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Contact: Janet Morana, 917-297-0946; Georgette Forney, 412-398-7885; both with the Silent No More Awareness Campaign
STATEN ISLAND, NY, Oct. 3 /Christian Newswire/ -- A new research study showing that childbirth may help protect women from developing breast cancer needs wide circulation say leaders of the Silent No More Awareness Campaign, the nation's largest network of women and men testifying to the harm they endured from abortion.
"This latest research is more scientific evidence that abortion, aside from being emotionally and psychologically devastating for women, is physically dangerous as well," said Georgette Forney, Co-Founder of SNMAC. "Women deserve to know the facts."
The study, conducted at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, found that fetal cells that transfer from the baby to the mother during gestation remain in the mother and help protect against breast cancer development. Abortion would prevent the transfer of these protective cells.
"When the perfectly natural event of pregnancy is violently interrupted by the entirely unnatural event of induced pregnancy termination, common sense and science both tell us that there are consequences," added Janet Morana, another Co-Founder of SNMAC. "Anyone who cares about women's health will want this new information to receive the widest circulation possible."
The research study appears in the latest journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.
Since the launching of the Silent No More Awareness Campaign in 2003, 2,326 women and men have shared their testimonies publicly at 189 gatherings in 44 states and six countries where more than 15,000 spectators have heard the truth about abortion's negative aftereffects. More than 4,100 people are registered to be Silent No More. Raising awareness about the hurtful aftermath of abortion and the help that is available to cope with the pain are two of the Campaign's goals.
The Silent No More Awareness Campaign is a joint project of Anglicans for Life and Priests for Life. For more information, please visit our website: www.SilentNoMoreAwareness.org


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Calling management's latest proposal "artistically unsustainable," musicians of the Minnesota Orchestra on Saturday unanimously rejected the offer and said they will continue to negotiate through the weekend.
"We are grateful to members of our board who have worked tirelessly to bring this dreadful lockout to a conclusion. However, this proposal is regressive in nature, leading to a cut in salary of 25 percent," said Doug Wright, a member of the musicians' negotiating team.
Board negotiators, in a statement, said they were "very disappointed" in the 60-0 vote by the musicians.
Two days before a Monday deadline that could see the departure of music director Osmo Vänskä, the two sides in the bitter, yearlong dispute appeared far apart.
Wright said the proposal "will not keep our finest players here" and "will not keep the Minnesota Orchestra a great orchestra, period."
Vänskä has said he will resign if there is no deal to return musicians to work for rehearsal this week. However, Wright said Saturday that "no one is quite sure" that Monday is a firm deadline.
"We were told that the 9th [of September] was a deadline, then the 15th, and then the 23rd," he said. "Even if Monday is not a hard deadline, we know a deadline is looming."
Michael Henson, president of the orchestra, said in a statement Saturday afternoon that the board will "continue to work toward Sept. 30 as the deadline."
Vänskä's threat to quit is tied to two concerts that the orchestra is scheduled to perform at Carnegie Hall in early November. In an April letter to the board, he said he considered these performances crucial for the Minnesota Orchestra. He later told the board that in order for the orchestra to prepare for the New York dates, the players would need to be rehearsing with him by the week of Sept. 30. Monday is an off day, so the first rehearsal would be Tuesday morning.
Board cites movement
A separate statement from the board said its negotiators have moved "significantly" over the last 18 months, from a position that would have cut salaries 32 percent to the latest offer, which averaged "an annual reduction of 17.7 percent over the life of the contract." That figure includes the offsetting impact of a $20,000-per-musician signing bonus that was part of the last offer.
The musicians continue to voice their support of a proposal by mediator George Mitchell to lift the lockout and return musicians to work for four months (including two months at reduced salary) in which the two sides would negotiate.
That plan would allow the orchestra season to open and the Carnegie Hall concerts to take place. However, if no agreement on a multiyear contract were reached at the end of the four months, the lockout presumably would be reinstated. The board's negotiating team has rejected that proposal for its cost and because it does not guarantee that a contract will be reached.
The three-year plan rejected by musicians would have reduced minimum salaries 18.6 percent in the first year, with smaller reductions in years two and three, to a total cut of 25 percent. The proposal also promised $20,000 signing bonuses for 84 musicians and a revenue-sharing agreement if the orchestra exceeds certain budget goals. The minimum annual salary at the end of the three-year deal would be $84,915. The old minimum was $113,204. The board had asked for a vote by noon Monday, to allow musicians to return to work Tuesday.
Status of talks unclear
Musicians' spokesman Blois Olson said the group decided to vote Saturday morning so that negotiations could continue through the weekend. Sixty members voted. He said talks were occurring and called this "a very fluid situation."
Sources said Saturday that it is unlikely the two sides would be able to meet face-to-face before Sunday.
On Saturday, Wright thanked board director Marilyn Carlson Nelson for her efforts to rally the corporate and foundation community in recent weeks to raise most of the money for the proposed signing bonuses. He said, however, that the money, estimated at $1.3 million, should instead be used to fund the four-month negotiating period provided for in the Mitchell plan.
In addition to the Nelson money, the community group SOS: Save Osmo confirmed it has told the board that it would encourage its donors to help bridge the gap on funding issues. "The decision to write a check will be determined by whether the final package meets the organization's giving requirements," said a statement from Lee A. Henderson and Mina Fisher, who are leading the group.
Lockout began last year
The criteria include Vänskä's continued tenure and a compensation for musicians that "is commensurate with the stature of this orchestra as one of the top ten American orchestras."
It was a year ago this weekend that musicians unanimously rejected a proposal that would have cut minimum salaries by 30 percent. After brief and fruitless negotiations on Sunday, Sept. 30, of last year, management locked out musicians on Oct. 1.
Ultimately, the 2012-13 season was canceled, and the start of this season in a newly remodeled Orchestra Hall has been threatened by the inability of the two sides to come to an agreement.
Bargaining has taken on some urgency — in fits and starts — since July, when Mitchell, the former U.S. Senate majority leader, agreed to help mediate the dispute. Almost immediately, what was supposed to be a confidential process became contentious because of leaks. The board on Thursday released details of its latest proposal outside of the Mitchell process, to avoid the confidentiality requirement.
Musicians are planning concerts for Friday and Saturday at Ted Mann Concert Hall in Minneapolis. Pianist Emanuel Ax, who had been scheduled to perform on the orchestra's season, has agreed to play with the musicians.

subset: commoncrawl


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Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott sent a strongly worded letter warning United Nations-affiliated "elections monitors" that if they fail to obey state law by going in or even near a polling place, the UN-linked observers risk criminal prosecution and serious penalties. The international observers, he added, have absolutely no jurisdiction to interfere with voting in the Lone Star State.
The UN partner known as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) came under fierce criticism across the country in recent days after it announced plans to deploy "elections monitors" throughout the United States to observe the November election. Among other efforts, the international observers are being charged with seeking out conservative groups and jurisdictions allegedly engaged in "voter suppression" activities. Mostly, analysts say, the supposed concerns are about voter ID laws.
When news of the controversial scheme exploded and became a national scandal this week, activists slammed the organization and ridiculed its half-baked plans, as well as the far-left groups calling for international observers in the first place. Responding to the uproar, state Attorney General Abbott warned any monitors who are supposed to be deployed in Texas that they must follow state elections law. Otherwise, they could end up in jail.
"The OSCE's representatives are not authorized by Texas law to enter a polling place. It may be a criminal offense for OSCE's representatives to maintain a presence within 100 feet of a polling place's entrance," the state attorney general said in his letter to the organization's mission chief, adding that elections and monitors, including OSCE representatives, are governed by the Texas Election Code.
"Failure to comply with these requirements could subject the OSCE's representatives to criminal prosecution for violating state law," Abbot concluded.
Even before making the letter public, Abbot was already warning the self-styled "elections" monitors that any unlawful antics would not be tolerated in his state. "UN poll watchers can't interfere w/ Texas elections," he tweeted before releasing the full letter. "I'll bring criminal charges if needed." The attorney general closed his message on Twitter with the words "Come and Take It," a famous battle cry from 1835 when Mexican officials tried to disarm rebellious Texan settlers. A later post said: "My message to UN related poll watchers: Don't Mess with Texas Elections!"
The Lone Star State's top law enforcement officer also criticized the OSCE for listening to a radical splinter group affiliated with the tax-funded, Obama-linked organization ACORN, "which collapsed in disgrace after its role in a widespread voter-registration fraud scheme was uncovered," he wrote in the letter. Earlier this year, the international organization reportedly met with a coalition of activist groups, including Project Vote, challenging efforts in Texas to bring integrity to elections.
Those activists expressed concerns about efforts to prevent vote fraud being used to "disenfranchise" people who were for some reason incapable of procuring an ID. In meetings and a letter to OSCE, the organizations — groups such as the ACLU and the NAACP — claimed there was a "coordinated political effort to disenfranchise millions of Americans — particularly traditionally disenfranchised groups like minorities."
The coalition asked the OSCE to follow up on the charges and keep an eye on conservatives. Apparently oblivious to reality, the OSCE promised that it would do so. But in Texas, at least, that will probably not be happening, at least in terms of questioning laws requiring voters to present identification prior to voting.
"In September, a federal appeals court rejected Project Vote's challenge to the State's voter-registration regulations and allowed Texas to continue enforcing laws that were enacted to protect the integrity of the voter-registration process," Abbot explained in the letter. "The OSCE may be entitled to its opinions about Voter ID laws, but your opinion is legally irrelevant in the United States, where the Supreme Court has already determined that Voter ID laws are constitutional."
The dozens of elections monitors being deployed in the United States come from countries such as Russia, Serbia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and others — more than a few of which are ruled by tyrants famous for brazenly fraudulent elections and wanton human rights abuses. The irony, of course, has not escaped critics or the Texas attorney general.
"It remains unclear exactly what your monitoring is intended to achieve, or precisely what tactics you will use to achieve the proposed monitoring," Abbot remarked in the letter, suggesting that OSCE members might actually learn something by observing American elections. The OSCE, for its part, has offered vague comments about what the alleged purpose of its observer mission actually is.
According to a statement released by the organization online, the observers will be in America to "assess" the elections "for compliance with international obligations and standards." The mission will also supposedly "analyze the legislative framework and its implementation" while following campaign activities, the administration of elections, voter registration, and the "resolution" of election disputes, the OSCE added.
On top of that, the monitors will be looking for alleged conservative "voter suppression" schemes, which critics say are largely the product of wild imaginations. Still, Abbott graciously offered to help OSCE governments learn how to conduct proper elections in their own countries; elections in nations such as OSCE member Belarus, for example, a nation ruled by a brutal communist dictator, have essentially become punch lines around the world.
"If OSCE members want to learn more about our election processes so they can improve their own democratic systems, we welcome the opportunity to discuss the measures Texas has implemented to protect the integrity of elections," he explained without directly referencing the widespread problems found among many OSCE member governments. "However, groups and individuals from outside the United States are not allowed to influence or interfere with the election process in Texas."
The attorney general also took the opportunity to briefly remind OSCE officials about election safeguards and laws used in Texas. "This State has robust election laws that were carefully crafted to protect the integrity of our election system," he wrote. "All persons — including persons connected with OSCE — are required to comply with these laws."
Analysts praised the Texas attorney general and the state in general for standing up to international organizations and far-left fringe groups seeking to involve self-styled global "authorities" in U.S. elections. While a few states have laws specifically authorizing international elections monitors, legal questions about the OSCE's dubious "mission" continue to be raised.
"These activist groups sought assistance not from American sources, but from the United Nations," explained President Catherine Engelbrecht with True the Vote, a Texas-based citizen-led effort to restore the integrity of U.S. elections by preventing fraud. "The United Nations has no jurisdiction over American elections."
Despite the furor that erupted this year, the OSCE claims to have been monitoring U.S. elections for the last decade. The mission this year will be led by Dutch diplomat and former leader with various UN organs Daan W. Everts. It will be conducted under the auspices of the OSCE "Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights."
There have, of course, been quite a few legitimate concerns about the integrity of U.S. elections raised in recent years — dead people and illegal immigrants voting, massive ACORN voter-registration fraud, dubious electronic voting machines that are easy to compromise, and much more. Ironically, perhaps, many of the groups seeking UN elections supervision in America have themselves been caught up in voting fraud scandals.
Still, the notion that American states would need help from the OSCE or any other international organization — especially one affiliated with the UN, which analysts refer to as the "dictators' club" — has been described by critics as ludicrous and comical. State lawmakers should indeed use constitutional means to ensure the integrity of elections. If anything, however, the OSCE monitors would be well served simply taking notes and insisting on fair elections back home.
Photo: In this July 25, 2011 file photo, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott talks with the media as he leaves the Tom Green County Courthouse, in San Angelo, Texas: AP Images
Related articles:
Concerned About Conservatives, UN Affiliate to Monitor U.S. Election
Leftists Call on United Nations to Monitor U.S. Election
ACORN: Disenfranchising Voters
Illegal Aliens Fraudulently Cast Ballots in New Mexico
Hidden Camera Reveals How Easy It Is for Phantom Voters to Vote
Democrats to State Secretaries: Keep Voting Requirements Loose
Eric Holder Likens Texas Voter ID Law to "Poll Tax"
Texas Judge Warns Obama May Spark "Civil War," Call in UN Troops
Despite Violence, UN & Obama Hail Libya Election
Sudan's Mass-murdering Tyrant May Join UN "Human Rights" Council
UN "Human Rights" Boss Questions Fla. Law, Demands Justice for Trayvon
The United Nations: On the Brink of Becoming a World Government


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BOSTON, Mass.—Megan Fortier scored her first collegiate goal with 16 seconds remaining in overtime to lift Colby College (2-2) over UMass Boston (2-5-1) 4-3, and spoil the Beacons comeback efforts Sunday afternoon at the Clark Athletic Center Rink.
After falling behind 3-0 six minutes into the second period, the Beacons stormed back to tie the game with 29 seconds in regulation, but fell just short of earning their first home win of the year.
Sophomore Dylan Caron (Burrillville, R.I.) scored her first two goals of the season, including the tying goal in regulation. Assistant captain Emily LaRosa (Weymouth, Mass.) added a goal and an assist for UMB, who fell to 0-3-1 at home this year. Kayla Kiernan (North Smithfield, R.I.), Sarahanne Cavolo (Roxbury, N.H.) and Katie Loiselle (Glocester, R.I.) each added an assist for the Beacons.
Colby College's leading scorer Annie Papadellis continued her red-hot start to the season with her third and fourth goals of the year to help the Mules even their record.
In net, freshman Casey Schaejbe (Arlington, Mass.) recovered from a slow start to make 25 saves on 29 shots. After giving up three goals on the first 11 shots she faced, Schejbe proceeded to make 17 straight saves, before Fortier beat her in overtime.
Junior goaltender Brianne Wheeler was just as good, making 31 saves on 34 shots. The Second Team All-NESCAC goalie made 31 saves for the second straight season against the Beacons, to help Colby College improve to 4-1-1 all-time against UMB in non-conference play.
UMass Boston used a strong final 35 minutes of the contest to earn the edge statistically. The Beacons outshot the Mules 34-29 and won 36 faceoffs, compared to 31 for Colby College.
Samantha Slotnick got the Mules going in the first period when she slipped a shot by Schaejbe at the 9:39 mark. Lauren Guarente picked up an assist on the marker.
Almost 10 minutes later, Papadellis doubled the Mules lead, when she took passes from Fortier and Slotnick and rammed a shot by Schaejbe at 19:23.
With the two teams playing 4-on-4 early in the second period, Papadellis won a faceoff and shot the puck high over Schaejbe's shoulder to make it 3-0 Colby College.
The Mules momentum wouldn't last very long, as Caron made it 3-1 at 9:43 of the second period. On what looked like a broken play, Cavolo sent a pass to Caron, who notched her first goal of the season and seventh of her career.
LaRosa would put the pressure on Colby College just over two minutes later, when Loiselle and Kiernan set up LaRosa to make it 3-2 at the 11:33 mark. Colby College head coach David Venditti immediately called timeout to help settle his team and it paid off as the two teams would go scoreless for over 25 minutes.
Despite a strong finish to the second period and a strong third, the Beacons struggled to find the equalizer through the first 19 minutes of the third. UMass Boston outshot the Mules 24-16 over the second and third and mounted numerous strong chances, only to be stymied by the Colby College defense and Wheeler in the crease.
The Beacons finally tied the score at 3-3 when they pulled Schaejbe with just over 80 seconds to play. After Colleen Harris called her timeout, the Beacons six skaters took their time and LaRosa found Caron in the slot for a high shot that just barely beat Wheeler at 19:31 of the third period.
Colby College dominated the first two minutes of the overtime but couldn't put a shot on net. The Beacons responded with two aggressive minutes of play and just missed out on the game winner. Loiselle camped out just outside the crease on the far side and received a pass with Wheeler out of position, but her laser shot went just wide and ended up hitting the boards rather than the twine.
Fortier would make the Beacons pay just over a minute later when she and Kathryn Shei skated in and put pressure on the Beacons defense. The Colby forecheck was so strong that a Beacons defender turned over the puck when falling to the ground, and just seconds later Fortier emptied her team's bench by finding the back of the net.
UMass Boston will finish off their fall semester next weekend when they host Castleton State College Friday at 4 p.m. and New England College Saturday at 1 p.m.


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Oh FREEDOM! thou art not, as poets dream,
A fair young girl, with light and delicate limbs,
And wavy tresses gushing from the cap
With which the Roman master crowned his slave
When he took off the gyves. A bearded man,
Armed to the teeth, art thou; one mailed hand
Grasps the broad shield, and one the sword; thy brow,
Glorious in beauty though it be, is scarred
With tokens of old wars; thy massive limbs
Are strong with struggling. Power at thee has launched
His bolts, and with his lightnings smitten thee;
They could not quench the life thou hast from heaven.
Excerpt from: Antiquity of Freedom by William Cullen Bryant
A heartfelt THANK YOU to all who served and gave the ultimate sacrifice.


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With that context out of the way, let me tell you about Federal Donut, which kind of blew our minds this morning. First, check out their website. So, yeah, we saw that yesterday, as well as this NYT article.
Don't worry -- despite the NYT write-up, Federal Donuts is neither trendy or pretentious. The idea is pretty brilliant:
- Rent a corner storefront with a deep fryer and counter space
- Serve hot fried-on-demand cake donuts and cold "fancy" cake donuts (glazed and topped) in the morning, until they are gone.
- At noon, switch the deep fryer over to chicken duty. Serve half and whole fried chicken until they are gone.
- Close up when you have nothing left to sell
We showed up around 10 am for donuts. There were a good number of people in there, but no throngs, so that we all (Vince+K+O, our two-year-old) could fit on a small bench by the door. K and I both agreed: the hot donuts were the reason to be here: light and perfectly fried, with the sugar+spice treatment not too sweet and subtly interesting: Indian cinnamon (the consensus winner), vanilla lavender, and Apollonia spices (something I couldn't really put my finger on).
The "fancies" of course reminded us of Dynamo Donuts in San Francisco, and similarly Federal Donuts was unafraid of embracing the savory. K's favorite was the caramel banana, which had a flaky, salt-caramel coating (this sold out the fastest, by the way), and I liked the halvah-pistachio, which packed a spicy kick to it. Their tarter glazed offerings were interesting too: raspberry balsamic (!) and grapefruit brown sugar definitely lived up to their descriptions.
Also worth mentioning was the elaborate rack of scientific glassware for drip-coffee. It appeared to be in operation, but perhaps just for show, as several commercial coffee makers were in action too.
Donuts on the left, fried chicken on the right.
Halvah-pistachio, one of the "fancy" donuts
After our had toddler gobbled enough donuts (he started to spin in circles) we took a walk around the Pennsport neighborhood. In an empty lot behind the Mummers Museum, O played with another young boy, whose grandmother told us the owner lived on the block. Just then, the owner walked by with his dog, and she said, "These people came all the way from Roxborough to enjoy your donuts!". "Yeah, it's rocket fuel for the kids too." he called back.
After our walk, we killed some time running errands so we could come back for the fried chicken, which went on sale on noon. When we got there, the chicken wasn't ready yet, but they were handing out reservation cards; each one guaranteed a half-chicken. I drew #15 and #16. As the minutes ticked by more and more people arrived, and soon the entire area in front of the counter was mobbed. Then, the numbers started to be called.
What struck me watching the process was the similarity in their approach to both the donuts and chicken. The donuts got fried and then coated in sugar+spice mixture. The chicken got a "base coat" of batter-fry, and were queued up on the same racks as the donuts. Then for the different flavors (we ordered half buttermilk ranch and half coconut curry), they did a quick second dip in the fryer with a "dry rub" of spices. Again, the level of spice was perfect (not overpowering, nor too subtle). The chicken was not too greasy, and the meat extremely tender and juicy (fresh from the fryer is the best!) As a bonus, they threw in a "side donut" with each half-chicken. Now that's what I call class.


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Master of Business Administration (2-Year Full Time Programme)
The decision to start MBA programme along with MCA in ECIMT was taken at the very first instant of inception of the proposal to establish Ewing Christian Institute of Management & Technology, as is evident from its name. It is the natural path for our growth as Ewing Christian College is already running part-time PGDBM programme successfully since 1996, and the programme is very well patronized by public
The students of Allahabad and the neighboring towns will benefit from this Institute of Excellence and will help them in establishing themselves in this world of high competition.
The Faculty members of the Department are all highly qualified and experienced, with some of the guest faculty from various Management Colleges and Universities, etc. Various audio-visual aids in classrooms and laboratories are used by the faculty to deliver effective training to the students.
Course Curriculum:
The Course curriculum is designed to provide the students solid conceptual foundations and an extensive focus on applications of these concepts to real life situations. The course content is a perfect blend of Management and Information Technology Concepts with a strong focus on developing managerial, professional, interpersonal and very good communication skills. The Course Curriculum has recently been revised by U.P. Technical University.
Course Outline:
Masters in Business Administration (MBA)
Semester I-ĀĀĀĀ
Semester II-ĀĀĀĀ
Semester III-
Semester IV-
Elective Papers-
Specialization Group : Human Resource
Specialization Group : Marketing
Specialization Group : Financial Management
Specialization Group : Information Technology
Specialization Group : International Business
Specialization Group : Open Specialization (Any one in IV Semester)
Explore ECIMT


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Redundancy vs. DependencyJanuary 20, 2005
When coding larger sites, the CSS cascade is both friend and foe. The choice is yours: redundancy, or dependency?
CSS forces you to make a choice in your coding techniques, a choice that becomes more obvious the larger a site grows. As the amount of variance between different templates increases, you can go in one of two directions: you can either code for redundancy, or code for dependency.
I'll give you some examples to illustrate what I'm talking about. First, redundancy. You've just created a series of forms across three pages. Each form has a couple of fields in common with the other forms, that you'd like to present in a similar way. The redundant method of coding each is to copy and paste the CSS, changing only the selector. For example:
.checkout #loginForm {margin: 5px; color: #333;}
.entrypage #loginForm {margin: 5px; color: #333;}
.cms #loginForm {margin: 5px; color: #333;}
Or slightly less redundant, the selectors can be combined with commas:
.checkout #loginForm,
.entrypage #loginForm,
.cms #loginForm {margin: 5px; color: #333;}
In the interest of code optimization, it can be even further condensed of course. You can style
#loginForm generically, no matter what its parent might be:
#loginForm {margin: 5px; color: #333;}
Now, what's happening here is that there's an assumption driving the coding decision: all instances of
#loginForm should have a 5 pixel margin, and be coloured dark grey. What if the form on the site's entry page needs a slightly different margin to adjust for other surrounding elements? You'd have to rely on the cascade to pick up the initial styling, then call it out separately:
#loginForm {margin: 5px; color: #333;}
.entrypage #loginForm {margin: 2px 10px;}
At this point, the instance of
#loginForm showing up on
.entrypage is picking up the color value from the previous style rule, and now we're moving firmly into the territory of the previously mentioned dependency. The second rule is relying on part of the styling of the first, so if you remove or modify the first, you change the formatting of the element in question.
It's relatively easy to see what's happening at a glance: first, your
#loginForm is generically styled. Second, the generic style is overridden with a followup rule in certain instances. Easy.
But it gets more difficult if there's, say, a third dependency on a padding value picked up from a new style rule. Not to mention the difficulty added if part of the styling shows up quite a bit further down in the style sheet from the initial rule, or even in a new style sheet altogether. And if you're handing your CSS over to a client who hasn't quite grasped the concept of the cascade, they won't be able to make heads or tales of the dependencies.
To take it to an extreme, what if eight different style rules form the basis of the final style which eventually gets rendered on-screen, and changing any one of those prior rules might affect the element in question, but ripple across the site and change other elements unintentionally?
Let's analyze this a little more closely, since it's so important to understand. Say you've got the following rules combining to create the style for
#loginForm on the site's entry page, as above:
#loginForm {margin: 5px; color: #333;}
.sidebar #loginForm {padding: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;}
.entrypage .sidebar #loginForm {padding-left: 0;}
The final styling for the instance of
#loginForm in question would then be: a margin of 5 pixels, dark grey text, a slightly smaller font size, and 5 pixels of padding on all sides except the left, which gets no padding. So now you want to go back and change the font size to match your body text, what do you do? The natural inclination is to modify the second line:
.sidebar #loginForm {padding: 5px; font-size: 1em;}
Except oh no wait, other elements were picking up the style from that particular rule and you just changed the font size for all occurances of
#loginForm that sit inside the site's sidebar, and you didn't want to do that. You're making the font size adjustment six months later though, so you don't even remember the dependency. And chances are you won't notice it immediately since you're not liable to refresh pages other than the one you're currently working on, so you just gave yourself an extra few minutes of debugging for whenever you actually spot the difference.
The easy fix, of course, is to just not modify the more general style rule and add a further override to the last line, like so:
.entrypage .sidebar #loginForm {padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em;}
And if you follow that line of reasoning to its logical end, you're back in the redundancy camp:
.checkout #loginForm {
margin: 5px; color: #333; font-size: 0.9em; padding: 5px;
.entrypage #loginForm {
margin: 2px 10px; color: #333; font-size: 1em; padding: 5px;
.cms #loginForm {
margin: 5px; color: #333; font-size: 0.9em; padding: 3px 6px;
So it turns out there's a spectrum; you can move in either direction, in varying degrees. More dependencies make for a sticky and tangled mess of logic that creates extra work when you come back to modify your creation. More redundancies are verbose and bandwidth intensive, and create extra work for the initial creation process.
I tend to favour redundancy in theory, but I code in plenty of dependencies in practice. Redundancy is easier to understand, cheap enough when the CSS is being cached properly, but inconvenient to build. Dependencies are far easier to create when coding, but during browser testing and later modifications to the style they cause no end of headaches. And when I'm working on a CSS file that I know will have to be understood by someone else, there's all the more reason to keep it simple.
I find myself always applying an specific ID to the BODY tag, that way if I need to apply a specific rule on just one page I can just refer to the BODY#ID .class
Also helpfull when needing to put nav buttons on a solid state.
2 birds, 1 ID .. or something like that.
As I tend to write my CSS in sections, a section per page-type, I've never encountered this problem. It's redundant… it's not optimised for download speed, it's optimised for easy reading and editing.
I suppose one could have develop ones CSS in stages. There would be a development stage, where the CSS is optimised for easy reading and editing. These CSS files would be the reference CSS files… any future edits are done to them, and them alone.
Before the CSS files go live, they are passed through a CSS optimiser. This could be automatic (then checked), or it could be entirely manual. If you're doing it manually, you could use as much dependencies as you liked, so long as the rendering matched the master CSS for each page-type.
Here's an automatic CSS optimiser (I don't remember THAT header graphic :). Something like this could be used:
The live CSS files would be one way. You never make changes to them; the files are always replaced.
This would certainly solve a couple of problems (and create whole new ones). As I said, it's just one possible way of doing things. It is certainly one I'll consider for my next large project.
A few people have mentioned applying custom ids to the body element and tapping into page-specific style that way. It's a good idea, but no real fix for the problem.
Go back to the examples in the article and assume each is using a body id, instead of the listed class. So ".checkout #loginForm" becomes "#checkout #loginForm" since the body is given an id of "checkout".
The problem isn't solved by that alone. In fact, that's not doing anything differently than the listed example from the article — there's a specific parent, and a generic child that may be pulling its style from a few different rules (that either involve the parent or don't.)
You still run into dependencies if you're not careful, because doing this is quite easy too:
.form {padding: 5px;}
#homepage .form {color: blue;}
I think Eris has hit on something wise though, the idea that base style elements are okay being dependent, and redundancy can be applied to page-by-page styling.
In principle it's the same as having page-specific external style sheets that contain extra, non-base styling for each page, you just have the option of centralizing all your style in one sheet. That makes a lot of sense to me.
I tend to favour dependency when I'm coding for myself because it seems to make more sense to me from a logical point of view. But dependency can seem a little messy when it's not your creation and without comments. So when I'm coding for someone else, redundancy is appropriated since it's easier to understand.
I definitely favor dependency, though the inheritance problem can be a pain (Firefox's Web Developer Toolbar helps ease that pain). One thing I've started to move to is applying multiple classes to an element.
I'm glad someone else mentioned OOP already, so I don't sound completely nuts. I've started to think of classes as … classes in an OOP language. They describe a set of common characteristics. An id is like an instantiation of the class, where your Person object gets its own name, age, whatever (e.g., this instance of the form overrides its shared border color because of an id).
The only trick is breaking the common characteristics into sensible classes so they can be applied together without trying to set the same styles. Unless you want to do that; I suppose the order of the class names would control which class wins out.
If I'm coding a project for me an no one else, I have a tendency to be redundant, more than dependent. As you said, it seems to make browser testing and final tweaks go much more smoothly.
Of course, it drives my boss nuts because he's a stickler for code-optimization. So, in practice, I often end up being redundant, and then going back at the end of the project and optimizing the code, often building in dependancies.
Great article, Dave!
Does anyone know of a resource that will help me create good forms? Not just accessible forms but good looking forms for more than just a comment form.
There seems to be a lot of information on CSS layout, individual form element styles, accessible forms, but not form style.
For instance the comment form on this page has labels to the left of the first three input elements but the comments label is on top of the textarea.
What's a good format for a simple name and address form? How about telephone numbers?
I do not think the questions should be to write with redundancy vs dependency - but "is it good business to make so many exceptions and variations".
Consider something you design for print - having a lot of different styling, font sizes and margins really only makes the page messy.
So instead of styling form elements differently from page to page and from location to location - consider using single design for all.
What you will get is consistency in design and coding - which impoves usability for all.
I hate to bandy semantics on a post that has some very good points, but what you're discussing is not, repeat NOT, inheritance. It's the cascade.
Inheritance is the mechanism by which values are passed from an element to its children, and from them to their children, and so on. Period.
When two rules apply to an element, and there are conflicting declarations in those rules, then the process of choosing which value wins is the cascade at work. (The foundation of making that particular choice is specificity.)
See http://www.w3.org/TR/css21/cascade.html#cascading-order for more details.
I'm relatively new to the whole CSS thing, but even just in coding my homepage and a simple recipe db, I've already run into this dilemma.
Ultimately, the more everything can match to common templates, the better. A login form is really just a general form… with some differences. So style 'forms' with the consistent attributes such as colour, and then add a single layer of redundent rules later that override where necessary.
Or maybe maximum two: One that overrides the ".form" rules for ".form .login", and then any final tweaks can be applied via the id, so you've got the second dependent layer styled as ".form #loginsidebar". It means you wrap two divs around around your form, but I don't think that's the end of the world.
Nice post Dave. I find that achieving the balance between the two can be challenging.
By Buidling CSS with a consistent structure (ie, how you lay out your style sheet(s)) and good commenting often always helps me out of a mess later.
I tend to favor dependency over redundancy, it seems to make more sense to me from a logical point of view, not to mention optimization. That could be the object-oriented, computer science part of me talking though.
I tend to put my basic form styling in the main stylesheet, then if I need to customize a particular page in any further way I would give the page body an ID, then drive rules to that page with selectors. Kinda like your example above, except with ID's instead of classes.
Why would a particular page have a custom class (as in your examples) instead of an ID anyway?
body#special-page fieldset{…}
.special-page fieldset{…}
I don't know, maybe I'm just being picky.
One thing dependency does is force you to document your project a little better. If you have styles which will change all sorts of things throughout the site, you must document every single dependency to avoid changing things unexpectedly. This is especially important if you are passing the site off to either the client or another firm. Without documentation, things can get bad quickly.
I mostly tend to favour redundancy over dependency. I tend to ask myself a couple of questions while working on the stylesheet. Is this style open for changes in the future? Is this style related to another style?
If it's open for changes, I try to build it in a redundant way first. After a couple of revisions for that particular section and I have come to the point of finalizing it, I'll look if I can optimize it.
If it's related to another style, dependency might be my choice. If it isn't, I favour redundancy no matter what. Often cases like these are only a small bit of the stylesheet, so, initially, to make my life a whole lot less of a hassle, I'll write a bit more than really needed.
I've always considered relying on dependency too much as creating a CSS class for 5px padding, 10px padding and 20px along with similar classes for margin. Sure, you could then refer a wide range of classes, but think about it for a second. Are you sure you're not destroying the flexibility CSS initially gives you? Are you sure a single change somewhere doesn't spawn 10 other changes?
I constantly answer those questions while working on something and with every case the answer could be different. For me personally, the answers are mostly in favour of redundancy.
Thanks for the post Dave. I wrestle with this every time I am writing css. I often find myself looking at a stylesheet I had written and thinking that it could be a lot cleaner and more efficient but opting not to touch it in order to preserve future understanding of what I had written. That, and secretely thinking: "I hope no one ends up looking at this stylesheet…".
I am a pretty big proponent of comments, though more for myself than other people, which can be extremely helpful when I foresee a sticky situation in the future or something tricky intially that might leave my head when the time comes to look at it again.
But again, thanks. I can't really speak for the rest of the readers out there, but I value posts like this a lot. It is reassuring to know that even a "guru" wrestles with something like this which could be percieved as having a simple, but unknown, solution.
It's funny how much you hit the nail on the head with this post Dave! I am currently involved in a coding project that revolved around achieving such a balance between both.
Having encountered this CSS dilemma in the past, especially the client confusion part, we decided to plan how this project would layout exactly, from the get-go. We storyboarded the flow of the entire site, and everywhere where an element would go we brainstormed the most effective (and semantic) use of its being marked up and styled. Div blocks were cut out of the Photoshop comps and were logically named. Unordered lists, it was decided, would only be used in the footer, for example. Paragraph tags would only occur within #content div, etc. Nothing was left out of consderation.
Coming to the end of this project now, I realize that this painstaking planning up front with consistent naming, logical ID'ing, and well-considered decisions about markup has reduced the CSS bloat, greatly improved the reliance of the cascade, and has allowed for a more logical editing for future maintenance. In other words, our client will not have to have a Zen Garden submission to know how to manage their CSS file.
For most, this amount of precious time spent planning like this would not be conducive for a client's budget. However, when you really take the time up front to make these hard choices, it really makes everything run much smoother in the end. Unfortunately, it is all too easy to just jump right in, hit the ground running with your design, and find yourself and your design breaking every time you touch your CSS file.
Some very good points you've made. I've grappled with the same issues and usually end up taking the redundant approach. Even if I attempt to start out creating appropriate dependencies it seems that there's always that exception where you need to override a specific attribute.
When creating dependencies I try to make things easier by grouping like elements together. But then of course if you group your h1, h2, h3 and other block level element styles together and then all of your #sidebar styles together, where do you override the h2 for your #sidebar?
Either way you're well on your way to that tangled mess you spoke of. Personally, I prefer to take care in creating clean, lightweight CSS so that if its necessary to have some redundancy for the sake of clarity I'm not taking a huge bandwidth hit.
The exact same issue is present in object oriented programming too. In OO, though, there's no choice… it's all for dependency, but in the idea of a proper architecture. I'd say, the same can apply here… a proper inheritance structure should be able to "take it".
The more I experiment and code, I've found myself taking a hybrid approach with this. On most of my base style, it'd dependancy and with elements that are page or object specific, it's redundancy. It works for me because there's less of a chance that my base file is going to change whereas my specifics seem to be in a constant state of alteration.
Well written Dave, thanks!
If you want to document your css a lot without bloating the download, you can make it a style.css.php file on your server, and add a quick mod_rewrite rule that points anything .css to .css.php
Then your comments are just:
<? /*
Not the most elegant solution, but if documentation is a must, and bandwidth is at a premium, it's an option.
*/ ?>
To the client, it looks like a bald CSS file, but it's secretly got comments that are stripped out every time it downloads.
Good article - I just came off a huge project that was my first experience with this really becoming an issue. The forms of the site were all built in a Java/XML pipeline and I really had very little control over classing and IDs.
To make it worse, I had to start styling the site before I was too aware of exactly what the scope was.
3/4 of the way through I ended up removing a lot of redundancies and exchanging them for dependencies as the CSS files got too huge and started to bug out Internet Explorer.
The moral of the story is: Know your scope; planning your selectors in advance gives you a huge advantage later, much like the OO programmer who uses UML to figure out his classes.
Everyone has his own practices, here's mine if you care… if the CSS is surely going to be re-worked later by me or the colleague, i cascade selectors from the topmost element with an ID (for example BODY)—i found that DOM-like approach and extensive commenting (which includes something like /* IE this is for you : ) */) make things a lot easier.
Answering comment #33 by Justin Perkins:
Take the time to read how a compressor works and you'll understand why gzip will remove redundancy. That's what every lossless compressor does.
By the way, I have never said you can develop bloated code and be forgiven for that thanks to gzip. I just say many times optimizing code to have a small size takes so much time and it's soooo messy when debugging it does not pay the pain or the bandwidth.
a really good topic here, and you explained everything very plainly, Dave -thanks
for me, dependency is the thing about CSS that has been the hardest to grasp … I usually tend to err on the side of redundancy, but I always have this feeling that there's a more efficient way to do it …
this post will be bookmarked for me for a long time :) thanks
you are describing exactly the problem I am facing these days. In the past I had always coded smaller Websites which were maintained by myself with Dreamweaver. But now I am doing a large Website and code the CSS for a CMS-application. So now all the parts of the website have to be a small universe for themself. Having coded now for years with the cascade and inheriting code (to write leaner CSS-files) I now face a different kind of coding where I prefer to put an extra DIV around a chunk of text. In the days before I wouldn't, but then I had the control.
So, having said that, I think both ways of coding are correct, it simply depends on the complexity of the application.
Greetings from Germany.
Jens Grochtdreis
I can't see the point in favouring dependency over redundancy.
Code with redundancy is almost always easier to implement and debug, so the only point for dependency would be size.
Say your CSS stylesheet with plenty of dependencies would be 5 KB. Now, how much would it be if you favour redundancy? 6 KB? 7 KB? Nowadays most of the people have at least a 56Kbps connection or broadband, so 1 or 2 KB more is almost nothing. Heck, even 5 KB more would be just a second more!
Indeed, if you want to care about size, you'd better enable gzip compression in your web server and save lots of bandwith. Most browsers are already gzip-enabled.
I tend toward combining classes for when you need to alter genericly styled elements.
As an example, if you want a form button to trail the form element, (such as on a single line form), adding the class "trail" to its existing class can alter it enough without building up complex dependancies and associated problems.
This also works well when you need a longer form element, such as for a URL/email address. Why create a complex inheritance when you can combine tmodify the existing one with a new class, "long" to achieve the same?
(You can use more than one class within an element by seperating them by a space).
In some cases, multiple classes could be used to decouple one set of characteristics from another. For example, one page on your web site (or one section within a page) might feature a different colour scheme than another. You could introduce two classes to define the two different colour schemes, and use whichever one was appropriate in each case.
This will only work, however, in cases where the set of properties you need to switch between are truly independent of all the other properties.
In regards to Pau Garcia's comment, bandwidth concerns are a reality, not a relic from the olden days. A high traffic site sees hundreds of thousands of visitors a month (probably more). When you take a small amount of savings in file size and multiply that by the number of monthy visitors you're suddenly talking about gigabytes of data consuming bandwidth when it could be conserved.
File download time is hardly the primary reason behind reducing file size, imo.
Sorry, for some reason I missed comment 26, which says basically the same thing as what I said.
This is why theres a marked difference between preaching about web standards, and actually providing solutions that use them.
Holy crap, Tom Clancy reads this blog???
Answering comment #28 by Justin Perkins:
If you want to truly save bandwidth, enable gzip. You will save not only in CSS, but in almost every object your server sends (and of course in CSS, because gzip compression will remove redundancy)
Bandwidth concerns are not solved by enabling gzip compression. Sure it helps greatly, but to think that you can make bloated HTML, CSS, Javascript, etc.. just because of gzip is quite short-sighted. Maybe in personal web environments where bandwidth isn't of great concern, due to low volume of traffic, you can create comment rich CSS and nicely formatted Javascript. In professional web applications *everything* should be optimized as much as possible.
Lost visitors = lost customers = lost revenue = high stress for the web developer
File optimization certainly is one place where I can reduce monthly bandwidth usage (lower cost for business) and decrease download times. I don't see the arguement against such methodology.
"…because gzip compression will remove redundancy)"
Possibly you are confused as to what either gzip does or what this topic was originally about, but gzip compression will not alter your CSS file in anyway. Enabling gzip does not magically remove your redundant rules.
I've had the unfortunate experience of writign some pretty nasty CSS and it's come from this very problem. It definately is a dilemma if you don't really put a lot of thought into the initial design of both the site layout and the structure of the CSS.
Dependency really floats my boat for the most part. Oddly, I find it easier to edit when everything's dependent on a master set of styles. It makes more sense in the end if you *know* what changes everything, and what changes one thing (inline or page-specific styles). Redundant CSS requires you to edit specific rules every time you want to change what should be a master rule, kind of defeating the purpose of the cascade, which the way I see it is to allow you to modify only what must be modified and let previous rules handle the rest. Generally ease in debugging follows logical coding. The only difficulty with Dependency is when you can't find what rules are already applied; but then it helps to have tools like "View Style Information" on the Web Developer Toolbar for Firefox. Besides, when part of your CSS is generated from Perl and you modify things far away from your XHTML files it's not easy to be redundant if you wanted to.
I read yours too, Mike, but I've got some disappointing news for you.
Redundancy is the way to go for me. I just can't handle thinking about the cascading effect of a change somewhere that will bring about changes in 50 other places


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- plumen bulb onWhile walking the halls of the ICFF this past week, we were thrilled to learn that  Hulger's gorgeous Plumen bulb will be hitting store shelves in the US this June! Dubbed "the world's first designer bulb" the Plumen is a gesture in both eco-friendly design and energy-efficiency. After much success in the UK and all over Europe, Plumen has made some tweaks in order to create the 110V version for the American market. The light bulb's design aims to solve a couple of the complaints often voiced against energy efficient light bulbs, notably the unappealing light that is given off as well as the non-descript mass-produced design.1
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quote:Originally posted by ken8038One other place that I just remembered about is the Stewart's Root Beer on Rt 22 near Lebanon NJ. It's on a picturesque stretch (yes, I said a picturesque stretch) of Rt 22. OK, it part of a samll chain, but Stewart's has the rep of giving thier individual operators wide latitude in menu, ambiance, etc, and this one is very well run. Plenty of picnic tables for a large crowd, better than average dogs (we like the foot longs). It would be a good stop on the way to or the way out of the Philipsburg places. ---Ken
quote:Originally posted by ScreenBearBrook, Might be worth a look-see. Could you describe the place? Bear


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Gallium3D Gets Xorg, DRI2 State Trackers
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Theoretically you could have multiple contexts, but I think the driver would have to implement a context-switching mechanism. I'm not sure if it does that now or how it handles multiple clients who want to use the Gallium interface. I'm going to hazard a guess that that hasn't been tested/worked on much because they're focusing on getting basic functionality working first.Last edited by TechMage89; 03-03-2009, 02:33 PM.
Does Gallium/Mesa have the "WGL" style limitation of a single OpenGL context, or can I open multiple contexts?
The only limitation is that you can only have a single context active *per thread*, which is dictated by the retained-mode OpenGL API (and not by the WGL/GLX/AGL glue). Point in case, I once wrote a test that created up to a hundred OpenGL contexts.
If I have multiple cards, can I open multiple OpenGL contexts per card?
This stuff kicks ass.
Here is my understanding of the driver structure:
Old Fashioned (the way most people are currently doing things)
The Linux video driver model is very convoluted. X grew up in a time when all a video card was was a framebuffer. A framebuffer is a region of memory that you simply write out data to and then the video card writes that data to the display. Very quick and direct way of accessing the video card, but you have no acceleration.
As time moved on and people started accelerating bits and pieces of the display you have had new drivers pop up to provide that functionality.
So now we have several drivers that drive a single video card. Typically:
1. VGA or Framebuffer driver. -- kernel driver
This provides console access. That is when your not in X Windows and you have stuff on your screen it is using the in-kernel VGA or Framebuffer driver.
2. Xorg DDX. -- userspace driver
This provides 2D acceleration and other features. The DDX is 'Device Dependent X'. The Xorg driver is developed separately from Linux and has it's own way to directly access the hardware. It also fiddles around with PCI registers and other dangerous things outside of the Linux kernel.
For example you have EXA and XAA. XAA is the old way of providing 2D acceleration and EXA is a newer way that tends to work better. People are currently using both in Linux and most DDX support both APIs and defaults to one or the other.
It also provides for mode setting (setting the resolution and display outputs), some limited video playback acceleration, and such things.
Oh and the DIX, that is Device Independent X, is all the stuff that isn't part of the hardware drivers. Things like X libraries.
3. DRM Driver -- kernel driver
Linux DRM Driver is the in-kernel driver for providing controlled access to video cards. DRM stands for 'Direct Rendering Management'.
The Linux DRM stuff then implements a stable user space API/ABI called DRI that video drivers can talk to the hardware through.
4. DRI Driver -- userspace driver
The DRI driver is a OpenGL hardware acceleration driver that is created by accelerating bits and pieces of Mesa and it interfaces the hardware through the DRI protocol and Linux DRM driver.
Mesa is the default OpenGL stack provided by distributions and other open source things. OpenGL is itself a large generic API designed for programming 3D applications. Itself is mostly independent from hardware and may or may not be hardware accelerated. This is very different from DirectX were DirectX is tied very close to the hardware. With OpenGL only a part of the API is ever hardware accelerated. With 'consumer' grade video cards they typically only accelerate portions of the API that is used by video games and such were 'professional' video cards tend to a bit more.
So basically they create the DRI driver by taking Mesa and then accelerating as much as they can in hardware.
It sucks
How all of this works together, more or less, is that these various drivers are forced to work together in a piecemeal fashion. Since they are all developed by different folks and different projects (Xorg, Linux, and Mesa) they don't really get along that well and a great deal of time and effort is spent in just getting them happy and stable.
For example usually X.org DDX is given free reign over the display. But if you need a OpenGL application on their then the DDX draws a blank square in the framebuffer that is then given over to the DRI driver. Something like that.
The future way
1. Linux DRM driver. --- kernel space driver.
Some low-level functionality, like mode setting, is handed over the Linux kernel.
Also you have things like GEM, in the Linux kernel, were you have a central memory management scheme were the Linux kernel is put in charge of controlling the video card memory and paging data in and out of the video card and things like that. Previously each API had it's own memory management scheme that made it very difficult for them to work together, which is required for composited desktops.
A updated DRI2 protocol is created for allowing userspace drivers to access the hardware.
2. Gallium3D ---- userspace driver.
The new DRI2 driver which replaces the OpenGL-specific DRI/DRI2 Mesa drivers.
With the old DRI userspace stuff each driver had way too much hardware-specific code in it. It was very difficult for improvements in one driver to translate well to other drivers. So Gallium3D is divided up so that it tries to isolate as much hardware-specific code as possible and make that as small as possible. Also it is then extended to support multiple different APIs. So that it doesn't just provide OpenGL, it can provide EXA API, video playback acceleration, or support for OpenCL.
So that's the new model. I don't understand the internal structure of Gallium that much to be able to talk about what exactly state trackers or what the hardware-specific portion of the driver is called and whatnot.
One of the bonuses is that since your dividing up Gallium in a useful manner then you can make the hardware be anything. It can provide access to your CPU (aka software driver) or Cell or whatever. After all modern video acceleration isn't hardware acceleration anymore.. it's all software. Just software that is optimized to run on both your CPU and GPU rather then just your CPU.
What happenned to Xorg DDX?
Well with Gallium3D being able to provide lots of different APIs then having a 2D specific driver is redundant. (not to mention most video card companies are doing away with 2D-specific silicon altogether).
And with the Linux kernel taking over memory management completely, input detection, and mode setting completely then there is no need for Xorg to do that anymore, either.
So there is virtually no reason for X to have any direct access to hardware at all.
So your X Server just becomes another application. No more twiddling with your PCI bits. It'll run under your user account and it'll get hardware acceleration the same way any other application can get it.
And this is, by far, for the best.
I donno. Gallium can probably provide for that also. Maybe the kernel will keep seperate drivers for it. I don't know. Not really that important anymore.
What about other OSes?
Well one of the arguments for pro-Xorg drivers is that the DDX stuff is mostly OS independent. Since X twiddles with the bits directly there isn't much in the way of Linux specific code to deal with.
With everything going through Linux DRM stuff then that means your drivers need to have Linux to run.
But the flip side is that as long as other OSes can have kernels smart enough to support the DRI2 protocol then then can support all the same hardware acceleration features. More or less.
And since Gallium itself is modular then it should be possible to design a Gallium driver to use existing Windows or OS X APIs/drivers to accelerate itself. Something like that... way over my head.
Originally posted by drag View PostVGA/Framebuffer - I donno. Gallium can probably provide for that also. Maybe the kernel will keep seperate drivers for it. I don't know. Not really that important anymore.
Originally posted by bridgman View PostI think the idea is to update the current FB drivers so that they will use KMS+GEM if present.
Originally posted by Ex-Cyber View PostThis is something that I've found a bit confusing. What's the difference between a "kernel modesetting" driver and a "framebuffer device" driver? Different userland API?
The framebuffer interface (and possibly the individual drivers, not sure) are not going away. The kernel needs them to render text consoles and to render OOPS messages and the like. The plan is to just remove the mode-setting portion of the framebuffer drivers and make them use KMS so that we have only a single mode setting framework in the kernel.


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Each local educational agency or consortium of local educational agencies desiring a subgrant under this part shall submit an application to the State educational agency at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the State educational agency may reasonably require.
(b) ContentsEach such application shall—
identify the schools that are eligible for assistance under part A of this subchapter and plan to implement a comprehensive school reform program, including the projected costs of such a program;
describe the comprehensive school reforms based on scientifically based research and effective practices that such schools will implement;
describe how the local educational agency or consortium will provide technical assistance and support for the effective implementation of the comprehensive school reforms based on scientifically based research and effective practices selected by such schools; and
(Pub. L. 89–10, title I, § 1605, as added Pub. L. 107–110, title I, § 101, Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 1604.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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| October 12, 2011, 8:54 pm
Denver area fashion companies put their most stylish feet forward Saturday for Fashion Group International of Denver's biannial Rising Star Awards.
Braving a trip to the suburbs FGI members, friends and family members gathered at the relatively new venue District 475, which was a perfect setting for a reception and show. In the Inverness Main Street development, District 475 has an open, warehouse-y feel. There was clever art on the walls, sofas for lounging, spots for photo ops, bars, and high-top tables for parking a drink and plate while you mingled. The runway and backstage area accommodated what event co-chair Carol Engel Enright said was a crowd of about 350 who came out to toast the 13 companies being recognized.
Read more…


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Hi, I'm from Hong Kong and this is my first post. I think the dragons are from Hong Kong instead of Vietnam. The place is the harbour front of the Cultural Centre. I have searched some information about this picture. It is the opening ceremony about the fire safety campagine 2006 - 2007 which is held on 10 Dec. You can see the arch in the picture has some chinese words. It is "家居防火靠你我" which means the "preventing fire at home depends on you and me". And there are buildings behind. The tallest one in the picture looks like the Central Plaza.I was shocked when I saw that scene.
Ok, it's 10 Salisbury Road, Tsim Sha Tsui (here), on the other side of the harbor from Shau Kei Wan. Looks like the racers might need an octopus card after all .
And here is a confirmation of the Dec 10 date Schwarzmoor mentioned (next to last entry).
episode title! I wonder who says it It looks like everything will be on time for this week! (the press release and the phils preview!)
Shau Kei Wan is just a little northwest of Siu Sai Wan; it's another residential area with shopping areas, a fish market, docks, and some more hiking trails. (kmz attached)
Here is the hau Kei Wan Government Secondary School in Hong Kong. It's kind of close to the other one by the stadium.
Charla and Mirna are still in only cus of that HUGE lead they got around 2 eps back and ED are seeming to self destruct.
CSSVT this is where you can find the Hawaii/leg info and welcome to the forum :yaya:
Good point good point. The airlines have really been worse for teams this season it seems. Either way, next leg is almost obviously a Non Elim and if you ask me C/M are the next to go and my final order is Beauties, ED and ChasThe reason the Road to Hana leg would be so intreguing is this: if you arrive in the middle of the afternoon theres a LOT of traffic. I drove it at the end of my spring break, getting on it at 3 PM and arriving in Hana around 6. Left Hana around 6 30 and got in around 8. There's a LOT more traffic in the morning/afternoon.Another possibility with this location is a detour, take a boat of some sort to get back to the "civilized" area of the island or drive back. with the winding road it's probaby a good 15-20 extra miles on the road than just following the edge of the Island.
I'm glad with the way C/M and D/K are running the race. While they might not be getting along, we finally have TWO F/F teams who are both capable of winning.
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In her new movie "Salt," Angelina Jolie is outfitted in blond wigs, black wigs, jumpsuits, pantsuits. She can appear eerily strait-laced in one scene and goth in the next. She's probably the most dynamic action star in the movies right now and certainly the most exotic.
In "Salt," she's playing a role that originally was meant for Tom Cruise; I don't lament the switch. The part could just as easily have been set up for Matt Damon. Although the principal filmmakers – director Phillip Noyce, screenwriter Kurt Wimmer and cinematographer Robert Elswit – seem to have had a "Bourne"-style franchise in mind, their film is a bit too wiggy and perverse for that.
It's also unapologetically a throwback to cold warriorism. Jolie plays Evelyn Salt, a CIA undercover superspy first seen in flashback being tortured by her North Korean captors – just to set the film's temperature. (All in a day's work.)
Two years later, in Washington, D.C., where Evelyn is cozily ensconced with her doting German arachnologist husband (August Diehl), she is named as a Russian spy by a Russian defector (Daniel Olbrychski), who also warns of an imminent assassination attempt in the US against the visiting Russian president.
Denying the accusation, fearful for her husband's safety, Evelyn flees the CIA's dragnet and spends much of the rest of the film slicing, dicing, blasting, garroting, slithering down elevator shafts, falling out of planes, and doing high-rise backflips onto speeding semis. And all of this without so much as a smirk. She's not even afraid of spiders.
Despite the fact that Evelyn's calisthenics, at least at first, are propelled by her love for her husband, she's not a romantic. She's too glacéed and otherworldly for that. Jolie resembles here, as she did to an even greater extent in the "Lara Croft" movies and "Wanted" and "Mr. and Mrs. Smith," a supersized action figure. There's an animatronic blankness to her features (even allowing for the fact that Evelyn must always be wary of revealing her true emotions).
Paradoxically, this blankness makes her more compelling than the usual action emoter because we are never quite sure what she's up to or when she'll explode. Evelyn is almost preternaturally cunning – in less than a minute she can fashion a wastebasket and fire extinguisher into a lethal weapon – but she doesn't appear to need any time to machinate. Provoked, she turns into an instant destructo machine.
Noyce made his Hollywood name with the Tom Clancy adaptations "Patriot Games" and "Clear and Present Danger," but in recent years he showed his real worth as an artist with such films as "Rabbit-Proof Fence" and the Graham Greene adaptation "The Quiet American," featuring one of Michael Caine's two or three best performances.
In "Salt," he does a commendable job as a director-for-hire, especially in the action scenes, although the flashback sequences are stiff and there's an undue amount of exposition involving CIA and Russian operatives standing around explaining the plot to us. Even though good actors such as Liev Schreiber and Chiwetel Ejiofor are doing the explaining (or disinforming?), they're essentially just taking up space. What we really want to see is Evelyn, that new-style Mata Hari, do her drop kicks.
(Speaking of casting, why is Andre Braugher, a great actor, given a glorified walk-on as the US secretary of Defense? He's ranked high in the billing, so much must have been left on the cutting-room floor.)
Although Middle East terrorism is cited at one point, "Salt" could easily have been conceived in the 1960s. There's something oddly comforting about this – just as, in a way, the recent discovery of Russian spies living double lives in the US harked back to a (seemingly) simpler time. I'm not trying to champion Commie nostalgia here, but the filmmakers might be.
At a time when the real world of modern global terrorism inserts itself into even the most comic book-style escapades – "The A Team" anyone? – it's no wonder that political action filmmakers are looking for ways to heat up the screen without giving audiences real-world nightmares. Casting about for new villains, Hollywood has settled on a safe solution: Bring back the old villains.
The only thing missing from "Salt" is Lotte Lenya's Rosa Klebb with her steel blade-tipped shoes from "From Russia With Love." Come to think of it, the Russian defector here does indeed kill with steel-blade shoes. Nice touch. Grade: B (Rated PG-13 for intense sequences of violence and action.)
More Monitor movie reviews:
Leonardo DiCaprio plays an espionage expert in 'Inception'


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One Of My Fave Cinema Moments Of 2011/
It was at the only projected WorkInProgress screening we had for Martha Marcy May Marlene. The film was submitted to Sundance on a 6 week cut and Sean Durkin had to lock at 8 weeks to get in done in time for the festival. There was no money but Technicolor helped us out with a weekday screening. The only people generally who could come were screenwriters as virtually everyone else we knew were working.
Screenwriters can be a bit focused on structure, some on discipline. The point was raised that this song was not like any other moment in the film. People started to suggest it be cut. My wife --one of the few women in the room -- stood up and said it was the crucial moment when Marcy May feels loved. She was right. It needed to be there. Sean knew it too.
Even if it had been cut, I think it would have made my list of favorite MUSIC moments of 2011


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Washita County (Oklahoma, USA)
Washita County, located in the southwestern part of Oklahoma, is bisected by the Washita River. There are about 1,300 Mennonites living in the northeast section of Washita County, and a few families in adjacent Custer County. Of these about 900 are Mennonite Brethren (MB) and about 400 General Conference Mennonites (GCM). Washita County, a part of the Arapaho-Cheyenne Reservation, was opened to settlement in 1892. The first Mennonite settlers came in the latter part of 1892, filing for land with the intention of moving here the following year. In the spring of 1893 the first families moved into the county from Kansas. There are four Mennonite churches in the county, two each of MB and GCM. A number of Mennonite Brethren families and a few Mennonites started the Calvary Baptist Church a few years ago. The MB Church has a four-year accredited academy, located in Corn, which draws students from all over Oklahoma and beyond.
|Henry Hege
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Hege, Henry. "Washita County (Oklahoma, USA)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 23 Sep 2019. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Washita_County_(Oklahoma,_USA)&oldid=93865.
APA style
Hege, Henry. (1959). Washita County (Oklahoma, USA). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 23 September 2019, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Washita_County_(Oklahoma,_USA)&oldid=93865.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, p. 894. All rights reserved.
©1996-2019 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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|San Diego, CA
|High School:
|Cathedral Catholic HS
Attended high school at Central Catholic in San Diego, CA. Competed in the 4 x 400m relay, 800m, 1600m and the 3200m for the Dons. Was a three time All-Western League selection in cross country and claimed two all CIF cross country awards. Finished 18th and 21st in the CIF D3 State Cross Country Meet as a senior and junior respectively. Won the Western League Finals as a senior in the 1600m. Personal best 1600m was set in the San Diego CIF Finals with a time of 4:21.15. Personal best in the 3200m was set at the Arcadia Invite at 9:21.44. Holds the Central Catholic school record in the 3200m and as a member of the 4 x 800m relay squad.
Parents are Bill and Patricia...Has one sister Anna (13)...Major is Economics...Favorite musicians are Greenday and Jack Johnson...Personal hero is Steve Prefontaine...Most memorable achievement is winning the D2 CIF meet in the 1600m.
High School Bests
1600m- 4:17.66
3200m- 9:21.44


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Lawrence M. Delancey, 0-41351, Army Air Forces, United States Army, for gallantry in action while serving as a pilot of a B-17 bomber on a mission over Germany 15 October 1944.
Immediately after bombs away Lt. Delancey's aircraft was hit by flak. A shell pierced the chin turret and exploded in the nose, killing the bombardier and destroying practically all the instruments. The entire nose section was shorn off and all that remained was a tangled mass of instruments, wires and sheet metal.
With the oxygen equipment ruined and a sub-zero gale rushing through the plane, Lt. Delancey descended to a lower altitude and headed out of enemy territory. Flying at reduced speed and unable to take proper protective measures with his off-balanced plane, he was subjected to every conceivable type of ground fire.
By sheer determination and tenacity he managed to bring the battered aircraft over the home base. Without proper brakes Lt. Delancey climaxed this miraculous feat of flying skill and ability by accomplishing a safe landing.
His actions under conditions which would have caused a less courageous pilot to abandon his aircraft are in keeping with the finest traditions of the Army Air Forces. Entered the military service from Oregon.
By Command of Lieutenant General DOOLITTLE


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The Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles will not feature on The European Tour's 2014 International Schedule due to the venue's staging of The Ryder Cup that year, but will return in the summer of 2015.
With preparations for The Ryder Cup set to be fully underway at The Gleneagles Hotel during the 2014 Johnnie Walker Championship's scheduled August date, The European Tour and their partners at Diageo and The Gleneagles Hotel have agreed to postpone the tournament for one year.
Graeme Marchbank, Johnnie Walker Championship Director, said: "With regret we have accepted that we have no option but to postpone the Johnnie Walker Championship for a year. The Johnnie Walker Championship is a major highlight in the calendar for Diageo and a key commercial platform for the promotion of the world's number one Scotch whisky, so we are naturally disappointed to miss a year.
"However, as the owner of Gleneagles and as an Official Partner of The 2014 Ryder Cup, Diageo is also working closely with our partners at The European Tour to help deliver a fantastic event. We are also working closely with the Scottish Government on maximising the wider benefit of The Ryder Cup to Scotland. Over the next two years we will be focusing all of our efforts on the goal of delivering the best possible Ryder Cup in 2014.
"We are delighted that in 2015 the Johnnie Walker Championship will return to Gleneagles in partnership with The European Tour."
Richard Hills, European Ryder Cup Director, said: "We are very grateful to the management of both Diageo, the owners of Johnnie Walker, and The Gleneagles Hotel for agreeing to postpone the Johnnie Walker Championship so that preparations for The Ryder Cup can begin as planned in July 2014. The magnitude of The Ryder Cup is such that trying to host the Johnnie Walker Championship in the same season would have compromised both events.
Keith Waters, Chief Operating Officer and Director of International Policy of The European Tour, said: "We looked at re-scheduling the Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles to an earlier week on the 2014 Schedule but a suitable date could not be found. But we are delighted all parties have agreed to re-schedule the Championship for 2015."
The Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles has been a constant feature on The European Tour International Schedule since the inaugural title was won by Warren Bennett in 1999 over the Jack Nicklaus-designed course which will stage The 2014 Ryder Cup.
Hosting the Johnnie Walker Championship has played a key role in the evolution of The PGA Centenary Course, which has been extensively remodelled and refined into an outstanding Ryder Cup venue.
The Johnnie Walker Championship has, at the same time, developed a habit of producing champions of Ryder Cup calibre with Thomas Björn (2011), Paul Casey (2001 and 2006), Edoardo Molinari (2010) and reigning champion Paul Lawrie all tasting victory over the PGA Centenary Course.
The 2014 Ryder Cup will take place at The Gleneagles Hotel from September 26-28, when Europe will defend the trophy they so dramatically retained at Medinah Country Club in Chicago earlier this year.


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Union Square
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|Search Results (85 videos found)
|Communication: A Film Lesson in General Science / Development of Communication
Venerable educational film showing technologies of communication, circa 1920s.
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Communication: General;Communication: Telephone;Communication: Radio;
Duration: 00:13:04
Popularity (downloads): 1177
CLAPOTI, a voice communication assistive technology, aims at offering a communication support system allowing better communication, adaptable to users and strongly varying in needs. CLAPOTI allows voice communication by typing...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: user-centered design;disability;virtual phonetic keyboard;
Duration: 00:05:06
Popularity (downloads): 1186
|Health Communication: Lessons from Family Planning and Reproductive Health: Companion Video
Video to accompany JHU/CCP's "Health Communication" book, which follows the structure of the book for chapters 3 through 8, highlighting specific lessons and showing video clips of projects mentioned in...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: JHU/CCP; "Health Communication" Book; Johns Hopkins
Duration: 00:49:12
Popularity (downloads): 705
|ACM CHI 1992 Issue 76 - Multi-Model Natural Dialogue
The Advanced Human interface Group at the MIT Media laboratory is exploring how the three modes of speech gestures; and gaze can be combined at the interface to allow people...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: CHI; Speech Gestures; Communication; Communication Skills;
Duration: 00:10:39
Popularity (downloads): 442
|Big Bounce, The
The story of the Echo communications satellite project, and how scientists learned to bounce a radio signal off a big balloon.
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Communication: Telephone;Space: Satellites;Communication: Satellite;
Duration: 00:00:00
Popularity (downloads): 265
|Telephone and Telegraph
Telecommunications workers in the analog era.
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Occupations: Communications;Communication: Telephone;Communication: Telegraph;
Duration: 00:10:32
Popularity (downloads): 229
|Writing Better Social Letters
While a teenage brother and sister write a thank-you note to their grandmother after visiting her on vacation, we learn the five parts of a friendly letter and more about...
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Social guidance: Etiquette;Communication: Writing;Communication: Postal;
Duration: 00:10:30
Popularity (downloads): 878
|History of Communication
0616 PA8110 History of Communication
Genre: Ephemeral
Duration: 00:19:28
Popularity (downloads): 369
|Developing a Community Intranet: Social Practices and Technology Interventions
Video demonstration from the 1998 CHI conference. How can learning and communication within communities be improved through the use of new technologies and prac- tices? To answer this question,...
Genre: Educational
Keywords: CHI; intranet; learning community; communication.
Duration: 00:14:22
Popularity (downloads): 437
|Plane Talk
Shows the varied forms of communications used by commercial air carriers in confirming reservations, preparing aircraft for flight, monitoring aircraft in flight and maintaining air-to-ground contact. With good imagery of...
Genre: Ephemeral
Keywords: Communication: Radio;Communication: Telephone;Aviation: Commercial;
Duration: 00:21:28
Popularity (downloads): 466


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Shares of Tesla Motors Inc. fell more than six percent on Wednesday after an internet video showed flames spewing from a Tesla electric car, which the company has touted as the safest car in America.
The incident happened as the Tesla's driver was traveling through the Seattle suburb of Kent, said Trooper Chris Webb of the Washington State Patrol. The driver said he believed he had struck some metal debris on the freeway, so he exited the highway and the vehicle became disabled.
The driver was able to get out of the car before the fire took hold.
Tesla said the flames were contained to the front of the $70,000 vehicle due to its design and construction. "This was not a spontaneous event," said company spokeswoman Liz Jarvis-Shean. "Every indication we have at this point is that the fire was a result of the collision and the damage sustained through that."
Mr Webb said there was too much damage from the fire to see what damage debris may have caused.


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While supplies last. A new 2-yr. agmt. (subject to a pro-rated $150 early termination fee for basic phones, modems and hotspot devices and a $350 early termination fee for Smartphones and tablets) required. Agmt. terms apply as long as you are a cstmr. $35 device act. fee and credit approval apply. Regulatory Cost Recovery Fee applies (currently $1.57/line/month); this is not a tax or gvmt. required charge. Add. fees, taxes and terms apply and vary by svc. and eqmt. Promotional phones subject to change. Smartphone Data Plans start at $20/month. Application and data network usage charges may apply when accessing applications. 4G LTE not available in all areas. See uscellular.com/4G for complete coverage details. 4G LTE service provided through King Street Wireless, a partner of U.S. Cellular. LTE is a trademark of ETSI. Kansas Customers: In areas in which U.S. Cellular receives support from the Federal Universal Service Fund, all reasonable requests for service must be met. Unresolved questions concerning services availability can be directed to the Kansas Corporation Commission Office of Public Affairs and Consumer Protection at 1-800-662-0027. Valid at uscellular.com only. Valid only on 10/7/13 – 10/20/13. Trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective owners. See uscellular.com for details.
© U.S. Cellular
4G LTE not available in all areas. See U.S. Cellular 4G LTE for complete coverage details. 4G LTE service provided through King Street Wireless, a partner of U.S. Cellular. LTE is a trademark of ETSI.
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Military Water Can (MWC) 5Gal/20L - Desert Sand
Part Number 04827
The Scepter Military Water Canister (MWC) is fielded globally with numerous military forces, included the U.S. and Canadian forces. Scepter's line of Military Water Cans complement the Scepter line of Military Fuel Cans in quality, dimensions, performance and colours.
The large cap, the strap, the pouring spout and the breather cap are injection-moulded and fabricated from low-density polyethylene. The screw-cap is locked in the tightened position by means of a tab on the cap and strap assembly. Superimposed on the large cap is the small pouring spout, with its own cap, as well as the small breather cap assembly.
Notable Features:
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Subscribe To Wanted 2 Is On Track, Won't Bring Anyone Back From The Dead Updates
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If you've been waiting all this time for a sequel to Wanted, you're clearly a more patient soul than I. There's been talk of the project basically since the first film came out, and even with Angelina Jolie declining to participate, producer Jim Lemley has continued making noise about it, and the film's writers were hired last September to write a script for the sequel. Now it's director Timur Bekmambetov's turn to fan the flames of anticipation, taking the opportunity of the press tour for his next film Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter to make some vague promises about where the Wanted sequel would take things. Here's what he said to The Playlist:
"An unbelievable thing happened three weeks ago. Because we stopped, we didn't know what to do for three or four years. Three weeks ago I came up with a great idea and I pitched this idea and everybody fell in love with it. And now I think we're on track. Right now the writer is working on the script, and it will be shocking."
Now it's up to us to figure out how this fits into last fall's news about Derek Haas and Michael Brandt writing the script, since A) there are two of them and not just "the writer" as Bekmambetov says, and B) if he came up with this idea a few weeks ago, what have they been working on for the last 9 months? Bekmambetov also went on to say that "other people are dead, you know, we can't bring them back," which suggests that-- SPOILER-- Angelina Jolie and Morgan Freeman won't somehow be bringing their characters back from the dead. That leaves it to James McAvoy, who starred in the first film as Wesley Gibson, to shoulder the franchise on his own-- though in the 4 years since Wanted came out, does anyone actually remember the first one?
Chalk me up as one of the skeptics, since I honestly don't think Wanted 2 will ever happen. But if you're one of the faithful, Timur Bekmambetov is right there with you-- and you can probably increase the odds of the movie happening by seeing Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter this weekend, so take action now while you still can!