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A bath after the madness...
Thanksgiving was an amazing day! And after dinner and some puzzle time Meg and I decided to go up to our Dad's house for some games and a sleepover. Sadly I forgot my camera, so I didn't take any pictures, but we had a blast! I always love sleeping at my Dad & Joyce's. It's so peaceful there, and even though Heber is only 45 minutes away, it always feels like a mini-vacation when I am there and I am always grateful for that.
And last but not least, we come to THE 3RD GREATEST NIGHT OF THE YEAR!
We have an annual party with my Mom, my step-dad Timmy, and my siblings and their spouses every year for Christmas. It's usually the first Tuesday or Wednesday of December. We go to the Roof at the Joseph Smith Memorial Building for dinner and then we go on a carriage ride around the city. It is always a blast! Here are some pictures from that night:
Here we see my Mom, Meg and myself before we ate our first beloved "Chocolate Pots" as Meg calls them...they are pretty much a chocolate pudding but 100 times better...mmm...chocolate pots
My brother Jeff and his wife Amy at the Roof:
Tod (Ashley's boyfriend), Ashley and Cambria...
And finally a picture of the lights at Temple Square...Jesse took this one and I love it! Thanks Mom and Tim for another great Bean Family Christmas Party!


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Sunday Sweets: For Mom
When it comes to moms, we here at Cake Wrecks know there's really no comparison.
But John and I are going to give it a try anyway.
Here goes:
Moms are like giraffes.
By Mama B.'s Cakes, via
They'll gladly stick their necks out for us.
Moms are like fine wine.
They only improve with age.
(Jen: Plus some of them are hard to put a cork in.)
(John: JEN!)
(Jen: Sorry.)
Moms are like hot air balloons.
By Sweet Tiers
They raise us up.
(John: Aw, I love that song.)
(Jen: I know, right?)
(John & Jen: You raise me uuuuup! So I can stand on MOUN-taaaaiins! You RAAAAISE me UuuUUup! To walk on stormy seeeeaass!)
Moms are like master chess players.
Submitted by Sharon & Matt; made by Cake Studio
They're always a couple moves ahead of you.
Moms are like toasters.
If you push their buttons, they can really heat up.
(Jen: You call that buttering her up?)
(John: You're right. Maybe I should offer her a toast. That always gets me out of a jam.)
(Jen: You want a pat on the head for those crumby puns?)
(John: Oooh, BURN.)
Moms are like art palettes.
By Cupcake Envy
They help us show our true colors.
(Jen: Is it too early for another sing-along?)
(John: Yes. So just hum it.)
Moms are like onions.
(John: NOW who's not being complimentary?)
(Jen: No, no, hear me out:)
By Cake Chérie
They have a lot of layers.
(John: Oh, ok. That's not too bad...)
Plus if you chop them up, you'll probably cry.
(John: JEN!!)
(Jen: What? Am I wrong?!)
Moms are like pirates.
Sub'd by Kristin A. & made by Cake Nouveau
Some of them have killer right hooks.
(John: Maybe you should have remembered that before the onion thing.)
(Jen: Good point.)
Moms are like crime scene tape.
By Cake Hero
You never want to cross them.
(John: Um...maybe we should be focusing on more positive things.)
(Jen: You're right. How's this?)
Moms are like lighthouses.
Sub'd by archersangel; by Mike's Amazing Cakes
They guide us home through the storms of life,
so we're not dashed on the rocks of disappointment,
and pecked to death by the seagulls of despair.
(John: I like it.)
All silliness aside, we wish all you moms out there - and especially ours - the happiest of Mothers' Days, and hope that at some point today you'll get at least five minutes' peace:
Submitted by Kristy L. and made by The Cupcake Gallery
And maybe even a nice bubble bath.
Have a Sweet to nominate? Then send it to Sunday Sweets [at] Cake Wrecks [dot] com.
Note from john: This post was originally entitled "Motherly Metaphors" but as R3Test pointed out in the comments, these are actually similes. Bwoops. I guess it's mildly ironic because my mom was actually an English teacher so I probably should have known that. Also, Jen should never let me name a post at 4am.

subset: commoncrawl


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Encourage citizens to vote – or not
Lack of participation at election time is counterproductive to the efficient operation of a democracy. Theoretically, the more people who vote and participate in the selection of our leaders, the better the result should be. There are even some fledgling democracies in the world who make it mandatory that their citizens vote. While I doubt if such a proposition would fly in the United States, our various levels of government should not engage in activity that would discourage or diminish the number of people voting.
Unfortunately, in the most recent legislative session, one of the top priorities for the Republican majority was passage of a voter ID bill. In theory, as was argued by the majority, the legislation was simply an effort to do away with voter fraud. As revealed in public hearings on the measure, numerous studies and investigations of voter fraud in Texas turned up an infinitesimal amount of fraud, most of which dealt with absentee ballots (which this bill did not address). There were no discernible instances of voter fraud through one person claiming to be someone that he or she was not. The Republican majority, however, pressed on with their high-priority legislation, even sacrificing more than 50 years of tradition in the Senate by ignoring the "two-thirds rule." Apparently, the Republican Party did little or no homework in support of the legislation. There is no research showing that such a measure would have an appreciable impact on voter fraud without discriminating against a significant number of voters in our state.
This week, the Republicans' lack of homework jumped up to bite them. The Department of Justice, under Section G of the Voting Rights Act, has found the policy enunciated by this legislation to discriminate against Hispanics in Texas and run contrary to the policies set out by the Voting Rights Act. The Department of Justice repeatedly asked Texas to document with evidence the assertion that the Voter ID Act would not adversely impact the ability of citizens to vote. Attorney General Abbott, who was leading the fight on the effort, failed after repeated requests to offer any evidence that the measure would not adversely impact voter participation in Texas.
Apparently, considerable inquiry has been made as to the facts since the passage of the legislation. It now appears there are about 177,000 Hispanic voters in Texas who do not have the type of ID required by the bill in order to exercise their right to vote. Rejection of the measure apparently means citizens of Texas will be able to vote without paying the price of obtaining a Texas driver's license or official ID card.
In my opinion, the Department of Justice has done the right thing in striking down this measure, which adversely affects citizens of Texas' right to participate in elections. The whole matter of forcing citizens to seek some sort of official paper documenting their citizenship is reminiscent of the pre-World War II era when citizens of various totalitarian states such as Germany and Italy were required to have government papers in order to traverse the byways of their country or to engage in day-to-day business. It seems to me the sponsors of this legislation simply yearn for what they remember as the "good ole days" when Texans were required to pay a poll tax in order to exercise their right to vote.
Carl Parker has practiced law in Port Arthur since 1958. He is a 1958 graduate of the University of Texas School of Law. Elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1962 and the Senate in 1976, Parker continued to practice law while writing and sponsoring hundreds of bills that became laws relating to every aspect of life in Texas, including many regarding consumer safety.


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Writing columns gives me an opportunity to express myself. I love the days when I can sit down, have a cup of coffee, maybe a bacon, chicken, ranch sandwich and let words flow on my laptop.
Writing columns gives me an opportunity to express myself. I love the days when I can sit down, have a cup of coffee, maybe a bacon, chicken, ranch sandwich and let words flow on my laptop.
Some of my work may be deemed silly or goofy, others might not agree with what I am spouting off, and some of my topics try to have a serious connotation.
The First Amendment is one one many reasons why America is so great.
I�m sitting at my apartment, my girlfriend left for work, watching continuous updates from ABC News on the Boston Marathon bombings.
It�s terrifying, especially after seeing the images from the Associated Press.
Going back to last week, when the bombs went off at the finish line, I was watching early coverage from the television at Froyo 101 in New Bern.
My initial reaction was immediate sorrow for the people in Boston. It was Patriots� Day � a day of celebration and patriotism.
My next thought was for the local residents who were running in the marathon.
Were they safe? What was going through their minds while Boston was under attack? Would they be able to return back to New Bern without any problems?
From my knowledge, there were four local residents competing in the Boston Marathon � Lucien Vaughn, Don Spingler, Karen Greene and Danielle Bisbee Ouano.
I rushed back home, it was my day off, but I wanted to help in some facet, just by making sure all were out of harm�s way.
I called the office of local developer Tarheel Associates to see if I could get a hold of Vaughn, who is the vice president of the company and also a board member of the Twin Rivers YMCA.
After not being able to get in contact with Vaughn, I remained in contact with our news editor, Sandy Wall, who was able to confirm that all were safe and accounted for.
That was a huge relief.
I�ve met Vaughn several times. His son Hudson is a wrestler and football player at New Bern High.
I�ve done stories on Vaughn and Spingler�s previous accomplishments at the Boston Marathon. This was not the first time they�ve run in the historic race.
Everyone in this nation was affected by this devastating tragedy in Boston, whether they were indirectly involved or not.
It was an attack on our country, an assault on one of our nation�s premiere cities and a battering on one of our country�s most prolific events.
Living in a military-heavy area, the patriotism around Eastern North Carolina is astonishing. Seeing people come to the aid of others during a senseless tragedy is simply breath-taking.
It makes me proud to be an American.
A mere two days after the incident, the Boston Bruins, a National Hockey League team, were the first Boston team to play a home game.
It was emotional to watch to say the least.
In a smaller scheme of things, the sports world was shaken with fear.
I heard one person say, �Maybe something like this could occur while I am at a sporting event.�
Acts of terrorism won�t deter me from attending sporting events.
Adam Thompson can be reached at 252-635-5669 or at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow Adam on Twitter @Adam_matic.


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text: The Phillippine Eagle is Disappearing. 27/05/2019 by derwombat 5 Photography by Joel Forte, Antipolo City, Philippines – Photographed at Davao City, Philippines If the irrevocable transition of one species from rarity to extinction causes a rent in the fabric of our planet, exactly how big a hole would be left by the loss of the Philippine eagle? No disrespect is meant to the basking malachite damselfly or the fine-lined pocketbook mussel, because all creatures—and plants too—help turn the infinitely complex cogs of the biosphere. But the loss of this glorious bird would steal some of the world's wonder. It glides through its sole habitat, the rain forests of the Philippines, powerful wings spread to seven feet, navigating the tangled canopy with unexpected precision. It is possible that no one has ever described this rare raptor, one of the world's largest, without using the word "magnificent." If there are those who did, then heaven heal their souls. In the kind of irony all too familiar to conservationists, however, the very evolutionary adaptations that made it magnificent have also made it one of the planet's most endangered birds of prey. There is no competition for prey from tigers, leopards, bears, or wolves in the Philippine archipelago, the eagle's only home, so it became, by default, the king of the rain forest. Expanding into an empty ecological niche, it grew to a length of three feet and a weight of up to 14 pounds. A nesting pair requires 25 to 50 square miles of forest to find enough prey—mammals such as flying lemurs and monkeys; snakes; and other birds—to feed themselves and the single young they produce every other year. "The birds had the islands all to themselves, and they grew big," says Filipino biologist Hector Miranda, who has studied the eagles extensively. "But it was a trade-off, because the forest that created them is almost gone. And when the forest disappears—well, they're at an evolutionary dead end." Read more at National Geographic. Share this:PocketEmailPrintMoreTweetLike this:Like Loading... Related


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* While we make all reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy of this information, we are not accountable for errors or omissions on these pages. Please validate the information provided with one of our representatives.
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Small Farms Program
Utah State University - Agriculture Publications
Factors to consider in a small scale agriculture enterprise
Recent population growth in Utah has resulted in fragmentation of farm land, and an increase in small acreage land parcels. Agricultural enterprises on these small-acreage land parcels can range from part-time hobby farms to full-time businesses. Options range from high-input high-value horticultural crops to minimally managed pasture. Determining the best crop or crops for your small-acreage farm involves considering a number of factors.


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The importance of life insurance cannot beexaggeratedd. Any breadwinner, or person that provides a significant amount of work in the home, needs to have life insurance. Purchasing a policy can be overwhelming, not only because of all the different options, but also because it is a sensitive subject. Read the following tips for advice on how to handle this important decision.
Wheselectingng a life insurance policy, it is important that you assess your and your family's financial needs.
Separate what you think you know from what the insurance salesman is telling you. You understand your place better than any salesperson, which means you know how much coverage you require.
Whebuyingng life insurance, you will want to weight the company you choose very carefully.
Since it is not likely that you will require to use their services for many years, you will want to make sure that they will be around when it's needed. A strong reputable company who has been in the business for a long time is the safest choice.
If you are between the ages of 20 to 50, term life insurance is the simplest and most effective type of insurance. Cash value insurance truly makes sense for those who are wealthy and over the age of 50. A cash value plan may be tempting, but it won't be as effective.
Once you have determined you need life insurance, next you need to figure out how much you need. There are several online calculators you can use, and some other formulas an insurance agent can help you with. If you want a ballpark figure quickly, take your salary and multiply it by 8. This will give you an estimate of how much life insurance you need.
By improving your health, you will be able to get lower premiums for your life insurance. Very often, healthier people are offered better deals by insurers because their life expectancy is higher.
When purchasing a life insurance policy, it is generally better to go to an independent broker rather than an insurance firm. Independent brokers genuinely offer you products wide in range, as opposed to a products that are specific to a firm. Life insurance policies are a commitment that should not be taken lightly, so consider your options before plunging into a contract.
It is important to make the right decision for your situation when purchasing life insurance. Since people have different needs, there are many different policies available. The tips in this article will help you decide what is best for you so you can make the right decision on your purchase of life insurance.


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Address: 1 Brickdam, Stabroek, Georgetown
Telephone Numbers: (592) 226-5164 or (592) 223-7355
To address the top four causes of premature death in Guyana: cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, ensuring a multi-sectoral, integrated approach is maintained. Learn More
Mission Statement
To promote, coordinate and implement technical activities and actions directed towards strengthening the national capacity to develop policies, plans, programs and services, thus contributing to the promotion of mental health, the reduction of the burden of the psychiatric diseases, prevention of disabilities, and the development of rehabilitation. Learn More
Mission Statement
To ensure that women, children and family members obtain maximum health care that is necessary for their growth and development. Learn More


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Read About STD Testing in Arlington TX
Reviewed By: Dr. Kurt Kloss, MD
Last Reviewed Date: Sep 05, 2019
Sexual Health Testing in Arlington TX
At Health Testing Centers we make sexual health testing in Arlington easy and convenient by allowing you to avoid the hassle and embarrassment of visiting your doctor. We provide direct access to the same CLIA approved labs in Arlington, TX and FDA approved tests that your doctor would utilize. Also the results are delivered directly to you and are not a part of your permanent medical record.
STD Statistics in Arlington
In general, the number of new STDs or infections every year grows into the 19 million range and most of these people are between the ages of 15 and 24 according to the CDC. It is therefore important to know the facts about STDs in Arlington, Texas. Chlamydia is skyrocketing in Arlington, as well as statewide and throughout the country. Because of their tendency to engage in riskier behaviors, young people are particularly vulnerable to contracting chlamydia. That does not mean, however, that older people are immune from STD's. In fact, rates of syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia are rising at two to three times the normal rate among seniors aged 50 and over. Though syphilis cases are not as common as other cases in Arlington, it is still possible to become infected with the disease. Syphilis causes potentially painful sores all over the body, resembling canker sores. Using the Center for Disease Control's 2016 STD Surveillance Report for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis and extrapolated using the latest 2011 US Census, it is estimated that 25.5 incidents of syphilis, 1867.1 cases of chlamydia and 554.7 cases of gonorrhea, would be attributed to Arlington in 2016.
Herpes is another disease that plagues the Arlington. The disease is present in two forms: HSV-1 and HSV-2. When there is an outbreak of HSV-2, it is usually in the form of blisters on the genitals.
STD Treatment and Counseling in Arlington
When ordering an STD package or individual test from Health Testing Centers that tests for chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, or HSV type 2, a physician consultation and treatment are included when there is a positive result. If you test positive for any of the 4 mentioned STD's, a telephone or video consultation will be provided at no additional cost by one of our third party physicians. The physician from PWN Health will contact you within 4 to 24 hours of receiving your test result. At the end of the consultation the physician may prescribe the necessary medication for treatment. It is up to the sole discretion of the physician to provide any medical treatment based on test results and any medical information they received during the consultation. Cost of the prescription is not included.
STD Lab Locations in Arlington, TX
Order STD laboratory blood tests in Arlington TX. All labs are FDA and CLIA approved. Same day testing. Search for your STD lab location using zip code: Visit our Lab Locator.
Quest Diagnostics
Arlington, TX 76015
Arlington, TX 76011
Arlington, TX 76014
Quest Diagnostics
Arlington, TX 76012
How It Works
Featured Tests and Packages
Lab Tests (A-Z)
Your Satisfaction is 100% Guaranteed
your doctor.
tests used by doctors and hospitals.
your results.
STD Testing Labs in Arlington, TX
Whether you're concerned about possible STD exposure or simply want a quick, convenient and confidential way to take control of your sexual health via routine STD screening, our STD testing centers near Arlington, TX can help. Our testing locations offer private, top-quality STD testing just like you would receive from your doctor's office without the added expense and inconvenience of an office visit just to have that doctor place the order for those tests.
Why is testing important?
Because STDs are more common than you may realize, with nearly 20 million new STD cases occurring every year, according to nationwide CDC estimates. Their affects can be quite serious. For instance, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, and gonorrhea, Chlamydia and syphilis can lead to infertility without treatment. These examples show just how important it is that these and other STDs do not go undetected for lack of a simple health test, easily done via STD testing centers near Arlington, TX.
When should you seek STD testing?
Clearly, if you know or suspect that a partner is affected by a sexually transmitted disease, looking into STD testing centers near Arlington, Texas is important to protecting your health, as is seeking immediate treatment should you receive positive results. However, STD testing is also essential for all sexually active individuals. That's because STDs don't always come with obvious symptoms. Some may produce no symptoms at all, while others may present mild ones that are easily mistaken for a cold or flu. For this reason, ensuring your sexual and overall health means getting regular screening tests for common STDs. Just how often you should schedule test days depends on your individual circumstances. If in doubt, consult a healthcare professional for an appropriate testing routine for your needs.


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Dannygrossi needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 57 designs submitted by 25 freelance designers.
DOCLAND is a game that we are currently developing that incorporates cartoons similar to the Farmville and CityVille concept on facebook.
Our target audience is vast and includes teenagers and adults. Everyone can play the game. It is fun and at more advanced levesl, requires knowledge and expertise in various fields.
I am looking for a logo to represent: DOCLAND. I have looked at various logos on the internet - and I do like the logos for Farmville and CityVille located on Facebook. As you can see, I am interested in a fun, cartoon type logo.
The files we will require are:
Print file format - .ai (CMYK)
Web file format - .jpg and layered .psd (RGB) and pdf.
Please do not use any stock images or clip art in the logo
The aforementioned will ultimately be utilized for a website and print advertisments. All rights will be given to me upon successful completion of the project.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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NaNoWriMo: Write-in
- Off the Beaten Path Bookstore, 68 Ninth St.
Bud Werner Memorial Library and Off the Beaten Path Bookstore present National Novel Writing Month...30 days & nights of literary abandon for all ages: November 1-30, 2013.
Write-in at Off the Beaten Path Bookstore. The bookstore is hosting Friday night write-ins for NaNoWriMo novelists during November, from 5-11 p.m.. NaNoWriMo novelists can join for camaraderie, encouragement and quiet writing time. Questions? Contact Mical at the Bookstore, 879-6830.
Write-in at the library every day! BWML is a comfortable, quiet and well-lit place to work on your novel all month long. Write at the spacious desks where there are ample plug-ins. Peer out the picture windows when you need inspiration. Use the free computers and WiFi to research important details for your plot. Get to know our referencee librarians when you need a hard-won fact.
What is NaNoWriMo?
A fun, seat-of-your-pants approach to novel writing. Participants begin writing November 1. The goal is to write a 175-page (50,000-word) novel by midnight, November 30. Interested novelists should visit the official NaNoWriMo web site to learn more about the national program.


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I first saw Larry Hagman in the flesh back in the '60s.
And he was an amazing sight to see.
I was staying in a friend's house, a few doors from Hagman's Malibu Colony beachfront home. It was July 4th.
Early in the afternoon on Independence Day, the famous star stepped onto the sand and began to lead a parade of pals playing tin whistles along the beach.
He was carrying a Viet Cong flag.
Hagman was violently opposed to America's unpopular involvement in Vietnam in a nation savagely divided by that marathon war. And although he was a big star, he had no hesitation in telling the world that he was opposed to the conflagration — and damn the consequences.
Hagman — immensely popular in heartland America — was an "eccentric."
Larry, who died this week at the age of 81, was a rebel all his life. His longtime friend and Dallas co-star Linda Gray called him "the Pied Piper of Life." He was a lifelong maverick who relentlessly stood up for his beliefs — even though he risked damaging his career.
That's the way he lived life. No compromises.
In the '60s, the son of a famous mother — Broadway star Mary Martin — was already a big star following the success of I Dream of Jeannie, in which he played an affable astronaut opposite Barbara Eden as the sexy genie.
A decade later, when Hagman became an even bigger star following his role as the Machiavellian Texas oil baron J.R. Ewing in the highly popular Dallas series (perfect casting for a guy who was born in Fort Worth, Texas), he already was a household name. Dallas was a worldwide smash and ran from l979 to l991.
Larry liked to do some interviews at his Malibu Colony beach house.
One year he sat in the patio hot tub, which overlooked the Pacific Ocean, and told me that he liked to get naked in the tub with his buddies. He explained: "That's the way Julius Caesar and those Roman leaders did it. Their philosophy was that when a man strips off all his clothes or togas then he gets rid of all his inhibitions. And naked, no man is able to conceal a weapon — or hide their true intentions."
He, of course, knew how to throw a party. He loved to drink and party and it cost him dearly. It destroyed his liver although he was able to get a liver transplant in 1995, which helped him live much longer. He became a nondrinker, although he developed cancer of the throat in his late 70s.
Flash-forward with me two decades to Ojai, the oasis community in Ventura County 90 miles from Hollywood. I had driven to Larry's magnificent mountaintop estate for lunch. He proudly showed me around the place and its energy-saving solar panels.
He called the place Heaven. It was a spectacular 25,000-square-foot aerie designed and built by Maj, his wife of almost 60 years.
Locals knew the estate well. Hagman generously donated his home for an assortment of fundraising musical events and charity auctions that were near and dear to his heart.
At that time Larry provided me with a marvelous al fresco lunch and chatted easily about his life — and his legend. It was one of the last extensive interviews he ever gave.
Wearing a crisp navy short-sleeved shirt, white slacks, blue clogs and a straw Panama hat, he proudly showed me the house and talked extensively about his charmed life.
"Ah, JR," he said, "He was wicked — but so much fun. I would have loved to hang out with him."
When I asked him if his gigantic earnings on his hit series enabled him to pour multimillions into Heaven, he explained:
"We lived in Malibu for 26 years. Then our old friends started dying off and it wasn't the same crowd anymore. Times were changing. People were tearing down $10 million houses and building new ones for 20 million. It was bizarre. I was at our friend Mary Crosby's house. It was perfect. So I told Maj, 'Find us a place like this.' "
Hagman continued to enjoy his iconic status fame until the very end — even doing a guest appearance in a 2012 Dallas show.
"All over the world people recognize me for 'Who shot J.R,' " he said, "Or they ask, 'Who killed you?' I think something got skewered in the translation."
Hagman worked ferociously to persuade people to donate their organs. It became one of his most passionate causes, particularly after his liver transplant.
At the end of our lunch I asked him what he considered the most important things in life:
He paused and pulled off his Panama hat: "My mother used to say there are only three things you have to do when you do a show. Hang up your clothes, know your lines and be reasonably sober. Well, I never hung up my clothes — stars don't have to do that. And I did one of the others. "
"But you must laugh at life because it's so short. Have a good time, try to make people happy. Don't worry. Feel good. Be Happy. As boring as it is, that's my motto."
Not long after that interview, Larry began treatment for the cancer that took his life.
Because of illness — and because of his wife's decline into Alzheimer's — he put the magnificent estate, which houses his career treasures along with the souvenirs and paintings of his famous mother Mary Martin, up for sale.
Hagman has now left his Heaven on earth. But I'm sure he hasn't stopped laughing.


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Csun Energy
CSUN is a leading manufacturer of solar cells and modules and closely affiliated with the renowned China Electric Equipment Group (CEEG), which has long established strategic partnerships with the KME group and DuPont. The CEEG group is one of the top two manufacturers of electrical transformers in China and also manufactures advanced composite materials used in the construction of aircraft and other transportations systems. CSUN has extensive experience in the photovoltaic industry and is known for outstanding innovation, efficiency and quality. Initially, CSUN was focused solely on cell manufacturing and supplied leading European solar module manufacturers with cells. Today, CSUN has added a solar module production capacity of 1.2 GW and has sold over 3.0 GW of modules.
We work tirelessly to improve the efficiency of our photovoltaic cells and modules as well as our system costs to provide our customers with world-class solar solutions and to ensure competitiveness of PV with conventional sources of electricity. With a 10-year product and a 25-year linear performance guarantee, backed by leading insurance companies, we are one of the industry leaders.


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Surname Maps for the OConnell Surname in Ireland
<< Back to Main Page
Census Surname Maps for the OConnell Surname
Farmer Maps
Rank Map
Religion Maps
Language Maps
Note that it is likely that some Ulster-Scots speakers reported that they only spoke Irish. Both censuses contained a question concerned with whether a person spoke Irish, English or both. No other languages were mentioned.
Comment / Enquiries
Please feel free to comment or place an enquiry of interest to people with the OConnell surname.


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This chapter introduces the basic threads programming routines from the POSIX threads library, libpthread(3T). This chapter covers default threads, or threads with default attribute values, which are the kind of threads that are most often used in multithreaded programming.
Chapter 3, Thread Create Attributes, explains how to create and use threads with nondefault attributes.
Attributes are specified only at thread creation time; they cannot be altered when the thread is being used.
The POSIX (libpthread) routines introduced here have programming interfaces that are similar to the original (libthread) Solaris multithreading library.
The following brief roadmap directs you to the discussion of a particular task and its associated man page.
When an attribute object is not specified, it is NULL, and the default thread is created with the following attributes:
With a default stack and stack size
With the parent's priority
You can also create a default attribute object with pthread_attr_init(), and then use this attribute object to create a default thread. See the section "Initialize Attributes" for details.
Use pthread_create(3THR) to add a new thread of control to the current process.
Prototype: int pthread_create(pthread_t *tid, const pthread_attr_t *tattr, void*(*start_routine)(void *), void *arg);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_attr_t ()tattr; pthread_t tid; extern void *start_routine(void *arg); void *arg; int ret; /* default behavior*/ ret = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, start_routine, arg); /* initialized with default attributes */ ret = pthread_attr_init(&tattr); /* default behavior specified*/ ret = pthread_create(&tid, &tattr, start_routine, arg);
The pthread_create() function is called with attr having the necessary state behavior. start_routine is the function with which the new thread begins execution. When start_routine returns, the thread exits with the exit status set to the value returned by start_routine (see "pthread_create(3THR)").
When pthread_create() is successful, the ID of the thread created is stored in the location referred to as tid.
Creating a thread using a NULL attribute argument has the same effect as using a default attribute; both create a default thread. When tattr is initialized, it acquires the default behavior.
pthread_create() returns a zero and exits when it completes successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When any of the following conditions are detected, pthread_create() fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_join(3THR) to wait for a thread to terminate.
Prototype: int pthread_join(thread_t tid, void **status);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_t tid; int ret; int status; /* waiting to join thread "tid" with status */ ret = pthread_join(tid, &status); /* waiting to join thread "tid" without status */ ret = pthread_join(tid, NULL);
The pthread_join() function blocks the calling thread until the specified thread terminates.
The specified thread must be in the current process and must not be detached. For information on thread detachment, see "Set Detach State".
When status is not NULL, it points to a location that is set to the exit status of the terminated thread when pthread_join() returns successfully.
Multiple threads cannot wait for the same thread to terminate. If they try to, one thread returns successfully and the others fail with an error of ESRCH.
After pthread_join() returns, any stack storage associated with the thread can be reclaimed by the application.
Returns a zero when it completes successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When any of the following conditions are detected, pthread_join() fails and returns the corresponding value.
The pthread_join() routine takes two arguments, giving you some flexibility in its use. When you want the caller to wait until a specific thread terminates, supply that thread's ID as the first argument.
If you are interested in the exit code of the defunct thread, supply the address of an area to receive it.
Remember that pthread_join() works only for target threads that are nondetached. When there is no reason to synchronize with the termination of a particular thread, then that thread should be detached.
Think of a detached thread as being the thread you use in most instances and reserve nondetached threads for only those situations that require them.
In Example 2-1, one thread executes the procedure at the top, creating a helper thread that executes the procedure fetch(), which involves a complicated database lookup and might take some time.
The main thread wants the results of the lookup but has other work to do in the meantime. So it does those other things and then waits for its helper to complete its job by executing pthread_join().
An argument, pbe, to the new thread is passed as a stack parameter. This can be done here because the main thread waits for the spun-off thread to terminate. In general, though, it is better to use malloc(3C) to allocate storage from the heap instead of passing an address to thread stack storage, because this address might disappear or be reassigned if the thread terminated.
void mainline (...) { struct phonebookentry *pbe; pthread_attr_t tattr; pthread_t helper; int status; pthread_create(&helper, NULL, fetch, &pbe); /* do something else for a while */ pthread_join(helper, &status); /* it's now safe to use result */ } void fetch(struct phonebookentry *arg) { struct phonebookentry *npbe; /* fetch value from a database */ npbe = search (prog_name) if (npbe != NULL) *arg = *npbe; pthread_exit(0); } struct phonebookentry { char name[64]; char phonenumber[32]; char flags[16]; }
pthread_detach(3THR) is an alternative to pthread_join(3THR) to reclaim storage for a thread that is created with a detachstate attribute set to PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE.
Prototype: int pthread_detach(thread_t tid);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_t tid; int ret; /* detach thread tid */ ret = pthread_detach(tid);
The pthread_detach() function is used to indicate to the implementation that storage for the thread tid can be reclaimed when the thread terminates. If tid has not terminated, pthread_detach() does not cause it to terminate. The effect of multiple pthread_detach() calls on the same target thread is unspecified.
pthread_detach() returns a zero when it completes successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When any of the following conditions is detected, pthread_detach() fails and returns the corresponding value.
Single-threaded C programs have two basic classes of data--local data and global data. For multithreaded C programs a third class is added--thread-specific data (TSD). This is very much like global data, except that it is private to a thread.
Thread-specific data is maintained on a per-thread basis. TSD is the only way to define and refer to data that is private to a thread. Each thread-specific data item is associated with a key that is global to all threads in the process. Using the key, a thread can access a pointer (void *) that is maintained per-thread.
Use pthread_key_create(3THR) to allocate a key that is used to identify thread-specific data in a process. The key is global to all threads in the process, and all threads initially have the value NULL associated with the key when it is created.
Call pthread_key_create() is once for each key before using the key. There is no implicit synchronization.
Once a key has been created, each thread can bind a value to the key. The values are specific to the thread and are maintained for each thread independently. The per-thread binding is deallocated when a thread terminates if the key was created with a destructor function.
Prototype: int pthread_key_create(pthread_key_t *key, void (*destructor) (void *));
#include <pthread.h> pthread_key_t key; int ret; /* key create without destructor */ ret = pthread_key_create(&key, NULL); /* key create with destructor */ ret = pthread_key_create(&key, destructor);
When pthread_key_create() returns successfully, the allocated key is stored in the location pointed to by key. The caller must ensure that the storage and access to this key are properly synchronized.
An optional destructor function, destructor, can be used to free stale storage. When a key has a non-NULL destructor function and the thread has a non-NULL value associated with that key, the destructor function is called with the current associated value when the thread exits. The order in which the destructor functions are called is unspecified.
Returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When any of the following conditions occur, pthread_keycreate() fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_key_delete(3THR) to destroy an existing thread-specific data key. Any memory associated with the key can be freed because the key has been invalidated and will return an error if ever referenced. There is no comparable function in Solaris threads.
Prototype: int pthread_key_delete(pthread_key_t key);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_key_t key; int ret; /* key previously created */ ret = pthread_key_delete(key);
Once a key has been deleted, any reference to it with the pthread_setspecific() or pthread_getspecific() call results in the EINVAL error.
It is the responsibility of the programmer to free any thread-specific resources before calling the delete function. This function does not invoke any of the destructors.
Returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When the following condition occurs, pthread_key_create() fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_setspecific(3THR) to set the thread-specific binding to the specified thread-specific data key.
Prototype: int pthread_setspecific(pthread_key_t key, const void *value);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_key_t key; void *value; int ret; /* key previously created */ ret = pthread_setspecific(key, value);
pthread_setspecific() returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When any of the following conditions occur, pthread_setspecific() fails and returns the corresponding value.
pthread_setspecific() does not free its storage. If a new binding is set, the existing binding must be freed; otherwise, a memory leak can occur..
Use pthread_getspecific(3THR) to get the calling thread's binding for key, and store it in the location pointed to by value.
Prototype: int pthread_getspecific(pthread_key_t key);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_key_t key; void *value; /* key previously created */ value = pthread_getspecific(key);
No errors are returned.
Example 2-2 shows an excerpt from a multithreaded program. This code is executed by any number of threads, but it has references to two global variables, errno and mywindow, that really should be references to items private to each thread.
body() { ... while (write(fd, buffer, size) == -1) { if (errno != EINTR) { fprintf(mywindow, "%s\n", strerror(errno)); exit(1); } } ... }
References to errno should get the system error code from the routine called by this thread, not by some other thread. So, references to errno by one thread refer to a different storage location than references to errno by other threads.
The mywindow variable is intended to refer to a stdio stream connected to a window that is private to the referring thread. So, as with errno, references to mywindow by one thread should refer to a different storage location (and, ultimately, a different window) than references to mywindow by other threads. The only difference here is that the threads library takes care of errno, but the programmer must somehow make this work for mywindow.
The next example shows how the references to mywindow work. The preprocessor converts references to mywindow into invocations of the _mywindow() procedure.
This routine in turn invokes pthread_getspecific(), passing it the mywindow_key global variable (it really is a global variable) and an output parameter, win, that receives the identity of this thread's window.
thread_key_t mywin_key; FILE *_mywindow(void) { FILE *win; pthread_getspecific(mywin_key, &win); return(win); } #define mywindow _mywindow() void routine_uses_win( FILE *win) { ... } void thread_start(...) { ... make_mywin(); ... routine_uses_win( mywindow ) ... }
The mywin_key variable identifies a class of variables for which each thread has its own private copy; that is, these variables are thread-specific data. Each thread calls make_mywin() to initialize its window and to arrange for its instance of mywindow to refer to it.
Once this routine is called, the thread can safely refer to mywindow and, after _mywindow(), the thread gets the reference to its private window. So, references to mywindow behave as if they were direct references to data private to the thread.
Example 2-4 shows how to set this up.
void make_mywindow(void) { FILE **win; static pthread_once_t mykeycreated = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT; pthread_once(&mykeycreated, mykeycreate); win = malloc(sizeof(*win)); create_window(win, ...); pthread_setspecific(mywindow_key, win); } void mykeycreate(void) { pthread_keycreate(&mywindow_key, free_key); } void free_key(void *win) { free(win); }
First, get a unique value for the key, mywin_key. This key is used to identify the thread-specific class of data. So, the first thread to call make_mywin() eventually calls pthread_keycreate(), which assigns to its first argument a unique key. The second argument is a destructor function that is used to deallocate a thread's instance of this thread-specific data item once the thread terminates.
The next step is to allocate the storage for the caller's instance of this thread-specific data item. Having allocated the storage, a call is made to the create_window() routine, which sets up a window for the thread and sets the storage pointed to by win to refer to it. Finally, a call is made to pthread_setspecific(), which associates the value contained in win (that is, the location of the storage containing the reference to the window) with the key.
After this, whenever this thread calls pthread_getspecific(), passing the global key, it gets the value that was associated with this key by this thread when it called pthread_setspecific().
When a thread terminates, calls are made to the destructor functions that were set up in pthread_key_create(). Each destructor function is called only if the terminating thread established a value for the key by calling pthread_setspecific().
Use pthread_self(3THR) to get the thread identifier of the calling thread.
Prototype: pthread_t pthread_self(void);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_t tid; tid = pthread_self();
Returns the thread identifier of the calling thread.
Use pthread_equal(3THR) to compare the thread identification numbers of two threads.
Prototype: int pthread_equal(pthread_t tid1, pthread_t tid2);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_t tid1, tid2; int ret; ret = pthread_equal(tid1, tid2);
Returns a nonzero value when tid1 and tid2 are equal; otherwise, zero is returned. When either tid1 or tid2 is an invalid thread identification number, the result is unpredictable.
Use pthread_once(3THR) to call an initialization routine the first time pthread_once(3T) is called. Subsequent calls to pthread_once() have no effect.
Prototype: int pthread_once(pthread_once_t *once_control, void (*init_routine)(void));
#include <pthread.h> pthread_once_t once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT; int ret; ret = pthread_once(&once_control, init_routine);
The once_control parameter determines whether the associated initialization routine has been called.
pthread_once() returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When the following condition occurs, pthread_once() fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use sched_yield(3RT) to cause the current thread to yield its execution in favor of another thread with the same or greater priority.
Prototype: int sched_yield(void);
#include <sched.h> int ret; ret = sched_yield();
Returns zero after completing successfully. Otherwise -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error condition.
Use pthread_setschedparam(3THR) to modify the priority of an existing thread. This function has no effect on scheduling policy.
Prototype: int pthread_setschedparam(pthread_t tid, int policy, const struct sched_param *param);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_t tid; int ret; struct sched_param param; int priority; /* sched_priority will be the priority of the thread */ sched_param.sched_priority = priority; /* only supported policy, others will result in ENOTSUP */ policy = SCHED_OTHER; /* scheduling parameters of target thread */ ret = pthread_setschedparam(tid, policy, ¶m);
pthread_setschedparam() returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When either of the following conditions occurs, the pthread_setschedparam() function fails and returns the corresponding value.
pthread_getschedparam(3THR) gets the priority of the existing thread.
Prototype: int pthread_getschedparam(pthread_t tid, int policy, struct schedparam *param);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_t tid; sched_param param; int priority; int policy; int ret; /* scheduling parameters of target thread */ ret = pthread_getschedparam (tid, &policy, ¶m); /* sched_priority contains the priority of the thread */ priority = param.sched_priority;
pthread_getschedparam() returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When the following condition occurs, the function fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_kill(3THR) to send a signal to a thread.
Prototype: int pthread_kill(thread_t tid, int sig);
#include <pthread.h> #include <signal.h> int sig; pthread_t tid; int ret; ret = pthread_kill(tid, sig);
pthread_kill() sends the signal sig to the thread specified by tid. tid must be a thread within the same process as the calling thread. The sig argument must be from the list given in signal(5).
When sig is zero, error checking is performed but no signal is actually sent. This can be used to check the validity of tid.
Returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When either of the following conditions occurs, pthread_kill() fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_sigmask(3THR) to change or examine the signal mask of the calling thread.
Prototype: int pthread_sigmask(int how, const sigset_t *new, sigset_t *old);
#include <pthread.h> #include <signal.h> int ret; sigset_t old, new; ret = pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &new, &old); /* set new mask */ ret = pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &new, &old); /* blocking mask */ ret = pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &new, &old); /* unblocking */
how determines how the signal set is changed. It can have one of the following values:
SIG_UNBLOCK--Delete new from the current signal mask, where new indicates the set of signals to unblock.
When the value of new is NULL, the value of how is not significant and the signal mask of the thread is unchanged. So, to inquire about currently blocked signals, assign a NULL value to the new argument.
The old variable points to the space where the previous signal mask is stored, unless it is NULL.
Returns a zero when it completes successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When the following condition occurs, pthread_sigmask() fails and returns the corresponding value.
See the discussion about pthread_atfork(3THR) in "The Solution--pthread_atfork(3T)".
Prototype: int pthread_atfork(void (*prepare) (void), void (*parent) (void), void (*child) (void) );
Use pthread_exit(3THR) to terminate a thread.
Prototype: void pthread_exit(void *status);
#include <pthread.h> int status; pthread_exit(&status); /* exit with status */
The pthread_exit() function terminates the calling thread. All thread-specific data bindings are released. If the calling thread is not detached, then the thread's ID and the exit status specified by status are retained until the thread is waited for (blocked). Otherwise, status is ignored and the thread's ID can be reclaimed immediately. For information on thread detachment, see "Set Detach State".
The calling thread terminates with its exit status set to the contents of status if status is not NULL.
A thread can terminate its execution in the following ways:
By returning from its first (outermost) procedure, the threads start routine; see pthread_create(3T)
By termination with POSIX cancel functions; see pthread_cancel()
The default behavior of a thread is to linger until some other thread has acknowledged its demise by "joining" with it. This is the same as the default pthread_create() attribute being non-detached; see pthread_detach(3T). The result of the join is that the joining thread picks up the exit status of the dying thread and the dying thread vanishes.
An important special case arises when the initial thread -- the one calling main(),-- returns from calling main() or calls exit(3C). This action causes the entire process to be terminated, along with all its threads. So take care to ensure that the initial thread does not return from main() prematurely.
Note that when the main thread merely calls pthread_exit(3T), it terminates only itself--the other threads in the process, as well as the process, continue to exist. (The process terminates when all threads terminate.)
The POSIX threads library introduces the ability to cancel threads to threads programming. Cancellation allows a thread to terminate the execution of any other thread, or all threads, in the process. Cancellation is an option when all further operations of a related set of threads are undesirable or unnecessary. A good method is to cancel all threads, restore the process to a consistent state, and then return to the point of origin.
One example of thread cancellation is an asynchronously generated cancel condition, such as, when a user requesting to close or exit some running application. Another example is the completion of a task undertaken by a number of threads. One of the threads might ultimately complete the task while the others continue to operate. Since they are serving no purpose at that point, they all should be cancelled.
There are dangers in performing cancellations. Most deal with properly restoring invariants and freeing shared resources. A thread that is cancelled without care might leave a mutex in a locked state, leading to a deadlock. Or it might leave a region of memory allocated with no way to identify it and therefore no way to free it.
The pthreads library specifies a cancellation interface that permits or forbids cancellation programmatically. The library defines the set of points at which cancellation can occur (cancellation points). It also allows the scope of cancellation handlers, which provide clean up services, to be defined so that they are sure to operate when and where intended.
Placement of cancellation points and the effects of cancellation handlers must be based on an understanding of the application. A mutex is explicitly not a cancellation point and should be held only the minimal essential time.
Limit regions of asynchronous cancellation to sequences with no external dependencies that could result in dangling resources or unresolved state conditions. Take care to restore cancellation state when returning from some alternate, nested cancellation state. The interface provides features to facilitate restoration: pthread_setcancelstate(3T) preserves the current cancel state in a referenced variable; pthread_setcanceltype(3T) preserves the current cancel type in the same way.
Cancellations can occur under three different circumstances:
At various points in the execution sequence as defined by the standard
At discrete points specified by the application
By default, cancellation can occur only at well-defined points as defined by the POSIX standard.
In all cases, take care that resources and state are restored to a condition consistent with the point of origin.
Be careful to cancel a thread only when cancellation is safe. The pthreads standard specifies several cancellation points, including:
Programmatically establish a thread cancellation point through a pthread_testcancel(3T) call.
Threads waiting for the occurrence of a particular condition in pthread_cond_wait(3T) or pthread_cond_timedwait(3T).
Threads waiting for termination of another thread in pthread_join(3T).
Threads blocked on sigwait(2).
Some standard library calls. In general, these are functions in which threads can block; see the man page cancellation(3T) for a list.
Cancellation is enabled by default. At times you might want an application to disable cancellation. This has the result of deferring all cancellation requests until they are enabled again.
See "pthread_setcancelstate(3THR)" for information about disabling cancellation.
Use pthread_cancel(3THR) to cancel a thread.
Prototype: int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_t thread; int ret; ret = pthread_cancel(thread);
How the cancellation request is treated depends on the state of the target thread. Two functions, pthread_setcancelstate(3T) and pthread_setcanceltype(3T), determine that state.
pthread_cancel() returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When the following condition occurs, the function fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_setcancelstate(3THR) to enable or disable thread cancellation. When a thread is created, thread cancellation is enabled by default.
Prototype: int pthread_setcancelstate(int state, int *oldstate);
#include <pthread.h> int oldstate; int ret; /* enabled */ ret = pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE, &oldstate); /* disabled */ ret = pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, &oldstate);
pthread_setcancelstate() returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When the following condition occurs, the pthread_setcancelstate() function fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_setcanceltype(3THR) to set the cancellation type to either deferred or asynchronous mode. When a thread is created, the cancellation type is set to deferred mode by default. In deferred mode, the thread can be cancelled only at cancellation points. In asynchronous mode, a thread can be cancelled at any point during its execution. Using asynchronous mode is discouraged.
Prototype: int pthread_setcanceltype(int type, int *oldtype);
#include <pthread.h> int oldtype; int ret; /* deferred mode */ ret = pthread_setcanceltype(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED, &oldtype); /* async mode*/ ret = pthread_setcanceltype(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, &oldtype);
pthread_setcanceltype() returns zero after completing successfully. Any other returned value indicates that an error occurred. When the following condition occurs, the function fails and returns the corresponding value.
Use pthread_testcancel(3THR) to establish a cancellation point for a thread.
Prototype: void pthread_testcancel(void);
#include <pthread.h> pthread_testcancel();
The pthread_testcancel() function is effective when thread cancellation is enabled and in deferred mode. Calling this function while cancellation is disabled has no effect.
Be careful to insert pthread_testcancel() only in sequences where it is safe to cancel a thread. In addition to programmatically establishing cancellation points through the pthread_testcancel() call, the pthreads standard specifies several cancellation points. See "Cancellation Points" for more details.
There is no return value.
Use cleanup handlers to restore conditions to a state consistent with that at the point of origin, such as cleaning up allocated resources and restoring invariants. Use the pthread_cleanup_push(3T) and pthread_cleanup_pop(3T) functions to manage the handlers.
Cleanup handlers are pushed and popped in the same lexical scope of a program. They should always match; otherwise compiler errors will be generated.
Use pthread_cleanup_push(3THR) to push a cleanup handler onto a cleanup stack (LIFO).
Prototype: void pthread_cleanup_push(void(*routine)(void *), void *args);
#include <pthread.h> /* push the handler "routine" on cleanup stack */ pthread_cleanup_push (routine, arg);
Use pthread_cleanup_pop(3THR) to pull the cleanup handler off the cleanup stack.
A nonzero argument in the pop function removes the handler from the stack and executes it. An argument of zero pops the handler without executing it.
pthread_cleanup_pop() is effectively called with a nonzero argument if a thread either explicitly or implicitly calls pthread_exit(3T) or if the thread accepts a cancel request.
Prototype: void pthread_cleanup_pop(int execute);
#include <pthread.h> /* pop the "func" out of cleanup stack and execute "func" */ pthread_cleanup_pop (1); /* pop the "func" and DONT execute "func" */ pthread_cleanup_pop (0);
There are no return values.


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I have a Touchstream LP that functioned perfectly until one day when it didn't work at all. I believe it is the usb cable's fault, as i have short circuited several PC's when connecting the touchstream. I am willing to try and change the cable, or anything similar, to re-animate my device.
Any tips, inputs or help would be most welcome.


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Translation Disclaimer
Information for Berkeley Health Care Providers
Providers are encouraged to visit the links below to learn about City of Berkeley resources as well as current health alerts and other information that may be helpful to providers and their clients.
Access to Health Care & Social Services
2-1-1 Information and Referral Phone Line helps people find affordable housing and critical social services in Berkeley and in Alameda County.
Affordable Care Act (ACA) also known as Health Care Reform or Obamacare, means more people will have access to affordable health insurance. In addition, all new health plans are being required to provide preventive services like mammograms and immunizations without charging a deductible, co-pay or coinsurance.
Child Health & Disability Prevention Program (CHDP) is a health promotion and disease prevention program serving income-eligible children. Free periodic health assessments are available to low-income children through the CHDP Program. Assistance getting treatment services and low-cost insurance for infants, children, and youth is also available.
El Centro provides free assistance with Medi-Cal/Healthy Families applications, and referral services to all, including the Spanish speaking community of Berkeley.
Ann Chandler Public Health Center provides comprehensive reproductive health care, family planning services, immunizations, tuberculosis skin testing, health education, and referrals to thousands of diverse community members each year. Many of the services are subsidized.
Berkeley High School Health Center offers free and confidential medical, health education, and mental health services to all students at Berkeley High School, students of Independent Studies, and Berkeley Technology Academy.Birth & Death CertificatesThe City of Berkeley Office of Vital Statistics has maintained documentation of births and deaths that occurred within Berkeley City limits since 1895. If a birth or death occurred outside Berkeley, contact the county, state, or country in which the event occurred to request the record.
Communicable Disease Reporting
The Communicable Disease Control Program works in partnership with the medical and neighborhood communities to control and prevent the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases through prevention, surveillance and outbreak control.
Meaningful Use RequirementsMeaningful Use Requirements refer to the Meaningful Use provisions of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act were enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Under this Act, Eligible Hospitals (EH), Critical Access Hospitals (CAH), and Eligible Professionals (EP) that provide clinical services to Medicare and Medicaid patients and commence transmission of electronic health data are eligible to receive Meaninful Use financial incentives from the Centes of Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Medical Service Providers in Berkeley
The Medical Service Providers in Berkeley directory was compiled in 2012, and contains contact information for community medical service providers in Berkeley and the surrounding communities.
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A - Z Public Health Services provides information about family planning services, services for children and youth, information about where and when to get immunizations, to services for adults and seniors, domestic violence education and prevention, lead poisoning prevention, and many more, this alphabetic listing will help to easily find the information you are looking for.
Public Health Alerts and AdvisoriesCity of Berkeley Public Health Division
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California Department of Public Health VolunteeringIf you are a health care provider, you can register to be a disaster volunteer or volunteer for public health preparedness exercises. For more information about our Public Health volunteer / intern program, please contact: email@example.com
City of Berkeley Public Health Division1947 Center Street, 2nd FloorBerkeley, CA 94704(510) 981-5300 (Phone)(510) 981-5395 (Fax)(510) 981-6903 (TDD)email@example.com
Other Public Health Division Sites
Other Public Health Division Sites


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Lawyer ads are pretty useless to the consumer. You can't tell whether a lawyer would be right for you just based on the ads. Watch the video below to learn the questions that will give you an objective basis for selecting the personal injury attorney that is right for you.
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Adrienne Mayor is a research scholar in classics and the history of science at Stanford University. Her work searches for precursors to modern science in mythologies and folk traditions of peoples around the world. Mayor's previous books include The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times (2000) and Fossil Legends of the First Americans (2007), which examine pre-Darwinian cultural awareness of prehistoric life in antiquity and Native America, linking legends of monsters to the discovery of fossils. Her biography The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy was a finalist for 2009 National Book Award in Nonfiction and won the 2010 Gold Medal in Biography at the Independent Publisher Book Awards.
Mayor's upcoming book, The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World, explores the familiar Greek myth of warrior women from a global perspective. Citing stories from China, India, Egypt, Persia, and Central Asia, as well as new archaeological discoveries, Mayor unearths the roots of Amazon legends and reveals some surprising insights on gender in the ancient world.
Now, on to the questions!
What would you have been if not an historian?
If I had not become so obsessed with uncovering germs of historical and scientific realities in ancient mythology and legends, I would still be a full-time freelance copyeditor for about a dozen trade publishers and university presses (including Princeton University Press). That was my career until I published my first book (The First Fossil Hunters for PUP, 2000). Before I began concentrating on writing, in my free time I was an artist, making and selling etchings illustrating stories based on my readings in classical literature.
"I find writing a book a slow, intricate process, a kind of obstacle course punctuated with great rewards."
What was the most influential book you've read?
Two influential books: The Histories of Herodotus, the world's first "anthropologist," an insatiably curious Greek historian who reported on barbarian cultures based on his research, travels, and interviews in the fifth century BC. I was also influenced by Mott T. Greene's Natural Knowledge in Preclassical Antiquity (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
Describe your writing process. How long did it take you to finish your book? Where do you write?
I had been gathering material about ancient women warriors for decades. But I began the serious research for The Amazons in 2009 and started the actual writing in 2012. I find writing a book a slow, intricate process, a kind of obstacle course punctuated with great rewards. But research is always thrilling and I tend to incorporate newfound material up to the very last minute. I write in two very different places: my desk in Palo Alto, California is piled high with myriad jumbled books and papers whose stratigraphy is a challenge. Summers in Bozeman, Montana, I write in a spare space, surrounded by interesting rocks and fossils instead of books, on an old oak table with nothing but my laptop.
What was the most interesting thing you learned from writing this book?
Thanks to modern DNA testing, we now know that a significant number of battle-scarred skeletons buried with weapons in ancient steppe nomad graves belonged to women, the real-life models for Greek myths about Amazons. So Amazons were not just a figment of the Greek imagination, brought to life in exciting myths only to be killed off by Greek heroes. But even more surprising, it turns out that the Greeks were not the only people of antiquity to spin tales about heroic warrior women. And the non-Greek stories of warlike women differ radically from the dark mythic script demanding death for all Amazons. Instead, legendary heroes of Persia, Egypt, and Asia were so impressed with the valor of their female foes that they desired the women as companions in love and war. We are used to thinking of Amazon myths in terms of violence against uppity women, but the ancient evidence also reveals a vision of gender equality.
How did you come up with the title and jacket?
My working title was "Amazons in Love and War" because there are as many romances as battle stories about warrior women. The final title embraces both mythology and history and conveys the geographic scope of the book far beyond the ancient Mediterranean world. I wanted to find a unique picture for the cover, something arresting and unexpected, a departure from the standard classical Greek vase or Roman statue. I was struck by the strong image and narrative quality of a postage stamp issued by the Kyrgyz Republic. It shows the horsewoman-archer Saikal, heroine of the most famous Central Asian epic poem Manas. The black and white illustration is by Teodor Gercen, a German artist who worked in Kyrgyzstan.
What are you reading right now?
I am enjoying a well-researched adventure novel translated from Danish, The Lost Sisterhood (Random House, 2014) by Anne Fortier (Ph.D. Aarhus University, History of Ideas). The story follows an Oxford professor on a quest in North Africa and Troy to discover a legendary "Amazon treasure," following clues left by her eccentric grandmother who claimed an Amazon queen as her ancestor.
Adrienne Mayor is the author of:
|The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World by Adrienne Mayor
Hardcover | September 2014 | $29.95 / £19.95 | ISBN: 9780691147208
536 pp. | 6 x 9 | 10 maps | Reviews


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Dazzling faceted Blue Topaz gemstones are set in a Gold setting inspired by water drops.
Delicately suspended from french clips, these dainty and elegant earrings are an ideal option for everyday.
Stone size is 10mm in diameter
Earrings hang 3/4" long
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Returns will be accepted for exchange, anzie.com credit or refund for up to 14 business days from the date of receipt. If an item is returned after 14 days but prior to 30 business days, only an exchange or merchandise credit will be granted. Shipping and duty charges will not be credited upon return of merchandise. *Exceptions may apply. View Terms & Conditions for full details.
Enjoy free standard shipping & returns on orders of $100 or more before taxes. Returns are accepted within 14 days of receipt (exclusions may apply). For more details, please refer to our return policy.


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How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
Many schools and businesses use a firewall to block access to YouTube, making it difficult (but not impossible) to access
If your school or office firewall blocks access to YouTube you may be able to use a proxy service to get get around the firewalls and access any website you want.
The easy way: Try Firefox to get around the firewall
"Firefox has built-in proxy connection settings"
Firefox is not affected by many network restrictions that system administrators may automatically apply to Internet Explorer every time you use it. More importantly, Firefox has built-in proxy-connection settings, which when used with settings that you can get from an anonymous web surfing or anonymizer service, can allow you to get to virtually any website you want even if it is blocked by a firewall. Firefox has several other features such as Google-integration for faster searches, automatic pop-up blockers and more. Firefox is free.
Get to You-Tube from work or school, even through a firewall by using an Anonymizer or Private web surfing site
For years internet privacy experts have been using anonymizers, Proxies, private web-surfing services and other identity hiding software or services to get to websites privately.
These anonymizers and Anonymous web surfing services are usually used to hide your tracks while surfing the internet, making it impossible for anyone to trace what web-pages you have visited - but you can also use anonymizers and proxies to access YouTube and other websites at school or work that are blocked by a firewall. These anonymous web surfing services when used together with Firefox will usually let you get around any firewall. Most web-proxy services or anonymizers are not free, but many do offer partial service for free or a free trial period, which might work for you depending on what type of firewall your school uses. You may have to try a few different internet anonymous web surfing services or proxies to see which one works best with the firewall that your school or office has. Most of these services do not require you to install any software on the computer you're using at. You simply log into their website from work or school, then use the service to get to YouTube.com or whatever websites your school or business firewall is blocking. You can use these services with or without Firefox.
How an anonymizer gets around a firewall
An anonymizer or Private web-surfing service gets around your school's firewall by setting up a connection between your computer and the anonymizer service or proxy, so the firewall only sees the connection from you to them. The anonymizer's computers then connect to YouTube.com (or Hotmail, Myspace, etc) with their internet connection and send the data back to you. To the school's firewall it looks like your computer is connecting to the proxy's web address and not Youtube.com.
Some schools block proxys and anonymous web surfing sites, especially the free ones, so you may have to try a few to find one that works
The I.T. guys at your school or in your company's I.T. Department might be smart enough to configure their firewall to block the common proxys and private web-surfing websites and services right along with blocking YouTube.com. Lucky for you, there are LOTS of different internet-proxy and anonymizer services to choose from! You may have to experiment with different proxies until you find one that works with the firewall settings at your school or in your office at work.
There are no guarantees when they block YouTube.com
You might only have to try one or two different anonyimizers or web-proxy services before you can connect to YouTube.com from school. You might also try 50 and never find one that works if your school's firewall is really good. The only way to find it is to try. WARNING: The use of web-proxies or anonymizers to bypass firewalls might be against the rules at your school or place of employment. If using proxies is against the rules, use them at your own risk or don't use them at all!
Mon, 02/20/2012 - 8:28pm
Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
none of your da...
Tue, 02/28/2012 - 8:22am
Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
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Thu, 05/24/2012 - 10:07pm
Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
Fri, 03/02/2012 - 11:13am
Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
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Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
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Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
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Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
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Tue, 05/15/2012 - 9:41am
Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
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Re: How To Get YouTube When It's Blocked
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Wed, 05/30/2012 - 8:33pm


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Harrogate Nursery Fair starts tomorrow, and weather-wise it looks set to be a wild one! It will have been an interesting set-up day today in the gale force winds we have experienced.
Harrogate International Nursery Fair fills 6 halls of the Conference Centre, and this year will feature more than 180 exhibitors. Chiggs doesn't have an exhibition stand this year, but if you would like any trade information, and a wholesale price for Chiggs Wheels, we have a trade enquiry form on the Chiggs website, or you can email us email@example.com and we will be delighted to send details of our patented new baby cards and medicine timers!
Always popular is the free drinks reception straight after the show on Monday! A good chance for a catch-up, chat and networking for both exhibitors and visitors, the After Show Drinks Reception (sponsored by Progressive Preschool magazine) will take place in the beautiful Royal Hall from 6pm until 8pm. I know the free drinks will be the big draw, but it really will be worth attending to take in the splendour of the Royal Hall!
There is also a programme of seminars this year. Topics are:-
Are parents fitting child car seats correctly?
Will parents spend more in 2015?
Grandparents – are they your target customer?
Savvy social media & digital marketing for nursery stores
The online journey to becoming a Mum.
Latest requirements affecting the nursery industry.
Seminars are free to attend, and are in Hall H.
Harrogate International Nursery Fair runs from 29th to the 31st of March 2015 at Harrogate International Centre on King's Road. Don't forget, the clocks go forward one hour early on Sunday morning, so we lose an hour – don't be late for the first day of the show!


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8.4 / 10
(12767 glasova)
60 min
A disgraced lawyer, now an ambulance chaser, gets a case that could bring him redemption or at least revenge on the firm which expelled him.
Billy Bob Thornton,
William Hurt,
Maria Bello,
Olivia Thirlby
2017-01-27 23:38:23
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Geographic location is one characteristic of place fundamental to understanding the economic structure of Memphis and the city's role as a major distribution node in the global economy. Memphis plays a prominent role, not only because of the city's central east-west geographic location in the continental United States and its north-south location equidistant between Toronto, Canada, and Monterrey, Mexico, but also because of its two-hundred-year history of place-specific decisions, activities, and transformations. The city's geographic location on the bluffs of the Mississippi River near the rich cotton-producing region of the Mississippi Delta and an abundance of hardwood forests and natural resources, along with a tradition of entrepreneurialism and a history of labor-intensive human productivity, supplied the means to drive economic development related to agricultural and industrial production. But a history of selective strategies to promote or invest in some features of place, including geographic location, and to diminish or underinvest in others, such as commitments to public education, has affected the city's approach to economic development in the postindustrial era and its prospects for success as a "comeback city."1
Local development initiatives for producing and marketing agricultural products, enhancing distribution infrastructure, recruiting industry, and promoting professional sports and entertainment have created mixed economic and social outcomes. Some strategies that focus on geographic location have enhanced the city's comparative advantages in transportation and distribution and have generated wealth. But the consequences of those decisions, and others, especially those connected with "selling" Memphis by offering typically southern industrial recruitment incentives, marketing cheap land and natural resources, and maintaining a low-wage labor market, have generated and reproduced inequality. The use of public subsidies and tax abatements to recruit industry and finance downtown redevelopment projects also produces mixed results.
Paradoxically, each new wave of development strategies tends to reproduce old patterns of inequality, generating wealth and power for a few and maintaining the structure of poverty and inequality for many. Patterns of poverty, lack of educational attainment, and limited access to economic opportunities have become enduring characteristics of place. In Memphis, nearly one-fourth of city residents live below the poverty level, a number almost double the US average. When compared to other southern cities, the Memphis poverty rate of 23.5 percent is the same as Atlanta's and greater than the New Orleans 20 percent rate documented before the diaspora set in motion by Hurricane Katrina.2 In public education, the Memphis city schools report a high school graduation rate of 48.5 percent, one of the worst in the United States. Ranked fortieth in graduation rates among the fifty largest public school systems, the Memphis school system lags behind those of Nashville, Charlotte, Raleigh, Atlanta, and pre-Katrina New Orleans.3 The city's high level of poverty and low level of educational attainment are deeply rooted in the city and regional economic structure, as well as historic patterns of rural-urban migration and ties to agricultural and industrial development.
Wanda Rushing, Wall painting in Orange Mound neighborhood, intersection of Airways Boulevard and Lamar Avenue, Memphis, TN, 2009.
These numbers conflict with the stated goals of present-day development efforts to create a niche for Memphis in the globally competitive biotechnology industry and to attract "knowledge workers" to live and work in Memphis. Focusing on appeals to the "creative class," the city now promotes its rich musical heritage, which includes the blues, rock, soul, and rap, and the Beale Street entertainment district in a revitalized downtown to attract tourists, as well as potential residents.4 City business leaders and government officials raise expectations that Memphis will become a "world-class" city with references to enhancing the dynamics of distribution, promoting a revitalized downtown, building sports arenas, expanding the zoo, redeveloping the riverfront, and promoting the city's future as an internationally recognized biomedical research industry.
In terms of infrastructure, city leaders have always treated geographic location as the city's greatest asset. For some time, they have agreed to invest in transportation and logistics. Historically, however, ambivalence about the value of place-based resources, including the downtown urban core, the natural environment, and the labor force, has created local tensions. Today, many Memphis residents and city leaders are reassessing the value of the city's cultural and economic resources for transforming a distressed urban core into the kind of place where people want to live. Efforts to redefine Memphis as a "world-class" city now include public-private partnerships and an array of community-based organizations. New strategies for local economic development raise old questions about social inequality and the regional history of investments and expectations for public education and economic prosperity. Debates continue about how best to allocate and utilize place-specific local material, cultural, and natural resources, to develop an economic structure based not only on the benefits of geographic location and the spirit of entrepreneurialism but also on investments in human capital to enhance economic opportunities and improved life chances for all Memphians.
North America's Distribution Center
Today, the city's most recognizable symbol of the global economy is Federal Express, headquartered in Memphis. The Fortune 500 Blue Ribbon company serves as a local and global icon of entrepreneurialism and the twenty-first-century synergies of technology, innovation, and wealth.5 Last year, the $36 billion global transportation and logistics giant moved more than 7.6 billion tons of cargo through the Memphis airport on 200-plus daily flights and pumped more than $9 billion into the local economy. Moving products in response to global demand, Federal Express handles more than one million packages each night through its Memphis superhub, approximately one-third of FedEx packages shipped worldwide. Because the company dominates the overnight delivery market, Federal Express and the Memphis airport serve as a magnet for high-tech/value-added distribution companies to locate operations in Memphis and the Mid-South.6 The presence of Federal Express also influenced Northwest Airlines' decision to establish a Memphis hub for passenger flights. For more than a decade, Memphis International has been the busiest cargo airport in the world. Local officials credit the airport as being responsible for 166,000 jobs, one out of every four in the region. FedEx employs 32,000 of those transportation workers. The airport drives more than $20 billion in economic activity in the Mid-South region, an impact greater than Atlanta's Hartsfield Jackson International, the busiest passenger airport in the world.7
|Michael Gallis and Associates, FedEx and Northwest Airlines Routes, 2008.
Less visible than cargo planes flying in and out of Memphis, however, is the transportation and distribution infrastructure that connects Memphis to global markets through a confluence of transportation routes. The port of Memphis is the largest still-water harbor on the Mississippi River and the fourth-largest inland port in the United States. Memphis handles more foreign import tonnage than any inland port in the United States and forms a vital link in the 2,600-mile inland waterway connecting the United States to Mexico via the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.8
A Memphis-Shelby County Port Commission-supported project, Super Terminal Memphis, is a $350 million multirail freight project designed to streamline rail and truck distribution in the Mid-South and is expected to play a major role in global intermodal container shipping.9 The 155-acre facility is being built in the Frank C. Pidgeon Industrial Park on 3,000 acres of undeveloped land located south of downtown Memphis between I-55 and the Mississippi River. The new terminal will provide a direct route from Memphis to Asia via Canadian National and Prince Rupert City.10 Already, the city is the third-largest rail center in the United States and operates as a hub for five US Class I railroads: Burlington Northern, Santa Fe, Canadian National (which purchased Illinois Central), CSX, Union Pacific, and Norfolk Southern. All major truck lines operate in Memphis. Located at the intersection of I-40 (east-west) and I-55 (north-south), Memphis is positioned at a strategic interstate crossroads in the middle of the United States, midway between Monterrey, Mexico, and Toronto, Canada. A new interstate highway, I-69, the NAFTA superhighway now under development, is mandated to pass through Memphis. Another interstate highway, I-22, will connect Memphis to Birmingham, Alabama. Plans are under way to add a third bridge to cross the Mississippi River at Memphis, serving rail and vehicle traffic.
The city's transportation and distribution infrastructure existed long before FedEx. But in 1973, when Federal Express founder and CEO Fred Smith moved his then-struggling fourteen small-plane delivery service from Little Rock, Arkansas, to his hometown of Memphis, the city experienced local difficulties associated with global processes of deindustrialization and a climate of changing labor relations. Decisions to sell bonds to enhance the area's transportation and distribution infrastructure to recruit FedEx produced benefits for the city and the Mid-South region, as well as the company. In 2007 FedEx signed a new thirty-year lease (the first was signed in 1979) with the Memphis¨CShelby County Airport Authority. FedEx now leases 30.5 million square feet at the airport for hub operations. Substantial agglomerations of distribution and logistics activities have been drawn to the area to take advantage of having the latest possible drop-off times for FedEx overnight delivery and to utilize a concentration of logistics-industry providers in an area that contains more than 155 million square feet of warehouse space and employs more than 10 percent of the workforce in the warehousing and transportation sector. Strategically positioned as the urban center of regional distribution and transportation activities, Memphis claims the sobriquet of "North America's Distribution Center."
The Future of Development
Local economic activities, embedded in global flows and networks, generate unequal outcomes in the city of Memphis. As twenty-first-century city leaders and policymakers ponder how Memphis might enhance its geographic, economic, and social assets to achieve the goal of becoming a "world-class city," they struggle with the historical legacy of slavery, segregation, smoke-stack chasing, environmental contamination, and underinvestment in education. Recognizing that global competitiveness demands more than "selling" natural resources and low-cost labor to attract investments, Memphis business elites face the challenge of attracting new knowledge workers while trying to enhance employment skills and improve health outcomes for existing city residents. Also, recognizing the desirability of a pristine natural environment, leaders must find solutions to environmental degradation produced by earlier generations. Finally, tax incentive and abatement strategies also need to be analyzed more rigorously to assess the public costs and benefits.
Traditional "place wars" that pit Memphis against other cities, especially southern locations, willing to use tax incentives to "sell" local sites have produced questionable local gains for the majority of residents.11 As local leaders endorse more public-private partnerships to foster entrepreneurial strategies, support increased investments in workforce development, and make plans for airport expansion, they find new ways to engage in the "production of locality." Recognizing that Memphis—the place—consists of a unique combination of assets such as geographic location and proximity to rich natural resources, as well as a transportation and distribution infrastructure and a heritage of entrepreneurialism, is positive for economic development. But the legacy of underdevelopment in human capital continues to shape inequality and affects efforts to become a "world-class" city.
About the Author
Wanda Rushing is an associate professor of sociology at University of Memphis. This excerpt is from Memphis and the Paradox of Place: Globalization in the American South by Wanda Rushing. Copyright © 2009 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. www.uncpress.unc.edu
- 1. Paul Grogan and Tony Proscio, Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
- 2. US Census Bureau, "People Below Poverty Level in the Past 12 Months," American Community Survey, 2003.
- 3. Editorial Projects in Education (EPE Research Center), "Diplomas Count: An Essential Guide to Graduation Policy and Rates," Education Week, June 22, 2006.
- 4. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
- 5. Blue Ribbon honorees are those selected to at least four of the magazine's exclusive lists. FedEx appears on five in 2005: Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For, America's Most Admired Companies, World's Most Admired Companies, the Fortune 500, and the Fortune Global 500. The company has won awards for innovation in information technology, including induction into the US Small Business Administration's Golden Anniversary Hall of Fame, as a company that began small and grew into an international leader in its field.
- 6. Rob Robertson, "FedEx Chief Reflects on 25 Years of Memphis Business," Memphis Business Journal, October 15, 2004, 1, 50.
- 7. Jane Roberts, "Catch the Taxiway," Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 26, 2006, A1.
- 8. Karim Khan, "Sites for US Logistics: Business Facilities," The Location Advisor, September, 2004.
- 9. Memphis Business Journal, Book of Lists 2006 (Charlotte, N.C.: American City Business Journals, 2006).
- 10. Christopher Sheffield, "Pidgeon Park Poised for New Development," Memphis Business Journal, March 12, 2007.
- 11. Norman Walzer and Brian D. Jacobs, Public-Private Partnerships for Local Economic Development (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1998), 26.


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Risk factors for Parkinson's disease under study
Doctors know an impaired sense of smell is an early indicator of Parkinson's Disease. Now they want to know if a smell test can help determine if people with no symptoms eventually develop the disease.
"The analogy would be like diagnosing coronary artery disease before the heart attack," says Dr. Kapil Sethi, director of the Movement Disorders Program at the Medical College of Georgia and a lead investigator the Parkinson's Associated Risk Syndrome Study.
"With Parkinson's, we are dependent on the presence of motor symptoms like tremors, stiffness and slowness in order to diagnose it. By that time you have lost 50 to 60 percent of your dopaminergic cells, which make dopamine and are key to movement control. The question becomes, is there a window between when you had non-motor symptoms like loss of smell and when you begin to demonstrate clinical motor symptoms?"
Dr. Sethi and researchers at 17 other sites across the country will recruit 15,000 close relatives of Parkinson's patients as part of the study, which is being led by the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders and the University of Pennsylvania.
"By testing those with a family history of the disease, we have an enriched population," he says. "We already know that those people are more at risk. To enrich the sample even further, we'll test their sense of smell. It's not just the essence of a sense of smell that is different in these people. It's a quantitative decrease in their ability to distinguish odors."
Patients will be given the University of Pennsylvania's Smell Identification Test, which tests for 40 common odors and has been used to detect the first signs of neurodegenerative disorders.
People with a normal sense of smell who take the test can usually identify around 35 odors correctly. Parkinson's patients typically can only identify 20 or less.
The study will also help determine if the smell test can also predict who will get Parkinson's.
"We believe that if you're a person who is going to develop Parkinson's, you'll also score lower than others," Dr. Sethi says.
Based on the results of the smell test, study participants will be divided into two groups – those with a normal sense of smell and those without. Both groups will undergo functional neuroimaging analyses at the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders in New Haven. Functional neuroimaging can identify changes in brain activity associated with Parkinson's.
Both also will be clinically examined by a movement disorder specialist and followed for three to five years.
"We believe that a proportion of those who have the deteriorated sense of smell will develop Parkinson's over the next two or three years," Dr. Sethi says.
Study participants also will be asked about other common symptoms of the disease that may be present prior to the telltale motor symptoms. For example, people with Parkinson's and other neurological diseases often suffer from a sleep disorder called REM Behavior Disorder, which causes them to act out their dreams.
"While most people are paralyzed when they dream so they can't hurt themselves or others, people with Parkinson's are not," Dr. Sethi says. "They yell, scream and kick. No one knows why, but half of the people who have this sleep disorder will develop Parkinson's or a similar disease."
Questions about excessive daytime sleepiness and anxiety and constipation – other pre-symptoms of Parkinson's – also will be asked.
"The goal is to give someone a degree of risk based on one or multiple factors," Dr. Sethi says. "We don't know specific numbers now, but hopefully, in the future, we will be able to tell people who have a deteriorated sense of smell and the sleep disorder specifically how much their risk goes up."
The long-term goal, he says, is to develop prevention strategies once risk is established.
Source: Medical College of Georgia