) of the continent's wildlife habitat will be threatened by salt accumulation over the next 50 years.
Aside from being vital nesting grounds for birds, many of the world's wetlands are key stopover sites for millions of transcontinental migrants, on coasts or bays where the birds pause to rest and refuel before or after trans-oceanic journeys. Major examples include China's Deep Bay, Surinam's coastal mudflats, Alaska's Copper River Delta, and Australia's Gulf of Carpentaria. Other stopover sites-favored by storks, hawks, and myriad songbirds-include narrow land corridors such as those at Gibraltar; Turkey's Bosporus Strait; Eilat, Israel; Point Pelee, Canada; and the coastal Mexican city of Veracruz. In many cases, habitats at these key areas are shrinking due to development.
The Chemical Menace
The worldwide thirst for oil sends tankers crisscrossing oceans and estuaries in a non-stop game of navigational roulette-resulting in hundreds of spills each year. The largest of these accidents have drawn worldwide attention to the effects of oil on ecosystems and birds. The 1989 Exxon Valdez spill killed at least 250,000 birds. A 1994 spill off South Africa killed 5,000 African penguins (Spheniscus demersus), and six years later another spill in the same area threatened up to 40 percent of the remaining population. (Catastrophe was averted when thousands of volunteers rescued and relocated many of the birds.) A 1999 spill off of France's Brittany Coast killed an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 birds of 40 species. In January 2001, an Ecuadorian tanker spill off the Galapagos Islands similarly threatened many endemic species (species found only in one place), including the world's rarest gull, the lava gull (Larus fuliginosus), and the Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). Fortunately, the current swept much of the slick clear of the islands.
Sometimes the chemical menace begins right at the point of raw materials extraction. Proposed drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would put the risk of oil-contamination not only in the middle of a major caribou fawning ground, but also amidst nesting grounds for shorebirds and waterfowl that migrate from Alaska to southern North America, South America, Australia, and Asia. Drilling projects in Ecuador and Peru threaten fragile rainforests that rank among the world's areas of highest bird diversity.
Pesticides affect millions of birds worldwide, both in the water and on land. The persistent pesticide DDT builds up in fish-eating birds' tissues and causes widespread nesting failure-as was seen in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. After U.S. law banned DDT in 1972, the country's peregrine falcon, bald eagle, osprey, and brown pelican populations rebounded. In 2000, 120 countries signed a pesticide treaty that included a phase-out of DDT use elsewhere. But DDT has not gone away. The organochlorine pesticide is still used to control mosquitoes and other pests in many tropical countries (see "Malaria, Mosquitoes, and DDT," beginning on page 10 of this issue), and it persists in soil and water even in places where its use was discontinued 30 years ago.
Perhaps nothing highlights DDT's persistence as well as the 1998 bird die-off at Lake Apopka Restoration Area northwest of Orlando, Florida. There, over 7,200 hectares (about 18,000 acres) of marshland along the north shore of the lake had been diked off and converted to agricultural fields beginning in the early 1900s. In the late 1990s, the Florida state government, with some federal contributions, bought back the farms and land managers flooded the former corn fields and other cropland to control weeds and start restoring the marshland. More than 170 species of birds-including an estimated 40,000 individuals on a single day in December 1998-were attracted by the shallow habitat created by the flooding.
At the time, some observers considered Lake Apopka to be among the most bird-rich inland habitats in North America, especially for wintering species, including white pelicans. However, between November 1998 and March 1999, about 400 white pelicans died there, and another 500-likely birds dispersing from the area-were found dead in other parts of the state. Preliminary investigation by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service determined that the fish-eating birds had been poisoned by organochlorine pesticides such as toxaphene, dieldrin, and DDT derivatives, all of which had been used on the farm fields for decades. The fields were drained by early spring 1999 and remain dry. Extensive research is underway to better understand the fates of, and the risks posed by, the agricultural chemicals there.
The saga of the declining Swainson's hawk, a migratory raptor that breeds in the American West, provides another example of powerful pesticides run amok. In late 1995 and early 1996, an estimated 20,000 of these hawks-about 5 percent of the birds' already declining population-died after eating grasshoppers in Argentine alfalfa, corn, and sunflower fields that had been sprayed with the pesticide monocrotophos, a product of the Ciba-Geigy company. After an international public outcry, Ciba-Geigy offered to buy the chemical back from the farmers, and the Argentine government banned any further spraying of it in Swainson's hawk wintering areas.
Finally, there is the poisoning that occurs as an after-effect of hunting. Waterfowl that escape being shot by hunters often die of lead poisoning, after ingesting spent shot. Many countries now ban the use of lead shot, and the list of such countries is growing, but thousands of birds still die when they mistake shot for food, or for the small stones they normally swallow to grind food in their gizzards. The same fate awaits loons in North America, when they eat the lead sinkers that have been lost by generations of fishermen.
Alien Effects
As millions of us humans have taken to the skies for high-speed global travel, and as global trade has ramped up the quantities of goods moving across the seas in recent decades, a huge menagerie of other species has followed-in our baggage, in our blood, on our shoes, and of course in the ballast water or shipping containers of our boats. Ranging from microorganisms to invasive plants and predatory snakes, these hitchhiking organisms pose a range of dangers to birds and other wildlife. Exotic species are moving increasingly into habitats that have no natural defenses against them. The movement is often aided by road-building or land-clearing projects that open up previously protected habitats. The invasion may also be facilitated by global warming, which shifts the natural range of many species.
Alien insects and plants already play a major part in changing bird habitats. In North America, for example, hemlocks and firs are being attacked by Asian and European woolly adelgids, and have largely disappeared from parts of their natural range. The disappearance of the trees has led to declines in warbler and other forest bird populations. Elsewhere in North America, a picturesque flower called purple loosestrife has choked out native marsh vegetation. Meanwhile, vigorous Eurasian weeds such as crested wheat grass, leafy spurge, and cheatgrass have transmogrified millions of acres of grassland and range-driving out sagebrush and other vegetation upon which many native species depend, and increasing the frequency of wildfires.
Cats, mongooses, foxes, and other introduced predators bring a different set of pressures, affecting at least a quarter of the world's threatened bird species. For example, cats and foxes, originally brought by well-meaning settlers from Europe, have decimated many Australian birds, particularly ground-nesters like the malleefowl. A recent study in southern Australia documented feral cats killing members of 186 of the country's 750 species. On smaller Pacific islands, cats have proved even more voracious, contributing to the extinctions of at least eight bird species since 1800. One was the little Stephen's Island wren (Traversia lyalli), a flightless bird that lived nowhere else. Much of the island's forest was destroyed when a lighthouse was built there in 1894. The lighthouse keeper's cat finished off the remaining birds shortly thereafter.
Similarly, sometime after World War II, brown tree snakes from the Solomon Islands or New Guinea evidently hitched a ride to Guam on military airplanes. The invaders eventually wiped out endemic rails, flycatchers, and other wildlife. Biologists fear they might do the same on the Hawaiian Islands, where a few of the snakes have turned up around airports. In Hawaii's mountains, 28 species of unique red, yellow, and orange native birds called honeycreepers have disappeared, and of the 21 or 22 that survive, 18 more are threatened with extinction. In a true case of paradise lost, the birds are plagued by introduced avian pox and malaria, spread by competing exotic birds and exotic mosquitoes. Mosquitoes first arrived aboard the whaling ship Wellington, in 1826, and were probably dumped ashore by sailors rinsing out water barrels. Only two species of honeycreepers show signs of developing resistance. The others, along with the vanishing Hawaiian crow, only survive at higher altitudes, which the mosquitoes are slowly invading.
In other parts of the world, diseases now plague even some of the most adaptable birds. In just the past four years, India's once abundant long-billed and white-backed vulture populations have crashed, most likely from a virus. A decade ago, India's vulture populations were booming around open dumps and fields littered with rotting cow carcasses. Now, with vultures gone from many areas, feral dog, rat, and crow populations are exploding. As the microbe marches west into Pakistan, ornithologists fear that African and European vulture populations will soon be affected, wiping out important scavenging birds from the Serengeti to the Pyrenees.
The West Nile Virus's North American arrival in 1999 killed ten or eleven people, but also killed thousands of birds and put rare-bird breeding programs in jeopardy. Subsequent spraying programs, aimed at killing the mosquitoes that spread the sickness, also wipe out a broad spectrum of insect life that many birds depend upon to feed themselves and their young. Most mosquito control districts use chemicals such as pyrethroids, which are not very directly toxic to birds, but which are highly toxic to pollinating insects and most aquatic life, including many of the frogs, fish, and dragonflies that birds need for food.
Hunting, Trapping, and Fishing
In many countries, poorly regulated hunting puts millions of birds in the line of fire. Although public awareness campaigns over the past decade have reduced the massacre to some degree, millions of birds are still indiscriminately shot in Malta, Greece, and parts of France and Italy, or are caught with sticky lime on Cyprus and in eastern Spain. Although far less frequently than in decades past, eagles and hawks are still illegally shot in some parts of North America.
In the tropics, as settled areas lose their wildlife, subsistence hunters and trappers move into more and more remote areas:
- In southern Mexico, Central America, and South America, habitat loss and heavy hunting are pushing large turkey-like birds called guans and curassows toward extinction.
- In South America, small songbirds called red siskins and yellow cardinals have been captured to feed the continent's insatiable cagebird trade, and are now at the brink of extinction.
- In New Guinea, mountain hunters target the black sicklebill and birds of paradise, which are prized both for their showy feathers and as food.
- In equatorial Africa, after logging companies cut new roads into large tracts of remaining tropical rainforest, bush meat market hunters systematically wipe out the birds and other wildlife.
- In Brazil and elsewhere, illegal trapping of birds for the pet trade has made parrots one of the world's most threatened bird families. And despite international treaties limiting trade in wild birds, almost a third of the world's 330 parrot species are threatened with extinction due to collecting as well as to habitat loss.
Even the high seas provide little haven for birds these days. After a 1991 international moratorium on the use of drift nets, the huge nets that scoop up massive quantities of sea birds and other animals along with fish, a new danger has emerged in the form of long-line fishing. Dragged behind ships, long lines can be up to 80 miles long and studded with 12,000 or more baited hooks. Albatrosses and petrels grab the bait, get hooked, then drown as the lines sink. Some international measures have been taken-such as night-time line setting-to reduce the fatalities of these long-lived but slowly reproducing birds. But a large illegal industry continues to thrive. Off the coast of Patagonia, for example, a pirate toothfish fishery threatens the ecology of Antarctic waters not only by further reducing fish stocks but also by drowning hundreds of thousands of seabirds. Some albatross populations are very small and may soon go extinct. At the same time, growing numbers of introduced predators such as rats threaten many of these seafaring birds when they make annual landfalls to nest on far-flung islands.
Modern Conveniences and Climate Change
Many of the conveniences that we generally take for granted-better communication, brighter workspaces, and ample electricity-come at a heavy cost to birds. Many birds migrate at night, and many die after mid-air collisions with the world's growing forest of television, radio, and cell-phone towers. During just one cloudy night in January 1998, for example, between 5,000 and 10,000 lapland longspurs, sparrow-like birds that breed on tundra but winter far south on farms in the United States, died after hitting one 420-foot-tall tower in Kansas. Between 1957 and 1994, 121,000 dead birds of 123 species were counted beneath a single, 960-foot television tower in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.
Large day-flying birds, such as cranes, storks, eagles, and bustards, often hit electrical lines obscured by fog. Many others are electrocuted when they touch wires while perching atop power poles. Glass-walled or large-windowed office buildings, which reflect the images of nearby trees, also confuse and knock out thousands of migrating birds.
To the dangers of man-made structures must now be added the dangers of human-caused global warming, which is hastened by many of the same activities that destroy habitat-forest clearing, forest fires, road building, and urban expansion. Over the past few decades, scientists have documented earlier flower blooming, butterfly emergence, and frog calling-and earlier migration and egg-laying dates for European and North American birds, from geese to swallows. Many bird species' ranges are creeping northward. It's not clear whether the various components of natural systems will shift in synchrony, but many probably will not. Habitats may change too quickly for many species to adapt. Park boundaries may be rendered useless, and many localized species may have no place to go.
Strategies for Saving Birds
In 1998, conservation biologists Russell A. Mittermeier, Norman Myers, and Jorgen B. Thomsen wrote in the journal Conservation Biology: "If we are to have a real impact on biodiversity conservation worldwide, it is essential that we place great emphasis on the biologically most important regions regardless of their political or social situation and do whatever possible to overcome social and political options." Decades of field work, computer modeling, and analysis of satellite imagery had pinpointed "hot spots"-areas that harbor disproportionately high diversity and high numbers of imperiled bird species. About 20,000 Important Bird Areas-the most important bird breeding and migration spots-have been identified around the world, as have 218 Endemic Bird Areas-areas with the highest numbers of unique or endemic species. Taken together, these two sets of areas harbor almost 70 percent of the world's threatened bird species. While not conferring formal protection, these designations offer a means of establishing priorities for international, national, and local protection efforts.
We cannot improve the plight of birds-and biodiversity-without simultaneously addressing the needs of local people, wildlife, and the natural systems upon which both people and wildlife depend. But that also means that failure to do what's necessary to protect birds would be to endanger our own future. Yet failure seems likely in many areas. Nothing nullifies conservation gains faster than warfare or the ascension of corrupt leaders. In the 1970s, for example, the north-central African nation of Chad had one of the best park and game reserve systems in the world. Then came 20 years of civil war and political turmoil, and Chad lost not only its park system but much of its native wildlife. Similar losses occurred during Idi Amin's dictatorship in Uganda. In the early 1990s, Rwanda's civil war forced officials to abandon the country's parks, which were also one of the country's most important sources of foreign income. The war in Yugoslavia led to a similar devastation and abandonment of wildlife areas. In short, many progressive wildlife laws exist to protect birds and other wildlife, yet go unenforced. And poverty often renders it impossible for local people to embrace efforts to protect natural resources unless they clearly benefit in the bargain. Most countries also place economic advancement far ahead of environmental protections, yet the two interests are not mutually exclusive.
Over the past 20 years, the emergence of the multidisciplinary field of conservation biology-a joining of biology, conservation science, economics, and social integration-changed the focus of biodiversity preservation from a park to a landscape level, incorporating not just protected areas but adjacent lands and water sources. Today, landscape management increasingly places conservation alongside planning for human convenience and economic gain. This approach is not only progressive but pragmatic, since most of the world's remaining wild areas remain in private hands or under unprotected status. Marriages between agriculture and conservation interests, in particular, are becoming more frequent and now include:
- The growing popularity of Central and South American shade-grown coffee, a crop grown the traditional way, beneath a tropical forest canopy that also shelters resident and migratory birds. Shade-grown coffee also requires far fewer chemical inputs than coffee grown on "modern," pesticide-heavy "sun" farms. (See Brian Halweil's article beginning on page 36 of this issue.)
- Some successful incentive programs, such as the U.S. Conservation Reserve Program, which pays farmers to periodically set aside land for wildlife as well as soil conservation reasons. Many grassland birds get a boost from this program.
- A program set up by Dutch biologists that offers dairy farmers payments to protect and encourage nesting birds as a farm product. The experiment, conducted between 1993 and 1996 and described in Conservation Biology in 2001, found that it was cheaper to pay farmers to monitor and manage breeding wild birds as if they were a crop than to offer compensation for keeping farm land out of production. The project resulted in increased breeding of lapwings, godwits, ruffs, and other meadow birds, while not interrupting the dairy business. By 1998, about 11,000 hectares (27,000 acres) of Dutch farmland were enrolled in this scheme.
- Conservation on rice farms. When the California state government restricted rice growers from burning their stubble in fall, rice farmers joined with conservationists to flood their fields and augment available winter waterfowl habitat in the Sacramento Valley, while helping their stubble biodegrade instead of going up in smoke. From a pilot project in 1993, the program grew to embrace about 61,000 hectares (150,000 acres) by 1998. The valley is now an important wintering area for thousands of ducks, geese, ibis, herons, gulls, sandpipers, and other wetland birds.
In my article "Flying into Trouble," in the January/February 1994 issue of this magazine, I noted that Europe's familiar, often rooftop-nesting white storks were in precipitous decline. Since then, many white stork populations have rebounded, benefiting from recent wet seasons on their drought-prone African wintering grounds. The topsy-turvy fortunes of this spectacular species illustrate how completely birds' survival is intertwined with ours-a point I could not forget last spring as I watched six of these stately birds wade on bright red legs through Doñana National Park's rippling shallows. My enjoyment of watching these striking creatures was muted by worries about their future. Three years after the mine spill drifted into Doñana, parts of the ecosystem remain highly contaminated, and up to 2 percent of local white storks are born with visible deformities. Would heavy metal contamination keep the apparently robust birds I watched from raising young? Might they strike power lines one cloudy morning? Or will these birds someday spearhead a new colony in a town far to the north, where their kind has not been seen for decades? Through their fortunes or failures, storks and other feathered bellwethers will help us keep ourselves in check, if we care to heed the warnings.
Former World Watch associate editor Howard Youth frequently writes on wildlife conservation issues.


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It often becomes necessary to expand your genealogical skills into areas that you may not have utilized. When genealogy becomes geography it is frequently necessary to make maps of the geographical area that you wish to explore. I am not speaking of just looking at maps, but actually drawing maps to fit the history and time peroid you are seeking. Such was the case for my Griffin Jones, Sr. and the next generations.
Pewmansend Creek [spelled a variety of ways] was the general location of my Jones family beginning around the 1720s. This was a creek which emptied into Rappahannock River way up stream from its mouth, which emptied into the Chesapeake Bay. Present day maps have all sorts of names, towns, and listing which may or may not be the names, towns, or listings dating back to 1720. Also, there were multiple land grants and patents that used landmarks no longer in existence on present day maps. Drawing your own maps with all the present day names, towns, and listings removed, allows a way to utilize historical records from "ground zero" sort of speaking. Here is how one can do this.
Start with a present day map of the geographical area your have an interest. [Where your family tree ends or the brick wall begins.] For me it was the state of Virginia, present day Caroline Co., which had been a number of different counties before. A map I have utilized over the years is called "Virginia: Atlas & Gazetteer, Topographic maps of the entire state, Back roads and outdoor recreation", by Delorme, Mapping Co., Freeport, Maine, 1989. This company publishes multiple state maps and I am sure that they have published more up to date editions. It does not really matter the editions however, since you are going to create a map which only shows the highways of the time, the rivers and streams.
The next step is to take a piece of tracing paper and outline the water and streams that make the foundation of your new map. An example I have done is shown to the right. Trace all the streams as shown on the map, identify which direction is north, and establish the scale of the map as traced. My drawn is done on a piece of graph paper. This allows a way to estimate total acres involved since all early patents are given in total acres. My is scaled to two small squares to a mile, thus making 640 acres within one block of four squares. You may want to start with just a plan piece of copy paper.
Pumensend Creek is identified and its branches shown. All other creeks which surround it are also drawn. [A shadow box is often helpful when paper is thick and more light can be place on the tracing.] Thus you have a working map which contains the highways of the time, and the landmarks used for land patents. More to come.


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Three defensive starters return to practice
In addition to the return of nose tackle Ma'ake Kemoeatu and cornerback Jimmy Smith, defensive tackle Haloti Ngata practiced Thursday, according to an injury report released by the Ravens.
Ngata, who did not participate in Wednesday's session and was absent during the portion of Thursday's practice open to the media, is trying to overcome a sprained medial collateral ligament in his right knee and an injured right shoulder suffered in Sunday's 31-29 win against the Dallas Cowboys.
Kemoeatu is dealing with a right knee injury, and Smith injured his groin. Both players were held out of Wednesday's session.
Offensive tackle Bryant McKinnie took part on a limited basis for the second straight day.
Guard/tackle Ramon Harewood did not practice. The team reported that he was sidelined by a head injury.
The Houston Texans, Sunday's opponent, practiced for the second consecutive day without cornerback Johnathan Joseph, who is battling a sore groin. Nose tackle Shaun Cody (back) was limited for the second straight day,
A pair of starters in right guard Antoine Caldwell (concussion) and inside linebacker Bradie James (calf) were upgraded from limited to full participation. Four starters – tight Owen Daniels, running back Arian Foster, wide receiver Andre Johnson, and defensive end Antonio Smith – who were limited in Wednesday's session for non injury-related reasons were removed from Houston's injury report.
A pair of starters in center Chris Myers (hip) and left guard Wade Smith (knee) participated fully for the second consecutive day.


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Safetrak has unrivalled industry experience in terms of safety, maintenance and asset management. Through our industry experience and proven track record we are able to facilitate successful migration from a paper based inspection system to digital inspections and reporting.


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Burt Hicks - WB6MQV
Anchor Desk, Reporter
Burt Hicks began his broadcast career with Armed Forces Radio and Television. While stationed on Guam he had his own daly program as well as preparing and presenting news reports for the station. After returning stateside and leaving the military, he transfered his interests to the technical side of broadcasting, serving as a maintenance engineer, television cameraman. For the past decade as a technical Director with KTTV Fox 11 in Los Angeles.
Callsign: WB6MQV
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Matt Barkley wasn't medically cleared to throw at the NFL Scouting Combine, but the USC quarterback says scouts will see something special at his upcoming pro day on March 27.
That showcase is critical to Barkley's draft fortunes. After a shoulder injury crashed his senior season, Barkley has watched his stock drop amid questions about his arm strength. He insists those questions will be put to rest.
"It's been a long, patient journey, but I've had some time to recover now and I've been throwing quite some time at this point, I've been throwing this week (with) great velocity, great trajectory," Barkley told XEPRS-AM in San Diego, via SportsRadioInterviews.com. "It's starting to feel back to normal. No doubt, by the time pro day comes around, it'll be better than it was before. I think I'll have a stronger arm than I did."
NFL.com's Gil Brandt insists Barkley "doesn't have to be perfect at his pro day; if he looks decent, I think he can be a top-10 pick." Rumors at the combine suggested the Arizona Cardinals were "extremely impressed" with Barkley during the interview process in Indianapolis.
Barkley acknowledged that his subpar senior campaign drew plenty of questions from teams, saying "they all ripped me on that, the differences between my senior and junior year."
Last April he likely would have been the third quarterback off the board in a tremendous class of passers. Today his future is foggy. Barkley can answer questions about his arm strength when he finally wings the ball later this month, but that alone won't tell teams if he can be trusted to anchor an NFL franchise.
Follow Marc Sessler on Twitter @MarcSesslerNFL.


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Streaming service Netflix has announced that it is to add age ratings to all of its content. However, accounts with access to all of the programmes will still be able to watch everything.
If, as a parent, you are concerned about your children watching inappropriate programmes or films, there are a few options for limiting access to certain titles on Netflix. This can be done on an account level and on a profile-by-profile basis.
Limit maturity level
If you want to limit the maturity level of content that can be viewed across every profile on your Netflix account, you need to access your account from a web browser.
You can then select the link for parental controls in the settings section and enter your password.
You will be asked for your PIN, and after you have filled that in you can choose an account-wide age limit (PIN protection level) according to the age rating of the content.
Block a certain title
If you only want to block access to a certain film or programme, you can type the title into the 'enter show or movie name' box and selecting it from the drop down menu.
Many parents will want to only limit access on the profile used by their children however, leaving themselves free to view what they like.
Add age restrictions to a certain profile
To add age restrictions to a specific profile within an account you need to log into your account on a browser and select to manage profiles, choosing which one you'd like to edit.
You'll then have the option to select which shows are allowed on this profile, and will be able to select your desired maturity level.


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Stay informed with the Cisco Notification Service
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From the moment you wanted to read that interesting analyst paper, that compelling best practice guide, or that promising market study, you regret that you typed your email address into that innocent looking form. Now you get them day after day: Newsletters for stuff you don't really care for. But there are newsletters that really make sense. The Cisco Notification Service (CNS) is one... [More]
The drawback of easy management interfaces - or why the cloud is inevitable
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In the last couple of years beside of the buzzwords "cloud", "big data" and "VAAI" there is another topic that plays a big role in every discussion about storage products: "easy management". In most cases it means an intuitive and catchy graphical user interface that would allow even children to manage a storage array - if you believe marketing. Along with that goes the integration of storage... [More]


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Fill out the form and you will receive a proof in 1-2 business days. Once you receive a proof you can make corrections to your invite. We will not print until your approve your invitation. This invitation includes a lanyard with a thick laminated card that will be 3.25x 5.25 inches in size.
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We will send a proof in 1-2 business days, if you need changes please email designer changes. Limit 2 changes per order. We will always correct any mistakes made by us. Once you approve to print, it will take 1-2 days to print and package.
Shipping option are
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If your date is very close we suggest adding Express Mail to your order (add towards the end of the cart process). This will only allow the shipping time to be 1-2 business days instead of 2-5 business days. If you need it sooner, we suggest ordering digital file and printing local photo lab or at home.
We do not ship international orders, since our products are time sensitive. If outside of the US, please order digital file.


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La Grange Elementary teacher Terri Griffin said her Christmas wish is that her students know the true reason for the season.
Her favorite holiday tradition is celebrating Christmas Eve dinner with family.
Griffin said her students been nice.
"They know Santa is watching on the Santa Cam!" she said.
This season, her students have learned to help others.
"We have made cards for others and discussed how it feels better to give than get," she said.
Griffin said she looks forward to spending time with her family in Indiana during winter break.
Dear Santa,
How are you and Rudolph doing with the sleigh? I feel sorry for Rudolph
because he got his feelings hurt because he didn't get to get to play any
reindeer games.
I want a lego star wars battle machine. It costs 100 bucks. I want it
because it is humongous and I want to build it with dad.
I also want the lego death star. It is 4000 bucks. It is humongous too.
How do you feel about that letter I just told you? Do you feel happy? I
will give you cookies and milk on Christmas Eve. I hope you like them.
Dear Santa,
I hope you and Mrs. Clause and all the reindeer are doing good.
All I want for Christmas is my family and my friends, nothing else. I
don't want anything else for Christmas except my friends to be safe and my
parents because I am good that way.
Dear Santa,
Have a good Christmas. I been good you been good too. You have toys. My
elf is upslidedown. You are in all my dreams. What are the reindeer names?
I want a toy Rudolph the Red nosed Reindeer.
Dear Santa,
I hope you and Mrs. Claus are doing good. I want a cat 3DS and two kittens
and 2 puppys. I want a cat 3 DS so my cat can see the game.
Dear Santa,
You have did a lot of stuff so can you get me toys? Like a zombie toy and
football. I want a big bear I want a green snowman. I want a nerf gun. I
will see you soon.
Dear Santa,
I hope you and Rudolph been well. I would like singing story telling bell.
I will like it very much like I would the others. And I would play with it
because it is fun.
Dear Santa,
How is Rudolph? Will you bring me a new bike? Will you bring me a DS? Will
you bring me some DS games? Will you bring me a computer? Will you bring me
a green eggs and ham book? Will you bring me some Dr. Seuss books? I have
been good this year.
Dear Santa,
Did one of your helpers come for the movie called the Polar express? Do you
have any Christmas music at the North Pole? Are your Elves doing well? I
want a 3d-ds and a pare of 3d glasses to come with it and some games too and
especially a hello-kitty game and a raz-kids ds. Thank you for the presents.
Dear Santa,
I hope that you and Rudolph are doing well and Msis Claus and comet. Can
you get me a 3DS and a MP3 player and a remote control car?
Dear Santa,
Thank you for bringing presents because we want are favorite things in
Christmas. I want a mcqueen. It sere have a remote. I love mcqueen.
Dear Santa,
Thank you for giving us presents and I hope you and Rudolph are doing well
and I would like a Blizerd maker and dippin dots. I want this stuff so I can
make treats. I hope you and all of your reindeers are doing well.
Dear Santa,
It's almost Christmas. I hope you are filling good. I hope you and
Rudolph is doing good. Is Rudolph going to drive your slay? Can I have a car
with some keys and a globe so I can get some food for my family? I can teach
my sister the states. I will leve some cookies and some milk.
Dear Santa,
How are you doing today? I hope you are doing well. How's Mrs. Claus? I
would like a 3ds so I could show my brother how to do it. I love Christmas.
Dear Santa,
I have been so good. I hope you bring me a present on Christmas. It has
been a long time since I wrote a letter to you. I hope you and Rudolph have
a grate time giving presents. I will have a grate time too because its fun
on Christmas. Last year I got presents. I hope you do it again. I would
like to ask you to bring me a Barbie and a giant doll house. I think it
would be fun to play dolls with Savannah. I could be Barbie and Savannah
could be Ken. And you know what else I want? A dress (a long dress), a real
puppy .
Maddie - and you are really nice!
Dear Santa,
Thank you for getting toys on Christmas and rapping bows on the presents and
surprising us and leaving us presents. I hope you are doing well with
Rudolph. I would like you to do me a favor. Can you get me a camera so I
can take pictures of Alison and Jamison and just dance 3 for Wii?
Dear Santa,
I love that video you sent me on my moms email. I loved it very much. For
Christmas I would like a baby doll and its name is baby all gone.
Dear Santa,
Are you and your reindeer being good? Do you have a present waiting? I
want a fake puppy and a book, and a Scooby Doo movie. I have been a good
girl all year. I want a stuffed animal. I want a present with a toy in it.
I wrote you a letter to leave with your milk and cookies. Thank you for
those presents.
Dear Santa,
I hope you and Rudolph are having a good day because I hope you will be good
because Rudolph is good because you have a grat day on Christmas and have a
grat day because you need to give us presents and I want a rock star Barbie.
Dear Santa,
Every day on Christmas you give me presents. I hope you are happy. I want
a orbe spa for Christmas.
Dear Santa,
Its been a long time since I last wrote to you. I hope you are doing well.
I have been a good boy. I want a game for my PS3. I also want a mik so I
can talk to my guy. And a dip-in-dots maker, also a crayon maker.
Dear Santa,
My famile likes you because you are nice to us and I have been a good boy
and my sister has been as good as me.
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Denville, NJ (PRWEB) January 25, 2013
The need for proper coding and documentation for reimbursements is essential, said Chhoda. EMRs enable therapists to submit claims in real time, reduce costs, and theyre environmentally friendly. There are no paper records or need to wait for documentation to traverse the postal system. An EMR offers the most accurate coding available, reducing errors, denials and requests for additional information.
Chhoda said billing errors and mistakes are the major causes of reimbursement rejections and denials, and both can be virtually eliminated with an EMR. They have the ability to handle the upcoming ICD-10 and CPT coding changes with supreme accuracy and efficiency, allowing therapists to provide innovative and complex treatments.
EMRs facilitate and accelerate the reimbursement process and Chhoda said the systems can reduce billing costs by up to 15 percent. Since claims are submitted online in real time with an EMR, payments can be made to clinics in a matter of hours. Billing and coding tasks can be accomplished in-house without the need for expensive outside agencies. Extensive and detailed documentation is included to expedite the reimbursement process.
The systems are compatible with an extensive number of insurers, including private insurance companies, Medicaid and Medicare, clearinghouses, and third-party payers, along with Workers Compensation and veterans using TIRCARE. Funds can be deposited directly into a clinics account for a steady and stable cash flow. Clinicians control when claims are sent and have the option of sending them individually or as a batch.
An EMR provides the means for practitioners to boost revenues through real time electronic claims submissions and Chhodas new insights provide clinicians with compelling reasons for implementing an EMR. The systems allow therapists to reduce audits, errors and denials that adversely impact a practices financial health and growth, while providing the means to deliver better treatments to patients.
Chhodas office can be reached by phone at 201-535-4475. For more information, visit the website at http://www.emrnews.com.
Nitin Chhoda PT, DPT is a licensed physical therapist, a certified strength and conditioning specialist and an entrepreneur. He is the author of "Physical Therapy Marketing For The New Economy" and Marketing for Physical Therapy Clinics and is a prolific speaker, writer and creator of products and systems to streamline medical billing and coding, electronic medical records, health care practice management and marketing to increase referrals. He has been featured in numerous industry magazines, major radio and broadcast media, and is the founder of Referral Ignition training systems and the annual Private Practice Summit. Chhoda speaks extensively throughout the U.S., Canada and Asia. He is also the creator of the Therapy Newsletter and Clinical Contact, both web-based services to help private practices improve communication with patients, delivery better quality of care and boost patient retention.


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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
New Orleans Location Fired Employee Because of Obesity, Federal Agency Says
NEW ORLEANS — The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has filed suit against Resources for Human Development, Inc. (RHD), for firing an employee because of her obesity, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the agency announced today. The case arose from the charge of a former RHD employee, Lisa Harrison, who claimed that RHD fired her from a New Orleans facility because of her disability.
According to the EEOC's suit (No. 2:10-cv-03322 in U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana), Harrison began working for RHD in 1999, as a Prevention / Intervention Specialist. Harrison worked with young children of mothers undergoing treatment for addiction. RHD fired Harrison in September of 2007 because of her severe obesity, the suit alleges. Harrison had worked for RHD at a location operating under the name of Family House of Louisiana, in Terrytown, La., a suburb of New Orleans. The EEOC alleges that, as a result of her obesity, RHD perceived Harrison as being substantially limited in a number of major life activities, including walking. Harrison was able, according to the lawsuit, to perform all of the essential functions of her position. Before the EEOC filed suit, Harrison died. Her private interests will be represented in the lawsuit by her estate.
Disability discrimination violates the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. The EEOC filed the lawsuit after efforts to resolve the case through settlement were unsuccessful.
Keith Hill, the field director of the EEOC's New Orleans office, stated, "This is a classic case of disability bias, based on myths and stereotypes. The evidence shows that Ms. Harrison was a good and dedicated employee who did not deserve to be fired. All covered employers, whether for-profit or non-profit, must abide by the ADA's provisions."
Jim Sacher, the EEOC's regional attorney in Houston, who is in charge of all EEOC litigation in Louisiana, said, "The filing of this suit sends a strong message to employers that they cannot fire disabled employees based on perceptions and prejudice. Ms. Harrison's obesity did not interfere with the care she provided to young children. Those children deserved better from her employer just as she did. The EEOC will continue to scrutinize situations like this very closely, and to file suit where necessary to enforce the ADA. That extends to unfortunate circumstances, like those here, where the fired employee has subsequently died."
According to company information, the company is a non-profit Pennsylvania corporation doing business in Louisiana. RHD has many facilities and employs over 4,000 employees, and it oversees more than 160 programs in 14 states.
The EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. Further information about the EEOC is available on its website at www.eeoc.gov.


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Commissioner's Award of Excellence
- MAY 2012 WINNER - Sondra Kirchhoff, Account Clerk II
Clerk of the District Court;
Category - Productivity
At their meeting today, the Lancaster County Board of Commissioners presented its May, 2012 Commissioners Award of Excellence to Sondra Kirchhoff, an Account Clerk II in the office of the Clerk of the District Court. Sondra was nominated for this award by Sue Kirkland, Clerk of the District Court.
Sondra approached Sue Kirkland a few years ago about creating an occasional word game and contests for the office and Sue gave permission to go ahead. Sondra's aim was to allow those who work in the office to participate together in something totally stress free and to bolster camaraderie among office staff who daily deal with customers, some of whom have difficult, complex issues.
Sondra's idea caught on and became something in which nearly all of her coworkers participate. They report they look forward to these games, which provide a brief pleasant interlude in a sometimes stressful work day.
In addition, in the words of Sue Kirkland, "Sondra is a marvelous volunteer for this office and often is in the lead on Food Bank efforts and other sanctioned fundraisers for the County. Her volunteer duties are separate and apart from her job. She spends her own money on prizes and supplies purchased on her personal time. She is unselfish and a very positive representative of the best of Lancaster County Employees".
Deb Schorr, Lancaster County Board of Commissioners Chair, stated "The Board is pleased to recognize Sondra Kirchhoff for her outstanding leadership role in the Clerk of the District Court's Office. Her ideas and enthusiasm have led to a less stressful workplace and raised the level of community in the office. Sondra is an asset to the office. On behalf of the Board I want to congratulate Sondra on this award".
The Commissioners Award of Excellence award recognizes employees who consistently provide outstanding service and work that demonstrates exemplary personal commitment to Lancaster County.


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I bought the electronic version of the new book by Philip Johnston called The Dynamic Studio: How to keep students, dazzle parents, and build the music studio everyone wants to get into. Philip Johnston writes inspiring books that get me enthused to teach in different ways. One of his main ideas is to be different; don't always do the same thing. Maybe that was on my mind when I decided to use rhythm instruments in my group lessons.
After an unsuccessful search for an easy piano/rhythm band ensemble I could use in a group lesson without a lot of preparation, I wrote my own. I arranged this specifically to be easy enough that they could be successful without having to practice, so please keep that in mind.
I wrote the second piano part for an electric bass, which some students can play. This part can also be played on the piano, so I call it Piano 2 in the score. You can also use bells or any other tuned instrument, and it sounds fine to omit it.
The first group was my youngest students. They absolutely loved the instruments. But if you have ever used rhythm instruments with young children, you know what a challenge they are. I didn't mind that some of them could not play the written part and just played the steady beat. I was surprised that a few of them actually followed the score. I let the little beginner on the bells shake them through the entire song rather than the way I wrote it in the score. No one in that group reads well enough for the piano part. I had to play by ear because I could not find the piano score! That seemed to amuse the young group.
The second group of 9 and 10-year-old students was absolutely the right age for this activity. Without any practice, (except for the Piano 1 part, which I gave to a 5th grader the week before) they were able to read the score and play the correct rhythm. We traded instruments and repeated it a few times. I am only sorry that I didn't record it, because they did really well. The student playing the piano part was thrilled to be part of an ensemble.
After that, we changed directions and performed on the piano for each other using good performance skills. Everyone had learned a Christmas song or a favorite piece. That did not take too long and we went on to the next activity.
They had all been looking at the electric bass and wondering why it was there. We discussed the history of the electric bass and how it was like the double bass. I also got in some theory with the older groups, as we discussed the root of chords and how that is an easy way to play the bass. This is where taking our state theory exam really helped. I demonstrated with my meager guitar skills (Me on the electric bass, how funny was that!) and then let them all try it.
Our last activity was playing a Thanksgiving board game, with different level cards for each age group. I was relieved my students enjoyed the game because I had not tried it out with a group. Even my older students had fun and reviewed some theory at the same time. Finally, we just had enough time to pass out cookies and candy canes, and they all left happy.
Later I asked what was their favorite activity. Can you guess what it was? The rhythm instruments! So with that in mind, I am sharing my simple score with you. Feel free to change the instruments to whatever you have on hand, even homemade instruments.
Obviously you don't need a score for this simple rhythm section, but my students found it interesting, and it helped me focus. If one of your students has a family member who can play the Piano 2 part on the electric bass or any other instrument, that would be really fun, especially for a Christmas recital! Please alert me if you find any mistakes in my score, as I don't have an editor. Have fun and if you have a successful performance, let me know!


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I have a table that stores sensor data (in SQLite) and looks like this;
TABLE Timestream:
idTimestream PK autoincrementing integer,
time int not null,
value float not null,
idSensor integer not null FK
Some but not all sensors have matching times, but I'll only be considering those that do. What I want to do is rearrange the table into the following format,based on a set of sensors listed in the query, not whole set from the table:
Time Sensor1 Sensor2 etc.
I was thinking of Creating a temporary table and then inserting time and the first column, then doing a join on the time for subsequent queries, and finally selecting the whole lot. This doesn't sound too efficient though and I was wondering if there was a better way?


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Santa Rosa Wrongful Death Attorneys
Before you think about filing a wrongful death lawsuit in California there are a few things you should know about the law pertaining to wrongful death claims in California. For additional information, contact our Santa Rosa wrongful death attorneys.
What is a Wrongful Death Claim?
A wrongful death claim in California arises when an individual dies as a result of the negligent or wrongful act of another person or an entity. A wrongful death claim lawsuit can be filed by our Santa Rosa wrongful death attorneys when certain criteria is met. It can filed with the proper court by the survivors of the person that died, or by the estate of the deceased person.
Who Can File a California Wrongful Death Lawsuit?
California law only allows certain individuals to bring a California wrongful death lawsuit. The California Civil Code allows the following parties to pursue a wrongful death action in California civil court:
- The surviving spouse of deceased person
- The surviving domestic partner of the deceased person
- The surviving children of deceased person
If the deceased person has no survivors in their line of descent, a California wrongful death lawsuit may be brought by anyone that would be entitled to the decedent's property according California intestate succession law. This can include the parents of the deceased person or the even the siblings of the deceased person.
A California wrongful death lawsuit may be filed by the following individuals if they can show they were financially dependent on the decedent:
- The putative spouse and children of the putative spouse of the decedent
- The stepchildren of the decedent
- The parents of the decedent
Our Santa Rosa Wrongful Death Attorneys
If you have recently suffered the loss of a loved one, you may be entitled to compensation if someone is to responsible for their untimely death. Although it may be an emotional time and difficult to think about, California law generally states that a wrongful death lawsuit must be filed within two years of the decedent's death. Our Santa Rosa wrongful death attorneys are here to guide you through the process. Contact us today at 415-433-4440 to schedule a no-cost consultation.