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Colonial Weaponry
Sergeants carried halberds, like this reproduction, to signify rank. Replaced by more functional weapons by the time of the Revolution, this spear-and-axe combination was ornamental only.
The Brown Bess musket gets its name from its brown stock. Long muskets, like the reproduction pictured here, were the weapon of choice in pitched battles.
Mounted officers carried pistols like this reproduction. These weapons were most accurate at close range.
This tool, called a worm, was used to remove debris from the barrel of a weapon. A small piece of rag could be threaded in its tines to swab out residue in the cylinder.
Fine swords indicated rank and stature. Mounted officers gestured with swords to direct battle.
Flints and cartridges were transported in boxes like this one. Cartridge-sized holes were bored in a block of wood, which was then wrapped with leather.
A canteen's wood could impart flavor to the water inside, making white oak a favorite and cedar less so. Tin and glass also were used.
Keeping weapons clean and functional was of vital importance to the Revolutionary soldier. A pick and brush like this one helped keep his touchhole and pan clear.
Lead musket balls were packed in black powder and bundled in paper to make a cartridge.
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation © 2007

subset: commoncrawl


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BERLIN- Worcester Prep recently honored its spring sports student-athletes with an awards banquet during which several individuals were recognized for their outstanding efforts on the fields and courts this season.
All of the Worcester Prep spring sports teams enjoyed successful seasons this year and many of the standout individuals were recognized for their contributions. From the boys' varsity lacrosse team, defenseman Stephen Pappas was recognized with a Most Valuable Player award, while goalie Peter Buas was named Most Improved and Austin Gerachis was honored with a Coach's Award.
Worcester's girls' varsity lacrosse team was also feted with several individual awards. Goalkeeper Alex Lewis, who was strong in the nets all season, was named the team's Most Valuable Player. Anna Townsend was named Most Improved while Katelin Talbert received the Coach's Award.
The future looks bright for both the boys' and girls' lacrosse programs with highly successful junior varsity teams this year and those players were also recognized with awards. Walker Harrington was named MVP of the boys' junior varsity team while Matteo Patera was named Most Improved and Jeff Andersen received the Coach's Award. On the girls' junior varsity team, Mary Clare Regan was MVP, while Olivia Massey won the Coach's Award and Ellie Brown was named Most Improved.
Over on the tennis courts, the Mallard teams turned in successful spring campaigns this year and several individuals were recognized for their accomplishments. Christine Vosters was named MVP for the girls' varsity team while Kelley Chandler was Most Improved and Mary Mazcko won the Coach's Award. On the boys' side, Ross Roessler was named MVP while Zac Moffit was Most Improved and Andrew Canakis won the Coach's Award.
Several Mallard tennis players were honored with ESIAC Trophy's including Molly Sims, Sami Taraila, Dominque Kunciw and Bethany Parks from the girls' team, along with Parker McIntosh, Taylor Kern, Zach Schroeder and Brad Pedigo from the boys' team.


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94 N. Main Street, Jasper, GA - (706) 253-2457
By Dan Pool, editor
Sitting here with an $800 brace on my leg following knee surgery two months ago, I can offer firsthand perspective to a recent piece in the New York Times detailing the high cost of medical treatment in America.
The article, which mainly focused on colonoscopies, pointed out standard medical procedure in America is to go with the best option first and almost exclusively. When it comes to medical care a good-enough approach is rarely mentioned.
But, as America grapples with how intertwined health spending is with the overall economic output, valid questions arise of whether cheaper alternatives might suffice in routine procedures.
Consider some of the findings in the Times' The $2.7 Trillion Medical Bill - Colonoscopies Explain Why U.S. Leads the World in Health Expenditures:
• International Federation of Health Plans, a global network of health insurers, found that the United States came out the most costly in all categories they monitor— and often by a huge margin.
• Healthcare is a $2.7 trillion annual industry in this country.
• A hospital stay in this country is roughly three-times as expensive as those in other developed nations (for the same length of time/same general services)
• Americans spend an amount equal to 18 percent of our gross domestic product on healthcare.
On a personal level, many of the factors cited in The Times described well my experience. For my knee injury, no consideration of price was ever given by the patient (me). As The Times found, with insurance, patients assume the costs will be covered by someone else so there is rarely any discussion of price or cheaper options.
Healthcare is the only industry where customers don't universally consider cost at the time of purchase. In fact they don't even see the bills directly if they have insurance, so they are in limbo as a disinterested third party while the insurer and the medical providers hash out the payments.
This was absolutely true in my case. In the first round, it's up to the Progress insurance plan and Piedmont to sort through the numerous bills.
A point often raised in the healthcare debate is if patients were informed that their insurance may not cover some of their treatment or they were told cheaper alternatives were possible,would it affect their choices?
In my case, probably not. The orthopedic surgeon was confident in his diagnosis with the basic emergency room x-ray and didn't order any additional tests/scans. However, had he felt an MRI was needed, as a patient, it would be hard to question a guy about to slice your leg open.
There didn't appear any extra perks during the surgery day. Piedmont Mountainside seemed to process me through and get me out as efficiently as possible. Maybe a real miser might have cut out some of the precautionary work but for me there was no overnight stay, nor barrage of tests (other than a chest x-ray which was said to be standard for anyone having surgery).
Without lengthy discussion and education there was nothing I (as a basic patient) would ever think to question on price or options?
So we're back to my $800 brace. The price of this was never discussed or mentioned until the bill arrived. I can think of no other incident in my life where I walked (hobbled) out of a place with an $800 product without knowing the price. Nor are there any other industries that will let a guy leave with $800 in merchandise without a serious payment discussion.
The brace might have been the one place, where I could say, "isn't there something more economical?" If I were really hard up, I could have foregone the brace entirely in favor of two yardsticks and some duct tape I suppose.
For myself (and most people I suspect) even if the cheaper/lesser option is available, you really don't want to scrimp on what will lessen your pain and support your healing most effectively.
There is no doubt a nationwide economic problem with healthcare costs exists, but from a patient's perspective, cost cutting at the doctor may be as needed as a knee surgery but it's likely to be just as uncomfortable.


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BALENCIAGA LE DIX CARTABLE S PYTHON BAGCategories:Other Brands
Here the proof that a twist can make a huge difference; it's the story about the Balenciaga Le Dix New Cartable S Python Bag. And don't get too excited by its name, but get excited because by its beauty.
It's chic but playful, the combination of python and bright color creates an indescribable feeling. It doesn't make it easier when you figure it out that it is sold-out online.
Let us tell you more about its story…
You see, you can either get it in Pochette-shape or shoulder bag. Both are stunning, the very long name is inspired by the 10 Avenue George V Flagship boutiques. Interesting right?
It's mixed with exotic leather and calfskin, to be exact, the front is made from python and the other parts are calfskin leather. It's also mixed with contrasted colors like white and soft-yellow or white with soft-pink.
The bag is structured and holds shape. Obviously if you choose the shoulder bag, it comes with an adjustable strap that can also be removed. And to make it even more interesting, the interior features a mirror in a trapezoid case. And the closing snap on the front is embellished with the logo 'Balenciaga.Paris'.
I love everything about Paris, and you?
Balenciaga Le Dix New Cartable S Python Bag
Size: 29 x 23 x 12 (W x H x D)
Price: $2495 USD, €1675 euro
Balenicaga Le Dix Pochette Cartable Strap Python Bag
Size: 31 x 20 x 8 (W x H x D)
Price: $2195 USD, €1475 euro
Tags: bag Balenciaga Python Le Dix CARTABLE S


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St Micheal's Cathedral
The cornerstone of St. Micheal's Cathedral was laid My 8, 1845, by the Most Reverend Michael Power, first Catholic Bishop of Toronto. Designed by William Thomas, the building is an adaptation of the 14th century English Gothic style. It was consecrated on September 29, 1848. Though the transepts remain unfinished, St Micheal's adheres to the ancient cruciform shape of religious structures. The interior of the cathedral has undergone a number of transformations. The great chancel window, installed in 1858, was executed by Etienne Thevenot, a gifted French artist and was donated by Bishop de Charbonnel. Construction of the tower and spire began in 1867. St Micheal's is the principal church of Canada's largest English-speaking Catholic archdiocese.
Erected by the Archeological and Historic Sites Board, Archives of Ontario
Erected by the Archeological and Historic Sites Board, Archives of Ontario
From there we took a walk along Dundas St W and picked up a hot dog from one of the vendors and continued on to Old and New City Hall to visit what we thought were the Archives. Once inside we realized they had been moved to 255 Spadina so we walked around and looked at some of the photos showing the area in 1961-1964.
Of course by this time the weather started to change and so we headed home and took a nap. When I woke up a few hours later it was - you guessed it - raining! So much for a rocking Saturday night!


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Relatives in court over three-year-old's 'bomb' shirt
AVIGNON: The mother and uncle of a three-year-old boy named Jihad have appeared in a French court for sending him to school in a top bearing the words "I am a bomb".
The long-sleeved T-shirt had the words "Jihad, born on September 11" emblazoned on the back when he turned up at his nursery school in the southern town of Sorgues near Avignon on September 25.
His mother and uncle are charged with condoning a crime over the alleged reference to the attacks on New York and Washington in 2001. The uncle bought the top and the mother dressed her son in it when she sent him to school that day.
The judge at the court in Avignon agreed to a request by their lawyer for the trial to be postponed until next year for technical reasons and set March 6 as the date for the next hearing.
The accused made no comment to reporters as they left the courthouse.
Jihad's teacher alerted the authorities after he turned up in the top and a few days later the town mayor, Thierry Lagneau of the conservative UMP party, asked prosecutors to investigate.
"I condemn the attitude of the parents who shamefully took advantage of the person and the age of this child to convey a political message," Mr Lagneau said.
The mother and uncle of the boy, who official records show was born on September 11, 2009, and was given Jihad as his first name, were not known Islamists, prosecutors said.
The mother was astonished at the reaction to her son's top and at the proportions the affair had taken on, they added.
Agence France-Presse


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Lulu and Bing
Unframed Print A2 - Floating Flamingos
Floating Flamingos Print from Lulu and Bing.
- A2 Photographic Print
- Unframed
- Artwork: Shot by Lulu and Bing
- Printing: Lulu and Bing use premium printing processes on the highest quality archival paper.
- Item usually ships within 24 hours
- Items ships with tracking & requires signature unless instructed otherwise
- Returns accepted within 21 days of receipt for exchange, credit or refund
- Returns only accepted on unused items, in new condition with original packaging and tags
- Credits and refunds do not include shipping costs
- Please contact Kido Store on 1300 115 436 or firstname.lastname@example.com to arrange returns


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OCC vs. PJD – It's on!American Chopper: Paul Sr. & Paul Jr. Discuss The Cadillac Build-Off
While we tend to skew away from reality television on this site, I felt that it was only appropriate to write about the news of TLC canceling American Chopper. This show has not only been the Discovery Network's flagship series for the past seven years, but it has helped Discovery (and their various networks) to grow into one of the most powerful, educational and entertaining channels on television.
For the past six seasons, American Chopper has not only brought us hundreds of interesting bike builds, but has continuously proven to be one of the most "real" reality televisions on the air. While building bikes is what the show is named after, fans of the series know that the family interaction and drama was equally as important, if not more so, than the actual bike builds.
This was never more apparent than in this past season where we saw the literal demise of the Teutul family relationship with Paul Sr. firing both sons, Paul Jr. starting his own company and Mikey going to rehab. Move over, The Hills, this is what actual reality looks like.
While I hate to see a series that I've enjoyed for so many years come to an end, I couldn't really see any other option. With Paul Jr. removed from the company, the bike designs and builds became less creative and more about Paul Sr. trying to prove that his son wasn't the only one in the family that could design unique motorcycles. Sadly, it seems as though he was.
As the season continued, the episodes started falling apart. I would find myself skipping over the motorcycle builds to watch what Mikey and Paul Jr. were up to. Partly because I wasn't interested in the bike builds anymore, but mostly because I was getting tired of seeing Paul Sr. act like a child by continuously talking bad about his family.
Paul Jr. is ready to be his own bike man.
But maybe all is not lost, as Paul Jr. has taken to Twitter to make sure everyone knows that while American Chopper may be over, he's not going away anytime soon and "the best is yet to come."
*AC series finally [finale]! Its been almost a decade of great experiences. For me, I am certainly not done with television. The best is yet to come
Hmm… does this mean that Paul Jr. will be getting his own show? I have to say that I might watch it. I found his having to start over really refreshing.
Check out the trailer for the series finale episode below.
Are you happy to see American Chopper come to an end? Would you watch a show staring Paul Jr.? Any thoughts on the family drama?
Catch the last ever episode of American Chopper Thursday night @9PM on TLC
Source: TMZ


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World demand for soybeans will continue to be robust, but South America's large bean crop will start hitting the market in about 30 days, which could push prices lower.
In its latest World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) released Feb. 8, USDA cut projected ending stocks for the 2012-13 soybean crop to 125 million bushels, a drop of 10 million bushels from last month. The new projected carryout was slightly lower than trade expectations.
"The situation is still tight in the U.S., so prices will stay generally strong into the summer," says Jack Scoville, vice president of The Price Futures Group, Chicago. Scoville was the commentator on an MGEX press briefing following release of the report. "Beans could fall to $10 or single digits this fall if we have a fabulous crop, but if we don't we could see pretty extreme prices given demand, particularly from China."
USDA raised its forecast for soybean crush by 10 million bushels to 1.615 billion bushels because of continued strong demand for soybean meal from end users, both foreign and domestic.
Tighter supplies spurred USDA to raise its U.S. season-average soybean price for the 2012-13 marketing year to $13.55 to $15.05 per bushel, up a nickel on both ends of the range. It left the soybean meal price unchanged at $430 to $460 per ton.
South America's record strong crop
The biggest changes in USDA's WASDE report for soybeans occurred in Argentina and Brazil. Timely rains that are expected to improve soybean yields convinced USDA to increase its forecast for bean production in Brazil, where growers are expected to produce a record-high crop of 83.5 million metric tons. That's up 1 million tons from last month's WASDE forecast. Earlier this week, the Brazilian government released its own estimate for the country's soybean production at 82.65 million metric tons.
If Brazil's output is realized, it will surpass projected U.S. output of 82.06 million metric tons.
"Prospects for Argentina's soybean crop have diminished in recent weeks due to an extended period of dry weather," USDA says in its report. As a result, the department lowered its forecast for Argentine soybeans by 1 million metric tons to 53 million.
"There will be plenty of beans coming out of South America starting in about 30 days," Scoville says. Despite wet weather earlier in the season and persistently dry conditions now, harvest is progressing adequately in Argentina. "Even with all the weather problems, Argentina will be harvesting an awfully big crop," he adds.
Changes in the global outlook, primarily in Brazil, raised world output for soybeans to 269.5 million tons, up slightly from last month's 269.41 million, and ending stocks to 60.12 million tons, up from last month's 59.46 million tons. While the 2012-13 projected ending stocks of soybeans are stronger than last year's estimated 55.25 million tons, they are more than 15% lower than 2010-11's 69.92 million metric tons.
Coverage, Analysis of the Feb. 8 USDA Reports
See all of the data, coverage and analysis of the WASDE and Crop Production reports.


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Blog - Looking into the Future, one day at a time
All "Looking into the Future" posts are currently displayed. Select and display posts per category:
Roberto Saracco, Trento Node Director
I have been working in ICT research for over 40 years, most of them in Telecom Italia. I had the opportunity of working for 2 years on a World Bank project in Latin America, with the goal of leveraging on technology evolution to create economic and social wealth. That gave me a hand on experience of how technology, economics and society are intertwined. Although pretty old now, I am still fascinated by the ingenuity of researchers and by the upsides, and downsides, of their ingenuity.


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Natural Catastrophes in 2012 Dominated by U.S. Weather Extremes
|In 2012, 93 percent of natural catastrophes were weather-related disasters. The United States was seriously affected: it accounted for 69 percent of overall losses and 92 percent of insured losses due to natural catastrophes worldwide.
|Petra Löw
Petra Löw is a geographer and a consultant at Munich Reinsurance Company with a focus on natural catastrophe losses.
|Related Posts
|Supporting Climate-Friendly Food Production
|To Combat Scarcity, Increase Water-Use Efficiency in Agriculture
|Frack to the Future: Can the Shale Gas Revolution Sustain Itself?
|Read More
|Tweets by @Worldwatch
In 2012, there were 905 natural catastrophes worldwide, 93 percent of which were weather-related disasters. In terms of overall and insured losses (US$170 billion and $70 billion, respectively), 2012 did not follow the records set in 2011 and could be defined as a moderate year on a global scale. But the United States was seriously affected by weather extremes, accounting for 69 percent of overall losses and 92 percent of insured losses due to natural catastrophes worldwide.
Of the 905 documented loss events, 45 percent were meteorological events (storms), 36 percent were hydrological events (floods), and 12 percent were climatological events such as heat waves, cold waves, droughts, and wildfires. The remaining 7 percent were geophysical events—earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This distribution deviates somewhat from long-term trends, as between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for 14 percent of all natural catastrophes.
Deaths during natural catastrophes in 2012 stood at 9,600—substantially below the 10-year annual average of 106,000. The percentage distribution of fatalities in the four recognized event categories—meteorological, hydrological, climatological, and geophysical events—also differed in 2012. Only 7 percent of the deaths were caused by geophysical events, compared with the long-term average since 1980 of 40 percent. In contrast, 93 percent of the fatalities in 2012 were caused by weather-related events.
Some two-thirds of the global overall losses and 92 percent of the insured losses in 2012 were due to weather-related events in the United States. Hurricane Sandy, the summer-long drought in the Midwest, and severe storms with tornadoes accounted for $100 billion of the overall losses. The insurance industry covered $58 billion of this. These losses were the second highest overall and insured losses since 1980 in the United States. The most expensive year in the United States was 2005, when Hurricane Katrina hit the coast of Mississippi and the city of New Orleans. The rest of the 2012 overall losses occurred in Europe (13 percent) and the Asia-Pacific region (17 percent). The insured losses for these two regions were well below the average and accounted for 8 percent of the total.
Around 59 percent of overall losses in 2012 are attributable to storms, compared with the long-term average of 39 percent. Earthquakes accounted for 12 percent of overall losses, but that was only half the 1980–2011 average.
With regard to insured losses, a particularly striking feature in the climatological events category was that droughts accounted for 28 percent. This is well above the long-term average of 7 percent and was due to the severe drought that primarily afflicted the U.S. Midwest during the year, causing immense agricultural losses.
In 2012, some 15 percent of global natural catastrophes occurred in Europe. The southern part of Europe was affected by drought conditions, especially parts of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Slovenia, with a total of $3.8 billion in overall losses. Also, severe dry conditions affected parts of Russia and Kazakhstan with agricultural losses reaching $600 million for Russia alone.
Some 11 percent of natural catastrophes happened in Africa, slightly above the long-term average of 9 percent. All of these events in 2012 were weather-related. A severe flood hit Nigeria from July to October—one of the five deadliest events in 2012—causing overall losses of $500 million and killing 360 people.
The Asia-Pacific region accounted for 43 percent of all natural catastrophes worldwide in 2012. Only 17 percent of overall losses came from Asia-Pacific—well below the long-term average of 45 percent since 1980, with most of the events being floods and storms.
In terms of trends in natural catastrophes over the long term, Munich Reinsurance Company's NatCatSERVICEdocuments about 21,000 loss events worldwide from 1980 to 2012. Some 13 percent of these events were geophysical, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. But 87 percent were weather-related: meteorological (39 percent), hydrological (35 percent), or climatological (13 percent) events. Since 1980, geophysical events have been more or less stable, whereas weather-related events have increased 2.8- to 3.6-fold.
Further highlights from the report:
Read the full report at Vital Signs Online.


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NORMAN, Okla. – The ball – the game – was floating in the cold Oklahoma night, tumbling toward the grass. Manti Te'o was there. Of course he was. As Notre Dame has risen from the dust across the past two months it has always been Te'o who's been there, like Zelig in shoulder pads.
And here he was. Again.
"Sometimes," said Brian Kelly, "all you need to make things final is one player to make one play."
This was the player. This was the play. The ball was fluttering, it was floating, it was an inch or two off the ground, and suddenly there were Te'o's fingertips cradled around the bottom of it. There were 86,031 sets of eyes that would swear on the spot that Te'o dropped the ball. Lying eyes. The play was over. The drive was over. The game was over.
The renaissance lives on.
"Another step for us," Kelly said.
Another step, another leap, another bounce. The final score was 30-13, and it perfectly reflected just how thoroughly the Irish had flattened the Sooners, how they'd walked into Memorial Coliseum 11 ½-point underdogs and left with a certain Top Four space in today's BCS listings.
The Irish game plan was a simple one really: they would let Oklahoma quarterback Landry Jones sling the ball all over the yard, they would punish any Sooner running back, they would allow chunks of yardage. But they would not allow the scoreboard to get away from them.
Easy to plan, harder to execute, but that's the thing about this Notre Dame team: starting with Te'o, including everyone on the roster, this is a team that has endured some brutal stretches the past few years, has been written off as a fringe elite program in almost every precinct that matters within the sport. And have kept coming anyway.
They don't always look like Alabama. They struggled to beat a pedestrian BYU team at home last week, needed a favorable goal-line ruling to turn away Stanford. The offense can look downright offensive some weeks. But they do some simple things very well: they play defense with a frenetic fervor. They minimize their mistakes. And damned if they haven't discovered the most valuable weapon in all of team sports:
When a game is there to be won, they know how to win it.
It was there for them last night, even after Oklahoma had finally drawn even early in the fourth quarter. Tied at 13-13, the crowd alive for the first time since the first quarter, a nation of skeptics eager to jump, the Irish fired back. Quarterback Everett Golson – who, not incidentally, shares the same number, 5, as Te'o – threw a perfect 50-yard strike to little-used receiver Chris Brown. Five plays later Golson dove in for the go-ahead score.
Thirty-eight seconds after [ital] that, [ital] Te'o cradled the football. There were still 4 ½ minutes left in the game but there was also suddenly a mad dash for the parking lot. The game was over. The renaissance survives.
Look: college football – everywhere, but especially in our town – is 20 percent more interesting when Notre Dame fields a team like this one, when it has eight wins in eight games, when the Irish go into a lion's lair like this one and throw a haymaker to the jaw.
The Irish are the Yankees, after all: followed fiercely, with both devotion and disdain, defended and detested in equal measure. It is useful to remember that even all along their 15-year march through the wilderness there have been moments – from Bob Davie, from Tyrone Willingham, from Charlie Weis, all later fired – when it seemed the Irish were poised to wake up the echoes from their chronic slumber.
Why does this seem different now? Because Kelly has seen how the losing not only affected his players, but elevated them. And because while there may be no more hyped team in the world, this collection of players seems immune to it.
Someone asked Kelly about the inevitable talk of the BCS and the national title and he understood, he knows where he works, he knows what's coming. And swears his team won't be affected. Why?
"Because if we do," he said, we'll lose."
That might still happen between here and Miami on Jan. 7. But it's going to take a hell of a team to do it. The Irish won't do it to themselves.


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Wednesday Playlist: Hour Finale, Nashville Recap and More
Jan 2, 2013 9:32 AM EST
Happy New TV Year! With the brief holiday programming pause about to be over, it's already time to say goodbye to one of last year's better series: the evocative second season of BBC America's Golden Globe-nominated The Hour. A ticking-clock deadline… Read more


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Is there anything this woman cannot do? She has conquered the world with her beauty and charm and established herself as a fashion icon with her own Dash fashion range. Not one to rest, Kim K has also set herself up a fragrance empire.
Kim Kardashian
No results found
Kim Kardashian, the scent, is femme fatale-esque. A scent that oozes class with a seductive edge, both the bottle and the sexy musk notes are a true reflection on the reality star herself. Let the marriage of orange blossom and honey undernotes take your senses by storm.


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Penn State meteorology students win third straight national forecasting title
Penn State meteorology students win third straight national forecasting title
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- For the third straight year, a team of Penn State students captured first place in the WxChallenge, a North American collegiate weather forecasting competition, besting teams from more than 50 other universities.
The top five Penn State forecasters were undergraduate students Matthew Strauser, Joseph Carolan and Bradley Yehl, and graduate students Cory Baggett and Stephanie Hay. Their names will be engraved on the Weather Challenge trophy which will reside at Penn State during the 2014-15 academic year.
Baggett finished second overall among all forecasters nationwide and first among all graduate students, while Hay finished sixth in the graduate student category.
Yehl and Carolan finished fourth and fifth among all junior and senior forecasters, while Strauser earned the top score among freshmen and sophomores.
Four other Penn State students -- Hunter Williams, Christopher Stickney, Michael Priante and Sean Romeo -- finished in the top ten in freshman and sophomore category, placing Penn State with five of the top ten forecasters among all freshmen and sophomores nationwide.
During the 20-week forecasting contest that ran from September 2013 to April 2014, students predicted high and low temperatures, precipitation and wind speeds for ten different cities. Some of this year's forecast locations included Atlanta, Ga.; Houston, Texas; Cheyenne, Wyo.; and Fairbanks, Alaska.
SUNY-Albany finished second overall in the forecasting competition, followed by the University of Georgia, Georgia Tech and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
For more information about the WxChallenge visit http://www.wxchallenge.com/ online.


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Orders ship in 8 business days or less guaranteed, with some of our most popular printed items shipping in 5 days!
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text: At times I still wonder if 130 square feet is too small, but here is another example of a house this size that packs a lot of punch by utilizing the vertical. Today's post was pointed out to me by a reader, thanks Sergio! I have been seeing a lot of houses and apartments that are utilizing this drawer/sliding style of beds which I really like. The elevated level brings depth to the house, but I wonder how it impacts the resident's perception of size. Does breaking the small space into two levels make it feel smaller or bigger?


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One of the most important but overlooked aspects of guitar maintenance is the care and cleaning. Regular cleaning of your guitar is one of the most important ways you can maintain the finish and lengthen string life. The first thing that should be done after you finish playing is removing any perspiration from the instrument. This is done as perspiration can contain acids that can be corrosive to the strings and metal parts of the guitar.
Be aware that the following can affect the finish of your guitar;
In deciding what cleaning products best suit your instrument, use the cleaning products made specifically for your instrument care and/or recommended by the manufacturer.
Please be aware if your finish is cracked, crazed, chipped or bare wood is exposed. It is recommended that you do not rub any compounds or polishes into those areas as this could make any future repairs more difficult or impossible.
Oil Finishes (Warwick Thumb Basses, Ernie Ball/Musicman Guitar Necks)
To maintain an oil finish, regularly wipe down with a 100% cotton cloth. Depending on the type of oil (tongue oil), beeswax can be wiped over the oil finish to give it a protective coating and keep the surface looking clean. Be aware, however, that this alters the feel of the finish.
Nitrocellulose Lacquer Gloss Finish (Vintage Fenders, Gibson, C.F Martin)
Nitrocellulose Lacquer was developed in the 1930's. It was favoured by manufacturers such as Gibson and Martin. To maintain a nitro gloss finish wipe down the guitar with 100% cotton cloth. For grime build up use a warm damp 100% cotton cloth or a thin watery guitar polish available from guitar manufacturers.
Nitrocellulose Lacquer Low Sheen Finish (Maton Acoustic, Martin)
To maintain a nitro low sheen finish, wipe down the guitar with 100% cotton cloth. For grime build up use a warm damp 100% cotton cloth or a thin watery guitar polish available from guitar manufacturers.
Please Note: With regular playing use of a low sheen finish can develop glossy patches.
Modern Chemically Cured finishes (PRS, Ernie Ball/Musicman bodies, Ibanez, Modern Fenders)
Modern finishes such as these came to prominence in the 1970's. They are generally very durable. To maintain these types of finishes wipe down the guitar with 100% cotton cloth.
French Polish (Pre 1930's martins, Conde Hermanos, hand made classical guitars)
Although not commonly used, a French Polish finish is still preferred by individually hand crafted Spanish and classical guitars. To maintain a French polish finish, wipe down the guitar with 100% cotton cloth.
Protecting your guitar from the elements.
When your guitar is not being played it is being stored. It is essential to give your guitar the best storage environment possible.
It is essential to the life and wellbeing of the guitar that it is protected from the weather as much as possible. Do not leave your instrument in a hot car, direct sunlight, or any other area where temperatures are high. Avoid large changes in temperatures, for example your guitar has acclimatised to its environment, any sudden temperature change either higher or lower will most likely cause the wood to expand or contract. This can result is lifting of bridges, separating joints, buckling of soundboards, finish checking, and the playability of the instrument can be affected.
If you are going to be travelling with your guitar you should make an effort to protect it. First and foremost a good firm fitting case should be used. The case should have the following features:


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text: Seriously, they are doing NOTHING at all to create any kind of pressure. We smash both of our MLBs into a big pile of bodies, the QB remains untouched in the pocket and abuse that big hole in the middle for his TEs and whatnot. I don't get it. It seems to be the only blitz they send. Also, the passrush outside of James Harrison and Keisel seems very lackluster. They just give up on plays when they don't rush right through the o-linemen. I mean, this is the same offense which gave up 7 or 9 sacks against the Ravens only a couple of weeks ago. And its been a theme for most of the season. Our two OLBs, when healthy, can provide amazing pass-rush, but it stops there. For some reason our MLBs just don't do anything what-so-ever against the pass anymore.


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My name is Kai Chandler. I'm from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia [CHOP], The Adolescent Initiative. I am the program coordinator for our HIV counseling and testing program and I also provide wellness counseling in our HIV specialty clinic with HIV-infected youth.
Programs that are actually working -- I will take a minute to speak just broadly about what's going on in Philadelphia and the HIV prevention community, which I think is just really fantastic. Throughout Philadelphia, we've embraced the community collaboration model. We work in collaboration with each other and I think there really is a sentiment that we all have the same vision to try to end the spread of HIV here in Philadelphia.
Another thing that's unique about our programs here in Philly is that I think that they're really community based and community run. A lot of these agencies, when you go in and look to see who's doing the work, who's providing the services, they look a lot like the same people that are receiving those services, which I think is really, really important.
In Philadelphia, the spirit of political activism and grass roots goes back decades and centuries. I think that a lot of the people that are working HIV prevention in Philadelphia share that history and bring that history to bear when they're doing their work in these communities. I think that that's something that's really, really fantastic and something that works.
Bringing that specifically back to HIV prevention, how do you see that working in terms of individual organizations?
Well, I would say that what's going on is something a little bit kind of exciting in terms of strategy. The idea is for everyone do what they do best. So if what you do best is reaching out to MSM [men who have sex with men] youth, 14 to 18, that are out of school, that are Latino and living in North Philly, then that's what you should do. You should let everyone else around you know what you need to most successfully and effectively get that done. I think that that kind of helps us all focus on what we can get done in our unique areas and neighborhoods with our own populations that we work with.
Tell me a little bit about your program.
CHOP is the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The program that I work with is the Adolescent Initiative. We're a program within CHOP. What we do is we provide comprehensive health education services throughout the CHOP network -- in almost all of our clinics, which are located in the neighborhoods, our satellite clinics, and also in the hospital itself. In that context, we provide risk-reduction counseling, counseling around family planning services, safer sex, partner negotiation communication, STD [sexually transmitted disease] counseling, education, and of course, rapid HIV testing and confirmatory testing.
Additionally, at Children's Hospital we have an HIV specialty clinic where we actually link any new HIV-positive people that we identify directly into medical care, which again is really, really important because we know that there's a gap there where sometimes people can get lost along the way -- in between being diagnosed and actually receiving care.
We go out to the primary care centers and try to really implement the CDC's [U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] recommendation to make routine HIV testing just a part of your clinical experience.
You go into your clinic. You have a physical for school. Your doctor signs off on a form. You meet with a health educator and they get you HIV tested. Making it that normal and comfortable for youth, so that we can kind of get those positive habits happening early so then, as they grow older and move out of adolescence, routine testing and HIV education is just there. It's already been programmed.
That seems unusual to be doing it in a pediatric hospital environment.
HIV testing can be a very difficult sell in a pediatric environment, particularly in a hospital, the reason being that overwhelmingly the care is for babies and children. So a lot of the dialogue and discussion's around childhood, and innocence, and the purity that somehow children invoke. So the challenge became saying, well, yes, babies are pretty, but they grow up to have sex -- [laughs] and to potentially expose themselves to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. So then how do we reach out to youth at any age really, and prepare them for the responsibility of becoming sexually active or being a sexual being?
That was definitely one of the challenges -- to kind of insert into the dialogue about pediatric medicine this discussion about this epidemic that's happening all around us, then saying, how do we bring that to bear in our clinics that work with children, but also work with adolescents? So I think that was the unique challenge and that's what we've, I think, been pretty effective in doing and accomplishing.
How did you do it?
How did we do it? We did it by being very personable, first and foremost. I would say that we did it by finding the best possible way to package our services given the environment that we were in.
Working in a hospital is different from working at an AIDS service organization or a community-based service organization where the drive is for testing and everyone's on the same page and we all feel like there's this obvious plan that we should follow to be effective. I think that working in a hospital, especially a pediatric hospital, can throw some of that to the wind. You got to start over and figure out, well, what's going to work here, especially because this isn't something that's being done everywhere?
What we did a lot was finding out the right way to kind of package our services, not only to patients, but also to providers? That it's a worthwhile service, that it's something that they should invest in and encourage their patients to follow up with?
"We want to start talking about sexual health with our youth. We want to talk about healthy relationships. We want to talk about partner negotiation and communication, which is so, so important when we know that intimate partner violence between youth is just as common as between adults."
I think that what we did principally was that we talked about sexual health. We started out by talking about not HIV, not hepatitis, not chlamydia, not buzzword STDs, but by saying, we want to start talking about sexual health with our youth. We want to talk about healthy relationships. We want to talk about partner negotiation and communication, which is so, so important when we know that intimate partner violence between youth is just as common as between adults.
We kind of started there by saying, can we talk to our youth about healthy relationships? Can we talk to them about safer sex if they're having sex -- or if they want to -- knowing what it is? Then saying, we also want to talk about family planning. We also want to talk about contraceptives and birth control, focusing at the very center of education -- education being the most critical thing, and HIV testing being secondary, really.
The thing that we wanted most at the end of the day was for someone to leave knowing more about their risk, and I think that that ended up being the selling point. What we really want is for someone 14 to 18 to learn something new about their body and how to take care of it that they didn't know before. I think that that's really how we did it.
Why do you think it's particularly important to work with youth and kids, really young folks, around HIV prevention and HIV-related issues?
I would say because Black and Latino youth are dying. We are dying. We are dying on the streets. We are dying in our homes. We are dying in hospitals. We are dying without the medical care that we need. I think that the youth are really the first front on which we can fight the war against HIV. I think that if you wait until someone's 25 or 30, then say, "Well I want to broach this conversation with you about sexual health. Have you ever thought about your sexual health before, and what that means?" Then, you're clearly starting at a disadvantage.
You're clearly starting with someone that's had enough life to live to know that they might have some behaviors that they've already really gotten used to having that are already programmed and set. You have to do all the more work to get them to talk about their risk or to even see their risk.
"I really, really believe that working with youth is the front lines. I think that it's our first step to any long-term, cohesive, comprehensive strategy to end AIDS."
I really, really believe that working with youth is the front lines. I think that it's our first step to any long-term, cohesive, comprehensive strategy to end AIDS.
If you could implement any program or take any action in terms of the fight against HIV, what would you do? What program would you implement?
What would I do? That is a very, very difficult question. I would start out by saying what I think is one of the strengths of AIDS activism in America, which is that a lot of these current, contemporary nonprofit AIDS services organizations developed from activist groups, from grassroots efforts to really confront the epidemic in communities across the United States. I think that the agencies that we're seeing now those were our ancestors -- they're our forebears.
And I think that what happened in this transition from being this community organizing group into being this nonprofit tax-exempt entity is that it's shed a lot of the grassroots community activism -- honestly a lot of the radicalism -- that went around some of the really early organizing against AIDS.
If I could create this agency from air, from nothing, I would say that it would be an agency whose primary vision and goal would be to work itself out of existence.
Part of what happens with nonprofits is that they start to exist just to survive, to continue. Not to say that their goals aren't worthy in and of themselves. But a lot of grassroots organizing models, the goal is to complete the mission, not to maintain the mission, if you can see the distinction I'm drawing.
If I could create an agency, it would, of course, be youth-led and youth-run. It would have a political education piece, which I think a lot of nonprofits are missing.
There's this drive to get our youth tested. There's this drive to get them to know about their risk, but there isn't this drive to educate them about the history of AIDS activism, or the need for communities to understand how to mobilize for themselves.
This political education piece would be really critical, especially because youth would eventually take over or redefine whatever vision was started by me or whoever would begin this agency, and hopefully take it to new levels, and to new places.
I think that there's this issue with being a youth-led agency where really the only people that are on staff are adults. And kind of hopefully creating a kind of agency or really an environment where youth are encouraged to grow to a point where they take over our work, where we hand it off, where we pass the torch, and not just in a rhetorical way, in a literal way. I think that's missing in a lot of different agencies. That would be something that I'd try to bring if given the opportunity.
Why do you think it's important to have the organization be youth-run and youth-led in terms of the organization working against HIV?
I would say that the first answer is the most obvious one, which is that we're most receptive to our peers. A lot of the evidence-based interventions coming out of the CDC show that peer-led outreach -- HIV counseling involving peers from communities or from that population -- is very successful.
I think that in terms of an agency, which is what you're asking, it's much broader. I think that youth are very rarely asked to participate in the decisions that will affect their lives in the course of history in this country. Do I think that that's a problem? Absolutely. Absolutely.
And I also think that youth, when they're given the tools and the skills, can make the really, really critical decisions that adults do all the time.
Youth have insight that we need. They have experiences that are meaningful, that need to be brought to the table. They can make decisions about their lives and about their communities that probably other people can't.
|This podcast is a part of the series HIV Frontlines. To subscribe to this series, click here.
Kai Chandler


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Perjury charge for ex-Vic jockey Nikolic
Former top jockey Danny Nikolic has been accused of lying in court to beat a conviction over a car accident.
Nikolic, 39, has been charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice.
Documents tendered in court by police allege Nikolic lied in a Dandenong Magistrates Court hearing on February 24 this year and avoided a conviction when he swore he was not driving his car when it crashed on March 9, 2012.
Nikolic, of South Melbourne, was charged on Friday and appeared briefly in the Melbourne Magistrates Court on Wednesday.
Magistrate Donna Bakos extended his bail until he reappears on September 15.
Nikolic left the court without comment.
The highlight of Nikolic's racing career was a win aboard Mummify in the 2003 Caulfield Cup.
He is banned from racing until October 2015 for threatening and intimidating behaviour towards a steward.
That incident happened outside a hearing room at the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal, which was adjudicating his appeal against an earlier two-year ban for threatening Victoria's chief racing steward and his family.
Nikolic's racing licence has expired, and he must re-apply to Racing Victoria to ride competitively again.
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Telephone Men on a coaxial-cable project in New York state, ca. 1970
Announcements of updates to this site (and lots more interesting information and discussions) will be posted on the Cold War Communications e-mail list. To join, or to learn more about the list, go to the ColdWarComms web page on the Yahoo Groups server.
If you have information about the Bell System's networks you'd like to share, or have any questions about the material posted here, I look forward to hearing from you. I'd also welcome your comments about the implementation of this web site.
Last updated on April 11, 2013 at 21:31 by Albert LaFrance


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At EY, we are committed to building a better working world — with increased trust and confidence in business, sustainable growth, development of talent in all its forms, and greater collaboration.
We want to build a better working world through our own actions and by engaging with like-minded organizations and individuals. This is our purpose — and why we exist as an organization.
Running through our organization is a strong sense of obligation to serve a number of different stakeholders who count on us to deliver quality and excellence in everything we do.
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Department of Revenue News Release
March 17, 2010Missouri's Second Show-Me Green Sales Tax Holiday to Occur April 19-25
COLUMBIA - The director of the Missouri Department of Revenue today encouraged citizens considering buying major appliances to participate in Missouri's second Show-Me Green Sales Tax Holiday in April.
"It's appropriate that we begin this campaign for the Green Sales Tax Holiday today," said Alana M. Barragán-Scott. "Green is the color associated with St. Patrick's Day, and green is the color of the state's annual sales tax holiday. People can 'go green' by purchasing energy-efficient appliances, they can 'save green' when they don't have to pay the state sales tax and reap the benefits of lower utility bills, and appliance retailers can 'make green' when citizens come to buy appliances."
Barragán-Scott made her comments at Downtown Appliance Home Center in Columbia. The Department of Revenue will also be promoting the sales tax holiday in Warrensburg and Belton later this week.
The Show-Me Green Sales Tax Holiday runs from April 19-25. People who purchase new ENERGY STAR® qualified appliances in Missouri during the holiday will save at least 4.225 percent off the purchase. The reduced price represents the elimination of the state's sales tax from the purchase.
Barragán-Scott noted that several local governmental entities have also opted to participate in the holiday. This means that some purchases will be exempt not just from the state sales tax, but also city, county and special district sales taxes. Eight counties, 51 cities and 12 special districts (all listed below) have opted to participate in the holiday. The director stressed, however, that citizens should take the time before next month's holiday to look for what is best for their needs.
"No matter where people shop, they will save at least 4.225 percent, and that's a significant savings," she said. "However, people also need to know what kind of appliance is best suited for their home and what other potential savings are available. Some manufacturers offer rebates on purchases of ENERGY STAR® appliances, and local appliance retailers sometimes offer special deals during the week of the tax holiday."
The Department of Natural Resources is also working with the U.S. Department of Energy to distribute rebates to Missourians who purchase selected ENERGY STAR® appliances. The program is tentatively scheduled to begin April 19. For more information on this program, go to http://www.dnr.mo.gov/transform/energizemissourirebate.htm.
This is the second year the Show-Me Green Sales Tax Holiday will be held. The creation of the holiday was included in Senate Bill 1181 from 2008. The sales tax holiday is especially timely for this year, the director said.
"During these challenging economic times, saving money is important to everyone," Barragán-Scott said. "The Show-Me Green Sales Tax Holiday represents an ideal time to buy these appliances not only because they will be available at a reduced price, but - because the appliances are energy efficient - many people will also save money on their future utility bills."
The director stressed that the actual purchase of the appliance must take place during the sales tax holiday between April 19th and the 25th. Any qualified appliance must also have the ENERGY STAR® label on it. ENERGY STAR® is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. The program allows manufacturers of appliances to voluntarily label selected appliances if they meet certain criteria. The goal is to promote appliances that perform as well or better than similar appliances while using less energy. The program has saved businesses and consumers billions of dollars since its inception in 1992.
ENERGY STAR®-labeled appliances that qualify for the sales tax exemption are:
*Clothes washers
*Water heaters
*Air conditioners
*Heat pumps
The sales tax exemption only applies to the first $1,500 on each appliance. If an appliance costs more than $1,500, the regular sales tax rate is in effect for any of the purchase price above $1,500.
Although SB 1181 listed other appliances eligible for the sales tax savings, not all appliances have met ENERGY STAR® guidelines. Examples of appliances NOT eligible for the sales tax exemption are clothes dryers, trash compactors, conventional ovens, ranges and stoves. Lighting fixtures, office equipment, home electronics and other non-appliance ENERGY STAR®-labeled products are also not eligible for the sales tax exemption.
Although Columbia is in central Missouri, Barragán-Scott noted that out-of-state purchasers can benefit from sales tax holiday by shopping in cities that lie on the state's border.
"Our friends from Kansas, Illinois, Iowa and the other states that border Missouri can benefit from this sales tax holiday just as much as Missourians," she said. "I encourage our out-of-state neighbors to come to Missouri between April 19th and 25th and get a good deal on an energy-efficient appliance."
Counties that opted to participate in the holiday and will waive their county sales taxes on qualified purchases are: Adair, Cass, Gasconade, Johnson, Macon, Pettis, Ste. Genevieve and Washington.
Participating cities are: Airport Drive, Arnold, Aurora, Belton, Bethany, Bowling Green, Brookfield, Butler, Cottleville, Desloge, Dexter, Fenton, Fredericktown, Fulton, Gladstone, Hannibal, Hazelwood, Hermann, Hillsboro, Ironton, Jackson, Kahoka, Kirksville, Lee's Summit, Lexington, Macon, Maryville, Memphis, Oak Grove, Osceola, Park Hills, Perryville, Platte City, Potosi, Raymore, Republic, Richmond, Rock Hill, Rock Port, Rolla, Salem, Salisbury, St. Elizabeth, Ste. Genevieve, Sunset Hills, Tarkio, Town & Country, Union, Warrensburg, Washington and Willow Springs.
Participating districts are: Antioch Center Community Improvement District (CID) (Kansas City), Belton Town Centre Transportation Development District (TDD), Central Jackson (County) Fire Protection District, Columbia Mall TDD, Douglas Square TDD (Lee's Summit), Douglas Station TDD (Lee's Summit), Hawthorne Development TDD (Warrensburg), Raintree Lake Village TDD (Lee's Summit), Richardson Crossing CID (Arnold), Strother Interchange TDD (Lee's Summit), Town Plaza CID (Cape Girardeau) and U.S. Highway 65 & Truman Dam Access Road TDD (Warsaw).
Frequently asked questions about the Show-Me Green Sales Tax Holiday are answered at http://dor.mo.gov/tax/business/sales/taxholiday/green/faq.htm.


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Nanex's excellent and thorough analysis of sub-penny trade data doesn't support SEC's conclusions about internalizers as written in the final flash crash report. There is abundant evidence that internalizer software was acutely sensitive to the integrity of the consolidated feed and would switch off internal matching only if and only when the quote was crossed. Furthermore, short term volatility had little, if any impact on the number of sub-penny trades. About the only thing our findings have in common with the SEC report on this matter, is that the date in question was May 6, 2010.
This revelation, that internalizer software is sensitive to the integrity of the consolidated quote, means someone could manipulate the consolidated quote in order to cause internalizer software to reject valuable retail orders and spill them to dark pools or exchanges. This may explain the common micro-bursts of activity that occur throughout the trading day and cause a number of stocks to have crossed quotes in the consolidated feed.
Sub-penny Analysis Leads to Flash Crash Discovery
While analyzing sub-penny trades since 2006, we made a few fascinating observations, one of which reminded us of something the SEC wrote in their final flash crash report about internalizers (the source of most sub-penny trades). Internalizers are stock wholesalers that buy order flow from retail firms such as Schwab and E*Trade. Normally, they match orders internally and fill trades based on the prices from the SIP (securities information processor, the consolidated data feed). Most retail orders never reach an exchange. You can measure the activity of internalizers by analyzing the number of trades that were executed at sub-penny prices (prices requiring 3 or more decimal places). Since exchanges forbid orders that are priced below increments of 1 cent, internalizers are the only regular and consistent source of sub-penny trades.
Back to the flash crash report. The SEC wrote that internalizers stopped matching customer orders because of the wild price swings. Furthermore, they wrote that a delay in consolidated quote was unlikely to affect anyone with a direct feed. However, from analyzing a trillion trades since 2006, we found that the occurrence of sub-penny trades has little correlation with market activity (see this animation). This is probably because no matter how wild prices are, an internalizer will always have a comfortable margin of time on their side. This is not to say the flash crash had no effect on sub-penny prices, it did. But not until about 7 seconds after the bottom was set when the eMini (S&P futures contract) exited the 5 second halt at 14:45:33.
The chart below shows the volume of shares in U.S. stocks with sub-penny prices on May 6, 2010. The red line shows the sum of share volumes for trades with prices in fractions of a penny from 1 to 49 (100ths of a cent). The blue line shows share volumes for fractions of a penny from 51 to 99. Think of the red line as retail sell orders, and the blue line as retail buy orders. The sudden drop from the peak shown on the chart occurs at approximately 14:45:40. If you didn't notice that internalizer activity was exploding when the market was crashing, don't feel too bad; the SEC clearly missed it.
Now, we know internalizers did route orders to the exchanges or other venues that day, because that was the source of many stub quote trades (1 cent for Accenture). But internalizers (the big ones) didn't just turn off like the SEC would have you believe. They did turn off, but only for short periods of time (seconds). And the reason they switched off depended on the one thing the SEC said didn't matter: the integrity of the consolidated quote.
Beginning about 15 seconds before 14:43 that afternoon, an unusually large delay began building in the NYSE quote for a certain group of stocks (based on alpha, see this chart). We think a process at the NYSE which transmits quotes to the SIP for this group of stocks became overloaded and began queuing data, which resulted in older NYSE quotes getting mixed in with fresh quotes from other exchanges. That in turn caused the SIP to transmit crossed (inverted) quotes in the consolidated feed. A crossed quote has a bid price higher than the ask price. For stocks that were falling in price (the majority of them), the consolidated feed combined the slower (and therefore higher priced) bid from the NYSE with the faster (and lower priced) ask from other exchanges (charts). Software used by key internalizers would most certainly be sensitive to prices in the consolidated feed, because those prices are used in executing customer orders. Therefore when it detected an unusually large crossed quote in a symbol, it stopped matching orders for that symbol, and instead, routed those orders to an exchange or other venue. At the very time, and in the very symbols experiencing heavy loads.
Therefore, we would expect to see a reduction in sub-penny trade volume in stocks when there was a crossed quote, and no noticeable reduction in stocks with normal quotes. Fortunately for our experiment, the NYSE had just upgraded the servers used for about half of the listed symbols, leaving the other half on older (and slower equipment). This gives us abundance of data to test our hypothesis.
After looking at dozens of symbols for the time between 14:42 and when the emini was halted at 14:45:28 for 5 seconds we find that sub-penny prints only stop in a symbol when that symbol has a crossed quote. As soon at the quote returns to normal, sub-penny trades immediately return. It has nothing to do with how wild price swings are, as long as the consolidated quote is not locked or crossed, an internalizer will match it.
The following 12 charts plot the NBBO and (only) sub-penny trades in one-second intervals during the flash crash (May 6, 2010). The shaded area shows the NBBO (National Best Bid and Offer spread) and is colored gray for normal, yellow for locked (bid = ask), or red for crossed (bid > ask). The volume shown in the lower panel of each chart is the number of shares traded at sub-penny prices during that second.
1. GE - General Electric.
The red shading is where the NBBO was severely crossed caused by NYSE's quotes getting delayed by over 35 seconds. Note there are substantially fewer sub-penny trades in the red-shading (where the NBBO is crossed). Of the few that do appear in the red shading, closer inspection shows the NBBO is normal for a brief period of time. Internalizer software recognized the crossed quote and rejected/routed those orders.
2. PM Philip Morris
Phillip Morris was processed by a different group of machines at the NYSE that were recently upgraded and therefore could better handle the pounding load. There were still crosses in the NBBO, but nowhere as severe as we saw in GE (and other stocks in GE's group). Note that there is no interruption of sub-penny trades during the drop as there was in GE. That means internalizer software didn't switch off because of a severe drop in price. Here is a chart showing which symbols were processed by upgraded (faster) machines.
3. IBM - International Business Machines
IBM was also processed by the upgraded machines. Note there is no interruption of sub-penny trade executions during the drop. Again, internalizer software continued processing.
4. KO Coca-Cola
Coca-cola, like GE was processed by older (slower machines) and has the same characteristics we saw in GE (chart 2). As with GE, there are no sub-penny trades when the NBBO is crossed (a close up of most of those appearing in the red shows the quote is normal for a brief period around that execution) The internalizer software detected the crossed quote (bad input), and kicked orders out. If the feed wasn't delayed, the orders wouldn't have been routed to exchanges, causing stub-penny executions and leading to further market structure breakdown and panic.
5. DIS - Disney
Disney was also processed on slower machines and like GE and IBM, had severe delays. Again, Coca-cola, as with GE and PM, there are no sub-penny trades when the NBBO is crossed. The delay in the datafeed essentially caused the Market maker's (internalizer) software to stop matching orders internally and route them to the exchanges. That caused a flood of orders being routed to exchanges at the very time they were already under heavy load.
6. CVX - Chevron
Chevron was also processed on slower machines.
7. CTL - CenturyLink
CenturyLink was also processed on slower machines. Note the significant number of sub-penny trades during the wild price swings, which had normal quotes. It wasn't the price swings that switched the internalizer off, it was the crossed NBBO quote.
8. EXC - Exelon Corporation
Notice the pattern now?
10. NOK - Nokia
11. HPQ - Hewlett Packard
12. F - Ford
Source: NANEX


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Capture Anomalies
This page describes specific out-of-the-ordinary problems certain materials might cause during the capture process. For general guidelines in judging image quality, see Visual Assessment of Images.
Only Part of the Image is Out of Focus
Having just part of an image out of focus means one of three things
- The image is pretty far off center on the document table
- This could result in one or more edges of the image being fuzzy
- To fix this, make sure the center of the image is as close as possible to the center of the camera's focus, which is the center of the grid or overlay in the EOS Utility.
- The camera isn't far enough from the image to take a quality picture
- This will result in an image that is uniformly fuzzy around the edges (assuming it's centered and has been auto-focused to that same center)
- To fix this, move the camera up and/or switch to a capture station which allows for a greater distance between camera and document table.
- The camera isn't centered properly on the document table
- This will result in a gradient effect across the image, with one side/corner being in focus, with less focus as it approaches the opposite side/corner
- To fix this, the camera will need to be physically readjusted -- the lens is no longer parallel to the document table. Please see Jeremiah for help with this.
Moiré Patterns
This is a kind of pattern that sometimes appears in digital images, involving rainbow lines or dots showing up against an actual pattern in the object itself. Here are a couple of examples:
Check out her hair:
Look closely at his forehead:
When can this happen?
This might affect materials that
- are off-set printed, and
- contain pictures and/or graphics
- Examples may include: posters, pamphlets, booklets, cards, newspapers
This will NOT effect
- handwritten materials
- photocopied materials
- photographs (note: photographs that have been printed as above are a different matter)
How do we deal with the problem?
Be aware. It will happen. Know the kind of collections/materials it is likely to impact (more modern collections with more professionally produced materials), and be extra vigilant with examining your captures as you go, to make sure it's not happening.
- If a moiré pattern does appear in test scans, try one of the following things:
- rotate the object until -- hopefully -- the effect disappears; or
- change the distance between the camera and the object (move the camera or elevate the object) by at least a few inches.
- If you can't get rid of the moiré pattern as the object is being captured, there are a couple of post-production fixes that can be employed.
- First, try the Moiré Reduction tool in Photoshop's Camera Raw interface (in Graduated Filter mode, it will show up as a slider in the third set of tools)
- If all else fails, you'll need to do the corrections manually in Photoshop; see Jeremiah for instructions on how to do this


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FRA at Extraordinary European Platform on Roma Inclusion: The need to be accountable(23 March 2012)
"How do we make sure that progress is tangible for the Roma?" asked FRA Director Morten Kjaerum at the event. "The answer to this question puts the focus on the needs to measure the effectiveness of the strategies put in place and the need to be accountable to those who these strategies are supposed to benefit: the Roma. Monitoring and evaluation are needed to steer the further development of the strategies, to support the development of good practice within and between Member States, and to act as early warning mechanisms for policy failures."
Other topics discussed during this European Commission-organised event were the active involvement of Roma as well as all other relevant stakeholders, in particular local authorities, and the efficient use of EU structural funds in implementing Roma strategies. The FRA aims to complement and support Member States in doing this, by producing robust and comparable data to inform evidence-based policy making for Roma integration.
The European Platform for Roma inclusion was created to support policy developments for Roma integration. It also aims to stimulate knowledge sharing and coordination among EU Member States, international organisations and Roma civil society. Many Roma people in the European Union face discrimination, social exclusion and live in very poor socio-economic conditions.


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Moderators: ryguy, chrLz, Zep Tepi
Tim Hebert wrote:Good morning Charlton (I'm in Southern California),
Great posting topic! Since leaving the military, I'm employed with a university medical center in the field of psychiatric medicene. Its really a question of how one utilizes their thought process for problem solving. For example, while contemplating a thought some people will speak this thought out loud especially in an attempt to seek a solution to a problem. You maybe merely "hearing" an echo of this type of on-going process.
We no longer use the term "subconscious." This is the psychiatric and pyschology field's attempt to distance itself from old Freudian concepts. We now use the term "unconscious" as in the unconscious mind. Confusing isn't it? Since one generally has a totally different thought about an individual being "unconcious" versus being awake. General medicene still uses the traditional concept of unconsciousness (lack of total awareness of ones environment or not being awake) but classifies differences by using the term "levels of unconciousness"
Generally speaking, conditions such as paranoid schizophrenia conjures up the image of one "hearing" voices. For a male, the voice tends to be female though not always. The voices start out to be flattering to the individual then gradually changing in demeaner leading to be accusatory in nature. In extreme cases these voices may lead to a commad nature ordering or daring the individual to do a specific act. Of course with schizophrenia there are other processes in the brain that are adverse in effecting the individuals thought process and contents - fragmentation and disorganization.
There is a normal condition where individuals may misinterpret normal sounds in their environment as human voices. This may occur during intense period of concentration such as reading a book, typing on a computer, etc. People often "hear" voices prior to waking from sleep. So cheer up, your in good company!
chrLz wrote:
This is where science and logic must, almost by definition, break down. All we can observe and measure is the outcomes and actions, and that really isn't addressing the issue at all. So.. unlike my usual down to earth logical approach, this is surely the perfect area where each individual's attempt to explain how they feel and think is the only 'valid' data.
m0r1arty wrote:
I don't think of myself as psychic or any other such nonsense - I have always had a close bond with language, poetry in particular, and think that maybe I hear what I subconsciously search for.
m0r1arty wrote:
Now this is a skill we all have. It's a social intelligence which stops us from being taken advantage of.
This is what I hear. Again it's through posturing, language, tone and a whole bunch of subtle, yet significant to the trained eye, gestures.
franspeakfree wrote:Indeed our science and logic dictates that everything that is described by an individual can be explained simply,because somehow we are under the arrogant assumption that we know everything and to those questions we do not hold the answers to, they are irrelevant and should not be discussed, or if so then a certain tone and ridicule must be added to validate our egos. (I use we and our as a collective hu-man race)
franspeakfree wrote:I will give you an example. I have just been on holiday to Barbados I was relaxed (its always clearer when i'm relaxed) I am sitting on a sun bed by the beach and I hear a man talking to another man about Haiti earthquake
Automatically I 'connected' and I heard (although its not the right word) felt, understood, that I would get to know him during the holiday, I could see myself and my partner talking to him in the evening over a drink and talking about a certain topic. I said to my other half that I have a feeling we will get to know him. Straight away he came over to us and started talking and indeed we did get to know him and go out for drinks and meal with him and his wife and we did entertain some interesting topics.
My friend who I have known for a long time, keeps his life very private and hardly ever opens up to any of us, came round our house after I had been meditating for an hour or so. As soon as I saw him I said to him "Why didn't you tell me" (it just came straight out), he looked at me all perplexed and said "what"
and I said to him "Why didn't you tell me you were so depressed and sad" he looked at me and we just stared at each other after sometime and obviously thinking "how the hell did he know" then he began to tell me about his problems and we talked for hours that night He was pretty taken back by the whole experience and his views on 'intuition' changed from that day on.
An experimenter repeatedly gives the subject the same suggestion: for example, she tells the subject that his body is swaying. Soon his body will begin to sway.
The way I see it is like this, what made him come round to our house at the particular time?
what made me meditate?
what made me say what I said when I saw him?
what made him talk and open up to me?
now I know for those people that read this and can't empathize with what I am saying, all of this can be explained scientifically, however, what I am trying to convey is that this is a regular occurrence with me, there are only so many times the word coincedence can be used.
When the coincedences become something of the ordinary day of life, a whole different world is opened up before your eyes and suddenly, fate,control, higher awareness, higher self, all come in to the equation, the more you see the more questions you have, its an never ending learning cycle.
I am glad I can open up a little, its been a long time.
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Southwest Wake: Sports
Scholar-athlete: Colby Lalicker, Apex lacrosse
Colby Lalicker
Apex, lacrosse, senior
Academics: 3.98 overall grade point average with extra credit for advanced courses.
Athletics: Four-year letterman in lacrosse; lettered in cross country as a senior.
Book with an impact : "Spirit of the Stick" (by Neil Duffy) because it talks about great lacrosse players that have sacrificed their lives serving our nation's military. This means a great deal to me with how I will be joining the military after college and shows how hard work is everything.
Person who has impacted my life : Apex High lacrosse coach John Hayden. He's helped me with so much through the years with everything from keeping me on task in the classroom to preparing me to play college lacrosse.
Ideal guest list: Travis Pastrana, Josef Ajram, Winston Churchill
Add to Mt. Rushmore : President John F. Kennedy due to his work with desegregation and his work on foreign policy. He paid the ultimate sacrifice but should always be remembered for his contributions to the country.
I wish I could have been there : For the 1980 Miracle on Ice (ice hockey) victory by the United States over Russia in the Winter Olympics. This victory immediately brought the entire country together and was truly more than just a hockey game during tough times.
Best U.S. president : President Lincoln. He had will power to never stop fighting for what he believed in. He fought to abolish slavery and went through many obstacles including the delayed end of the war to assure the freedom of all men and women.
A friend is always : There for you during your good times and your worst. He is there to motivate you to be better and to tell you when you're going down a bad path.
Success is: Achieving any goal, big or small. Life is a series of achievements and failures. It is how you look past your failures to accomplish your goals that determines your success.


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Despite the buzz around disruptionthese days, three industries have stubbornly resisted change: finance, education and health care. These industries share some characteristics that make it much more difficult for software to fundamentally disrupt entrenched services.
Most important, all three require an unusually high degree of trust. The one quality that helps immediately establish trust—scale—is almost impossible to achieve in all three without trust. It's a classic chicken or egg dilemma that is very difficult for start-ups to overcome.
Let me explain how this plays out in finance, particularly in my corner of finance: investment advice.


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Learn About - Educational resources to keep you informed!
- Home >
- Water Safety & Flow Control >
- Learn About >
- Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion
General Information - What is Thermal Expansion?
Expansion Tanks - How a Diaphragm Expansion Tank Works
Potable Systems - Control Thermal Expansion in Hot Water Supply Systems
Non-Potable Systems - Control Thermal Expansion in Hot Water Heating Systems
Detection & Servicing Solutions - Control Thermal Expansion in Hot Water Heating Systems
General Information - What is Thermal Expansion?
When water is heated it expands. For example, water heated from 90°F to a thermostat setting of 140°F in a 40 gallon hot water heater will expand by almost one-half gallon. This is because when water is heated, its density decreases and its volume expands (see below). Since water is not compressible, the extra volume created by expansion must go someplace. During no-flow periods in a system, pressure reducing valves, backflow preventers, and other one-way valves are closed, thus eliminating a path for expanded water to flow back to the system supply. Hence, system pressure increases.
Temperature vs Density
Thermal expansion of water in a closed plumbing system can create a number of annoying and potentially dangerous problems. These include: the build up of unusually high pressure in a system (even when a pressure reducing valve is installed); pressure surges; and the chronic or continuous dripping of a temperature and pressure (T&P) relief valve. In addition, dripping faucets and leaking toilet tank ball cock fill valves are also symptomatic of thermal expansion.
More serious problems can also occur due to thermal expansion. When dangerous pressures are built up in a water heater, internal parts may fail such as the internal flues, fittings or water connections. If a flue way collapses it can lead to the potential release of toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide into living spaces. Thermal expansion can also lead to a ruptured or distorted hot water heating tank and may void the manufacturer's warranty (see below).
Plumbing codes require you to address this safety problem. No matter what your thermal expansion problem may be, whether for new construction or for retrofitting or remodeling an existing system, Watts offers cost effective solutions for you as outlined in the following pages of this guide. Should you require more detailed information on these products, please feel free to call your Local Watts Representative.
Potable vs Non-Potable Systems
Potable refers to water in an open domestic hot water heating system. This is water that could potentially be consumed by people and is not recirculated within the system. Non-potable refers to water in a closed hydronic heating, radiant floor heating, or a chilled water system where the water is recirculated and does not leave the system. Each of these hot water heating systems have different thermal expansion requirements explained in more depth in the specification sheets accompanying each thermal expansion solution.
Plumbing Code Requirements
Thermal Expansion Control
Plumbing codes require that thermal expansion control be addressed in plumbing systems. A temperature and pressure relief valve is not considered a thermal expansion device. This is because when water is allowed to continuously drip from the T&P relief valve, minerals from the water can build up on the valve, eventually blocking it. This blockage can render the T&P valve useless and potentially lead to hot water heater explosions. The International Plumbing Code (IPC), Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) and Standard Plumbing Code all require thermal expansion control to be addressed.
Expansion Tank Construction
Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code states certain requirements that must be met by an expansion tank for it to meet ASME construction specifications. The Watts Series ETA, ET-RA and DETA tanks all meet these ASME requirements.
Water Containment vs Water Relief Solutions
Water Containment solutions allow for thermal expansion while containing thermally expanded water in the plumbing system. The Watts full line of thermal expansion tanks are considered water containment devices. These products require no installation of discharge lines or drains.
Water Relief solutions discharge thermally expanded water at a pressure setting that is below the setting of the water heater's temperature and pressure relief valve. Watts offers a variety of water relief solutions that can be installed on the system piping, in a water closet or on an outside faucet. These products must be piped to a suitable drain or discharge location.
Expansion Tanks - How a Diaphragm Expansion Tank Works
When water is heated in a closed system it expands. Water is not compressible, therefore, the additional water volume created has to go someplace. When an expansion tank is installed the excess water enters the pre-pressurized tank (figure 1). As the temperature and pressure reaches its maximum, the diaphragm flexes against an air cushion (air is compressible) to allow for increased water expansion (figure 2). When the system is opened again or the water cools, the water leaves the tank and returns to the system.
figure 1. As the water temperature increases, the expanded water is received by the tank.
figure 2. As the water and pressure reaches its maximum, the diaphragm flexes against the air cushion (air is compressible) to allow for increased water expansion.
Selecting an Expansion Tank
To properly select the correct expansion tank for a system you can either use the selection guide tables which are placed near each tank series throughout this product guide (see figure 3) or use a formula to determine the tank volume and acceptance volume requirements. When using a formula it is necessary to know the water heater capacity, the water supply pressure, the starting and ending water temperatures and the maximum pressure setting of the relief valve.
figure 3 Note: Expansion based on 50°F Temperature rise.
To select the correct expansion tank, using the selection guides in this product guide, choose the supply pressure (for pressures between those shown, use next highest supply pressure), read across the chart to the correct tank as indicated by the water heater capacity. For capacities between those shown, use next highest capacity. To accommodate the thermal expansion required for higher temperature and/or higher pressure systems, multiple tanks may be used. Please contact your local Watts agent for assistance in sizing expansion tanks for specific applications requiring multiple tanks.
Expansion Tank Sizing
Let us help you size your expansion tank properly. Select one of our expansion tank sizing programs below:
- Potable Water Expansion Tank Sizing (PLT,DETA)
- Non-Potable Water Expansion Tank Sizing (ETX,ETSX,ETA,ET-RA)
Other Potable Water Thermal Expansion Solutions
Watts offers several other options for pressure relief besides expansion tanks. These products do not prevent against loss of water, like an expansion tank, but they do limit high pressure and prevent the annoying problems associated with thermal expansion. These products include the: Governor 80 combination toilet tank ball cock fill valve and thermal expansion relief valve; the 530C calibrated pressure relief valve; the BRV combination ball valve and relief valve and the H32 hose connection pressure relief valve.
Potable Systems - Control Thermal Expansion in Hot Water Supply Systems
Thermal expansion of heated water may occur wherever potable water is heated in a closed system (when the potable water is isolated from the public water supply by a one-way valve, such as a pressure reducing valve, backflow preventer or check valve).
Watts potable water expansion tanks are designed to absorb the increased volume of water created by thermal expansion and to maintain a balanced pressure throughout the potable water supply system. They are used to prevent plumbing system and/or water heater damage and unnecessary relief valve discharge caused by excessive pressure from thermal expansion.
Non-Potable Systems - Control Thermal Expansion in Hot Water Heating Systems
Thermal expansion of heated water may occur wherever water is heated in a closed system (when the boiler water is isolated from the public water supply by a one-way valve, such as a feed water pressure reducing valve, backflow preventer, check valve, etc.).
The Watts Series ETX Non-Potable Water Expansion Tanks are designed to absorb the increased volume of water caused by thermal expansion and maintain a balanced pressure throughout the hot water heating system. They are used to prevent system damage and unnecessary relief valve discharge caused by excessive pressure from thermal expansion.
Detection & Sevicing Solutions - Control Thermal Expansion in Hot Water Heating Systems
Watts Detection and Servicing Solutions
Want more information?
For more information please see our Watts Thermal Expansion Products product guide.