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|Jan 11, 2013
Salinisation of rivers: a global environmental problem
|(Nanowerk News) The salinisation of rivers is a global problem that affects to countries all over the world and it causes a high environmental and economic cost, and poses a high risk to global health. Climate change and the increasing water consumption can worsen even more the future scene, according to an article published on the journal Environmental Pollution ("Salinisation of rivers: An urgent ecological issue") based on the research developed by an international team led by the experts of the Department of Ecology of the University of Barcelona Narcís Prat and Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles. The article is also signed by Ben J. Kefford from the University of Technology of Sydney (Australia); Christophe Piscart from the University of Lyon (France); Ralf B. Schäfer from the University Koblenz-Landau (Germany); and Claus-Jürgen Schulz from the Thuringian State Institute for Environment and Geology (TLUG, Germany).
|The effects of global change could increase even more the salinisation of rivers in many regions.
|Human activity increases the salinity of river ecosystems
|River salinity can be natural, caused by the geology of the area or the climatology, or anthropogenic, in other words, caused by domestic and industrial waste discharges, mining activity, agricultural and farming residues, etc. In worldwide river ecosystems, excessive salt concentrations caused by human activity are a threat to the survival of organisms and communities, biodiversity, the ecosystems biological balance, and it produces severe economical and public health problems.
|According to Miguel Cañello-Argüelles, the main author of the article, this article aims at giving a integrating view and emphasize the seriousness of the ecological, economic and global health effects that secondary salinisation has. The expert remarks that it is a global process: It happens in many regions from all over the world, although there is a great ignorance about the problem. The most extreme case of salinisation occurs in some Australian rivers. However Cañedo-Argüelles adds, in this case local studies have been done in order to clearly diagnose the problem; therefore, all the agents who make use of the natural resources of some rivers (farmers, industrialists, etc.) have collaborated in the process of finding solutions.
|In Europe, the process of river salinisation by human action is getting worse as years goes by. It is also a problem in Spain, declares the professor Narcís Prat, director of the Research Group Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM) of the UB. In the Ebro plain, due to soils characteristic and the kind of agricultural activity performed, rivers are saltier than in Australia he explains, but here river conservation is not among the priorities of water resources management, so these problems are not solved. According to Prat, the question is even worse in the region of Murcia: It is a semi-arid area where irrigation is a common activity and rivers are saline as a result of the excessive exploitation of water resources.
|What is the degree of salinity of Catalan rivers?
|In the Catalan river system, there are also some parts where high levels of salinity can be found. To be exact, experts have studied the salinisation of the Llobregat River basin supported by Mesocosmos Sostaqua, an infrastructure located at the water-treatment plan of Balsareny. The pump, which reproduces the natural conditions of the river ecosystem, was built by the group FEM of the UB and the company Aigües de Barcelona. We are aware of the salinity of Llobregat River Narcís Prat affirms, but apart from the salt, there are also other features that can damage the environmental quality of water. Therefore, sometimes we cannot determine what is more important: salt or the pollution produced by other factors. With Mesocosmos, we can study separately the effect of each factor (for example, the salt concentration) and differentiate its influence from the one made by the other factors.
|Despite the qualitative improvement of Llobregat River water thanks to the collector of brines, which leads mining leachates directly to the sea, the UB experts alert that salinity is a remaining question because the collector has not been able to solve all the problems. According to Narcís Prat, the level of salinity at the lower course of the Llobregat River where the area of potash mining begins is so high that its use can only be agricultural, not human. It is not such an alarming situation as in Australia but it is worrying. The situation is the same at the lower course of the Besòs River: its water is more and more salty, and in this case the reason is not mining but all the processes developed in order to decalcificate the water (like in dishwashers when we add salt to avoid the stains that lime will cause).
|Experts explain that excessive salt is also a factor that has a negative effect on water potabilization. For example, it makes necessary to install new technologies, such as reverse osmosis, that have put up the price of water potabilization for human consumption in the plants of Abrera and Sant Joan Despí. In addition, the use of chlorine to potabilizate water produces many chemical compounds (borates, chlorates, trihalomethanes, etc.) which can be toxic for environment and health.
|Looking for solutions
|According to the article, current legislation is generally flexible when it comes to establish limits for salt concentrations in rivers. In Europe, salinisation is not considered an important problem and no legally prescribed environmental quality standards exist for salt. In many countries, business and industrial factor predominates over the necessity to set a limiting regulation. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles considers that legislation is still waiting. People are not aware of the severity of the problem and information about the effects of excessive salt on river ecosystems is missing.
|In the article, the authors also quote some successful management strategies, for example, the Hunter River salinity trading scheme upstream in Singleton (Australia), with controlled salt discharges adapted to the volume of the river: when the volume is high, more salt is discharged, whereas when it goes down the quantity of salt is reduced.
|In a future
|The study states that the effects of global change could increase even more the salinisation of rivers in many regions. Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles thinks that it is difficult to predict the impact of climate change. In comparison with other regions of the planet, lower rainfall, worse drought, more water consumption, and therefore, more salinity in rivers are expected in the Mediterranean region. Finally, Narcís Prat concludes that the most important aspect is to stop fighting and began to work together. It is necessary to react against the problem of excessive salinity in Catalan and worldwide rivers before it will be a severer problem.
|Source: Universidad de Barcelona
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Dana Boyter signed HSR Petition 2017-11-10 09:36:05 -0500We need good and better transit as this city grows. And it is, take a look around!…
Dana B
Quick Facts on Hamilton Transit:
Organisational Endorsements:Does your organisation endorse this petition?Let us know and we'll add firstname.lastname@example.com signatures
- Hamilton has been spending increasingly less on transit over time. Adjusting for inflation to 2016 dollars, the city spent $83.85 million on transit in 1994, $61.15 million on transit in 2005, and $59.02 million on transit in 2016.
- Hamilton City Council approved the Rapid Ready transit plan, which requires a capital investment of $156 million and a commitment to address an operating cost shortfall of $45 million. Council also approved the Ten Year Local Transit Strategy which includes a requirement to invest $57 million on new buses alone. While these plans have been approved, Council has yet to commit these dollars, and scheduled fare increases are insufficient to cover the costs.
- Each year the federal government gives cities money generated from the federal gas tax with the intent that it be invested in projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, clean our air, and clean our water. Many cities across the country spend their gas tax money on transit. Of $32 million in federal gas tax transfers to Hamilton last year, $3 million went to transit and $29 million to road work.
The Petition:
The HSR is broken and it's time to fix it. We're calling on Hamilton City Council to take our city's transit needs seriously by committing to substantially increase funding for the HSR.
There are a number of actions Council can take in the short term to increase funding, such as spending more of our federal gas tax dollars on transit, like other cities do. Hamilton can also raise taxes to deliver the transit we need and deserve. The scheduled fare increases are not going to fix the HSR while tax dollars for transit remain stagnant.
Public transit is a public good, and enhancing service will bring benefits to residents across Hamilton.
Dana Boyter signed Fair Fees for Stormwater 2016-11-01 11:02:07 -0400
Fair Fees for Stormwater
Environment Hamilton has begun outreach to have Hamilton introduce a new fair fee for stormwater in our city - but we can't do it without your support. Read and sign the petition below!
More information can be found on our website here.329 signatures
Dear Mayor Eisenberger and City Council,
I am calling on you to address the rising costs and risk of stormwater management in the City of Hamilton by listening to staff recommendations to reevaluate how we, as a city, pay for the costs of our stormwater management system. As it stands now, households pay for rising stormwater management costs primarily through our water bills. Property owners contributing the most to stormwater runoff which strains our system, pollutes our environment and degrades our infrastructure pay little or none of the costs of dealing with the problem. This approach to stormwater fees has resulted in an underfunded system. Residents don't see how much we are paying and why. I want fair fees for Hamilton to provide:
1. Transparency (see what we're paying for)
2. Equity (everyone pays their fair share)
3. Sustainability (city can reliably fund and prepare for the future)
4. Incentives (encourage people to do better, reward those who do)
5. Stewardship (protecting environment and water quality)
I urge you to support Environment Hamilton's call to adopt a fair stormwater fee system, following the lead of other Ontario municipalities.
Dana Boyter donated 2016-09-16 13:41:57 -0400
Dana Boyter
Donate on behalf of Dana Boyter:Donate

subset: commoncrawl


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Builders Edge window and door accents add decorative architectural detail to gables or windows. Colors coordinate with Builders Edge shutters, gable vents, and exterior molding. All accents are available in 9 versatile colors or a separate paintable option (color code 030). All Builders Edge products, with the exception of paintable, are maintenance-free and U.V. stabilized with color molded through so they won't scratch, flake or fade. All Builders Edge products include a limited lifetime warranty.
- Header size represents the bottom width of the header and should be the width of your window frame
- Each header includes a keystone for optional application
- Headers can be cut down for custom sizing, all cuts would be hidden with the keystone
- Cannot be painted
- Surface mount on any surface including wood, vinyl, fiber cement, aluminum, stucco, brick and hardboard
- Can be cut in center for special sizing in the field, keystone would be used to cover the cut
- Available in 9 maintenance-free accent colors or a separate paintable option
- AK, HI ship to store only


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China: At today's Foreign Ministry press conference, two separate questioners asked about China's position on Japanese nuclear stock piles of weapons grade plutonium and separated plutonium. The Chinese press spokesman hinted that Japan had sinister motives for storing large quantities of plutonium and related those motives to World War II.
Comment: Concern about Japanese stocks of fissile material, especially plutonium, became headline news after the Fukushima power plant disasters in 2011. New leaks of radioactive water in 2014 revived the concern.
A published report from a symposium on managing spent nuclear fuel in January 2014 in Tokyo indicated that,
"Japan has nearly 10 tons of plutonium on its own soil alone. That is enough to make 1,500 or so nuclear warheads. In addition to the risk of terrorists attacking the storage facilities and stealing plutonium, if Japan continues to accumulate plutonium without any economic rationale, and without firm plans for its immediate use in power generation, this can sow doubts about Japan's intentions, " according to an expert at the symposium.
The Chinese are following-up on the questions raised at the symposium. One expert said that experts in other East Asian countries - presumably China - interpret the Japanese plutonium stockpile as a nuclear deterrent becasue it shows Japan has the capability and the option to weaponize its plutonium quickly in the event of a crisis.
Japan is the only country without nuclear arms and a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that is permitted to reprocess spent nuclear fuel into plutonium.
Japanese delegates assured the symposium that Japan has no intention of weaponizing its plutonium because that would mean withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). On the other hand, in the event Japan came under the threat of a nuclear attack by North Korea, the NPT would be the least of Japan's concerns.
In the post-war era, Japan has adhered strictly to its self-defense and non-nuclear doctrines as matters of public policy. What is now emerging bit-by-bit is that Japanese leaders also have made prudent investments in infrastructures and capabilities that would help ensure Japan's security in the event of a future existential threat.
Ukraine: Separatist activities are increasing in Crimea. Crimeans have held rallies calling for secession to Russia. Locals are organizing self-defense militias.
Russian officials have arrived in Crimea with the message that Crimeans could claim Russian citizenship. Russian sailors and soldiers from the Russian Black Sea Fleet have been reported in Crimea, which some Ukrainians considered abnormal. However, the Russian Black Sea Fleet is based at Sevastopol under a leasing arrangement with Ukraine.
Comment: Russia and Crimea appear to be preparing for Crimean secession from Ukraine and affiliation with Russia. If so, this would be the same punishment strategy that Russia used in Georgia. Russian annexation of Crimea in response to a local government request would be easier and easier to defend because of the presence of the Black Sea Fleet. Russian military forces do not need to invade to respond to a Crimean request for protection because they are already there.
Russian MFA Statement. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a statement of the Russian position on Ukraine. Excerpts follow. Grammar and awkward translations are as published by the Russians.
"Russia is extremely concerned about the development of the situation in Ukraine."
"There have been armed confrontations between violent youths, extreme right nationalist organizations and units of law enforcement agencies, who defended peaceful civilians and interests of the state, in the capital and several other cities recently."
"The agreement on settlement of the crisis in Ukraine of the 21 February is not observed despite the fact that its signature was certified by the Foreign Ministers of Germany, Poland and France; in addition the United States, the European Union and other international bodies welcomed this document."
"Militants have not been unarmed; they refuse to leave the streets of cities, which are actually under their control; refuse to free administrative buildings; and continue acts of violence."
"We are surprised that several European politicians have already sprung to support the announcement of presidential elections in Ukraine this May, although the agreement of the 21 February envisages that these elections should take place only after the completion of the constitutional reform. It is clear that for this reform to succeed all the Ukrainian political forces and all regions of the country must become its part, but its results should be approved by a nationwide referendum. We are convinced that it is necessary to fully take into account concerns of deputies of eastern and southern regions of Ukraine, the Crimea and Sevastopol, which were expressed at the conference in Kharkov on the 22 February."
"We are deeply concerned about the actions in the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (parliament) in terms of their legitimacy. Actually referring to the "revolutionary appropriateness" only, they are stamping "decisions" and "laws", including those aimed at deprivation of humanitarian rights of Russians and other national minorities living in Ukraine."
"There are calls to prohibit the Russian language almost fully, lustration, liquidation of parties and organizations, closing of undesirable mass media, removal of restrictions for propaganda of Nao-Nazi ideology."
"The course is to suppress those, who do not agree to this, in different Ukrainian regions by dictatorship and even terrorist methods. There are threats to Orthodox sanctities (sic). National radicals continue to scoff at monuments in different Ukrainian cities, while like-minded persons in some European countries besmear memorials to Soviet warriors."
"Such development of events disrupts the Agreement of the 21 February, discredits its initiators and guarantors, and creates a threat to civil peace, stability in the community and safety of nationals."
"We are forced to note that some of our western partners are not concerned about the fate of Ukraine, but rather their own unilateral geopolitical considerations. There are no principled assessments of criminal actions of extremists, including their Neo-Nazi and anti-Semitic manifestations. All the more so, such actions are intentionally or unintentionally promoted."
"We cannot but get a sustainable impression that the Agreement of the 21 February with silent consent of all its external sponsors is used as a cover only to promote the scenario of change of Ukrainian power by force through the creation of 'facts on the ground', without any wish to search for a Ukraine-wide consensus in the interests of national peace. We are especially worried about the attempts to involve international structures, including the UN Secretariat, into the approval of this position."
"We insistently appeal to all those who are part of this crisis in Ukraine to demonstrate maximum responsibility and to prevent further degradation of the situation, to return it to the ambit of the law, and to decisively stop those extremists, who are seeking power."
Comment: The statement makes clear that the Russians judge that European and US officials used the 21 February agreement as cover for a lawless takeover of government and that was a betrayal of trust. They note that lawlessness continues, including by neo Nazis and anti-Semites, who still want power. They judge the actions of the Ukrainian parliament are not legitimate.
Russia's relations with Europe and the US have sustained a major setback.
Russia-Ukraine war of words.
Russia. Members of the Russian parliament have made strong statements of commitment to Russians in Ukraine. One example follows.
On 25 February the chairman of the State Duma Committee on CIS Affairs, Eurasian Integration and Relations with Compatriots said, "In this situation, we will not only not abandon those who have found themselves in such a situation. In the next few days, literally, in the State Duma we will work out an effective set of measures that will enable not only Crimeans, but also all Russians in Ukraine, those who do not want to break away from the Russian world, from Russia... (sic)."
"We will be able to make sure that all these problems are overcome. I think that in the event of any provocation against residents of Ukraine's east, south-east and the Republic of Crimea, we will also take appropriate measures."
"We are here today to stress once again that we have always been and will be together with our brothers, together with Crimeans," the Russian MP noted.
Ukraine. Arseniy Yatsenyuk, leader of the Fatherland faction in the Ukraine parliament, reminded Russia about the guarantees of Ukraine's territorial security enshrined in the Budapest Memorandum and called on Moscow not to abuse the complicated situation in Sevastopol." He called on all the signatory nations of the Budapest Memorandum to respect guarantees of territorial security.
Comment: Crimea is emerging as the focus of confrontation and the prize.
Iran-Iraq: News services reported that Iran has signed an agreement to sell arms and ammunition worth $195 million to Iraq. The spokesperson for the US State Department said, "If true, this would raise serious concerns. ... Any transfer of arms from Iran to a third country is in direct violation of UNSCR 1747. We are seeking clarification on the matter from the government of Iraq and to ensure that Iraqi officials understand the limits that international law places on arms trade with Iran."
Comment: The spokesperson noted that the US has provided more than $15 billion in arms aid to Iraq. If Iran and Saudi Arabia are making long term contingency preparations for a Sunni vs Shiite showdown in the future, the US as well as China will have armed both sides of the fight.
As for the Iranian sale, it is probably faster and easier for Iraq to buy ammunition from Iran than from any other vendor.
South Sudan: Colonel Philip Aguer Panyang, Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) spokesperson, briefed the public on a rebel attack under the supervision of rebel leader Riek Machar near the SPLA position in Golguk yesterday morning and said the attack was repulsed and 70 rebel soldiers were killed. General Salva Kiir Mayardit, the president of the Republic of South Sudan, congratulated the SPLA officers.
Comment: This is the second defeat for Machar's fighters in a week.
Venezuela: For the record.Only sporadic protests were reported in Caracas in middle class neighborhoods and some looting in other towns. President Marduro has called for a peace conference on Mondayand invited all concerned groups. Thus far, the opposition leadership has declined the invitation.
Maduro is considering declaring Thursdayand Fridaynational holidays in anticipation of Carnival next week, apparently judging that a long holiday will ease tension.
End of NightWatch
NightWatch is brought to readers of Townhall Finance by Kforce Government Solutions, Inc. (KGS), a leader in government problem-solving, Data Confidence® and intelligence. Views and opinions expressed in NightWatch are solely those of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of KGS, its management, or affiliates.
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Edwin F. Atkins
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on the blue toolbar.
In this photograph, taken in 1923, Edwin Atkins is sitting in the gardens at Soledad, wearing a black armband on his left arm. Earlier that year, his second son, Edwin F. Atkins, Jr., was killed in a plane crash off Key West, Fla. along with his two sons. Atkins is probably wearing the armband in memory of their deaths.


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I'm not trying to go all hipster-cred on you right now, but there's this super cute obscure musical duo who I think you could get really into. They're a married couple and they tour the country with their baby daughter. Anyway, they're seriously adorable and talented and they have these amazing Instagram accounts. Oh! And their chemistry! The best! Sorry — I'm going on and on, but I always get so excited when I hear about new artists. Anyway, their names are Jay Z and Beyonce and they performed together at this little club in Brooklyn called the Barclays Center this weekend.
You should check them out. I have a feeling these two are going places.


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Hi Hungry Girl, I have every single one of your books, and I love them! Is the new book, TO THE MAX!, just a collection of recipes from past books, or does it contain new recipes?Curious to the Max
Hi Curious to the Max,
I'm so glad you love all the books! As for your first question, I've been getting this one a lot, and I'm happy to say that HUNGRY GIRL TO THE MAX! The Ultimate Guilt-Free Cookbook is definitely NOT just a collection of recipes from past books. Among the 650 recipes (yup, you read that right!), there are HUNDREDS of new ones. Yes, there are some recipes that have been published before -- any book called The Ultimate Guilt-Free Cookbook HAS to include the classics! And many of these iconic HG recipes have been updated. The ingredients called for in this book are easier than ever to find. Every single dessert recipe that calls for Splenda includes nutritional info if made with sugar instead, and vice versa! Plus, we developed dozens of all-new creations based on our most popular recipes -- there are 29 egg mugs, 19 growing oatmeal bowls, 38 faux-frys, 10 bake-tastic French fry recipes, 10 super-sized mac 'n cheese dishes, and so much more! It's truly a MUST-OWN book for any HG fan. Thanks for emailing! Hope to see you on the HG book tour. (Click here for details!)
Hi HG, Fall is finally here, and that means many of my favorite seasonal treats are returning to coffee shops and restaurants! However, I know most of these goodies aren't guilt-free, and I'm trying to watch what I eat. Got any swaps? Falling for Fall Flavors
Hi Falling for Fall Flavors,
There are SO many decadent and delicious treats that pop up this time of year. But you're right; many of these items have scary-high stats. Luckily, there are lots of HG swaps that allow you to indulge guilt-free! Check 'em out... Pumpkin... If you're a sucker for pumpkin-flavored baked goods, check out this soft-cookie swap, this recipe for pumpkin bread, and these iced 'n spiced muffins! For a no-cook fix, order up some 100-calorie Pumpkin Spice VitaTops. (There's even an HG special featuring these Vitas happening right now!) If you crave freezy fall drinks, whip up this pumpkin shake or this pumpkin pie smoothie. Or keep things warm with our take on Starbucks' Pumpkin Spice Latte. Caramel apple... Here's another famous fall flavor that people go nuts for. This HG parfait will obliterate a craving for the gooey fruit treat. These pancakes are like dessert for breakfast, and this super-easy Deconstructed Caramel-icious Candy Apple will rock your face off! (Careful. You need that for chewing!) Hot chocolate... There are so many irresistible hot cocoa drinks in autumn, and you don't have to miss out. Click here for a s'mores-inspired cup of cocoa, click here for salted caramel hot chocolate, click here for our hazelnut-infused sipper, and (last but not least) click here for a mega-easy minty hot cocoa! Still hungry? Here's a whole slew of fall dessert recipes. Now you've got plenty of swaps to get you through the next few months without going up a pants size. Enjoy!
Today, September 26th, is National Pancake Day (although some people celebrate in February). There are THIRTEEN wildly delicious pancake dishes in HUNGRY GIRL TO THE MAX! (not to mention 16 French toast recipes)! Can't wait? Check out this super-decadent Cheesecake Flapjack Stack ASAP!
Have a question for Hungry Girl? Send it in! She answers new Qs each week (but cannot respond to emails personally).
SmartPoints® value not what you expected? Click here for more info on how the values are calculated, plus more FAQs about PointsPlus® and SmartPoints® values on our website.


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eyeball(redirected from eyeball driven)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
the ball or globe of the eye; called also bulbus oculi, bulb of eye, and globus.
eye·ball(ī'bawl), [TA]
The eye proper without the appendages.
Synonym(s): bulbus oculi [TA], bulb of eye, globe of eye
eyeball/eye·ball/ (i´bawl) the ball or globe of the eye.
1. The globe-shaped portion of the eye surrounded by the socket and covered externally by the eyelids.
2. The eye itself.
3. An overhead light fixture that is mounted on a swivel in a recessed socket so the light can be directed in any direction.
tr.v. eye·balled, eye·balling, eye·balls Informal
1. To look over carefully; scrutinize.
2. To measure or estimate roughly by sight: eyeballed the area of the wall that needed paint.
eye·ball(ī'bawl) [TA]
The eye proper without the appendages.
Synonym(s): bulbus oculi [TA] , bulb of eye.
Synonym(s): bulbus oculi [TA] , bulb of eye.
The globe of the eye without its appendages. See appendages of the eye.
the ball or globe of the eye.
eyeball equator
an imaginary line drawn around the eyeball midway between the poles.
eyeball fundus
the depths of the eyeball viewed from the pupil.
eyeball meridians
imaginary lines drawn round the eyeball joining the two poles.
eyeball oscillation
see nystagmus.
eyeball size abnormal
includes macrophthalmia, microphthalmia.
Patient discussion about eyeball
Q. How to get rid of puffy eyes? After partying all night, I woke up with puffy eyes. I have an important appointment today, how can I get rid of it?
A. I found a website with tricks on how to get rid of puffy eyes:
Q. What age does eye sight stabilizes? I was just wondering at what age does your eye sight usually level off and stop getting worse? Any ideas much appreciated!
A. It will stabilize in a few years-age of 26-27.That is the average age people perform lasik surgery.
It is also the age the eye is fully grown.
Don't worry it will not get much worse maybe about -0,75.
Take care
It is also the age the eye is fully grown.
Don't worry it will not get much worse maybe about -0,75.
Take care
Q. What Causes Dry Eyes? I have been suffering from eye dryness lately, what causes this situation?
A. Dry eyes are often caused when the lacrimal gland does not produce sufficient tears to keep the entire conjunctiva and cornea, that are normally covered by a complete layer of tear film. This usually occurs in people who are otherwise healthy. Increased age is associated with decreased tearing. if it causes you real discomfort talk to a doctor.More discussions about eyeball


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U.S. Suspects Syria Used Gas
Rebels Say at Least 1,100 Killed by Chemical Weapons; U.N. Asks to Investigate
The U.S. sees "strong indications" that Syria's government used chemical weapons in attacks early Wednesday that opposition groups claimed killed more than 1,100 people—in what would be a significant escalation of poison-gas use in the civil war.
Syrian authorities denied using chemical weapons in their renewed offensive on Wednesday, accusing the opposition of fabricating claims or staging gas attacks themselves. "These claims are categorically false and completely baseless and are part of the filthy media...


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Mandala mixup
Thank you for covering the wonderful sand mandala created by visiting Tibetan Buddhist monks [Culture: Walkabout: "Sand symbol: Buddhist monks bless this town," August 14].
In the future, when including photographs to accompany text, could you please use photos that are actually of the mandala of which you speak? The mandala in the photograph was not the one made here, nor was the monk in the photograph in Charlottesville. I don't even think the mandala was a Medicine Buddha mandala, which the one here was.
Please have the decency and respect to represent these events accurately, or else specifically note that the photo is of another mandala at another time and place.
Priya Curtis


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People Silhouette Solution Tangram Card #6
Solutions for silhouette outlines of people (silhouettes of men) made from tangram pieces. Tangrams, invented by the Chinese, are used to develop geometric thinking and spatial sense. 7 figures consisting of triangles, squares, and parallelograms are used to construct the given shapes.
answer, answers, Chinese puzzle, geometric figures, geometrical pieces, geometry, parallelogram, parallelograms, polygon, polygons, problem solving, problem-solving, puzzles, quadrilateral, quadrilaterals, shape, shapes, silhouettes of men, solutions, square, squares, tangram silhouette outline solution, tangrams, triangle, triangles
Florida Center for Instructional Technology Clipart ETC (Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, 2009)


text:
Ace of Aces
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Ace of Aces captures the spirit and puts you in the cockpit of the Mosquito, maverick RAF fighter bomber of World War II. Down the Nazi bombers, sink the U-boats, outrun the V-1 rockets and stop the enemy trains. Choose your weapons and fuel wisely - once you're out on mission, there's no going back. To become Ace of Aces, you must complete all missions successfully!
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It was a telling lesson. Observing the participants at a junior golf event in Bradenton, Florida this past weekend was, for moms and dads pushing 50, like taking an advanced course in social anthropology.
On the golf course, the children behaved like any group of competitors. Even the youngest ones conducted themselves with appropriate poise. But once the scorecards were signed and all the trophies had been awarded, the contestants transformed back into kids: laughing, chatting, texting, eating, and doing everything in their power to steer clear of their oh-so-uncool parents.
But something fascinating happened after that. In the grill room, many of the girls ages 11 through 18 gathered by the television to watch the final few holes of the LPGA Mobile Bay Classic where Stacy Lewis and Lexi Thompson battled down the stretch.
Steve Eubanks is a former PGA professional, author, columnist and contributing editor at PGA.com. He shares his thoughts here each week.
The adults assumed the girls would pull for Lexi. How could they not? Lexi was one of them, a 17-year-old planning her prom and learning to drive.
But that wasn't the case at all. An overwhelming majority of the kids rooted and cheered for Stacy Lewis, the dry, 27-year-old Texan with the bashful smile.
When Stacy made a birdie on the sixteenth to take a one-shot lead, fists went in the air and a high-pitched whoop echoed through the dining room. Two holes later, when the winning putt went in the hole, one 11-year-old said of Stacy, "She's like Katniss."
More than a few adults had to hit the nearest search engine to learn that "Katniss" was a reference to the main character in the "Hunger Games" series, a young heroine who overcomes enormous obstacles to prevail without losing her compassion or her humanity.
Better than any marketing or PR firm, that 11-year-old encapsulated the Stacy Lewis story, and hit on why she attracts so much interest and enthusiasm everywhere she goes.
An ordinary girl from The Woodlands outside Houston, Stacy spent seven and a half years wearing a brace for scoliosis. She wasn't a gifted athlete; not extraordinarily tall or strong or talented. She was a wallflower in a long dress with a contraption around her torso holding her spine in place.
"I saw so many doctors and I came home crying every time, because I was still wearing that stupid back brace," Stacy told me on Tuesday as she was coming off a whirlwind couple of days after her win. "I thought I was the only one in the world who had scoliosis. None of my friends had it, and nobody I knew had to wear a brace like me. I was always saying 'Why is this happening to me?'
"That's one of the reasons I'm so open with my story. I don't want kids to be in the position that I was in. I want them to realize that it's okay. You can go on and do what you want to do. Whatever you're facing, you don't have to be scared."
That story and that attitude – genuine, humble and compassionate – are why the young girls in Bradenton, and young women around the country, pull for Stacy Lewis.
Lexi Thompson, while a wonderful young lady, is a phenom, an athlete of almost supernatural skill with size, speed, and maturity well beyond her years. Most girls admire her, but they can't relate to her.
Stacy is none of that. She is average in every way but one: she has the heart and will of a lioness. And because of that, she is the woman little girls want to be.
"It's unbelievable that all I do is play golf and all these kids look up to me," Stacy said. "A lot of it is my personality and the way I play golf, too. Nothing has ever come easy to me. I continue to fight. I never give up. That's the way I am in everything I do. It made me who I am."
It helped make her the soon-to-be top-ranked American woman in the world (Cristie Kerr will hold the spot for a few more days because of a quirk in the Rolex system, but Stacy will move up by the middle of May). She is also a player her peers respect and admire like no other. When Rosie Jones asked her Solheim Cup team members who they wanted to be paired with, the top name on the list was Stacy Lewis.
"It's a compliment," she said. "For your peers to tell you congratulations and that you're playing well and you've gotten a lot better, that's the ultimate."
As great as the accolades are from her fellow players, they don't touch Stacy the way the letters do from children all over the country. "It's crazy the letters I get," she said. "They're so moving."
So is she. That is why those in the game need to recognize and embrace this unlikely heroine. One of the tenants of the Golf 2.0 initiative is to use the star power of our tour players to grow the game. In order to do that, we have to understand who the real stars are, and why.
"My message to kids is simple" Stacy said. "Never give up. Persevere. Things might seem really bad right now, and you don't know how you're going to get through it, but if you just keep working hard and do what you're supposed to do, things will get better. I know. I've been there."
It doesn't get any better than that.


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The Golden Hour
Benefits of Skin-to-Skin
Helps baby adjust to life outside
the womb:
- better temperature regulation
- stable heart rate
- stable respiratory rate
- stable blood sugar
- reduced crying
- reduced pain perception
- decreased stress\enhanced brain development
Good for moms, too:
- decreased stress
- improved interactions with baby
- enhanced attachment
- enhanced sensitivity and responsiveness
At Silver Cross Hospital, we encourage parents to honor the Golden Hour.
The Golden Hour is the first hour of life of the newborn. During this hour babies are very alert. They are actively looking at and listening to their mother.
The Golden Hour allows for uninterrupted bonding between the parents and their new baby.
Consider telling your family and friends that you will be observing the golden hour with your baby.
In the FIRST HOUR
- Babies are very alert
- Babies search for mom's face and listen to mom's voice
- Accomplish the first breastfeeding


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To characterize specific types of sleep problems experienced by adults with HIV.
The design was cross-sectional involving sleep questionnaires, diaries, and wrist actigraphy. The convenience sample included 290 adults living with HIV, 22-77 years of age. Measures included self-report for sleep onset latency, and wrist actigraphy estimates of total sleep time at night, wake after sleep onset, and daytime sleep.
Nearly half (45%) of the sample slept < 6 h per night. Difficulty falling asleep was reported by 34%, and 56% had fragmented sleep according to actigraphy; 20% had both problems, and 30% were good sleepers. Participants reporting difficulty falling asleep had actigraphy and clinical measures similar to the good sleepers, but subjectively they experienced greater sleep disturbance and symptom burden (particularly anxiety and morning fatigue) and reported more use of sleep medication. Participants with fragmented sleep reported low levels of sleep disturbance and symptom burden similar to the good sleepers, despite actigraphy measures indicating they obtained less sleep both at night and during the day. Sleep fragmentation was also associated with sociodemographic factors and slightly lower CD4+ T-cell counts. Participants reporting both sleep problems had actigraphy and clinical profiles similar to those who had only fragmented sleep, but their symptom experience was similar to participants with only sleep initiation difficulties.
Findings support the need for targeting efforts to improve sleep for the majority of adults living with HIV/AIDS and tailoring interventions to the specific type of sleep problem regardless of the person's clinical and demographic profile.
Lee KA; Gay C; Portillo CJ; Coggins T; Davis H; Pullinger CR; Aouizerat BE. Types of sleep problems in adults living with HIV/AIDS. J Clin Sleep Med 2012;8(1):67-75.
Sleep problems affect about 30% of the population in the United States and are associated with higher healthcare utilization and use of sleep medication, as well as poor work performance and mood disorders.1 Adults living with a chronic illness are at higher risk for sleep problems, and depending on the definition, sleep problems are experienced by 30% to 100% of HIV-positive adults.2–9 It is unclear what type of sleep problem adults with HIV experience, or whether their sleep disturbance is related to the infection itself or to the medical treatment and side effects of medications. Sleep disturbance is not only prevalent, but also one of the more intense and distressful symptoms experienced in this population.8–10 In HIV infection, poor sleep has been associated with disease progression, medication therapy, employment status, and lack of knowledge about behaviors that promote good sleep.11–14 The specific type of sleep disturbance experienced by this population needs to be better understood in order to provide the most effective intervention to improve symptoms, daytime functioning, and quality of life.8,15–18
Fragmented sleep occurs in chronic health conditions and may not even be perceived by the patient.19,20 With this type of sleep loss, it is rare to find complaints of initiation insomnia, but complaints of daytime sleepiness or fatigue are common and can lead to difficulty concentrating, poor cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, and inability to be productive during the day. These daytime sequelae may be more difficult to assess and treat in a chronic illness population with high medical disability.17,21
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Depending on the definition, a sleep problem is experienced by 30% to 100% of HIV-positive adults, and it remains unclear whether the problem is related to the infection itself, to HIV-specific treatment, or side effects of medications. The specific sleep problem needs to be better understood in order to provide the most effective intervention to improve sleep and quality of life.
Study Impact: Nearly half of this sample obtained less than 6 hours of sleep, without any effect on daytime function or mood. The least prevalent problem was difficulty falling asleep, but it was associated with more severe symptom experience. Since environment and sleep hygiene played a larger role in sleep problems than body weight or HIV clinical characteristics, reliance solely on medication to improve sleep should be discouraged and cognitive behavioral therapy should be considered, particularly in patient populations already burdened with multiple medications to manage their chronic illness.
Despite many studies on the epidemiology and covariates of sleep disturbance in HIV-infected adults, little is known about the specific types of sleep problems experienced in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to describe total sleep time as well as problems with falling asleep and staying asleep in the HIV/AIDS adult population. The extent to which the type of sleep problem is associated with disease and treatment characteristics as well as symptoms experienced during the day was also explored.
After approval of the study protocol by the Committee on Human Research, 350 adults living with HIV in the San Francisco Bay Area were recruited and enrolled using posted flyers at HIV-related clinical and community sites. The flyer indicated recruitment for a study about "symptoms and genetics" and was not specific to any particular symptom. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Eligibility criteria included English-speaking adults at least 18 years of age, diagnosed with HIV for ≥ 3 months, not working nightshift schedules, and not pregnant within the prior 3 months. Study visits were conducted at the university's outpatient Clinical Research Center. After excluding subjects who tested positive on urine sample screening for illicit drugs (n = 31), subjects who could not provide a specimen (n = 1), and subjects with missing questionnaire or sleep diary data (n = 5) or actigraphy data (n = 27), the analysis for this sample included 290 adults with data for actigraphy and self-report measures.
In addition to completing demographic and symptom questionnaires, the assessment included wearing a wrist actigraph monitor for 72 continuous hours during weekdays, and anthropometric measures of height, weight, and circumference of neck, waist, hips, and thighs. Participants provided a urine sample for toxicology screening using RediCup (Redwood Toxicology Laboratory, Inc, Santa Rosa CA, USA) and a copy of their most recent laboratory results for CD4+ T-cell count and viral load. Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) was determined by review of the participant's report of current medications. This analysis includes self-report and actigraphy measures of their sleep in relation to demographic and clinical characteristics.
Sleep and activity were estimated with a noninvasive battery-operated wrist actigraph microprocessor that senses motion with a piezoelectric beam that detects movement and acceleration (Mini Motionlogger Actigraph, AAM-32 Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc. Ardsley, NY). Actigraphy provides continuous movement counts, and data were sampled in 30-sec epochs using zero-crossing mode. The actigraphy monitor was worn continuously on the non-dominant wrist for 72 h on 3 consecutive weekdays between Monday and Friday to control for potential weekend variability and reduce subject burden in this patient population. Wrist actigraphy has been validated with EEG measures of sleep and wake time for healthy and disturbed sleepers.22–24
Bedtime and final wake times were determined by one of two approaches: (a) participant's pressing the event marker on the actigraph for "lights out" and "lights on," or (b) diary entry of clock times that matched with a 50% change in movement during the same 10-min block of time on actigraphy. If these were not available, bedtime was deemed missing. The Cole-Kripke algorithm was used to calculate total sleep time (minutes), number of awakenings, and percent time spent awake after falling asleep using an automatic sleep scoring program (Action4 Software Program, Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, NY) to reduce any researcher scoring bias. The mean for 3 nights of complete data was used for analysis of nighttime sleep. To estimate daytime sleep, the time after final awakening to the next bedtime was marked, and sleep diary notations of nap times were noted. Daytime minutes of sleep were calculated after excluding any time when the monitor was off the participant's wrist. The mean for 3 complete days was used for analysis of daytime sleep.
To estimate general perception of sleep problems, 2 self-report measures were administered: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a sleep diary. The PSQI was used to describe their sleep history.25 The PSQI asks participants how often they experience sleep related problems on a scale of 0 (not during the past month) to 3 (≥ 3 times a week) and has adequate validity with laboratory polysomnography. Scores can range from 0 to 21, and scores > 5 indicate substantial sleep disturbance.25 Specific questions address the time it usually takes to fall asleep at night and how much sleep the respondent usually gets each night.
A sleep diary was completed each evening that included a brief description of activity, meals, alcohol and caffeine consumption, tobacco use, and stressors and symptoms experienced during the day. Each morning, participants recorded their bedtime, wake time, the amount of time it took to fall asleep, and whether they took anything to help them sleep. The sleep diary was also used in cases where participants neglected to press the event marker on the actigraph monitor to indicate lights out and final awakening times. The average of the 3 nights' diary entries was used for analyses that involved sleep onset latency.
The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) assesses 32 symptoms with regard to presence (yes/no) as well as frequency, severity, and distress.26 The number of individual MSAS symptoms experienced was used to estimate symptom burden and ranged from 0 to 32. Within the MSAS are 7 symptoms related to sleep problems: lack of energy, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating, feeling drowsy, feeling irritable, feeling nervous, and worrying. The symptom experience of this sample was previously reported in more detail.10
In addition to the MSAS "lack of energy" item, the sleep diary described above asked 4 specific items that were descriptors of fatigue (tired, sleepy, drowsy, fatigued) on a scale of 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely) in the evening before bedtime and in the morning upon awakening. These items were derived from the 18-item Lee Fatigue Scale.27 The 18-item version has well-established validity and high internal consistency reliability in previous studies with cancer28 and other HIV samples,8 and the current brief 4-item version had a Cronbach α coefficient of 0.84 for the first evening diary entry and an intraclass correlation (ICC) of 0.81 for consistency between the 3 evenings. The Cronbach α coefficient was 0.91 for the first morning diary entry, and the ICC was 0.80 for the 3 mornings.
The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess frequency of depressive symptoms during the past week. The 20-item CES-D score can range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicative of more frequent symptoms of depression; scores ≥ 16 indicate the need for further clinical evaluation for major depression. The CES-D has well-established concurrent and construct validity.29 In this study, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach α coefficient) was 0.88.
The Profile of Moods States (POMS) 9-item subscale for Tension-Anxiety was used to assess severity of anxiety in the past week. Scores can range from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating a more severe level of anxiety. The POMS has well-established concurrent and construct validity.30 In this study, the subscale was internally consistent, with a Cronbach α coefficient of 0.86.
Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and clinical characteristics. The 72 h of continuous actigraphy data were analyzed for each individual using Action4 software (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc. Ardsley, NY). This software allows for automatic sleep scoring as described in the methods section. These data were entered into SPSS, Version 15.0 software (SPSS, Inc, Chicago IL, USA) for group analyses. ANOVA with Scheffe post hoc testing was used to compare short sleepers (< 6 h total nocturnal sleep by actigraphy measures) with typical sleepers (6.0-7.9 h) and long sleepers (≥ 8 h).
Actigraphy recording of wake after sleep onset (WASO) was averaged over the 3 nights, and WASO > 15% was used to dichotomize the sample. In the uncontrolled home, without a sleep technician to document lights out time, pressing the actigraphy event marker to indicate lights can be unreliable and invalid on any given night. Therefore, the participant's diary report of time to fall asleep was averaged over the 3 nights, and sleep onset latency (SOL) > 30 min was used to dichotomize the sample. Group differences in types of sleep problems were assessed with χ2 tests of independence for categorical variables and either one-way ANOVA or independent t-tests for continuous variables. Post hoc testing compared each sleep problem group to the reference group of good sleepers using either pairwise χ2 tests adjusted for the number of comparisons (categorical variables) or Dunnett test (continuous variables). Transformations were conducted to normalize skewed distributions. Spearman correlation coefficients (r) were use to estimate associations between continuous variables with non-normal distributions. Significance was set at p < 0.05 for all analyses.
Demographic and clinical characteristics for the 290 participants included in this analysis are presented in Table 1. The sample was ethnically diverse and predominantly male, reflecting the local population of adults living with HIV infection. Over half (59%) of the women in the sample were African American. Most participants had been living with HIV for many years; 70% were currently receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART); 51% had received an AIDS diagnosis; and most were unemployed (86%) or receiving medical disability assistance (75%).
Demographic and clinical characteristics by type of sleep problem
a Analyses included an omnibus ANOVA and Dunnett post hoc tests comparing each sleep problem group to the good sleep group.
b Lower sample sizes due to missing laboratory data.
* Post hoc testing indicates this group significantly differs (p ≤ 0.05) from good sleep group.
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The sample's total sleep time across the 3 nights ranged from < 2 to > 11 h/night (mean = 6.2 ± 1.6 h). Almost half of the sample (45%, n = 131) averaged < 6 h of sleep per night; another 42% (n = 121) slept ≥ 6 h, but less than 8 h; and 13% (n = 38) slept an average ' 8 h per night (Table 2).
Sleep characteristics and symptom experience by sleep quantity
a Analyses for comparing the 3 groups included χ2 for demographic variables and an omnibus ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests for continuous variables.
b Square root transformation used to normalize distribution.
* Post hoc testing indicates this group significantly differs (p ≤ 0.005) from one of the other groups.
** Post hoc testing indicates this group significantly differs (p ≤ 0.005) from both of the other groups.
"Long sleepers" are typically defined as adults sleeping ≥ 9 h, but in this sample, only 9 participants met this criterion, and they did not differ from the 29 participants sleeping 8-9 h per night on other variables of interest. Therefore, these 2 groups were collapsed into a single group of participants sleeping ≥ 8 h per night for the purpose of this analysis. The primary difference between participants sleeping ≥ 8 h and the groups obtaining less sleep at night was that the longer sleepers reported more depressive symptoms on the CES-D. Long sleepers also spent more time in bed at night, had better sleep efficiency, and slept more during the day, although their perceived sleep quality on the PSQI did not differ from the other groups. Long sleepers were more likely to be Caucasian and college educated, but were otherwise similar to participants sleeping less on demographic and clinical variables.
In contrast to the long sleepers, participants sleeping < 6 h/night spent less time in bed, had lower sleep efficiency, and slept less during the day than longer sleepers, but did not report significantly more sleep disturbance or worse symptom experience. However, short sleep was associated with lower CD4+ T-cell counts (398 ± 256 vs. 494 ± 269, t275 = 3.03, p = 0.003) and higher viral load values (2.09 ± 1.99 vs. 1.58 ± 1.91, t269 = 2.14, p = 0.033). Short sleepers were also more likely to be African American, have less education, and have lower income.
Difficulty falling asleep, defined as an average SOL > 30 min, was reported by 100 participants (34% of the sample). Only 15% of the participants (n = 42) averaged < 10 min to fall asleep by their diary recording over the 3 nights. Self-reported SOL was highly variable (range 1 to 160 min) and not normally distributed (30.2 ± 26.4, median = 21.7). Diary report of SOL was correlated with the usual amount of time to fall asleep reported on the PSQI (Spearman r = 0.60, p < 0.001), indicating that the 3 nights of monitoring were typical of the participants' usual sleep onset latency during the prior month. Self-reported SOL was also weakly correlated with actigraphy estimates of SOL (Spearman r = 0.13, p = 0.025), WASO (Spearman r = 0.13, p = 0.024) and time in bed (Spearman r = 0.22, p < 0.001). Diary reports of time to fall asleep were unrelated to total sleep time at night and daytime napping. Self-reported SOL was also unrelated to reported use of alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco, as well as measures of BMI, neck circumference, or waist circumference.
Wake after sleep onset (WASO) was calculated from wrist actigraphy as the percentage of time spent awake after falling asleep and could range from 0 (no awake time after sleep onset) to 100% (awake the entire night). Fragmented sleep or difficulty maintaining sleep was common in this sample, with 56% (n = 161) having WASO above 15%. The 3-night mean WASO ranged from 0.63% to 78.9% (mean = 20.9% ± 14.8%, median = 17.5%), and was weakly correlated with habitual sleep efficiency on the PSQI (Spearman r = −0.15, p = 0.016), suggesting that the WASO observed during the 3-day monitoring period was somewhat consistent with the participants' self-report of their typical amount of sleep fragmentation. WASO was inversely correlated with actigraphy measures of total sleep time at night (Spearman r = −0.71, p < 0.001) and daytime sleep quantity (Spearman r = −0.23, p < 0.001). There was no relationship between WASO and self-reported use of tobacco, alcohol or caffeine, or measures of BMI, neck circumference, or waist circumference.
Although there was a weak association between difficulty falling asleep and difficulty maintaining sleep (Spearman r = 0.13, p = 0.024), the 2 sleep problems were largely independent. As such, the sample was divided into 4 groups based on the presence or absence of the 2 sleep problems. There were 41 (14%) who had difficulty falling asleep only, defined as taking > 30 min to fall asleep on average as reported in the sleep diary. There were 102 (35%) who only had a problem maintaining sleep, averaging > 15% WASO recorded by actigraphy. There were an additional 59 participants (20%) who had both types of sleep problems. The reference group consisted of 88 participants (30%) who had neither problem and were considered "good sleepers" for group analyses.
The groups were compared and results are reported in Tables 1 and 3. The groups differed on demographic factors, such as race, education, income, and employment status, but did not differ by gender, age, or self-reported use of tobacco, alcohol, or caffeine. There were small clinical differences between the groups, and significant differences on measures of sleep and symptom experience. As shown in Table 3, all 4 groups had a mean PSQI score > 5 indicating significant sleep disturbance. Each sleep problem group was compared to the good sleepers and can be summarized as follows:
Trouble falling asleep only: Participants who reported trouble falling asleep but had no difficulty staying asleep (n = 41) reported significant sleep disturbance on the self-report measures, despite obtaining the most sleep of the 4 groups, both at night (7.3 ± 1.1 h) and during the day (1.3 ± 1.3 h). In fact, this was the only group that obtained more sleep according to actigraphy than they reported on the PSQI. Only 10% of the adults in this group obtained < 6 h of sleep per night, and nearly one-third (29%) obtained ≥ 8 h of sleep at night. This group also reported the highest symptom burden, the most symptoms of anxiety and depression, and the highest ratings of morning fatigue. The demographic and clinical characteristics of this group were similar to the good sleepers. Women with difficulty falling asleep had slightly lower waist circumference than good sleepers, but there was no group differences on anthropometric measures among men or the small sample of transgender adults.
Trouble staying asleep only: Participants who had trouble maintaining sleep, but no trouble initially falling asleep (n = 102) represented the largest proportion of the sample (35%). On average, this group obtained the least amount of sleep (5.3 h), although on the PSQI they reported usually obtaining 7.1 h of sleep. While their sleep efficiency was low (65%), they reported less sleep disturbance on the self-report measures than participants with trouble falling asleep, and they had the lowest symptom burden (total number of symptoms, as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue) of all 4 groups. Participants who only had trouble staying asleep were more likely to be African American and less likely to be Caucasian, and tended to have less education and lower incomes than the good sleepers. While the differences were not statistically significant, their CD4+ T-cell counts were somewhat lower and their viral load counts were slightly higher than the good sleepers, and they were slightly less likely to be receiving anti-retroviral therapy.
Trouble falling and staying asleep: Participants who had trouble both falling and staying asleep (20%, n = 59) obtained an average of 5.5 ± 1.4 h of sleep at night and 0.7 ± 0.6 h of sleep during the day, and had an average sleep efficiency of only 64%. In contrast to the previous group, participants with both sleep problems reported more sleep disturbance on the self-report measures and also reported more symptom burden (overall as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety specifically). This group reported a surprisingly low rate of sleep medication use (19%) given the severity of their sleep problems. This group was more likely to be African American and less likely to be Caucasian, less likely to be employed, and tended to have less education and income than the good sleepers. This group had the lowest CD4+ T-cell count and the highest viral load values, and was significantly less likely to be on anti-retroviral therapy compared to the group of good sleepers.
Sleep characteristics and symptom experience by type of sleep problem
This study utilized a cross-sectional convenience sample of adults with HIV/AIDS to describe the types of sleep problems they experience and the potential impact on daytime sleep and function. Their sleep was very poor considering the minimal monitoring with an actigraph in their own home environment. The mean PSQI global score was above 6 even for the good sleepers living with HIV. This is still better sleep than recently reported in another sample of slightly younger adults with HIV, where the mean PSQI score was 12.3 and all subjects were above the cut-point of 5.31 The majority of subjects in that study were African American.
Total sleep time at night in our sample ranged from less than 2 to more than 11 hours, and sleep efficiency ranged from 18% to 98%. One-third of the sample reported trouble falling asleep (SOL > 30 min), and more than half of the sample had severely fragmented sleep (WASO > 15%). Participants with fragmented sleep had objectively worse sleep (72% had < 6 h of sleep per night by actigraphy, with an overall sleep efficiency of 65%), although the group with trouble falling asleep reported more sleep disturbance and more severe symptom burden. Despite their nighttime sleep fragmentation, the group with WASO > 15% slept less during the day than the group with good sleep or the group reporting only problems falling asleep at bedtime. Using the PSQI self-report measure, other researchers also report a range of 2 to 12 hours, with a mean of 5 to 6 hours sleep and sleep efficiency better than 85% in their samples of HIV-infected adults.9,32
Considering the high rates of medical disability and unemployment in this sample, it was surprising that only a third took a nap for more than one hour during the day. It was also interesting that napping was most common in the group with problems falling sleep (50%) and least common (24%) among participants with only fragmented sleep, since they tended to obtain less sleep during the night. The prevalence of napping was similar to that reported for a community sample of women in which 31% reported naps,16 and similar to Darko and colleagues' sample of men with AIDS in which 50% reported napping.33 Rather than only 6 to 7 hours of sleep, however, the men in that sample reported an average of 9 hours sleep at night.33
One dimension of sleep rarely included in published reports is amount of actual sleep obtained during the night regardless of difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Only nine participants met criterion of more than 9 hours sleep. When these nine adults were combined with participants sleeping 8 hours or longer, this group actually had significantly better sleep efficiency compared to participants getting less sleep, but they had no difference in subjective sleep quality on the PSQI. Nearly half of this sample obtained less than 6 hours of sleep on average across the three nights of monitoring, and they were in bed later and arose earlier and slept less during the day, without any significant differences in daytime function or mood. In fact, participants who slept less than 6 hours actually had slightly lower morning fatigue ratings as well as fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms compared to participants who slept 6 hours or more. The group who slept less than 6 hours per night had significantly lower CD4+ T-cell counts and higher viral load values, but it remains unclear how these clinical variables affect or are affected by sleep disturbance. While at least 7 hours of sleep is recommended for most healthy adults, future research should examine in more detail how health and clinical outcomes, as well as daytime functioning, are impacted by less than 6 hours of sleep in chronic illness populations such as adults living with HIV/AIDS.
Sleep fragmentation was associated with short sleep times, but difficulty falling asleep was not. Given the association between short sleep duration and adverse clinical outcomes such as poor immune function and higher viral load, interventions are needed to better identify and address sleep fragmentation among adults living with HIV. Most studies of sleep fragmentation examine the role of BMI and waist or neck circumference without attention to sociodemographic factors. In this sample of adults with HIV infection, we did not find strong associations between self-reported snoring or fragmented sleep and anthropometric measures typically associated with sleep disordered breathing. The sociodemographic correlates of both short sleep duration and sleep fragmentation would suggest that environmental and sleep hygiene factors may play a larger role than body weight in this population and be a more critical aspect of an effective intervention.
One limitation of this study design was the self-report measures for symptom experience, including problems falling asleep and the mental health symptoms of anxiety and depression. Future research should include more objective clinical assessments of adults who complain about their sleep. It may be that adults with fragmented sleep are less aware of their sleep loss and its effects on their daytime function or have more difficulty with self-report measures. It may also be the case that adults who report problems initiating sleep are highly focused on their sleep and so aware of their sleep problem that they take sleep medication expecting relief, but then spend more time in bed at night and napping during the day.34 Consistent with the findings of this study, Phillips and colleagues reported that their sample spent about 8 hours in bed and obtained about 6 hours sleep by self-report.32
Another limitation of this study was that the amount of sleep was objectively assessed with movement counts using wrist actigraphy, and this measure may have overestimated the amount of sleep actually obtained. If this is the case, then the poor sleep efficiency and low total sleep time would be even worse. Of interest was the finding that good sleepers and those only reporting problems falling asleep reported an average of 7.2 hours sleep on the PSQI and actigraphy findings were similar, while the group with fragmented sleep had a large discrepancy between their self-reported sleep time (6.9 h) and actigraphy (5.4 h). Self-report measures of sleep time may be less valid for adults with problems maintaining sleep, and more research needs to be done with this particular type of sleep problem in populations living with a chronic illness.
Finally, the least prevalent type of sleep problem experienced by this sample was difficulty falling asleep, but it was associated with the most severe symptom experience. Sleep onset latency was determined with a subjective sleep diary measure and then used to identify subjects having difficulty falling asleep. In contrast, sleep fragmentation was determined objectively using actigraphy to classify subjects with fragmented sleep. We cannot exclude the possibility that the greater sleep disturbance and symptom burden in those with sleep onset difficulties could be a function of our identification by self-report, while the lower sleep disturbance and symptom burden in those with sleep fragmentation could be a function of our identification by objective measures. Subjective reports of sleep problems would be expected to be more closely associated with self-reported symptoms than objective measures of sleep problems.
Participants who only experienced difficulty falling asleep did not differ by age, but were more likely to take sleep medication. In this cross-sectional design with a non-random convenience sample, the low prevalence may not be reflective of the rate of initiation insomnia in the general population of adults living with HIV/AIDS. It would also be difficult to conclude whether the sleep medication was helping, or whether long sleep onset latency would have been even worse without the medication.
Further research is needed to explore the effects of the sleep medication taken at night on daytime function, including time spent napping. The group that only experienced problems falling asleep also reported more fatigue in the morning upon awakening, but were not any more fatigued in the evening than the good sleepers. Compared to good sleepers and those who only experienced fragmented sleep, the group with difficulty falling asleep reported more symptoms, including symptoms related to depression and anxiety. Their self-report measures were closely aligned with the objective actigraphy findings, indicating that they were more accurate in their perceptions of sleep than the group with fragmented sleep. Participants with difficulty falling asleep were also the group most likely to complain about their sleep, and since their sleep efficiency was similar to the group of good sleepers, interventions may be better focused on strategies to relieve anxiety and restrict time spent in bed in order to shorten sleep onset latency.35,36 Rather than relying solely on medication to improve sleep, cognitive behavioral therapy should also be considered, particularly in populations already burdened with medications used to manage their chronic illness.37
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 5 R01 MH074358). Data collection was supported by the General Clinical Research Center at UCSF CTSA (1 UL RR024131). Dr. Aouizerat was also supported by an NIH Roadmap K12 (KL2 RR024130); Dr. Davis was supported by an NIH Research Infrastructure in Minority Institutions (RIMI) award (5P20 MD0005444). The authors acknowledge the contributions to the study from Ryan Kelly, Yeonsu Song, Kristen Nelson, and Matthew Shullick.
Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C, et al., authors. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep. 2006;29:1415–19. [PubMed]
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Dreher HM, author. The effect of caffeine reduction on sleep quality and well-being in persons with HIV. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54:191–8. [PubMed]
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Roth T, author. Cormorbid insomnia: current directions and future challenges. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15:S6–S13. [PubMed]
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Ancoli-Israel S, Clopton P, Klauber MR, Fell R, Mason W, authors. Use of wrist activity for monitoring sleep/wake in demented nursing-home patients. Sleep. 1997;20:24–7. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Lichstein KL, Stone KC, Donaldson J, et al., authors. Actigraphy validation with insomnia. Sleep. 2006;29:232–9. [PubMed]
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ, authors. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193–213. [PubMed]
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Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Cooper BA, et al., authors. Trajectories of fatigue in men with prostate cancer before, during, and after radiation therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008;35:632–43. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Sheehan TJ, Fifield J, Reisine S, Tennen H, authors. The measurement structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. J Pers Assess. 1995;64:507–21. [PubMed]
McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF, authors. Manual for the Profile of Mood States. 1971. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Services;
Hand GA, Phillips KD, Dudgeon WD, authors. Perceived stress in HIV-infected individuals: Physiological and psychological correlates. AIDS Care. 2006;18:1011–17. [PubMed]
Phillips KD, Mock KS, Bopp CM, Dodgeon WA, Hand GA, authors. Spiritual well-being, sleep disturbance, and mental and physical health status in HIV-infected individuals. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2006;27:125–39. [PubMed]
Darko DF, McCutchan JA, Kripke DF, Gillin JC, Golshan S, authors. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, disability, and indices of progression of HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:514–20. [PubMed]
Morgan K, Dixon S, Mathers N, Thompson J, Tomeny M, authors. Psychological treatment for insomnia in the regulation of long-term hypnotic drug use. Health Technol Assess. 2004;8:1–81
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Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, Krystal AD, Rice JR, authors. Behavioral insomnia therapy for fibromyalgia patients. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2527–35. [PubMed]


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The Faculty History Project documents faculty members who have been associated with the University of Michigan since 1837, and the history of the University's schools and colleges. This project is part of a larger effort to prepare resources for the University's bicentennial in 2017. Find out more.
Gregory R. Niehaus
Gregory R. Niehaus
|Years at Michigan:
1985 - 1990
Assistant Professor of Finance


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Create and upload your online and street team banners to help promote Trey's new album "Passion, Pain & Pleasure"! We want you to take a picture with your banners and upload them to the "Passion, Pain & Pleasure Banners" category on TreySongz.com! Trey will be selecting a few of his favorites to feature on the site, and possibly use as his twitter background! Create your banners using sheets, blankets, or any online tools to show your support for Trey's new album! Make sure you include your twitter URL in the description of the photo and your banner must include the info below to be featured. "Passion, Pain & Pleasure" is available everywhere September 14th - so what are you waiting for? Start creating and uploading your photos now!
Must include the following text on your banner:
Trey Songz
Passion, Pain & Pleasure
Available Everywhere September 14th
Upload your photos HERE. Be sure to include your twitter URL in the description of the photo.


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Curragh Downs Real Estate
Located near Hazel Avenue and the American River, residents of Curragh Downs enjoy spacious homes on larger lots – some which have stables for horses. The winding roads are lined with towering heritage oak trees and lovely landscapes.
The neighborhood borders the American River Parkway and offers easy access to the beautiful river views and magnificent sunsets. Equestrian and pedestrian hiking trails entwine the area. The name Curragh Downs is derived from the area's equestrian and geographic beginnings and all the streets are named after famous racehorse. Convenient Highway 50 nearby makes this community easy to access. Curragh Downs is a tranquil place to call home.
Search for Homes in Curragh Downs, CAView all Curragh Downs listings
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Welcome Business 3.0 Listeners
If you are here, you probably heard me talking with Eliot Wagonheim on the Business 3.0 podcast. I trust you had as much fun listening to us, as I did talking with Eliot. He is a great host and real share great information that can change your life.
I hope I can change your life for the better too, by helping you spot and understand the misinformation hidden in the little data you consume every day.
This is my passion! People know me internationally for my ability to explain highly sophisticated concepts in a simple, straightforward manner. As a professional economist I share this as an expert witness, author speaker, and leader of Edgeworth Economics.
At Edgeworth, I provide consulting and expert testimony for Fortune 100 clients, trade groups, and government agencies. In my litigation work, I guides companies and outside counsel on the appropriate use and interpretation of complex data sets, and have served as expert witness in some of today's most high-stakes corporate lawsuits. On the business analytics side, I help companies translate their complex internal data sets into strategic, actionable information across a variety of business settings including human resources, finance, marketing, manufacturing, and business intelligence. Both aspects share the need to understand — and properly apply — large, complex sets of data.
You will appreciate these same skills in my writing and speaking. I help audiences avoid the most common pitfalls people make when confronted with data, so they can become more confident and discerning consumers of data and make better decisions in their professional and personal lives.


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I have breaking news: Our neighborhoods have disappeared.
The young folks moved away and the older folks have gotten older or moved on, too.
What happened? Our neighborhoods are now full of strangers who seldom speak, much less wave.
Why are there no children riding tricycles or scooters on the sidewalks?
Shucks, most recently developed neighborhoods don't even have sidewalks. For that matter, most of the residents don't even know what a scooter is.
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OXO Salad Dressing Shaker
Easy, hassle-free returns online and in-store for eligible items.Learn More
Earn $25 in reward dollars4 for every $500 spent on your Williams Sonoma Credit Card. Learn More
- Summary
This shaker offers a no-fuss way to mix, serve and store salad dressings, sauces and marinades. Its wide opening makes it easy to add a wide range of ingredients—from oil and vinegar to mayonnaise, garlic or onions. The screw-top lid has a convenient lever that flips back to pour and forward to seal.
- Measures liquids in cups, fluid ounces or milliliters.
- Oxo's signature nonslip grip provides a secure hold when shaking ingredients.
- Airtight, watertight, leak-proof seal.
- Made of BPA-free, hard, durable plastic.
- Dishwasher safe.
- Dimensions & More Info
- 2 1/2" diam., 8 3/4" high.
- 1 1/2-cup cap.
- Made in China.
- Use & Care
- Dishwasher safe.
- Shipping
Shipping Information
UPS can deliver most in-stock items within 3–5 business days. UPS is unable to deliver to P.O. boxes.
Shipping Rates
The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping destination. View Shipping Options and Charges.
Next Day Delivery
For an additional charge of $26 per address, we can expedite delivery to most destinations. This service is not available for some oversize items, items shipped directly from the supplier (including perishable and custom-manufactured items), out-of-stock items and items to be shipped outside the contiguous 48 states.
Orders received by 9:00 p.m. ET Monday through Thursday will arrive the next business day; orders placed Friday through Sunday will arrive on the following Tuesday.
Return Policy
At Williams Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction are our priority. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement.
If within 30 days, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required for all returns and exchanges. Returns with a gift receipt will be refunded in the form of a Merchandise Credit for the amount indicated on the gift receipt. Returns with original receipt will be refunded in the original form of payment, cash and check refunds over $100 will be issued as a company check (may take 14 business days from time of request).
For all cutlery returns (knife sets, single knives, cutting boards, knife sharpeners and knife storage), please contact us at 888.922.4108 to initiate the return.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, custom upholstery, food, items shipped direct from the vendor or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. Final sale items ending in .97 or .99 cannot be returned.
Made to Order and Final Sale Furniture items are non-returnable and cannot be cancelled once the order is placed.
For returns of items purchased from your Williams Sonoma Gift Registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later. View Full Returns Policy.


text: The prescription painkiller sold under the brand-name Vicodin contains hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen. To reduce the risk of liver damage, the Food and Drug Administration is moving to limit the amount of acetaminophen allowed in prescription medicines. Toby Talbot/AP hide caption toggle caption Toby Talbot/AP Shots - Health News FDA Asks Doctors To Stop Prescribing High-Dose Acetaminophen January 16, 2014 Acetaminophen overdoses, many of which are inadvertent, are a leading cause of acute liver failure. People taking several kinds of drugs may not realize that more than one of them can contain acetaminophen.


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Large Elephant With Blue Heart Iron / Sew On Motif
You can iron or sew this lovely motif onto your own clothing / blanket etc - or if you order one of our plain wincyette or plain fleece onesies at the same time - then we will have this sewn on for you at no extra cost - If you order several onesies, then just let us know which you would like it sewn onto by leaving a note on the order, there is a space to do this when checking out. (Please allow a few extra days for us to sew the motif on your onesie - If you order with other items we will send everything together so bear that in mind if you need items quickly)
Instructions are with the motif as to how to iron on to clothing - we would actually recommend sewing the motif on as this will would be the most secure method.
Can 'not' be ironed on to waterproof, elasticated or heat sensitive fabrics.
Can be washed at 40 Degrees - Do not tumble dry.
Approx Size in Inches- 6 1/2 " Wide x 5" High
Approx Size in cm- 16.5cm Wide x 12.5cm High


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Blog Entries!!!
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About the blog
The Kitchenthusiast™ is all about possibilities, passion, prowess, inspiration and a shared love for all things food. Explore recipes, take on challenges, find tips, learn about events and so much more. Because when you have the culinary world at your fingertips, there's so much more to make.


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With attention to detail and an eye for the highest quality of clothing, PostFold works towards creating an impeccable online clothes shopping catalogue for women and men. The collection in our factory has been fabricated with emphasis on the smallest detail and fabrics. We promise outfits that reach beyond unreasonable markups. PostFold is THE online shopping website to get your hands on the exquisite clothes including women's Kimono dress at great prices at the comfort of your home!
We have partnered with leading garment manufacturers to introduce the AM to PM Collection including Linen Cotton Shirts that exude comfort and style throughout the day. Our process is ; beginning with identifying customer expectations, sourcing the best fabrics accordingly, and a detailed manufacturing process before a wide variety of sweatshirts for men hit the racks along with casual shirts online.
The modern millennial requires outfits that are a blend of class and function. With an aim to provide apparels that meet such demands, we present Supima Cotton T-Shirts in India that are more comfortable, brighter and about 45 % tougher than their counterparts. The longer fibres of Supima cotton react extremely well to dye to create a cloth that retains its appearance for a long time.
The motto that keeps the spool rolling at PostFold is the equity between the various departments. We favour and practice ethical fashion, and through periodic checks, we make sure that our workforce isn't affected by the interests of fast fashion and profit-driven sales. This ensures that, without affecting livelihoods, we can create an elaborate collection of long skirts online and the best denim shirts for men.
In our long search to find the right set of fashion ideals, we found our goal to create apparel that lasts. Our designers study industry trends on a regular basis to manufacture garments that can be worn for professional meetings as well as for parties. Keeping that in mind, linen clothing is one of the most important selections in our online store.


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Get to Know Common Twitter Terms
Like any new technology, Twitter has its own vocabulary. If you're just getting started with Twitter, here are some of the terms and lingo you and other twitterers might tweet around:
hashtag: Tagging an individual tweet by using a hash mark (#) in front of the tag word. For example, #twittermarketing. The hashtag allows Twitter users to search for a particular subject.
twalking: Sending a tweet via your mobile phone while you're walking.
retweet (RT): A repeated tweet, in which twitterers send a tweet that they've received to their followers. An RT is much like a forwarded e-mail. Twitterers can also use RTs when they reply to a particular tweet, allowing their Twitter stream to read the reply.
tweeting: The act of posting a message to Twitter in 140 characters or less.
TweetDeck: A desktop application that allows you to manage and monitor your Twitter feed.
tweetup: When Twitter users meet in person — a meet-up organized through Twitter.
Twitosphere: A community of Twitter users.
Twitter stream: A collections of tweets, often listed in chronological order.
Twitterati: The A-list twitterers, also called the cewebrities.


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Difference between revisions of "Lenovo ThinkPad X1"
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== Hardware ==
== Hardware ==
everything works out of the box. synaptics and video-intel drivers
== Power management ==
== Power management ==
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I had no luck getting an acpi event for the microphone mute button.
I had no luck getting an acpi event for the microphone mute button.
Revision as of 15:18, 27 April 2013
Model description
Lenovo ThinkPad X1, Sandy Bridge (Core i5, 2,5 GHz), NWG2MRT This model has SSD 80/HDD 320 pair. Comes without optical drive. Has UEFI BIOS with BIOS-legacy fallback mode. Has Windows 7 Pro pre-installed, with tons of bloatware (bing toolbar, big Lenovo superbar button et all) pre-installed, too.
Drive space customization
By default:
- SSD: two WinRE partitions and one Windows system partition - HDD: blank
I've chosen to:
- leave WinRE untouched (there are two such partitions) - use SSD for my root partition - use HDD for swap, /home, /var (~30 Gb, pacman cache goes here), /tmp
Installation method
Due to the fact that there is no optical drive, you need to install Arch from USB stick.
The lazy way to install is just default installation, works flawlessly. Installed system will boot in legacy-BIOS mode.
Download the official ISO or create your own using something like Archiso. Follow the instructions for creating a UEFI bootable USB from the ISO. Note that the default bootloader works fine so there's no need to replace it with an alternative like rEFInd. In the BIOS under Startup, set "UEFI/Legacy Boot" to UEFI only and turn off CSM support (this step might not be necessary, try skipping it first if you like).
Upon saving your changes and restarting, the UEFI boot options from the USB stick should come up and you can proceed to installing Arch.
It appears that the default partition table (and Windows installation) uses MBR. To use UEFI, you should reformat the disk as GPT (wiping the drive in the process). Follow the instructions for creating the EFI system partition.
gdisk recommends a size of 300M. Follow the Beginner's Guide to see how to correctly generate (and then fix) the fstab entry for the ESP.
Booting using an efibootmgr entry is quite simple (and doesn't require any extra packages). Simply follow the instructions for creating the EFISTUB and adding the efibootmgr entry. The note about Lenovo Thinkpads truncating the UEFI options doesn't apply to the X1: the recommended efibootmgr entry works fine. The note about escaping the backslashes in the initrd path does apply, verify with
efibootmgr -v that the boot entry doesn't have any missing characters.
Almost everything works out of the box. Install synaptics and video-intel drivers.
Fingerprint Reader
fingerprint-gui from the AUR is already patched to work with the X1's newer fingerprint reader. Note that the dropdown entry for the fingerprint device will be blank.
Power management
Just consult Laptop page to read about tp_smapi, pm-utils, uswsusp and acpid.
Tp_smapi does not seem to work at all.
Suspend works fine, even with status indicator.
The only special keys that seems to work out of the box are the sleep, wifi, and keyboard backlight keys. All of the others (volume, brightness, etc.) need to be mapped using something like acpid. Here are the relevant acpi events
ac_adapter ACPI0003:00 00000080 00000000 # adapter unplugged ac_adapter ACPI0003:00 00000080 00000001 # adapter plugged-in battery PNP0C0A:00 00000080 00000001 # battery present button/mute MUTE 00000080 00000000 K button/volumedown VOLDN 00000080 00000000 K button/volumeup VOLUP 00000080 00000000 K video/switchmode VMOD 00000080 00000000 K button/prog1 PROG1 00000080 00000000 K # the thin button above F6 video/brightnessdown BRTDN 00000087 00000000 video/brightnessup BRTUP 00000086 00000000 cd/prev CDPREV 00000080 00000000 K cd/play CDPLAY 00000080 00000000 K cd/next CDNEXT 00000080 00000000 K
I had no luck getting an acpi event for the microphone mute button.