text:
Squatter Cities And Slums
Where the Sidewalks End
One out of every seven people now lives in a slum-or at least that's the UN's best estimate. More and more slum residents are organizing to improve their lot, as their numbers swell in cities all over the world.
Squinting in the sunlight, George Ng'ang'a leads me up a mound of dirt and rubbish on the edge of his Nairobi neighborhood to take in the view. To the south unfolds a safari scene of grassy plains dotted with acacia bushes as far as I can see. To the north stands a dense gathering of gangly shacks cobbled together with cloth, mud, tin, rocks, and sheets of plastic. There are about 800 homes in all crowded onto some 5 to 6 hectares, says Ng'ang'a.
On city maps, the location of this settlement-called "Mtumba" by the 6,000 people who live there-shows up as prime habitat for rhino and giraffe. That's because this unsanctioned community lies on the edge of Nairobi National Park. Mtumba is only one of the many slums around Nairobi. In fact, more than half of the residents of Kenya's capital city cannot afford to live in "formal" housing, and have been forced to find shelter in slums like this one.
Ng'ang'a turns to me and tells me to call him "Castro," which, he says, is his nickname. He has the physique of a bear and is clean shaven, but he insists he was thin and bearded in his youth. I'm not sure if he's joking about the physical resemblance, but it's clear that he's passionate and politically active. For several years in a row the people of Mtumba have chosen Castro to be the leader of the community's governing council in informal elections-informal because the city government does not serve slums, so the people of Mtumba have found their own ways to organize and police themselves.
"We can't depend on the government for anything," says Castro as we walk through the settlement. One of his neighbors, a solemn man named Tom Werunga, joins in our stroll. Werunga, who carries a Bible, tells me that he's a pastor. He points out a water tap-one of two small spigots that supply water for the entire settlement. But no city water is piped here. Instead, these taps are fed by private companies that truck in tanks. And they sell their water at a premium. As of yet, no company has seen fit to establish any sort of business setting up toilets or sewers. Instead the 6,000 people who live here share three flimsy pit latrines. "Flying toilets," I learn, are baggies of human excrement that are flung atop roofs or into rubbish piles.
I am scribbling notes, trying to pay attention to the latrines Castro is showing me, but my eyes are stinging in the acrid air. Cinders and fumes from untended piles of burning trash mingle with ash and smoke from charcoal cooking fires where women prepare meals. At night, kerosene fumes from lanterns join the stew. More than 80 percent of Nairobi's households use charcoal for cooking, but the air is worst in neighborhoods such as this, which lack both electricity and trash removal.
Everything in Mtumba, it seems, is insecure and informal. There is no land ownership. There is no public infrastructure. And there is no protection provided by the law. Mtumba's families have moved together twice before, says Castro. They landed in this location in 1992. Since then Nairobi officials have threatened to evict the community several times. And on one occasion, he says, officials sent in bulldozers to completely demolish the settlement. Some families have seen their homes destroyed as many as 10 times. "Every day we are waiting for the demolition squad," says Castro. "We are refugees in our own country."
It is neighborhoods like Mtumba--not Greenwich Village in Manhattan or the Rive Gauche in Paris-that are setting the trends for modern urban living. The UN estimates that somewhere between 835 million and 2 billion people now live in some type of slum, whether in a kampung in Indonesia, a favela in Brazil, a gecekondu in Turkey, or a katchi abadi in Pakistan. The population of slum dwellers in some of the world's largest cities-Bombay, Bogotá, and Cairo, for example-now outnumbers the population of people living in formal housing.
In many cities-particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia-explosive urban growth is combining with the world's worst poverty to fuel the proliferation of slums. The world's population increased by 2.4 billion in the past 30 years, and half of that growth was in cities. Over the next three decades, global population is expected to increase by another 2 billion. Demographers expect that nearly all of that population increase will end up in developing-country cities, due to urban migration and high birth rates (see graph, page 23).
While most poor people still live in rural areas, poverty is rapidly urbanizing. As of 1998, more than 1.2 billion people were living in extreme poverty (on less than the equivalent of about $1 a day), unable to meet even basic food needs. Martin Ravallion of the World Bank estimates that the urban share of the world's extreme poverty is currently 25 percent. He projects that it is likely to reach 50 percent by 2035.
A number of factors are driving the growth of cities worldwide. Rural economies in many regions have been hard hit by environmental degradation, military or ethnic conflicts, and the mechanization of agriculture, which has curbed the number of rural jobs. The prospect of better-paying jobs has drawn many people to cities.
Latin America is by far the most urbanized region of the developing world. About 75 percent of people in Latin America live in cities-along with 75 percent of the poor. While only 37 and 38 percent of Asians and Africans live in cities respectively, a number of nations in these regions are beginning to see poverty shift to urban centers. For instance, the proportion of people living below the poverty line in rural Kenya between 1992 and 1996 increased from 48 to 53 percent, while the share of people living below the poverty line in Nairobi doubled from 25 to 50 percent.
Castro tells me that his family's land was taken by the colonial Kenyan government in 1952 to build a golf course. "My father was a businessman," he says, "so we went to different places, like nomads." Castro continued the itinerant lifestyle as a young man, but then he got married and began looking for a better life for his family. Eventually, he says, "we came to the Nairobi slums, even though I have an education."
In general, the "off-the-books" nature of Mtumba and other informal communities confers certain advantages. Rents are lower than in formal housing. There are no property taxes. Residents can skirt cumbersome zoning laws that separate housing from businesses, and set up shop inside their homes or just outside. Mtumba's commercial strip boasts rows of brightly painted storefronts, each about 1 meter wide. There are produce stands, coffee shops, a "movie house" showing videos, a barber shop, and an outfit that collects old newspapers. But the short-term benefits of living and working outside the formal economy rarely outweigh the long-term costs to residents-and to the cities that have failed to address their needs.
Slums are often located in a city's least-desirable locations-situated on steep hillsides, in floodplains, or downstream from industrial polluters-leaving residents vulnerable to disease and natural disasters. Another long-term cost is the premium residents pay for basic services. The African Population and Health Research Center recently released a report showing that Nairobi's slum dwellers pay more than residents of wealthy housing estates for water-and, as a result, use less than is adequate to meet health needs. "A family needs 100 liters per day for drinking and cleaning," says Mtumba's Tom Werunga. As that much water costs 25 Kenyan shillings (30 cents), it could easily eat up half the income of people who, on average, make about 50 to 60 shillings (60 to 75 cents) per day.
Landlords operating in slums can easily gouge their tenants without fear of legal recourse. And the proportion of renters in slums is higher than commonly thought, as vacant land close to employment opportunities tends to be quickly developed by enterprising landlords. In fact, four out of five slum residents in Nairobi are renters, according to a study done by the Kenyan government and UN-HABITAT, the UN agency for human settlements, which happens to be headquartered in Nairobi. The shacks are lucrative investments, finds the survey, yielding a return in less than two years (compared to 10 to 15 years in the formal property market). Yet landlords do not typically reinvest their profits in the shacks by repairing them or hooking them up to electricity or water, and tenants have no way to hold landlords accountable.
Lacking adequate access to water, toilets, and trash removal, crowded slums also breed diseases that threaten the public health of entire cities. More than half of Nairobi's 3 million people live in slums, squeezed into just 5 percent of the city's land area. In urban centers throughout the developing world, the AIDS virus is facilitating outbreaks of tuberculosis-and both diseases are spreading rapidly. In the Nairobi slums, the mortality rate of children under five years of age is 151 per 1,000 births, far higher than the average of 61 per 1,000 for the city as a whole.
Economic inequalities may significantly hamper public health, according to several new studies. The Society and Population Health Reader has brought together journal articles showing that economic inequality in the United States and parts of Europe correlates with reduced public health. In Nairobi, where slums occasionally abut posh, gated enclaves, the economic disparities are as glaring as the public health nightmare.
The growth of slums in an era of unprecedented economic prosperity may also contribute to tensions that threaten local, national, and even global security. "Poor urban settlements are breeding grounds for disease, crime, and terrorism," warned Anna Tibaijuka, the head of UN-HABITAT, in April 2002. While desperate situations may foster problems, it is the poor who are disproportionately the victims of crime. Some slums are crime ridden and other are nearly crime free, but those that lack municipal or community policing are usually more dangerous.
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, New York Times columnist Tom Friedman wrote that in an increasingly interconnected world, it will be impossible to ignore the problems of people living in desperate conditions at home or abroad: "if you don't visit a bad neighborhood, a bad neighborhood will visit you."
Walking again with Castro, I am being pursued by a friendly, giggling swarm of small children, none taller than my waist. They want to hold my hands. My tour guide is talking about the three vehicles owned by various people in Mtumba-one old car and two bicycles-but my attention is drawn to the children. Many of them have no shoes, yet are following us over sharp rocks, human and animal waste, and all sorts of garbage.
I looked at the kids' feet and I cringed. It is impossible to watch bright-eyed children play in toxic trash and human waste, and listen to their articulate parents describe their efforts and their hopes to build a better life, and not feel obliged to help somehow. This well-intentioned impulse to help slum dwellers into better housing, however, has been carried out with rather disastrous consequences throughout history.
In the United States, for example, the 1949 Housing Act paved the way for cities to raze blighted neighborhoods and build giant public housing projects to house the newly displaced inhabitants. Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, and South Korea were among the developing nations that launched huge public housing campaigns in the 1960s. These costly efforts destroyed the networks of family and friends that poor people had used to survive. Communities often had to move from inner-city locations to outlying areas with fewer job prospects. Added transportation costs meant less could be spent on food. In many cases, the people whose homes were destroyed could not afford the new public projects, which ended up housing wealthier residents. "Urban renewal" projects often had the perverse effect of worsening living conditions for the people they were intended to help.
A major shift began to occur in the 1970s, as city planners were faced with the fact that poor people had been improving their neighborhoods more effectively and with less money than many government projects. Drawing on his experiences working in the slums of Lima, Peru in the 1960s, British architect John F.C. Turner challenged the prevailing orthodoxy with his influential 1972 book, Freedom to Build, warning that officials should stop doing more harm than good.
Lacking city services, some communities have managed to close the gap themselves. One of the trailblazers was Akhter Hameed Khan, who in 1980 began mobilizing the community of Orangi, the largest squatter settlement in Karachi, Pakistan. He started a research institute called the Orangi Pilot Project to help residents organize and build a sewer system. Each block collected money and began construction of their own sewers, which served some 90 percent of Orangi's residents by the late 1990s. Between 1982 and 1991, infant mortality rates in the settlement dropped from 130 per thousand to 37 per thousand.
In the slums of Nairobi, communities long neglected by the government are just beginning to gain some level of political effectiveness. In Mtumba, for instance, residents have begun to organize. "On our own," says Tom Werunga, "we have built a school." Four teachers juggle morning and afternoon shifts to teach more than 400 children in three classrooms. The classroom I saw boasted a small chalkboard, and about 30 to 40 small children, who jumped up smiling from their desks as we passed (see photo, page 22).
With the help of a local nongovernmental organization, the Pamoja Trust, Mtumba has started a savings scheme and opened a bank account to pool funds. They hope to save up enough to purchase land at a better location. So far, they have saved about 300,000 Kenyan shillings ($3,800) altogether. According to Pamoja Trust's Jack Makau, his organization would like to match the savings accrued by the Mtumba families, shilling for shilling, and help them invest it, to speed the time necessary to reach the 5 million or so shillings that will be needed.
The residents of Mtumba and Nairobi's other slums are starting to flex some political muscle, bolstered by a city-wide federation, Muungano wa Wanavijiji. "Unity is strength," says Jane Weru, the head of Pamoja Trust, which is supporting the federation in 40 of Nairobi's more than 100 slums. Muungano members are setting up savings groups, which help build trust and can be turned into revolving loan funds. They are also collecting data on their neighborhoods and sharing experiences to help build coalitions that will help sway government policies in their favor.
Slum residents in Nairobi are also learning from their counterparts around world, loosely organized by Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI). The Group was founded in 1996 when the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights joined forces with the South African Homeless People's Federation. Today, the group boasts members from Argentina, Cambodia, Colombia, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Namibia, Nepal, the Philippines, South Africa, Swaziland, Thailand, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. "A lot of what we do in Nairobi" says Pamoja Trust's Jack Makau, "has been tried out in other cities by the SDI network."
In recent years, these new coalitions have articulated ground-breaking strategies for urban development, where governments engage slum dwellers as equal partners in efforts to improve communities. "We are not coming here to beg," declared Jockin Arputham, the head of Slum Dwellers International, at UN-HABITAT's World Urban Forum in Nairobi in May 2002. "We can sit together with you-national governments, city authorities, and bilateral aid agencies-to plan the city" (see "Toilet Power" below).
Where local and national governments have been willing to seriously engage those living in urban slums, the partnership has often produced significant results. But for the most part, governments still have a long way to go to help address the problems faced by people living in slums. In general, slum leaders like Arputham have identified three key obstacles that governments must surmount in order to become more effective partners:
1) Home Security
"Land is the key to implement any project for development," says a Mtumba woman who is involved in the community's self-run school. She explains that the people of her community have difficulty convincing themselves-let alone anyone else-to invest in water, toilets, or any sort of improvement. Why bother if the neighborhood could be bulldozed the next day? Indeed, a central obstacle to any sort of "self-help" in many slums is that the residents do not belong on the land where they live in the eyes of the law.
If governments were to grant people in informal settlements legal recognition or titles to the property where they live, it could open up new opportunities for development, and even credit. Buildings without titles are "dead capital," says Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto. They are useful only for whatever shelter they provide. Buildings with titles, in contrast, can have a second "life" in capital markets, where their owners can leverage them.
De Soto was instrumental in prompting Peru to undertake a massive titling program, which formalized some 1 million urban land parcels between 1996 and 2000, first in the pueblos jovenes of Lima, and then in other cities. In his recent book, The Mystery of Capital, de Soto suggests that titling programs could have a huge global impact. He estimates that the value of real estate not legally owned in the developing world and former Soviet bloc nations is $9.3 trillion.
Granting titles to residents in much of Lima and some other Latin American cities has been fairly straightforward, as a number of informal settlements arose after groups of settlers planned "invasions" of unused public lands. But in places like Kenya, many slums are on private land or on public land given-often under the table-to large-scale shack builders, who rent out their tenement housing. Sorting out ownership can be further complicated by a confusing mix of English land laws and African customary laws. One new innovation in Kenya is a "community land trust," which allows a neighborhood to collectively own its property, while each household retains some individual property rights.
This issue of secure land tenure is gaining in prominence. Heads of state meeting in New York for the UN's Millenium Summit in 2000 pledged to improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. The two measures of "improvement" are to be access to sanitation and security of tenure. When asked how improved security will be measured, Billy Cobbett of the Cities Alliance acknowledges that "it's tricky." Many governments don't count slum dwellers in their censuses, let alone measure their sense of security.
2) Employment Opportunities
Most people come to cities seeking jobs. And the slums that many of these people end up living in-with rickety homes, mounds of refuse, and inadequate water supplies-could become key sources of employment. At little cost, municipal authorities could employ slum dwellers to build sewers, collect trash, compost organic waste, or otherwise improve their communities. If organic waste is composted, it can be used to nourish urban agriculture, which can provide both food and jobs. Cities could also revamp their policies on transportation, land use, and small-scale credit to improve the ability of poor people to make a living.
In 2000, the Kenyan government committed itself to working with the slum dwellers federation, local authorities, and the UN on a seven year slum-upgrading initiative. This program aims to make physical improvements-to extend roads and services into slums to connect them to the rest of the city. "We're looking at all possible sources of job generation," says UN-HABITAT's Chris Williams, including providing housing, water, electricity, and other services.
Schemes to collect and compost organic waste-such as paper, food scraps, and even human excrement-can help nurture urban gardens and reduce the problems and costs of waste management while producing food and money. The UN Development Programme estimates that 800 million urban farmers harvest 15 percent of the world's food supply-and the share could grow if governments promoted, rather than discouraged, the practice. Agriculture provides the highest self-employment earnings in small-scale enterprises in Nairobi, and the third highest in all of urban Kenya.
High transportation costs limit poor people's access to jobs. Zoning laws that separate homes from businesses discriminate against the poor, as do decisions to invest in infrastructure for private cars, rather than dedicated bus lanes, cheap transit, safe pedestrian walkways, or bicycle paths. "More than 95 percent of money that is meant to tackle transport issues in Kenya goes to motorization, while less than 5 percent of Kenyans actually own cars," says Jeff Maganya of the Nairobi office of the global Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG). Today more than 40 percent of Nairobi's residents can't afford to pay bus fares.
Most people would benefit if governments were to shift their priorities towards cheaper forms of transportation, including informal jitneys (small buses called matatus in Nairobi) and bicycles. For many years, high luxury taxes on bicycles and a large fee for registering bicycles prevented poor people from buying and keeping them in Nairobi. Isaac Mburu, a bicycle mechanic who lives in Mtumba, had his bicycle confiscated by local authorities because he could not pay the fee. When Kenya reduced its tax on bicycles from 80 percent to 20 percent between 1986 and 1989, bicycle sales surged by 1,500 percent.
Governments can also take steps to open up lines of credit in informal communities, not only for home improvement, but for small-business development. Even in the poorest neighborhoods, there are buildings and money-making activities that could be leveraged to increase economic opportunities and strengthen communities. Nairobi's jua kali, or "hot sun," workers-street hawkers selling vegetables, motor parts, and all manner of goods and services-act as a crucial source of income for many poor people.
3) Government Representation
A number of factors can contribute to silencing the voices of the poor and limiting public scrutiny of key decisions about how resources are allocated: collusion between politicians and real estate developers; government influence over or control of the press; or a weak civil society, for example. The wealthy, even if a small minority, simply have greater political power.
Government corruption also takes a disproportionate toll on slum residents. "When you take a complaint to a local authority employed by the government," says Isaac Mburu, who lives in Nairobi's Mtumba slum, "if you go without cash, you won't be served." While 67 percent of all Kenyans surveyed recently by Transparency International-Kenya said that interactions with public officials required bribes, 75 percent of the poorest and least educated said they were forced to pay bribes. An independent fact-finding team visited Kenya in March 2000 and concluded that "the land and housing situation is characterized by forced evictions, misallocation of public land, and rampant land grabbing through bureaucratic and political corruption." According to Transparency International's Michael Lippe, "corruption is a tax on the poor."
In some parts of the world, however, corruption is being thwarted by community organizers and committed leaders. Porto Alegre, Brazil has become famous for a municipal budgeting experiment started in 1989 that invites citizens to engage in setting public priorities and shows people how funds are allocated. A survey done after the first year of participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre revealed that the process had amplified the voices of the city's poor. Most of that city's slum population had indicated that clean water and toilets were their highest priority, whereas the government previously assumed that public transport was at the top of their list.
Today, more than 200 cities in Latin America have introduced participatory budgeting. In July 2001, Brazil enacted a national "City Statute" that requires municipalities to include citizens in urban planning and management, through participatory budgeting, among other measures. While only a small share of a city budget is usually up for grabs, the process does get important issues on the agenda and helps thwart corruption.
In Bombay, both the municipality and poor neighborhoods have gained as a result of the evolving partnership between local authorities and the national slum dwellers federation. "Fifteen years ago, we were just trying to get poor people to be part of the city," said Sheela Patel, director of the India-based Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. "Now there's a realization that this is a key component of good governance." For example, she says, "when hawking is illegal, the municipality loses 170 million rupees ($3.5 million) per month by not giving the hawkers licenses."
In Nairobi, citizens convened the first ever Nairobi Civic Assembly in January 2002 to demand that the government open itself up to all citizens, including the poor majority. "We have a city without citizens because most of them have no voice," said Davinder Lamba, the head of the local human rights group, Manzigira Institute. Participants discussed how they might tackle a number of specific problems, from the city council's failure to provide water in poor neighborhoods to corrupt "land-grabbing" by public officials.
Neighborhood by neighborhood, things are beginning to change. For years, whenever residents of a Nairobi slum called Huruma Ghetto tried to repair their homes, the city council blocked them, forcing them to pay bribes or forbidding their efforts on the grounds that they were squatters on public land. The community's initial efforts to organize themselves to overcome these obstacles met with failure. Once, when the community collectively refused to pay the bribes, their houses were set ablaze.
Banding together, and fortified by allies, Huruma Ghetto's residents are getting local authorities to work with them, rather than against them. In May 2002, I watched as the Huruma Ghetto held a groundbreaking ceremony for a model home paid for by its locally organized savings group and approved for construction by the Nairobi city council. Residents of Mathare, Mtumba, and other Nairobi slums, as well as activist friends from all over the world (including Jockin Arputham of Slum Dwellers International), came to Huruma Ghetto to take part.
"With the savings scheme, we are not only collecting money, we are collecting people," says David Mwaniki, a 37-year old father of five who makes a living hawking utensils. He also serves as the assistant to the secretary of Huruma's community council, which organized the savings group. "We want to eradicate poverty, and we want people living in informal settlements all over the world to join us, so we can wipe out slums."
Molly O'Meara Sheehan is a senior researcher at the Worldwatch Institute.
Toilet Power
Jockin Arputham is President of the National Slum Dwellers Federation of India and leader of Slum Dwellers International, a network of grassroots organizations in Cambodia, India, Kenya, South Africa and Thailand, among other countries. He has led the struggle for housing rights in Mumbai, India, since the 1970s, when he started the National Slum Dwellers Federation, which now spans 34 Indian cities. Rasna Warah, Editor of Habitat Debate, the journal of UN-HABITAT, interviewed him during the World Urban Forum in Nairobi in April 2002. (Printed with permission.)
Rasna Warah: Tell me a bit about your background.
Jockin Arputham: I am a slum dweller who has lived in Mumbai's Mankhurd Janata Colony for the last 35 years. I was not always a slum dweller. I belonged to an upper middle class family, which lost everything in 1963. That is when I left my home in Kolargold Field for Bangalore and then for Mumbai in 1964. I had never lived in a slum before that, so it was a new culture and new concept for me.
My first experience with activism was when I brought together children from the slum and organized them to carry uncollected garbage in the slum and dump it in front of the Mumbai Municipality's offices. Then in 1974, I invited officers from the Municipality to visit our slum. The idea was to lock one of the officers in the public toilet for a whole day, which we did. He was there for eight hours. In the end, the police had to take him out. But we had made our point. That incident changed people's attitudes towards cleanliness in public toilets.
RW: One of the main issues your organization agitates around is that of toilets. Why is this such an important issue for you?
JA: In India, a public toilet is not simply a toilet. Public toilets are community centers where people meet to exchange news about what is happening in the community. When you go to a public toilet, you get all the news about the settlement. In fact, today in India, if you want to mobilize people, you first go to the public toilets.
Besides, everyone needs to go to the toilet, so it is a common uniting factor, especially in slums. The only difference between middle class people and the urban poor is that the former go to the toilet alone.
In India, 90 per cent of slum dwellers use public toilets maintained by the municipality. But I call these toilets "monuments" because the minute they become the responsibility of the municipality, the service becomes defunct. The National Slum Dwellers Federation has been urging the government to allow slum communities to plan, design, construct, and maintain public toilets. As a result, in the city of Mumbai, we are now constructing toilet blocks-10,000 toilet seats in total. The Prime Minister has also given a grant of 10 billion rupees to build toilets all over India. These toilets will be planned, designed and maintained by the communities themselves.
RW: What is Slum Dwellers International?
JA: SDI is not a political movement or a social service organization. It is a platform through which urban poor communities take responsibility for improving their lives.
It is a voice of the urban poor. When the poor don't take responsibility for their lives, everyone from NGOs to the World Bank will take this responsibility away from them. They will tell you how to live, how to eat, how to dress. They will even tell you how to use a toilet. What nonsense! I am an adult, why should anyone control my life? However, instead of merely protesting against these institutions, we are going a step forward by saying, "involve us."
Institutions such as the World Bank have been unsuccessful in many cases because their projects lacked one key ingredient-the involvement of the community. For instance, the World Bank once took seven years to build one toilet in a slum in Mumbai. Seven years! Why? Because they spent much of the time "studying" Indian culture, Indian values, even Indian ways of shitting. Tell me, how can a consultant from London know these things?
But since the World Bank started to work with the National Slum Dwellers Federation, we have managed to build 100 toilet blocks, or 2,200 toilets, within one year. At this rate, for the first time in the history of independent India, no one in Mumbai will have to squat on the streets because there will be one public toilet for every 50 people.
RW: But don't governments have a responsibility towards the urban poor? Shouldn't they be providing these services?
JA: Certainly governments have this responsibility. But they are not doing it. We used to have the handout approach. But now we are saying that we need to split responsibility. In the case of toilets, we are saying to governments, "You pay the capital costs, but we will plan, design and maintain the toilets."
RW: You still live in a slum, even though your economic conditions have improved. Why?
JA: I think I continue to live there because my whole life's work began there. Everything I learned, all the knowledge I gained, was from the slum. Besides, both my children are married and it is just me and my wife. Why would we need a bigger place? I've lived in my current home for 15 years, why not another 25? If I move out,
I'll feel as if I exploited the very people who made me who I am. I am very proud to be a slum dweller. I don't see my work as a job; it is my life.


text:
When I asked why they always exclaimed this to the victor, they explained that a clothes peg was the most trivial, useless object they could think of as a prize.
Most of you got it faster than I did, but you weren't chasing round a bloody classroom untangling a whole series of such attempts, were you, eh?
Report writing continues to occupy much of our classroom time. Yesterday we had this task:
You have a part-time job in a museum. The director has asked you to submit a report with recommendations for making the museum more appealing to children.Sometimes you look at a task and think, yeah, well.... this requires imagination. Call me all the racist, stereotyping bastards you like, but imagination is not a quality I associate with Saudi Arabian students in an educational context - they seem to have been trained to deposit their creativity at the reception desk prior to entering the classroom, and it takes a while to persuade them to bring it in with them instead. So before getting stuck into the writing task, we spent the morning looking round a very kid-friendly local museum. Here, in place of what the students were expecting - a succession of echoing rooms, hoary odds and sods in glass cabinets, timidly susurating conversation - there were imaginatively themed sections with atmospheric lighting, buttons to press, images projected onto the walls, microscopes to squint down, stuff to handle, tasksheets to complete, humongous cockroaches in tanks, tarantulas, meteorites and a room full of tables heaped with crayons and pictures to colour in. About thirty ten year-olds in school uniform were running purposefully about, filling in questionnaires. I spent a fair while looking around the Ancient Egypt section, and suddenly realised I was standing alone in a dimly lit alcove in the presence of two open coffins and their dun-bandaged occupants. It creeped me out. Great stuff.
After lunch, we got down to the writing task. OK, I said, so how can we make museums more interesting for kids? Silence. What did you see this morning? How can we make it interesting for kids? For kids? Interesting? Yeah?
'Put sign,' Mohammed said. 'Put sign, 'No Touch'.'
Brilliant, Mo, that's the way to pack 'em in. I tried again.
'Teacher,' Zara suggested.
They see teachers every bloody day - for most kids, teachers fall decisively into the 'not interesting' category. So any advance on teachers and don't touch for spicing up museums?
Well, eventually we got started, but as usual it took some prompting, and as so often, I think they missed the point I had been at such pains to underline. I've decided that they probably did not connect what they saw in the museum with education, and so were wondering what the hell I was on about. The kids were milling about and crayoning, not sitting at desks and pretending to listen to a teacher, so where was the learning? I suspect now that some of them actually disapproved, and supposed that the idea was to propose ways of stopping all that laxity and license. In fact, I now see it was pretty dumb of me not to have anticipated that reaction. Ah, well. I liked the museum, and at least I got paid for a morning off.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Now that the holidays are over and more Chicagoans are returning to work, this week will be the first major test of the service changes the CTA implemented last month to reduce crowds on the buses and trains. Finally we'll see where crowding stands—literally.
Going Public has noticed some easing on buses and trains since the CTA added service to 48 bus routes and all but two train lines last month. There have been more seats available and more space to move around in the aisles—and yet, some riders still stand in the space by the doors.
Nicholas Epley, a University of Chicago professor of behavioral science who has studied rider interaction on Metra trains, said some commuters have "stranger anxiety" and prefer to stand rather than sit next to another rider.
"There is some discomfort sitting cheek to jowl with a stranger," said Epley, who rides Metra and not the CTA. "Our research suggests that anxiety is misplaced. Our participants enjoyed commuting more when they talked to strangers than when they sat alone."
It could also be that some riders stand in the doorways instead of sit in the train and bus seats because they are wearing winter coats and don't want to squeeze into a seat. One of the top complaints that GP receives about the new rail cars with the aisle-facing seats is that the seats are too narrow.
Whatever the reason, if riders want to stand on a bus or train when a seat is available, they should spread out into the aisles of the train or move to the back of the bus. Standing in the doorway slows the boarding and exiting process, which makes everyone late.
Let's take a deal
The holidays are over, but Groupon still is offering a gift to CTA riders. The site continues to sell a three-day unlimited pass, regularly $14, for $9. The CTA will raise the price of three-day passes next week to $20 as part of its fare hikes to unlimited passes. Riders may only purchase four of the Groupon passes, which can be used through Sept. 1.
The eyes have it
The No-Pants Subway Ride, a New York City improv group's cheeky spin on public transportation, will take place from noon to 3 p.m. Sunday in Chicago and other major U.S. cities. Go to facebook.com/groups/Nopantschicago for more information.
A weekly dispatch from a CTA station of note
This week: 95th Red Line
The end of the line is ready for new beginnings. This South Side station will see major changes during the next few years. In May, the station will shut down for five months as the CTA overhauls Red Line track south of Roosevelt Road. After that project is over, the CTA will begin work on upgrading the station, a necessary step before the agency can extend the Red Line south of 95th Street. The station is expected to remain open as work is completed over the next few years. The CTA will hold a public hearing on the project's environmental impact in the spring, and complete design for the terminal is anticipated this fall or winter.
Next up: O'Hare Blue Line
Want more? Discuss this article and others on RedEye's Facebook page.


text:
The Benefits of Homeschooling Teenagers
Ken Danford, one of the founders of North Star: Self-Directed Learning for Teens, has written an excellent essay for Huffington Post about taking teens off the college production line and focusing on their passions and interests as a way to nurture self-awareness, expertise, and confidence. He ends his essay with this observation:
When teens experience schooling as more stressful than helpful, we can do better than simply telling them, "Make the best of it until you graduate." We can offer information and support for a different way to grow up. Instead of forcing teens to remain in the "race" to win college admissions, scholarships, and a place for oneself in the world, we might provide teens with a coherent perspective that encourages them to set their own pace toward these same goals. Many families are already doing so. What we need now is a social commitment to make this option widely available.


text:
Treat yourself, or a friend, to a day of glamour with a Model Makeover Photoshoot! Get your hair and make-up done by an expert stylist and enjoy a fun photoshoot!
You will be pampered at a professional studio with luxury settings. After a consultation, a team will attend to your look, from dry - styling your hair to expert make-up application before your photographic session. You will have 2-3 outfit changes during the shoot to capture different images. After the session you can view your images* and select an A4 print to take home.
As an added touch to make the experience even more special, you can also enjoy £50.00 off wallhangings and £50.00 off albums or portfolios if you are struggling to choose just one image!
A great gift for her, a special gift for friends or relatives or a gift experience for a birthday.
What's included:
- 3 hour photo shoot & consultation
- View images after the session and select a complimentary A4 print
- £50 off wallhangings
- £50 off albums or portfolios
- A £30 booking deposit is required at the time of booking to secure your appointment and is refunded at the viewing
*Instant viewing may not be available in some studios, but a convenient date and time to return and view your images will be arranged
Detailed Information
- Minimum age 18
- You will be required to bring at least three outfit changes, shoes and accessories to the session
- The studio team will help you to choose the best outfits to create a perfect look!
- Your hair will be drystyled not wash, cut or blowdried
- Please allow 3 hours per photoshoot experience including viewing time in some studios
- You will receive one complimentary A4 print. You have the option to purchase additional prints after your shoot but are under no obligation.
- Gift recipients must be UK residents aged 18 or over
- Available Monday to Sunday depending on location. All dates & times are subject to availabilty - please check when booking
- Instant viewing may not be available in some studios, but a convenient date and time to return and view your images will be arranged
- Family members are welcome to come along - please notify the studio when confirming booking
- A fully refundable booking deposit of £30 must be paid at time of booking, this is refunded at the viewing if cancelled with at least 48 hours prior notice to the session
- Deposits will be lost if you fail to attend your appointment unless cancelled or rearranged within 48 hours of making the booking


text:
Your browser does not support iframes.
Tom Holland's recent letter in the Oct. 1 edition of The Lancaster News, against the Republican candidate for solicitor Randy Newman, is not just sour grapes, but indicates arrogance and lack of loyalty to the Republican constituency.
His very lack of respect for the voter is shown by his slogan, "It's the experience, stupid." I do not believe the people who voted for Newman are stupid.
Allison Meadows laments ''Who is in charge of probate court," in her opinion article the Oct. 26 edition of The Lancaster News.
I am shocked that in this information age, Ms. Meadows was unable to determine the name of our sitting probate judge. I sorta wonder wherein lies the fault?
Some holders of public office work day in and day out, quietly doing the job we elected them to do.
Elected officials serving multiple terms must be doing something right or they would be booted out.
I went through probate with an estate in 2011. It took only a month or two to complete. Sandy and her court closed it quickly.
Sandy Estridge is excellent in her skills about the law and knows what needs to be done. I trusted fully in her judgment.
She believes in her job. She loves her job. She is very proficient.
I've seen her work many hours beyond the normal hours. I've seen how she tries to make the best decision for families.
I have known Sandy Estridge for over 20 years. I am writing this letter in support of her candidacy for probate judge here in Lancaster County.
I was disheartened to hear the tone taken by her opponent in the recent forum in Indian Land, and even more disappointed in his letter to the guest column and advertisements he has used in recent editions of this paper.
He has stated several times that our probate court ranks in the bottom one-third and that it takes 41 percent longer to settle an estate than the state average.
Public offices require someone with a history of public service. I'm voting for Jerry Holt for probate judge because he has a long history of serving our country and Lancaster County.
He served in the Marines and has been active in Lancaster County on the planning commission and volunteering for veterans service groups.
Mr. Holt's business experience and education mean he will be able to run the probate judge's office like a business, saving time and money.
As an Indian Land Elementary School teacher, I come in contact with and are affected by politics on a regular basis. The support, concern and effectiveness of our political leaders are a key part to our jobs and personal lives. My home was burglarized in 2012 and it was a frightening and emotional experience for my family.
I have known Randy Newman and his wife, Jill, for about five and a half years through the church we both attend. He seems to be a great guy, so does his wife and little boy.
Mr. Newman has run a clean campaign. He has not said anything negative about his opponent. He stands on the work he has done in the years that he was the assistant under Doug Barfield. William Frick has made mention of backlogs, reduced sentences by Mr. Newman, but this started a long time before Mr. Newman took over the job.
I feel that Randy Newman is the best choice for the 6th District solicitor for the following reasons:
Randy worked his way through college, sold his house to go to law school and knew that he wanted to be a prosecutor.
Randy clerked for Judge Goldsmith before going to work in the solicitor's office. When Randy decided to go to law school he left a job that paid more than he is making now which shows me how much passion he has for the job. I would also like to speak about experience. All of Randy's experience is as a prosecutor.
m seeking Lancaster City Council District l seat to offer better representation based on truth, the knowledge of God, integrity, a strong education and a proven history of providing solutions to difficult problems.
I demonstrate my caring for our community by actively serving in Kershaw Correctional Institute prison ministry since 2008. I give monthly to the poor, widows and to single mothers.
In his guest column, Randy Newman accuses his opponent of a "blatant attempt to mislead the public." I submit that it is Randy Newman who is attempting to mislead the public.
Copyright © 2019
The Lancaster News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lancaster County and Lancaster, South Carolina, and the surrounding area..


text:
Summit Racing Introduces A Line Of Quality Acrylic Urethane Paints Designed For The Do-It-Yourself Guy.
For many of us, paint is the scary thing that we need to outsource to the professionals. It's because we fear the procedure or the experience involved. Either way, we've found the solution. Summit Racing has made a move that will allow the do-it-yourselfers to churn out a professional-looking paintjob for only a couple hundred dollars.
With the help of high-quality manufactures, Summit has branded its own line of paint products. Their substantial name in the aftermarket has given them the ability to supply customers with a simple-to-use acrylic urethane paint system they can apply in a home garage; the best news is that Summit has made the process painfully simple for those of us whose profession isn't in refinishing.
Besides the Summit paint products, the only other things you'll need to get the job done are a 60-gallon or higher air compressor, a spay gun, masking supplies, and sanding materials, many of which are also available though Summit.
The first step is to thoroughly clean the painted surfaces so you know what you have to work with. If you're looking for just a color change, you won't need to remove the existing paint; just sand it with 400 grit to give the primer/sealer some adhesion. If the paint you wish to replace is cracked or damaged, it's a good idea to remove it by media blasting or chemical strippers. Once the surface is free of paint, Summit's wax and grease remover will remove any other remaining contaminants. With the body totally free of contaminants, you can do the necessary bodywork, then clean the surface with Summit's mild surface wash. Now you're ready for primer.
Over bare metal, Summit's epoxy primer will guarantee adhesion. The high-build primer can be sprayed over it for block sanding, since its primary purpose is to build, and give you material to work with. When the primer is sanded flat, it's time for paint.
All of Summit's paint products mix in the same ratio of 4:1, so there is no confusion. Summit's acrylic urethane topcoat is a single-stage paint, meaning the clearcoat is optional. The exceptions are with specific colors, where the metallic content is too coarse to leave without a clearcoat. Summit has found that one gallon of this topcoat will paint the average-sized car, but suggests getting an extra gallon if you are painting interior panels.
If you've got your heart set on the ultra deep look of a clearcoated car, you have two choices in product. They have a medium- and high-solids clear. The high-solids version is simply the top-shelf version with the deepest, longest-lasting gloss.
The wet sanding and polishing process is very similar to other paints, but can be done after only a couple of days. The system is made to be sprayed without a climate-controlled paint booth by using temperature-specific activators. This makes it possible to have a show-quality paintjob, without a professional paint booth, or high-dollar supplies.
|Wax and grease remover (quart)
|Surface wash (quart)
|Fish-eye eliminator (pint)
|Epoxy primer (gallon)
|Epoxy catalyst (quart)
|2K primer surfacer (gallon)
|Single-stage urethane topcoat (gallon)
|Urethane specialty metallic topcoat (gallon)*
|Universal urethane activator (quart)
|Universal urethane reducer (quart)
|Medium-solids urethane clearcoat (gallon)
|High-solids urethane clearcoat (gallon)
*Includes Candy Apple Red, Ultra Blue Pearl, Dark Plum Metallic, Viper Red, Mocha Frost Pearl, Mayan Gold Metallic, Bright Orange Metallic.
|Wax and grease remover (quart)
|Surface wash (quart)
|Epoxy primer (gallon)
|Epoxy catalyst (quart)
|2K primer/surfacer (gallon)
|Universal urethane activator (3 quarts)
|Single-stage urethane top coat (gallon)
|Universal urethane reducer (quart)
|Medium-solids urethane clearcoat (gallon)
The Products
Prep Solvents
Wax and grease remover: Strong blend of solvents to remove bugs, road grime, oil, and other residue from the body during and after body preparation
Surface wash: Mild wash for the last wipe down before primer or paint is applied. This removes any remaining dust and debris.
Fish-eye eliminator: To allow the paint to flow and adhere evenly over imperfections and avoid the fish-eye effect.
Epoxy primer: Specially formulated for superior adhesion to bare metal. It's mixed 4:1 with the epoxy catalyst.
Urethane 2K primer: High-build primer to conceal low spots in a fast-drying formula. Will stick to sealers, primers, OE finishes, and body filler. This should be mixed 4:1 with the urethane activator.
Single-stage urethane topcoat paint: Premium formula makes this paint highly resistant to damage from UV exposure, chemicals, weather, and chips. Will hold its color and gloss longer than acrylic and synthetic enamels. Does not require a clearcoat for glossy finish. Available in 20 colors; clear is optional for enhanced gloss.
Universal activators: Mix in a 4:1 ratio with Summit's urethane products. Three different activators are offered to compensate for the painting conditions; fast activator for below 70 F, medium for between 70 F and 80 F, and a slow for 80 F and above.
Urethane reducers: To allow flow and leveling of paint, comes in fast, medium, slow, and special Zero-VOC to comply with strict environmental regulations (read: California). With topcoat, mix up to 10 percent; for high-solids clears, mix 4:1:1.
Medium-solids urethane clear: User-friendly operation, standard, but not economy, version
High-solids urethane clear: Higher-build, deeper-gloss version of the medium-solid clear


text:
Search for:
The Gay-Skater-Caster
Probably the largest gay cast fetish site in the world!
leg casts
arm casts
Data Privacy Statement
Cast Schedule
This website or its third party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. Also an invisible Google reCAPTCHA is used on this site. By closing this banner, scrolling this page, clicking a link or continuing to browse otherwise, you agree to the use of cookies and terms.


text:
User:Adrian Santangelo
From ForensicsWiki
Revision as of 06:19, 4 January 2012 by Adrian Santangelo (Talk | contribs)
Adrian Santangelo has over a decade of forensic experience, starting with deep roots in information and network security. He has been a self-employed computer security and forensic consultant all his adult life. After starting ISC Unlimited as a computer security consulting firm in 1996, he quickly branched out to digital forensics and cyber sleuthing. He has been an active participant in many online forums and mailing lists discussions, with plenty of information readily available about with a simple Google search. (Bonus points if you can find his online alias(es)! Much of his online security history has been done under one of them.) He currently owns and operates Interpreting Technology, an information technology consulting firm. He is in the process of coming on board with the local county sheriff to handle their digital forensic needs, soon to branch out as a law enforcement team leader for digital forensics in northwest Washington state. Currently held (or close to acquiring) certifications include: MCP, MNE, A+, Security+, Network+, MCSE, CCNA, CEH, CISSP, CCE)


text:
"We Find Ourselves Back with Deja Vu" Jeff Deist on the US Housing Market
"We Find Ourselves Back with Deja Vu" Jeff Deist on the US Housing Market
Are Recessions Inevitable?
Stocks fell last week following news that the yield curve on Treasury notes had inverted. This means that a short-term Treasury note was paying higher interest rates than long-term Treasury note. An inverted yield curve is widely seen as a sign of an impending recession.
Some economic commentators reacted to the inverted yield curve by parroting the Keynesian propaganda that recessions are an inevitable feature of a free-market economy, whose negative effects can only be mitigated by the Federal Reserve. Like much of the conventional economic wisdom, the idea that recessions are caused by the free market and cured by the Federal Reserve is the exact opposite of the truth.
Interest rates are the price of money. Like all prices, they should be set by the market in order to accurately convey information about economic conditions. When the Federal Reserve lowers interest rates, it distorts those signals. This leads investors and businesses to misjudge the true state of the economy, resulting in misallocations of resources. These misallocations can create an economic boom. However, since the boom is rooted in misperceptions of the true state of the economy, it cannot last. Eventually the Federal Reserve-created bubble bursts, resulting in a recession.
So, recessions are not a feature of the free market. Instead, they are an inevitable result of Congress granting a secretive central bank power to influence the price of money. While monetary policy may be the prime culprit, government tax and regulatory policies also damage the economy. Many regulations, such as the minimum wage and occupational licensing, inflict much harm on the same low-income people that the economic interventionists claim benefit the most from the welfare-regulatory state.
The best thing for Congress and the Federal Reserve to do after the bubble bursts is to let the recession run its course. Recessions are painful but necessary if the economy is going to heal from the damage done by government's inflate-tax-borrow-spend-and-inflate-some-more policies. But Congress and the Fed cannot resist the cries to "do something." So, Congress spends billions on wasteful "economic stimulus" plans and bailouts of politically influential corporations. Meanwhile, the Fed tries to "prime the pump" via new money creation, restarting the whole boom-and-bust cycle.
This is not to say that no one would experience economic difficulties in a free market. Businesses and even whole industries would still close because of changing consumer tastes, new competitors offering superior products, or bad business decisions. There may even be bubbles in a free market as some investors misread fads as permanent changes in consumer preferences. But periods of downturn would be shorter, and most would only affect specific industries rather than the entire economy.
President Trump's imposition of tariffs (which are a form of taxes on American consumers) has been particularly harmful. The tariff war has not just raised prices on imported consumer goods. It has also cut off markets for export-reliant businesses, such as manufacturers that import materials used to construct their products.
The trade dispute with China may be the event that pushes the US economy into a major recession or even a depression. However, the trade war is not the root cause of the downturn. The next recession, like every recession since 1913, will come stamped "Courtesy of the Federal Reserve." The only way to end the boom-and-bust cycle and restore peace, prosperity, and liberty is to end the welfare-warfare state, repeal the Sixteenth Amendment, and audit then end the Fed.
Bylund: Entrepreneurship Involves Uncertainty. Here's How to Deal With It Productively.
Late South African economist Ludwig Lachmann once wrote, "The future is unknowable, though not unimaginable."
What he meant is, it's beyond our ability to know what the future will bring. We cannot plan without errors, because we do not actually know anything about the future before it's already reality.
The future is not simply unknown, which suggests a lack of information, but unknowable -- what will be is uncertain. There is no information. We are, in this sense, slaves to destiny.
But while the future is unknowable, this does not mean it is hopeless. Our efforts always aim to create some specific, limited part of the future. Entrepreneurs do this more than others, as entrepreneurship scholar Saras Sarasvathy argues.
They can do this, as Lachmann notes, as the future is imaginable. Because we can imagine different futures, we can act to create the better version. We have the creative ability to draft scenarios and possible outcomes, so we can prepare for what is more likely to be. And attempt to bring it about.
We all differ in our ability to imagine the future that will be. Very often it might simply be luck. But luck is not all, and it certainly isn't reliable. Some seem to have the ability and willingness to face the unknowable by imagining and attempting to shape it, and they're willing to bet that they're right and put their money where their mouths are.
Entrepreneurs are in the business of creating big chunks of our future. They bear uncertainty.
Read the full article at Entrepreneur.
Why $100 Bills Are Now the US Dollar's Most Common Banknote
The "War on Cash" which remained largely under the radar for years with few having noticed this assault on physical currency by governments around the world, other than the libertarian movement. This is no conspiracy theory, it has already occurred to a small extent.
Some prominent economists, including Rogoff and former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, have advocated phasing out high-denomination paper currency to discourage tax evasion and other forms of corruption. India and euro area countries have done just that in recent years: the Reserve Bank of India withdrew the 500 and 1,000 rupee bills from circulation and stripped them of their status as legal tender in 2016, with disruptive effects, while the European Central Bank stopped producing and issuing the 500 euro note in early 2019.
A recent paper by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) shows how the $100 dollar bill is now the most widely circulated US note. The truth is, 80 percent of $100 bills are held outside the US, and 60 percent of all physical notes are as well. Economist Kenneth Rogoff from Harvard University claims that the major reason for this is criminal activity such as money laundering and human trafficking. But there is something I noticed when reading more about it:
With increasing digitalization of payment systems in recent years, Kyriakos-Saad says, concerns about traceability could be a factor. But it's incorrect to always associate cash with corruption, he says. "There's this lingering desire for privacy, and desire for anonymity, which can be entirely legitimate."And this anonymity is precisely what makes cash usage patterns so challenging to understand.
This seems obvious enough, at least to libertarians. But the report it goes on:
Rogoff adds that there may be another factor at play: "Underground demand for paper currency has been surely rising in part because interest rates and inflation are exceptionally low."
But why the dollar? Other countries have currencies used abroad. "We think that the significance of foreign demand is unique to the dollar," Judson said. "Other currencies are also used outside their home countries, but as far as we can tell, the dollar has the largest share of notes held outside the country."
The dollar's role as the dominant international reserve currency may be the key, according to Rogoff. "The dollar is now the only global currency; the euro has stalled, and the renminbi is decades away from challenging," he says.
We look at interest rates as the opportunity cost of holding money in physical form. When interest rates rise, that opportunity cost rises since we can earn a higher return by keeping it in an account at our banks. When interest rates fall, that cost falls as well. This is important because these economists also propose using negative interest rates in the future. So, with both the elimination of cash, particularly large denominations, and negative interest rates, what does this mean for holders of those dollars?
Will they lose out? Or is this an opportunity to actually profit from holding physical currency at a time when our digital dollars held in our bank accounts will be devalued, taxed, and siphoned away with bank fees in which we cannot escape since we cannot withdrawal physical currency by law? And if interest rates are an opportunity cost of holding physical cash, then those who possess these high denominations of dollars will likely have more buying power than those who rely strictly on digital transactions. Perhaps physical dollars and digital dollars will be recognized as two distinct mediums of exchange. If that's the case, then perhaps there is a great benefit to holding some cash instead of electronic deposits.
Business Schools Need More Austrian Economics
In a recent tweet, Philip Kotler, author of the most widely used marketing book in graduate business schools worldwide suggested that the government should be doing much more to reduce inequality.
To quote Kotler:
Income inequality keeps worsening. Four ways to keep income inequality from worsening. 1. Raise minimum wages, 2. Raise the top income tax rate, 3. Enact a wealth tax. 4. Raise estate taxes. One political party opposes all of these. The other will introduce all of them in time.— Philip Kotler (@kotl) July 30, 2019
By suggesting that the government should somehow put in place these "solutions," Professor Kotler (a student of Friedman, Samuelson, and Solow with degrees from University of Chicago and MIT), shows an incredible ignorance of some of the most fundamental economic principles that influence his (insightful, and I risk to say, mostly correct) thoughts about marketing and strategy.
Another very respected business school scholar, Henry Mintzberg, has also advocated for "raising the minimum wage, the need for government to act to stop climate change, that the ridesharing apps are making people poor and unhappy."
He even asks, on some occasion, 'how can smart people be so dumb?'
His question forces me to ask my own, "How can people that are so knowledgeable in their areas be so naïve (to say the least) in economics when the discipline is such a fundamental topic for businesses?
This kind of public positioning made by such an influential scholar highlights the importance of promoting Austrian economics in business schools.
The comments from Kotler and Mintzberg remind me of a talk Murray Rothbard's gave in the early '90s on "The Future of Austrian Economics." Rothbard advocated for Austrian economists to spread their ideas outside academia, identifying business people as a particularly important audience. These are people that actually see the market process unfold and end up understanding that actors and firms all belong to a complex web of interactions.
Particularly now, I think it is important to act upon Rothbard's suggestion, in particular by targeting business schools.
Business students take courses in Strategy and Marketing that are based (although this is hardly mentioned directly) on sound economics principles. For example, people (not collectives) act, preferences are subjective, the market is dynamic, the influence of government policies over businesses exists and is very heavy, markets are interconnected, etc.
Those same students are exposed to various blends of economic thinking that lack much practical use. For example, textbooks by monetarists, Keynesians, and even Marxists are common textbooks all over the globe. Instead, what these future professionals need is a more logical approach to economic thinking.
Fortunately, we are making progress in this area.
The Economics for Entrepreneurs podcast, hosted by Hunter Hastings, melds the sound economic thinking of the Austrian school, with discussions of strategy, marketing, and entrepreneurship, among others. Several scholars associated with the Mises Institute teach at business programs (see for instance Peter Klein, Per Bylund, and Matt McCaffrey.) Social media groups have also arisen, such as "Mises For Business" and "Management Scholars for Free Markets." There's is also a great number of academic papers being published synthesizing concepts in Austrian economics, management, and business strategy. These are areas that already have a lot in common, and we can build on that.
At the same time, there is still a lot of room to grow.
Apart from Marketing and Strategy, there are many other areas that business schools can learn from studying praxeology and catallactics. Entrepreneurship and innovation are some of the most obvious areas where Austrians can contribute, other topics such as human resources and finance are also very strong candidates for potential research. Accounting is another area where Austrians have also begun to contribute. With a personal background in industrial engineering, I even think fields like operations could gain a lot from the understanding of matters such as the business cycle and especially insights of the structure of capital.
To sum up, there is a lot of misunderstanding and bad economics being taught to business students, forcing many into courses claiming that theory in economics is useless, and that 'data' solves it all. In such programs, we are in desperate need for an Austrian revolution.
With the robust understanding of the market process that the Austrians are able to provide, business students, future entrepreneurs, and business professionals will be better prepared to operate their businesses and to better understand their consumers, competitors, and their macro environment. By talking to those people, moreover, we will be able to open the door to the other parts of Austro-libertarian thinking and, as a consequence, to bring more people to believe in individual liberties against central power coercion.
Endgame for the Fed?
The Federal Reserve, responding to concerns about the economy and the stock market, and perhaps to criticisms by President Trump, recently changed course on interest rates by cutting its "benchmark" rate from 2.25 percent to two percent. President Trump responded to the cut in already historically-low rates by attacking the Fed for not committing to future rate cuts.
The Fed's action is an example of a popular definition of insanity: doing the same action over and over again and expecting different results. After the 2008 market meltdown, the Fed launched an unprecedented policy of near-zero interest rates and "quantitative easing." Both failed to produce real economic growth. The latest rate cut is unlikely to increase growth or avert a major economic crisis.
It is not a coincidence that the Fed's rate cut came along with Congress passing a two-year budget deal that increases our already 22 trillion dollars national debt and suspends the debt ceiling. The increase in government debt increases the pressure on the Fed to keep interest rates artificially low so the federal government's interest payments do not increase to unsustainable levels.
President Trump's tax and regulatory policies have had some positive effects on economic growth and job creation. However, these gains are going to be short-lived because they cannot offset the damage caused by the explosion in deficit spending and the Federal Reserve's resulting monetization of the debt. President Trump has also endangered the global economy by imposing tariffs on imports from the US's largest trading partners including China. This has resulted in a trade war that is hurting export-driven industries such as agriculture. President Trump recently imposed more tariffs on Chinese imports, and China responded to the tariffs by devaluing its currency. The devaluation lowers the price consumers pay for Chinese goods, partly offsetting the effect of the tariffs. The US government responded by labeling China a currency manipulator, a charge dripping with hypocrisy since, thanks to the dollar's world reserve currency status, the US is history's greatest currency manipulator. Another irony is that China's action mirrors President Trump's continuous calls for the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates.
While no one can predict when or how the next economic crisis will occur, we do know the crisis is coming unless, as seems unlikely, the Fed stops distorting the economy by manipulating interest rates (which are the price of money), Congress cuts spending and debt, and President Trump declares a ceasefire in the trade war.
The Federal Reserve's rate cut failed to stop a drastic fall in the stock market. This is actually good news as it shows that even Wall Street is losing faith in the Federal Reserve's ability to manage the unmanageable — a monetary system based solely on fiat currency. The erosion of trust in and respect for the Fed is also shown by the interest in cryptocurrency and the momentum behind two initiatives spearheaded by my Campaign for Liberty — passing the Audit the Fed bill and passing state laws re-legalizing gold and silver as legal tender. There is no doubt we are witnessing the last days of not just the Federal Reserve but the entire welfare-warfare system. Those who know the truth must do all they can to ensure that the crisis results in a return to a constitutional republic, true free markets, sound money, and a foreign policy of peace and free trade.
Neil Schulman RIP
Neil Schulman, who passed away August 10, was best known as a science fiction writer, and his Alongside Night and The Rainbow Cadenza are libertarian classics. He was one of several brilliant writers and thinkers associated with the great Sam Konkin's "anarcho—village." I met Neil only a few times, but his commanding presence and vigorous defense of his ideas made an indelible impression on me. He used his immense writing talents in defense of liberty and in opposition to war and the state. Only a few days before he died, he posted on Twitter, "When compared with the typical State assault on innocent civilian populations with deaths in the thousands, hundreds of thousands, or millions, the typical private assault doesn't even register." He admired Ron Paul greatly, and I last heard his booming voice at a conference in Arizona that featured Dr. Paul. His many friends will miss him.
Lew Rockwell on Amash, Nationalism, Black Sabbath, and More: An Interview
Atilla Sulker has posted a new interview with Lew Rockwell at LewRockwell.com. My favoire part:
AS: Why do you think people like the Bushes and the McCains, who in many ways can be seen as nationalistic imperialists, denounce Trump's brand of nationalism?
LR: I don't think that imperialism is at all, necessarily connected to nationalism. The good nationalism has nothing to do with imperialism. It should oppose imperialism, because it brings war and destruction to your own people, as well as other people. But I think Bush and McCain, both of course, extremely evil and promoters of world government, are not nationalists at all. Maybe they want to see their own families and their own connections at the height of the global government running everything. But they don't like Trump, because of what they thought he might turn into, in terms of America first, and no more wars. So that unfortunately hasn't happened, although he (Trump) hasn't started any big wars. But he has done terrible things like fund the war in Yemen, by giving or selling weapons, and selling weapons to Saudis. And of course his constant drumbeat of aggression against Iran is horrendous, and he's strangling those people.
American sanctions are worse than sanctions that the Bushes put on against Iraq before they invaded. In that famous exchange with the Secretary of State (Madeleine Albright), she was asked that apparently 500,000 children and people had died because of sanctions, and she said "we think it's worth it." I just heard this recently from Pompeo, but this has been going on for a long time. The reason you have sanctions, according to these people, is to hurt the citizens of the other country, so they will rise up and overthrow their government. I'm not aware of any instances where that has ever happened. In fact, it just makes people more loyal to their own government.
Gun Laws Create Gun Violence
Do Leftists believe gun bans will make guns evaporate?
Approximately 5 to 10 million AR-15 style rifles exist in America according to the National Shooting Sports Foundation. If we were to ban these guns outright tomorrow, would they just vanish into thin air? That is what gun law advocates seem to be suggesting by their rhetoric. Whenever we hear reports of a shooting tragedy, the TV, newspapers, and social media PR campaigns fire off in unison for bans on "assault rifles" like the AR-15. We are told that supporters of such bans are doing what is necessary to save innocent lives. But how does a top-down prohibition of a desired object actually work in practice? Violently and disastrously, according to every case example we have.
Leftists seem to understand the inhumane disaster of drug prohibition. Marijuana laws have not ceased desire for the substance. Incarcerating suppliers of marijuana has not made the substance harder to find or prohibitively expensive. Rather, a violent black market has opened up that has enjoyed monopoly-level profit margins thanks to the relatively uncontested market space government bans create. Thankfully, the American people are slowly rejecting the violence of banning an object of desire of like marijuana, but millions of children continue to suffer from lifelong separation from their parents for nonviolent choices. Today, families anguish in communities plagued by contagious spells of reciprocal violence all created by drug control laws.
So why do many believe that a ban on AR-15s would defy the reality of the law of supply and demand? Some have suggested government buy-back programs for citizens to turn in their guns for compensation. However, that will only work for people that want to participate. For many others, a ban on AR-15s will only create more dangerous, unnecessary situations for police and peaceful citizens alike. Far from stopping lone wolves from buying an AR-15, gun bans will only harm children caught in the cross hairs. Like Royal Wilson.
Royal Wilson is an 8-year-old African American boy living in Chicago. As he was sleeping, he became a victim of his city's gun laws. Suddenly, an explosion of flashing lights and bullhorn blasted the air. Royal and his family, including other young siblings, faced 31 police officers armed with assault rifles breaking into their home. The officers were acting on a search warrant based on a tip that there was an assault rifle in the house.
The only gun control Royal Wilson deserved that day was more control over government guns having access to his home for a nonviolent choice. What if Royal or his grandmother had made the wrong move in the chaos and triggered one of the dozens of officers to mistake them for a threat? What if he was playing with a toy mistaken for a gun? Where are the champions of AR-15 bans when it came to the assault rifles pointed by agents ordered to enforce a law against assault rifles?
Some cynical defenders of the status quo will try to redirect these questions to one centered only on race. Others focus on the excessive force Royal and his family faced that day in Chicago, as his 8-year-old frame stood outside his house handcuffed for an hour and a half in 37-degree freezing rain. Perhaps racial bias played a role in this case. There is not enough information available for this author to know. But if that is the only takeaway, then the act of violence against the Wilsons' humanity inherent in gun laws remains untouched.
Royal Wilson and his family were terrorized by government assault rifles for the victimless act of allegedly possessing an assault rifle. After the agents ransacked the house completely, they were unable to find any firearm. But the damage was done. The agents were simply enforcing another bad law voters demanded. Why do busybodies have the right to send police into dangerous situations against families owning guns? What if a family wants to own an AR-15 to protect themselves from the ravages of a drug war-torn Chicago?
No family, no matter their race, income, or zip code, should have to face the violence of government gun bans. Although the irony of government assault rifles facing down children in search of assault rifles speaks for itself, it would be just as immoral if the agents were armed with pistols. Owning an AR-15 in the house does not victimize anyone. Enforcing laws against an AR-15 owning family does.
If gun-ban advocates have their way, guns like AR-15s will not disappear. Violent gangs will just have a new cash cow market to corner. Psychologically disturbed would-be shooters will be able to find their weapon of choice from local black market channels the same way they find their prohibited drugs of choice.
The world would be a better place if everyone melted their guns away, including governments. In reality, guns do not disappear when we stomp our feet and scream "Ban!" They just become profitable products for gangs to sell to lone gunmen. Meanwhile, innocent families like the Wilsons are harmed by the foolish myth that governments have any ability to prohibit objects of desire.
Debunking Vox's Article on "Debunking Economic Laws"
Vox is a never-ending fountain of ignorance. Like this piece about four 'laws' of economics that are simply wrong. Some of these claims are indeed wrong, but it's also wrong to claim that economists make them.
Let's look at each one.
1) Going below the natural rate of unemployment could spark an inflationary spiral.
I have no idea how the writer could think this is an "iron law" (his term) yet includes the words "could spark." How is that a law at all?
2) Everybody wins with globalization.
No, economists don't claim this. Globalization is a win, but there are transitional pains and reallocations of resources. Jobs in inefficient industries go away, jobs are created where labor is more valuable.
3) Deep budget deficits will crowd out private investment.
Another strange misrepresentation. Why would anyone think budget deficits crowd out private investment? It's not the deficit doing this, but government investments--whether or not financed by budget deficits.
4) A higher minimum wage will only hurt workers.
Of course the author refers to the one study that found a case where this appears to not have happened. Yet it's still a misunderstanding, because minimum wage laws (set above the market wage) cause fewer jobs than there otherwise would have been. It doesn't mean people will be laid off en masse, only that jobs aren't created in such numbers as would otherwise have happened. You have to be a progressive to not see this. And then, of course, you will refer to (widely criticized) study by Alan Krueger as though there are not hundreds, if not thousands, studies showing exactly what theory tells us: that forcing employers to pay workers more than they contribute to the bottom line means those workers won't get the jobs. (If this logic seems odd, it's because you're not thinking logically.)
Formatted from Twitter @PerBylund
Mises U: What College Should Be
As a student of economics, I was forced to learn the mainstream economics, which means neoclassical and Keynesian economics.
But, after attending Mises University, I have decided I learned more real and sound economics at Mises U than I did in four years of taking economic courses as an undergraduate student. Further, I was glad to see that other students had similar experiences. I was told by numerous students that they were taught that recessions, for example, are brought about by a lack of aggregate demand, which, thereafter, drains out spending from the circular-flow model. And, therefore, the only way for the economy to get out of recession is for the government to step in and stimulate demand to get the economy going again.
From day one at Mises U, though, one learns that money, contrary to conventional wisdom, does not come about through some government social contract. Rather, it comes through the marketplace. We learned that, in addition, economics is not a system of mathematical functions and equations, but is the study of praxeology, human action. We also explored how depressions are not caused by a lack of aggregate demand or so-called "animal spirits," but, rather, through credit creation, artificially encouraged by government institutions like central banks. Ultimately, and perhaps most importantly, one learns at Mises U that the structure of production is complex and that capital goods are not homogeneous.
But Mises U is more than just taking courses about the Austrian School; it allows students to talk to other like-minded individuals, particularly the Mises faculty. I, along with other students, had the opportunity to pick the minds of numerous Mises faculty. In particular, I had the chance to talk to one of the most influential figures in my academic career, Thomas DiLorenzo. I sat at Dr. DiLorenzo's lunch table nearly every day and had the chance to ask him questions which ranged from history to economics. Personally, I noted that speaking with Dr. DiLorenzo for, at least, thirty minutes was enough for me to realize that the history I learned from my mainstream classes was pure political correctness, not genuine history.
Mises U is more than a typical economics conference; it is a place for students to seek intellectual honesty in a world where professors are paid push propaganda to students. As the Mises Institute notes, "Mises U is what college should be."
I am forever grateful for the Mises Institute, especially their student programs. Of course, none of their student programs would be possible without their donors. Attending Mises U in 2018 inspired me to become a donor myself. The Mises Institute, and the work they do for students, is essential for Western Civilization, especially in an academic environment which seeks to destroy it.


text:
Mariah Carey Pissed Over Sound Engineer Uploading Wrong Mix of 'The Art of Letting Go'
Someone's gonna get their butt handed to them. Or, at the very least, receive a very stern talking to from Mariah Carey -- a position in which we never, ever want to find ourselves. When her new single 'The Art of Letting Go' was uploaded to Facebook on Monday, Nov. 11, the engineer shared the wrong mix of the song. That's a big oops.
Big mistake. Big. Huge, to borrow a phrase from Julia Roberts in 'Pretty Woman.'
The correct version is online here, and it sounds fuller and brighter than the earlier version.
Below is Mimi's note about the situation. Can you imagine being the underling whose job it was to tell Mariah Carey about this flub? She was clearly upset by the mistake because she wanted her fans to hear the correct version!
Carey even acknowledges that she sounds like a diva in distress, but as an artist who is serious about her work, we understand her frustration. She wants her Lambs to hear the version as she intended it. Plus, we have to admit, there is a world of difference between the two versions. The correct song is much more impactful, more beautiful, more powerful and more Mariah-like. She has every right to be pissed.
Hey Lambs, I have to tell you this, I can't do what I always do and say nothing at all. It is 3:30am (11.14), and I'm sitting on my bathroom floor, very upset by some news I just got from a close friend and employee. Lucky her, she was "nominated" to deliver this message to me after the long awaited 11.11 moment and the Jimmy Fallon show, knowing how upset I would be. Not because the world has come to an end or something, but because this 11.11 listening party was so important to me on a core level as a musician, who cares so much about how my fans hear my music for the first time that I didn't even allow a snippet to be released until 11 on the dot.
To cut to the chase, a mistake was made by a brand new sound engineer whose only task was to press the space bar and upload the song to Facebook, while my team, and an incredible group of people from Facebook, partied while listening to the properly mixed & mastered version of "The Art of Letting Go" on repeat from my iPod on my home speakers. Clearly, I was focused on answering your questions during the Q&A. There was no reason for me to wonder if the final mix we were listening to in that room together was different than what you were listening to!!!!! Like I always say, I am involved with every record I make, from the inception to the completion of the song. Every nuance of the beat or vocal matters to me. Even if the differences may seem slight to you, I had put time, effort and emotions into "The Art of Letting Go" and the real mix is how I intended for you to hear the song.
Rather than remove the old version from Facebook (the iTunes version is the real one), I just figured I would put up the real mix and allow you to listen to it back-to-back, should you choose to do so and tell me what you think the differences are.
I want you to hear it like you're hearing it for the first time with me, and I will answer any questions that you have, pertaining to the song. You know that I don't comment on gossip, I typically don't respond to things like this or go into so much detail to the world, but this is something I'm upset about and I wish I would have known sooner.
There's no doubt in my mind that this sounds like a self absorbed diva on a "woe-is-me" tangent about a couple of ad libs or some other triviality, but the reality is this is me, focusing solely on the record, wanting you to hear it and experience it the right way. I love and appreciate you so much for taking the time to even glance at this 20-page "diva in distress" thesis. Thank you for letting me vent, this is another reason why Facebook rocks! You'll be hearing from me soon. Here is the REAL version of "The Art of Letting Go".
Answers these questions for me:
1. Can you hear a difference at all?
2. Can you see why I like this version better?
3. Where can you hear the differences?
4. Does the song affect you different emotionally after hearing the real version?
Let's talk about it, I'll be here waiting!
Get "The Art of Letting Go" on iTunes now.
(Yes, the REAL version was on iTunes from the beginning!)


text:
In Govan v. State, 913 N.E.2d.237 (Indiana Appeals Court 2009), the defendant (Govan) was convicted of both assault and battery, based on a BDSM incident in which he "punished" the victim (A.H.) by branding her with a hot knife and whipping her with an electrical extension cord. The appellate court rejected Govan's argument that A.H.'s consent was a defense to his conduct. First, it ruled that consent could not be a defense to the assault charge. Second, although the court acknowledged that consent was a valid defense in a battery case having "sexual overtones", it found that the use by Govan of a knife invalidated the defense:
Turning to the case at hand it is undisputed that it involves sexual overtones. Notwithstanding those overtones, A.H.'s consent is not a defense to the crime because Govan's actions involved a deadly weapon,...namely a knife, and therefore A.H.'s consent is not available as a defense to battery. Govan, 913 N.E.2d at 242-243.


text:
The deserted island that inspired a Bond villain
Hashima Island, also known as Gunkanjima (meaning "Battleship Island" for its silhouette that resembles a warship) is a 60,000-square-meter cluster of concrete ruins in the sea off Nagasaki, Japan.
It was the bustling home of thousands of coal mine workers in the 1950s and was shut down in 1974. The island has been abandoned since.
Until pop culture and, most recently, a 007 film re-discovered it.
The abandonment left the island in ruins -- empty concrete buildings and collapsed mining facilities create a spooky, disturbingly quiet atmosphere.
Not the best place to set up shop.
Unless you are the very creepy, very convincing (and rather affectionate) Bond villain Raoul Silva (played by Javier Bardem) in "Skyfall" who set up his very creepy and very convincing lair on the island.
Aside from its use as a location in the flick, the island had earlier made headlines when in 2008 a non-profit organization proposed it be designated a UNESCO World heritage site.
The South Korean government opposed the move, arguing the mining facilities employed forced Korean laborers during World War II. Despite the opposition, the proposal made it to UNESCO's tentative list.
More on CNN: 7 of the most freaky places on the planet
Hashima remained entirely closed off until 2009. Travelers are now permitted to visit.
Trouble is, there is not much to do other than admire the ruins and isolation, which in itself is quite the eerie attraction.
The dilapidated buildings and abandoned belongings of the former coal miners make this place feel like the most desolate island on Earth. We doubt too that there's decent Wi-Fi, despite Silva's sophisticated computer set up.
Boat trips (50 minutes long) run from the port of Nagasaki to the island. Pack a lunch and make sure you get a return ticket. MI5 won't be on standby to help you out.
For more information, check the Nagasaki Tourist Information Center or here: +81 95 823 3631; 1-1 Onoue-machi, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki
Have you been to Hashima Island? Share your experiences with us in the comments below.


text:
Meet Blackwire 435, the first corded UC headset that's as discreet as it is professionally sound. The headset's modular over-the-ear design can be worn with two ear buds for stereo, or converted to one ear bud for mono use depending on the user's preference.
Premium sound and flexibility meet personalized style.
Modular design — gives users a choice of mono or hi-fi stereo audio options and wearing styles.
Ultra discreet profile — is ideal for video conferencing, PC telephony and other multi-media applications.
Outstanding audio — with a noise canceling microphone, wideband audio, and Digital Signal Processing (DSP).
Dynamic EQ feature — optimizes your voice quality when on calls and automatically adjusts the EQ settings when you're listening to music or want high-quality sound for multi-media playback.
Works with leading UC softphones — from Ayaya®, Cisco®, IBM®, Skype® and more.OR Optimized for Microsoft Lync — and Microsoft OCS 2007 for a great UC experience.
SoundGuard Acoustic protection — provides protection against audio spikes.
Inline indicator lights — and user friendly audio alerts the user to connection, mute and volume status.
Simplified call management — via convenient inline answer/end/mute controls.


text:
Zero Craps Given
Today's bakeries face a lot of challenges: laziness, incompetence, negativity, temper tantrums, extra long bathroom breaks...
But enough about your kids. Let's talk about the bakers.
See, I'm starting to think some of them have just... well... stopped giving a flying crap.
Or in this case, perhaps giving too much of one.
And just think: Someone was PAID ... to do THAT.
This, too:
And this:
And this:
And this:
The good news: I've managed to convince a bunch of bakers that cupcake cakes (pthooie!) will always be hideous, no matter how hard they try.
The bad news: So they've just stopped trying.
It's a hollow victory, sure, but I'll take it.
(Besides, this is still an improvement.)
I see this next design a lot, and I'm convinced it began as a dare:
"Oh yeah? Well *I* bet we could drag our fingers all through this here icing, and customers will STILL buy it!"
Sometimes I think about my great-grandfather, a proud man who left home at age 13 to spend his life overcoming poverty and obstacles with dignity, grace, and hard work. Then I see something like this:
... and I think, "DUDE - they spelled everything right! Amazing!"
(And I'll bet you a whoopie pie you just thought the exact same thing. THIS IS WHAT WRECKERATORS HAVE DONE TO US, PEOPLE.)
Of course, that amazement only lasts as long as it takes me to open the next e-mail:
Aaaand the wrecky balance is restored.
Thanks to Cathy W., Leah Z., Rachel C., Megan & Rebekah, Shoshana J., Colleen M., Kathleen S., Eliza T., & Luna L. for the fresh plate of perspective.


text:
How to Use the Images
Drawing 1: Plan of Camp Misty Mount.
Questions for Drawing 1
1. Why do you think that some of the buildings were clustered? What buildings are in the three clusters?
2. Why do you think the swimming pool, craft shop/nature cabin, and the campfire ring are located away from the sleeping cabins?
3. Both the swimming pool and the middle unit restroom are considered non-historic structures according to the standards of the National Register of Historic Places. The swimming pool was completely remodeled and the restroom rebuilt, and so neither looks the same as it did in the 1930s and 1940s. All the other buildings in the camp do meet the National Register requirements, and are therefore regarded as "contributing" to the historic significance and character of the camp. Do you think it is important that historic areas (called "districts" by the National Register) make it clear to visitors which buildings, structures, and other features are old and which are more recent? Explain your answer.
* The photo on this screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a high quality version of Drawing 1, but be aware that the file will take as much as 60 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


text:
Search Constraints
You searched for: Subject Area Politics Remove constraint Subject Area: Politics Subject Area Charitable Giving Remove constraint Subject Area: Charitable Giving Subject Area Social Issues Remove constraint Subject Area: Social Issues Subject Area Consumer Confidence Remove constraint Subject Area: Consumer Confidence Subject Area Transportation Remove constraint Subject Area: Transportation Subject Area Housing Remove constraint Subject Area: Housing Type Dataset Remove constraint Type: Dataset Geographical Location Orange County (Calif.) Remove constraint Geographical Location: Orange County (Calif.)
1 - 3 of 3
Search Results
1. Annual Survey of Orange County 1986
2014. Baldassare, Mark. This is the fifth year of the Orange County Annual Survey. The 1986 report asks questions found in national surveys and compares Orange ... UC Irvine.
2. Annual Survey of Orange County 1989
2014. Baldassare, Mark. The theme of this year's survey is "Orange County: Approaching the 1990s. The survey is designed to provide an extensive analysis of ... UC Irvine.
3. Annual Survey of Orange County 1996
2014. Baldassare, Mark. This fifteenth Orange County Annual Survey, UCI, examines several topics of recent relevance in Orange County and analyzes social, ... UC Irvine.


text:
As a member of IEEE, you'll receive access to select content, product discounts, and more.
Not ready to join but need access to online services like IEEE Shop?
Sign in to myIEEE
© Copyright 2019 IEEE – All rights reserved. Use of this website signifies your agreement to the IEEE Terms and Conditions.
A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.


text:
Poll: Capitals vs Sharks/
Place your vote and then feel free to leave a comment as to how you came to your decision. Tell all your friends to drop in and vote! The more voices heard, the more accurate the results!
|Poll opening date
Tue Dec 11
|Poll closing date
Sat Dec 15
07SCTRN | #1D | WSHvSJS


text:
Brush up on beauty at The Body Shop
[media-credit name="Provided by The Body Shop" align="alignleft" width="150″][/media-credit]
Fans of skin care, hair and beauty products from The Body Shop like that the company doesn't test its products on animals. In addition to being "cruelty-free," the brand stays current by forging collaborations like it did for spring with the London College of Fashion. A line of limited edition cosmetics, brushes and bags that was created with student input is in stores now. The Park Meadows shopping center location of The Body Shop is doing complimentary makeovers Thursday from noon to 2 p.m. and 4 to 6 p.m. And you can even have a free photo taken of your spring look. Call for appointments: 303-799-4252. More at thebodyshop-usa.com