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Because the causes of machine vibration are so numerous, the underlying problem is often difficult to isolate. Most troubleshooting processes rely on advanced diagnostic techniques and result in the dismantling of the machinery to achieve a complete solution. However, you can perform the following basic checks without expensive equipment to determine natural frequency, active foundations, and gross unbalance issues — all of which can cause excessive vibration and should be avoided whenever possible.
Perform a Visual Check of the Machine Foundation
The machine foundation plays a vital role in the vibration level of the installed equipment. A rigid and massive foundation (Photo 1) is ideal, because it minimizes background vibration observed at the motor or other equipment. A massive foundation is less active, meaning it will limit the total movement of the system and thus the vibration level of the machine due to its own mass and stiffness. Although rigid and massive foundations are preferred, they are regrettably not the rule. In most instances, it's not possible to use an ideal foundation due to space, cost, or some other variable. More often than not, the installation will have a less-than-ideal foundation and correspondingly more-than-ideal vibration (Photo 2). If you suspect foundation is an issue, there are additional checks you can perform to confirm if this is the case. Checking the background vibration and foot vibration levels, as well as impact testing, can all aid in deciding whether a foundation is the root cause of your problem.
Test for an Active or Flexible Foundation
Per NEMA Standard MG-1 (Motors and Generators), an active foundation allows excessive movement and transmission of external vibration to the machine while a rigid (non-flexible) foundation limits the vibration at the feet — and does not allow excessive transmission of machine vibration into the surrounding structure. Use the following two tests to determine if an active and/or flexible foundation exists.
Active foundation check — Take a measurement of the background vibration level at the same location used to measure the machinery bearing housing vibration during operation. Then, perform a vibration test on the machinery bearing housings with all of the train components shut down. If the overall vibration levels you measure at the bearing housings while the equipment is not operating are 25% or higher than the respective operating vibration levels, then you're dealing with an active foundation. This check can be somewhat subjective because excessive operating vibration can mask a bad foundation — because the background vibration level may not meet the 25% criteria but may still be excessive. In these instances, follow this general rule: If the overall vibration level at the bearing housings exceed 0.030 in. per sec peak overall (with the equipment not operating), further investigation may be warranted.
Flexible foundation check — With the machine operating in any configuration, measure the overall vibration levels at the bearing housings as well as at the motor feet in as many axes as practical. Compare the overall vibration measured at each axis of the bearing housing to the overall vibration measured at each respective axis of the adjacent foot. If the overall levels measured at the foot are 25% or higher than those measured in the same axis on the adjacent bearing housing, then the foundation is considered to be flexible. As with background vibration, the 25% criteria may not be accurate, depending on the levels observed during testing. Once again, the 0.030 in. per sec peak overall is a good rule of thumb to follow.
Check the Machine Mounting
How the machine is secured to the foundation is just as important as the foundation itself. Induction motors are typically provided with instruction books to help ensure the machine is secured in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Failure to follow these recommendations can result in vibration problems.
- Bolting — One of the most basic items in the mounting of the motor are the bolts used to secure the motor to the foundation through the motor feet. Although simple in nature, these tend to be problematic. Ensure the bolts are sized in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, and verify all of the foot mounting bolts are properly torqued. If any of the mounting bolts can be turned by hand, then check and verify the entire installation before continuing.
- Shims — Shims, another fairly basic item that often result in a number of problems, are intended for the correction of soft foot (see discussion below) as well as for adjusting the alignment of the machine. Shims should cover as much of the foot surface as possible (Photo 3) and be as thick as practical for the requirement, ensuring the smallest quantity of shims is used. Choosing shims that are too small for the motor foot area will result in a motor that is poorly supported (Photo 4). Using too many shims can result in a vibration issue similar to soft foot known as "sponge foot" — where the foot becomes springy due to lack of rigidity in the support (similar to a leaf spring in a vehicle). Excessive movement of the affected foot will result.
- Soft foot — Soft foot can play a major influence in the vibration of an induction motor. Although any motor can be adversely affected, 2-pole machines are especially vulnerable to soft foot problems due to the eccentric electromagnetic forces within the air gap of their design. Perform a check for static soft foot as part of the installation and alignment of the machine.
Check static soft foot by first tightening all of the foot mounting bolts to the required torque level specified by the manufacturer. Then, starting with any foot, place a thousandths (0.001 in.) dial indicator vertically on the foot surface near the bolt location, leaving adequate space to loosen the bolt with a properly sized wrench (Fig. 1). Zero the indicator and begin to loosen the bolt. If the value on the dial indicator increases from zero, make note of the amount of the change — this is the amount of soft foot present.
Each manufacturer may have its own criteria for soft foot, so follow those specific values. If practical, keep all levels of soft foot at less than one thousandth (0.001 in.). If soft foot is present, correct it by appropriate shimming. While the bolt is loose (and prior to shimming), it is recommended that you take a feeler gauge and check the full perimeter of the foot to whatever extent practical. This helps you verify the foot is flat and not angled or distorted. If the foot is not flat, then complicated shim arrangements may be required. Once the foot is properly shimmed, repeat the dial indicator check to verify the amount of soft foot present after correction. If the correction was successful, torque the foot mounting bolt appropriately. Check the next foot, repeating the process until you've checked and adjusted all of the mounting feet, as necessary.
Determine Rotor Critical Speeds and System Natural Frequencies
Testing for rotor critical speeds and system natural frequencies can be complicated. Once you verify they exist, the following issues are some of the most difficult to correct.
- Rotor critical speed — You can use coast down testing to determine system natural frequencies, but this approach is most commonly used for determining rotor critical speeds. With very few exceptions, rotor critical speeds are only an issue when dealing with some 2-pole (and occasionally 4-pole) rotors. Suspect rotor critical speed problems when high levels of "one times shaft speed" (1×RPM) vibration amplitudes are present, and balancing has had limited or no success. Although you can use bearing housing vibration data for this test, non-contact shaft probe data makes for better accuracy. Record 1×RPM vibration amplitude and phase angle data from the time the machine is at no-load speed until the shaft has stopped rotating (with data recorded in 10 RPM increments), and plot this data in a Bode or polar plot. It is recommended that no rotor critical speed be within 15% of operating speed for single speed machines. Users with machines operating on adjustable-speed drives having a critical speed within their operating range should consult with the manufacturer for possible recommendations.
Note that you may also use coast down testing to aid in determining if an induction motor vibration problem is electrical or mechanical in nature. Monitor the vibration levels prior, during, and immediately after the power has been removed from the motor. If the vibration ceases or sharply declines almost immediately, then the problem typically stems from an electrical issue.
- Natural frequencies/bump test — System natural frequencies can also be quite problematic if they coincide with system forcing frequencies. Suspect this type of problem when vibration is much higher in one axis than another — or when the vibration does not seem to be affected, regardless of the corrections performed. The best data for determination of a system natural frequency is provided via dual-channel impact testing using an instrumented modal hammer and a vibration transducer. Testing in this manner allows you to produce a frequency response function with phase data. Adding the phase data is beneficial, because it allows you to better determine if a natural frequency is present in the system by comparison of not only amplitude, but also phase shift.
You can test horizontal machines in a number of locations (click here to see Fig. 2). These locations may be modified, depending upon need by focusing upon locations where a problem is known to exist or by increasing locations to include other measurements, such as frame skin, bearing brackets, equipment supports, or installation skids. Horizontal motors equipped with sleeve bearings must have any bearing housing or bracket testing performed while in a slow roll condition (200 to 300 RPM) so that the two brackets are not coupled by the shaft. If left stationary, the resultant artificial stiffening will result in erroneous results. Horizontal motors equipped with anti-friction bearings are not affected by this and may have their bearing housings or brackets impact tested while at rest.
Vertical machines have two principal locations you should target with impact testing, which correspond to the reed or natural rocking frequencies. These locations are both at the uppermost bracket, flange, or frame member of the machine with the two measurements being orthogonal (90°) to one another. For ease, this may be with the main lead box and 90° from the main lead box or with the discharge piping and 90° to the discharge piping (click here to see Fig. 3). The 90° separation is important for this test, because external equipment, boxes, piping, etc., can have a large effect on the natural frequency. The rotor does not need to be rotating for reed frequency testing.
As a general rule of thumb, there should be no natural frequencies within ±15% of half times operating speed, one times operating speed, two times operating speed, one times line frequency, and two times line frequency — although some users may have different requirements. Adjustable-speed drive operation of machines may make avoidance of natural frequencies impractical. Natural frequency problems are typically difficult to correct, if even practical, because changing the reed frequency of the system could require rework of the foundation.
Coupling half and motor shaft keyway checks
A frequent source of mechanical unbalance with motor startups stems from improper key trimming in coupling hubs. The ideal key installation uses a full key for the part of the shaft where the coupling hub is located and then steps down to a half key (Photo 5). Using a full key that does not step down to a half key will create a large mechanical unbalance (Photo 6). Always follow the manufacturer's recommendations for best results.
Even though the causes of motor vibration seem almost endless, with a few straightforward checks and an inquisitive attitude, you can minimize risk during motor and train startup and maximize overall reliability of the equipment.
Hamm is a service engineer and Evans is a senior test engineer with TECO Westinghouse, Round Rock, Texas. They can be reached at (512) 255-4141.


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Press Release
Sonja Wall,
Mark Mitchell, OK.gov
Oklahoma Broadband Mapping Initiative Seeks Oklahomans Assistance at http://BroadbandMapping.OK.gov
OKLAHOMA CITY – June 23, 2010 – The state of Oklahoma recently launched a new initiative undertaking a massive effort to collect and process data related to broadband availability across the state at http://BroadbandMapping.OK.gov.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) directed the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) to develop and maintain a comprehensive nationwide inventory map of broadband service capability and availability and to make the map publicly available via the Internet. NTIA has awarded a grant to the State of Oklahoma to collect and verify statewide data about the availability, speed, and location of broadband Internet service.
The ultimate goal of this project is to build a statewide broadband map showing usage and access to broadband technology. Understanding where broadband is available, and where it is not, is an integral part of determining where to focus additional broadband stimulus funding.
Mapping the state's broadband access will require the participation of all levels of state, county, and local government as well as Oklahoma citizens. This new website makes it easy for any Oklahoman to contribute to this massive effort.
All Oklahomans are invited to test their Internet connection speed at the Broadband mapping website by selecting 'Test Your Speed' in the top navigation. Visitors can then select their location (work, home, or other) street address, zip code, and what Internet provider they utilize. All data collected will be consolidated onto a map of Oklahoma depicting what areas of the state are served, underserved, and unserved by broadband.
The Oklahoma Broadband Mapping Initiative is being conducted under the direction of the Secretary of State and a partnership of several state agencies. The Oklahoma Broadband Initiative home page was developed in a collaborative effort with OK.gov, Oklahoma's Official Website.
About OK.gov
About NIC
- 30 -

subset: commoncrawl


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Whidbey Island author Nancy Horan remembers her visit to the schooner Equator in its shed east of the Port of Everett's 10th Street boat launch.
"To learn that hulk was sitting just across the water from me was so interesting," Horan said. "I didn't find out about the Equator until after I had started the book. It is a wonderful piece of history."
The Equator plays a role in Horan's latest novel, "Under the Wide and Starry Sky," a work of historical fiction that chronicles the relationship between the Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson and his free-spirited American wife, Fanny.
In the late 1890s, the Stevensons sailed from Hawaii to Samoa aboard the Equator. Stevenson wrote about the boat in "The Wrecker" and "In the South Seas."
Built in 1888 in San Francisco, the trading vessel was later converted to steam power. Abandoned in the 1950s in Port Gardner, the hull was dragged up into Everett.
In 1972, the battered Equator was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. All attempts to rebuild and restore the ship have failed.
Horan is best known for her book "Loving Frank," a novel long on the New York Times best-seller list, about the love affair between architect Frank Lloyd Wright and his married client Mamah Borthwick Cheney.
A former journalist and an English teacher, Horan, 65, likes to stick with the facts, a starting point in her work that requires the digging skills she learned as a reporter freelancing for the Chicago Tribune.
Her research for this new romantic novel began when Horan visited Monterey, Calif., and learned that Stevenson had lived there in 1879. Horan got hooked on his American connections, especially when she read about his wife, the amazing character named Fanny. A divorced, single mother 10 years his senior, Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne met Stevenson in France where she had gone to study art. Osbourne was sexy, unafraid and opinionated. He fell for her.
Stevenson, who grew up breathing the polluted air of Edinburgh, had health problems. Eventually the Stevensons moved to an island in Samoa. There Fanny kept her husband alive in the tropical climate while he wrote books such as "Treasure Island," "Kidnapped" and "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Without Fanny, those books probably would not have been written, the author said.
"She wasn't just his muse," Horan said. "She set the standards high."
As a writer, Horan prefers historical fiction to other genres.
"History is rich in plot and character. So why change it?" Horan said. "I just add the details and enrich the skeletal structure. What were the characters' strengths and flaws? What choices did they make and what were the consequences?"
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National Initiative Will Provide More Cultural Programs for Underserved U.S. Audiences
National Endowment for the Humanities targets specific regions and institutions for more funding
The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) has launched a new initiative called Extending the Reach designed to increase the quantity and quality of cultural programs in underserved regions of the United States and at underserved institutions of higher education.
The targeted regions are 14 states (Alabama, Alaska, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming) and one U.S. territory (Puerto Rico). The targeted institutions of higher education are historically black, Hispanic-serving, and tribal colleges and universities.
Under Extending the Reach, NEH seeks applications from schools, humanities organizations, and film and radio producers in the designated states and territory and from the designated colleges and universities.
"The mission of the National Endowment for the Humanities is to reach all Americans through the schools and cultural organizations that enrich our lives," NEH Chairman William Ferris said. "The Extending the Reach initiative will advance that mission by expanding the impact of NEH funding in areas and at institutions generally underserved by the Endowment's programs in the past. The humanities belong to everyone, and Extending the Reach will significantly broaden access to excellent cultural programs for all Americans wherever they live or study."
Extending the Reach program descriptions, application guidelines, and contact information are now posted on NEH's website: www.neh.gov. NEH contacts for the Extending the Reach initiative are (for state/territory inquiries) Karen Mittelman, 202/606-8631, @email, and (for inquiries regarding historically black, Hispanic-serving, and tribal colleges) Fred Winter, 202/606-8287, @email.
Applications from the designated states and Puerto Rico are encouraged in the following program areas:
- Humanities Scholar-in-Residence Grants (application deadline: April 3), available for middle and high schools seeking to improve their humanities curricula.
- Consultation Grants (application deadline: May 1), available for museums, historical societies, other cultural organizations, public radio and television stations, and independent filmmakers seeking to develop or enhance public humanities programs.
- Preservation Assistance Grants (application deadline: April 3), available for libraries, archives, museums, and historical societies seeking to improve care of their humanities collections.
Applications from historically black, Hispanic-serving, and tribal colleges and universities nationwide are encouraged in the following program areas:
- Faculty Research Grants (application deadline: April 10), available for professors.
- Institutional Grants (application deadline: June 1), available to develop programs and strengthen institutional resources.
The Extending the Reach initiative was launched last November with the awarding of grants to the state humanities councils in each of the 14 designated states. Each council received $20,000 to develop a humanities project with at least two partner institutions that can serve as a model for collaborative work in the humanities.


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NRA joins ACLU lawsuit, claims NSA starting 'gun registry' (video)
By Brendan Sasso
The National Rifle Association joined the American Civil Liberties Union's lawsuit on Wednesday to end the government's massive phone record collection program.
In a brief filed in federal court, the NRA argues that the National Security Agency's database of phone records amounts to a "national gun registry."
"It would be absurd to think that the Congress would adopt and maintain a web of statutes intended to protect against the creation of a national gun registry, while simultaneously authorizing the FBI and the NSA to gather records that could effectively create just such a registry," the group writes.
After leaks by Edward Snowden, the NSA acknowledged that it collects records on virtually all U.S. phone calls. The data include phone numbers, call times and call durations, but not the contents of the conversations. The NSA says it only "queries" the database a limited number of times for specific national security reasons.
The NSA argues that Congress authorized the phone data surveillance with Section 215 of the Patriot Act, which allows for the collection of business records "relevant" to terrorism.
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THUD bill pulled as GOP budget frays
With support collapsing, a $44.1 billion transportation and housing bill was pulled abruptly from the House floor Wednesday, and top Republicans conceded it was a further sign that the party's budget strategy is unraveling.
Putting the best face on the situation, Majority Leader Eric Cantor's office said the House will return to the bill after the recess. But House Appropriations Committee Chairman Hal Rogers bluntly said the chances of resurrecting the measure are "bleak at best."
Story Continued Below
"With this action, the House has declined to proceed on the implementation of the very budget it adopted three months ago," the Kentucky Republican said. "Thus, I believe that the House has made its choice: Sequestration — and its unrealistic and ill-conceived discretionary cuts — must be brought to an end."
( PHOTOS: What's in Obama's 2014 budget)
Republican moderates of the Tuesday Group were among those most upset with the level of cuts. And while $350 million was restored Tuesday night to soften the reductions from popular community development block grants, the combination of these moderate defections plus a predictable bloc of conservatives who oppose most appropriations bills was fatal.
The decision came even as the House Appropriations Committee was locked in a bruising partisan markup on a $24.3 billion natural resources bill, which also demands deep reductions to meet the GOP's targets. And the panel has all but abandoned any chance of reporting its nearly $122 billion labor, health and education bill before the August recess.
The Senate has sought to avoid these reductions by crafting its appropriations bills within the higher pre-sequester caps set by the Budget Control Act. Rogers made clear that he thinks these more generous funding levels "are also simply not achievable in this Congress." But a critical test could come as early as Thursday, when the Senate's own transportation and housing proposal is subject to a cloture vote.
In recent days, Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) has weighed in heavily trying to get Republicans to withhold their support. But the bill came out of the Senate Appropriations Committee on a strong bipartisan vote in June, and just as in the House, moderates, like Sen. Susan Collins (R-Maine), have been willing to fight for the added infrastructure investments.
( PHOTOS: Mitch McConnell's career)
At this stage, McConnell appears to have the upper hand. But he damaged his own credibility Tuesday with fellow Republicans when he lent his support to a proposal to cancel about $1 billion in unobligated U.S. assistance for Egypt and instead use the money to repair aging bridges in this country.
The amendment, which was easily tabled on an 86-13 vote, has been proposed by Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.) as a first challenge to President Barack Obama over how the U.S. should respond to the recent ouster of Egypt's elected president, Mohamed Morsi.
But it was strongly opposed by the Republican national security establishment, and the fact that McConnell — who once oversaw the entire foreign aid budget on Appropriations — should give into the political pressures generated by Paul was striking.
Indeed, these same national security Republicans, like Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.), are pivotal to the Democratic hopes of building some bipartisan coalition to defuse the threat of a second round of sequestration cuts this winter. Defense spending will again be on the chopping block, and absent some agreement between Congress and the White House, tens of billions in new cuts will take effect.
( PHOTOS: John McCain's life and career)
Knowing this, the whole House Republican budget strategy has rested on the pretense that the Pentagon can somehow be protected even at the reduced spending levels demanded by the machinery of the BCA.
Since the first automatic cuts March 1, discretionary spending has been running close to $988 billion, of which $519 billion is for defense. The House budget pledged to meet the second round of sequestration, reducing total discretionary funds to $967 billion for 2014. But within this universe — to win needed votes — Budget Committee Chairman Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) promised hawks that defense would grow to $552 billion or $54 billion higher than the BCA assumes.


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Same Day Carpet Repairs Service in Gold Coast
At Fresh Carpet Repair Gold Coast, we provide professional carpet repair services in Gold Coast. Our low price rates are highly affordable.
Carpet Repair Gold Coast is a leading provider of Carpet Stretching , Carpet Water Damage Repair, Burnt Carpet Repair, Carpet Patching, Carpet Hole Repairs & Carpet Restoration services in Gold Coast. Hurry call now on 1800 335 919!!
At Fresh Carpet Repair Gold Coast we provide the best kind of repair services needed in Gold Coast and its environs. When you are faced with any kind of carpet damage you should not be tempted into hiring any of those unscrupulous carpet fixers, come to carpet repair Gold Coast for reliable same day carpet repair services with 100% satisfaction guarantee.
Types of Carpet Repairs Services we provide in Gold Coast:
- Carpet odour deodorising
- Carpet color repairs services
- Seam Carpet repairs
- Carpet power stretching
- Carpet bonded fusion services
- Carpet spots / stain Removal and patching
- Flood Water damaged carpet Repairs
- Carpet smooth edge carpet repair
Fresh Carpet Repair Services in Gold Coast
Our experienced carpet repairers are excel in the following carpet repair services.
- We offer Carpet Stretching
- We carry out Carpet Care
- We provide Carpet Stain Removal
- We carry out Carpet Water Damage Repair
- We do Burnt Carpet Repair
- We do Carpet Patching
- We do Carpet Hole Repairs
- We do Carpet to Tile fixing services
- We offer Carpet Restoration
- We carry out Carpet Seam Repairs
Tenants or Renters Get Your Bond Back by Repairing your carpets
Tenants do not worry if you accidentally damaged your rented unit or home carpets. We will repair and restretch your carpets to look like new.
Our Carpet Repair Gold Coast Process
Our carpet repairs technicians follow process for the carpet repair services.
- We provide FREE no obligation carpet repairs quote over the phone.
- We go out in the market and find right carpet piece and colors.
- Our carpet repairer will fix the damaged carpet and make it to look professional.
- No Carpet patch marks will be left behind.
Why is Carpet Repair Gold Coast the Right for carpet repair services?
- We provide our services while aiming for complete perfection
- Respected property and highly acclaimed facility managers depend on our expert service when it comes to expeditious repair of their carpets.
- We use hi-tech equipment in our carpet repair Gold Coast process.
- Carpet Repair Gold Coast provides professional services that are wholly supported a team of experienced technicians.
Carpet Stretching Gold Coast
With the regular use and wear and tear, your carpet form ripples, and starts loosen. Your flooring is meant to tighten for an attractive look. Thus, you need carpet stretching services by the professionals. We at Fresh Carpet Cleaning have a team of experienced and talented professionals to provide you with the complete package for carpet restorations. No matter detoriated the condition of your carpet is, we successfully restore them to new. Contact us today on our toll-free number and bring our professionals home for carpet stretching or tightening.
Carpet Burns Repair Gold Coast
Fresh Carpet Cleaning offers complete carpet restoration services in Gold Coast. Some of our major for carpet repair Gold Coast include burn repairs. Whether it is cigarette burn or iron burn, our professionals are trained to deliver you only the best. We use advanced tools and techniques to make your carpet completely restored. And besides carpet burn repairs, we offer a plethora of other carpet repair services in Gold Coast. Call us today on the same day of booking.
Our Carpet Repair Gold Coast clients
We got customers ranging from small home owners, offices and commercial building owners. Here is the list of customers.
- Gold Coast Real Estate – We mange all their rental properties for carpet care.
- Gold Coast Medical Clinics – We provide ongoing carpet steam cleaning and carpet repairs for all major medical clinics.
- Shopping Centers Carpet Care Service.
- Small Business Carpet Repair Services.
- Carpet Repair Services for ChildCare Centers.
- Community halls carpet repairs.
- Schools carpet repairs service.
Our Carpet Repair Gold Coast Team
We are the most affordable Carpet Repairs company which offers the lowest price rates available in Gold Coast.
Frequently Asked Questions on Carpet Repair Gold Coast:
We generally keep the leftover of the carpet and able to match the colour and pattern with yours. If you don't have the extra carpet for patching then we will make arrangement for it but keep in mind that the charges will be changing accordingly.
Any of the carpet repair processes can be done perfectly when it will be in a cleaned condition. The dirt particles become a reason for obstruction in the services. So it will okay to get the carpet cleaned before you book for the carpet stretching service.
We are available 24*7 to get the booking and give the services. It is you who need to decide when you want to get your carpet repaired. Make a booking for our services accordingly and get the services done at the right time.
World Class Services
"Efficient Carpet Repairing Service"
Location: Gold Coast, QLD, Australia


text:
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