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US7224686B1 - Method of and apparatus for mediating common channel signaling messages between networks using a pseudo-switch - Google PatentsMethod of and apparatus for mediating common channel signaling messages between networks using a pseudo-switch Download PDF
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This application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 09/607,931, filed Jun. 30, 2000 now abandoned and entitled METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEDIATING COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING MESSAGES BETWEEN NETWORKS USING A PSEUDO-SWITCH and is related to application Ser. No. 09/609,033, filed Jun. 30, 2000 and entitled METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR IN CONTEXT MEDIATING COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING MESSAGES BETWEEN NETWORKS; to application Ser. No. 09/767,292, filed Jan. 18, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/607,930, filed Jun. 30, 2000, both entitled METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR AUTHENTICATING CONTROL MESSAGES IN A SIGNALING NETWORK; and to Ser. No. 09/606,684, filed Jun. 30, 2000, and entitled METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR MEDIATING COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING MESSAGE BETWEEN NETWORKS USING CONTROL MESSAGE TEMPLATES. The specifications of those applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates to switched telephone networks and, more particularly, to insertion of a virtual or "pseudo-switch" into a network to intercept and analyze call related messaging while avoiding the rerouting of associated call traffic.
The written description uses a large number of acronyms to refer to various services and system components. Although generally known, use of several of these acronyms is not strictly standardized in the art. For purposes of this discussion, acronyms therefore will be defined as follows:
Automatic Code Gapping (ACG)
Address Complete Message (ACM)
Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN)
ANswer Message (ANM)
Called Party Address (CdPA)
Calling Party Address (CgPA)
Certification Authority (CA)
Common Channel Inter-office Signaling (CCIS)
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC)
Connect Acknowledge (ACK)
Destination Point Code (DPC)
End of Packet (EOP)
Initial Address Message (IAM—an SS7 ISUP message)
Integrated Service Control Point (ISCP)
Integrated Services [Digital Network] User Part (ISUP)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
IP Security Protocol (IPSec)
Length Indicator (LI)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
Message Signal Unit (MSU)
Message Transfer Part (MTP)
Multi-Services Application Platform (MSAP)
Originating Point Code (OPC)
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
Point Code (PC)
Point In Call (PIC)
Point of Presence (POP)
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Release Complete Message (RLC)
Release Message (REL)
Service Activation Request Message (SARM)
Service Control Point (SCP)
Service Information Octet (SIO)
Service Switching Point (SSP)
Signal Gateway (SG)
Signaling Connection Control Port (SCCP)
Signaling Information Field (SIF)
Signaling Mediation Point (SMP)
Signaling Point (SP)
Signaling System 7 (SS7)
Signaling Transfer Point (STP)
Transaction Capabilities Applications Port (TCAP)
The network of switching nodes and transmission facilities forming the backbone of the traditional telecommunications industry has undergone extraordinary changes to adapt to the communications requirements arising from the telecommunications revolution. Not only has the need for more and faster communications grown at breakneck speed, but multiple entrants into the field of telecommunications service providers and the explosive demand for data communications (e.g., connectivity with and through the Internet) has prompted significant changes to provide commercially and governmentally mandated access to network facilities and capabilities.
Prior to enactment of recent regulatory changes affecting the telecommunications industry, the incumbent local exchange carrier (LEC) had virtually exclusive access to the elements and facilities comprising its network. In most cases, neighboring LECs and inter-exchange carriers interfaced with the incumbent LEC's network pursuant to Standards promulgated by organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Requirements developed and set by organizations such as Bellcore, (now Telcordia Technologies.) Independent carriers were also subject to such Standards, but were not subject to the Requirements. Because of the clout of ILECs however, their vendors' equipment confirmed to requirements, as well. However, with recent regulatory reform and technological advancements "opening up" the network and resulting in the creation of competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) and other types of carriers, the incumbent LEC requires ways and means to interface with and among these new and varied networks. Often, these new networks are structured differently from and/or use different messaging, signaling standards, protocols and procedures than the public switched telephone network (PSTN) deployed by the incumbent LEC, thus creating additional interface problems. Even when they attempt to use the same messaging, standards and protocols, they often do so using equipment with differing capabilities and requirements.
The need to interface with and accommodate varied network architectures and protocols has been further heightened by the rapid expansion of data communications requirements to accommodate users of the Internet. Typically, the LEC provides end terminus connectivity between the user's computer or local area network (LAN) and a central facility operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP), termed a Point of Presence (POP). It is often desirable or necessary to provide the ISP with, not only communications access with the end user (i.e., payload data traditionally carried by a switched voice network), but also some limited form of access to signaling and control messaging transported by, for example, the LEC's common channel signaling (CCS) network, typically implemented as Signaling System 7 (SS7.)
SS7 is a standard established and maintained by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defining procedures and protocols used by network elements of PSTNs to exchange data for call setup, routing and control (e.g., ISUP messages) and for the exchange of non-circuit related information between signaling points (e.g., transactional TCAP messages). SS7 messages are transmitted between network elements, known as signaling points (SP) using 56 or 64 kbps bidirectional channels called signaling links. SPs include Service Switching Points (SSPs), Signal Transfer Points (STPs), and Service Control Points (SCPs). SSPs are the switches that originate, terminate, or route (i.e., "tandem") calls. SCPs provide centralized databases and support other centralized call processing functions required by special services (e.g., 800 numbers, enhanced call forwarding services, etc.) SCPs may be queried by an SSP using TCAP to obtain call routing and call handling information. The STPs route these network control messages over the SS7 network between and among the SSPs and SCPs as necessary. A complete description of such an SS7 system and supported Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) supported by the system can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,583, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
Prior to the advent of competing carriers and network facilities, the connection between SS7 systems of incumbent LECs and IXCs relied on well defined and consistent interfaces. Typically, each carrier isolated its switched network from its SS7 network so that the latter was not accessible except at defined points of interconnection. Simple mechanisms were implemented which allowed restrictions to be placed on the types of signaling traffic that would be accepted from other networks.
With the advent of a liberalized interconnection environment, necessitated by an open network architecture, the interfaces between networks have been identified as points of vulnerability through which network impairing problems can be introduced. Such problems may be caused by unintentionally misdirected or erroneous messaging being introduced into a LEC's SS7 network at a point of interconnection or nefariously introduced messaging used to obtain unauthorized access to network facilities or to undermine network operations. To prevent improper and unauthorized access to the SS7 system, LECs have instituted specialized interfaces with other networks. These interfaces are commonly known as signaling mediation points, gateway screening systems or signaling system gatekeepers.
Telcordia Technologies (previously Bellcore) Generic Requirements document number GR-82-CORE provides requirements for STPs, used within signaling networks to connect network SPs to each other and to SPs in other networks. Traditional Gateway screening, defined in GR-82-CORE, facilitates the specification of specific messages that will be permitted into the network, based on message structure and the linkset on which the messages arrive. This screening is typically implemented using custom static tables created by the network operator. For example, traditional Gateway screening can be used to allow the transmission of all Transfer Prohibit (TFP) messages from a given Originating Point Code (OPC), addressed to a given Destination Point Code (DPC), and concerning a predesignated third Point Code (PC) into the network. These requirements were used by STP vendors to implement Gateway Screening between interconnected SS7 networks. Subsequently, various manufacturers have produced interface products known as SS7/IP Signaling Gateways (SGs) to interconnect SS7 signaling protocol with Internet Protocol (IP) based networks, such as the Internet. Commercially available equipment includes the MicroLegend SS7/IP Signaling Gateway, Ascend Signaling Gateway (ASG), Nuvo AIN platform SS7 Signaling Gateway by Mockingbird Networks, SGX2000 SS7 Signaling Gateway by Sonus Technologies, and others. In addition to performing protocol conversion between SS7 (and other CCS variants) and IP signaling, these Gateways may include a gateway screening function. Gateway screening, sometimes referred to as mediation, includes the selective control of signaling messages passed between networks based on parameters such as message origination and destination point codes, called and calling party addresses, etc. Thus, message header information may be examined to check whether a message is appropriate prior to routing.
Mediation is further described, for example, in Fikis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,404, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Fikis et al. describe a method and system for mediating signaling protocol dialogue between an internal signaling network operational domain operated by one network operator and an external signaling network operational domain operated by another network operator. SS7 traffic Message Signal Units (MSUs) arriving for mediation is divided into classes; some message classes are subject only to normal SS7 processing while others are further analyzed. MSUs requiring detailed analysis are routed to a mediation application process appropriate to that class. Alternatively, Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) address parameters are processed at a Signaling Mediation Point (SMP) so as to maintain normal SS7 message processing and routing functions while mediating individual messages. The disclosure further describes enabling the SMP to route a received MSU on toward its intended final destination based on information encoded in the Message Transfer Part (MTP) addresses contained in the MSU.
Fikis et al. further describe a Virtual Signaling Point (VSP) used to provide the SMP with information required to route a received MSU on toward its intended final destination using information contained in the MSU (OPC and DPC fields) together with a table maintained in the SMP. As described, an internal (external) SP perceives the VSP as its destination SP for the message rather than the intended external (internal) SP. Although the VSP does not exist as a separate Network Element, the internal and external SPs perceive it as an NE due to alterations made in MSUs by the SMP. Like an actual SP, a VSP is identified by its signaling point code. However, unlike an actual NE, the VSP signaling point code provides a unique mapping between the originating internal (external) SP and the true terminating external (internal) SP in addition to enabling routing of messages to the SMP.
Hetz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,835,583, assigned in common with the subject matter of the present invention, describe a central SMP in an AIN that stores call processing records for controlling call routing and other call processing functions. To provide short code access to information service providers, each information service provider operates an independent database storing additional call processing records. When an established subscriber dials the short code, e.g. an N11 code, the SMP identifies the information provider that the subscriber has previously selected from the subscriber's call processing record stored in the mediation point. The SMP communicates with that service provider's database to obtain call processing information. The SMP then validates the call processing information for compatibility with network operations and forwards validated call processing information to a node of the network to process the call in accord with the information from the provider's database.
Schwartz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,334, describe a network service access system and method for intelligent networks including an SMP between network SSPs and third party service provider SCP. The SMP is a gateway to the AIN network for the service provider SCPs. Each message from the SCP (Query, Conversation, Response, Unidirectional) is screened. For example, the global title address in the SCCP called party address field is screened against a list authorized SS7 nodes. The SMP may also perform other screening, for example, TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part) and AIN message screening. After normal TCAP and AIN Message screening (both response and unsolicited messages), if an error is found the screening failure is pegged and the message is logged. The erroneous message is then discarded.
Weisser, Jr. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,719, describe a method of mediating traffic across an interface between an AIN operated by a LEC and an outside service provider. The interface is defined between an application by a non-local exchange carrier service provider for some form of enhanced telephone service requiring use of the AIN and a shared execution environment interpreter on the other side of the interface. Mediation is conducted by the shared execution interpreter that is run on a LEC operated SCP. The shared execution interpreter enforces sufficient rules so that the LEC does not require knowledge of the details of implementation of the service provider's application. Mediation includes testing of tables to determine whether a directory number referenced in a message request from a service provider application is a customer of the service provider, whether trunk group routing requests are valid for the service providers and whether any or particular levels of access to certain network elements are authorized for the requesting service provider.
While these systems and methods mediate between diverse remote networks and a LEC's SS7 network by checking information related to routing, the systems fail to provide a level of security that would protect the LEC's SS7 and the PSTN (of which it is a part) from properly formatted and addressed but otherwise improper messages. This message validity checking, according to the prior art, is further deficient in its inability to readily accommodate messages received from sources wherein message origination information may be difficult to verify, e.g. messages received from distant, non-contiguous LEC's, non-LEC service providers, etc. Considering that these messages may originate on and/or be transported by relatively insecure networks including, for example, the public Internet, the problem of providing access while limiting any resultant threat to the PSTN caused by spurious, erroneous, or malicious messages is made more difficult. Finally, the prior art is deficient in that it fails to examine the context in which a message is received. Messages which are appropriate at one point in a call or transaction may be inappropriate under other conditions, depending either on the state of the call or transaction, or on the specific data elements passed in prior stages of the call or transaction.
The present invention overcomes the above noted problems by providing systems and call processing methodologies that analyze signaling traffic to identify, correct and/or reject inappropriate, invalid and/or harmful messages. The invention is particularly applicable to message traffic between networks wherein one of more of the networks has an open architecture. To provide network security, the present invention may analyze how a particular message will affect the network in consideration of the current state of the network and calls or transactions within it. The analysis is based in part on collecting and monitoring messages both to and from the network, correlating messages related to a particular service or event execution, and maintaining and updating current network status information (i.e., a "state" representation of the network, services, and other components and applications). Message checking may be implemented using predefined sets of message templates to filter corresponding message sequences and types based on the state of the related service and that of the network. It may also be enhanced by defining required relationships between successive messages associated with a call or transaction. Security may be further enhanced by including point code verification using digital signatures and time stamping to authenticate message origination and ensure message integrity. The invention further includes implementing a gatekeeper platform as a "pseudo-switch" that appears to the network as a tandem SSP. ISUP messages are routed to the "pseudo-switch" while specific use interoffice trunks bypass the platform, directly connecting traffic between the SSPs. These are some of several architectures in which the Gatekeeper function can be implemented.
A Security Gatekeeper (alternatively referred to as a Signaling System Security Monitor) according to the invention, screens down to the application layer and inspects for inappropriate application messages, parameters and/or parameter values as well as inappropriate relationships between messages. In the case of certain violations, the Gatekeeper modifies messages (e.g., removes a parameter, modifies a parameter value, etc.), rather than merely allowing the message to progress into and/or through the network or rejecting and discarding non-conforming messages. This is accomplished, in part, by screening in context, maintaining the state of ongoing signaling exchanges (e.g., call setup, application query/response) and rejecting or modifying messages that are inappropriate to the current state of the exchange and, as necessary, generating corrective messages. This context screening maintains network operations and avoids "hanging up" the network in an unstable state. In addition to network timers that may eventually release a call if no response is received, the Security Gatekeeper provides a more rapid and graceful exit by generating call treatment information and releasing the call, making network resources available more quickly. This type of capability is equally applicable for the termination of transactions.
The Security Gatekeeper further can correlate messages received at different locations. Because related signaling messages may enter and/or leave a network at or by way of different STPs, or even STP pairs, the Security Gatekeeper must be able to correlate messages received on different linksets in different locations. Correlation may be performed based on such parameters as the origination and destination point codes of messages, trunk circuit identification codes, correlation IDs, subsystem numbers, etc. The Security Gatekeeper further facilitates screening based on a protocol definition of an allowable exchange, i.e., using sets of templates. The Security Gatekeeper permits the network operator to provision the gateway to permit message exchanges that are consistent with a predetermined agreed-to service definition (while discarding or modifying messages inconsistent with that definition). These template definitions can include allowable messages, message sequences, message parameters, and parameter values and can also specify the relationship between parameters in successive messages (e.g., same phone number in query and response). For example, the Security Gatekeeper may use a template check to prohibit an AIN message from inappropriately modifying billing records, such as charging a call to someone else's account.
State-based screening examines messages based on the context in which the messages arrive. To implement state-based screening, the Security Gatekeeper maintains information on the states of calls and/or transactions for which the screening is performed. Examples include Call Setup and Transaction query/response. The Security Gatekeeper maintains the status of the underlying state machines, which define the possible call and/or transaction states and the legitimate transitions from one state to another as well as the relationships between parameters in successive messages. Such a state transition table or graph would be used, for example, to allow an ACM, ANM or REL message in response to an IAM, but would prohibit an RLC message.
The use of template based screening ensures that proprietary internetwork services continue to operate consistent with negotiated agreements with interfacing networks. Where such services are implemented via a query message, i.e., a query/response exchange with one or more databases or other nodes, the Security Gatekeeper includes protocol templates specifying the message exchange necessary to implement the service. This template identifies the formats of the invoking queries, including allowed message types, mandatory and optional parameters, and ranges of parameter values. The templates may also be specific to the destination point code. For example, templates may be SSP specific to account for differences between switches provided by different manufacturers or specific to a particular OPC to limit the type (and possibly number) of control messages received and/or processed from a particular system. Likewise, pairs of templates may be used to map between SP (e.g., SSP, STP and SCP) formats and protocol requirements.
For responses or other successive messages, the templates identify message types, mandatory and optional parameters and value ranges, and, in addition, the relationship between parameters and parameter values in the initial message and those in successive messages. For example, if a query identifies a specific telephone number, the response can likewise be required to pertain to that specified telephone number.
Template based screening implemented by the Security Gatekeeper provides for efficient message checking and verification in an environment wherein network elements are owned or controlled by the third party databases or applications. In such case, the applications are proprietary and under the control of an entity other than the network operator, i.e., the LEC operating the Security Gatekeeper. While the third party service may be certified prior to interconnection, the LEC network operator has no means of ensuring that the entire application has been tested under all conditions or that the service has not and will not be modified without notice, testing and recertification. This problem is further compounded by the reluctance of application developers and competing service providers to provide network operators with access to their intellectual property in the form of the underlying service logic or to the hardware platform running the application. Thus, the template methodology implemented by the Security Gatekeeper forms a common ground for agreement, defining the signaling that will be exchanged, without necessarily disclosing or defining the service that will be provided or the details of its implementation. The template definitions can also be used to help certify the proposed application. Once an application has been certified, the Security Gatekeeper monitors transactions on an ongoing basis to ensure that each conforms to the appropriate template. By enforcing the agreed to protocol definition of the application, the Security Gatekeeper insulates the network operator from concerns about the safety and stability of the application while providing the third party service provider the flexibility to make non-protocol affecting changes to the service and to protect its intellectual property.
Message authenticity is verified using digital signatures and time stamps. Thus, the Security Gatekeeper functions as a certification agent or authority (CA) for the LEC's SS7 network and interfaces with other and/or higher level CAs to obtain and maintain required digital certificates. Use of a digital time stamp both ensures non-reuse of signatures and provides for time-outs so that old or superceded messages are identified and processed appropriately.
According to one aspect of the invention, a method of processing inter-switch call control data in a switched telecommunications network includes both first and second switches interconnected by a trunk group and a call mediation platform. The switches and mediation platform are interconnected for signaling purposes by a signaling network such as SS7. Call control data associated with a call is received and processed at and by the mediation platform. The processing may include validating the message, authenticating the message originator, checking message format, parameters, parameter values, and performing security checks. If the message is validated or modified to be valid, setup of the call is negotiated between the first switch and the mediation platform including specifying a trunk of the trunk group. The mediation platform then negotiates call setup of the call with the second switch, e.g., by generating its own IAM message, to complete the call. In this way, the call is completed directly between the two switches, while the signaling to control it passes through the mediation point.
According to a feature of the invention, the switches could be interconnected such that the first switch is a tandem switch receiving the call from a remote third switch, e.g., an unsecured network. The tandem may be directly connected to an end office switch (i.e., the second switch) or may connect to an end office switch through intermediate switching and transmission facilities (including the second switch.) Alternatively, the first switch could be a switch in a remote network while the second switch could be the interconnecting switch in the protected network. The call, itself, is transported over trunks directly connecting the first and second switches, i.e., bypassing the mediation platform. Once the call is completed to an end office switch, it is terminated at a telephone number and to a telephone line served by the end office switch.
According to another feature of the invention, the call setup information includes the contents of an ISDN User Part (ISUP) message; the mediation processing including validating the ISUP message using, for example, a template or other selected criteria.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method is presented for processing inter-switch call control data in a switched telecommunications network. As shown in
According to another aspect of the invention, a method of processing a call received at a protected network from a remote network includes receiving, at an interconnecting switch, a call to a subscriber on the protected network. A trunk connecting the interconnecting switch with a remote switch is selected, the selection and other call information being included in a first IAM from the interconnecting switch to a gatekeeper platform. The gatekeeper platform decodes and validates the first IAM, updates a call status of the trunk and, subject to IAM validation, initiates processing to extend the call to a protected remote switch. This further processing includes generating a second IAM containing call information included in the first IAM, and transmitting the second IAM from the gatekeeper platform to the protected remote switch, and validating the call at the remote switch based on the second IAM. Once the second IAM has been received and validated at the protected remote switch (assuming, for simplicity that the call terminates at that switch), a first ACM is returned by the protected remote switch to the gatekeeper platform which, in turn, validates the message, updates its recorded status of the call, and returns a second ACM to the interconnecting switch. The method may further include continuing to process subsequent ISUP messages associated with the call (e.g., ANM, REL, RLC, etc.) in the same manner.
According to a feature of the invention, the first IAM and the first ACM each include a destination point code designating an address of the gatekeeper platform.
According to another feature of the invention, the step of validating the call at the remote switch includes checking a trunk number of the trunk and dialed number information contained in the second IAM to ensure that the call is valid. In addition to the syntax and content checks it performs, validation at the gatekeeper platform may further include checking a state of the protected network, e.g., checking that the IAM is appropriate to the status of the call, switch and other network components. Validation may further include comparing information associated with the first IAM with the call processing criteria using a template and/or authenticating a call origination switch identity.
According to another aspect of the invention, a switched telecommunications network includes first through fourth switches, e.g., SSPs, a first trunk group interconnecting the first and third switches and including trunks having a first set of trunk numbers. A second trunk group interconnects the first and fourth switches, the second trunk group including trunks having a second set of trunk numbers different from the trunk numbers of the first set of trunk numbers. Similarly, a third trunk group interconnects the second and third switches with trunks having a third set of trunk numbers. Finally, a fourth trunk group interconnects the second and fourth switches, the fourth trunk group including trunks having a fourth set of trunk numbers different from the trunk numbers of the third set of trunk numbers. A call mediation platform responds to call control data received from the third and fourth switch to negotiate call setup (and tear down) of a selected trunk of the trunk groups with a destination one of the first or second switches. The first, second, third and fourth switches include appropriate translations to utilize the call mediation platform as an intermediate switch on calls across network boundaries, and to use distinct trunk numbers, according to the switch to which the call will ultimately be routed.
According to another aspect of the invention, a switched telecommunications network includes first and second switches, a trunk group interconnecting the switches, and a call mediation platform. The call mediation platform is responsive to call control data received from the first switch to negotiate call setup of a selected trunk of the trunk group with the first and second switches. The first switch may be a tandem, i.e., an interconnecting switch, receiving the call from a remote third switch. Likewise, the second switch may be a tandem switch connected to an end office switch of the switched telecommunications network or may be the central office serving the called number, i.e., an end office switch of the switched telecommunications network. Using this architecture, the mediation platform "looks like" a tandem to the first switch so that signaling is provided to the mediation platform. However, the trunks assigned to the mediation platform actually connect the first and second switches directly, bypassing the mediation platform.
According to another aspect of the invention, a switched telecommunications network includes interconnecting and remote switches and a trunk group connecting and configured to communicate telephone calls between the switches. A gatekeeper platform is logically inserted between the switches with a signaling network connecting the switches and the gatekeeper platform to provide for messaging therebetween. The interconnecting switch is programmed or otherwise configured to (i) receive a call to a subscriber on the network, (ii) select a trunk from the trunk group, and (iii) transmit a first IAM to the gatekeeper platform on the signaling network. The gatekeeper platform (i) decodes and validates the first IAM, (ii) updates a call state of the trunk, and (iii) generates and transmits to the remote switch, using the signaling network, a second IAM containing call information included in the first IAM. The remote switch is configured to (i) validate the call based on the second IAM, and (ii) return a first ACM from the remote switch to the gatekeeper platform. The gatekeeper platform may further be responsive to the first ACM so as to generate and return a second ACM to the interconnecting switch. According to another feature, the switches and gatekeeper may continue to validate and exchange ISUP messages in support of call setup, call tear down, and other ISUP functions.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a method is directed to validating a call setup message received on a switched telecommunication network wherein the call setup message is associated with a call to be routed by the network. The method identifies a subset of trunks directly connecting (i) an interconnecting switch with (ii) a protected switch. The interconnecting switch may be an interface between the network to be protected and a remote network or may be entirely internal to the network to be protected, connected only indirectly, though other network components and switches, to a remote network. The method further specifies the generation, population and/or propagation of routing tables so as to logically insert a mediation platform as a switching node along a path connecting the interconnecting and protected switches. The mediation platform is only a virtual or "pseudo-switch" in that it receives appropriate network control and call setup messages, while traffic (e.g., voice and data traffic carried by the switched network) bypasses the the node. Thus, the method includes transmitting the call setup message to the protected switch by way of the mediation platform (i.e., to the mediation platform in lieu of to the protected switch) while the call from the interconnecting switch is extended to the protected switch on the subset of trunks, bypassing the mediation platform.
According to a feature of the invention, a method may further include steps of receiving a first ISUP message from the interconnecting switch at the mediation platform, preferably validating it, and, in response, generating and transmitting to the protected switch a second ISUP message. Following this "forward" signaling of ISUP messaging (e.g., IAM messages), a reverse flow includes receiving a third ISUP message from the protected switch at the mediation platform (e.g., an ACM) and, in response, generating and transmitting to the interconnecting switch a fourth ISUP message (e.g., ACM). According to another feature, the steps of the method are repeated in whole or in part so that processing according to the method is continued for subsequent ISUP messages as necessary and consistent with ISUP protocol.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
Capabilities defined in AIN 0.1 and succeeding releases provide an SCP with a significant degree of control over switch processing. This control is exercised when the SCP returns an AIN response message to a switch from which it has received an AIN query. AIN capabilities enable a service provider to rapidly develop and deploy services that require control of the switch. As originally envisioned, it was assumed that a single service provider would own both the switch and SCP, and that the SCP would be used by the service provider to control their switch. Recent initiatives, however, have raised the possibility that the same switch capabilities that were designed to be controlled by the owning service provider, may now be made available to other service developers. This access may take the form of either (i) access to the original service provider's service creation capabilities in its SCPs, or (ii) interconnection with external SCPs (where the services are defined).
The capability of an external party's service application to return an AIN response to a switch leaves the switch vulnerable to messages that either unintentionally or malevolently cause or direct the switch to undertake inappropriate or damaging actions. Switch owners and operators therefore require some means of ensuring that, in allowing externally developed applications to interact with and exercise control over their switch, they are not exposing themselves and their customers to activities which have the potential to detract from network or customer reliability, integrity, and service.
Likewise, external service developers are not without their concerns. The service development world is expected to be highly competitive. Service definitions, specifications, and interfaces represent intellectual property that they would prefer not to share. So while the switch owner/operator wants to know as much as possible about the service that has the capability to control and affect the operation of its switch, the service developer wants to reveal as little as possible.
Screening performed according to the present invention extends the capabilities of conventional Gateway Screening. Thus, gateway screening according to the invention includes and improves upon conventional Gateway Screening as defined in Telcordia GR-82 and implemented in prior art systems and products. A Security Gatekeeper (alternatively referred to as a signaling system security monitor) according to the invention is applicable, for example, to an SS7 based switched telephone network and can be used to prevent inappropriate messages from entering a carrier's signaling network from an interconnected network. While Screening may not detect all incursions and harmful messages, its fundamental principle can be applied to address the issue of AIN interconnection. A fundamental feature of Gateway Screening is to identify, from a protocol standpoint, those messages which are expected to be exchanged with an interconnected network and selectively block those messages that do not meet this expectation. A protocol template identifies expected message types, message parameters, and possibly, a set of allowable values for those parameters, and may be used, according to this invention, to more thoroughly screen incoming signaling.
To use this approach, a service developer identifies the following:
- 1) A specification of the switch trigger(s) and the switch(es) at which they are to be implemented required to activate the service and their translation.
- 2) Specifications of the queries that the service developer expects to be generated by the switch when trigger conditions are met.
- 3) A specification of the response message(s) that the switch owner/operator can expect in response to each such query including the Point Code(s) and subsystem(s) from which they will be generated.
Item 2 should fully specify the message, (both SCCP and TCAP) indicating all parameters that should appear in the message and the range of allowable values for these parameters. Next, any allowable optional parameters should be specified along with possible values.
Item 3, should specify the returned message(s) on a parameter by parameter basis, indicating either the allowable values for the parameters, and/or their correlation to values found in the query (or elsewhere in the response). Again, allowable optional parameters should follow the parameters that will be included all responses.
Thus, item 3 could specify, for example, whether an Automatic Code Gapping (ACG—a method of shedding load in telecommunications systems) component may be returned and it could further specify that the Translation Type in the ACG will match the Translation Type in the Called Party Address of the query identified in item 2, and that the code to be gapped will be the first 3, 6, or 10 digits from the Global Title Address in the same parameter. If the parameters required to deactivate a trigger are included in 3, the specification should include a restriction that the trigger to be deactivated is associated with the line number to the triggering telephone number, found in the query.
This specification itself has multiple uses, as follows:
- 1) The specification forms a basis to conduct an analysis of the potential impacts of the service. Without knowing the exact nature of the service, service certification to identify possible incompatibilities and/or harmful impacts can be performed based the specified protocol exchange. No knowledge of proprietary service logic and implementation details is needed.
- 2) The specification can be used in the course of lab and field testing to verify that the messages exchanged are consistent with the specification.
- 3) The specification can form the basis of a contractual agreement between a Service Developer and the network operator that identifies recourse and damages should live protocol differ from the specification (to include disconnection of the service, financial penalties, etc. as appropriate).
- 4) The specification can form the basis of a passive evaluation template that correlates queries with their associated responses and identifies any exchanges that violate specifications, whether by omission of listed parameters, inclusion of unlisted parameters, or violations of parameter value or correlation rules.
- 5) The specification can form the basis for active security assessment that works as described above, but may prohibit unauthorized responses violating the specifications. Active security assessment can include guidelines specifying conditions under which responses and messages are discarded (e.g., the inclusion of an invalid parameter), and under which conditions alarms are triggered for subsequent investigation.
Thus, a signaling system security monitor or "Security Gatekeeper" according to the invention provides security functions for protecting a common channel signaling (CCS) network used to exchange information and instructions and control a separate, subordinate traffic bearing network. The traffic bearing network may be a switched telephone network operated by an incumbent, competitive or alternative local exchange carrier (LEC) or other carrier, while the CCS network may utilize Signaling System 7 (SS7). The Security Gatekeeper monitors all messaging between the local CCS network to one or more remote networks. Signaling messages both to the local CCS network from the remote network and messages from the local CCS network to remote networks are monitored and correlated to maintain an updated status of processing being implemented by particular sets of related bidirectional messages. The invention may also be used to monitor messages within a carrier's network, i.e., internal messaging. Message authentication is also implemented by the Security Gatekeeper using time stamped, digital signatures and/or digital certificates. In addition to message authentication, the Security Gatekeeper checks the content of each message to ensure that message type is consistent with the privileges and authority of the message originator and that message formatting and content is correct and consistent with the indicated message type and associated services. The Security Gatekeeper further checks message content in consideration of other messages and system status so as to identify, intercept, modify and/or reject improper or inappropriate messages. This check is preferably accomplished using rules and message templates selected in response to previous related messaging, current system status or state, and agreed upon sets of services to be provided to the interconnected party(ies).
In an "edge" configuration, the Security Gatekeeper serves as a point of signaling interconnection, providing an interface with the remote network so that all CCS messaging is routed through the Security Gatekeeper prior to introduction into the SS7 network. Alternatively, in an internal configuration or "centralized model", the gateway may alter the destination address of incoming and outgoing messages or, in other ways, divert such messages to a central Security Gatekeeper prior to permitting the messages to access Signaling Points inside or outside the network. (In yet another configuration, the Security Gatekeeper is associated with an STP that diverts incoming messages to the Security Gatekeeper for mediation processing). Routing of TCAP messages may be accomplished using a Global Title Translation such that all outgoing queries are Global Title Translated to a mediation point which reoriginates the TCAP queries using its own Point Code and Application Subsystem in the Originating Point Code and Calling Party Address. ISUP messages may be rerouted using a phantom SSP or "pseudo-switch" paradigm. One aspect of the invention includes establishment of a phantom or "pseudo-switch" in the network. The ISUP mediation function is placed in the "pseudo-switch", a network element that appears like a switch to the interconnecting network. In such a configuration, the voice trunks from the interconnected network are connected to a "true switch" in the network, but call setup messages are addressed to the "pseudo switch". The function performed by the "pseudo switch" is to receive an ISUP message from either the interconnected switch or the "true switch", validate it, update call state, and then forward it to the appropriate destination. ISUP messaging destined for more than one target switch is distinguished by using distinctive trunk numbering so that the pseudo-switch can distinguish between intended destinations without requiring multiple point codes to address the pseudo-switch.
The Security Gatekeeper further includes a mechanism for authenticating the source of signaling messages originating in, or transacting with the PSTN's SS7 Network, and supports the ability to timestamp an SS7 signaling message, check the message using, for example, predetermined templates, to identify inappropriate, unauthorized and/or network impairing messages.
The state monitoring and template provisioning aspects of the Security Gatekeeper are based on the normal, predetermined allowed system states encountered as a call progresses through the network. This progression is called a call model, defining sequences of events that are to occur at certain points in a connection relationship between two users at terminal nodes of the network or networks. These events include signaling messages being sent and received on a common channel signaling network and on the underlying switched telephone network on which payload traffic is carried. They are equally applicable to a transaction, an exchange of messages between two or more signaling nodes.
Message monitoring includes the following categories and types of checks:
Discriminates among incoming traffic based on the originating
address of the traffic (originating point code, OPC), the
destination address of the traffic (destination point code,
DPC), identification of link-set (e.g., gateway or STP) on
which message is received by the network, and the
message type.
Identifies and decodes individual messages and checks:
information/parameters for compliance with protocol and
format requirements;
consistency of parameters with agreements;
compatibility of system components with parameters and
parameter values (vendor specific features and operability
requirements included); and
appropriateness of parameters.
Appropriateness of message in view of prior related messages
and expected/allowed message sequencing, existing service
agreements, state of the network, privilege levels associated
with OPC, DPC, CdPA and CgPA, etc.
Referring to
STP (pair) 140 is further connected via "A" linkset 146 to SCP 148 to provide access to information stored in its centralized database and to functionalities supported by applications residing and running on the SCP. Note that although not shown here, SCPs are generally deployed in pairs as well. SCP 148 may be a Telcordia Technologies ISCP. Security Gatekeeper 150 connects to STP 140 on "B/D" link 152, while a second Security Gatekeeper 154 connects to STP 142 on "B/D" link 156 and to third STP 158 on "B/D" link 160. Security Gatekeeper 150 provides enhanced message screening functions and services to ensure that network affecting control messages received from a remote network are properly formatted, authorized, and appropriate to the functions authorized to the source and the current state of the network and related messages. (Although not explicitly shown, a preferred embodiment of the invention includes Security Gatekeepers deployed in mated pairs, connected by C links.) Security Gatekeeper 150 provides enhanced message screening with another interconnected SS7 network. Security Gatekeeper 150 shows the (referred) "edge" implementation of the Security Gatekeeper, while Gatekeeper 154 shows the "centralized" implementation.
Messages to and from remote network 200 are received at Media Gateway 166 which may be in the form of or include a trunking gateway interfacing Telephone Network 100 and a Voice over IP (VOIP) network portion of remote network 200. Call control signaling is provided by Media Gateway Controller 168. Suitable Media Gateways include ECI Telecom's ATX 600, the Cisco TransPath system, APEX Media Gateway by Apex Voice Communications, and others. The Media Gateways separate and distribute various media types (e.g., voice, data, facsimile, etc.) and control signaling, reformatting and providing the payload data to the appropriate networks and transmission facilities as required. Control signaling is segregated and forwarded, in IP format, to Media Gateway Controller 168. Media Gateway Controller 168, in turn generates a signaling request of the interconnected network and forwards that request to Signaling Gateway 170 for conversion to SS7 and routing to its destination.
Signal Gateway 170 communicates using an IP data link 172 with Media Gateway Controller 168 and using an SS7 "A" linkset 174 with STP pair 142. Signal Gateway 170 may be a MicroLegend SS7/IP or Sonus SGX2000 SS7 Signaling Gateway. Signal Gateway 170 is a point of entrance to and exit from SS7 network 130 and performs code and protocol conversion to facilitate traffic between the SS7 and IP networks. In OSI terms, Signal Gateway 170 provides mapping at all seven layers of the OSI model. Similarly, Signal Gateway 162 provides access to remote networks (not shown) for STP 158 and, therethrough, to Security Gatekeeper 154.
Although Signaling Gateways 162 and 170 perform protocol conversion and may include some screening functions, Security Gatekeepers 150 and 154 provide robust security functions supporting these gateways, including maintaining user profiles and performing authentication and other functions. These additional functions include context based checks ensuring that message content and the network's reaction to the message are appropriate in view of the state of the network including previously generated messages. The Security Gatekeeper further enhances authentication and verification of message sequencing and timeliness by appending or encoding messages with digital signatures and timestamps. A Security Gatekeeper with an IP interface (not shown) can perform functions in accordance with the H.323, H.248 and other emerging IP protocol standards as appropriate.
Security Gatekeepers 150 and 154 differ in placement relative to interconnecting SS7 Networks of CLECs and remote LECs. In particular, Security Gatekeeper 150 is provided at the "edge" of the protected network to screen and, if necessary, inhibit or modify Network Management ISUP, TCAP, AIN and similar messages prior to allowing the messages into the protected network. Thus, Security Gatekeeper 150 monitors and selectively relays messages between the protected and external SS7 networks. This preferred implementation of the invention avoids the necessity of diverting signaling traffic from an STP to the Security Gatekeeper and then back. It also eliminates the need for the special "check" and "OK" messages. Alternatively, Signal Gateway 170 and STP pair 158 may interface external networks with the protected network by routing these messages to an internal Security Gatekeeper 154 prior to ultimate transmission to a destination or terminating STP. In this latter, centralized model, additional security check messages are required, as will be discussed in connection with
Referring to
Routing of TCAP queries and ISUP messages may be handled somewhat differently in this architecture. This is because TCAP message traffic may be easily rerouted so that it goes through a mediation point, i.e., Security Gatekeeper 154. The fact that TCAP queries are routed using Global Title Translation provides one simple method of routing queries and responses through a mediation point such as Security Gatekeeper 154. In essence, all outgoing queries are Global Title Translated to Security Gatekeeper 154 which reoriginates the TCAP queries using its own Originating Point Code and Subsystem. Responses to those queries are then automatically routed back to Security Gatekeeper 154, where they are validated. Similarly, incoming queries are either directly routed to Security Gatekeeper 154, or are directed to it by Global Title Translation of the incoming message. Security Gatekeeper 154 then reoriginates the query using its own originating point code and subsystem, validates the response, and forwards it back to the original, true query originator. Although this solution conceals the true originator from the ultimate destination, Security Gatekeeper 154 otherwise performs the appropriate checks including verifying the authority of the true originator to initiate the query.
The diversion of ISUP traffic to a mediation point is somewhat more difficult. This is because ISUP messaging is directly addressed from one switch to another, referencing a common resource (the interconnecting trunks) and uses MTP routing, rather than SCCP routing so that it is harder to devise methods by which ISUP messages can be easily diverted for mediation.
To overcome this difficulty, a phantom or "pseudo-switch" may be established in the network. The mediation function is then placed in the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo-switch", a network element that appears like a switch to both the interconnecting and the internal networks. In such a configuration, the voice trunks from the interconnected network are connected to the "true switch", but call setup messages are addressed to the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch". The function performed by the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch" is to receive an ISUP message from either the interconnected switch or the "true switch", validate it, update call state, and then forward it to the appropriate destination. Thus, physical routing of the "voice and data traffic" bypasses the "pseudo switch" by way of direct trunks, but the associated signaling traffic passes through the "pseudo switch", where it is verified before being passed on.
In such a Security Gatekeeper "pseudo-switch" architecture, an incoming call is processed as follows. The interconnecting switch, e.g., SSP of a CLEC or remote LEC network, has a call that it wishes to deliver to a subscriber on a protected network served by the "true switch". Routing tables at the interconnecting switch are set up to indicate that such calls are to be sent to a specific trunk group at the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch". In accordance with the routing table, the interconnecting switch selects a trunk in that trunk group and forwards an IAM addressed to the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch". In reality, the selected trunk terminates at the "true switch". On receiving the IAM, the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch" decodes and validates the IAM, performing all the required mediation and other checks, and updates the call state for the trunk in question. If the message is correct, i.e., passes the appropriate mediation checks, the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch" generates a new IAM with the same call information, and sends it to the "true switch". The "true switch", upon receiving the IAM, checks the incoming trunk number and the dialed number to ensure that it has a valid call, and then returns an ACM to the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch". The Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch" then validates the ACM, updates its call state, and generates a new ACM towards the interconnecting switch. Call setup and tear down proceeds in this way, so that even though the interconnecting switch and the "true switch" have direct trunks between them, their signaling proceeds as though it was using the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch" as a tandem.
There is some degree of translation work required to ensure that the Security Gatekeeper "pseudo switch" can determine the correct destination for a message based on the message originator's point code and the referenced trunk number. In general, however, this provides a means of inserting a mediation device into the ISUP call flow with minimal interference in the actual call flow. It requires no extraordinary rerouting of signaling traffic and relies on existing routing procedures in both the interconnected offices and all STPs between them.
Examples of two "pseudo-switch" architectures are depicted in
As part of the logical routing through Pseudo-Switch 180, Switch 114 is programmed to use an appropriate one of interconnecting trunks 116 b logically connecting it to Pseudo-Switch 180. Thus, in negotiating a trunk to extend the call from Switch 114 to Pseudo-Switch 180, trunks 116 b, a dedicated subset of trunks 116 connecting Switches 112 and 114, are employed. While Switch 114 and Pseudo-Switch 180 process the call and negotiate a trunk as if trunk 116 b electrically connected the two facilities, in reality the trunk directly connects Switch 114 and Switch 112. Only after Security Gatekeeper 154 validates the IAM message, as described above, does it then perform appropriate signaling with Switch 112, including transmission of the original or a modified IAM message to Switch 112, to extend and complete the call. It should be recognized that Switch 112 processes the call just as if it had been routed to it via Pseudo-Switch 180 on trunks 116 b, listed in its translations as connecting Switch 112 to Pseudo-Switch 180. Again, physically, Pseudo-Switch 180 is only a logical switching node controlling a dedicated subset of trunks connecting Switch 114 to Switch 112.
An important feature of the pseudo-switch for handling multiple SSPs having different point codes is a requirement that trunks of each SSP subject to security gatekeeper processing be uniquely numbered so that a common pseudo-switch can route ISUP messages based on their Originating Point Code and trunk number. That is, rather than assign the pseudo-switch multiple points codes, one for each of the target SSPs having ISUP traffic routed through the pseudo-switch, calls to be subjected to security gatekeeper processing must utilize trunks whose trunk number is unique within the originating switch's trunk group to the Security Gatekeeper. In this way, the security gatekeeper can properly route the associated ISUP traffic to the proper destination SSP.
In order to accomplish this, each of the switches must be translated to view the Pseudo Switch as an intermediate switch between itself and its interconnected switches, and to view each of the two physical trunk groups as a group of uniquely numbered trunks to the Pseudo Switch. The trunk numbering must be coordinated so that a reference to a specific trunk by the switch on one side of the Pseudo Switch will correspond to a reference to the same trunk on the other side. This coordination function can be performed through a priori translation (as shown in this example) or through a mapping function performed at the Pseudo Switch.
In this example, each of the four switches has been translated to "believe" that it has a group of 48 trunks between itself and the Pseudo Switch, that these trunks are numbered 0–47, and that calls that would otherwise have been routed to a switch in the other network should now be routed through the Pseudo Switch. The translations at Switch 1, for example, dictate that calls to numbers "supported" by Switch 3 should be routed to the Pseudo Switch and should be placed on a trunk numbered between 0 and 23. Calls to numbers "supported" by Switch 4, should also be routed to the Pseudo Switch, but should be placed on a trunk numbered between 24 and 47. Interconnected switches can be translated so that (for example), when Switch 1 sends a message to the Pseudo Switch concerning Trunk 15, it will refer to the same physical trunk (between Switch 1 and Switch 3) that Switch 3 references when it receives a message from the Pseudo Switch concerning Trunk 15. An advantage of this invention is that the Pseudo Switch does not need the ability to make routing decisions expected of a "normal" switch
An example of call setup is as follows: Switch 3 receives a call for a subscriber which (absent the Security Gatekeeper) would normally be routed to Switch 1. Switch translations now indicate that the call should be routed to the Pseudo Switch using a trunk from among Trunks 0–23. Switch 3 then selects a trunk (15, for example) and generates an Initial Address Message (IAM). The IAM has Switch 3's Point Code in its Originating Point Code field and the Pseudo Switch Point Code in its Destination Point Code and indicates that the call is on Trunk 15. (Note that, in reality, Trunk 15 directly connects Switch 3 to Switch 1.) This IAM is then routed through the two Gateway STP pairs to the Pseudo Switch application at the Security Gatekeeper. The Pseudo Switch application performs all the verification procedures that are expected of it—Checking message syntax and parameters, parameter values, trunk state, etc. Assuming the message passes all screening criteria, the Pseudo Switch application must now send an IAM to Switch 1 so that call setup can proceed. Unfortunately, when Switch 3 sent the IAM to the Pseudo Switch, it could not include the Point Code of Switch 1 (due to message formatting rules). In fact, Switch 3 will be sending IAMs for calls that are ultimately supposed to terminate at both Switch 1 and Switch 2. Since Switch 3 has already selected a physical trunk on which it will send the call, it is essential that the Pseudo Switch determine the correct switch to which it should send the IAM, and the correct trunk number on which the call can be received by that switch. It does so by examining the Trunk number specified in the incoming IAM from Switch 3. Because the Trunk number is in the range 0–23, (rather than 24–47), the Pseudo Switch "knows" that the IAM must be sent to Switch 1 (rather than Switch 2). Further, it knows that by agreement, that when it refers to Trunk 15, Switch 1 will understand that to be the same trunk that Switch 3 referred to as Trunk 15. Thus, the Pseudo Switch generates an IAM to Switch 1, containing the call setup information it received from Switch 3, and indicating that the call will be on Trunk 15.
In response to the IAM (and assuming that the called number "lives" at Switch 1), Switch 1 will generate an Address Complete Message (ACM) to be sent back towards the call originator. Based on the received IAM, this message will be addressed to the Pseudo Switch and will refer to Trunk 15. Again, the Pseudo Switch will perform its verification tasks and, assuming the message is acceptable, seek to generate the proper ACM towards its predecessor in the call path. Again, it determines this predecessor by examining the Trunk number and the Originating Switch. Again, it determines that because the ACM came from Switch 1 and referenced a trunk in the range of 0–23, that the ACM should be sent to Switch 3. And again, it determines that, by a priori translation, the Trunk 15, referenced by Switch 1 is the same trunk that Switch 3 understands to be Trunk 15. Thus, it sends an ACM to Switch 3 indicating Trunk 15. The rest of call setup and teardown, as well as any required trunk management, proceeds in this way. In each case, the ISUP messages are routed to the Pseudo Switch application for verification, and the Pseudo Switch generates the succeeding ISUP message. It determines the Destination Point Code of the succeeding message based on 1) its knowledge of the Originating Point Code of the message and 2) the unique Trunk number referenced in the received message. It determines the Trunk number referenced in the succeeding message based either directly on the Trunk number contained in the received message, or some predefined mapping function that reflects the assignment of trunk numbers at the interconnected switches.
In this way, ISUP traffic can be diverted for review and validation using the mediation capabilities of a Security Gatekeeper without modifying the fundamental operations of the interconnected switches, or reterminating their trunks. ISUP signaling is routed through the Pseudo Switch application, while the physical trunks remain intact, directly connecting the "true" switches. The Pseudo Switch is able to manage "many-to-many" switch interconnections using a single point code because the requirement for unique trunk numbering allows it use the received Trunk number to infer the next switch on the call path. The Pseudo Switch may determine the Trunk number to be included in its outgoing messages based either on an a priori translation scheme (e.g., both switches use identical Trunk numbers, as shown above), or on an internal mapping function. It should be noted that not all ISUP traffic at a switch need be routed through a Pseudo Switch. As shown in the figure, Trunks 100–123 connect Switch 1 and Switch 2 and are not mediated. Similarly, Trunks 200–223 interconnect Switch 3 and Switch 4 and that traffic is not mediated.
Thus, according to the described preferred embodiment of the invention, the Security Gatekeeper determines the intended destination switch by a combination of the point code of the message origination and a uniquely assigned trunk number which, for that originator, identifies both the destination switch and the trunk to be used. This is in contrast to a method of enabling Security Gatekeeper 2 to know the destination switch of a particular ISUP message by assigning a set of unique point codes to Security Gatekeeper 2, one for each of the possible destination switches served by the gatekeeper. In a large network, this could result in the assignment of a large block of point codes, a requirement avoided by the trunk numbering and assignment according to the invention.
While the example presented in connection with
Referring again to
Referring to
The Security Gatekeeper performs a full decode of all originating and terminating SS7 messages.
The Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) corresponds to OSI Transport Layer 4, with the SS7 Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) and supported services corresponding to OSI Session Layer 5, Presentation Layer 6 and Application Layer 7 combined. Both the Telephone and ISDN User Parts (i.e., TUP and ISUP) correspond to OSI Layers 4 through 7.
The functions performed by the Security Gatekeeper at each of the SS7 levels are detailed in table 1 as follows.
Check(s) and Actions Performed
Standard checking performed by hardware/software.
Standard level 2 functions plus check of Link
maintenance messages.
Authority—Checks Destination and Originating Point
Codes and Service Indicator and determines if the
point code relationship is valid for the type of service
requested as defined by the service indicator. Checks
MTP 2/3 syntax.
Message Discrimination—Computation of rate at
which messages are sent to a specific DPC and
determine if rate exceeds predetermined or
dynamically set threshold value indicating message
rate is excessive for a particular time period. This
check identifies unusually high message volume that
may be indicative, e.g., of a "Denial of Service" attack
in the network.
Type/Class Check—Check of all SCCP message to
ensure that the SCCP message type and SCCP message
class are consistent with expectations. Check SCCP
syntax. All SCCP messages of an unexpected message
type or message class are identified and subjected to
user-defined treatment.
Calling/Called Party Check—Calling and Called Party
Address information parameters of each SCCP
message are checked to ensure that the message is
consistent with an authorized signaling relationship.
The system provides user-defined treatment for SCCP
messages for which there is not an authorized signaling
relationship between the subsystems identified in the
Calling and Called Party Address parameters.
Check message priority against expected priority.
Status Report—An appropriate SCCP message is sent
notifying appropriate systems in the event that a
message is discarded.
Decoding—All ISUP messages are decoded.
Type Check—A list of all permitted ISUP messages is
maintained. ISUP messages (SI = 5) having a message
type not on the list are subjected to user-defined
treatment. A separate listing may be maintained for
pairs of originator/destination point codes. Check
message priority for specific message type.
Parameter Check—A list is maintained of required
ISUP parameters associated with respective permitted
ISUP messages. For some or all such parameters, the
system provisions a default value. If a message being
processed does not include one or more of the required
parameters, the message is subjected to user-defined
treatment unless the default values have been defined
for all missing required parameters. If default
parameters are defined for all missing required
parameters, the message is modified to include the
applicable default values for the missing parameters
and the message evaluation and processing continues.
Permitted ISUP Parameters—A list is maintained of
permitted ISUP parameters associated with each
permitted ISUP message. These, along with the
required parameters are the only parameters that
may be passed to a destination node.
Prohibited Optional ISUP Parameters—A list of
prohibited optional parameters is maintained for each
ISUP message. These prohibited optional parameters
can be removed or deleted from a message without
affecting the intended impact of the message. If
encountered, these parameters are removed from a
message before transmission to the destination node.
Unrecognized ISUP Parameters—Messages containing
ISUP Parameters that are not listed as permitted,
optional or prohibited are subject to user-defined
treatment, possibly including parameter discard as
well as message discard.
Allowable Values—For each allowed or required ISUP
parameter in each message, the system maintains a list
of allowable and default values for that parameter.
When a message is received, the value of each
parameter is checked against the list. If the parameter
value is inappropriate, then a provisionable action is
taken such as dropping the message, dropping the
parameter, modifying the parameter or passing the
message unmodified. All recognized and authorized
parameters are reviewed in this manner.
Trunk Status—The system maintains the status of all
SS7 trunks and trunk groups between covered pairs of
switched and the Circuit Identification Codes
assigned to the trunks.
System State Representation—The system maintains
an internal representation in the form, for example,
of a state diagram or state table, identifying all
permissible call states (nodes) and transitions (edges)
between states (i.e., connecting the nodes) and the
messages (inputs) associated with progressing or
transitioning from one state to another.
Call Progress/Status—The system maintains call
progress and status data based on the state diagram
and provides user-defined treatment for all messages
that are inconsistent with the current state of the call
or permissible transitions and next states. The system
further takes action to restore system stability
following the discard of a message.
Default Messages—The system is configurable to send
predefined messages in those instances that it does not
pass a message unmodified.
Decoding—The system fully decodes all TCAP
Authorization—The system determines whether the
TCAP message type is authorized based on the
OPC/DPC, CgPA/CdPA, Transaction ID(s) and the
state of any existing transaction between the CgPA
and CdPA.
TCAP Components—The system determines whether
the TCAP components contained within a message are
authorized based on the OPC/DPC, CgPA/CdPA,
transaction IDs and the state of any existing transaction
between the CgPA and CdPA
Recovery—The system includes rules including
actions to be taken when inappropriate messages,
components, parameters and/or parameter values are
encountered. In all such cases, the system may be
provisioned to either discard the message entirely,
modify it (by dropping parameters or components, or
modifying parameter values), or route the message
(while generating a message to a maintenance log.)
Notification of Failed TCAP Message—The system
may generate an appropriate TCAP response message
in the event a message is discarded and/or modified.
TCAP Authority—The system may make a
determination if OPC and CgPA are authorized to
initiate a TCAP message to the DPC concerning a
subscriber (e.g., an unauthorized request from
network provider to change the state of a message
waiting indicator.)
CdPA/CgPA Parameters Check—Based on the
OPC/DPC and/or CdPA/CgPA relationship, as well
as possibly subscriber number, the system may
determine if the TCAP service parameters requested
are authorized.
Authority to Exchange AIN messages—Determine if
the OPC/CgPA/calling number relationship is
authorized to initiate or exchange AIN messages
(e.g., unsolicited AIN messages to switch instructing
it to activate/deactivate AIN services on a given line
of group of lines.)
Service Provider ID Check—Analyzes AIN query and
response and determines if the messages are authorized
based on service provider service identified and its
relationship to the OPC, CgPA/CdPA, and the
calling/called party number (e.g., prevents a user from
accessing services that they have not subscribed to.)
Assuming that the Security Gatekeeper determines that the message is authentic, authorized and appropriate, it provides a corresponding "OK" message to the STP indicating that the IAM should be released. The STP transmits the IAM to the SSP end office which sends a call setup message to the called subscriber's equipment, in this case an ISDN terminal. The SSP then sends an Address Complete Message (ACM) to the STP for eventual transmission to the SS7 Gateway. However, the message is first routed to the Security Gatekeeper to ensure that it is correct and satisfies all required criteria prior to being transmitted to the remote network and so that the Security Gatekeeper can maintain the current state of the call. Assuming that the ACM is appropriate, the Security Gatekeeper so responds back with an OK to the STP which then forwards the ACM to the SS7 Gateway. In parallel, in response to the Setup message, the ISDN terminal alerts the subscriber. If the subscriber accepts the call, the ISDN terminal issues a Connect message back to the end office switch (i.e., the SSP) which, in turn, issues an ANswer Message (ANM) to the STP for forwarding to the call setup initiator. However, the STP first verifies with the Security Gatekeeper that the ANM is appropriate. Assuming that the message is appropriate (as in the present sequence and assuming continued authentication of messages and authority), the Security Gatekeeper issues an "OK" message back to the STP prompting it to forward the ANM to the SS7 Gateway. The SS7 Gateway translates the ANM into a corresponding IP Connect message for transmission to the remote network via the Media Gateway. The IP Connect Acknowledge (ACK) message from the remote network is then received by the SS7 Gateway. In parallel, the SSP issues an SS7 ACK to the ISDN terminal. Thereupon, a Data Channel is established over the Switched Network portion of the network to the Media Gateway and thereon to the remote network.
To end the call, the remote network issues an IP Release message to the Media Gateway which forwards the message to the SS7 Gateway. The IP message is translated into an SS7 REL message and sent to the STP. Again, prior to forwarding of the REL to the switch, the STP first requests that the Security Gatekeeper confirm that the message is authentic, complete, authorized, and appropriate by issuing a REL Security Check message to the gateway. In response to a verification that the message is proper, the Security Gatekeeper issues an "OK," prompting the STP to release the message to the SSP for processing. The SSP issues an ISDN release message to the called ISDN terminal which releases the line and responds with a Release Complete (RC) message to the SSP. The SSP generates a Release Complete (RLC) message that it forwards to the STP but, again the STP first requires that the Security Gatekeeper check the message before it is sent to the SS7 Gateway. Once the Security Gatekeeper "OKs" the message, normal release processing completes.
The procedure and messaging for establishing a call from a party on the local switched network to a party on the remote IP network is detailed in the call flow of
The Security Gatekeeper incorporates data encryption techniques including digital signatures and time stamps to maintain system security and enhance message authentication processing. Protocols supporting IP telephony and other IP-based transport of services employ security techniques to assure the source validity of messages. One such technique employed is IP Security Protocol (IPSec). IPSec provides the ability to use encryption technology to certify the authenticity of the source through use of an unalterable, easily verifiable digital signature and time stamp. Unfortunately, no equivalent verification tool or instrument is available for basic call setup messages in the SS7 message domain. Instead, the Security Gatekeeper provides a digital signature and time stamping capabilities in the SS7 Integrated Services Digital Network User Part (ISUP) protocol messages.
The Security Gatekeeper also performs Originating Point Code digital signature processing and timestamp authentication. This processing further enhances network security since, when interconnecting the SS7 Signaling Networks to an IP-based, packet or other SS7 networks is desirable to authenticate these interconnecting networks. The Security Gatekeeper supports this authentication function by providing the ability to certify the Originating Point Code (OPC) of outgoing messages and authenticate the OPC of incoming messages with encrypted digital signatures. The digital signature is encrypted based upon Appendix F of T1.655-1996—SS7 Upper Layer Security Capabilities.
When a new network node is added to the signaling network, it is authenticated by the Security Gatekeeper. The new node and the Gatekeeper initiate a non-call associated TCAP exchange to establish the security context. This context is based on T1.655-1996. The network element and the Gatekeeper encryption keys certificates are exchanged. The Gatekeeper thereby functions as a Certifying Agent for all network nodes within its domain, certifying their point codes with an encrypted digital signature of the point code and timestamp. Digital signature and timestamping capability can be extended to any network element attaching to the SS7 network. The Security Gatekeeper can then authenticate each network element. Certificates issued by the Security Gatekeeper may be issued with limited valid periods of use, corresponding to the known authority of the recipient.
New fields are added into a new optional ISUP message defined for security context relationships. Because the field is optional, existing network elements without the authentication feature can ignore the digital signature and time stamp. For new network elements employing this capability, the information can be extracted and analyzed to ensure the originating point code is valid.
Message formatting to provide SS7 security association activation is shown in
The format of an ISUP message corresponding to the Signaling Information Field is shown under the MTP format in
TCAP information is contained in the User Message/Data field of the SCCP Unitdata message. The TCAP message includes a Transaction portion including a Message Type field followed by an Optional Dialogue Portion. The Transaction portion contains the package type identifier. There are seven package types: Unidirectional, Query with Permission, Query without Permission, Response, Conversation with Permission, Conversation without Permission, and Abort. The transaction portion also contains the Originating Transaction ID and Responding Transaction ID fields linking the TCAP transaction with an invocation of a specified application at the originating and destination signaling points. A component portion of the TCAP includes multiple components. The six types of components available include Invoke (Last), Invoke (Not Last), Return Result (Last), Return Result (Not Last), Return Error, and Reject. Components include parameters representing data specific to an application that utilizes the services of TCAP. They are not examined by TCAP.
Step Action
- 1. The SS7 Gateway sends a TCAP Security Association Request Message to the STP.
- 2. The STP forwards the TCAP Security Association Request Message to the Security Gatekeeper for security association activation.
- 3. The Security Gatekeeper sends the TCAP Security Association Request Message Acknowledge back to the STP. The security association has now been established and digital signature and time stamping capabilities are now available for use.
- 4. The STP then forwards the TCAP Security Association Request Message Acknowledge to the SS7 Gateway.
- 5. The Media Gateway sends an IP Setup message to the SS7 Gateway.
- 6. The SS7 Gateway sends an SS7 IAM message to the STP.
- 7. The STP routes the IAM message to the Security Gatekeeper for analysis.
- 8. The Security Gatekeeper analyzes the message, ensuring that the format and content are appropriate. The Security Gatekeeper then sends the "authenticated" IAM message back to the STP, which forwards the message to the correct end-office.
- 9. The end-office sends a SETUP message to the end station.
- 10. The end-office generates an Address Complete Message (ACM) to the STP with the SS7 Gateway's DPC. The STP interprets the SS7 Gateway's DPC and forwards the ACM message to the Security Gatekeeper for analysis and validation.
Step Action
- 11. The Security Gatekeeper validates the message and sends it back to the STP with the SS7 Gateway's DPC.
- 12. The STP sends the ACM message to the SS7 Gateway
- 13. The end station sends a Connect message to the end-office.
- 14. The end-office generates an ANM destined for the SS7 Gateway to the STP. The STP interprets the SS7 Gateway's DPC and forwards the ANM message to the Security Gatekeeper for analysis and validation.
- 15. The Security Gatekeeper validates the message and sends it back to the STP with the SS7 Gateway's DPC.
- 16. The STP sends the ANM message to the SS7 Gateway.
- 17. The SS7 Gateway sends an IP Connect message to the Media Gateway.
- 18. The Media Gateway responds with an IP Connect ACK message.
- 19. The end-office sends a Connect ACK message to the end station.
- 20. The switches connect the trunks from the networks to the subscriber's line for two-way communications.
- 21. When the transaction has been completed, the Media Gateway generates an IP Release message to the SS7 Gateway.
- 22. The SS7 Gateway sends a Release (REL) Message to the STP.
- 23. The STP forwards the REL message to the Security Gatekeeper.
- 24. The Gateway sends an IP Release ACK to the Media Gateway.
- 25. The Security Gatekeeper validates the REL message and returns an "OK" to the STP, which forwards the REL message to the end-office switch.
- 26. The end-office sends a Release Complete message to the end station.
- 27. The end station sends a Release Complete message to the end-office switch.
- 28. The end-office switch sends the RLC to the STP, which forwards the RLC message to the Security Gatekeeper, where the message is validated.
- 29. The Security Gatekeeper sends an OK on the RLC message to the STP.
Step Action
- 30. The STP then sends the RLC message to the SS7 Gateway.
Referring to
Step Action
- 1. The SS7 Gateway sends a TCAP Security Association Deactivation Message to the STP.
- 2. The STP forwards the TCAP Security Association Deactivation Message to the Security Gatekeeper for security association deactivation.
- 3. The Security Gatekeeper sends the TCAP Security Association Deactivation Message Acknowledge back to the STP.
- 4. The STP then forwards the TCAP Security Association Deactivation Message Acknowledge to the SS7 Gateway. The security association is thereby terminated and digital signature and time stamping capabilities are no longer available for use.
Although the examples describe the initiation of the security association by the Signaling Gateway, either network element of a signaling relationship can initiate the security association request. Security associations are not limited to Signaling Gateways and Security Gatekeepers; associations can be established between other network elements and networks, such as STPs, SCPs and SSPs or other interconnection element relationships of the SS7.
Various ISUP message formats are shown in
Referring to
While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
It should further be noted and understood that all publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Claims (9)
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|US09/767,292 Continuation-In-Part US7360090B1 (en)
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