text: AOSIS OpenJournals http://www.openjournals.net email@example.com http://www.ojvr.org 0030-2465 2219-0635 Theileriosis (Cytauxzoonosis) in Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus): Field exposure to infection and identification of potential vectors Four hand-reared, naïve roan antelope, 4 months of age, were exposed to naturally infected pasture on a game farm in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, where roan are known to die from theileriosis. Various clinical parameters were recorded during this period. The predominant ticks parasitising these animals at the time (January to February), were Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi adults. After a period of 5 weeks the animals developed signs of clinical theileriosis and were treated with buparvaquone to prevent mortality. Primary hyperplasia of the local draining lymph nodes (Lnn. anorectales) near the feeding site of adult R. evertsi evertsi indicated possible transmission of Theileria sp. (sable) by this tick species. After recovery from theileriosis, these animals were confirmed carriers of Theileria sp. (sable) by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and DNA probe analysis. Laboratory-bred larvae and nymphs of R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus respectively, were fed on the ears of these roan antelope. Salivary glands from moulted and prefed adult ticks of each species were dissected and stained for Theileria spp., and the PCR and DNA probe applied to a representative batch of dissected glands. R. appendiculatus adults collected from grass in infected camps were also dissected after prefeeding them on rabbits. Salivary glands of both tick species showed infected acini on staining and were also positive for Theileria sp. (sable) only, on multiprotozoal PCR-screening analysis. There was no statistical significant difference between the infection rate and the intensity of infection between the two tick species. R. appendiculatus ticks collected from grass were also PCR-positive for Theileria sp. (sable). Johan C.A. Steyl1 1Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa Leon Prozesky1 1Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa Wilhelm H. Stoltsz2 2Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa John A. Lawrence1 1Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa Johan Steyl firstname.lastname@example.com Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa 367791http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.367 02 Aug. 201113 Dec. 201120 Apr. 2012Steyl, J.C.A., Prozesky, L., Stoltsz, W.H. & Lawrence, J.A., 2012, 'Theileriosis (Cytauxzoonosis) in Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus): Field exposure to infection and identification of potential vectors', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 79(1), Art. #367, 8 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.367 © 2012.The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.Introduction Historically, a Theileria sp. (named Theileria hippotragi at the time) have been known to occur in roan antelope, Hippotragus equinus, in West Africa since 1912 (Todd & Wolbach 1912) and in South Africa since 1974 (Wilson et al. 1974). A Theileria sp. also infects sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) in Southern Africa in regions where theileriosis occurs in roan (Neitz 1957; Wilson et al. 1974). Gene sequencing and comparison of isolates from recent cases in western roan (Hippotragus equinus koba) in Malelane (a town in the eastern parts of Mpumalanga Province in South Africa) confirmed, as had been suspected previously, that the Theileria sp. involved in Southern Africa is the same in roan and sable (Nijhof et al. 2005). It was originally isolated in lymphoblast cell culture from a sable that died of theileriosis in South Africa and referred to as Theileria sp. (sable) (Stoltsz & Dunsterville 1992). Theileria sp. (sable) is certainly responsible for roan and sable mortalities in Mpumalanga and elsewhere in South Africa. This was supported by postmortal diagnosis of theileriosis in these species over a wide area of the northern and eastern parts of South Africa. Identification of the Theileria sp. involved, and confirmation of Theileria sp. (sable) as the pathogen, was performed by using a recently developed PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and DNA probe on reverse line blot (RLB) assay (Nijhof et al. 2005) for diagnostic purposes. Currently, no serological test exists that can be utilised in screening for Theileria sp. (sable) exposure or status. Opportunistic, randomly collected blood samples from various other species in the Malelane area tested positive for Theileria sp. (sable), (personal experience). These included nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), reedbuck (Redunca arundinum), blesbok (Damaliscus pygarus phillipsi) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). No mortality as a consequence of theileriosis has been described in these species. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (brown ear tick) is a well-known vector of Theileria sp. in Southern Africa (Norval, Perry & Young 1992) and is also one of the more dominant species and widely distributed throughout the northern and eastern parts of South Africa. These factors have led to the suspicion that R. appendiculatus should be considered a strong contender as a vector for theileriosis in roan antelope. Early field observations, however, during outbreaks of the disease in roan, also supported the possibility of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi as a vector for Theileria sp. (sable). The tick vector(s) for theileriosis in roan antelope has not been determined and therefore this study set out to establish the role of R. appendiculatus and R. evertsi evertsi as vectors for Theileria sp. (sable). Materials and methods Experimental design For this investigation, a farm in the summer rainfall region of South Africa known to suffer regularly from roan mortalities because of theileriosis, was selected in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. Diagnosis of mortality as a consequence of theileriosis was confirmed by the Section of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. The farmer, a breeder of endangered antelope species, was keeping the roan-breeding stock grouped in camps ranging in size from 20 ha to 30 ha. Hand-reared roan calves known to be PCR-negative for Theileria sp. (sable) were exposed to ticks in a camp with a recent history of mortality as a result of theileriosis in roan antelope. Constant monitoring of various clinical parameters indicative of Theileria sp. infection was performed on these animals. After recovery from clinical theileriosis, these calves were confirmed carriers of Theileria sp. (sable). Laboratory-bred immature stages R. appendiculatus and R. evertsi evertsi originating from cattle in the area were allowed to feed on these calves. After they moulted to adults, salivary gland dissections, staining, and PCR-screening for Theileria spp. and other blood parasites were performed. Hand-rearing of disease-free roan antelope calves Roan calves born during the 2002 calving season were hand-reared under tick-free conditions. Calves were collected from the pasture 24 hours after birth to ensure passive colostral immunity transfer and to prevent Theileria sp. infections from natural tick challenge (Shaw 2002). On arrival at the hand-rearing facility all calves were thoroughly dipped with a contact pyrethroid dip (Bayticol®) and clearly identified by using plastic ear tags with a sequential numbering system. There was no record of disease or mortality as a result of theileriosis during the period of hand-rearing of the roan antelope calves (44 calves in total). A few animals died from dietary and/or viral diarrhoea. The latter was mainly the result of Rotavirus infection as diagnosed by Lancet Laboratories during the first 6 weeks of age. Thereafter, there was no disease occurrence of any kind up to weaning at 7 months of age. Selection of trial animals and preparation for field tick exposure Four male roan calves (numbers 210, 218, 222 and 242), 4 months of age, were randomly selected. The animals were physically restrained and blood was collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), stored at -20 °C, and submitted for PCR-testing as developed by Nijhof et al. (2005). A wide range of DNA-probes for various known Theileria, Babesia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species (Table 1), including controls and Theileria sp. (sable), was applied to the submitted samples (Nijhof et al. 2005). The blood samples collected from the four selected roan bull calves were all negative on PCR (RLB)-method, that is, the reverse line blot method) for all the haemoparasites, including Theileria sp. (sable). On receipt of the PCR results, the four roan males were chemically immobilised by using a drug cocktail consisting of 20 µg/kg – 35 µg/kg etorphine HCl and 0.3 mg/kg azaparone. They were translocated whilst under anaesthesia over a short distance to graze pastures in a camp on the farm that was known to be infected with theileriosis. Mortality in roan as a result of theileriosis had occurred in this camp no longer than 6 months prior to this experiment, and it had since been accommodating a roan herd. This herd was transferred to an adjacent camp 2 weeks prior to the experiment. The four males were purposely left undipped in an attempt to expose them to ticks as soon as possible after arrival. This field trial was conducted during January and February 2003, coinciding with the tick activity season and tick numbers were close to a peak. Monitoring of Theileria infection The animals were still being bottle-fed and as a result it proved very easy to habituate them to handling, thus facilitating a wide spectrum of possible monitoring parameters. Several parameters were monitored over a period of 6 weeks. The time to noticeable tick infestation, species present, attachment sites and subjective assessment of tick load were recorded. Rectal temperature was measured twice daily in the morning and afternoon at feeding times with a calibrated digital thermometer. A rectal temperature higher than 40 °C, especially if the ambient temperature was below 28 °C, was considered a fever reaction. Subjective scoring values of 1–4 were applied to assess feeding behaviour, with 4 indicating good general health and behaviour progressively deteriorating to 1, which implied clinical illness. The peripheral lymph nodes were palpated to assess swelling. Scoring of lymph node size (0–4) with 4 being visibly enlarged without palpation, and 0 normal on palpation, was given. Fine-needle aspiration, using a sterile 1 " 20G hypodermic needle, was simultaneously performed on the superficial cervical and other lymph nodes if they were visibly enlarged at times of blood collection. Thin smears were prepared as described for peripheral blood smear staining and examination. Peripheral blood smears were obtained every second day by pricking of the tail tip with a " 21G needle, fixed and stained by using the Diff Quik® staining method. The sample was immediately examined with a standard light microscope for lymphoblastic transformation and theilerial schizont and/or piroplasm presence. Blood smears were examined for other vector-borne haemoparasitic infections such as Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. Blood was also collected in EDTA every 7 days during chemical immobilisation and kept at -20 °C freezer for later PCR-testing. Clinical observation included examination of the ocular conjunctival mucosae and the colour was subjectively assessed at regular intervals. Treatment of clinical theileriosis A clinical case of theileriosis was defined by using the following criteria: pyrexia above 40 °C shortly followed by, preceded or accompanied by, theilerial schizonts in circulation detectable by blood smear examination. Sick animals received anti-theilerial therapy by using buparvaquone (Butalex®) at 2.5 mg/kg intramuscularly once. If the fever did not abate 48 hours later, a second injection was administered. A staggered treatment regimen was applied to the different animals in an attempt to determine the efficacy of anti-theilerial therapy in relation to the first day of fever. The following regimen was applied: Animal 218 was treated on the first day of pyrexia. Animal 210 was treated one day, Animal 222 two days, and Animal 242 three days, post-pyrexia. Tick feeding on Theileria sp. (sable) carrier animals Clean ticks for Theileria pick-up experiments were obtained from engorged females of R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus, originating from cattle in the Malelane area and transferred to the laboratory for egg laying by using standard operating procedures (Heyne, Elliott & Bezuidenhout 1987). Larvae of R. appendiculatus (3-host tick) were fed on rabbit ears and backs after hatching and left to engorge. These engorged larvae were collected and stored in batches of 250 in ventilated plastic vials to moult and mature to nymphae under controlled laboratory conditions. Eggs from R. evertsi evertsi (2-host tick) were weighed and divided into batches that contained an estimated 500 eggs each. These eggs were left to hatch and mature before the onset of the tick feeding trial. Upon PCR confirmation of carrier status for Theileria sp. (sable), the four animals were relocated to tick-free boma conditions. They were prepared for tick feeding by applying linen ear-bags to their ears (Heyne et al. 1987). Two modifications were made to the described method. A head bandage was applied with adhesive tape (Elastoplast®) and temporary nylon skin sutures were strategically placed to prevent animals from shaking loose the ear-bags. The animals were chemically immobilised to fit the ear-bags safely and to facilitate the placement of ticks. The four animals were divided into pairs. One pair received R. evertsi evertsi larvae and the other received nymphae of R. appendiculatus, which were applied randomly in batches of 500 per ear per animal. After 6 days, the animals infested with the R. appendiculatus nymphae were immobilised and the bags with engorged nymphae removed. It was necessary to scrape off engorged, but still attached, nymphae by using the shaft of a scalpel handle. The ear-bags of the animals containing R. evertsi evertsi larvae were removed after 14 days and engorged nymphae collected. Tick salivary glands dissection, staining and polymerase chain reaction-testing The engorged nymphae of both tick species were kept under standard laboratory conditions until moulted to adults (Heyne et al. 1987). The ensuing adult ticks were then fed on laboratory rabbits for a period of 4 days to allow salivary gland maturation to occur (Morzaria et al. 1999; World Organisation for Animal Health 2008). The rabbits were euthanised with sodium pentobarbitone (Eutha-Naze®) and ticks were removed immediately with curved forceps, taking care not to put pressure on the anterior region of the attached ticks. These ticks were placed in a tick-proof ventilated container and, within 4 hours, individually embedded with the scutum facing up in a Petri dish containing paraffin wax. Ticks, 100 of R. evertsi evertsi and 150 of R. appendiculatus, of equal numbers of male and female ticks, were then dissected in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) by using a standard stereomicroscope. Salivary glands were removed and transferred to a glass microscope slide to dry. The slides were then processed by staining with methyl-green and pyronin (Walker et al. 1979) and examined for Theileria spp. infected salivary acini with a standard light microscope. A representative sample of about 50 ticks for each species was dissected, the salivary glands removed and suspended in 2 mL vials containing an isotonic saline solution for PCR detection of Theileria sp. (sable) and possible other protozoal organisms. A screening profile of a wide range of vector-borne haemoparasites including Theileria spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., and others (Table 1) was applied to these samples using the RLB method. Field ticks Approximately 160 adult R. appendiculatus ticks collected by hand from grass stalks during the February from various roan-grazing camps on the farm, were allowed to feed on rabbits for 4 days and were included as a separate sample. These camps experienced mortalities as a result of theileriosis about 6 months earlier, 2 months into the roan-calving season. A total of 100 ticks were dissected and stained as above. Additional salivary glands from 30 ticks were submitted for PCR. Results Monitoring of Theileria infection Tick infestation Larval infestation occurred only after about 2 days and adult infestation 5 days after introduction of the roan into the camp. This was marked by increased scratching activity, especially of the ears. The adult stage of R. evertsi evertsi feeding in perianal and inguinal regions was first noted. Their numbers never increased to more than 20 per animal. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi immatures (larvae and nymphae) were present in low numbers in the outer ear canal. Secondly, R. appendiculatus adults started feeding around the same time but occupied other regions involving the head, neck and outer surface of the ear pinna. Their numbers were higher than R. evertsi evertsi, ranging from approximately 40 to 80 at a time per animal. Immatures were also present in low numbers on the inner peripheral area of the ear pinna. Occasionally other tick species could be found, either singly or in very low numbers of less than five. These included Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species around the neck and shoulder, and Amblyomma hebraeum in the inguinal and perianal region. Rectal temperature Rectal temperatures recorded in the afternoons were found on average to be higher than morning temperatures and as such were not considered. Morning rectal temperatures were indicative of a true pyrexia (Figures 2–5). The earliest pyrexic reaction (higher or equal to 40 °C) was observed in Animal 218 at 34 days post-release into the infected camp. The days to first pyrexia for the other animals were as follows: Animal 210 on day 36, Animal 222 on day 37, and Animal 242 on day 39. The fever reactions in the animals had specific temporal relationships with blood smear and lymph node size changes (Figures 2–5). Rectal temperatures remained high for a day or two after anti-theilerial therapy. HabitusDuring the first 2 weeks of exposure the animals showed slight tick worry but soon became habituated. All animals were feeding well and continuously scored 4 until the day of pyrexia. Although still drinking milk, enthusiasm decreased and all animals lost their appetite within 24 hours after the first pyrexia. All scored around 1 to 2 at this stage. The duration of poor habitus was longer for Animals 222 and 242 and continued whilst their rectal temperatures remained high. Within 24 h after the rectal temperatures dropped to within the normal range, habitus steadily improved over 3 days. Grazing activity was poor for all animals during the first 10 days after treatment for theileriosis. Approximately 2 weeks after treatment for theileriosis, all animals showed a marked loss in body condition, which relates to poor habitus during recovery from the infection. Peripheral lymph node palpation The superficial cervical lymph node (SLn) was the easiest to palpate and score. A gradual increase in size of all four animals' SLn could be detected, scoring around 2 from 2 weeks after field introduction. Five days prior to the first animal (218) showing pyrexia, the anorectal lymph nodes (ALn), bilateral to the tail base, were visibly enlarged (score 4), (Figure 1a). At the time of first pyrexia, a marked general enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes could be detected, scoring between 3 and 4 (Figure 1b). This temporal pattern was the same for all four animals. Within 7 days after treatment for theileriosis, the lymph node size decreased considerably and reverted to a score of 2, with the anorectal nodes becoming visibly and palpably undetectable 10 days after treatment. Lymph node aspiration At introduction of the roan to tick-infested veld, lymph node aspirates showed predominantly small lymphocytes, with few blast-transformed lymphocytes and an occasional macrophage. At first enlargement of the SLn. (score 2) there was an increase in the blast-transformed lymphocyte complement and also occasional eosinophils. This finding continued until the first anorectal lymph node impression smear was performed in reaction to marked enlargement (score 4 on Animal 218, 5 days prior to pyrexia). At this stage, no equivalent enlargement could be detected in the SLn's or in any other lympho-centres. Initially, on cytology of ALn aspiration, blast-transformed lymphocytes predominated, some of which were atypical and appeared neoplastic. The cytological features in these cells were large, round to ovoid, often indented to bean-shaped nuclei, containing one or two large nucleoli and increased amounts of amorphous basophilic cytoplasm. Regular mitotic figures also featured. It sometimes proved difficult to differentiate between these 'neoplastic' lymphoblasts and immature monocytes. No typical theilerial schizonts (Koch's bodies) could be detected at this stage on the ALn impression smears. At the time of pyrexia, all peripheral lymph nodes scored 4 and impression smears showed marked lymphocytic blast transformation, in addition to cytoplasmic protozoal inclusion bodies characteristic of theilerial schizonts. Within 1 week of treatment for theileriosis, the impression smears were characterised by decreased lymphoblast numbers, large numbers of pyknotic and karyorrhexic lymphocytes and nuclear debris in the background. Theilerial schizonts were difficult to find from 72 h post-buparvaquone therapy and when present, showed marked pyknosis. Similar lymph node changes and cytological findings could be demonstrated in the other animals at the time of their respective reactions. Peripheral blood smears In comparison to blood smears performed prior to field exposure, peripheral smears showed increased numbers of eosinophils from about 1 week into the trial that coincided with slight lymph node enlargement (score 2). From 3–5 days prior to pyrexia, a progressive atypical lymphoblastosis could be detected. This change continued, with the first cytoplasmic theilerial schizonts demonstrable in lymphoblasts 24 hours prior to the first fever reaction. The first intra-erythrocytic theilerial piroplasms could be seen from the day of fever, with numbers increasing as the disease progressed. As a result of antitheilerial therapy at the time of pyrexia, the numbers of theilerial schizonts and piroplasms decreased over the following 4–6 days until only the occasional piroplasm could be detected. Examination for other microscopically detectable haemoparasites was negative. Mucous membrane examination The mucous membrane colour was pink at the start of the trial and remained so until around 5 days after the first fever reaction. The mucous membrane colour at this stage varied from pale pink at first, progressively turning pale yellow around 2 days later. Animal 242 showed more intensely pale yellow mucous membranes in comparison to the others. The normal pink mucous membrane colour returned within 2 weeks after treatment. Blood samples for polymerase chain reaction detection of Theileria sp. (sable) Polymerase chain reaction results showed that all four animals were negative prior to field exposure. They became positive for Theileria sp. (sable), coinciding with the first fever reaction and remained as such 6 weeks later. Treatment of clinical theileriosis Animals responded well to treatment with buparvaquone with clinical parameters improving and returning to normal within the expected time range for each (see above). Animals 222 and 242, which received delayed treatments, 2 and 3 days respectively after the first pyrexia, required a second injection of buparvaquone because their rectal temperatures remained high for longer than 48 hours post-treatment. The other two animals showed a significant drop in rectal temperature within 48 hours, and did not require a second injection of buparvaquone. Tick feeding on Theileria sp. (sable) carrier animals Tick yields from individual animals varied considerably depending on the species. From a total of 2000 R. evertsi evertsi larvae applied to ear-bags in two animals, only about 380 viable engorged nymphae could be recovered. In comparison, the number of R. appendiculatus nymphs, which dropped engorged, was about 590 in total (Figures 6a and 6b). Salivary gland investigation of prefed ticks Feeding ticks on rabbits was very successful, with more than 90% of placed ticks attaching after 12 hours, which resulted in high recovery rates of ticks after 4 days of feeding. Methyl-green and pyronin tick salivary gland staining was typical, as described by Walker et al. (1979), (Figure 7). The quantitative results are illustrated (Table 2). The PCR (RLB) results for 50 dissected salivary glands from R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus were positive for Theileria sp. (sable) in both species. Field ticks The infection rate in adult R. appendiculatus collected from grass, is shown (Table 3). Discussion There has been no attempt made previously to identify the vector of theileriosis in roan, but field observations that outbreaks usually coincided with heavy infestations with R. appendiculatus, led to the assumption that this species was a potential vector. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi has been viewed as an apparently incidental parasite, but was included in this investigation as it is known to transmit other Theileria sp. In ticks fed experimentally on carrier animals, no statistically significant difference in infection rate per infected tick or the number of ticks infected with Theileria sp. (sable) could be demonstrated between R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus. From these and PCR findings, it can be concluded that both species become infected with Theileria sp. (sable) and are potential vectors. Primary anorectal hyperplastic or 'neoplastic' lymphadenomegaly was a very important finding in support of identifying the main vector for theileriosis in roan exposed to natural tick infection. It is well known from theilerial kinetic studies, that the local draining lymph node(s) is the first to enlarge during the initial stages of theileriosis in cattle (Morrison et al. 1981).The drainage area for the anorectal lymph node includes the perianal region and tail. The only ticks feeding at this site at the time of lymphoid proliferation were R. evertsi evertsi adults, suggesting that R. evertsi evertsi was more likely to be the transmitting vector than R. appendiculatus in these cases. This, however, does not exclude R. appendiculatus as a vector, as PCR results on dissected salivary glands showed that it was also infected with Theileria sp. (sable). As a consequence of the need for chemical restraint to perform lymph node aspirates, daily lymph node aspiration to determine the temporal relationship of primary nodal (ln. anorectales) theilerial schizont appearance, versus the first appearance in other lymph nodes and the peripheral blood, was not possible. During tick salivary gland dissections, one field-collected R. appendiculatus tick exhibited a very high infection with Theileria. This infection could not be confirmed to be Theileria sp. (sable), and comment on its significance would be speculative. If it is assumed that this infection was Theileria sp. (sable), it would indicate that R. appendiculatus ticks are capable of acquiring heavy infection rates, supporting its role as a vector significantly. Tick yields from ears were very low for R. evertsi evertsi in comparison with R. appendiculatus. This could be ascribed to prolonged housing in ear-bags and exposure to host-inflicted trauma from head-shaking and scratching. Based on the rectal temperature results, it would be difficult at this stage to be sure about the incubation period of theileriosis in roan, as it was not possible to determine the day of infection by infected ticks under field conditions. At best, one can state that it appears to be less than 33 days (earliest temperature reaction) in most cases. An infection trial, possibly with an infected tick-derived stabilate or known infected live ticks, would be necessary to settle this issue. The use of buparvaquone as anti-theilerial chemotherapy is highly effective against theileriosis in roan antelope, but the staggered delay in treatment in relation to the first day of pyrexia resulted in Animals 222 and 242 (treatment delay of 2 and 3 days respectively) requiring a second injection of buparvaquone. This finding revealed the importance of administering buparvaquone as close as possible to the initial fever reaction. A delay of anti-theilerial therapy may result in more serious complications and death, even if treated with a very effective anti-theilerial drug such as buparvaquone. No animal in this trial needed supportive therapy for opportunistic infections such as pneumonia that is known to be a complication in cattle recovering from East Coast fever (Muraguri, Kiara & McHardy 1999; Wagner et al. 1975). During the first 2 weeks of field tick exposure, a small increase in size of superficial cervical lymph nodes could be palpated and peripheral blood smear eosinophilia was detected.These changes were ascribed to expected hyperplasia [see SLn fine-needle aspiration (FNA) impressions smears] and inflammation as a result of ectoparasitic (mainly ticks) dermatitis. Post-pyrexic changes in the mucous membrane colour of the animals were indicative of anaemia: (pale pink), later becoming complicated by icterus (pale yellow). These changes are consistent with signs occasionally observed in cattle suffering from East Coast fever (Theileria parva), (Lawrence, De Vos & Irvin 1994), or Theileria annulata infection (Pipano & Shkap 2004). Loss of body condition during the post-therapeutic recovery phase was mostly likely a consequence of less time spent grazing with more time spent lying down and resting, although the animal would still drink milk reluctantly. Anaemia and systemic inflammation also accounted for additional nutritional demands on the animal. It was the first time that theileriosis, which has been well studied in cattle, has been followed clinically in detail under field conditions in a wild antelope species. Previously, limited observations were recorded with experimental and natural Theileria taurotragi infection in eland antelope (Grootenhuis et al. 1980). Careful monitoring of various clinical parameters revealed many similarities in the clinical development and progression of theileriosis (especially East Coast fever) in cattle and in roan antelope. 1List of haemoparasites screened for by polymerase chain reaction, reverse line blot method. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/387 2Infection rate with Theileria in ticks recovered from carrier roan. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/388 3Methyl-green and pyronin tick salivary gland staining and polymerase chain reaction. Infection rate in adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks collected from grass. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/389 1Marked (a) anorectal and (b) superficial cervical lymphadenomegaly. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/380 2Animal 218: Blood smear findings, lymph node findings and day of treatment in relation to rectal temperature over time. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/381 3Animal 210: Blood smear findings, lymph node findings and day of treatment in relation to rectal temperature over time. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/382 4Animal 222: Blood smear findings, lymph node findings and day of treatment in relation to rectal temperature over time. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/383 5Animal 242: Blood smear findings, lymph node findings and day of treatment in relation to rectal temperature over time. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/384 6(a) Calico cloth ear-bags protecting Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphae feeding on a roan antelope calf and (b) Engorged Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphae ready to be collected. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/385 7 Methyl-green and pyronin stain. http://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/downloadSuppFile/367/386 ConclusionClinical theileriosis in roan antelope responds favourably to buparvaquone treatment, provided that it is administered as close as possible to the primary pyrexic phase. For more exact pathogenesis studies, parasite transmission and disease monitoring will have to be repeated in a controlled environment with known infection times and dose rates. Valuable information gathered during field tick exposure demonstrated that R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus are two potential vectors of theileriosis in roan antelope. To determine the role of both species in the epidemiology of theileriosis outbreaks in roan, tick infection and transmission trials that involve carrier versus piroplasmaemic hosts should be compared separately for both tick species. Acknowledgements Our sincere appreciation for the financial, infrastructural, and personnel support provided by Mr J. Hume, owner of Mauricedale Game Ranch. A special acknowledgement of gratitude to Mrs Anita York, without whose dedication and love for these animals this project may never have reached its full potential. Polymerase chain reaction tests were performed by the molecular laboratory in the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria. The research team also acknowledges the significant funding contribution from The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa through the Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP). Competing interests The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this paper. Authors' contributions L.P. (University of Pretoria) was the project leader. J.C.A.S. (University of Pretoria) and J.A.L. (University of Pretoria) were responsible for the experimental and project design. J.C.A.S. (University of Pretoria) performed all the experiments. W.H.S. (University of Pretoria) made conceptual contributions. J.C.A.S. (University of Pretoria) wrote the manuscript and J.A.L. (University of Pretoria) edited the language and grammar. Blood sample testing was performed by the molecular biology laboratory in the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria. 1.GrootenhuisJ.GMorrisonW.IKarstadLSayerP.DYoungA.SMurrayMet al.1980Fatal theileriosis in eland (Taurotragus oryx): Pathology of natural and experimental casesResearch in Veterinary Science2921922971933402.HeyneHElliottE.G.RBezuidenhoutJ.D1987Rearing and infection techniques for Amblyomma species to be used in heartwater transmission experimentsOnderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research5446147134485763.LawrenceJ.ADe VosA.JIrvinA.D1994East Coast feverJ.A.W. Coetzer, G.R. Thomson & R.C. TustinInfectious diseases of livestock with special reference to Southern Africa, pp. 309–325, Oxord University Press, Cape Town4.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(81)90080-15.MorzariaS.PSpoonerPBishopRMwauraS1999The preparation of a composite stabilate for the immunisation against East Coast feverS. Morzaria & S. Williamson Proceedings of an FAO/ ILRI/OAU-IBAR workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 10–12 March 1997, pp. 56–616.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00154-57.NeitzW.O1957Theileriosis, gonderiosis and cytauxzoonosesOnderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research272754298.http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.12.5907-5911.2005163330749.NorvalR.A.IPerryB.DYoungA.S1992The epidemiology of theileriosis in AfricaAcademic Press, London10.PipanoEShkapV2004Theileria annulata theileriosisOxford University Press, Oxford11.ShawM.K2002Theileria development and host cell invasionD.A.E. Dobbelaere & D.J. MckeeverWorld class parasites: Theileria, pp. 1–22, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts, USA12.StoltszW.HDunstervilleM.T1992In vitro establishment and cultivation of a Cytauxzoon sp. (Theileria sp.) from a Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger, Harris 1838)Journal of the South African Veterinary Association6318213.ToddJ.LWolbachS.B1912Parasitic protozoa from the GambiaJournal of Medical Research261952181997205114.WagnerG.GJessettD.MBrownC.G.DRadleyD.E1975Diminished antibody response to rinderpest vaccination in cattle undergoing experimental East Coast feverResearch in Veterinary Science1929021115.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0223776016.World Organisation for Animal Health2008'Theileriosis', in Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals6th edn., 2.4.16, pp. 789–804, viewed 23 June 2011, from http://www.oie.int/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/17.WilsonD.EBartschR.CBigalkeR.DThomasS.E1974Observations on mortality rates and disease in roan and sable antelope on Nature Reserves in the TransvaalSouthern African Wildlife Management Association Journal 4203206


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What Causes Allergic Rhinitis?
Runny nose, itchy eyes, sneezing that won't stop . . . Do you suffer with allergies that either come on seasonally or plague you year-round? You're not alone in your misery. Many people experience allergic reactions to their environments — from mildly annoying nasal congestion to full-blown inflammation that affects their ability to function.
Seasonal allergens primarily include pollen from trees, weeds, and grasses, while year-round allergens include dust mites, mold, and other allergens found in the home or workplace. Pets are also a pretty common cause of year-round allergic rhinitis. Of course, some people are affected by both seasonal and year-round allergens, so they should consider that possibility when searching for causes of allergic rhinitis.
Seasonal allergens
The presence of pollen from trees, weeds, and grasses varies both seasonally and geographically. Unfortunately, you can't simply move and get away from all allergens, because virtually every place on earth contains some form of common allergen; for example, ragweed is found in all 50 states of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii.
Year-round allergens
Year-round allergens can be difficult to determine and even harder to avoid. The most common indoor source of problems is dust mites. They feed on organic matter, such as dead skin cells from both humans and pets. They're commonly found in carpets, bedding, curtains, upholstered furniture, and stuffed toys around the house.
Pet dander is also a common cause of year-round symptoms, although it may be a source of only intermittent symptoms if you're exposed to an animal that you're not usually around.
Cockroach infestation is a very common source of allergens, leading to both asthma symptoms and allergic rhinitis.
Mold in the house, which may not even be apparent to the eye, can cause symptoms and should be searched for and remediated if found.

subset: commoncrawl


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Zhang Xiao, a contemporary, ethnically Han Chinese young woman from the 21st century, accidentally travels back in time to the Qing Dynasty period during the reign of Kangxi Emperor after experiencing a deadly combination of traffic collision and electrocution, resulting her somehow reliving the life of one of her previous incarnations and forcing her to assumes the identity belongs to her past avatar: Maertai Rexi, teenage daughter of a Manchu nobleman, who also had a near-fatal incident in her own time which Zhang awakes from.
Being stranded in the past, in the body of a centuries earlier incarnation of herself, and believe by many of Maertai's family and friends that the sudden change of her behavior and memory loss is resulted of her head injury, Zhang Xiao awares that there will be a dangerous power struggle known to history between the scheming princes for the throne, which will results Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen to succeed as the Yongzheng Emperor after his father's death. Zhang Xiao tries to change the future outcomes for the better, hoping to prevents any casualty as written in the future without interfering a man's destiny, while trying to find a way to return to her time period. However, Zhang ultimately realizes that, not only she fails to alter the course of the approaching events, but also, under a predestination paradox, she is fated to become an instigator of the tragedy she tries to prevent resulted by her actions in the past and the princess' romantic affections towards her.
TIP2: How well does your browser support HTML5?
TIP3: Try ctrl+F5 refresh your browser if you see "Video not found".
September 21, 2011


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Drink and Be Merry Coaster Set - C1835
Drink and Be Merry Coaster Set - C1835
Our coasters are made out of absorbent tile and have a full corked back to protect your furniture. They measure 4" x 4" and are 1/4" thick. They come in sets of 4 coasters of the same design and personalization and include an attractive wood coaster caddy. They are a great way to add a fun andpersonalized touch to your home or to give as a gift. Please note: when adding these to your cart, a quantity of 1 is referring to a 4 coaster set. You will be prompted to enter your personalization once you click "add to cart".
Due to the custom nature of our products, we do not offer refunds or returns for incorrect information that you provide to us. It is very important that you review the text you have entered. Please check for spelling or typographical errors, including punctuation and capitalization. Your satisfaction is very important to us, and we will create your sign exactly as entered.


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The simple tasks HAL does for us in the X server is:
- List all input devices (the equivalent to the InputDevice sections in the xorg.conf).
- Nominate the appropriate driver for each input device (the equivalent to the Driver "..." line in each InputDevice section).
- Provide user-configured extra options such as the keyboard layout (the equivalent to the Option "Foo" "bar" lines).
Note that 2 and 3 are a result of your local configuration files and not some random guesses.
So whenever it's unclear if a problem is in fact caused by HAL ask yourself: if you had a xorg.conf, could this problem be fixed by editing it? If not, then you need to report the bug against the input driver or the X server. Here's Fedora's rough checklist for reporting input bugs.
That HAL is being replaced by libudev is a completely different issue as well.
libudev, not DeviceKit.


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My internet connection has been spotty all week. Combine that with Nick's triumphant return, the Chocolate & Zucchini 5th anniversary party, and what promises to be the costume party of the year tonight, a week has flown by without me being able to post a single thing. Oh, yeah, and I was working, too. So I apologize again for the paucity of recent posts.
However, it's my naptime (Saturdays are particularly brutal – my alarm goes off at 3:00 am), so I will leave you with this photo of a fig-reine claude plum clafoutis that I made a few weeks ago, and hope that I will be able to get some food blogging done in the coming week!


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This whole "Urban Lumberjack/Heritage" trend can get a bit bulky and unflattering, don't you think?
With all the layers of flannels and thermals and buffalo plaids even a skinny guy can look overstuffed – or overfed.
Leave it to an Italian, such as the gentleman above, to find a way to slim down the look and make it a flattering one. The trick is the slim cut KNIT(!) peacoat. A popped collar doesn't hurt, either.


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Forest Hill Group Practice, 1 Forest Hill Road, Honor Oak, Dulwich, London, SE22 0SQ Tel: 020 8299 1234
Opening Times | Appointments | Contact Us
We are pleased to say that we currently have a core of approximately 10 - 15 patients who have expressed an interest in being members of the group and are regular attendees at the meetings. This is supplemented by 4 non patient members who are the Practice Development Manager, the Practice Manager, GP and Admin lead.
"To work with their practice to provide practical support, to help patients take more responsibility for their own health and to provide strategic input and advice. PPGs are based on cooperation between the practice staff and patients".
This allows up to date information to be given to patients and will inform what decisions can be influenced and what cannot. It will also allow the practice staff to gain an understanding from the patient's perspective. It may also be useful for the chair to have meetings with the Practice Manager on a regular basis or attend management meetings of the practice. This ensures that two way communications are achieved.
A common criticism of many PPGs is that they are not representative of the practice population. It is always going to be difficult to get a group that exactly reflects the demographics of our practice, and volunteer roles tend to attract those that have a certain level of confidence and free time, and have flexibility about working and earning money. However, a PPG is there to make sure that the patient voice is listened to and not necessarily always to be the voice itself. Therefore if you wish to volunteer please contact the General Manager of complete one of the forms in reception.
Download ground rules document
These are important as a point of reference for behaviour for when the group meets, and were agreed at the first couple of meetings. We agreed that the group should not be a forum for pursuing individual personal complaints or agendas, that patient confidentiality is of the utmost importance and that everyone on the PPG should be treated fairly, equally and with respect.
We aim to make the group as transparent as possible. We will publish minutes of every meeting on this website. At the members' request their names have been removed and replaced with their initials but other than that the minutes are a true and accurate reflection of what was discussed and agreed.


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The Great Stock Scam
This is the twenty-third of a series of blogs based on excerpts adapted from the 2nd edition of Agenda for a New Economy: From Phantom Wealth to Real Wealth. I wrote Agenda to spur a national conversation on economic policy issues and options that are otherwise largely ignored. This blog series is intended to contribute to that conversation. —DK
We think of stock sales as ways for households to invest and for corporations to raise capital. But if you dig into the numbers, something very different is going on.
In 1999, according to corporate-ethics guru Marjorie Kelly in The Divine Right of Capital, the public sale of newly issued corporate common stock netted $106 billion—in other words, less than 1 percent of the $20.4 trillion in corporate shares traded in that year went to the corporations that issued them.
Even more surprising, Federal Reserve data reveal that from 1981 to 2000, the overall net flow of money to corporations from stock sales was a negative $540 billion, meaning that corporations spent more money from their treasuries to buy back their own shares than they raised by selling new shares.
One might wonder why corporate management would use company money to buy back its own shares, rather than use it either to pay dividends to their shareholders or to invest in new productive capacity.
One effect of such purchases is to inflate the price of the stock, which defenders of the practice argue serves shareholder interests. Another answer is offered by the independent market observer and author Thornton Parker. Using Federal Reserve statistics, Parker found that from 1982 to 2008, the largest net sellers of corporate stocks weren't corporations, but households—to the tune more than $5 trillion. Corporations during this same period were net buyers by $737 billion.
At first blush, this makes no sense. The presumed function of share markets is to facilitate the purchase of corporate shares by households in order to raise money for productive corporate investments. Corporations should be net sellers and households should be net buyers.
Parker provides a telling explanation of why the reality doesn't match up. When corporate executives sell the shares they receive as part of their compensation packages, the proceeds go to them, not to the corporation, and therefore count as household sales. The data thus suggest that since the 1980s, the function of the public share markets has not been to fund productive investment. Rather it is to build the financial assets of corporate executives who took a major portion of their compensation in newly issued shares.
So much for the claims of politicians and pundits shilling for Wall Street that tax breaks for the wealthy will translate into investments that create good jobs. Most Wall Street players are interested in only one job: their own.
But What About My 401(k)?
Credit cards, mortgages, insurance, retirement: How to fulfill our basic financial needs (and find real security) without Wall Street.
Ownership should be in the hands of people who have a stake in the long-term health of the enterprise and the community and ecosystem in which it is located. Rather than turn our retirement savings over to Wall Street con artists, we will do much better as individuals and as a society to favor direct, long-term investments by individuals in companies of which they have personal knowledge. An owner who needs to cash out his or her shares can sell them to another owner, a new stakeholder, or even the company itself in a private transaction.
Wall Street operates a sophisticated con game that leaves us dependent on a series of scams that it presents to us as financial services essential to our well-being. By pushing down wages relative to the cost of living, Wall Street makes us ever more dependent on consumer credit and borrowing against our home equity. The greater our desperation, the higher it pushes fees and interest rates. It collects our insurance premiums in return for promises of payment in the event of a personal disaster—a promise that it has no intention of keeping if it can wiggle out on a technicality.
It entices us to put our savings in the care of professionally managed phantom-wealth funds with fantasies of a luxurious twenty- to thirty-year work-free vacation at the end of our lives that would place an impossible burden on the working population. It would have us believe that when we buy shares of stock on Wall Street exchanges we are providing investment funds for companies to expand productive output, when in fact we are mostly converting our personal financial assets to the personal financial assets of Wall Street privateers.
Daily expenditures should be covered by living family wages. Insurance is best provided by nonprofit insurance pools managed for the benefit of their participants. Old-age security depends on an intergenerational contract. Savings should flow to real investment in real productive enterprises and infrastructure.
The leadership for change will not come from within the Wall Street-Washington axis. It must come from a powerful citizen movement that reframes the public debate and creates a political force that official office holders cannot ignore.
[Next: Mapping Uncharted Economic Waters]
The best current models for changing who owns, controls, and benefits from business.
It's time we the people declare our independence from the money-favoring Wall Street economy.
- Agenda for a New Economy available from the YES! Magazine web store.


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This is a deeply interesting book. It is both a meditation upon — and a survey of — all that we know about the similarities and differences between the populations of humans that developed their cultures and societies in isolation from each other in the "Old" and "New" worlds.
Soon after humans migrated across the "Bering land bridge" into North America, that overland route was cut off by rising sea levels. And so the populations of North and South America were cut off from those of Europe, Asia and Africa for some 15,000 years (until the Spanish "discovered" the Americas). In this impressive book, Peter Watson takes the time to cast a clear eye on the ways in which the different conditions in the two worlds influenced the development of human civilizations, and the differences are dramatic.
Some of this ground has been covered by other authors, to be sure, but the value of this book lies in the synthesis of recorded history with the latest discoveries (which have been numerous, especially regarding ancient cultures such as the Incas). In short — the Old and New worlds were very different. The "old" had a broad east-west configuration, allowing the rapid spread of peoples, technologies, crops and ideas. They also had the horse, and a wide range of useful domseticable animals. The "new" world ran north and south, with a wide range of elevations, from mountains to ocean beaches, across a broad range of latitude. Domesticated plants, therefore, were limited in their range. They also had the llama as their only work animal — no ox or horse to pull a plow or to ride from village to village.
But added into this mix is the remarkable fact that some 80 percent of the worlds hallucinogenic plants occur in the new world. In addition, South America, especially, was subject to much more extreme weather and geologic events during this historic period: hurricanes, El Nino events, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Put this all together and you have one world where the gods seemed to be perpetually angry, and another where they were somewhat benign. The ramifications for ritual and society were dramatic.
I won't spoil the end of the story, but it gives one a truly useful perspective on how human society has developed into the teeming, technologically astute and religious confederation we experience today.
This is a dense book — it took me some time to read it. But it was worth the time for the knowledge it gave me.
t.n.s.r. bob


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©2019 Footwear etc.. All Rights Reserved. For any questions or assistance call 1-800-720-0572.


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Todd Rogers
|Assistant Coach
A local product out of San Marcos High School in Santa Barbara, Todd Rogers begins his fifth year with the Gauchos. Rogers played for UCSB from 1993-96. He holds the UCSB career mark for digs with 783 and is second on the season-best list with 246. Rogers also ranks second all-time in assists (4,831), ninth in total blocks (270) and eighth in block assists (222). Rogers was rewarded for his outstanding play when he was named an All-American in 1995 and 1996.
After leaving UCSB, Rogers joined the AVP Tour from 1997-99. In 1999, Rogers finished the season ranked eighth individually. Rogers has also served as the Boys' Club volleyball director in Santa Barbara. Rogers' hobbies include reading science fiction, surfing and spending time with his daughter Hannah, son Nate and wife Melissa.


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We the undersigned demand that any remaining animals that are still in the care of the NWO Underdog rescue formerly based in Toledo Ohio and now based in Wood County Ohio are removed pending further investigation on the owner of the Rescue - K Sutter.
There are deep concerns for the animals left in her care, due to the recent discovery of animal remains in the yard of her former home in Toledo Ohio.
Please take action.
Orange for Animal Cruelty Awareness
This petition closed over 5 years ago
where do i start?
I am heartbroken and truly saddened about the discovery of Bones the NYC dog and Sasha the Malamute's bodies being found buried in the old Toledo home base of NWO Underdog Rescue.
where do i start?
I am heartbroken and truly saddened about the discovery of Bones the NYC dog and Sasha the Malamute's bodies being found buried in the old Toledo home base of NWO Underdog Rescue.
There are apparently other animals buried there.
Who killed and buried these poor dogs?
WHY were they killed?
Autopsies showed that :
BONES was found to have died from malnutrition.
Sasha had wounds - gun shot - to her neck.
Was K Sutter directly involved in the death of Bones and Sasha?
She does have information that she needs to share publically.
This makes me violently ill as KJ as i knew her- the owner of NWO Underdog Rescue was my fb friend, and she to this day still has our rescue pages dog SMOKEY in her care at the new rescue premises in Wood County.
I am so worried for SMOKEY and the other animals left in her care at a new address in Wood County Ohio.
We would like to see Justice for these animals, who should never have died.
I SAY THIS TO KATHY... please do not let any harm come to anymore animals..especially SMOKEY!
Smokey's story -
Smokey was an abused dog, who we saved from deathrow a few years ago - 2010.
Smokey was saved and taken to the wonderful TARA'S BABIES in Arizona..it was a wonderful time!
Then, sadly Tara's had to close, and Smokey was again looking for a new home in 2011.
This is where NWO Underdog Rescue comes in to the picture in late 2011.
K Sutter said she would take him to her rescue and plans were made.
He arrived safely to Ohio in late 2011 and began his life at NWO Underdog Rescue.
As at October 2013 SMOKEY has been with her rescue for about 16 months now.
Here is his page.
SMOKEY was an abused dog.
Back in 2010 he suffered at the hands of his owners, who beat him and run him over...then left him to die in a ditch.
They then dumped him at the shelter and stated said he was a vicious dog.
Smokey was then placed on deathrow.
Through his fb page we saved him, and we were lucky enough to get him a home at TARA'S BABIES in Arizona.
It was the happiest time for us all.
Smokey was safe at Tara's Babies and had a great new home.
Tara's Babies sadly had to close down so Smokey once again needed to be rehomed.
That's where KJ of NWO Underdog Rescue stepped up and stated she could give him a home back in Toledo Ohio.
SMOKEY then was given a home at her rescue, and is living there safely and happily so we are led to believe.
ALL WE WANT IS CONFIRMATION THAT SMOKEY IS SAFE .. the recent news about BONES the dog and Sasha the Malamute's bodies being exhumed from the old premises in Toledo upsets us greatly. Thankyou.
HERE ARE THE RECENT NEWS STORIES ABOUT THE FINDING OF BONES.. may he and Sasha and omg..countless others all rest in peace.
I WOW TO FIGHT FOR JUSTICE FOR YOU ALL. Jayne.
Links: http://www.northwestohio.com/news/story.aspx?id=953116#.Uko-PIakwy2


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Pipeline-Capacity Squeeze Reroutes Crude Oil
More U.S. oil is moving via truck, barge and train than at any point since 1981
More crude oil is moving around the U.S. on trucks, barges and trains than at any point since the government began keeping records in 1981, as the energy industry devises ways to get around a pipeline-capacity shortage to take petroleum from new wells to refineries.
The improvised approach is creating opportunities for transportation companies even as it strains roads and regulators. And it is a precursor to what may be a larger change: the construction of more than $40 billion in oil pipelines now under way or planned for...


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MILAN (Reuters) - Telecom Italia is mulling spinning off its mobile unit along with its fixed-line network to bring new investors on board, three people, including a senior political source, told Reuters on Tuesday.
"The three-way split would allow the company to reduce debt and staff costs and favor the entry of new investors," the political source said. "It is a strategy that will allow the company to confront the market in the future more freely."
Later on Tuesday, the Italian phone company denied a break-up was under consideration.
"Telecom Italia points out that speculations about a possible break-up are groundless," a spokesman for the company said in an emailed statement.
While plans to spin off the fixed-line network have been on the debt-laden company's management agenda for months, the idea of stripping out the mobile unit would be a new development.
A fourth source with direct knowledge of the situation said the idea of a break-up was not on the agenda of Telecom Italia's board meeting on Thursday.
Telecom Italia's board will be meeting to decide on hiving off its fixed-line network assets in a newly created company, paving the way for a possible sale of a stake in the new firm. The assets have an estimated value of 12 billion to 15 billion euros ($15.5 billion to $19.3 billion).
Telecom Italia is also assessing a possible tie-up with Hutchison Whampoa, which would see the Hong Kong-based group's local mobile unit 3 Italia merging with the Italian group's mobile unit.
The break-up plan would envisage that Telecom Italia retain control of the two spun-off entities and keep control of its Brazilian unit TIM, the sources said.
Additional reporting by Francesca Landini and Danilo Masoni; Editing by Dale Hudson


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oooo.... I may have to use that :)
Hey guys a buddy of mine and I have put together a car news site: www.carfeed.net
It basically aggregates car news, reviews and videos and brings them together in one place.
Please take a look and let me know what you think. Any feedback much appreciated.
Many thanks!
Awesome thanks buddy :-)
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Oceania Cruises' Riviera Breaks Godmother Traditionby Janice Wald Henderson | 03.05.12
Celeb chef Cat Cora's rocking this boat.
Oceania Cruises is putting its money where its mouth is. Or rather, where passengers' mouths are headed. Which, onboard the new 1,250-passenger Riviera, are toward a stellar chowfest on a foodie fantasy ship.
Oceania just revealed the vessel's godmother for the May 11, 2012 christening ceremony in Barcelona - and it's Cat Cora, a chef. That's right, no superstar singer like Mariah Carey, who did the honors for Disney's Fantasy last week. Not even some Tony-or-Oscar-winning actress. A chef. Actually, an Iron Chef.
Cat Cora made television history as the first – and only – female Iron Chef on Food Network's iconic Iron Chef America. This May, Cora's television star shines anew; she's co-hosting Bravo's new series Around the World in 80 Plates. (Actually, that sounds more like the title of a food-lover's diary on a world cruise.)
Cora also has her whisks in four restaurants, including Cat Cora's Kitchen, in San Francisco and Houston, with a third CCK location opening at Salt Lake City International Airport next month. And, like all celebrity chefs, she has penned best-selling cookbooks. And, of course, olive oils, vinegars, sauces, wine and cookware with her name on it abound. It's de rigueur for star chefs, these days.
So even if we can't all go to the no-holds-barred, invitation-only christening ceremony (for which they will be breaking a 15-liter Nebuchadnezzar of champagne, custom-made by Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin), we can watch Cora on television, dine in her restaurants and buy her wares.
I must add that Cora is committed to philanthropy – one more reason why Oceania Cruises selected her for this christening honor. She is the president and founder of Chefs for Humanity, an organization Cora began in response to the devastating tsunami that struck Indonesia in 2004. This organization is dedicated to reducing hunger worldwide by supporting humanitarian relief and promoting nutritional education.
Choosing a chef as godmother for this food-devoted vessel makes perfect sense. Riviera, the second new ship launched by Oceania Cruises in under 18 months, is a sister-ship to Marina. I've sailed Marina and it's a game-changer in the culinary world. Like the Marina, Riviera was built from the ground-up for epicureans. This upper-premium ship has 10 dining venues; six are gourmet.
I don't use the word "gourmet" loosely. The quality of ingredients - think Maine lobster, Vahrhona chocolate - excel. The bread alone – made from provincial French flour using exacting master baker techniques – is reason enough for a sail. And each restaurant has a singular identity. For instance, in Toscana, waiters bring carts filled with regional Italian olive oils and vinegars, which have their own menu.
The ship's Bon Appétit Culinary Center is a state-of-the-art hands-on cooking school led by expert chef instructors. That means they know not only how to cook, but more importantly, how to teach. You will learn critical technical skills and how to prepare recipes that work for the home cook.
After the Christening Cruise concludes in Venice, Riviera sets sail on May 16 on a 10-day maiden voyage from Venice to Athens.
I'm betting Riviera will be as popular as Marina, and a third ship of this class will soon make it a trio. Hmmm, time to sharpen my knives and second-guess whom the next chef godmother will be. Thoughts, anyone? (OceaniaCruises.com)


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Xplore Technologies Corp. (NASDAQ: XPLR), manufacturer of the world's broadest range of high-quality rugged tablet computers, today announced that it will release its financial results for its quarter ended June 30, 2015, on Thursday, August 13, 2015, at 4:00 p.m. ET. The company will conduct a conference call and webcast to review the results on Thursday, August 13, 2015, at 4:30 p.m. ET. Interested parties in the United States can access the call by dialing 877-269-7756, interested parties outside the United States can access the call by dialing 201-689-7817, or anyone can listen via a live Internet webcast at http://www.investorcalendar.com/IC/CEPage.asp?ID=174184. A replay of the conference call will be available until September 14, 2015 by calling 877-660-6853 from the United States or 201-612-7415 from outside the United States and entering conference ID number 13614404. About Xplore Technologies Established in 1996, Xplore Technologies Corp. is the number two provider of rugged tablet computers worldwide. With its recent acquisition of the Motion product line, the company now has the broadest range of purpose-built tablets for a variety of industries including energy, utilities, telecommunications, military operations, manufacturing, distribution, public services, public safety, healthcare, government and other areas with hazardous work conditions. The company's tablets are among the most powerful and longest lasting in their class - able to withstand nearly any hazardous condition or environmental extreme. Xplore's products are sold and serviced on a global basis across the Americas, Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia Pacific regions. For more information, visit the Xplore Technologies website at www.xploretech.com. Forward-Looking Statements This news release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, which may cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made. When used in this document, the words "may", "would", "could", "will", "intend", "plan", "anticipate", "believe", "estimate", "expect" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements reflect Xplore's current views with respect to future events and are subject to such risks and uncertainties. Many factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made including those factors detailed from time to time in filings made by Xplore with securities regulatory authorities. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described herein as intended, planned, anticipated or expected. Xplore does not intend and does not assume any obligation to update these forward-looking statements.
View source version on businesswire.com: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150715005909/en/


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Pre-show notes:
– Sharing this column earns you UPROXX Bucks, which you can exchange at our gift shop for prizes.
Note: UPROXX Bucks not accepted at any UPROXX website locations.
– Programming note: These notes are useless, right? I included one last week about how the NXT and Impact reports were taking a week off because of Yanks Thanks and on Thursday afternoon people were tweeting WHERE'S THE NXT REPORT at me. Unless you are some sort of amazing Buddha wrestling fan that reads up on NXT but skips Raw, you gotta read these things. This is important information.
– Goldust GIF via WrasslorMonkey at Punchsport. Yes, it's in there.
– Follow us on Twitter @withleather, follow me personally @MrBrandonStroud and like us on Facebook. (see, super important)
– You can find out about the movie me and Goldust made here and here. Post-production, baby! Also, follow that wrestling promotion I work for/am increasingly involved in helping run here. Our next show is in Austin on January 5. Book your flights immediately.
Please click through for the Best And Worst Of WWE Raw for December 2, 2013.
Worst: All Of Face CM Punk's Shirts Should Say MAD FOR NO REASON Across The Front In Big Letters
I think on Twitter I asked CM Punk to "stop being such a little butthole," but I think the problem goes deeper than that. Deeper than a butthole.


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In the 1970s, Irish women could not own their own home or even go to a pub. They could not sit on a jury or refuse to have sex with their husbands. We learned all this in Irish Central's charming post, "How things have changed – ten things that Irish women could not do in 1970s." And that made us wonder, what were things like for women in America before the '70s?
So while we still have a long way to go to secure total equality for women, let's take a moment to celebrate how far we've come. Before the 1970s, an American woman could not:
1. Keep her job if she was pregnant.
Until the Pregnancy Discrimination Act in 1978, women could be fired from their workplace for being pregnant.
2. Report cases of sexual harassment in the workplace.
The first time that a court recognized sexual harassment in the workplace was in 1977 and it wasn't until 1980 that sexual harassment was officially defined by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
3. Be acknowledged in the Boston Marathon.
Women could not don their running shoes until 1972!
4. Get a credit card.
Until the Equal Credit Opportunity Act in 1974, women were not able to apply for credit. In 1975, the first women's bank was opened.
5. Refuse to have sex with her husband.
The mid 70s saw most states recognize marital rape and in 1993 it became criminalized in all 50 states. Nevertheless, marital rape is still often treated differently to other forms of rape in some states even today.
6. Compete as a boxer in the Olympics.
It wasn't until the 2012 London Olympics that women could compete in boxing in the Olympics. This was marked with the amazing victory by Britain's Nicola Adams.
7. Get a divorce with some degree of ease.
Before the No Fault Divorce law in 1969, spouses had to show the faults of the other party, such as adultery, and could easily be overturned by recrimination.
8. Celebrate International Women's Day.
In 1980 President Carter declared one week in March to be National Women's History Week, including International Women's Day on March 8th.
9. Have a legal abortion in most states.
The Roe v. Wade case in 1973 protected a woman's right to abortion until viability.
10. Read Ms. Magazine!
Ms. was launched as a sample inset in New York Magazine in 1971.
Photo courtesy of thstrand via Creative Commons 2.0.


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Mount Vernon, Ga. – The 2011 Georgia Southwestern State University men's soccer season got off to an early and exciting start, literally. Sophomore forward Ryan Wakenigg scored his first career goal for the Hurricanes in the fifth minute of the match against Southeastern University of Florida.
The transfer from La Grange College scored on a solo effort down the right side of the field. He drove to just outside the box before drilling a right-footed shot across the box that rolled past the keeper's right.
The Southeastern Fire would answer in a matter of minutes when senior Justin Tait scored from the left side of box on an assist from fellow senior Knox Strawbridge.
The game's tied score would last throughout the majority of the game's first half. With two minutes left to play in the initial frame a Hurricane attack would prove successful. Freshman Joshua Manga gathered a pass at the edge of the box and dropped the ball back to senior Shane McKay who ripped a shot pass the Fire keeper to give GSW the 2-1 lead going into half.
The second half was a clean frame for both keepers as neither team's offense could finish a successful attack. Each keeper made only one save in the second half, which was enough to give Georgia Southwestern the 2-1 victory.
The Hurricanes will look to carry the momentum from Friday's win to Saturday's matchup against Johnson & Wales. Saturday's match is also a 3:00 start at Brewton Parker College in Mount Vernon.


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The Legacy of Cyrus the Great: Iran and Beyond
Saturday, April 2, 2013
Freer, Meyer Auditorium
Coinciding with the Sackler's exhibition of the Cyrus Cylinder, this public symposium examined the legacy of Cyrus the Great. Scholars and experts contextualized Cyrus's achievements and human rights legacy within the ancient world, the American Revolution, and the 21st century. Brief talks, a roundtable conversation, and audience discussion were featured throughout the day.
Supported through generous gifts from the Iran Heritage Foundation, Foundation for Iranian Studies and the Leon Levy Foundation.


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'X Factor' Boot Camp Recap: Contestants Pair Off + Sing the Same Song
On tonight's (Oct. 4) Boot Camp episode of 'X Factor,' the contestants were given their second task, which was to face off against one another on the same song. They were literally fighting for their lives.
Most of the pairings were complimentary. It made us wonder if the producers and judges were seeing who worked best together, with visions of One Direction Part II dancing in their heads.
Below is our breakdown of the key match ups and how the hopefuls fared once they went voice-to-voice.
Jennel Garcia vs. Tara Simon: They each sang Fleetwood Mac's 'Landslide, which Simon Cowell hated because it was too mellow and didn't represent them well.
Beatrice Miller vs. Carly Rose Sonenclar: The young girls sang Foster the People's 'Pumped Up Kicks.' They were good, but the judges feared their youth might work against them.
David Correy vs. Vino Alan: The heavily tattooed roommates sang Marvin Gaye's 'What's Going On' and they did it soulfully. We still love that Alan's name translates to "wine."
Diamond White vs. Dinah Jane Hansen: The ladies sang Kelly Clarkson's 'Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You),' taking the song down several notches and slowing it down and making it more mournful, to showcase the strength of their voices.
Willie Jones vs. Tate Stevens: The country contingent squared off on 'Nobody Knows.' Jones floundered, while Stevens controlled the song, which played to his strengths. Jones was crying after his audition, because he knew that he bombed.
Arin Ray vs. Normani Hamilton: They took 1D's upbeat gem 'What Makes You Beautiful' and slowed it down, turning it into a ballad. It was certainly different to hear the crazy catchy song delivered in this fashion. And their "are they or aren't they" vibe is adorbs!
Jillian Jensen vs. Latasha Robinson: Latasha doesn't play well with others and admitted that she doesn't like to work in a group. She said that she was confident enough to take out Jillian, who is a bit of a wallflower, despite being uber talented. She didn't get past the first verse before she broke down crying, forgetting the words. Jensen stepped up and owned Sugarland's 'Stay,' finishing the song.
Paige Thomas vs. CeCe Frey: The divas dueled again on OneRepublic's 'Secrets,' with Thomas not wanting to sing it and Frey saying she wants to succeed as much as she wants to breathe. Well, breathing is an involuntary bodily function, but we won't hold it against her. Both girls have pretty voices and we sense a feud simmering between these two.
The contestants will be narrowed down to 24 finalists next week, and we find out who is mentoring which team, which are broken down into age groups, as opposed to last years gender, age and multiples categories.
Our thoughts so far? It's too close to call right now. Any of the competitors on tonight's episode could go to the judge's homes for further competition or they could go to their own homes, with 'X Factor' dreams in the dust. Cowell and Co. have us on our toes!


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Charlie Langton
My road to FOX 2 just didn't happen overnight. It's actually taken quite a long time with lots of twists and turns, hard work and a little bit of luck.My real job is an attorney. I have been practicing law for nearly 25 years, have my own law firm, and have tried many cases in multiple areas of law. Some people might call me an ambulance chaser, as I handle a lot of car accidents, workers' compensation cases, slips and falls and dog bites. Basically when somebody gets injured, that's when they call me. I have also represented many criminal cases and actually find the criminal cases to be more interesting than the civil cases. Criminals just have so many more stories to tell.The law has always been a part of my family. My father was an attorney until his retirement about 15 years ago. I remember, as a little kid, watching him spread out an entire file after dinner, going over the legal issues or arguing with him about the facts of the case. Obviously, joining the debate team at Notre Dame High School seemed to be a natural for me. It wasn't until college that I slightly changed my interests.I was a theater major at Kalamazoo College. I won the Best Supporting Actor award for my role as the dirty old man in William Inge's play, "Picnic." It obviously took a lot of hard work to portray that role.After graduating from the Detroit College of Law, I wanted to combine my legal training with my performing interests. When I was asked to host the Macomb County Bar Association's cable television program, I knew I was up to the challenge. I had the opportunity to get one-on-one interviews with people like Rosa Parks, Johnnie Cochran, Charlton Heston, and even Barney the Dinosaur. I wanted to make broadcasting more than just a hobby. So, after ten years of practicing law, I enrolled at Specs Howard School of Broadcast Arts.After graduating number one in my Specs class, I was offered a job at WYUR-AM 1310 hosting a political-legal talk show from noon to one, Monday through Friday. Although the ratings were pretty good, the station eventually folded. I then went to WXYT-AM 1270 where I hosted a talk show Monday through Friday from 9 to 11 at night. It was at that time I knew that a career in broadcasting was definitely in my blood.While I was on the radio, somebody at FOX 2 News heard me and thought I would make a good legal analyst. I eventually became a regular daily commentator during the Stephen Grant murder case in Macomb County. It was about that time that Kwame Kilpatrick's dirty deeds became public and I was called upon for legal commentating. I have to say that to some extent, I owe my television career to the former mayor of Detroit.I have enjoyed some success in broadcasting. I won four Emmys and three Wade McCree Jr. awards for excellence in legal journalism presented by the State Bar of Michigan. I have been honored by the Macomb County Bar Association for outstanding service and have been asked to speak at various legal and charitable events, as well as moderate numerous political debates.What you may not know about me is that I helped designed the Michigan quarter, am a big collector of Michigan art, a huge Beatles fan, attended the Detroit Tigers fantasy camp and can't get enough of chocolate milk shakes! I am also honored to serve as a trustee at the Michigan State University College of Law.I love being part of the FOX 2 team. The people here are professional and thoroughly entertaining, and I can't wait for my next assignment.Charlie handles many roles: FOX 2 legal analyst; a reporter; weekend morning anchor and also co-hosts "Let It Rip", "Let It Rip Weekend" and "Let it Rip On the Road."
The latest from Charlie Langton
Remembering 9/11 on 18th anniversary
Let it Rip on Sept. 11, 2019


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I don't understand what you mean but Labour and Tories having an interest in talking up Ukip. The votes Ukip took off them pose a direct threat to their electoral chances (esp Tories) and have helped to underline the Ed's-a-loser narrative so beloved of the media.
edit: Oh hang on, you mean to motivate their supporters to the polls? They'd rather this were a problem that just went away.
Sky News crunched the numbers of the local elections to see what it might mean for Westminster election. Even with this supposed "earthquake" and the Euro elections to draw their support to the polls, it still meant just one seat in 2015 – Castle Point in Essex.Domestically, they don't control a single council and don't have a single MP in the Commons.
The worrying part is that the notion of a 4-party system is now so well established they'll continue to get way more airtime than their likely Westminster vote share merits.


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365 DAYS ~ The Journal: Volume 2
Paperback, 208 Pages
Price: $15.00
Prints in 3-5 business days
We make choices every moment of our lives. We choose what to eat, what to wear, how to spend our time, what TV we will watch, with whom we will spend time. We make hundreds of choices each day as we meander through our lives. But there is another choice we make each day - perhaps not so evident, but nevertheless one we are required to make every day when we wake up: "Will we choose the Life we live, or, by default, live the Life that comes?"
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Product Details
- 9781105525551
- Copyright
- Frank Colacurcio Ministries (Standard Copyright License)
- Edition
- First Edition
- Publisher
- Precious Messenger Publisher, a division of Frank Colacurcio Ministries
- Published
- February 7, 2012
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 208
- Binding
- Perfect-bound Paperback
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 0.81 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 6 wide x 9 tall
- Product ID
- 18876440
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The Rev. Don Sauls discusses how to be free from guilt
In December our thoughts and traditions are focused on Christmas. We often hear, �He is the reason for the season.� But have you really thought about what that means?
In a recent article, Dr. Bill Crawford gave a thought provoking quote adapted from Will Duran. �The present is the past rolled out for understanding, and the future rolled up for action.� There is depth in that statement.
While leading a grief support group over the last 16 years, I have often heard expressions like, �I wish I had done more� or �Why didn�t I � �If only I had � � Most often those expressions are associated with tears and feelings of guilt. We make decisions with information we have at the time; some decisions work out and some don�t.
With more information, we might have decided differently, but we did our best at the time. We are all very imperfect creatures and at times make bad decisions. Maybe we lacked information or yielded to another desire, knowing better.
Guilt is often the result. Guilt has the potential to rip you apart, destroy your relationships and steal your quality of life.
What do you do with guilt? You let it in to understand what produced the guilt so you can learn from it. You address related issues to move forward and get it out. Think of it as emotional breathing; let it in and let it out.
Christmas� message is that God knew all of us would make bad decisions and suffer guilt. Christmas expresses God�s desire to forgive you for bad decisions and to give another chance for you to get it right. As implied in Will Duran�s quote, guilt is your past being rolled out for your understanding. When God enters your world it is to forgive and to roll out a bright future for you to take positive actions.
You may never feel good about some past decisions, but because of God�s great love beautifully demonstrated at Christmas, you can start over. Your beginning point in the journey toward a better quality of life is to receive God�s forgiveness and to experience self forgiveness. Talk it over with God, obey His words and trust Him.
�The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly.� John 10:10 KJV
The Rev. Don Sauls is Pastoral Care coordinator at Lenoir Memorial Hospital. Reach him at email@example.com.


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Pups of the Most Popular Dog Breeds Share an Adorable Kiss!
Puppies, puppies, puppies! While the American Kennel Club official press conference and most popular breed announcement was yesterday, I had to share some cute photos from the event. After all, everyone remembers something a little better when there's a cute visual to go along! If I had to caption this picture, I imagine the lil Lab nudging a reminder to the German Shepherd, "Don't get too cocky now, I'm still top dog."
As the most noteworthy change in the top 10, the Labrador Retriever remained the most popular breed while the German Shepherd moseyed up to two. As both breeds often work to serve and protect, some brave adult pooches were present, too. I've still got love for them as well!
All kidding aside, the photos are quite cute so check them out when you read more.


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Jay Farrar
Jay Farrar
from 50.00
Jay Farrar sound checking before the Son Volt show at The Orange Peel, Asheville, North Carolina, February 17, 2009. © Sandlin Gaither 2018. Prints are intended for private use only and may not be sold for commercial use without explicit permission of the photographer.
* Photographs are printed on archival quality professional photo paper and are created exactly as you see the image (i.e., if an image has a white, black, or distressed border this is how it will be printed.) Framed image of prints are for display examples only. Delivery time is typically 7-10 days. If you'd like a framed print or have any other special requests please email me directly.