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Insights and ideas from Linda Sattgast, Adobe® Photoshop® Elements user
Digital ScrapbookerVisit this innovator's website
Discovering digital scrapbooking
Linda Sattgast started scrapbooking the way many people do, with paper and printed photos. After getting a digital camera, she made the decision to go fully digital, and never looked back. What started as a hobby has evolved into a full-fledged business centered on teaching others how to start digital scrapbooking. Sattgast welcomes every opportunity to show people how fun and easy it can be, even for those who don't consider themselves "creative." Sattgast believes that with the right tools, some courage, and a little training, everyone can turn their static photos into treasured memories. She describes how she got started, and why she's so passionate about digital scrapbooking in this interview with Photoshop.com.
Photoshop.com: What is one tool that you couldn't live without and why?
Linda Sattgast: The two things I can't live without are my Mac and Adobe Photoshop Elements software. My camera is obviously what I take my pictures with, but I'm not that particular about the kind of camera. I want to be able to capture things when I'm out and about. If I have to use my iPhone, that's just fine. But without my computer and Photoshop Elements, I'm left with photos that may never see the light of day. Doing creative things with my photos is my main hobby. My goal isn't just to take pictures, but to create something meaningful with them.
Photoshop.com: What role does Photoshop Elements play in your photography or photo creations process?
Linda Sattgast: Photoshop Elements makes me look like a pretty good photographer, even though I'm really just an amateur enthusiast. I use it to correct lighting, fix color casts, and crop the images. I use the Healing Brush on spots, clone problems areas, and sharpen the image. It is so rare to have a photo that is absolutely perfect right out of the camera, but with Photoshop Elements I can really make my photos shine!
Photoshop.com: How did you create the result in the Canoe Camping digital scrapbook page (Image 1)?
Linda Sattgast: Canoe camping is one of our favorite family activities. We love going to a private, pristine spot at Timothy Lake. It is a magical type of getaway. My husband is a very good canoeist, so the quintessential photo of that activity is of him holding an oar.
I created this page using the Out-of-Bounds feature in Photoshop Elements. It looks like it would be really complicated, but Photoshop Elements does most of the work for you. You can choose which part of your photo will stick out and whether or not you want the photo frame to be straight or skewed. I love where the oar comes out of the photo; it makes you feel like you're right there. It makes me happy every time I see it!
Photoshop.com: Describe a favorite digital scrapbook page you've created and what grabs you about it.
Linda Sattgast: One of my goals is to finish a heritage album that includes past family and current family members. When you get into the world of digital scrapbooking you realize that you can say more than what a photo can say on its own. Sometimes, you just want to tell a story and put it on the page. Other times, a photo gives you more inspiration. With digital, you have more opportunities to make something magical than you do with traditional scrapbooking.
I had the idea for the Family Tree page (Image 3) for the album after I scanned a photo of my two kids that I took when they were very young. I kept looking for the "right" tree to photograph for the background, until I realized the tree in my front yard would do just fine—as long as I masked away the neighbors' houses! I used Blend Modes to blend the photo into the burlap paper background and I used the Polar Coordinates filter to create the rays of light coming from behind and through the tree. This page represents the beginning of an album that will be very significant to me and my family.
Photoshop.com: How has Photoshop Elements made it easier to do the things you want to do?
Linda Sattgast: I consider myself the family historian, so scrapbooking our family memories is very important to me. I come from a traditional scrapbooking background and I've found that doing something digitally is so much more satisfying than paper and scissors. It isn't just the convenience, it's that I can do more and make my pages look better than ever.
Photoshop Elements has opened up a whole new world of possibilities when it comes to scrapbooking. I can keep everything that I need for scrapbooking at my fingertips, and I can alter it to make it fit my needs. PLUS I can create the most amazing artistic effects with it, but in the end, the photos are the most important feature of a scrapbook page. That's why I always make sure my photos look their best with some basic quick fixes in Photoshop Elements.
Photoshop.com: What do you like most about working digitally?
Linda Sattgast: The power and flexibility of digital is so much greater than what you can do with paper and scissors. When I was a traditional scrapbooker I tended to always work with 4x6 photos, because that's how I got them developed. If I made a mistake on my page, there was no going back, unless I started over. With digital I can make my photos any size I want, and I can undo or change anything I don't like about my page—love it! Overall, digital scrapbooking is less messy and more wow. The cool factor is my favorite part.
Photoshop.com: How do you think people benefit from preserving their memories digitally?
Linda Sattgast: Digital photography has created a proliferation of photos. There's good and bad that comes with the ability to take as many shots as we like. With traditional film photography we were careful about what pictures we would take, and after we got our pictures printed we would put them into albums. The danger of having it so easy is that we snap hundreds of shots, and most of those never come to life.
That's not to say that people don't share their pictures. In fact, there are many ways that people can share photos, such as Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and more. But the creativity and customization of digital scrapbooking enables me go even further. I can put my page on a website or in a gallery, e-mail it to family and friends, and even give others permission to print the exact same page or album without having to create it again—which is especially helpful when making a heritage album that many family members would be interested in keeping. For me, nothing beats having something physical like an album that you can actually hold and hand to someone else, and pass down to your children. Technology gives me the opportunity to create these keepsakes in a fun and very artistic way.
Photoshop.com: How do you know that a digital scrapbook page is really good?
Linda Sattgast: Most of us aren't born with an innate sense of design. We don't know why a page looks good, or why it doesn't, so we look around at other galleries and copy ideas. A paintbrush is the same tool in everyone's hand, but an artist can use that paintbrush to create something amazing. In the same way, it takes more than the tools to design good scrapbook pages. It takes attention to why something is put together in a certain way. The most important thing about a page is the photos. If they look really good, the page is on the right track.
Photoshop.com: What are your favorite features in the latest release of Photoshop Elements? Why?
Linda Sattgast: My favorite new feature in Photoshop Elements 9, bar none, is the new layer mask capability. The job of a layer mask is to hide part of a layer without deleting it, which is extremely useful for so many artistic applications. I'm thrilled by the one click ability to create a layer mask!
The Out of Bounds photo technique is another winner. I don't use it that often, but when I do, it takes most of the work out of the process!
Photoshop.com: What advice would you give to someone who is just starting out with digital scrapbooking?
Linda Sattgast: Digital scrapbooking isn't just for you. It is a gift you give yourself and others. When you create a page or an album about someone, you are affirming that person in a way that is tangible; you're telling him or her how much you love them. If you've never tried digital scrapbooking, start with something simple, even a card. The only difference is the size of the page. Play around and try things out. Ask, "What would happen if…?" You can give someone a photo, but if you give a card or a scrapbook page you've created, you have given a piece of yourself.
Photoshop.com: Are you a self-taught photographer/digital scrapbooker or did you have a mentor or teachers that showed you the ropes?
Linda Sattgast: I started digital scrapbooking back when no one had heard of such a thing. I was an early adopter, so there wasn't a lot out there in terms of training. Most of the training I encountered early on was skill centered and focused on learning how to use software tools. That's fine and good, but it doesn't help much for creating an actual project from start to finish.
As a result, I wanted to create training based on finishing projects—starting with very simple projects and progressing to more advanced projects, learning a few new skills at a time. I know personally how much easier it is to learn that way!
Photoshop.com: At what point did you evolve from a person who takes photos to being a memory keeper?
Linda Sattgast: For me it was the other way around. I started out as a memory keeper and evolved into photography! I kept a daily diary faithfully for many years starting at the age of 10. I didn't get my first camera until late grade school, but that was in the day of film and light bulbs you attached to your camera. I took very few photos because it was expensive to get them developed. When I got married and had two children, I got much more serious about photography, but it wasn't until I discovered scrapbooking that I really understood the kinds of photos I should take to truly record an event. That was when I really got serious about photography, and moving to digital made it SO much easier to experiment.
Photoshop.com: What is the best advice you ever received?
Linda Sattgast: Stacey Julian has probably given the best advice that I could apply to scrapbooking, which is this: "There's exactly enough time to scrapbook your most important memories." As scrapbookers, we tend to get hung up with wanting to get down ALL our memories, so we feel anxiety over "getting behind." I struggle with that, too, but I'm trying to relax and let go of that impossible expectation, and, instead, focus on what is most important for me and for future generations. AND enjoy the process!
Photoshop.com: What do you say to people who say that digital scrapbooking is too difficult or time consuming?
Linda Sattgast: There is a slight learning curve when you start any new skill, but that can be overcome easily by taking a class. As with any new skill, you must practice it to make it "stick." Once you get down the basics, you will be amazed at the speed and convenience of scrapbooking digitally!
I can still take a lot of time on a page if I'm trying something new or using an elaborate design I'm creating myself, but I can also create a page in five minutes by using a template, or I can "scraplift" a page I see in a gallery in 20 to 30 minutes. Now that's speed when you compare that with traditional scrapbooking!
Photoshop.com: Are there any moments using Adobe Photoshop Elements that have made you proud?
Linda Sattgast: I especially remember the time I decided to make a Mother's Day album for my mother and my mother-in-law. Mother's Day wasn't that far away, so I used a set of templates and got them both done in record time. I still remember how my mother-in-law choked up and said, "This is the best present I've ever received!"
What greater reward is there for scrapbooking than that?
Autumn Getaway: Papers & Embellishments: Falling in Love by Ashalee Wall
Canoe Camping: Papers & Embellishments: All I Have To Do Is Dream kit by Lauren Griers
Catalina Island and Paris: Papers & Embellishments: In Pursuit Of Liberty kit by Michelle Coleman
Cherish: Papers & Embellishments: Cherish This Moment by Digital Scrapper Designs
Family Tree and Skateboard: Papers & Embellishments: Rule My World by Irene Alexeeva
The Real Me and Timothy Lake: Papers & Embellishments: Garden of Memories by Veronica Spriggs
Walk on the Beach: Papers & Embellishments: Lucky Ducky by Miss Mint (Peppermint Creative)
DS Grungy Frame


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Ask a Paleontologist: What Was Dinosaur Skin Like? main content.
by AMNH on
A video series on amnh.tv delves into the topic of dinosaurs, which arose some 230 million years ago and thrived until large dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago.
Most dinosaur fossils found are bones, like those of the Apatosaurus below.
But, on occasion, researchers unearth skin impressions as well. In a video, Research Associate Lowell Dingus and Mark A. Norell, chair of the Division of Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, explain what we know about what the skin of extinct dinosaurs might have looked like. Perhaps, says Norell, it resembled the skin of chickens (pictured below) and other birds, which are all living dinosaurs.
Learn more in the video.
Learn more about the skin of sauropods, a group of Saurischian dinosaurs that includes Apatosaurus, here.

subset: commoncrawl


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Edinburgh Science is committed to excelling in environmental sustainability and delivering our activities in a way that minimises any adverse impact on the environment.
Our Key Achievements
What's Next?
We are assessing our achievements so far and looking for ways to improve year on year, not just in our Festival operations, but in our wider year round work. Through our networks and programme we will also continue to encourage debate, communicate and share best practice around environmental sustainability.


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I posted a similar list last year, and I think it is worth posting some of the books I didn't read in 2010. Now, the actual list is absurdly long, but this is a decent representation of books I would have liked to have read and, for various reasons, never did.
For the sake of keeping this list manageable, I limited it to genre books. If I browsed through listings of LitFic and Nonfiction, well, the list would be absurd.
Iorich, by Steven Brust
Galileo's Dream, by Kim Stanley Robinson
Black Hills, by Dan Simmons
The Sorcerer's House, by Gene Wolfe
Under Heaven, by Guy Gavriel Kay
Kraken, by China Mieville
Leviathan Wept, by Daniel Abraham
Who Fears Death, by Nnedi Okorafor
The Third Bear, by Jeff VanderMeer
Gaslight Dogs, by Karin Lowachee
The Loving Dead, by Amelia Beamer
Swords and Dark Magic, by Jonathan Strahan and Lou Anders
The Waters Rising, by Sheri S Tepper
Passion Play, by Beth Bernobich
The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms, by N. K. Jemisin
The Habitation of the Blessed, by Catherynne M. Valente
I would imagine that had I sampled through these books, my two Best Of lists which I'll post in the coming days would look a lot different.
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
The Missing: 2010
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Posted by Joe on Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Labels: 2010
2 comments:
- Carl V. said...
Just finished The Third Bear. You need to try to get to it, its good!!!
- January 11, 2011 at 9:07 AM
- Joe Sherry said...
I even have a copy of it eyeballing me from the shelf.
Also, I picked up a copy of Swords and Dark Magic this past weekend.
- January 12, 2011 at 6:45 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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ICE rep: DHS is just letting illegal aliens go (Obama's DREAM Act)
The video below shows Chris Crane of the National Immigration and Customs Enforcement Council - a union representing 7200 ICE officers and employees - claiming that the orders from the Department of Homeland Security are to just release those who claim to be covered by Obama's DREAM Act amnesty [1].
In the following, "DREAMer" refers to those who would be covered by that amnesty:
Prosecutorial discretion for "DREAMers" is solely based on the individual's claims. Our orders are, if an alien says they went to high school, then let them go. If they say they have a GED, then let them go. Officers have been told that there is no burden for the alien to prove anything. Even with the greatly relaxed policies, the alien is not even required to prove that they meet any of the new criteria.
At this point, we don't understand why DHS has criteria at all, as there is no requirement or burden to prove anything on the part of the alien. We believe that significant numbers of people who are not DREAMers are taking advantage of this practice to avoid arrest.
As another example, the incident in El Paso that we released publicly last week, ICE managers were provided the following details: 1. an alien was arrested by local police and placed in jail on two charges. Charge 1: assault with bodily injury to a family member, and Charge 2: interfering with that person's attempts to call for emergency assistance. When ICE later arrest the individual for immigration violations, he attempted to escape - another criminal offense. One agent was injured during the incident, claiming the injuries were intentionally inflicted by the escapee, another criminal offense - of course, assault of a federal agent. In this case we have four possible criminal charges, two involving violence, one injured family member, and one injured officer.
Without any questioning, without any investigation, the alien was released as a DREAMer. No criminal charges, to immigration charges, no nothing. He's a DREAMer, release him. Incidents like this around the nation lead us to believe that the new policies will be ineffective in terms of providing for public safety.
[1] This was at a press conference hosted by Sen. Jeff Sessions. On the video, George McCubben from the National Border Patrol Council says that, despite Janet Napolitano's claims, the border is not secure.


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Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
Malkamaniac wrote:The person suing is a bucket of dumb.
columbia wrote:Those STHs will complain about anything.
Kaizer wrote:unless they were brett favre style texts from tyler kennedy, deal with it. if they were brett favre style texts from letang, just say thank you and go about your business.
Ossa wrote:I heard a rumor that this going to have a big effect on team payroll. Penguins are going to now have to trade Staal AND Crosby
Malkin0017 wrote:Ossa wrote:I heard a rumor that this going to have a big effect on team payroll. Penguins are going to now have to trade Staal AND Crosby
........and replace them with Jean Claude Van Damme and Iceburgh!!!
Admin wrote:Can I sue their dumb Twitter accounts?
But speaking to the suit: Unless we're completely misreading this, it appears the "maximum of three messages" is in reference to text alerts above and beyond — aka "further" — the ones about the Penguins, from "us, our affiliates and partners." You know, direct marketing stuff. As long as that content didn't exceed three messages, there's no case.
From the complaint:
By exceeding the authorized limits on weekly text message calls made to Plaintiff... Defendant has caused Plaintiff and the other members of the Class actual harm, not only because they were subjected to the aggravation that necessarily accompanies the invasion of privacy caused by unsolicited text message calls, but also because consumers frequently have to pay their cell phone service providers for the receipt of such wireless calls.
Users browsing this forum: Pruezy11881 and 43 guests


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Availability: 36
Active Ingredient: Hydroxychloroquine
Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) is used to treat or prevent malaria, a disease caused by parasites that enter the body through the bite of a mosquito. Plaquenil is also used to treat symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus.
Other names for this medication:
Apo-Hydroxychloroquine, Apo-Hydroxyquine, Axokine, Be-easy, Chloguin, Dimard, Dolquine, Ercoquin, Evoquin, Geniquin, Haloxin, Hydrocad, Hydroquin, Hydroquine, Hydroxychloroquinesulfaat, Ilinol, Mcqs, Metirel, Narbon, Oxiklorin, Plaquinol, Polirreumin, Quensyl, Quinilen, Quinoric, Reumaquin, Reuquinol, Zy-QShow all
Buy Plaquenil 200mg
Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) is indicated for the suppressive treatment and treatment of acute attacks of malaria. It is also indicated for the treatment of discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
You should not use Plaquenil if you are allergic to hydroxychloroquine, or if you have a history of vision changes or damage to your retina caused by hydroxychloroquine or similar anti-malaria medications. Before using Plaquenil, tell your doctor if you are allergic to any drugs, or if you have psoriasis, porphyria, liver disease, alcoholism, or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency.
Take Plaquenil exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.Take Plaquenil with a meal or a glass of milk, unless your doctor tells you otherwise. Plaquenil is sometimes given only once per week. Choose the same day each week to take this medication if you are on a weekly dosing schedule.
Consult a doctor concerning the required dosage. If you missed a dose take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container. Store at room temperature up to 30° C (86° F).
Molecular Formula: C18H26ClN3O
Molecular Weight: 335.87154 g/mol
InChI Key: XXSMGPRMXLTPCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS: Plaquenil
IUPAC Name: 2-[4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl-ethylamino]ethanol
2D Structure:


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Agriculture and rural communities need strong leaders. All our learning opportunities are rooted in the theory of experiential learning and transformational leadership. read more
The Young Farmers & Ranchers program includes both men and women between the ages of 18-35. The objective of the Young Farmers & Ranchers program is to provide leadership in building a more effective Farm Bureau to preserve our individual freedoms and expand our opportunities in agriculture. read more
The American Farm Bureau Women's Leadership (AFBWL) program provides women with the training and education they need to become powerful advocates for today's agriculture. The program provides women with leadership training, communication skills, and networking to strengthen their ability to encourage positive change in their communities and in the agricultural industry. Two examples of key programs spearheaded by the program include the annual Women's Communication Boot Camp and the year-round Our Food Link program. read more
The American Farm Bureau Promotion & Education program is for people who are interested delivering the message of the importance of agriculture to a wide range of audiences. read more
The American Farm Bureau Federation created the Partners in Advocacy Leadership (PAL) program to create advocates for agriculture and accelerate personal development for engaged members of our organization. The program is also made possible by sponsorships from Monsanto and Farm Credit. read more
The Farm Bureau Patriot Project is a mentorship program that connects military veteran beginning farmers and ranchers with experienced Farm Bureau member farmers and ranchers. read more
The mission of the Farm Bureau Safety and Health Network is to provide leadership and assistance to local and state Farm Bureaus promoting safety and health in agricultural and rural communities. read more


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Cool Character Sweets
What better way to celebrate Super Bowl Sunday than with some cool character sweets? (I know. That doesn't really make sense. Go with me here.)
Starting with Kung Fu Panda:
An absolutely amazing Stewie from Family Guy:
And here's a great Mike Wazowski cake:
What better way to end than with Eeyore. Absolutely adorable!
Have a Sweet to nominate? E-mail it to me at Sunday Sweets [at] Cake Wrecks [dot] com.
- Similar Sweets: Sesame Street


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Forum Related How to My Own Topics
When logged in to the forum, you will see your name at the top right of the page. If you need to find any of your content (topics you've created or topics you've replied to), click on your name and then the My Content link.
That link will take you to a new page showing any topics you've created or posted on for the past year. To the let of the page, you're give options on how you'd like to filter the content.
And across the top of the content area, you're give the ability to sort the topics.


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Press Release
Mark Mitchell
State Unveils New Web Site for EDGE
OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla. – March 18, 2009 – Oklahoma's Economic Development Generating Excellence (EDGE) recently launched a new Web site, http://www.edge.ok.gov. At the new site, visitors can learn where the investments for the EDGE fund are directed, sign up for email announcements, find information regarding applications for EDGE funding, and view frequently asked questions about the purpose of the board.
"We take pride in making Oklahoma's innovative research and technology initiatives accessible to the public," said Paul G. Risser, Ph.D., EDGE Fund Executive Director. "We built our new Web site with the primary focus of allowing citizens easy access to this information."
The EDGE Web site is a product of a partnership between the Oklahoma's Economic Development Generating Excellence and OK.gov. EDGE launched the new Web site utilizing OK.gov's Web Management Suite. The new Web site is designed to meet and exceed Oklahoma's Web accessibility standards.
About Oklahoma's Economic Development Generating Excellence
About OK.gov
About NIC


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Police officers, firefighters and Methodist Dallas employees line hospital hallways Wednesday as Sgt. David Fitzpatrick had his organs donated.
First Responders Honor Veteran The Colony Police Officer, Organ Donor
Sponsored By
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Police Investigating After Woman Reported Sexual Assault In Arlington ParkThe Arlington Police Department is investigating after a woman reported a sexual assault in a park Saturday.
Dallas Police Ask For Help Identifying Suspect Wanted For Hate Crime Against Transgender FemaleThe Dallas Police Department is asking for the public's assistance identifying the suspect responsible for shooting and injuring a transgender female Friday night.
2 Dead, 6 Injured After I-35W Crash In BurlesonTwo people have died as result of a major crash on I-35W in Burleson Sunday evening.
1 In Hospital After Shooting At Duncanville Fieldhouse, Suspect In CustodyOne person is hospitalized after a shooting occurred at the Duncanville Fieldhouse Sunday afternoon.
Botham Jean's Family Spends Time In Prayer Ahead Of Dallas TrialThe family of Botham Jean — the unarmed man who was shot in his apartment by a Dallas police officer last year — says the shooting was not an accident or a mistake. They call it a crime.
2 Dallas Gatherings Planned Monday Morning, Ahead Of The Amber Guyger TrialAt least two peaceful gatherings are planned for tomorrow morning ahead of the Amber Guyger trial in Dallas — both are expected to take place outside the Frank Crowley Courts building.
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Jeff Ray's Weather UpdateWe missed the Imelda rain but more chances show up as we start Fall
Jeff Ray's Weather ForecastNorth Texas can expect some slight chances of rain this upcoming work week.
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2 Dead After Dallas Shooting, Suspect In CustodyPolice have arrested the suspect they say is responsible for shooting and killing two victims in Dallas Friday night.
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Hot And Humid WeekendThere is a small chance of rain.
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Richardson ISD Student Allegedly Uses Taser On Lake Highlands High School Staff MemberA Richardson ISD student faces felony charges and expulsion from school after witnesses said he used a Taser on a staff member.


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|Location of Lockhart, Alabama, 2012.
On a warm spring day in 1904, former governor of Maryland and lumberman E. E. Jackson, along with several associates, traveled to Alabama to view their extensive holdings of southern yellow pine forests. The party took a private train car owned by the president of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Milton H. Smith, from Montgomery eighty miles south to Opp, the end of the line. American Lumberman wrote that the men spent two days "in the timber." Clad in fine suits and surrounded by industry journalists, they walked the forest and discussed plans to establish a "Model Sawmill Plant" and a company town named "Lockhart" after Standard Oil magnate, Charles Lockhart. The plan to transform this parcel of southern Alabama forest known as the "Jackson Tract" into a productive industrial operation drew investment capital from Pennsylvania and Baltimore, Maryland. Carrying out the strategy of the Jackson Lumber Company required transporting poorly provisioned European immigrant labor deep into forests to perform the brutal tasks of felling and hauling timber. Here a calculating labor manager, William S. Harlan, and sadistic foremen, Bob Gallagher and S. E. Huggins established a horrendous regime of forced labor that led to a physical and legal battle between managers, workers, and Progressive reformers.1
Once inside the forest, workers confronted extreme temperatures, unsanitary provisions, and brutal labor bosses. Upon realizing the terrible conditions, many men attempted to escape from the Jackson camps. Documents in the Department of Justice (DOJ) Peonage Files as well as forest industry media and muckraker journalism reveal the social and environmental violence in the Jackson Tract. The struggle over lumber, peonage labor, and legal justice represents one narrative of progressive reform in the rural United States.2
|Unidentified lumberman in the Jackson Tract, outside Lockhart, Alabama. American Lumberman 1907, Part 1, January–June 1907, Forest History Society archive.
In the summer of 1906, one year after Theodore Roosevelt established the US Forest Service and appointed Gilford Pinchot to implement a conservationist policy, a conflict over workers rights and environmental conditions erupted inside the Jackson Company forests. The company claimed to base their Alabama operations on principles of forestry conservation and pronounced a commitment to bringing economic development to southern Alabama. Yet when officials in the DOJ received complaints from families of immigrant workers who went missing after taking forest industry jobs, a legal, intellectual, and physical battle ignited. Simultaneously, several immigrant workers, subjected to the forest's harsh environment and suffering abuse from violent woods bosses, defied the labor foremen and their bloodhounds, escaped into the woods, and eventually notified federal authorities. The men accused labor manager Harlan and his foremen of using the forested landscape to entrap laborers and conceal debt peonage and physical violence. In November, the DOJ prosecuted Harlan and several labor foremen for violating the Peonage Act of 1867, which outlawed forced labor as remuneration for debt. DOJ files relating to peonage investigations show how environmental and labor conditions inside the Jackson Tract contributed to conflict between workers, foremen, and federal deputies, and revealed the extent of peonage labor.3
|A log train with cut, stacked timber, near Lockhart, Alabama. American Lumberman 1907, Part 1, January–June 1907, Forest History Society archive.
An examination of social and environmental violence in the Jackson Tract builds upon Karl Jacoby's call for further analyses of environment and wilderness in rural labor landscapes. Industrial elites' plans clashed with the resistance of workers in dangerous extractive industries. The remoteness of Jackson's labor camps hindered the federal government in exposing peonage abuses and protecting workers. An emphasis on workers' daily lives and landscape, which Mart A. Stewart defines as "a unit of [knowable] shaped land" reflecting "social and productive relationships," offers a method for examining nature and culture inside the Jackson Tract. Lumbermen, foremen, workers, and reformers generated a series of conflicts in this time of change in peonage labor regimes and rural extractive industries.4
The "Jackson Tract"
|E. E. Jackson. American Lumberman 1907, Part 1, January–June 1907, Forest History Society archive.
Governor E. E. Jackson of Maryland—Methodist, Republican, and "conservationist"—was born in Somerset, Maryland, in 1836. He grew up on his father's farm, acquired a modest education, and founded a country store near the town of Delmar. After the Civil War, Jackson established a flooring mill in Baltimore, which by 1870 was the leading business in the city. He bought a Washington, D.C factory that made hardwood flooring and cabinets for the housing boom of the 1880s. As a Gilded Age industrialist, Jackson expanded his lumber business through consolidation and vertical integration. In 1874, Jackson bought timber tracts in Nansemond County, Virginia, to supply his Baltimore and DC factories. There he built the first railroad in the South used exclusively for lumbering. Jackson purchased additional timber in Suffolk County, Virginia and in Gates County, North Carolina, near the Chowan River. As a political figure and entrepreneur, Jackson seized the opportunities found in the great southern forests.5
Until the 1880s, northern and western dealers judged southern timber as weaker due to the warm climate. However, significant quantities of southern pine went into the construction of the 1892 Chicago World Fair, and by 1893, forty-one percent of the nation's softwood came from the South. The industry came to realize that southern timber was an enormous untapped resource. In 1900, Alabama contained over five thousand square miles of coniferous and deciduous forests referred to as "southern" or "yellow" pine. The ecological characteristics of the southern pine forests contributed to lumbermen's opportunistic dreams. Alabama's southwestern Pine Hills' climate offered hot summers and mild winters. Frequent fires kept underbrush down and regenerated the region's sandy soil.6
E. E. Jackson originally grew interested in Deep South forests in 1886, "backing his faith by extensive purchases" in Florida and Alabama. Primarily approaching forests as commodities, he administered the vast scale and scope of timber extraction through engineering, business consolidation, and labor control. Jackson believed that harvesting southern timber represented what Teddy Roosevelt called the "wise use" of forests, and claimed to operate his Alabama lumber industries "upon principles of forest conservation."7
Non-human nature played a central role in the transformation of landscapes, lumber, and labor inside the Jackson Tract. The company developed the town of Lockhart in a broad ecological zone of southern pine forests that covered nearly three-fifths of Alabama and Florida west of the Alapaha River. American Lumberman called the one billion feet of timber in the Jackson Tract "the finest body of yellow pine timber that ever grew in this country." The high and fairly level elevation of the tract lent itself to railroad construction and provided easy access to internal and foreign markets. The Lumberman boasted: "The fine and healthful climate and fertility of the soil will assist materially in making Lockhart an ideal industrial community."8
|The Jackson Plant, Lockhart, Alabama. American Lumberman 1907, Part 1, January–June 1907, Forest History Society archive.
The Jackson Lumber Company portrayed the Lockhart operation as technological advancement and civilization brought to the underdeveloped southern Alabama forests. Lying one hundred miles south of Montgomery and eighty miles north of Pensacola, the company town of Lockhart mushroomed into a small industrial hub. Industry press promoted the operation's scope and sophistication, modern machinery, and mechanization of labor. American Lumberman reported: "Lockhart is as a sawmill town should be—in the woods—but it is [at] the very center of civilization." The Lockhart plant consisted of "two [saw] bands and a 48 inch gang [saw], with a capacity of 250,000 feet in a 22 hour run and will later be increased in size to have approximately that capacity in an 11 hour run, a planning mill equal to capacity as [the] saw mill, brick dry kilns with capacity of 160,000 feet powered by brick housed boiler plant of 72 inch by 18 foot boilers, 8 of these will be required for saw mill and dry kilns and 2 more for planning mill." Promising great profits for investors and sectional progress for the South, lumber journalists claimed Jackson offered "the provision of comfortable homes and pleasant surroundings, for the employees."9
|Jackson Planning Mill, Lockhart, Alabama. American Lumberman 1907, Part 1, January–June 1907, Forest History Society archive.
Industry media trumpeted Lockhart's operation to men of the professional class across the United States who envisioned investment or management-level employment opportunities with the Jackson Lumber Company. American Lumberman reported that the Lockhart operation produced "great quantities of comb-grained yellow pine flooring for shipment to fastidious New England. This product pleases the easterners so thoroughly well that they have not yet been able to get enough of it." The company's extraction of Alabama timber fit squarely within a larger pattern of what C. Vann Woodward called a "tributary economy" whereby northern and eastern capital invested in and exploited southern resources. Industry publications did not acknowledge the difficulty of transporting labor deep into the southern pine belt, nor the horrendous conditions workers faced in the forests outside Lockhart constructing railroads as well as cutting and hauling timber.10
|Jackson Sawmill, Lockhart, Alabama. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, July 1907, 5.
Railroads constituted the primary means of converting southern forest landscapes into rural industrial spaces. Railroad expansion increased demand for labor. Each mile of track required three thousand ties and an additional two hundred replacement ties per mile each year. Prior to 1900, most forest industry labor consisted of local, part-time tenant farmers who engaged in seasonal work on the railroads and in sawmills as a source of supplemental cash income or convict laborers which southern industrialists leased from the state penal system. Mark King, a local woodsman who lived in the area emphasized the danger, noting that "there was always the chance that a worker could be cut with a saw or an axe," and "even the most expert crews were not always certain of the direction a tree would fall." When trees crashed to the ground, limbs broke off and hurtled through the air in random and unpredictable directions. "On one occasion," King recalled, "a limb about the thickness of a man's arm hit the head of one of the cutters so hard that it killed him instantly and left a depression in his skull several inches deep."11
Local white labor held better paying jobs in sawmill towns or seasonally cut and sold timber. Retaining labor in the forests far from the amenities of towns represented a perennial challenge to the company. In order to acquire workers where the available local and convict labor proved inadequate, industrialists involved in railroad construction and naval stores industries developed elaborate networks of peonage labor that involved trafficking workers, coercing their labor, and threatening criminal prosecution or even death if they attempted to flee. Scholars such as Pete Daniel, Jacqueline Jones, and Douglas Blackmon have shown that nearly one fourth of southern rural industrial workers were coerced through indebtedness or threat of physical violence. Men such as Henry Morison Flagler of the Florida East coast Railroad, and Milton H. Smith of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad turned to foreign contract labor. The Jackson Lumber Company also recruited and transported foreign workers to its forest camps outside Lockhart.12
Foreign Contract Labor
In the early 1900s, Jackson hired labor agents such as Sigmund Schwartz and Frank and Miller Company in New York City to recruit European immigrant laborers for the Jackson Tract. Foreign immigrant workers knew little of the dangers of forest industries, and recruiters lied to them about wages, fees for transportation, and conditions. The Jackson Lumber Company exploited thousands of foreign contract laborers and concealed its abusive practices. The company used peonage in both timber and naval stores. Federal investigators and muckraker journalists began to condemn the lumber industry for its exploitation of workers, wasteful practices, and laissez faire capitalism. Reformers sought to expose a "new slavery" in the US South, arguing that the 1867 Peonage Act prohibited any voluntary or involuntary servitude if retained through indebtedness or threat of violence. In 1906, Alexander Irvine, a writer for Appleton's Magazine, went undercover in the Jackson lumber camps. In My Life in Peonage, Irvine wrote that Lockhart was "a town where men were parts of machine—a machine to grind out profits for men who never saw the place, who never sensed its dull brutal life."13
|Immigrant laborers, Greenwich Street, New York, New York. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, August 1907, 193.
|Laborers en route to the Jackson Tract, Atlantic Ocean. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, August 1907, 190.
The relationship between the Alabama forests and peonage labor began on the street corners of New York and Philadelphia where labor agents operated within networks of ethnic migration chains to exploit pools of unemployed immigrant workers. In 1906, the Jackson Lumber Company's expansion in Alabama led them to hire labor agent Sigmund S. Schwartz, who kept an office at First Street in Manhattan in the heart of the southern and eastern European immigrant neighborhoods. Along with recruiters such as Smith and Company, and Frank and Miller Company, Schwartz recruited thousands of workers for southern forest industry jobs. Jackson paid labor agents cash fees of three dollars for each man they sent to Lockhart. Workers became commoditized bodies to agents, or padrones, who directed them into labor trafficking networks. Agents recruited and transported workers of varying national origins to cities such as New York and Philadelphia and then on to the forests of Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.14
Labor agents used two strategies in recruitment. First, they operated within immigrant populations experiencing high levels of unemployment and relied on social networks such as foreign language newspapers. Eugene P. Newlander, a Hungarian, worked for the Jackson Lumber Company as a labor agent and recruited workers from within the Hungarian population in New York City. Louis Kriger, a recent immigrant from Wilkomir, Russia, who had no family in the United States, was in New York a few months when he saw a newspaper advertisement for workers that directed him to the office of S. S. Schwartz. There, a man "with red hair, a German" told him there "was good work to be had in the South." Jacob Ormanskey was also recruited by Schwartz: "I left New York five weeks ago in company with about sixty men, fifteen of whom were Russian Jews, like myself."15
Labor recruiters lured workers, often from the rural hinterlands of eastern and southern Europe, with stories of easy labor in comfortable climates. Workers claimed Schwartz "told us good stories about work in the South," promising free transportation and one dollar and fifty cents per day. Schwartz told Harry Korshinsky that "he would be rapidly advanced" and that "it was a nice country and in all respects a splendid chance." "Joseph" (a Schwartz recruiter) lured Bennie Graubert, a Romanian, by describing the South as "nice country and easy work." He told him of a Georgia pencil factory. Another New York recruiter, the Frank and Miller Company, pledged skilled labor positions in Georgia and Alabama. They promised Rudolph Lanniger, a recent Russian immigrant, a "good job" and hired Manuel Jordomons, a Bulgarian, to do masonry work in Georgia.16
|Box car quarters at a Jackson Company camp, outside Lockhart, Alabama. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, July 1907, 3.
|Inside the box car, outside Lockhart, Alabama. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, July 1907, 6.
In sworn affidavits taken by DOJ officials in 1906, immigrant workers linked the New York labor agents to the Jackson Company and described their trip to Georgia and Alabama as a forced crossing into a dangerous wilderness where severe conditions and racially charged labor regimes reduced them to chattel. Ormanskey testified that Smith and Company was "[a]n agent of the saw mill company . . . at Lockhart, Alabama" and reported that armed guards "brought us by steamer from New York to Savannah, where another agent of the company, a negro, met us and took us by train to Milner, Alabama. From there this negro, who was a foreman for Smith and Company, took us by wagon to Lockhart, about twenty miles from Milner." Frank and Miller shipped Rudolph Lanniger south to Savannah via steamship, then by rail to Lockhart. Ormanskey reported that many of the armed "negro" foremen, who took them from Savannah deep into the woods miles away from Lockhart, coerced workers and deterred escape attempts, initiating them into the violent social and environmental relationships that characterized peonage labor camps.17
Armed guards took foreign workers to labor in what some described as complete wilderness. Others arrived at railroad construction sites with boxcar quarters. Workers described the conditions—a combination of intense heat, lack of provisions, and heavy timber—as "hell." Average temperatures for July through August reached over ninety degrees Fahrenheit and humidity levels consistently topped ninety percent. Direct, prolonged exposure to "the burning sun" caused serious physical injury to workers unaccustomed and unprotected. Alexander Irvine writes that after working in the hot sun for several days, Herman Ormanskey gained the sympathy of even some bosses because "the skin had peeled off his arms." Mike Trudics, a Hungarian, explained that as the foremen took him more than seven miles into the forest "a sort of dread seized me . . . I was filled with suspicion." Trudics explained to Irvine, "So here we were, out in a wild place, helpless and at the mercy of men who laughed at contracts and out of whose hip pockets bulged revolvers."18
"Treated like cattle"
Inside the Jackson tract, men worked alongside horses and mules, suffering the indignities and violence of chattel. In their reports to the DOJ, workers conflated the status of men and beasts. Edward J. Stone reported bosses forced him and other workers to carry two hundred pound railroad ties at gunpoint all day in the intense heat. John Gindes, a Slavic worker, testified, "The work was very hard and we were treated like cattle." When men refused, felt too weak to continue to work, or attempted escape, bosses and guards whipped them like oxen or beat them into submission. When a young boy named Joe ran into the forest, a foremen brought him back and bloodied his face with a shovel.19
Labor foremen represented the primary threat to workers. Irvine depicts them as "ignorant, illiterate men" who "only know the law of the jungle." The woods' boss, S. E. Huggins, embodied the forest landscape. "Huggins is a typical frontiersman," writes Irvine. "He was probably born among the pines and inherited the knots. His face has the appearance of a turpentine tree newly chipped. It bears the marks of the shack." Irvine describes Huggins as tall and heavily built. "He shambles—usually with a cloud on his face and a chip on his shoulder. He understands the wild. He belongs there, and men who cannot easily adjust themselves to the life find little mercy or consideration at his hands. . . . A man who sells shoelaces on the bowery is not easily transformed into a lumber jack. Attempts to affect such a transformation brought into play the cowhide and the bloodhound."20
|Robert Gallagher. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, June 1907, 646.
Robert Gallagher, another Lockhart foreman, called by workers "the bull of the woods," routinely used debt peonage and physical brutality to coerce labor. Irvine describes Gallagher as an Irishman being only "a generation or two removed from the sod." He had a talent for profanity and was a "genius" as a labor driver. When the men requested to leave, Gallagher told them they owed the company for their transportation charges and could not go until they worked off the cost. He beat men who defied orders. He tied Manuel Jordomons, Harry Lyman, and John Cox to trees and pistol-whipped them for not cutting trees and carrying ties. He warned workers that if they tried to run, the "bloodhounds would finish them." Workers reported he regularly fired his pistol within inches of their faces, necks, and chests. Gallagher took a certain sadistic pleasure in abusing Herman Ormanskey, who the workers called "Square-head," beating him "on a daily basis."21
At the camps outside Lockhart where men cut railroad ties and timber for the lumber mill, Rudolph Lanniger reported, "There was no place to sleep," so he slept on the ground. Men reported being served cold, stale biscuits, twenty or so for roughly thirty men, "not enough to go around." A mile from the camp lay a "shallow ditch" that held the only available water supply. "I saw with my own eyes," writes Irvine, "the excrement of both men and beasts dissolving in the ditch from which we got our drinking water." The men dug two wells, both of which produced "almost no water." The lack of sanitary water led to typhoid, causing suffering and killing at least two men in 1906.22
|The company's bloodhounds, outside Lockhart, Alabama. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, July 1907, 7.
Men and horses, mules, and oxen worked in teams cutting, loading, and hauling trees to the mill, confronting the dangers of heavy, freshly cut timber, flying splintered branches, and overloaded log trains. Animal strength was crucial to the lumbering process, and men acknowledged their dual status as men and beasts. Animals suffered the labor and injuries just as the men did. Timbering required extreme physical exertion, concentration, and quick reflexes. Small mistakes had deadly consequences. Fast moving log trains injured and killed horses, mules, dogs, and oxen, as well as cattle that wandered onto the tracks. Often companions of the workers, horses and dogs were also used to catch escapees.23
Giving voice to the public concern regarding an influx of foreigners and vagabond workers, the Florala News reported: "The company keeps trained dogs to run down such fellows as jump contracts and violate the laws." In testing a dog's capabilities, Gallagher once ordered an unsuspecting black guard into the woods on an errand and then sent the hounds after him. "They treed the nigger alright," noted the wife of foremen Archie Bellinger. Bloodhounds have thick coats and struggle in hot weather, easily overheating or even dying while in pursuit of escapees. They characteristically suffered from eye and skin infections and occasionally incurred injuries from heavy equipment. The cook, Hughie, had a "slew of pups" for pets and Irvine noted that one "ol' pup," named Nellie, was "cut in twain" by a logging train. Workers mourned Nellie's death, their tears revealing the attachment for their animal companions and the awkward similitude of men and animals in the camps.24
|Arthur Bellinger (left) and Alexander Irvine (second from left) with Larry the horse (far right), outside Lockhart, Alabama. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, July 1907, 8.
Irvine writes of a camp horse named Larry, driven excessively by the bosses until he became "so stupid that they could not work him. . . . The horse doctor said his mind was blank." Frustrated, Gallagher's assistant led Larry into the woods, then not unlike the men, beat him over the head with a tree branch, and left him bleeding for dead. Eventually, Larry regained consciousness and somehow returned to camp. Larry's story revealed the men's identification with the animals they worked alongside, as well as their dread of violence and their hope to survive.25
Despite the odds, men continually attempted escapes from the camps. "Hardly a day passed," Mike Trudics testified ". . . without some one being run down by the bosses or the bloodhounds and returned and whipped." This pattern characterized labor conflict in the Jackson Tract. Trudics arrived in Lockhart on July 18 and attempted to escape the next day. He "hid in the woods," but Gallagher eventually caught and whipped him. Jacob Ormanskey witnessed several men tied to trees and whipped for trying to get away. One John Dubrin attempted escape but was caught and locked in a "dark cellar" underground for three days. "In the woods," Trudics explained "they can do anything they want to and no one can see them but God."26
Gallagher did not catch every escaped worker. The same dense southern forests that concealed foremen's brutality aided runaways. Louis Kriger fled into the forest with seven other "boys" and immediately encountered another group of escaped workers. Emerging from the forest and seeing the foreman and a policeman, they ran the opposite direction into the woods. After hearing "some Irish men had run away before we came," said Bennie Graubert, "about twelve of us ran away too. . . . On the bridge we saw two carriages with sheriffs and bloodhounds. There were nine of us and we laid flat in the grass . . . for two hours." Eventually the men escaped through the swamps. The phrase "going to the woods" took on new meaning once inside the Jackson Tract.27
"A strange mixture"
The diversity of workers' ethnic and national background, combined with white foremen and local black labor, made the labor camps racially charged places. Witnesses did not acknowledge local white laborers inside the camps; however, some of them do appear in the record. Workers often traveled to, worked in, and ran off from the camps in ethnically homogenous groups, and their reports reveal ethnic and racial discrimination. Foremen's violence expressed labor hierarchies and white supremacist racial ideologies. Most Anglo Americans—north or south—did not consider immigrant workers from eastern and southern Europe to be "white." The remoteness and harsh environment facilitated the exploitation of foreign ethnic and southern black workers.28
|Workers Nathan Scott, Manuel Jordoneff (also known as Jordomons), Michael Trudics, Arthur Buckley, and Herman Orminsky ("Square-head"), outside Lockhart, Alabama. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, June 1907, 648.
Ethnic difference was a major source of conflict. Men expressed prejudice even as most workers shared a similar condition in peonage. Irvine describes the camps as ethnically mixed but divisive, attributing the separations to both worker choice and southern custom. He notes that southern workers called the foreigners "dagos" and "sheenies." Men called one camp "the dago camp" for its large Italian element. Irvine points out the presence of separate quartering of workers and writes that the town of Lockhart was divided racially by "a small grove of pine trees" and had separate white and black schools and churches. Out in the forest camps, isolation facilitated some integration as well as violence among ethnically diverse laborers. Irvine describes his team as "a strange mixture—a Dane, a Virginia 'cracker,' a Michigan lumber jack, two Negroes, and an Irish man." The hierarchies that peonage labor regimes reinforced also generated conflict within ethnic groups. When one young Irish boy named McGuinnis refused to sleep in a train car with Greek workers, Gallagher, who expressed his ethnic pride by hanging Irish flags all around the camp, pistol-whipped the boy into submission.29
William P. Jones and David Oshinsky have pointed out that lumber camp and convict penal farm bosses often employed African American men—some of them also prisoners—to manage or guard other workers in southern rural labor camps. Though the town of Lockhart was strictly segregated, deep in the woods black guards held coercive power over ethnic European workers. The black foremen in the Jackson camps and "trusty shooters" on Mississippi's Parchman Farm represented modern counterparts to the black "drivers" of the antebellum plantation slave gangs. The presence of armed black guards made the camps particularly frightening to immigrant laborers, but their presence did not necessarily invert or challenge white supremacist codes. In the Jackson Tract, black foremen served under the command of the white bosses who paid them to coerce workers regardless of ethnic or racial categories. Workers testified that these "negroe guards" marched them from the trains into the forests. Jacob Ormanskey reported that when men were unable to work anymore, "the negro whipped us. He whipped me several times on my head, eyes, and back until I bled."30
|African American laborer chipping trees, outside Lockhart, Alabama. Forest History Society archive.
The practice of de jure segregation drew Irvine's attention immediately upon entering Lockhart, but in the pine drifts he met and worked along side black teamster Bob Anderson. Gallagher repeatedly bailed Anderson out of jail for drunkenness and added the cost to his contract, a familiar peonage tactic. Though workers of different races and ethnicities lived and labored together, black workers suffered especially violent treatment at the hands of white bosses. Irvine reportd that Gallagher instigated one of the most humiliating creations of the Jim Crow South, the "battle royale," where whites force black men to fight each other, often to the death, not unlike cocks, or dogs. At least once, Gallagher gave two black workers metal pipes and coerced them at gunpoint to fight. He broke the fight up only after the two men bloodied one another severely.31
Irvine describes the camps in terms of white racism that labeled African Americans as ignorant and crude while overlooking their resistance strategies. In "the negro car" he encountered "half a dozen men . . . having a card game," and a "group of singers around a banjo. . . . The financial losses of the singers added color to the words of the song." From its inception, the blues dealt with toil and oppression. Barrelhouse, country, and blues music served as emotional release and oppositional expression. Even as Irvine exposes black suffering, he awkwardly expresses their situation as victimized laborers and symbols of social disorder.32
Irvine offers evidence of whites' perception of their fellow black workers. Noting that the white men spoke of "'nigger's' inferiority," he adds that ". . . the 'nigger' was doing the best work in camp." Irvine reinforces notions of black workers as crude when he writes that the particularly "smutty stories" whites told "would make [even] a negro blush." Black workers' role in the camps embodied their crucial position in the labor regime, where whites perceived them as crude and peculiar and as victims of or threats to the social order.33
Progressive Reformers
Mary Grace Quackenbos earned a reputation as an attorney who aided poor and immigrant laborers in New York City against the abuses of employers and factory owners. In 1906 she traveled to Florida and Alabama after receiving complaints from families of immigrant workers that several of their young men were missing. Assistant US attorney general Charles Wells Russell supported Quackenbos, appointed her as his special assistant, and encouraged her campaign to expose peonage in southern rural industries. She first attended to complaints from workers in railroad and turpentine camps at Buffalo Bluff and Maytown in northeast Florida. Quackenbos targeted Sigmund Schwartz and foreman William S. Harlan, linking their brutality toward workers to the Jackson Lumber Company. Reformers identified immigrants as victims of recruiters' deceptive practices and documented how Harlan and Gallagher indebted and coerced workers inside the Jackson camps.34
|William S. Harlan. American Lumberman 1907, Part 1, January–June 1907, Forest History Society archive.
Exposing company abuses and proving that foremen held workers against their will required reformers to visit the camps. Quackenbos wrote that the "cruelties practiced" were "not easy to get at . . . unless detectives could spend many weeks in those camps and subject themselves to the dangers." The first federal investigators to visit the northern Florida camps faced swarms of mosquitoes, traversed swamps, and found the forests "infested with wild animals of all kinds, snakes, alligators, and other reptiles." Investigators agreed that the physical environment contained significant dangers to workers' health, provided obstacles preventing their escape, and that employers intentionally used islands, swamps, and forests to retain labor. Rejecting claims that formen carried shotguns to defend against the "wild panthers," investigators wrote that laborers "are through the natural circumstances and conditions held in abject slavery." They utilized vivid descriptions of the tract to make their case against the Jackson Lumber Company.35
Will Nanse traveled to Lockhart in August 1906 in service of the DOJ and immediately witnessed the violent conflict between workers and bosses. He saw Gallagher shoot at a black worker named John. Nance said John "had been working and had quit," then attempted to leave the camp on a logging car. Gallagher threatened, "I'll whip you" to which John replied, "No, you'll have to kill me, I won't go to be whipped." "I'll kill you" Gallagher replied, and fired his pistol three times. John fled through the woods with Gallagher giving chase, firing his pistol "at least a dozen times." It's unclear whether Gallagher killed John or if he escaped.36
|Some of the [Jackson] company's executives, including Bob Gallagher (right), outside Lockhart, Alabama. Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage," Appleton's Magazine, June 1907, 4.
Deep South lumbermen and state officials colluded with immigration agents to conceal labor abuses while promoting the development of rural industries and encouraging foreign workers. At Quckenbos' request, Gerold Rolfs, the German consul at Pensacola, sent Emile Lesser, president of the German Immigration Society and the United Hebrew Charities to inquire into reports of workers being retained against their will inside the Jackson Tract. Lesser reported that Rolfs told him "any conviction for peonage would materially hurt Southern Immigration" by restricting the flow of workers to the camps. The company doctor escorted Lesser to the Jackson camp where he met several German workers. Lesser testified that Rolfs ordered him to say that "no peonage existed there" and that "I did so." Will Nanse reported that Harlan and Huggins removed workers who might attest to abuses. Gallagher "spirited away" Buckley and Ormanskey "to a camp in the woods [where] they were kept out of sight." The company took them to Pensacola to avoid being interviewed.37
Lesser acknowledged that Gallagher was a "brute" but stated that he personally favored the "increase of German immigration to the South," as it "was a good cause and that the state should endorse the opening of an immigration office abroad to direct European immigrants to the South." He insisted that any letter attesting to peonage in Lockhart "would not hurt the company" unless, as US attorney Sheppard told him, "it was proved that the [Jackson Lumber] company authorized Gallagher's abuses." Lesser's testimony was crucial to the investigation into the company's operations. Along with Will Nanse's affidavit, it confirmed Quackenbos's assertion that Harlan, Huggins, and Gallagher used the forest to retain workers and prevent the exposure of brutality.38
Quackenbos, Nanse, and the other DOJ investigators compiled significant evidence of labor abuses in the Jackson Tract. Along with Irvine's reporting, progressive reformers revealed the exploitative character of foreign contract labor. In regards to the Harlan case, the New York Times reported that "Miss Grace Winterton, [Quackenbos] compiled a mass of evidence which was so startling in its truth and proof that Assistant [US] Attorney General Charles W. Russell was immediately designated by the government to begin an exhaustive prosecution." Quackenbos successfully prosecuted Harlan in a contest that reached the attention of President Roosevelt. Yet lumbermen in Florida and Alabama appealed the case, delaying penalties on Harlan and Huggins. In a gesture meant to appease southern employers and local authorities while giving a nod to federal prosecutors, President Taft agreed to "commute the sentences of Harlan, Huggins, and Hilton" but only after they "surrendered to accept the action of the court." The Jackson Lumber Company attorneys defied the courts by filing "habeas corpus writs" until the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of the DOJ's prosecution in November 1910.39
Alabama lumbermen used their political leverage to influence Booker T. Washington to write a letter on behalf of Harlan to President Taft, defending him because he consistently employed black workers. "There are few men anywhere in the South," Washington wrote, "who have stood higher than Mr. Harlan or have done more for the development of the South." Washington, concerned as he was with the abuse of African American laborers, sought to maintain favor with southern lumbermen. Like penal reform movements that touted the social and economic advantages of the convict lease system, foreign contract labor represented another example of business and political elites' attempt to develop the South by trafficking and exploiting marginalized workers. Even after the convictions of Harlan and O'Hara and the success of the 1911 Alonzo Bailey case that outlawed forced labor in remuneration of personal debt, political compromise between federal elected officials and southern state and local governments systematically concealed peonage labor abuses on private farms, turpentine camps, and corporate fruit and vegetable farms throughout the interwar years and beyond.40
About the Author
Aaron Reynolds is a PhD candidate at University of Texas, Austin preparing to graduate in Spring 2013. Born and raised in central Texas, his scholarly interests include labor and environment in the US South. He thanks the editors and staff at Southern Spaces for their support, as well as Dr. Jacqueline Jones, and the Forest History Society at Duke University for their help with his research and writing of "The Jackson Tract."
- 1. "The Story of a Yellow Pine Sextet," American Lumberman 73 (March 5, 1904), 43; "Women Will Help in War Against Trusts," The New York Times, September 15, 1907.
- 2. Mary Quackenbos affidavit, Department of Justice Files, National Archives, Record Group 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1 (Hereafter abbreviated "DOJ Files, NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1").
- 3. Ibid. The Peonage Files of the USDepartment of Justice reveal widespread systematic abuse of immigrant, African American, and white workers throughout the southern United States, particularly in rural industrial labor spaces where landscapes and the environment played a key role in violence between employers and workers. Many of the individual affidavits report the abuses and inhumane conditions workers experienced inside southern labor camps as well as foremen's collusion with local law enforcement to conceal their abuses from federal authorities. For a discussion of environmental history methodologies, see Gunther Peck, "The Nature of Labor: Fault Lines and Common Ground in Environmental and Labor History," Environmental History 11, no. 2 (April 2006): 212–38; William Cronon, "Modes of Prophecy and Production: Placing Nature in History," The Journal of American History 76, no. 4 (March 1990): 1122–31. For a discussion of Padrones and foreign contract labor in western industrial camps, see Gunther Peck, Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North American West, 1880–1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
- 4. For a discussion of conflict over land use, see Karl Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Mart A. Stewart, "What Nature Suffers to Groe": Life, Labor and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680–1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 1–2, 10, 12. For a discussion of industrialism in the "New South," see C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951); Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986). For a discussion of labor exploitation and worker mobility, see Jacqueline Jones, The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses From the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
- 5. American Lumbermen: The Personal History and Public and Business Achievements of One Hundred Eminent Lumbermen of the United States, vol. 3 (Chicago: American Lumbermen, 1906), 391, 393. On the rise of corporations nationally, see Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007); Robert F. Himmelberg, ed., The Rise of Big Business and the Beginnings of Anti-trust and Railroad Regulation, 1870–1900 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1994).
- 6. Richard Walter Massey Jr., "A History of the Lumber Industry in Alabama and West Florida 1880–1914," (PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 1960), 28–29. On the ecology of the southeastern Pine Hills, see Lawrence S. Earley, Looking for Longleaf: The Fall and Rise of an American Forest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004). The northern belt of US coniferous pine forest stretches from New England through New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The central pine belt begins at the Chesapeake Bay of Virginia and runs through North Carolina, northern Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. The southern pine belt extends from southeastern Virginia to eastern Texas and includes shortleaf, loblolly, and slash pine, all of which were marketed as "southern" or "yellow pine." Southern forest industries provided timber and pitch tar to European markets beginning in the seventeenth century and by 1900 Chicago and the eastern United States consumed much of southern timber.
- 7. American Lumbermen, 391, 393.
- 8. "The Story of a Yellow Pine Sextet," 43, 45; F. V. Emerson, "The Southern Long-leaf Pine Belt," The Geographical Review 2 (January 1919), 81. For a general description of Alabama forests, see Roland M. Harper, Forests of Alabama (Tuscaloosa: Geological Survey Of Alabama, 1943). On southern economic development, see A. E. Parkins, The South, Its Economic-Geographic Development (New York: J. Wiley and Sons, 1938).
- 9. "Model Sawmill Plants, XXIII," American Lumberman 60 (November 10, 1900): 28–29. See also Massey, "A History of the Lumber Industry in Alabama and West Florida," 29. For discussion of the naval stores industry, see Robert Outland, Tapping the Pines: The Naval Stores Industry in the American South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004).
- 10. "Model Sawmill Plants, XXIII," 28–29; Woodward, Origins of the New South, 319.
- 11. Massey, "A History of the Lumber Industry in Alabama and West Florida," 35, 37.
- 12. Peonage labor is distinct from that in sawmill towns and locally owned turpentine camps where local and southern migrant labor dominated. For a discussion of convict and peonage labor, see Pete Daniel, The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901–1969 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), especially 82–95; Jacqueline Jones, The Dispossessed: America's Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1992); Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Double Day, 2008).
- 13. Massey, "A History of the Lumber Industry in Alabama and West Florida," 57–60; Mary Quakenbos affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1; Alexander Irvine, "My Life In Peonage: A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" Appleton's Magazine 10, no. 1 (July 1907): 14.
- 14. Jacob Ormanskey affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1. For more on immigration, ethnicity, and labor, see Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999); Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000); Peck, Reinventing Free Labor.
- 15. Eugene P. Newlander, Louis Kriger, and Jacob Ormanskey affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 16. Harry Korshinsky, Bennie Graubert, Rudolph Lanniger, and Manuel Jordomons affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1. For a discussion of wilderness areas as spaces of opportunity and danger, see William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996).
- 17. Jacob Ormanskey and Rudolph Lanniger affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 18. See Jesse Enloe, "Plot Time Series: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center," last modified September 24, 2012, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/time-series/; Harry Korshinsky affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1; Alexander Irvine, "My Life in Peonage: The Situation as I Found It," Appleton's Magazine 9, no. 6 (June 1907): 650; Mike Trudics, "Life Story of a Hungarian Peon," in Holt Hamilton, ed., The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans as Told by Themselves (New York, NY: Routledge, 2000), 203–204.
- 19. Harry Korshinsky, Jacob Ormanskey, Mike Trudics, Joseph Neil, and Louis Kriger affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 20. Irvine, "The Situation as I Found It," 645, 647.
- 21. Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 3, 9; Manuel Jordomons affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 22. Jacob Ormanskey, Rudolph Lanniger, and Manuel Jordamons affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1; Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 10."
- 23. Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 8.
- 24. Irvine, "The Situation As I Found It," 652; Bellinger quoted in Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 8. For more on bloodhounds, see C. F. Brey and L. F. Reed, The Complete Bloodhound (Wiley, UK: Howell Book House, 1978); William D. Tolhurst, Manhunters: Hounds of the Big T (Louisville, KY: Hound Dog Press, 1984).
- 25. Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 6.
- 26. Daniel, The Shadow of Slavery, 88; Jacob Ormanskey and Mike Trudics affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1. On the legal history of the US South, see David J. Bodenhamer and James W. Ely, Jr. eds., Ambivalent Legacy: A Legal History of the South (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1984), 70–100.
- 27. Max Cantor, Louis Kriger, and Bennie Graubert affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 28. Louis Kriger affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1. The literature on immigrants and race in the United States is vast. Some recommended books include John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955); Barbara Miller Solomon, Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956); Donna Gabaccia, From Sicily to Elizabeth Street (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984); Ewa Morawska, For Bread with Butter: The Life-Worlds of East Central European Immigrants in Johnstown, Pennsylvania 1890–1940 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985); Elizabeth Ewen, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890–1925 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South 1890–1940, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998); Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color; and Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues.
- 29. Louis Kriger affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1; Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 5, 9, 12, 13.
- 30. Jacob Ormanskey affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1. On black lumber workers, see William P. Jones, The Tribe Of Black Ulysses: African American Lumber Workers In The Jim Crow South (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005). For more on penal farms, see David M. Oshinsky, Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York: Free Press, 1996). No personal affidavits of black guards exist in the records on the Lockhart camp.
- 31. Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 5, 9; Louis Kriger affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 32. Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 12. On African American resistance strategies, see Robin D. G. Kelley, "'We Are Not What We Seem': Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South," The Journal Of American History 80, no. 1 (June, 1993): 75–112. See also James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
- 33. Irvine, "A Week with the 'Bull of the Woods,'" 9.
- 34. Mary Quackenbos affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1. On peonage trials, see Daniel, The Shadow of Slavery. On Quackenbos, see Jerrell H. Shofner, "Mary Grace Quackenbos, a Visitor Florida Did Not Want," Florida Historical Quarterly 58, no. 3 (January 1980): 273–290; Randolf H. Boehm, "Mary Grace Quackenbos and the Federal Campaign against Peonage: The Case of Sunnyside Plantation," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 50, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 40–59.
- 35. Mary Quackenbos and Will Nanse affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1. On Progressivism in general, see Michael E. McGerr A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920, (New York: Free Press, 2003).
- 36. Will Nanse affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 37. Nance and Lesser quoted in DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1; Irvine, "The Situation as I Found It," 650.
- 38. Mary Quackenbos and Will Nanse affidavits, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.
- 39. Mary Quackenbos affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1; "Woman Will Help in War Against Trusts; Mrs. Quackenbos, Attorney General's Assistant, a Lawyer and Member of Old New York Family," The New York Times, September 15, 1907.
- 40. Daniel, Shadow of Slavery, 90–93; Mary Quackenbos affidavit, DOJ Files NA, RG 60, Class 50, Box 10800, File 50-162-1.


text:
Cowboys Complete First Cotton Bowl Practice in Texas
The Oklahoma State football team held its first Texas-based practice for the AT&T Cotton Bowl Friday afternoon at Euless Trinity High School. The Cowboys practiced outside in clear, brisk conditions on artificial turf while wearing helmets and pads. Coach Mike Gundy talked with Okstate.com following the workout. His comments:
Coach Mike Gundy
On how the practice went
"We had a good practice. We've got all of our players here and we worked out for about an hour and fifteen minutes and we were able to run some. It worked out good and everybody's excited about being in Dallas. The accommodations are great so we're looking forward to a good week."
On getting to spend another week with the team
"It's a special group of guys and they've had a tremendous amount of success, so we get a chance to spend another week with them here in a great location; and preparing to play against a very good Missouri team is a lot of fun for the coaching staff."
On the recruiting impact of playing in the Dallas area
"There's a lot of players here and we get a lot of good press and people know about Oklahoma State football. To be in an area that produces so many quality football players is good for the university."
On his message to the team
"We just need to get better every day in practice. We just need to have good game plans and guys have to enjoy their time here, but also have to get better each day to get ready to play in the game."
On what he's looking forward to this week
"Just a chance for all of us to spend time with our families and for these guys to be able to spend time as a group and be around some of their friends."
On his first impressions of the hotel and Cotton Bowl hospitality
"They've been tremendous, like always. The Gaylord Texan is phenomenal and our hospitality rooms and the food and everything they've provided has been top notch and first class.


text:
|Definitions, Index, and General Information Precisely defined words and nelogisms indicated within Pulsoid Theory with unusual formatting.
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Seminal Energy (SE)
Seminal Energy (SE)
Seminal Energy, as a manifestation of the Unified Concept (UC), is the first essence of Reality's energy, which is often referred to as the Fundamental (First Postulate) Postulate of Reality (FPR).
At the first instant of Seminal Energy (SE) there is a dynamic, ellipsoidal, fundamental quantum, that evolves as a result of Dynamic, Emergent Separation (DES).
Seminal Energy (SE), because of its source, emanates infinitely, from infinite points, until it dissipates after dispersion at the locus of the infinite.
When Seminal Energy (SE) expands to an ellipsoidal quantum with a major radius four times the Radius of Infinity (ROI) the "clock" of fundamental, intrinsic, time (FIT) "ticks"; and, at that moment the quantum is referred to as a Pulsoid.
A Pulsoid must contain every physical quality that fundamentally comprises the whole of all that exists . . . Reality.
SM is without any property, such as dimensions, laws, mass, or medium; there is only the concept of hyper-relativistic motion that manifests relativistically that cannot separate from its source . . . Infinity.
Initial SE has no speed, mass, or medium, which require time; other than Seminal Motion, (SM) has only the qualities of Infinity.
Photons, often mistakenly confused as particles, and quarks can be considered, heuristically, to be internally composed of Seminal Energy (SE), which manifests in the manner of Triquametric Motion[/I] (TM); though, externally, the phenomena conventionally referred to as photons and quarks manifest at speeds below that of hyper-relativistic and are subject to the influences of phenomena commonly referred to as the "weak" and "strong" forces/interactions and resultant axial momentum.
Seminal Energy (SE)
The simplest is the most complex.
Thus, nothing must be everything.
Nothing with motion is something.
Something becomes everything.
Nothing is no more than nothing.
Thus, motion is everything.
Its manifestation contains
all of Realitys concepts
Before there is motion, there is nothing. Nothing is best defined as Infinity.
The concept of SM is heuristically described as that which occurs when the indivisibleness of Infinity separates as described by Dynamic, Emergent Separation (DES) when motion simultaneously expands from the ends and along the radii of Infinity.
Most importantly, Seminal Energy (SE) is more than a philosophical concept; as, Seminal Energy (SE) is supported by observation of everything that exists. Seminal Energy (SE) and Seminal Motion (SM) are quite similar.
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text:
U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
Chilbo Myunok to Pay $170,000 to Victims and Participate in Joint Outreach Training With EEOC to Korean Community Small Business Owners
LOS ANGELES – Chilbo Myunok USA LLC, a Korea-based food company which owns a Los Angeles restaurant and a chain of fast-food stores in Korea, will pay $170,000 and furnish other relief to resolve sexual harassment complaints brought to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the agency announced today. The EEOC's investigation had found that a class of waitresses was sexually harassed at the Chilbo Myunok restaurant in the Koreatown section of Los Angeles, and that four of them were forced to quit to escape the harassment. The offending manager has since been fired.
According to the EEOC's investigation, since the restaurant opened in April 2005 until August 2005, each of the victims faced continuous verbal and physical harassment from the restaurant's manager. The manager repeatedly subjected the women to sexual touching with a sexual device and to unwanted hugging and kissing, the EEOC said. In addition, the agency charged, the women were forced by the restaurant manager to attend karaoke bars after work.
Sexual harassment violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which protects all employees who have been subjected to discrimination while employed by companies operating in the United States, regardless of where the business is based.
Besides the monetary award, the conciliation agreement settling the matter provides for anti-discrimination training for all employees and posting notices about the agreement in English, Korean and Spanish at the restaurant. Also, Chilbo Myunok's owner has committed to participating in joint outreach efforts with the EEOC to small businesses in the Korean community, including a free EEOC training session to be conducted in Korean on July 8, 2010 at 2:00 p.m. at the Korean American Federation of Los Angeles (KAFLA) in the Koreatown section of Los Angeles.
EEOC Los Angeles District Director Olophius E. Perry commended Chilbo Myunok and its owner, Tu Ik Chang, for acting decisively and working with the EEOC to reach an agreeable resolution in this matter.
"By working with EEOC this way, Chilbo Myunok has clearly shown its commitment to making needed changes to policies and practices to ensure equal employment opportunities for all of Chilbo Myunok's employees," said Perry. "I am very pleased by this agreement, which avoids litigation and sets the proper tone for a safe and harassment free workplace."
EEOC Enforcement Manager Patricia Kane, who oversaw the investigation and negotiation of this case, added, "The courage of these workers to step forward and protest discrimination is commendable. It was an important victory, breaking through the cultural barriers that often keep immigrant workers from asserting their rights. As part of our small business initiative, the EEOC's Los Angeles District has also been reaching out to minority small business owners to better equip them in dealing with EEO problems that may arise in the workplace."
Chilbo Myunok restaurant owner Tu Ik Chang said, "As soon as I became aware of the problem, I felt compelled to deal with the allegations directly by firing the manager who was creating the problems for the workers. Going forward, I will ensure that all of my supervisors and managers know that they are required to maintain a work place free of sexual harassment. This experience has motivated me to share with other Korean business owners that we must be knowledgeable of the laws enforced by the EEOC and maintain a working environment free of discrimination. I hope that by partnering with the EEOC and telling my story, other small business owners will take a proactive approach to educate their managers and employees. I am happy with the resolution and believe this agreement is in the best interests of all parties involved."
The Los Angeles District Office has been reaching out to small business owners within its jurisdictional boundaries which include Southern California, Nevada, Hawaii and the U.S. Possessions of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Wake Island. In an effort to reach out to immigrant communities, the office has hired investigators proficient in Korean, Spanish, Thai, Vietnamese, Mandarin, Portuguese and American Sign Language. The outreach efforts will continue to include assistance to small business owners within the immigrant communities regarding compliance with the laws enforced by the Commission.
The EEOC is responsible for enforcing federal laws against employment discrimination. Further information is available at www.eeoc.gov.


text:
Pucker Up, St. Patrick!
Friends, tomorrow is St. Patrick's Day, and that means you're going to be facing down a drunken horde wearing funny green hats and demanding that you kiss them. [KISS ME]
But I'm here to help. [KISS ME NOW!]
First, you should know that alcohol has a way of reducing inhibitions, and also that Oscar here may have sniffed a little too much finger paint yesterday:
"Let's get trashed!!"
Second, just because a person is Irish doesn't mean you have to kiss them.
I'm getting some mixed signals here, to be honest.
Hey, this is a free country! You can kiss any one or any thing you want! Still, there are a few red flags to watch for when deciding whether or not someone is worthy of the ol' lip lock.
Things like...
Noticeable drool:
"The claaaawww."
Excessive, creepy staring:
"Your hide will make a fine poncho!"
Excessive, creepy tongue:
"Yiiiiipth yipth yipth yipth yipth yipth..."
Now let's run through a quick role-playing exercise, so I can show you how to gracefully escape any awkward kissing-negotiation situation:
Hopeful Would-Be Kisser:
"Well hello there." [eyebrow waggle] "As you can see by my funny green hat and pipe, I am obviously Irish! So you have to kiss me!"
[puckering up and leaning in]
Unenthusiastic Kiss Avoidee:
[ **** ]
Newly Unnerved Would-Be Kisser:
"Oh...uh...I say! Look at that thing over there that I have to go attend to immediately! Er...nice... meeting you?"
See? Works every time! And this is a fool-proof strategy, because it places you squarely in the "excessive creepy staring" category, which no one wants to tangle with.
Just be careful you don't take it too far:
On the plus side, he won every staring contest. Consecutively.
Thanks to Renee B., Kristen S., Meredith B., Darice & Sean, Anony M., Chris, Pamela H., June S., & Jaycee for the lucky break.


text:
- 1 beds
- 1 baths
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- 210010003 mls id
- Square Feet: 758 sqft
At Mt.Vernon, you'll discover a special place to live complete with the amenities you've been searching for. Our spacious one bedroom, two bedroom, and our new 3 bedroom townhomes with attached garages, with interior amenities you will expect such as, monitored intrusion alarms, washer/dryer included, ceiling fans, and more. Some apartment homes available have garden windows, woodburning fireplaces, built in bookcases and vaulted ceilings. Mount Vernon is surrounded by beautifully landscaped grounds, waterscaped ponds, two swimming pools, hot tub and more. We are also in a convenient location off Hwy. 67 with easy access to business and shopping centers.
- Property Name 1 Bed 1 Bath
- Site Link
- pricing_type from
- Amenities 29 Acres Of Beautiful Landscaping, Alarm Systems In All Units, Built-In Bookshelves*, Custom Mini Blinds, Duck Pond, Fireplaces, Fitness Center, Garden Windows*, Heated Spa, Large Walk In Closets, Pets Welcome!*, Picnic Area With Grills, Two Waterscaped Swimming Pool, Woodburning Fireplaces*, 2" Faux Wood Blinds, 3/4" Colonial Trimmed Baseboards, Accent Walls, Granite Countertops, New G.E.L Black Appliances, Nickel Brush Lighting & Fixtures, Shaker Style "Expresso" Cabinets, Stainless Steel Under Mounted Sinks, Two-Tone Paint, USB Charging Stations, Wood-Grain Vinyl Flooring
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text:
I tracked down some people who work or used to work in the advertising industry.
This is what they had to say about advertising today.
Watch in HD at Vimeo
Download the QuickTime movie (1280×720, 320MB)
The audio interviews were recorded by The Anti-Advertising Agency.
My workflow in creating ths animation was pretty unorthodox. Almost all of the character animation was recorded real-time with a custom setup involving Max/MSP and Animata. I created a patch in Max to control animation in Animata with the sound of the interviews. I also had some sliders and buttons to trigger things like blinking and arm movements. I used After Effects for compositing and for some additional animation.
Check out my tutorial to see the basic setup for connecting Max or PD to Animata.
Tags: advertising, after effects, Animata, Animation, consumerism, max/msp, public advertising, the anti-advertising agency


text:
Your PLC-controlled process has recently begun to exhibit oscillations. For example, a particular control valve that is normally in a steady position is now continually "seeking" plus or minus about 20% around the setpoint. Several batches have been ruined, and a shift supervisor is making loud noises about how you should "get a factory rep out here to kill the virus that's in the system." What are some first steps toward solving this technical problem and preventing a political one?
First, have an instrument tech check the entire control loop of the valve that's oscillating, including stroking the valve. While that's being done, take the supervisor for a walk. Thank him for his well-intended suggestion. Tell him he can be most helpful by making such suggestions only to the maintenance department. Perhaps make an analogy to the production process — just as production requires doing specific steps in a specific order, so does troubleshooting.
Solving the technical problem is really a matter of checking one control loop at a time. Start with those loops that relate to the oscillations. The first things to check include:
- PLC power supply module outputs.
- Sensor input cable integrity (look for inductive coupling).
- Final control elements (valves, motors) and cabling/wiring.