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Welcome to This Positive Life! I'm here today with Kali Lindsey. Today I'll be talking to Kali about living with HIV. He was diagnosed in 2003 and he currently lives in Washington, D.C., where he is the director of federal government affairs for the National Association of People With AIDS (NAPWA).
Kali, welcome to This Positive Life.
Thank you.
Can you tell our readers and listeners about your personal history with HIV? How did you find out you were HIV positive?
I actually found out that I was HIV positive because I made a random visit to the emergency room after I noticed a rash had developed on my torso. I came to find out later that that rash was shingles. As a result of me finding out that I had shingles, the doctor connected the fact that I was young, and shingles is typically a symptom that happens to persons that are immunocompromised [a reduction in immune system function that results in increased susceptibility to viral, fungal or bacterial infection]. He decided to offer me a test for HIV. After I gave my consent, he gave me my positive diagnosis.
About Kali Lindsey
Five years ago, at the age of 23, Kali Lindsey was numb with shock. "The day after I got my positive diagnosis, I was back at work, pretending like nothing had ever happened," he says. "I closed off from everybody." Three years passed before Kali was able to tell his family or friends about his HIV status. Today, however, Kali works to improve HIV policy in the United States as an outspoken advocate. "I would definitely tell [people who are recently diagnosed] that they should spend all of their time teaching themselves how to love themselves first," he says.
How old were you?
I was 23 at the time.
How long do you think you were infected?
The last time I remember getting tested prior to that was in 1999. There were at least three or four years between my last test and that diagnosis.
Do you know from whom you got HIV?
I do not know.
Did you realize that you had been doing things that were putting you at risk for HIV?
Not really. From my exposure to HIV prevention awareness, I was of the understanding that HIV was only a concern to promiscuous gay men and prostitutes and injection drug users. I was the kind of gay man who only got intimate with people that I was developing strong kinships with, and I wasn't really sexually active. I had less than six sexual partners a year, and I probably only had sexual encounters maybe once a month. I didn't think that I was at high risk for HIV because I wasn't connecting the fact that it was just unprotected sex that was a risk. I was connecting the frequency of the sexual activity.
I see. You've done prevention work since then, haven't you?
I have.
Do you find that notion very common? Do other people feel the same way?
I think a lot of that has changed more recently. I think around the late '90s, there were still a lot of fear campaigns and a lot of fear tactics used to encourage people to engage in safer sex practices, and to engage in prevention campaigns. A lot of people's view of AIDS was this very wasted appearance, with lesions. Everybody thought that you could actually tell if someone had HIV. Or at least that there was some way that you could know prior to [the sexual act] that you were putting yourself at risk.
Number one, I was young, so I really didn't think anything was going to happen to me. Secondly, I thought that if that ever did happen, then I would know and be able to make an informed decision, prior to being susceptible to HIV. Knowing what we know now, we know that you can't tell if anyone has HIV. You have to protect yourself regardless.
"I would probably say that it took about six months before I was able to deal with the fact that I had been given a positive diagnosis."
How long did it take you to process your diagnosis?
I would probably say that it took about six months before I was able to deal with the fact that I had been given a positive diagnosis. The day after I got my positive diagnosis, I was back at work, pretending like nothing had ever happened. I actually started on medication immediately after finding out my diagnosis because I found out so late after I had been infected. I was dealing with the side effects of the medication and coming to accept the fact that I had been given a positive diagnosis. But I wasn't at the point where I was ready to talk to people about it. I kept it to myself for about six months; I closed off from everybody.
What helped you finally get the strength to deal with it?
I got fed up with being alone. I got fed up with spending countless hours in my apartment contemplating it, trying to make sense of it all on my own. I wanted to reach out to someone that would help me think through this new aspect of my life and help me get past it.
Where did you find this help?
Actually, the Internet. I went online. One of the things that I did was that I just looked through all the profiles [on a networking Web site] for someone that actually disclosed that they had HIV in their profile. I wanted to engage someone in a conversation about how they dealt with it and about how I was feeling, if they were open to talking to me about HIV.
Did you find somebody who was up to the task?
Ironically, I did. I found somebody. The first person that I reached out to, even though our identities weren't revealed online, I later came to find out was someone that I went to undergraduate school with. We had never been intimately involved or anything. It was someone that I had hung around with and knew quite well, which made it even more comfortable for me to relate to him about what I was experiencing, because we already had a prior relationship.
Which Web site was this, may I ask?
"In the beginning, I didn't want my family to know because I felt like it would have been a burden to them, and they would have spent all their time just being concerned and worried about me."
It was Gay.com.
Who did you first tell in your surrounding circle?
He was the first person that I told.
By that time you had met him?
We talked online for a while before we actually exchanged identities. By the time we exchanged identities, we realized that we each already knew who the other was, so that made the in-person meeting much more comforting.
When did you first tell your parents or family?
I didn't tell anybody in my family or any of my friends until the summer of 2006. Right before I moved to D.C., I told my mother and my father that I had been dealing with this thing since 2003. In the beginning, I didn't want my family to know because I felt like it would have been a burden to them, and they would have spent all their time just being concerned and worried about me. I thought it was selfish of me to burden them with something that was my cross to bear. So instead, I kept it to myself so they wouldn't be worried about me. But in the end, I felt that it was better for them to know in the event that something happened to me when I moved to D.C., so that they wouldn't be blindsided with that information.
How did they respond?
My mother was really concerned. At the time, she really hadn't paid any attention to HIV. I was the first person that I knew that had HIV. I've never in my lifetime known anyone that has died from HIV. My view of HIV had been, you know, Pedro Zamora on "The Real World" [HIV-positive activist and member of the 1993 cast of MTV's hit reality show, who died of AIDS-related complications in 1994] or other documentaries -- things that I had seen on television. So when I found out that I had HIV, I had to learn everything about HIV for myself. I didn't have that friend or family member that I could relate to.
When I told my mom, she had a similar reaction, because of course we haven't had any family members that have dealt with HIV, so she had the same questions. She thought it was still a death sentence like it was in the early '80s, or in the early '90s, prior to HAART [highly active antiretroviral therapy] coming on the scene. She asked me what it meant: Was I going to die? How I was going to deal with it? After I explained to her about HAART and about how healthy I was still able to be and the positive outcomes that could happen if I remained adherent to my medications, she calmed down quite a bit.
Do you have brothers and sisters?
I do. I have a brother and a sister.
"A lot of my time was spent just trying to figure out how I could possibly return to some quality of life or regain some type of happiness in my life, in spite of having HIV."
How did they respond?
My brother and I have always had a very estranged relationship. He's significantly older than me -- he's about thirteen years older than me. Since we haven't really been close, he didn't react too viscerally to it. It kind of just went over his head. My sister was a little more affected by it; she was saddened. We're one year apart; we've grown up together. We affectionately call each other twins because we're so close. It significantly hurt her that someone so close was struggling with this type of health challenge. But in the end, she just wanted to be there for me, and wanted to make sure that whatever else I went through regarding HIV or any other aspect of my life, that I didn't hold it back from her and that I came to her so that she could help me through it.
The three years that you didn't disclose to anyone -- what were they like?
They were heart wrenching and they were extremely -- they were psychotic for me. [Laughs.] I spent a lot of time in my head. I spent a lot of time trying to figure everything out: from how I was going to be able to navigate life without people finding out that I had HIV, to how I was going to access services, to how I was going to keep my health records out of people's reach so nobody could figure it out, and whether or not anybody was ever going to love me again because now I had this additional burden to deal with.
It was already hard dating, being a gay man, not to mention a gay black man, having such a small community to date within. In addition to that, now I had this additional burden of having to tell everybody that I was HIV positive. Then having them look at me like I was this vector of disease that was waiting to decrease their chance and possibilities of happiness. A lot of my time was spent just trying to figure out how I could possibly return to some quality of life or regain some type of happiness in my life, in spite of having HIV.
You were still living in Detroit, Michigan at that time?
That's right.
What was your job at that point?
At the point that I was diagnosed, I was working in the retail industry. I was in a management career, but I switched. I started volunteering at a local non-profit called AIDS Partnership Michigan about a year after I was diagnosed. Then, about six months after I started volunteering, they offered me a job, and I started working in HIV prevention full time. I was working there until the time when I moved to D.C.
What did you find rewarding about working in HIV prevention?
I found it rewarding that I didn't necessarily have to feel alone anymore. I got to meet other people living with HIV, and the wealth of knowledge that I learned during the time that I was in that field was extremely beneficial.
I learned all kinds of things about my body -- I learned about my medications and I learned about the social and the structural factors that affect people with HIV. I learned about some of the new things that were coming down the pike that weren't necessarily mainstream or available to the public yet.
I learned about vaccines -- the constant struggle to produce a vaccine that would eradicate or at least reduce the possibility of people getting HIV. I also learned about some of the new medications. Such a wealth of information. Not to mention the fact that I was able finally talk about my status with people. Being in the HIV/AIDS field, people weren't scared to talk to me, or to touch me, to hug me or touch my hand, because they knew that HIV wasn't transmittable that way.
Did you find other people in your world who were afraid to touch you?
Yes. One of my horror stories was, when I went to my first infectious disease medical appointment. After finding out that I had HIV, the nurse put on double gloves! She was very clinical when she talked to me and when we talked about HIV, she asked me how I got it. I told her I got it through unprotected sex. She asked me if I was surprised by the result, and when I told her that I was surprised by the result, she reacted like: "You're kidding, you had to know you were going to get HIV, you're a gay man." She made it sound like it was typical that I had HIV, because I was this gay man, so it was going to happen to me anyway!
"I've adopted new friendships with people that have a more welcoming and appreciative concept of people with HIV, and are contributing to a more positive health outcome for me as opposed to weighing me down with negative judgments."
She wasn't very compassionate.
Not at all! Not at all.
Was this an infectious disease specialist?
She was an infectious disease nurse, in one of the most respected hospitals in Michigan. I was really disturbed by the fact that she kind of treated me as: You deserved it, because you're a gay man.
At that point, you didn't complain. But at this point, would you?
At that point, because I had private insurance, I took the liberty of switching my infectious disease doctor. I didn't go back to that clinic, but I didn't lodge any formal complaint or anything like that. Looking back in retrospect, I probably would have said something to the infectious disease doctor, at least to someone, so that people that came after me would not have had to deal with that same type of treatment.
How soon after being diagnosed did you see a physician?
When I was diagnosed, I was hospitalized, as a result of the shingles having spread into my spinal cord and manifested itself into viral meningitis. I spent a week in the hospital. Once I was released, I returned after a week and got my results from the doctor who was treating me while I was in the hospital. A week after that I was in the doctor's office at my first infectious disease appointment.
What was your baseline? What was your initial CD4 count?
Two hundred and fourteen.
Do you remember your viral load?
It was, I believe, 180,000.
I guess they recommended treatment.
Yes, because I was so close to the 200 mark. Being immunocompromised, they definitely recommended that I go on Bactrim [to prevent pneumonia], of course, right away, and to get my CD4 cell count back up they recommended that I go on antiretrovirals immediately.
What was your first regimen?
The unfortunate regimen of Sustiva [efavirenz, Stocrin] and Combivir [AZT/3TC].
Why was it unfortunate?
Because I had tremendous night sweats. I took it right before I went to bed and immediately after falling asleep, my entire bed was wet.
What else happened?
I had these crazy dreams. I saw myself running through all of these very vivid environments; running from things that were trying to kill me, running from things that were chasing after me. All of these crazy dreams that I would have would wake me up in the middle of the night.
I remember waking up from these dreams and still feeling like I was in the dream even though I was in my bedroom. I would still feel like I was in the process of running away from all of these things that were trying to get me, until I eventually shook out of the dream.
Wow. How long did you stay on that regimen?
I stayed on it for about three weeks. One of the things that eventually made me decide to tell my doctor to switch me off of it was the fact that it left me with such a stupor throughout the day that I felt like I was numb while I was at work. It was hard for me to keep my equilibrium. I felt like I was waving back and forth and I was going to fall over at any point. I was kind of dizzy and nauseous. As a result of that, I really felt like it was hard for me to concentrate on my work, so I asked them to switch me to something that was a little bit more tolerable.
What was your next regimen?
It was Kaletra [lopinavir/ritonavir] and still Combivir.
How did that work out?
That was still [laughs] very hard to tolerate because Kaletra has extreme gastrointestinal effects so it kept me in the bathroom quite frequently. Having to run to the bathroom frequently was also hard to manage in a work environment, since I had to be available to customers on a regular basis. Again [laughs], I needed something that was a little more tolerable for my work environment.
How long did you stay on that regimen?
I stayed on that one for a little bit longer. I think I stayed on that one for about a month to six weeks.
And then what happened? [Laughs.]
Then I switched again to a combination of Epivir [3TC, lamivudine], Viramune [nevirapine], and Viread [tenofovir]. For the first time, I was on a treatment that I had little to no side effects from. [My physician] gave me some Compazine [medication designed to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting] because there was some initial nausea that I was experiencing. But other than that, it was pretty well tolerated. I was actually able to take that one [regimen] without any side effects.
Is that what you're still on now or have you changed?
I actually, about a year and a half ago, went through a little depression moment and I stopped taking my medications. I just didn't want to deal with having HIV anymore. When I eventually went back to the doctor and told him that I hadn't been on my medications for a while, he checked my blood work and he switched my medication because he said I had probably developed some immunity to it.
So you had HIV drug resistance.
I did.
To the Viramune I bet.
Yes. So he switched me again. And now I'm on Truvada [tenofovir/FTC] and Epzicom [abacavir/3TC, Kivexa].
You were on Epivir, Viramune, and Viread for how long? Do you remember?
That was 2003 to 2006, so three years.
Do you have any noticeable side effects from Truvada and Epzicom?
Every once in a while I get a little nausea and I lose my appetite. But for the most part, I don't really have any side effects.
How did you find your current doctor?
I actually looked him up online when I moved to D.C. D.C. fortunately boasts a wealth of infectious disease doctors. Mostly because one in 20 people in D.C. are infected with HIV, so there's no shortage of infectious disease doctors in the area. [His practice], also, was in the Dupont Circle area, which was very comforting to me because not only are they knowledgeable infectious disease doctors, but they're also knowledgeable about dealing with patients who identify as GLBT, or gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender.
Which place is this?
"Most people who want to believe in conspiracies are going to continue to want to believe in conspiracies. It's not my, or anybody else's job -- I don't think that it's even within our power to be able to change those persons unless they want to change."
So they're very gay-friendly.
Yes, right in Dupont Circle, which is a very gay-identified neighborhood in the District of Columbia. So not only was I able to talk to my doctor about HIV, but I was also able to talk to him about other concerns that I had -- health wise, with being a gay man.
They're very open then.
Yes, he's willing to talk to me about anything.
Great. Do you think your doctor treats you like a partner in terms of making decisions?
Absolutely. One of the things that he chastised me about was the fact that I decided to go off of my regimen and not talk to him about it. He definitely wanted me to come to him and have a conversation about it so that he could have been with me during that decision process, instead of me just going independently on it. He said that if that was something I wanted to do, then he could have coached me through it as opposed to getting to the point where he had to switch my medications. He encourages me to be very conversational with him so that we can make decisions together.
Do you have a particular health regimen that helps you stay well? Do you take vitamins, do you exercise a lot, do you juice?
Actually, I don't. I'm actually bad in that department because my doctor has been telling me for years and years that I need to start working out, or start doing things to help improve my health outcomes. Fortunately and unfortunately, I've been blessed with a high metabolism. Because I don't gain weight, I haven't motivated myself to work out. I don't see the pudge coming on or anything like that, which normally motivates most people to get into the gym. But I've been investigating additional options for working out that are less repetitive, like doing yoga or swimming or playing volleyball on a regular basis. Something that isn't necessarily working out, but that's still getting my heart rate up and giving me a chance to get some energy expended.
I wanted to go back and talk a little bit about the kind of work you do. Living with HIV, don't you get sick of talking and thinking about HIV?
Oh, yes!
In the beginning it was a really healing, educational experience. But do you sometimes yearn to be in a different field?
Absolutely, every day of my life. I wake up and I'm like, I live HIV twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. I get really sick of talking about HIV and AIDS a lot of times. You know, sometimes I feel like I can't escape it, especially when people know that I work for the National Association of People With AIDS [NAPWA]. I become this person that always has to talk about HIV and AIDS. Sometimes I do just want to run away from it and isolate myself from it.
But I also appreciate the fact that for so many people in their work relationships, because of stigma and discrimination, they can't be out at work or can't be out in their family environments, or can't be out in their home environments. So I appreciate the fact that I am able to be out for them when they can't, and advocate on their behalf, when they don't feel empowered to do so.
I want to go back to relationships. How have your relationships with your family and friends changed since you were diagnosed? Now that they've assimilated your diagnosis, have those relationships changed in any way that you've noticed?
My relationship with my family hasn't changed, because I've always had a very supportive and close-knit family. That hasn't changed at all. A lot of my relationships with my friends did, however -- a lot of my friends that had prejudgments about people with HIV. For instance, a lot of my friends felt that HIV only happened to people that were irresponsible or people that didn't take care of themselves. A lot of my friends also had this very bad habit of calling people with HIV "sick," or talking disrespectfully about HIV.
I have kind of pulled away from having those people in my life. I've adopted new friendships with people that have a more welcoming and appreciative concept of people with HIV, and are contributing to a more positive health outcome for me as opposed to weighing me down with negative judgments.
"Unfortunately, though many people think that the gay community is this very welcoming community to people with HIV, I find that the gay community is actually the exact opposite."
What's the best response you have ever gotten from telling someone that you were positive?
"Thank you." [Laughs.] Fortunately, one of the things that I've been exposed to, as a result of my current occupation, is going out and openly disclosing to an audience of people. People will come up to me and actually thank me for telling people that I was HIV positive, because they found that it empowered them to hear somebody else say it even though they couldn't. It felt good for them to be able to see someone express their HIV positivity in a spirit of not being ashamed about it; in a spirit of helping other people to deal with the reality that there are HIV-positive people that look and sound and act like everybody else. They felt that need to have that expressed, but they knew they couldn't express it themselves.
What's the worst response you ever got?
The worst response was: "Are you gonna die?"
Wow. What did you say?
After I regained my composure, my first reaction was -- dumbfounded. I just looked stunned, like: Are you kidding me? Do I look like I'm going to die?
Unfortunately, due to my occupation, I immediately launched into this education type of mode. I immediately wanted to tell them about HIV, and the reality that the medications really don't contribute to a death sentence anymore. People are living long, productive lives, and they're able to manage a quality of life if they get diagnosed and get on treatments and stay adherent to their medications and have regular visits with their doctor.
Also, I really got turned off by the person, because I'm like: If you're not even ready to deal with the fact that HIV is a reality and that you need to be more sensitive to people with HIV, then I'm not quite sure that this conversation needs to go any further.
Related to that: Do you come across people who believe in a lot of the myths about HIV: that HIV doesn't cause AIDS, or that it's a conspiracy from the government?
Who do you come across that says that? Is it just a lot of different people? What do they say and how do you respond?
Unfortunately, there are a lot of people, especially minorities, who are still very distrustful of health departments and Western medicine and health care organizations because of things like the Tuskegee experiment and all kinds of mistreatment that has happened in the past. In fact, I was on a radio interview for National HIV Testing Day where an African-American gentleman from Michigan said that HIV and AIDS are disproportionately impacting the black community. He felt that it was a conspiracy to attack the black community and it was something else constantly presented as one of the reasons why the black community can never fully self-actualize.
My response to him was: Yes, it is a major concern for the black community, and one of the reasons why it's a major concern for the black community is because we're not moving past this period of mistreatment and taking advantage of information related to health outcomes. Black people tend to be the last people to go to the hospital because of our distrust. Because of it, we tend to be diagnosed later. As a result, of course, the medications don't work as well for us, because they have to work much harder to improve our health outcomes than if we were diagnosed earlier.
If we invested more in health fairs, and took the time out to get tested for HIV and get tested for things like diabetes, and improved the way that we ate, and stopped thinking of so many things as conspiracies, it would really improve the community health outcomes overall.
Do you find that people are satisfied with that answer?
No. [Laughs.] Most people who want to believe in conspiracies are going to continue to want to believe in conspiracies. It's not my, or anybody else's job -- I don't think that it's even within our power to be able to change those persons unless they want to change.
One of the things I learned when I was getting my degree in psychology is that there is this theory of "reasoned action": People are going to believe what they want to believe unless they receive a very compelling reason to change their mind. Until something happens in someone's life that convinces someone that he or she needs to change this conspiracy way of thinking, this person is going to continue to be resolved in believing that there is a conspiracy against him or her and the rest of the black community.
Hopefully, there are other black people who want to take responsibility and want to take control of their lives, and want to acknowledge that HIV is a serious health threat to people who aren't willing to participate in HIV prevention messages or get tested for HIV. Hopefully, they'll get tested, get the results, and make better, more positive health decisions for themselves.
Now I want to ask a little bit about your love life.
The nonexistent love life?
"Don't waste your time trying to convince people to love you _in spite of_ your HIV. Love yourself and people will see that you love yourself and be attracted to you as a result of that."
Do you have a partner currently?
I do not.
How has dating changed since you were diagnosed?
I've become less tolerant since I was diagnosed with HIV. I have always been and I will continue to be a very hopeless romantic. I definitely see more investment in really developing a relationship with someone than I do in just taking part in a one-night sexual encounter. I'm always going to be the relationship-oriented person, the person who believes in unrequited love. I'm not necessarily interested in trying to convince people of my self-worth after being diagnosed. I have very low tolerance for people who think less of me because of my HIV status.
I really don't tolerate a lot of the negativity or the hoops that people want to put you through in order to date them. I really just reserve myself for people who are willing to take the interest in getting to know me and accepting the full me. If they are willing to take an interest and spend the time in really exploring a relationship with me, then I'm more than willing to meet them and go the distance with them. For people who are afraid of me because I have HIV, or want to treat me as this vector of disease, I'd rather not be bothered.
Do you find that there are a lot of people in that group? Or are there a lot more welcoming, understanding, tolerant people?
Unfortunately, though many people think that the gay community is this very welcoming community to people with HIV, I find that the gay community is actually the exact opposite. There are a lot of gay men who, because of a lot of HIV prevention messages, fear people with HIV. They think that the best HIV prevention method is to avoid people with HIV.
Because I so readily disclose and I'm not ashamed of my HIV status, I find that more and more gay men are repelled by me, and don't want to necessarily invest in starting a relationship with me, which is OK because it's based in fear.
Unfortunately, the reality is that a lot of them end up positive themselves, because instead of protecting themselves regardless of someone's HIV diagnosis, they just avoid people that disclose having HIV.
They're with -- I heard a term the other day -- "mythologically negative" people.
Exactly. They are with people who don't know their status, or who tell people that they're HIV negative. The reality is that some people don't tell the truth and other people just don't know. It's not a reliable HIV prevention strategy, to avoid people with HIV as your method of avoiding becoming HIV positive.
How soon after you meet somebody do you disclose that you have HIV?
Unfortunately, because of my job, most people know [laughs] before I meet them. Usually I disclose my HIV status pretty soon, within the first conversation or the first meeting. It's something that I talk very openly and candidly about. I don't really want to really invest a lot of myself or my time if it's going to end up ending anyway, so I usually bring it up very early on.
What would you tell somebody who was just diagnosed with HIV? What would you say are the first couple of steps they should definitely take to be able to survive the rough beginning?
I would definitely tell them that they should spend all of their time teaching themselves how to love themselves first. Self-love is probably the best health improvement outcome that I've learned for myself. Don't waste your time trying to convince people to love you in spite of your HIV. Love yourself and people will see that you love yourself and be attracted to you as a result of that.
Surround yourself with people that have your best interests at heart. If people think negatively about you being HIV positive, or don't understand who you are or what you're going through, then there are definitely people out there that do love you regardless. There are people who are willing to help you through whatever you're going through at the moment. Spend your time investing in those people and don't waste your time with those people that are negative.
That's great advice! With that, we have to bring the interview to a close. Kali, it's been such a pleasure. Thanks so much for taking the time to talk with me.
This transcript has been lightly edited for clarity.
Click here to e-mail Kali Lindsey.


text:
LONDON (Reuters) - The melting of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets has raised sea levels by 11.1 millimeters since 1992, a fifth of the total rise which threatens low-lying regions around the globe, a new study published on Thursday said.
The results of the study involving 47 researchers from 26 laboratories which was supported by the European Space Agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration give the most accurate measurements of ice loss to date, they said in the journal Science.
Two thirds of the ice loss was in Greenland which is losing five times as much ice as in the 1990s, and the remainder was in Antarctica.
Together, the two receding ice sheets are now adding 0.95mm to sea levels a year compared to 0.27mm per year in the 1990s, the study said.
There have been at least 29 studies on ice sheet mass since 1998 which arrive at an average for the melt's contribution to sea level rises of around 1mm a year, the study's leader Andrew Shepherd told reporters.
The researchers used 10 different satellites to measure the shape, speed and weight of the ice sheets from space, as well as ground observations.
Past ice loss assessments typically used just one of those techniques, said Shepherd, a professor at the University of Leeds.
The results come as representatives from nearly 200 countries are in Qatar trying to reach a new global agreement on cutting greenhouse gas emissions, which are widely held responsible for causing global warming.
"The study effectively ends 20 years of uncertainty over the perception of our community. It provides a single climate record for people to use rather than the 40 or 50 which existed before this paper," Shepherd said.
In 2007 scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published their fourth report to assess scientific and technical information on climate change and its effects. The next IPCC report is due out next year.
The fourth report estimated a total global sea level rise of 2mm a year from the early 1990s to 2011, while research by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research this week estimated the rise has been as much as 3.2mm a year over the same period.
"We have pinpointed the areas of ice sheets where people should be concerned," Shepherd said. "There are parts of Antarctic where the ice is not behaving in a normal way. It is unstable and its sea level contribution is rising year-on-year, Greenland even more so," he said.
"That allows us to say to people who build models for future climate projections, 'these are the areas you should concentrate on'," he said, adding that continued monitoring of ice sheets is necessary.
The researchers did not make predictions about how much sea levels were likely to rise this century, saying it was not the aim of the project.
The IPCC has said seas could rise by between 18 and 59 cm this century, not counting the possible acceleration of the melt of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets that could add more still water to the oceans. The Potsdam study places that figure even higher at between 50cm and a meter this century.
Editing by Greg Mahlich

subset: commoncrawl


text: Inspiration / Jewelry / Perfect Details Inc Posted By Perfect Details Inc Adorable as practical, a lace wedge wedding shoe that brings romance and style. Lace appliques adorn sheer mesh at the toe, making your pedicure look all the prettier. Ivory silk covered 3" wedge heel, with silk edging, straps and ties. 3" heel, leather soles, padded footbed. Designed by Bella Belle Shoes. Shown with jewelry & hairpins from the House of Mac and Zoe. Dress & Apparel: Perfect Details Inc. See more here Everything you need after the dress and something blue. Shoes, Jewelry, Headpieces and more. Shown: Bella Belle Freya Wedding Shoes (swoon) Joai de Majorca pearl earrings and The House of Mac & Zoe floral hair comb.See more hereEverything you need after the dress. Shoes, Jewels, Hair Accessories & more. Shown: Badgley Mischka shoes, Cheryl King Couture wedding jewelry & tiara.See more hereEverything you need after the dress. Wedding Shoes, Jewelry, Hair Accessories and more. Shown Badgley Mischka Vogue wedding shoes in soft white, Cheryl King Couture chandelier earrings & small hair comb.See more hereYou got the dress! Now for the rest! Rosa wedding shoes by Bella Belle Shoes, Earrings & Hair Combs by Erin Cole design. Visit our site to see more. San Francisco Bay Area Brides, make an appointment for a visit!See more hereAdorable as practical, a lace wedge wedding shoe that brings romance and style. Lace appliques adorn sheer mesh at the toe, making your pedicure look all the prettier. Ivory silk covered 3" wedge heel, with silk edging, straps and ties. 3" heel, leather soles, padded footbed. Designed by Bella Belle Shoes. Shown with jewelry & hairpins from the House of Mac and Zoe.See more hereLook Fabulous! Learn which earrings are best for your face shape -> link in comments 😀😍💎🥂 . . #perfectdetails #afterthedress #weddingearrings #bridalearrings #bridaljewelry #weddingjewelry #bridetobe #brideideas #bridalmusthave #bridalfashion #weddingfashion #weddingstyle #bridalstyle #bridalglam #luxebride #pearlearrings #chandelierearrings #chandeliers #earrings #earringsoftheday #earringstyle #instaearrings #crystalearrings #vintageearrings #glamearrings #bohoearrings #earcandy #glamitup #findyourglam -> On Line Bridal Boutique and by Appointment #sfbayareaSee more hereCelebrate June 🎂and 👰🏼 with us 🎊 SAVE 20% on any item with a PEARL on it! 🏃🏽♀🏃🏼♀🏃🏻♀ ONLY 5 DAYS LEFT!! 👠💎👛👑 . . #perfectdetails #afterthedress #weddingshoes #bridalshoes #flatweddingshoes #weddingflats #bellabelleshoes #rachelsimpsonshoes #vintageweddingshoes #pearlweddingshoes #weddingseparates #pearlweddingjewelry #pearljewelry #pearlearrings #weddingearrings #bridalearrings #bridaljewelry #weddingjewelry #modernpearls #bridalmusthave #pearlgirl #bridalglam #vintagebride #bridetobe #bridalfashion #weddingfashion #bridalstyle #walkingdowntheaisle #glamitup #findyourglam -> On Line Bridal Boutique by Appointment San Francisco Bay Area 👠❤🥂See more hereCelebrate June 🎂 and 👰🏼 with us! 🎊🥂 We got your #pearlgirlstyle covered 👠💎👛👑 if it's got a PEARL on it -> it's on SALE! . . #perfectdetails #afterthedress #pearljewelry #weddingjewelry #weddingearrings #weddinghairpiece #weddingnecklace #weddingshoes #pearlearrings #pearlnecklace #bridaljewelry #bridalearrings #bridalhairpiece #bridalaccessories #bridalhairaccessories #bridalstyle #bridalfashion #weddingfashion #bridalglam #pearlgirl #pearlweddingjewelry #weddingfashion #bridetobe #modernpearls #modernbride #vintagebride #glamitup #findyourglam -> On Line Bridal Boutique and by Appointment #sfbayarea 👠💎👑🎉🥂See more hereFinish your look with these vintage accessories. Modern vintage tiara by Erin Cole, chandelier earrings by Cheryl King Couture.See more hereRomantic vintage shoes, jewels & accessories. Bella Belle Claudia Lace heels, Floral Chandelier Earrings created by the House of Mac & Zoe. Love this look for a garden wedding!See more hereIt's about pearls this month! June birthday gals are pearl girls. Shoes by Bella Belle Shoes, Earrings Haute Bride, Pearl Necklace Joia de Majorca. Keep an eye out for more pearl ideas for the modern pearl girl this month.See more hereVintage chandelier earrings with blush roses. So romantic. Perfect for a garden wedding. 2 1/2" in length, 1" wide at the widest point across the center.See more hereHand-made and hand-painted floral wedding comb from the House of Mac & Zoe.See more hereOur new vintage floral collection from The House of Mac & Zoe. Handmade hair accessories & jewelry created in New Jersey.See more hereEverything you need after the dress. Shoes, Jewelry, Headpieces & more. 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These pins can be dressed up for a garden wedding, played down for an outdoor ceremony in the woods. Designed by Laura Jayne Bride.See more hereSparkling crystals are joined by freshwater pearls on a small vine comb. Enough sparkle to be noticed, but not overdone. Designed by Laura Jayne Bridal Accessories.See more herePRODUCT DESCRIPTION A unique bridal hair clip with both a modern vintage and boho chic vibe. Rose plated leaves are adorned with a combination of navette ivory pearls and shade, golden shadow and white opal crystals. Works with any hair style. Designed by Cheryl King Couture.See more hereDiscover the best selection of bridal chandelier earrings & earrings for any special occasion. #afterthedressSee more hereA stunning cover-up with a gorgeous back. Hand-embroidered & beaded with a scatter of soft organza flowers on ivory net. Jewel neckline, princess seams at the front with a beaded vine pattern adorned with flowers. Designed by Zakaa in Washington DC, sewn in India.See more hereWho loves purple? New hair comb from Miss Allaneous Bridal Accessories. A unique wedding day hair comb that can be worn for any special occasion or when you just feel like doing something special with your hair. Delicate leaves of vintage purple glass adorned with filigree brass flowers adorned with crystals and pearl centers.See more hereTurn up the glam! with these fabulous new wedding sandals from Badgley Mischka. Crystal & pearls cover the front toe strap of a refreshing squared of toe, while marquis crystals and clear beads cover the ankle strap. Back zipper entry, 3 3/4" heel, white silk satin, rhinestones & leather soles. Designed by Badgley Mischka. Find everything you need #afterthedressSee more hereTalking about "Razzle-Dazzle"...these strappy bridal sandals have crystal details on every strap and a statement floral crystal design at the center. A glamorous sandal for winter weddings or anytime of the year. Soft white silk satin, rhinestones, adjustable ankle-strap on a 3 3/4" heel. Designed by Badgley Mischka. See the collection & find everything else you need #afterthedress.See more herePut a bow on it! Badgley Mischka Fran in a color for everyone.See more hereBridal separates that change the look of your wedding dress and that can be worn again. Sedona lace topper by Zakaa and unique earrings by Erin Cole Bridal.See more hereA kitten heel that truly dazzels! Sexy high back with adjustable ankle strap, closed toe with sparkling applique . Comfort never looked so fabulous. Designed by Badgley Mischka.See more hereWe always dream in shoes & jewels. Something blue shoes by Badgley Mischka, chandelier earrings by Cheryl King Couture. Everything you need #afterthedressSee more hereAlways accessorize. Defining jewelry & accessories for weddings & occasions. Everything you desire, after the dress. Hair comb & earrings designed by Erin Cole Bride.See more herePearl topper designed by Madeline Fig. A scatter of pearls and seed beads adds the finishing touch to your bridal gown or provides a second stylish look for your wedding day. See more hereVintage mood, boho chic vibes. Bridal accessories that define your style. Badgley Mischka shoes, Erin Cole jewelry & accessories.See more hereStatement jewels designed by Cheryl King Couture. A mix of Spanish Regalia and Indian Princess. Statement jewelry for brides or evening attire. BTW the earrings are even adorned on the back!See more hereBadgley Mischka shoes that define sparkling shoes. Say hello to Quintana! Shown in silver, also available in ivory and as a flat. Fabulous for the holidays!See more hereGirls best friend: shoes & jewels. Badgley MIschka Quintana shoes in Silver, Cheryl King Couture statement earrings. Find everything you need -> after the dress.See more hereVintage style wedding shoes in a fabulous shade of "seasonless" pink. Powder pink suede, "T" and ankle strap bring the vintage vibe, gold leather trim adds glamour and the delicate gold foliage ornament adds boho-chic style. 2 7/8" heel (back measurement 3 1/4"), heavily padded, leather soles. Designed by Rachel Simpson.See more hereClassic stiletto covered in sparkling rhinestones A scatter of crystals adorns sheer fabric wtih a deco inspired crystal ornament and heavy crystal scatter at the toe. Silk heel cup and piping, leather soles, 3 3//4" heel. Designed by Badgley Mischka. See more hereSparkling flats you'll dance the night away in. Ivory wedding flats covered in sparkling rhinestones A scatter of crystals adorns sheer fabric wtih a deco inspired crystals ornament and heavy crystal scatter at the toe. Silk heel cup and piping, leather soles, 1/4" heel. Designed by Badgley Mischka. See more hereStrike a pose in these fabulous shoes! D'Orsay styling on a 3 3/4" heel. White silk satin, rhinestone ornament that wraps around the heel with leather soles. Designed by Badgley Mischka.See more hereIt's become a classic for Badgley Mischka. Rhinstone encrusted bridal sandal in silk white. Cnter "T" strap with a toe, center and ankle strap. Cinch of elastic at ankle, back zipper entry with silk cup heel. 3 3/4" heel, silk satin, rhinestones, leather soles. Designed by Badgley Mischka. See more hereSparkling footwear that brings on the glam! Rhinestone encrusted ivory silk straps featuring an asymetrical strap across the foot, finished with an ankle strap. Back zipper entry, 4 1/4" heel with 1/2" platform, leather soles. Designed by Badgley Mischka.See more hereBadgley Mischka Venom wedding shoes brings back deco glamour with sparkle like never before. D'orsay styling with back zipper entry and a spectacur ankle band with dangling spakle at the center. 3 3/4" heel, cinch of elastic at the ankle band allowing for a flexible fit. Silk satin, rhinestones, leather soles. Designed by Badgley MischkaSee more hereNew and Blue! Dazzling wedding sandals that can be worn again after the wedding. Antqiue silver metallic floral design is adorned with rhinestones across the toe strap and an array of marquis, teardrop and small round crystals adorn a narrow "T" strap. Adjustable ankle strap, cup heel, 3 3/4" heel. Designed by Badgley Mischka. See more here


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C.J. Wilson pitches solid eight innings to put Angels over the Astros
HOUSTON — C.J. Wilson had a simple plan for his second start after a dud in his season debut.
"Just told myself I'm going to pick my spot and stay with my spot and not try to overdo it," Wilson said.
It was an effective approach, allowing him to pitch eight solid innings while Howie Kendrick and Raul Ibanez each drove in three runs to send the Los Angeles Angels over the Houston Astros 9-1 Monday.
The Angels took three of four from Houston after starting the season 0-3.
Wilson (1-1) yielded four hits and a run while fanning seven. He looked a lot more like the 17-game winner he was last year than he did in his first start this season when he gave up eight hits and six runs in 5 2-3 innings of a loss to Seattle. In that game, he said, all the hits in that game came when "I basically overthrew or did something mechanically wrong."
He didn't have that problem Monday.
"I was able to throw curveballs for strikes and changeups for strikes, which was big," Wilson said. "I only threw a couple sliders because I didn't really need to."
Houston struggled to get anything going off of him. Jesus Guzman doubled with one out in the second before Wilson retired nine in a row. A double by Chris Carter came with one out in the fifth inning, and Wilson sat down 10 straight after that. The Astros finally got on the board when Carlos Corporan launched a 76 mph curveball into the Crawford Boxes in left field for a home run that made it 8-1.
"First-pitch strikes were huge for him and when he did get behind in the count he was able to command some off-speed pitches to get back into the count," manager Mike Scioscia said. "He couldn't have really done a much better job than he did."
Though he didn't need his slider to keep the Astros off-balance, he did pull out a seldom-used pitch once to try and handle Guzman.
"His third at-bat I threw him a knuckleball because I literally had no idea what to throw him," Wilson said.
Kendrick drove in two with a single in a three-run first inning. He added an RBI with a single when the Angels tacked on three more in the seventh.
Kole Calhoun homered off Jarred Cosart (1-1), sending a drive to right field for his second shot of the series to push the lead to 4-0 in the fifth inning.
Cosart was done in by a bad first inning where he had to use 32 pitches. He was pulled after allowing three hits, five runs and walking four in six innings.
It was a disappointing second start for the 23-year-old who threw five scoreless frames for the win in his 2014 debut against the Yankees.
"I spotted them three runs and with a lineup like that and with a team like that you can't do that," he said. "It's hard for our team to play from behind obviously. I kind of had us back on our heels."
A pair of walks and a fielder's choice loaded the bases with one out in the first inning for Cosart. A broken-bat groundout by Ibanez sent one home to make it 1-0. Carter had to navigate around the flying piece of bat that stuck in the dirt right near where he fielded the ball.
Kendrick's single to shallow right field pushed the lead to 3-0 in the first.
Cosart settled down after the first, pitching a perfect second before walking two in a scoreless third and retiring the side in the fourth.
Stewart hit a triple with one out in the sixth and scored on a sacrifice fly by Chris Iannetta that made it 5-0.
Ibanez drove home two with a single to right field off reliever Brad Peacock in the seventh.
— Houston CF Dexter Fowler was out of the lineup for the fourth straight game because of a stomach virus. Fowler, who spent Friday night at Methodist Hospital and was released Saturday, returned to the ballpark on Monday. He said he was feeling better but was still very weak. The already slim Fowler said he knows he has lost some weight but hadn't stepped on the scale because he didn't want to know how much he'd dropped. Manager Bo Porter isn't sure when he'll return to the lineup.
— Los Angeles LHP Hector Santiago opposes Seattle's James Paxton when the Angels open a series against the Mariners on Tuesday.
— The Astros send LHP Brett Oberholtzer to the mound against Mark Buerhle when they open a series at Toronto on Tuesday.


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Capital One Cup: Sheffield Wednesday ease past Notts County
Last Updated: 14/08/14 9:31am
Jacques Maghoma and Gary Madine scored early as Sheffield Wednesday beat Notts County 3-0 to ease into the Capital One Cup second round.
Wednesday began their league campaign with an impressive victory at Brighton and they got off to a dream start in their first game in front of the Hillsborough faithful.
Only two minutes were on the clock when Atdhe Nuhiu laid the ball back to Maghoma at the edge of the area and the winger curled a right-footed strike into the top corner.
Joe Mattock nearly doubled the Owls' lead soon after but his cross-cum-shot from the left flank hit the top of the crossbar.
Wednesday did not have to wait much longer for their second, Madine cooly side-footing home Chris Maguire's pinpoint cross from close range on 10 minutes.
Nuhiu spurned three headed chances before Liam Noble shot narrowly wide from 25 yards for the visitors as they tried in vain to force their way into the tie.
County boss Shaun Derry made a triple substitution at the break but the Owls continued to create the better chances and made sure of the win in the 65th minute when Nuhiu nodded Mattock's cross past Roy Carroll from six yards.


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Newcomers Guide
ELECTRIC SERVICE is provided by Alabama Power Company or Central Alabama Electric Cooperative. Alabama Power offices are located on 400 South Main Street, Wetumpka. Hours are 8:15 a.m. – 5:00 p.m., Monday-Friday. One may request service 24 hours a day by calling the Customer Service Center at 1-800-245-2244. A deposit may be required for residential service. Central Alabama Electric Cooperative's Wetumpka office is located at 637 Coosa River Parkway. Call 567-8855 or the Prattville main office at 1-800-545-5735. For all service or billing information, contact either location. Cooperative membership is $5.00 plus applicable deposits.
WATER SERVICE is provided by Wetumpka Water Works and Sewer Board with offices located at 2909 Elmore Road, Wetumpka, 567-8404. Service must be acquired in person during the hours of 7:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m., Monday-Friday. A $35 non-refundable application fee is required. Sewage charge is based on a percentage of the water bill. Central Elmore Water Authority is located at 716 US Highway 231, 567-6814. Make application in person. Security deposit is $50 for home owners and $100 for persons renting. An impact fee of $500 is payable up front or in installments. There are three billing cycles, and the minimum bill is $14.56.
GAS SERVICE is provided by several propane companies or natural gas by the Alabama Gas Corporation located at 235 Lee Street, Montgomery. Apply for service in person or call 263-2341 between the hours of 8:30 a.m. and 4:45 p.m., Monday-Friday. A $100 security deposit may be required. The deposit bears interest at the rate of 7% per year and may be refundable. Lights and water must be turned on prior to gas being turned on and a one-day notice is required. To report gas service out of order or request adjustment of appliances call 832-4477.
TELEPHONE SERVICE is provided to all residents of Wetumpka by AT&T and/or Spectrum/ Bright House Networks. For AT&T residential sales, billing and service, call 1-877-452-3097, 24 hours a day, seven days a week http://www.attinternetservice.com/. For Spectrum/ Bright House Networks residential sales, billing and service call 1-855-222-0102, https://www.spectrum.com/my-account.html. There is no toll charge between Montgomery, Wetumpka, or Millbrook.
GARBAGE COLLECTION is provided by Advanced Disposal dba Sunflower Waste and Sunflower Landfill located at 1303 Washington Blvd., Tallassee. Applications may be made by calling 334-218-1338. For weekly curbside household garbage pick up, a container will be provided after completion of the service agreement and required deposit of $25.00. In addition, three packages may be set out and will be picked up.Outside of the Wetumpka city limits, Waste Management of Alabama provides garbage collection (334) 265-8542.
PROPERTY TAX For information about city, county, and state property taxes, contact the Elmore County Revenue Commissioner at the Elmore County Courthouse from 8:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m., Monday-Friday. For information call 567-1182. http://www.elmorerevenuecommissioner.com/search.aspx
ENHANCED 911 Elmore County is served by an Enhanced 911 System (name, address, telephone number appear on the screen when called). All new residents receive addresses through the E-911 Office. For information contact the administrative office at 567-1105. This office is located in the Elmore County Judicial Building, 8935 US Highway 231.
DRIVER'S LICENSE You are required to get an Alabama Driver's License upon establishing residence. The Driver's License Examiners' Office is located at 303 Hill Street, in Wetumpka. Written exam hours are 8:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m. Road test hours are 10:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. – 3:30 p.m. on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday. Out-of-state residents must turn in their present license; take the eye test and written test to obtain an Alabama Driver's License. Persons fifteen years of age may take the eye test and written test to obtain a Learner's License (restricted). There is a $5.00 cash only, correct amount charge for these services. Licenses are issued for four years at a cost of $23.00. Cash or credit card will be accepted. For information call 567-8871. CDL Licenses, 1040 Coliseum Blvd. Montgomery 334-242-1789.
The Alabama Law Enforcement Agency (ALEA) has updated its driver license system to include online scheduling for appointments at license examining offices, online driver license renewals, self-serve kiosks, digital licensing for smart phones and equipment upgrades at its offices around the state. For more information on these new services, visit www.alrenewal.com.
VEHICLE REGISTRATION Personal vehicle tags are issued through the Elmore County Tag and Title Department in the Elmore County Courthouse. Hours are 8:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m., Monday – Friday. You will need: New car purchased in the state—bill of sale and application for title; new car purchased out of this state—statement of origin and bill of sale; new out of state resident—vehicle and person(s) whose name(s) are on the title must be seen by the person, also present title/copy of title, last registration; out of state vehicle with current legal tag has 30 days to register; local vehicle with current Alabama title has 10 days to register. Car tags are to be renewed at the effective expiration date. Personal vehicle tags are issued on a staggered basis according to the first letter of the last name. Business vehicles and annual tags are due in October and November. For further information, call 567-1166. Tax and tag are paid together. Cost of tag is $24.25 for one year. Manufactured homes must be registered at the Elmore County Tag and Title Department unless assessed with property.
100 East Commerce StreetP.O. Box 280Wetumpka, Alabama 36092(334) 567-1142 Phone
The Probate Office is located on the first floor of the Elmore County Courthouse in downtown Wetumpka. The offices are responsible for licensing, recording, tags and titles, and Probate Court.
The functions of the Probate Court are to preside over wills, administrations, annexations, commitment and condemnation hearings, and property records. The Probate Judge is responsible for county elections. The Judge is also responsible for processing name changes, legitimations, adoptions, conservatorships, and guardianships.
The License Division of the Probate Office issues drivers, vessel, motorcycle and commercial drivers licenses. The department issues non-drivers identification, boat registrations and business licenses. In addition, the division offers resident hunting, non-resident hunting, resident fishing, non-resident fishing, lifetime and specialty licenses.
The Recording Department records mortgages, judgments, corporations, affidavits, delegations/acceptances, deeds, liens, lien releases, notaries, plats, and powers of attorney.
The Tag and Title Department issues automobile and motorcycle registrations, special tags, titles and mobile home decals.
The Probate Office is open Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
The County operates two part-time satellite offices. The Millbrook satellite office is open 8 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. The Millbrook Tag Office phone number is 285-3054. The Tallassee satellite office is open from 8:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m. every Tuesday. The Tallassee location only processes tags. The Tallassee Tag Office phone number is 252-1515.
VOTER REGISTRATION The State of Alabama requires you to register ten days before an election in order to vote. The Board of Registrars is located in the Elmore County Courthouse located at 100 East Commerce Street, Wetumpka. You may register during regular office hours. For further information, call 567-1150. www.elmoreco.org
CONSERVATION LICENSE Conservation licenses (hunting, fishing, boating, etc.) are available through the Probate Judge's Office in the Elmore County Courthouse located at 100 East Commerce Street, Wetumpka. For information call 567-1141. Licenses are also available online http://www.outdooralabama.com/licenses/ The costs vary according to the type of license.
THE HUMANE SOCIETY OF ELMORE COUNTY, INC. is located at 255 Central Plank Road in Wetumpka. Hours of operation are Monday – Thursday, 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., Friday, 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m., Saturday, 8:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. For information call567-3377 or visit their website: www.elmorehumane.com
PETS There is a leash law within the city limits of Wetumpka which applies to both dogs and cats. For more information, call the Animal Control officer at 567-1327.
BUSINESS LICENSES Contact the City Clerk's Office located at the Wetumpka City Hall at 567-5147 for information on the schedule of licenses, permits, and other regulations regarding the establishment of businesses within the City of Wetumpka. Download a business license application for the City of Wetumpka here: http://www.cityofwetumpka.com/Sites/Wetumpka2/Documents/City%20Clerk/business%20license.pdf
Copyright 2012, Wetumpka Chamber | Sitemap


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A quickie via an email from an anonymous minor leaguer:
I came across this article and found one of the quotes kinda interesting. It talks about how NCAA athletes can ruin their eligibility by playing on a team where other players are being paid some money. Anyways, a women's volleyball player was playing on a team where 2 of her teammates made $10,000 dollars and the NCAA ruled her ineligible. The interesting quote is this, which is about the girl who was ruled ineligible:
"Gijsbertsen received housing and $4,700 to defray expenses, not a sum that qualified as a professional salary..."
Just thought it was wierd that the salaries that some guys make in short season or extended spring training aren't even considered large enough for the NCAA to qualify it as a professional salary.
This is very interesting on a couple of levels. First of all, some NCAA rules are as absurd as elephant painting, but that is a lengthier discussion.
If the NCAA soon establishes amounts that they deem to be "professional levels of salary," as the article claims, then our anonymous player is correct. Some minor leaguers will not earn enough to qualify as professional players.
The question is this: If a player receives a tiny signing bonus and never makes it out of short-season professional baseball, could he then maintain amateur status? This thought is as absurd as the current salary structure.
Let the elephant painting begin.


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Pre-Departure Information
Project Bududa, Uganda
Congratulations! You have completed all pre-trip requirements and are now cleared for travel to Project Bududa, Uganda. In order to prepare for your volunteer experience, please download your Pre-departure Packet (PDP) below. This packet contains staff contact information, budget tips, a packing list, and more! An Excursion Guide has also been provided and our on-site staff are happy to assist you with planning any activities you are interested in once you have arrived in Uganda. After reviewing the information, please do not hesitate to contact email@example.com with any questions you may have.
Please note, the following packets are interactive PDFs. Please download the file in order to take full advantage of the document's interactive links.
Additional Resources
While not required, volunteers are welcome to bring donations for the clinic. You will find a list of the clinic's most urgent needs below as well as a link to the current Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) guidelines for students providing patient care.


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One thing I still don't get…no, it's not how the Bears have won the NFC North. That's easy. They played bush league QBs in 50% of their games and then got really lucky in the other 50%.
The thing I can't figure out is why Jay Cutler's hair is so terrible.
Look at that weird pile of follicles. It's like a mop crossed with a helmet and then dipped in reddish orange hair dye.
Does he let a drunk 8 year old cut it? That just seems unsafe…not to mention illegal to provide an 8 year old with booze.
Is he nostalgic? Does he go to his childhood barber? Because I can respect honoring the past, even if the Bears don't. (btw - It wasn't us, but whoever named that photo is a genius.) But is his childhood barber blind?
Does he have one of the trainers cut it? With tape scissors?
Does he do it himself?
As I pondered these options, I realized I should take the time to honor the hair gods for bestowing Robert and me with magnificently beautiful locks….done.
Okay, back to Jay Cutler's head of disgrace. It took me awhile to get there, but I figured it out. Cutler is in Chicago, while there is most definitely a number of qualified hair-trimming technicians in the area, there is only one Ron Paxton.
Okay, Jay, sit there. He's going to put that thing on your melon.
Yep, Jay Cutler uses the Suck Kut. If there is one thing we all know about Ron Paxton's Suck Kut, (that actually might be a great nickname for Jay) is that "it sucks, as it cuts."
It certainly does….resemble the Bears.


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PYONGYANG, North Korea — The official Korean Central News Agency says North Korea has named a new vice marshal.
Hyon Yong Chol was named vice marshal of the Korean People's Army, the official news agency said early Tuesday morning.
The appointment was made by the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea and the National Defense Commission of North Korea, the agency said.
The announcement comes two days following the dismissal of Ri Yong Ho, a guardian figure who had appeared often at the side of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Ri was vice marshal of the Korean People's Army and the military's General Staff chief.
North Korea's official media reported Monday that Ri had been dismissed from several senior posts due to illness.
Edited By Cen Fox Post Team


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New Jersey's Forest
The International Year of Forests, 2011 celebrates sustainable forestry worldwide.
Sustainable forestry means that we use our forest resources wisely today to meet our current needs while maintaining forest health to ensure products and benefits for future generations.
Did you know that in New Jersey, forests are the greatest land use?
That means trees occupy more land than buildings or roads in our state. Our vast forest resource provides many benefits - from cleaner air and water to forest products such as cranberries, wood, medicine, paper, and mushrooms. Trees have also been shown to improve our health and well-being by calming our nerves and provide habitat for wildlife.


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Meet Angelita Pabros
Angelita Pabros serves as the administrative assistant for the Student Success and Retention Services (SSRS) Program. She has just completed eight years as a division administrative assistant, six years in Admissions and Records and two years in Counseling and Matriculation. "I find my job in Student Success and Retention Services very rewarding," says Pabros. "Working with a team dedicated to student success is fantastic."
Although her job title may sound pretty straightforward, that is not the case. "Angelita wears many hats on a daily basis providing program, staff and student support for the Puente, Transfer Opportunity, First Year Experience, Summer Bridge and the new Sankofa Scholars programs," says David Coleman, counselor and director of SSRS. "These are programs that provide academic and retention support services for more than 475 "at risk" students on the De Anza campus."
In addition, Pabros manages an extensive student database, creates various program reports, assists with student employee supervision and does so with exceptional proficiency, according to Coleman.
Whether she is arranging for bus tours to four-year universities, providing backup coverage for the Counseling and Advising Center, or assisting faculty, staff and especially students, "Angelita can always be counted on to get the job done with grace and competence," says Coleman.
"Coming from a military family where adapting to change was necessary has helped me be flexible in my job when needed," Pabros says. "Living overseas also helped me learn respect for other people and cultures and offered excellent preparation for working on such a diverse campus."


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Cell isolation directly from whole blood or buffy coat saves time, reduces costs, and minimizes manipulations compared to isolation via PBMC. Gentle Dynabeads® FlowComp™ technology allows for release and removal of the beads from the cells after isolation. CD14+ monocytes show 96–99% purity, high recovery, and increased viability compared to PBMC isolation. Functional responses are kept intact in subsequent experiments, and the cells can be used in any downstream assay, including monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) or cytokine release.
- Learn More about Dynabeads® FlowComp™ Technology
Dynabeads® FlowComp™ Human CD14 was used to isolate bead-free monocytes from buffy coat with high purity.
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The multipurpose HulaMixer™ helps mix practically any sample in any tube. It can rotate in three ways: orbital (end-over-end), reciprocal (tilting), and vibration (vortex). The HulaMixer™ is flexible, intuitive, and easy to operate. Adjust the speed (1–100 rpm), time, and movement combinations to match your changing needs. The mixer is small; just carry it to the incubator or cold room (5–40°C).
- Learn More about the HulaMixer™ Sample Mixer
The versatile HulaMixer™ Sample Mixer includes two platforms to suit all kinds of tubes (0.05–50 mL).
Copper-Free DIBO Alternatives for Detecting Azide-Modified Proteins With Click Chemistry
Classic click chemistry involves the copper-catalyzed triazole formation from an azide and an alkyne. In certain situations, copper can be cytotoxic, reduce or eliminate the fluorescence of Qdot® nanocrystals and fluorescent proteins, and reduce activity of certain enzymes. Our new Click-iT® DIBO reagents now offer a means of achieving click reactions without copper for detection of azide-modified proteins. Nine new Click-iT® products are available, including DIBO derivatives of Alexa Fluor®, TAMRA, and biotin labels, and reactive probes capable of modifying amine, cysteine, and carboxy groups.
- Read the article about New Click-iT® DIBO Tools
- Learn more about Classic Click Chemistry
Copper-free click azide/DIBO reaction. The azide and DIBO moieties are interchangeable; the molecule can be labeled with a DIBO and reacted with a fluorophore or hapten-azide.
APEX® Alexa Fluor® 568 and Biotin-XX Labeling Kits
APEX® Antibody Labeling Kits provide a convenient means of directly labeling a small amount of IgG antibody (10–20 µg) with a fluorescent molecule or biotin-XX. The kits use a solid-phase labeling technique that captures the IgG antibody on the resin inside the APEX® antibody labeling tip in as little as 2.5 hours. Additional kits for Alexa Fluor® 568 and biotin-XX antibody labeling are now available.
- Read the article about Additional APEX® Labeling Kits
- Learn more about APEX® Antibody Labeling Kits
Labeling of α-tubulin in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells with the APEX® Biotin-XX Antibody Labeling Kit (left panel) or Alexa Fluor® 568 Antibody Labeling Kit (right panel).
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.


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The man LIFE magazine once called "the most disturbingly funny humorist in the U.S." was both a marvelous writer and a sharp, wry cartoonist. "His characters," LIFE noted (and this was as true of his writings as it was of his deceptively simple drawings), "inhabit a world of permanent desperation."
Today, as the movie adaptation of one of his most famous stories, "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty," lands in theaters all over the world, Thurber is remembered as a 20th-century cultural force on a par with other famous New Yorker contributors like E.B. White, Charles Addams and John Cheever.
For countless readers, though, it was Thurber — perhaps more than any other writer or cartoonist — who most reliably defined that fabled magazine's tone and its visual style in the 1930s and '40s.
Here, as James Thurber's imaginative brilliance again enlivens the pop-culture landscape, this time in a film starring Ben Stiller and set in, among other places, LIFE magazine's New York offices, LIFE.com remembers the great humorist in a series of pictures from 1945. Here he is, compensating for his famously poor eyesight — he lost one eye as a child when his brother shot him with an arrow — while creating a cartoon (below). The lines are a little wobbly, and the caption is written in just-legible handwriting, but the classic battle-of-the-sexes tension that Thurber made his particular area of study and parody for decades survive undimmed.
Thurber portrait: Bob Landry—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images


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FANCY GAP — David Gelly saw possibilities in the famous fog of Fancy Gap — as a shroud of mystery for the setting in his fictional murder thriller.
He's often driven up U.S. 52 from Winston-Salem, N.C., to his getaway in the mountains, having to slash through fog where he couldn't see two feet ahead.
Like many drivers who have ended up in the multi-vehicle pileups on Interstate 77 or those who struggled to stay out of accidents in the area, the weather made an impression on Gelly.
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Want to know where your tax money is going next year? Here's more than you can handle in the new 2010 edition of the Death and Taxes poster. Zoom in to see how much those F-35 fighters and lasers cost.
The Death and Taxes poster shows every single expense according to the president's 2010 budget request. The circles you see here are proportional in size to their actual weight in the total budget. Each of the figures include the percentage change compared to 2009.
Click to viewDefense spending is more or less the same, only increasing by 2%. And still, everything else looks minuscule.
Since your budget for buying posters is probably minuscule too, you can get a 50% discount if you buy two or more posters if you are a Gizmodo reader. Just enter "gizmodo" as your discount code when ordering. [WallStats]


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Tebbs Bend Battlefield Association will host an Education Day on Thursday, May 1. The public is invited to participate for $5.
The event will begin at 8:30 a.m. at Atkinson-Griffin House Confederate Hospital at Green River Lake Visitor Center. The public can follow the buses of students and get out along the trail and hear docents dressed in costume explain what happened at that point in the Civil War battle on July 4, 1863.
Hanna Hall
Campbellsville University
Campbellsville University will host two commencement ceremonies this spring with a total of 415 students graduating.
Graduate commencement services take place Friday, May 2, at 7 p.m. in the Ransdell Chapel, and undergraduate commencement will be Saturday, May 3, at 9 a.m. in the Powell Athletic Center.
There will be 152 students graduating with a master's degree and 263 students graduating with a bachelor's or an associate degree.
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the passage of the Smith-Lever Act, which formally established the national Cooperative Extension Service system.
Across Kentucky, the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service is celebrating ways that extension has helped clients change their lives for the better.
A memorial service will be hosted on Monday, May 26, to honor all veterans of the War of 1812 and to unveil a replacement stone for the late Stephen Harding.
Harding, who served in the 3rd regiment of the Kentucky Detached Militia, died in Taylor County on Nov. 24, 1880. He was married to Lydia Carlisle and they had four children, James Harding, Nancy Harding Puryear, Sarah Jane Harding Cox and Elizabeth Harding Wright. He later married Jane Knifley and they had a daughter, Mary Elizabeth Harding Taylor.
Those who are expecting a child now or plan to expand their families in the future are invited to attend the Taylor Regional Hospital Baby Fair on Thursday, May 22, at the hospital from 5 to 7 p.m.
Car seat safety checks will be performed performed by certified professionals from the Kentucky Department of Transportation. The inspections will begin at 4 p.m. on the day of the event.
There will be a variety of educational booths at the fair, as well as speakers such as local physicians.
Goodwill is partnering with the local Red Cross organization to raise money to help families.
For every pound of items the public donates to Goodwill on behalf of Red Cross, the organization will donate 23 cents to the local Red Cross. The money will be deposited into a bank account and Red Cross organizers will use the money to issue Goodwill certificates to families they help in emergencies. Those taking items to Goodwill on behalf of Red Cross must mention the group when donating.
All donations to Goodwill are tax deductible.
Kasey Ricketts
Campbellsville University will display entries in the annual juried student art show through Wednesday, April 30.
The entries will be on display at the Pence-Chowning Art Gallery. Entry is free.
Works of painting, drawing, photography, ceramics, sculpture, graphic design and other media will be on display.
The juror for the competition was professional artist Page Candler.
Campbellsville University Theater and Town Hall Productions recently announced its summer series. Featured shows will include Hamlet in the Park, Hansel and Gretel and Fiddler on the Roof.
Auditions for the Fiddler on the Roof performance are April 24, 25 and 26 at Russ Mobley Theater on the CU campus.
Auditions are open to anyone in the community and will be from 5 to 8 p.m. April 24 and April 25. Callbacks are April 26.
The sixth annual KY 55 yard sale is scheduled for April 25-27.
There will be more than 100 miles of sales along KY 55 in Taylor, Carroll, Trimble, Henry, Shelby, Spencer, Nelson, Washington, Marion, Adair and Russell counties.
Residents and businesses are welcome to join in the three-day sale. Those who would like to rent booth space can call Cherie Bleemel at (270) 465-2068. Cost is $36.
Taylor Regional Hospital will host its annual community health fair on Saturday, June 14, from 7:30 to 11 a.m. at Taylor County Middle School's gymnasium.
For $15, those attending will receive several test results, including a complete blood count, a comprehensive metabolic profile, a coronary risk profile with cholesterol levels and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. A prostrate screening test will also be available for men at $10.
Those undergoing blood testing should fast for 14 hours before their blood is drawn.
Copyright © 2019
The Central Kentucky News-Journal is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Campbellsville, KY and the surrounding area.


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|More Information on the Kawasaki KX250
The Kawasaki KX250 is a 2-stroke motocross bike that was introduced in 1974. This bike has been ridden to several AMA Motocross wins, including a number of titles, in the hands of Jeff Ward, Jeff Emig, and Ricky Carmichael. The 2-stroke KX-250 was discontinued in October 2007 due to the rise of the four-stroke KX250F. The Kawasaki KX250F introduced in 2004 and KX450F was introduced in 2006 and both utilize a 4-stroke DOHC engine. Many factors came into play with the demise of the 2 stroke market, however 2 strokes are once again becoming popular due to the costs associated with maintenance of the very complex workings of the 4 stroke design.


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Trip Tip Recipes
Horseradish Roast Beef Recipe
I bought a large bottom sirloin roast a few weeks ago and as I was cleaning up the freezer, I decided to cook it for dinner and maybe replicate the same recipe for Christmas.
If you're not sure what you'd like to serve as the main course for your holiday meal, I'd like to suggest that a homemade roast beef is a great (and delicious) option. This recipe is my favorite way to prepare a large bottom sirloin roast. The marinade is a combination of coarse-grained mustard, horseradish, miso and rosemary. I've heard many times that the cooking time depends on the weight of the piece of roast, ranging from 16 minutes per pound for a rare, pink color, all the way up to 30 minutes per pound if you like it well done. My method is much easier; simply insert a probe to capture the temperature in the center of the meat and wait until the internal temperature reaches 145°F for just the right amount of pink. Probe thermometers are awesome!
To keep the meat from burning at the bottom, I also placed a bed of vegetables such as celery stalk, turnips and carrots and filled the bottom with a little beef broth. Enjoy!
Full Recipe...
Beef Sirloin Tri-Tip Roast Recipe
If you're having trouble cooking red meat to perfect doneness, this recipe is for you because I believe it's fool-proof. I used a bottom sirloin tri-tip roast and marinated it overnight. To ensure the meat is properly seasoned, I placed a spicy marinade (I used homemade chili garlic sauce from last summer, onion purée, maple syrup and cinnamon) in a bag and vacuum-sealed it. The following day, I seared the meat to create an outer crust and the juice remained inside for optimum tenderness. The meat roasted in the oven until the probe thermometer indicated the right internal temperature.
It was quite a large piece of meat; if wrapped properly, you can carve the meat and make the best roast beef sandwich the next day! For all you beef lovers out there, don't forget, La Cense Beef is offering a special deal to Pham Fatale readers. You can get $20 off 8 10-ounce ribeye steaks, plus 1 lb of free meatballs, all with free shipping! If that's too much meat for you, La Cense is also offering $10 off 4 10-ounce ribeye steaks. The offer ends soon, so take advantage of it now if you need steaks from Valentine's Day, or for any other special occasion you might be planning!
The top photo was taken the following day.
Full Recipe...
Grilled Tri Tip Sirloin Beef Steak
I love steaks. I'm a total carnivore, but I don't get to eat them that often because there are so many vegetarians in my house. Whenever we cook steaks at home, it's a special occasion (for me ).
I chose a tri tip sirloin steak because the meat is tender and very lean. There isn't a lot of fat on it for those of you who are health conscious (though red meat isn't that healthy to begin with - everything in moderation!). It's also fairly cheap compared to other cuts, such as rib-eye. I grill it, then slice it thin and serve it with a salad. I love it.
Full Recipe...


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Va. GOP launches tea party ticket
RICHMOND, Va. – Rejuvenated by a Democratic scandal in Washington and a tea party conservative atop their ticket, Virginia Republicans Saturday nominated a trio of statewide candidates whose fate will be closely watched as an indicator of the health of the national GOP.
Crusading state Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli, facing no intra-party opposition, accepted the Republican gubernatorial nomination at the state convention here and used his remarks to preempt attacks on his conservative views and lash Terry McAuliffe, his Democratic opponent.
Story Continued Below
Conservative state Sen. Mark Obenshain, whose father was the Virginia GOP's Senate nominee 35 years ago only to die in a plane crash, easily beat a single opponent to win the attorney general race here. And thanks in part to what was far by the best-received speech of the day, E.W. Jackson, a little-known conservative, African-American pastor, won the lieutenant governor nomination in an upset, besting six opponents after four ballots.
( PHOTOS: Ken Cuccinelli's career)
Virginia Democrats, gleeful about Jackson's win, immediately seized on the ultra-conservative nature of the GOP ticket.
With a joke about not having yet been audited, Cuccinelli made only one direct reference to the recent controversies embroiling President Barack Obama. But the Republican standard bearer sought to tie McAuliffe, a former DNC chairman, to the nation's capital.
"For Virginians who think Washington works well, they have a candidate in this race," said Cuccinelli. "For the rest of the Virginians who don't think Washington works so well, well, you have a candidate in this race, too."
While the attorney general kept to his message of inoculating against Democratic attacks and battering McAuliffe, the candidates vying for the two down-ballot offices, Virginia's Republican members of Congress and many of the 8,000 delegates gathered in a sign-festooned sports arena in this state capital were focused on what has transpired up Interstate 95 in the last two weeks.
( Also on POLITICO: Virginia pick compared Planned Parenthood to KKK)
It was as if the candidates for lieutenant governor and attorney general, nine all told, were running for president and not second-tier state offices. One after the next, they won applause for searing attacks over the Internal Revenue Service's targeting of conservative groups, the Department of Justice's monitoring of the Associated Press's phone records and the tragedy at the Benghazi consulate in Libya.
Much more than on attacks on McAuliffe or state issues, the Republican audience responded with great enthusiasm to the jeremiads against Obama and affirmations of fealty toward gun rights and the Constitution generally.


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Our Services
The Forefront of Cancer Care is now in Will County
I-355 & Route 6
Carolyn J. Czerkies Pavilion
1850 Silver Cross Blvd.
New Lenox, IL 60451
University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center at Silver Cross
The Cancer Center is a partnership between Silver Cross Hospital and University of Chicago Medicine (UCMC) bringing together academic specialists and their access to advanced and investigational therapies in a community hospital setting.
The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center at Silver Cross Hospital is located in the Carolyn J. Czerkies Pavilion on the Silver Cross Hospital campus.
The state-of-the-art facility provides:
- Comprehensive cancer care for adult, gynecologic, and pediatric cancers in one convenient location.
- Easy access to advanced and investigational therapies from the University of Chicago's NCI-designated comprehensive cancer care team of over 150 clinical care specialists and subspecialists.
- Advanced treatment options including state-of-the-art chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
- Supportive programs for patients and families, including cancer support groups, preventative screenings and a comprehensive cancer resource center.
To request an appointment, call our toll-free number (855) UCM-1400.


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We have one of the preeminent nonprofit tax practices in the United States. Morrison & Foerster routinely advises a wide range of exempt organizations, including charities large and small, corporate and private foundations, community foundations, and their affiliates. In particular, our lawyers advise private and corporate foundations on matters including grantmaking, international activities, including expenditure responsibility and Patriot Act compliance, investment activities, and program-related and mission-related investing. We represent tax-exempts in mergers, acquisitions, and dissolutions; structure taxable and exempt subsidiaries and affiliates, commercial co-venture arrangements, and joint ventures; negotiate major gifts and intellectual property transactions; and create microfinance and social investing funds.
We address the full range of exemption related issues, including unrelated business income tax, fundraising and corporate sponsorship, state charitable solicitation regulation and co-marketing, compensation, self-dealing and intermediate sanctions, public disclosure requirements, and charitable governance best practices.
Morrison & Foerster is also playing a leading role in the development of new nonprofit corporate forms that are hybrids of for-profit and nonprofit models, such as the low profit limited liability company, which are expected to create new vehicles for corporate social responsibility, and venture philanthropy.
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IIHS Top Safety Pick+. Only 32,888 Miles! Boasts 24 Highway MPG and 18 City MPG! This Toyota Highlander delivers a Regular Unleaded V-6 3.5 L/211 engine powering this Automatic transmission. Window Grid Diversity Antenna, Wheels: 18 Split 5-Spoke Machined-Face Alloy -inc: gunmetal grey finish and black center caps, Wheels w/Gray Accents.* This Toyota Highlander Features the Following Options *Variable Intermittent Wipers w/Heated Wiper Park, Valet Function, Trunk/Hatch Auto-Latch, Trip computer, Transmission: Electronic 6-Speed Automatic w/OD -inc: ECT-i, sequential shift mode and snow mode, Transmission w/Oil Cooler, Towing Equipment -inc: Harness, Tires: P245/60R18 105S AS, Tailgate/Rear Door Lock Included w/Power Door Locks, Systems Monitor.* This Toyota Highlander is a Superstar! *IIHS Top Safety Pick+, KBB.com 16 Best Family Cars, KBB.com Best Buy Awards Finalist.* Visit Us Today *Stop by Maplewood Toyota Scion located at 2873 Highway 61, Maplewood, MN 55109 for a quick visit and a great vehicle!
Maplewood Toyota is Minnesota's #1 Volume Dealer. Our commitment is to provide the highest quality products and services in the automotive marketplace – and to do so with honesty, integrity and absolute commitment to our customer's total satisfaction. With our timeless commitment to total customer satisfaction, an inventory of more than 1,000 vehicles and a service department staffed with Toyota trained and certified technicians, you can rest assured that Maplewood Toyota will meet your vehicle needs. Read More About the Benefits of Working With Maplewood Toyota.
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For ultrasmall particles, size is as important as chemical composition. The mobility of atoms on a particle's surface can make a brittle material ductile (malleable). Particles of identical composition but that are slightly different in size can have distinctly different physical and chemical properties. Scientists exploring the size-properties connection are finding that familiar materials they think they understand can behave in unexpected ways.
Such is the nanoworld, where things are measured by the nanometer. That's one billionth of a meter. It's about the length of six carbon atoms bonded together. Strange things can happen with particles that measure between a few to a couple of dozen nanometers in at least one dimension.
Researchers with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found this out as they studied silica, a brittle material. As a NIST announcement explained last month, experiments had shown that silica became "as ductile as gold at the nanoscale." Subsequent computer simulations of nanoparticle aggregates now illustrate how this happens. They also suggest that the smaller the particles in the material aggregate, the more ductile the material becomes. Crystalline structures, in particular, should withstand stress well beyond the critical point seen in macroscopic samples of the material.
A material is better able to withstand stress without cracking when its atoms can move around and maintain cohesion. Brittle materials have structural flaws that limit that mobility and act as failure points. Atoms on a nanoparticle's surface are less constrained than they are in bulk material. This dominates the particles' physical properties and makes a normally brittle material ductile. Also the nanoparticles don't have the bulk materials' structural flaws.
NIST ductility researcher Doo-In Kim notes: "The terms 'brittle' and 'ductile' are macroscopic terminology. It seems that these terms don't apply at the nanoscale."
Meanwhile, earth scientists have realized they need to learn more about nanoparticle behavior, especially in mineralogy, to fully understand what's happening on our planet. Reviewing this challenge last month in Science, Michael Hochella at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg and several coauthors point out that minerals influence most of Earth's physical, chemical, and biological processes. Minerals exert that influence through a wide range of compositions and properties. That's well known on the macro scale.
What's new now, the authors say, is that "we are gaining a much better appreciation for another aspect of mineral diversity – that which is expressed in the nanoscale size range." They add that an important aspect of that diversity is the ability of nanoparticles to "express a range of physical and chemical properties depending on their size and shape."
Very little is known about the influence of this nano diversity in nature. There may be specific size and shape configurations of specific mineral particles that favor or inhibit important phenomena. The best-known example is ozone-layer destruction in polar regions. There, atmospheric pollutants are transformed into ozone-destroying chlorine compounds on the surfaces of tiny particles suspended in the stratosphere.
NIST nanoparticle scientists hope their work eventually leads to new materials for applications in our macroscopic world. Dr. Hochella and his coauthors feel a greater sense of urgency. Given the possibility of serious environmental impacts, they call the need to understand the various geophysical effects of natural and manmade nanoparticles "critical challenges" for our time.