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UPDATE: On Monday, the Supreme Court arrived at a complicated decision on the constitutionality of Arizona's immigration law, striking down much of it but still allowing for checks of papers. Scalia, in a dissent he read from the bench, said that it all should have been left intact—and then offered commentary on President Obama's recent decision not to deport minors, which came after the case was argued (see Steve Coll for more on that). But this is only the latest example of the art of the Scalia dissent.
Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia is not the sort of person who's shy about expressing his opinion, even at the risk of offending others. In a dissent he wrote that was released on Thursday, about a case dealing with sentences for crack and powder cocaine, he referred at one point to "the mischief of" the majority opinion. This sort of thing is a pattern for him—"a good, hard-hitting dissent keeps you honest," he once said. Here are a few of the more colorful quotes from his dissents over the years.
Arizona v. United States (2012): The case in which the Supreme Court ruled, in part, against Arizona's 2010 law regarding illegal immigrants.
We are not talking here about a federal law prohibiting the States from regulating bubble-gum advertising, or even the construction of nuclear plants. We are talking about a federal law going to the core of state sovereignty: the power to exclude.
The Court opinion's looming specter of inutterable horror—"[i]f §3 of the Arizona statute were valid, every State could give itself independent authority to prosecute federal registration violations"—seems to me not so horrible and even less looming.
If securing its territory in this fashion is not within the power of Arizona, we should cease referring to it as a sovereign State.
PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin (2001): A lawsuit brought by the disabled golfer Casey Martin, who wanted to be allowed to ride in a golf cart between shots, something that the P.G.A. prohibited at the time. The Court ruled in Martin's favor.
If one assumes, however, that the PGA TOUR has some legal obligation to play classic, Platonic golf—and if one assumes the correctness of all the other wrong turns the Court has made to get to this point—then we Justices must confront what is indeed an awesome responsibility. It has been rendered the solemn duty of the Supreme Court of the United States, laid upon it by Congress in pursuance of the Federal Government's power "[t]o regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States," to decide What Is Golf. I am sure that the Framers of the Constitution, aware of the 1457 edict of King James II of Scotland prohibiting golf because it interfered with the practice of archery, fully expected that sooner or later the paths of golf and government, the law and the links, would once again cross, and that the judges of this august Court would some day have to wrestle with that age-old jurisprudential question, for which their years of study in the law have so well prepared them: Is someone riding around a golf course from shot to shot really a golfer? The answer, we learn, is yes. The Court ultimately concludes, and it will henceforth be the Law of the Land, that walking is not a "fundamental" aspect of golf.
Lee v. Weisman (1992): The case addressed religious prayer at public-school graduation ceremonies, which the majority found to be unconstitutional.
I find it a sufficient embarrassment that our Establishment Clause jurisprudence regarding holiday displays has come to "requir[e] scrutiny more commonly associated with interior decorators than with the judiciary." But interior decorating is a rock hard science compared to psychology practiced by amateurs.
Wabaunsee County v. Umbehr (1996): A case about the First Amendment rights of independent contractors with government contracts.
What secret knowledge, one must wonder, is breathed into lawyers when they become Justices of this Court, that enables them to discern that a practice which the text of the Constitution does not clearly proscribe, and which our people have regarded as constitutional for 200 years, is in fact unconstitutional?
Atkins v. Virginia (2002): The case in which the Court ruled that executing the mentally retarded is a "cruel and unusual punishment" and thus a violation of the Eighth Amendment.
Seldom has an opinion of this Court rested so obviously upon nothing but the personal views of its members.
United States v. Virginia (1996): In a seven-to-one vote—Scalia was the only dissenter; Clarence Thomas recused himself—the Court ruled against the Virginia Military Institute's policy of admitting only men.
If it were impossible for individual human beings (or groups of human beings) to act autonomously in effective pursuit of a common goal, the game of soccer would not exist.
Morrison v. Olson (1988): The Court voted to uphold the Independent Counsel Act; Scalia was the only dissenter.
Frequently an issue of this sort will come before the Court clad, so to speak, in sheep's clothing: the potential of the asserted principle to effect important change in the equilibrium of power is not immediately evident, and must be discerned by a careful and perceptive analysis. But this wolf comes as a wolf.
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987): The Court ruled that creationism should not be allowed to be taught in public schools alongside evolution.
He may have thought the bill would provide jobs for his district, or may have wanted to make amends with a faction of his party he had alienated on another vote, or he may have been a close friend of the bill's sponsor, or he may have been repaying a favor he owed the majority leader, or he may have hoped the Governor would appreciate his vote and make a fund-raising appearance for him, or he may have been pressured to vote for a bill he disliked by a wealthy contributor or by a flood of constituent mail, or he may have been seeking favorable publicity, or he may have been reluctant to hurt the feelings of a loyal staff member who worked on the bill, or he may have been settling an old score with a legislator who opposed the bill, or he may have been mad at his wife, who opposed the bill, or he may have been intoxicated and utterly unmotivated when the vote was called, or he may have accidentally voted "yes" instead of "no," or, of course, he may have had (and very likely did have) a combination of some of the above and many other motivations. To look for the sole purpose of even a single legislator is probably to look for something that does not exist.
Photograph by Jewel Samad/AFP/Getty Images.


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Department of Revenue News Release
April 25, 2014Louisiana License Office contract awarded
JEFFERSON CITY - The Office of Administration, in conjunction with the Missouri Department of Revenue, has awarded the management contract for the Louisiana License Office to the City of Louisiana. All license office contracts in Missouri are awarded through a competitive bid process.
The City of Louisiana has been the contractor of the Louisiana License Office since 1982. The Louisiana License Office will remain at its current location at 202 S. 3rd St., Suite 113.
In fiscal year 2013, more than 10,700 transactions were conducted at the Louisiana office, generating $35,617 in agent processing fees.
All local license offices are overseen by the Missouri Department of Revenue, but each is operated by an independent agent.
Follow the Missouri Department of Revenue on Twitter @MoRevenue

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mattress Shipping & Delivery Policies
In-Store Pickup/Ship to Store
All items are available for in-store pickup free of charge. Mattress Warehouse will send a pickup confirmation when your order is available for pickup. Please be sure to bring your receipt and a photo ID when you pickup your order.
Due to variations in inventory between stores, some items may not be available at your local store and will require shipping from our warehouse. These items are generally available for pickup within 5-7 days from placing your order.
Delivery Options
Mattresses, mattress sets, box springs and large furniture items will arrive via freight truck. Mattress Warehouse will call to arrange delivery. An adult 18 or over must be at home to accept delivery. Please note we cannot deliver to P.O. Boxes, Hawaii, Alaska or any areas not accessible by road. Small parcels, including pillows, sheets, protectors and other small sleep and bed accessories will ship via FedEx or UPS. Signatures are not required. The delivering carrier and available ship methods may vary depending on the destination:
Local Delivery: MD, PA, NJ, VA, NC, DE, SC & Washington DC
|Purchase Amount or Item
|Delivery Fee
|Mattresses/Frames/Mattress Sets/Beds
|Tempur-Pedic Mattresses
|All small accessories (pillows, sheets, protectors)
Extended Delivery: Nationwide (Continental U.S. only)
|Purchase Amount or Item
|Delivery Fee
|Purchases above $500
Purchases below $500
|Tempur-Pedic Mattress sets
|All small accessories (pillows, sheets, protectors)
Delivery Terms & Conditions:
If Mattress Warehouse fails to provide you, the buyer, with an actual or estimated delivery date or fails to deliver the ordered product within two weeks of the estimated delivery date, you may:
- Cancel the contract and receive a full refund or credit equal to your deposit.
- Modify the contract by selecting another product.
- Negotiate a new delivery date with Mattress Warehouse. However, if Mattress Warehouse cannot cancel the order with the manufacturer or supplier, Mattress Warehouse is not required to allow you to exercise these rights and will not allow you to do so.
Failure to be home on the scheduled delivery date, necessitating a second trip by our driver, will result in a re-delivery charge. While we will try to provide a shorter, convenient delivery window, you may ultimately be obligated to be home the entire date of delivery. Further, there must be a responsible person over the age of 18 years old at home during delivery.
The delivery fee includes delivery of merchandise, placement in the room of your choice and the removal of shipping materials. It does not include assembly or set-up of merchandise or removal of old bedding. Any and all requests of the delivery driver must be made during the delivery and please know the driver cannot return to the premises post-delivery if the wrong setup directions (i.e. – wrong bedroom) were initially given to the driver by you or the responsible person you designate.
Cancellation policy: If an order is canceled after the merchandise has been shipped, the customer is responsible for the actual cost of shipping, plus a 20% handling fee.
*Please note that some products are not available for White Glove Delivery and will be shipped via UPS or FedEx. Set up and debris removal does not apply to any order shipped through these methods. Other Terms & Conditions may apply.


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Aware that the automobile industry generates a significant amount of waste, Spinelli Group has proudly adopted various measures in order to protect the environment.
We installed a recycling and recovery program for every one of our dealerships in order to ensure our operations are consistent with practices to protect the environment. Our system allows us to recycle paper, used tires, waste oil, batteries, and electronic components. Also, we use water-based paint in the body shop, as well as an electronic corrosion protection system.
Spinelli Group works daily to diminish the use of paper and paperboard with the aim of protecting our planet.
The Spinelli Group participates actively in recycling paper and paperboard. Recycling bins are available to all our employees in every one of our various locations. In addition, we requested of many of our suppliers that they submit all communications electronically as opposed to traditionally using paper.
Spinelli has a system in place that recovers waste oil containers, processes them, and recycles them in order to minimize the damage to the environment. For more information, visit www.veolia.com
Waste oil is oil that has become contaminated after use. Through use and wear of the properties, waste oil can no longer continue to perform at its best. This is the case for engine lubricants, hydraulic fluids, liquids for metal working, insulating fluids, and coolants. Motor lubricants represent 45% of all recoverable oil.
One liter of oil contaminates one million liters of water. In Quebec, roughly 30 million liters of waste oil are not recovered by certified collectors. In addition, this unaccounted oil can be burned without supervision or control, and subsequently can end up in sewer systems.
The Spinelli Group offers its customers at every one of its dealerships the opportunity to transfer their waste oil in specific tanks designated for the purpose of recovery.
Both body shop departments at Spinelli use water-based paint and are proudly solvent-free since March 2008. This new paint is not only better for the environment, but is also less harmful to our employees who work with it. Spinelli is proud to be a pioneer in the industry, since the utilization of water-based paint has been mandatory since only 2009.
Battery manufacturers repeat the same recycling process and recover used batteries when the distributor delivers the new ones. These finished batteries are stored at the manufacturer's recycling plant before starting the recycling procedure. When the required quantity is collected, the batteries are broken into 3 principal elements that will be recycled: the plastic case, the lead from the plates, and the sulfuric acid of the electrolyte. Nova Pb recycles 90,000 metric tons of lead per year at its Ville Sainte-Catherine factory, on the South Shore of Montreal.
Unlike traditional parts cleaner systems that use petrol-based products (namely Varsol), the Bio-Circle cleaning system works with enzymes and bacteria that are heated to consume the oil.
Bio-Circle is an alternative to traditional solvents guaranteeing the removal of oil and grease while maintaining the cleaner power over time thanks to self-renewing action of natural bioremediation.
It is the safest, most effective replacement for hazardous mineral solvents in parts cleaning applications, eliminating health and safety risks as well as frequent waste disposal. For more information, visit www.biocircle.com
*Trial period in progress at Spinelli Toyota Pointe-Claire, implemented soon across the Spinelli Group.
Recycle-Québec is responsible for the collection of used tires on a monthly basis to then resell the tires to recycling companies specialized in rubber.
The Auto Saver system is an advanced environmentally friendly electronic rust proofing system that will protect the vehicles against rust damages.
For more information: www.theautosaversystem.com
The Interecycle Company is responsible for collecting all broken or obsolete electronic components (computers, mobile phones, printers, monitors, etc.). These components are then recycled or refurbished.
For more information: www.interlogic.ca
toyota Hybrid cars sold by the Spinelli Group
Starting at
$33,794 *
Starting at
$26,934 *
Starting at
$53,264 *


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This is a devastating chart.
Eurozone unemployment hits a brand new high of 12.1%.
Click the chart to enlarge.
What else can you say but that this is a total disaster.
From the report:
Eurostat estimates that 26.521 million men and women in the EU27, of whom 19.211 million were in the euro area, were unemployed in March 2013. Compared with February 2013, the number of persons unemployed increased by 69 000 in the EU27 and by 62 000 in the euro area. Compared with March 2012, unemployment rose by 1.814 million in the EU27 and by 1.723 million in the euro area.
Among the Member States, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in Austria (4.7%), Germany (5.4%) and Luxembourg (5.7%), and the highest in Greece (27.2% in January), Spain (26.7%) and Portugal (17.5%).
Compared with a year ago, the unemployment rate increased in nineteen Member States and fell in eight. The highest increases were registered in Greece (21.5% to 27.2% between January 2012 and January 2013), Cyprus (10.7% to 14.2%), Spain (24.1% to 26.7%) and Portugal (15.1% to 17.5%). The largest decreases were observed in Latvia (15.6% to 14.3% between the fourth quarters of 2011 and 2012), Estonia (10.6% to 9.4% between February 2012 and February 2013) and Ireland (15.0% to 14.1%).
This situation is clearly unsustainable. The overall level of unemployment is creating a lost generation (especially in countries like Spain) while the gap between the periphery and Germany is causing increasing anger and resentment.
The good news is that austerity is losing its cache in Europe, and with any luck there will be some pro growth measures, both from fiscal authorities and the ECB, which is expected to cut rates in some manner this week.


text:
Howdy, Stranger!
It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
Quick Links
Howdy, Stranger!
It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
Quick Links
Meet your fellow owners in our Owners Clubs
Mitsubishi Outlander Heating Ventilation and A/C
jeng025 Posts: 1My husband and I have noticed that at times when our 03 Outlander is in park the A/C begins blowing air (not cool air), then all of a sudden you can drive and the cold air will start blowing again... any thoughts to what problem we are looking at here?0
piast Posts: 269I would start from coolant, if it hasn't been replaced yet. The other simple one to check/replace is thermostat. The reason computer shoots off AC compressor is too high engine temperature, so additional sources of heat are switched off. As soon as you start driving, cold air from outside help with cooling, and AC can run again.0
fushigi Chicago suburbsPosts: 1,459I've something similar on my '99 Galant. Both AC and heat seem to not really be working right when the vehicle is stopped. I notice it more at long stoplights while in Drive v. in Park but then I rarely sit for long periods in Park. What seems to work for me is to not run the fan on the highest setting. On lower settings the problem doesn't seem to come up.2017 Infiniti QX60 (me), 2012 Hyundai Elantra (wife)0
boddoe Posts: 1I can't beleive this problem has been going on for so long and Mitsubshi will not do anything about this. I have an 07, and the heater is a BIG problem for me. I live in northern Maine, -30 F has been the temp for over 2 weeks now. I get no heat or very little when running idol. while driving, again very little heat comes out of the defrost, which makes my windshield freeze. How have you resolved your problem?
Did you ever find a fix.? My daughter is beside herself (and cold) At corporate they told her it was a 'characteristic of the car' and they couldn't do anything
[email protected]0
We've had some below zero weather here lately and I was driving the '07 Outlander. (my wife usually drives it.) I commented that it took forever to warm up and she said it's always been that way.
Even the engine seems to take longer to warm up than it does on my '05 Lincoln and when it's warmed up it still doesn't give great heat.
I'd call it adequate at best.2012 Mustang Premium, 2013 Lincoln MKX Elite, 2007 Mitsubishi Outlander.0
My daughter is distraught with this problem- and also, when the car idles heat stops working. The top honcho at the dispute center at Mitsubishi told her it was a 'characterisic of the car' and not repairable-- can you believe it????0
MEoutdoorsman Posts: 1I have the same problem with my 07 Outlander which my husband just bought me in June 2008. I live in northern Maine also, took it to the dealer few weeks ago and they made a call to the Mitsubishi hotline. Came back to me saying it was a normal characteristic for the vehicle and to keep switching it from recirculate to defrost which is a pain in the butt and doesn't always work. The thermostat reads correctly, so that isn't the problem. I contacted another Mitsubishi dealer, faxed them my report I got from the 1st dealer and they told me sounds about right and nothing they can do for me either. I am still driving this vehicle but is very frustrating especially when you have a little child in the back seat wrapped in a blanket. I hope someday, someone has a fix for this. My husband stated that if he would have known, he wouldn't have bougth the vehicle.0
bobw1 Posts: 19In my 08 ES when I have the blower on the slower speeds I get a rattling type noise from the blower. Anyone else have this or know what it is? Thanks...0
Should be quiet, have the dealer look at it.2012 Mustang Premium, 2013 Lincoln MKX Elite, 2007 Mitsubishi Outlander.0
trichic11 Posts: 1Replaced the power steering pump due to the noise that we thought it was making. New pump, same noise. Now, with the stethescope trick someone says it's the AC. Any ideas what it could be? Some people have said water pump. Some have said the AC clutch or the compressor. Car works fine, gas mileage is the same as it has been. AC does work though if it's on the whine is typically a little louder than when it's off. Totally confused and not wanting to waste anymore money (since I evidently didn't need the power steering pump!).0
This discussion has been closed.


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Frequent Links
United States Navy SEALs
The United States Navy's Sea, Air, Land Teams, commonly known as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's principal special operations force and a part of the Naval Special Warfare Command and United States Special Operations Command.[3] The SEALs' duty is to conduct small-unit maritime military operations which originate from, and return to a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. SEALs can negotiate shallow water areas such as the Persian Gulf coastline, where large ships and submarines are limited due to depth.[4]
"SEAL" is always capitalized in reference to members of the Naval Special Warfare community. The Navy SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named. SEALs are also prepared to operate in a variety of climates, such as desert, arctic, and jungle.
All SEALs are male members of the United States Navy.[4][5][6][7] The CIA's highly secretive Special Activities Division (SAD) and more specifically its elite Special Operations Group (SOG) recruits operators from the SEAL Teams.[8] Joint Navy SEALs and CIA operations go back to the famed MACV-SOG during the Vietnam War.[9] This cooperation still exists today and is seen in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.[10][11]
- 1 History
- 1.1 Origins
- 1.2 Scouts and Raiders
- 1.3 Naval Combat Demolition Units
- 1.4 OSS Operational Swimmers
- 1.5 Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT)
- 1.6 Korean War
- 1.7 Birth of Navy SEALs and Vietnam
- 1.8 Grenada
- 1.9 Iran-Iraq War
- 1.10 Panama
- 1.11 Somali Intervention
- 1.12 Afghanistan
- 1.13 Iraq War
- 1.14 Maersk Alabama hijacking
- 1.15 Death of Osama bin Laden
- 1.16 Wardak Province helicopter crash
- 1.17 Morning Glory oil tanker
- 2 Selection and training
- 3 Navy SEAL teams and structures
- 4 United States Navy Parachute Team "Leap Frogs"
- 5 Influence on foreign units
- 6 National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum and memorial
- 7 In popular culture
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 External links
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013)
The modern day U.S. Navy SEALs can trace their roots to World War II.[4] The United States Navy recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses. As a result, the Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce, Florida.[7] The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group, a joint U.S. Army-Marine-Navy unit
Scouts and Raiders
Recognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force, a select group of Army and Navy personnel assembled at Amphibious Training Base, Little Creek, on August 15, 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders (joint) training. The Scouts and Raiders mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach, maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing, and guide the assault waves to the landing beach.[4]
The first group included Phil H. Bucklew, the "Father of Naval Special Warfare," after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named. Commissioned in October 1942, this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch on the North African coast. Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Normandy, and southern France.[12]
A second group of Scouts and Raiders, code-named Special Service Unit No. 1, was established on 7 July 1943, as a joint and combined operations force. The first mission, in September 1943, was at Finschafen on New Guinea. Later operations were at Gasmata, Arawe, Cape Gloucester, and the East and South coast of New Britain, all without any loss of personnel. Conflicts arose over operational matters, and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned. The unit, renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts, received a new mission, to go ashore with the assault boats, buoy channels, erect markers for the incoming craft, handle casualties, take offshore soundings, clear beach obstacles and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore, incoming boats and nearby ships. The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict, participating in more than 40 landings.[4]
The third and final Scouts and Raiders organization operated in China. Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with the Sino-American Cooperative Organization, or SACO. To help bolster the work of SACO, Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for "Amphibious Raider" at the Scout and Raider school at Fort Pierce, Florida. They formed the core of what was envisioned as a "guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters, lakes and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans." While most Amphibious Raider forces remained at Camp Knox in Calcutta, three of the groups saw active service. They conducted a survey of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and, disguised as coolies, conducted a detailed three-month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan, near Hong Kong.[4]
In September 1942, 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATB Little Creek, VA for a week long course in demolitions, explosive cable cutting and commando raiding techniques. On November 10, 1942, the first combat demolition unit successfully cut cable and net barriers across the Wadi Sebou River during Operation Torch in North Africa. This enabled the USS Dallas (DD-199) to traverse the water and insert U.S. Rangers who captured the Port Lyautey airdrome.[4]
On 7 May 1943, Lieutenant Commander Draper L. Kauffman, "The Father of Naval Combat Demolition," was directed to set up a school and train people to eliminate obstacles on an enemy-held beach prior to an invasion. On 6 June 1943, LCDR Kauffman established Naval Combat Demolition Unit training at Fort Pierce.[7] Most of Kauffman's volunteers came from the navy's engineering and construction battalions. Training commenced with a gruelling week designed to filter out under-performing candidates. By April 1944, a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation Overlord, the amphibious landing at Normandy.[4] On 6 June 1944, in the face of great adversity, the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses. The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded, a casualty rate of 52%. Meanwhile, the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire. They cleared Script error: No such module "convert". of beach in two hours, another Script error: No such module "convert". by the afternoon.
Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded. During Operation Overlord, not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives. In August 1944, NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France, the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations.[7] NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater. NCDU 2, under LTjg Frank Kaine, after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named, and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson, formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force tasked with clearing boat channels after the landings from Biak to Borneo.
OSS Operational Swimmers
Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services, or OSS.[11] Many current SEAL missions were first assigned to them. OSS specialized in special operations, dropping operatives behind enemy lines to engage in organized guerrilla warfare as well as to gather information on such things as enemy resources and troop movements.[13] British Combined Operations veteran LCDR Wooley, of the Royal Navy, was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943. Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton, California, moved to Santa Catalina Island, California in January 1944, and finally moved to the warmer waters of The Bahamas in March 1944. Within the U.S. military, they pioneered flexible swimfins and diving masks, closed-circuit diving equipment (under the direction of Dr. Christian J. Lambertsen),[13][14] the use of Swimmer Delivery Vehicles (a type of submersible), and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks.[11] In May 1944, Colonel "Wild Bill" Donovan, the head of the OSS, divided the unit into groups. He loaned Group 1, under Lieutenant Choate, to Admiral Nimitz, as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific theater. They became part of UDT-10 in July 1944. Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS Burrfish in the Caroline Islands in August 1944.
Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT)
On 23 November 1943, the U.S. Marine landing on Tarawa Atoll emphasized the need for hydrographic reconnaissance and underwater demolition of obstacles prior to any amphibious landing. The islands in this area have unpredictable tide changes and shallow reefs preventing the naval transport vessels from progressing. The first wave crossed the reef in Amtracs, but the second in Higgins boats were not as successful. They got stuck on a reef due to low tide. The Marines were forced to unload and wade to shore. This proved to be a daunting task and many Marines were killed or drowned before reaching the beach. Without support from the second wave the Marines in Amtracs were slaughtered on the beach. This was a valuable lesson that the Navy did not want to be repeated. After the Tarawa landing, Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner directed the formation of nine Underwater Demolition Teams. Thirty officers and 150 enlisted men were moved to the Waimānalo Amphibious Training Base to form the nucleus of a demolition training program. This group became Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) ONE and TWO.[4]
The UDTs saw their first combat on 31 January 1944, during Operation Flintlock in the Marshall Islands. Flintlock became the real catalyst for the UDT training program in the Pacific Theater. In February 1944, the Naval Combat Demolition Training and Experimental Base was established at Kīhei, Maui, next to the Amphibious Base at Kamaole. Eventually, 34 UDT teams were established. Wearing swim suits, fins, and dive masks on combat operations, these "Naked Warriors" saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including: Eniwetok, Saipan, Guam, Tinian, Angaur, Ulithi, Peleliu, Leyte, Lingayen Gulf, Zambales, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Labuan, Brunei Bay, and on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan on Borneo, which was the last UDT demolition operation of the war. The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each.[7]
Korean War
The Korean War began on 25 June 1950, when the North Korean army invaded South Korea. Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3, UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men. During the "Forgotten War" the UDTs fought heroically, beginning to employ demolition expertise gained from WWII and use it for an offensive role. Continuing to use water as cover and concealment as well as an insertion method, the Korean Era UDTs targeted bridges, tunnels, fishing nets and other maritime and coastal targets. They also developed a close working relationship with the Republic of Korea naval special forces which continues today.[4]
The UDTs refined and developed their commando tactics during the Korean War, through their focused efforts on demolitions and mine disposal. The UDTs also accompanied South Korean commandos on raids in the North to demolish train tunnels. This was frowned upon by higher-ranking officials because they believed it was a non-traditional use of Naval forces. Due to the nature of the war the UDTs maintained a low operational profile. Some of the missions include transporting spies into North Korea and the destruction of North Korean fishing nets used to supply the North Korean Army.[4]
As part of the Special Operations Group, or SOG, UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast. The UDTs specialized in a somewhat new mission: Night coastal demolition raids against railroad tunnels and bridges. The UDT men were given the task because, in the words of UDT Lieutenant Ted Fielding, "We were ready to do what nobody else could do, and what nobody else wanted to do." (Ted Fielding was awarded the Silver Star during Korea, and was later promoted to the rank of Captain).[15] On 15 September 1950, UDTs supported Operation Chromite, the amphibious landing at Incheon. UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft, scouting mud flats, marking low points in the channel, clearing fouled propellers, and searching for mines. Four UDT personnel acted as wave-guides for the Marine landing. In October 1950, UDTs supported mine-clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers. On 12 October 1950, two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank. UDTs rescued 25 sailors. The next day, William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an "aqualung" when he dove on the USS Pledge (AM-277). For the remainder of the war, UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance, infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea, continued mine sweeping operations, and participated in Operation Fishnet, which devastated the North Korean's fishing capability.[4]
President John F. Kennedy, aware of the situation in Southeast Asia, recognized the need for unconventional warfare and special operations as a measure against guerrilla warfare. In a speech, to Congress, on 25 May 1961, Kennedy spoke of his deep respect for the United States Army Special Forces. While his announcement of the government's plan to put a man on the moon drew most of the attention, in the same speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare. Some people erroneously credit President Kennedy with creating the Navy SEALs. His announcement was actually only a formal acknowledgement of a process that had been under way since Korea.[16]
The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena. In March 1961, Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units. These units would be able to operate from sea, air or land. This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs. All SEALs came from the Navy's Underwater Demolition Teams, who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea; however, the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy's amphibious force.[17][18]
The first two teams were formed in January 1962[19] and stationed on both US coasts: Team One at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, in San Diego, California and Team Two at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Formed entirely with personnel from UDTs, the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments.[7] Men of the newly formed SEAL Teams were trained in such unconventional areas as hand-to-hand combat, high-altitude parachuting, demolitions, and foreign languages. The SEALs attended Underwater Demolition Team replacement training and they spent some time training in UDTs. Upon making it to a SEAL team, they would undergo a SEAL Basic Indoctrination (SBI) training class at Camp Kerry in the Cuyamaca Mountains. After SBI training class, they would enter a platoon and conduct platoon training.
According to founding SEAL team member Roy Boehm, the SEAL's first missions were directed against communist Cuba. These consisted of deploying from submarines and carrying out beach reconnaissance in prelude to a proposed US amphibious invasion of the island. On at least one occasion Boehm and another SEAL smuggled a CIA agent ashore to take pictures of Soviet nuclear missiles being unloaded on the dockside.[20]
The Pacific Command recognized Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces. At the beginning of 1962, the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military, the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was formed. In March 1962, SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves.
The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963. The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong sympathizers for capture and assassination.
The SEALs were initially deployed in and around Da Nang, training the South Vietnamese in combat diving, demolitions, and guerrilla/anti-guerrilla tactics. As the war continued, the SEALs found themselves positioned in the Rung Sat Special Zone where they were to disrupt the enemy supply and troop movements and in the Mekong Delta to fulfill riverine operations, fighting on the inland waterways.
Combat with the Viet Cong was direct. Unlike the conventional warfare methods of firing artillery into a coordinate location, the SEALs operated within inches of their targets. Into the late 1960s, the SEALs were successful in a new style of warfare, effective in anti-guerrilla and guerrilla actions. SEALs brought a personal war to the enemy in a previously safe area. The Viet Cong referred to them as "the men with green faces," due to the camouflage face paint the SEALs wore during combat missions.[21]
In February 1966, a small SEAL Team One detachment arrived in Vietnam to conduct direct actions missions. Operating from Nha Be, in the Rung Sat Special Zone, this detachment signaled the beginning of a SEAL presence that would eventually include 8 SEAL platoons in country on a continuing basis. SEALs also served as advisors for Provincial Reconnaissance Units and the Lein Doc Nguio Nhia, the Vietnamese SEALs. The last SEAL platoon departed Vietnam on Dec 7, 1971. The last SEAL advisor left in March 1973.[7]
SEALs continued to make forays into North Vietnam and Laos, and covertly into Cambodia, controlled by the Studies and Observations Group. The SEALs from Team Two started a unique deployment of SEAL team members working alone with South Vietnamese Commandos (ARVN). In 1967, a SEAL unit named Detachment Bravo (Det Bravo) was formed to operate these mixed US and ARVN units, which were called South Vietnamese Provincial Reconnaissance Units (PRUs).
At the beginning of 1968, the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong orchestrated a major offensive against South Vietnam: the "Tet Offensive". The North hoped it would prove to be America's Dien Bien Phu, attempting to break the American public's desire to continue the war. As propaganda, the Tet Offensive was successful in adding to the American protest of the Vietnam war. However, North Vietnam suffered tremendous casualties, and from a purely military standpoint, the Tet Offensive was a major disaster for the Communists.[22]
By 1970, President Richard Nixon initiated a Plan of Vietnamization, which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese. Conventional forces were being withdrawn; the last SEAL advisor, left Vietnam in March 1973 and Vietnam fell to the communists in 1975. The SEALs were among the highest decorated units for their size in the war, receiving 2 Navy Crosses, 42 Silver stars, 402 Bronze Stars, 2 Legions of Merit, 352 Commendation Medals, 3 Presidential Unit Citations[23][24] and 3 Medals of Honor. By the end of the war, 48 SEALs had been killed in Vietnam, but estimates of their kill count are as high as 2,000. The Navy SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce, FL displays a list of the 48 SEALs who lost their lives in combat during the Vietnam War.[25]
Both SEAL Team 4 and SEAL Team 6, the predecessor to DEVGRU, participated in the US invasion of Grenada. The SEALs' two primary missions were the extraction of Grenada's Governor-General and the capture of Grenada's only radio tower. Neither mission was well briefed or sufficiently supported with timely intelligence and the SEALs ran into trouble from the very beginning. One of their two transport planes missed its drop zone, and four SEALs drowned in a rain squall while making an airborne insertion with their boats off the island's coast. Their bodies were never recovered.
After regrouping from their initial insertion the SEALs split into two teams and proceeded to their objectives. After digging in at the Governor's mansion, the SEALs realized they had forgotten to load their cryptographic satellite phone. As Grenadian and Cuban troops surrounded the team, the SEALs' only radio ran out of battery power, and they used the mansion's land line telephone to call in AC-130 gunship fire support. The SEALs were pinned down in the mansion overnight and were relieved and extracted by a group of Marines the following morning.
The team sent to the radio station also ran into communication problems. As soon as the SEALs reached the radio facility they found themselves unable to raise their command post. After beating back several waves of Grenadian and Cuban troops supported by BTR-60 armoured personnel carriers, the SEALs decided that their position at the radio tower was untenable. They destroyed the station and fought their way to the water where they hid from patrolling enemy forces. After the enemy had given up their search the SEALs, some wounded, swam into the open sea where they were extracted several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance plane.
Iran-Iraq War
During the closing stages of the Iran–Iraq War the United States Navy began conducting operations in the Persian Gulf to protect US-flagged ships from attack by Iranian naval forces. A secret plan was put in place and dubbed Operation Prime Chance. Navy SEAL Teams 1 and 2 along with several Special Boat Units and EOD techs were deployed on mobile command barges and transported by helicopters from the Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Over the course of the operation SEALs conducted VBSS (Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure) missions to counter Iranian mine laying boats. The only loss of life occurred during the take down of the Iran Ajr. Evidence gathered on the Iran Ajr by the SEALs later allowed the US Navy to trace the mines that struck the USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58). This chain of events lead to Operation Praying Mantis, the largest US Naval surface engagement since the Second World War.
During Operation Desert Shield and Storm, Navy SEALs trained Kuwaiti Special Forces. They set up naval special operations groups in Kuwait, working with the Kuwaiti Navy in exile. Using these new diving, swimming, and combat skills, these commandos took part in combat operations such as the liberation of the capital city.
The United States Navy contributed extensive special operations assets to the invasion of Panama, code named Operation Just Cause. This included SEAL Teams 2 and 4, Naval Special Warfare Unit 8, and Special Boat Unit 26, all falling under Naval Special Warfare Group 2; and the separate Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU). DEVGRU fell under Task Force Blue, while Naval Special Warfare Group 2 composed the entirety of Task Force White. Task Force White was tasked with three principal objectives: the destruction of Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) naval assets in Balboa Harbor and the destruction of Manuel Noriega's private jet at Paitilla Airport (collectively known as Operation Nifty Package), as well as isolating PDF forces on Flamenco Island.
The strike on Balboa Harbor by Task Unit Whiskey is notably marked in SEAL history as the first publicly acknowledged combat swimmer mission since the Second World War. Prior to the commencement of the invasion four Navy SEALs, Lt Edward S. Coughlin, EN-3 Timothy K. Eppley, ET-1 Randy L. Beausoleil, and PH-2 Chris Dye, swam underwater into the harbor on Draeger LAR-V rebreathers and attached C4 explosives to and destroyed Noriega's personal gunboat the Presidente Porras.
Task Unit Papa was tasked with the seizure of Paitilla airfield and the destruction of Noriega's plane there. Several SEALs were concerned about the nature of the mission assigned to them being that airfield seizure was usually the domain of the Army Rangers. Despite these misgivings and a loss of operational surprise, the SEALs of TU Papa proceeded with their mission. Almost immediately upon landing, the 48 SEALs came under withering fire from the PDF stationed at the airfield. Although Noriega's plane was eventually destroyed, the SEALs suffered four dead and thirteen wounded. Killed were Lt. John Connors, Chief Petty Officer Donald McFaul, Torpedoman's Mate 2nd Class Issac Rodriguez, and Boatswain's Mate 1st Class Chris Tilghman.
Somali Intervention
In August 1993 a four-man DEVGRU SEAL sniper team was deployed to Mogadishu to work alongside Delta Force as part of Task Force Ranger in the search for Somali warlord Mohammed Farrah Aidid. They took part in several operations in support of the CIA and Army culminating in the 3 October 'Battle of Mogadishu' where they were part of the ground convoy raiding the Olympic Hotel. All four SEALs would be later awarded the Silver Star in recognition of their bravery whilst Navy SEAL Howard E. Wasdin would be awarded a Purple Heart after continuing to fight despite being wounded three times during the battle. [26]
In the immediate aftermath of the 11 September attacks, Navy SEALs quickly dispatched to Camp Doha, and those already aboard US Naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters began conducting VBSS operations against ships suspected of having ties to or even carrying al Qaeda operatives. SEAL Teams 3 and 8 also began rotating into Oman from the United States and staging on the island of Masirah for operations in Afghanistan. One of the SEALs' immediate concerns was their lack of suitable vehicles to conduct special reconnaissance (SR) missions in the rough, landlocked terrain of Afghanistan. After borrowing and retrofitting Humvees from the Army Rangers also staging on Masirah, the SEALs inserted into Afghanistan to conduct the SR of what would become Camp Rhino, as part of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). These early stages of OEF were commanded by a fellow SEAL, Rear Admiral Albert Calland.
The SR mission in the region of Camp Rhino lasted for four days, after which two United States Air Force Combat Control Teams made a nighttime HALO jump to assist the SEALs in guiding in Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit who seized control of the area and established a Forward operating base. While at Camp Rhino, the CIA passed on intelligence from a Predator drone operating in the Paktia province that Taliban Mullah Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa was spotted leaving a building by vehicle convoy. SEALs and Danish Jægerkorpset commandos boarded Air Force Pave Low helicopters and seized Khairkhwa on the road less than two hours later. The SEALs continued to perform reconnaissance operations for the Marines until leaving after having spent 45 days on the ground.
Subsequent SEAL operations during the invasion of Afghanistan were conducted within Task Force K-Bar, a joint special operations unit of Army Special Forces, United States Air Force Special Tactics Teams, and special operations forces from Norway, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Denmark, under the command of Navy SEAL Captain Robert Harward. Task Force K-Bar conducted combat operations in the massive cave complexes at Zhawar Kili, the city of Kandahar and surrounding territory, the town of Prata Ghar and hundreds of miles of rough terrain in southern and eastern Afghanistan. Over the course of six months Task Force K-Bar killed or captured over 200 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters, and destroyed tens of thousands of pounds of weapons and ordnance.
Navy SEALs participated extensively in Operation Anaconda. During insertion, AB1 Neil Roberts was thrown from his helicopter when it took fire from entrenched al Qaeda fighters. Roberts was subsequently killed after engaging and fighting dozens of enemies for almost an hour. Several SEALs were wounded in a rescue attempt and their Air Force Combat Controller, Technical Sergeant John Chapman, was killed. Attempts to rescue the stranded SEAL also led to the deaths of several US Army Rangers and an Air Force Pararescueman acting as a Quick Reaction Force.
SEALs were present at the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi alongside their counterparts from the British Special Boat Service. Chief Petty Officer Stephen Bass was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the battle.
Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor after his four-man counterinsurgency team was almost wiped out during Operation Red Wings in June 2005.
In December 2012, the unit rescued a US doctor who had been kidnapped a few days earlier. However, during the operation the unit suffered a fatality, Petty Officer 1st Class Nicolas D. Checque.[27]
In May 2013, Rear Adm. Sean Pybus, commander of Navy Special Warfare stated that the unit would cut in half the number of SEAL platoons in Afghanistan by the end of 2013. Rear Adm. Sean Pybus also added that the unit is already "undergoing a transition back to its maritime roots" by placing more emphasis on sea-based missions after being involved in mostly landlocked missions since 2001.[28]
Iraq War
Al Faw and Iraqi oil infrastructure
Several days before the beginning of the invasion of Iraq two SDV teams were launched from Mark V Special Operations Craft in the Persian Gulf. Their objectives were the hydrographic reconnaissance of the Al Basrah (MABOT) and Khawr Al Amaya (KAAOT) Oil Terminals. After swimming under the terminals and securing their Mark 8 mod 1s the SDV SEALs spent several hours taking pictures and surveying Iraqi activity on both platforms before returning to their boats.
Mukarayin Dam
Coalition military planners were concerned that retreating Iraqi forces would destroy the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam northeast of Baghdad in an attempt to slow advancing US troops. In addition to restricting the maneuver of Coalition forces, the destruction of the dam would deny critical power needs to the surrounding area as well as cause massive flooding and loss of Iraqi civilian life. A mixed team of SEALs from SEAL Team Five and Polish GROM was called in to seize the dam. This force was flown several hours by US Air Force MH-53 Pave Lows to the dam. The SEALs employed DPVs into blocking positions to defend against counter-attack and roving bands of Iranian bandits that had been crossing the border and raiding Iraqi towns. As in Al Faw the SEALs found their DPVs to be ineffective and this marked the last time they would employ them in Iraq.
The SEALs and GROM on foot fast-roped out of their helicopters and immediately stormed the dam. The minimal Iraqi security forces on site surrendered, and with the exception of a GROM soldier who broke an ankle during the insertion, no casualties were sustained in the operation. After several hours of searching the dam for remaining hostile forces or any explosives, the SEALs secured the dam and were later relieved by advancing elements of the US Army.
Maersk Alabama hijacking
On 12 April 2009, in response to a hostage taking incident off of the coast of Somalia by Somalian pirates, three Navy SEALs from DEVGRU simultaneously engaged and killed the three pirates who were closely holding the hostage, Captain Richard Phillips, of the freighter ship, the Maersk Alabama. The pirates and their hostage were being towed in a lifeboat approximately 100 yards behind the USS Bainbridge (DDG-96) when each of the pirates were killed by a different DEVGRU sniper with a single shot to the head.[29]
Death of Osama bin Laden
In the early morning of May 1, 2011 local time, a team of 40 Navy SEALs along with a Belgian Malinois Military Working Dog (Cairo), support by Special Activities Division officers on the ground, killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad, Pakistan about Script error: No such module "convert". from Islamabad in a CIA operation.[30][31] The Navy SEALs were part of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU), previously called "SEAL Team 6".[32] President Barack Obama later confirmed the death of bin Laden, but did not directly mention the involvement of DEVGRU, saying only that a "small team" of Americans undertook the operation to bring down bin Laden.[30] The unprecedented media coverage raised the public profile of the SEAL community, particularly the counter-terrorism specialists commonly known as SEAL Team 6. The Walt Disney Company tried unsuccessfully to trademark the name "SEAL Team 6" the day after the raid.[33] The official name of the military operation was Operation NEPTUNE SPEAR. The model of the compound used in the 60 Minutes documentary was donated by CBS to the Navy SEAL Museum.[34]
Wardak Province helicopter crash
On 6 August 2011, seventeen Navy SEALs were killed when their CH-47 Chinook helicopter was shot down by an RPG fired by Taliban militants. The SEALs were en route to support U.S. Army Rangers who were taking fire while attempting to capture a senior Taliban leader in the Tangi Valley. Fifteen of the SEALs belonged to the Naval Special Warfare Development Group.[35][36][37] Two others were SEALs assigned to a West Coast-based Naval Special Warfare unit.[35][38] A total of 30 Americans and eight Afghans were killed in the crash, making it the single largest loss of American lives in the Global War on Terrorism.
Morning Glory oil tanker
On March 16, 2014, US Navy SEALs took control of MV Morning Glory, a tanker full of oil loaded from a rebel-held port in Libya. The raid by Navy SEALs took place in international waters off the coast of Cyprus.[39]
Selection and training
SEAL training is extremely rigorous, with the dropout rate sometimes over 80 percent.[40] The average candidate spends over a year in a series of formal training environments before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5326 Combatant Swimmer (SEAL) or, in the case of commissioned naval officers, the designation Naval Special Warfare (SEAL) Officer.
Navy SEAL training pipeline:
- 8-week Naval Special Warfare Prep School
- 24-week Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/s) Training
- 3-week Parachute Jump School
- 26-week SEAL Qualification Training (SQT)
Upon graduation from SQT, trainees receive the coveted Navy SEAL Trident, designating them as Navy SEALs. They are subsequently assigned to a SEAL Team or SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) Team and begin 18-months of predeployment training before they are considered deployable. This training consists of:[41][42]
- 6-month Professional Development - Individual Specialty Training (ProDev)
- 6-month Unit Level Training (ULT)
- 6-month Squadron Integration Training (SIT)[43]
Those Enlisted SEALs with a medical rating will first attend the Special Operation Combat Medic Course for 6 months in Fort Bragg North Carolina[44] before joining a team in order to become a SEAL medic. Those pursuing Officer positions first attend the Junior Officer Training Course to learn about operations planning and how to perform team briefings. In total it can take over 2.5 years to completely train a Navy SEAL for their first deployment.[41][42]
Naval Special Warfare Command is organized into the following configuration:
- Naval Special Warfare Group 1: SEAL Teams 1, 3, 5, 7
- Naval Special Warfare Group 2: SEAL Teams 2, 4, 8, 10
- Naval Special Warfare Group 3: SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1
- Naval Special Warfare Group 4: Special Boat Teams 12, 20, 22
- Naval Special Warfare Group 11: SEAL Teams 17, 18 (formerly Operational Support Teams 1, 2)[45]
The total number of Navy SEALs assigned to Naval Special Warfare Command is approximately 2,000 out of a total staffing of 6,500. About half of the SEAL contingent are based at Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base and Dam Neck Annex in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The other half of the SEAL contingent is based at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, California.
SEAL Teams
SEAL Teams are organized into two groups: Naval Special Warfare Group One (West Coast), and Naval Special Warfare Group Two (East Coast), which come under the command of Naval Special Warfare Command, stationed at NAB Coronado, California. As of 2006, there are eight confirmed Navy SEAL Teams. The original SEAL Teams in the Vietnam War were separated between West Coast (Team ONE) and East Coast (Team TWO) SEALs. The current SEAL Team deployments include Teams 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10. The most recent to come into being are SEAL Team 7 and SEAL Team 10, which were formed in March and April 2002 respectively.[46][47]
The Teams deploy as Naval Special Warfare Squadrons or Special Operations Task Forces and can deploy anywhere in the world. Squadrons will normally be deployed and fall under a Joint Task Force (JTF) or a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF) as a Special Operations Task Force (SOTF).
Each SEAL Team is commanded by a Navy Commander (O-5), and has a number of operational SEAL platoons and a headquarters element.
A SEAL Team has a Staff Headquarters element and three 40-man Troops. Each Troop consist of a Headquarters element consisting of a Troop Commander, typically a Lieutenant Commander (O-4), a Troop Senior Enlisted (E-8), a Targeting/Operations Officer (O-2/3) and a Targeting/Operations Leading/Chief Petty Officer (E-6/7). Under the HQ element are two SEAL platoons of 16–20 men (two officers, 14–16 enlisted SEALs, and sometimes assigned non-NSW support personnel); a company-sized Combat Service Support (CSS) and/or Combat Support (CS) consisting of staff N-codes (the Army and Marine Corps use S-codes); N1 Administrative support, N2 Intelligence, N3 Operations, N4 Logistics, N5 Plans and Targeting, N6 Communications, N7 Training, and N8 Air/Medical.
Each Troop can be task organized for operational purposes into four squads, of eight 4–5 man fire teams. The size of each SEAL "Team" with Troops and support staff is approximately 300 personnel. The typical SEAL platoon has an OIC (Officer in Charge, usually a Lieutenant (O-3)), an AOIC (Assistant Officer in Charge, usually a Lieutenant (junior grade), O-2), a platoon chief (E-7), an Operations NCO/LPO (Leading Petty Officer, E-6) and other operators (E-4 to E-6). The core leadership in the Troop and Platoon are the Commander/OIC and the Senior Enlisted NCO (Senior Chief/Chief).
Troop core skills consist of: Sniper, Breacher, Communicator, Maritime/Engineering, Close Air Support, Corpsman, Point-man/Navigator, Primary Driver/Navigator (Rural/Urban/Protective Security), Heavy Weapons Operator, Sensitive Site Exploitation, Air Operations Master, Lead Climber, Lead Diver/Navigator, Interrogator, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, Technical Surveillance, and Advanced Special Operations.
Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, a naval base in Virginia Beach, Virginia, is home to SEAL Teams 2, 4, 8, and 10. Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, a naval base in Coronado, California, is home to SEAL Teams 1, 3, 5, and 7. There is also a SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) unit, SDVT-1, located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. SDVT-2 was based in Virginia; it was disestablished and merged into SDVT-1. SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability. An SDV platoon consists of 12–15 SEALs. Declassified locations:
|Number of Platoons
|SEAL Team 1
|6 Platoons
|Coronado, California
|SEAL Team 2
|6 Platoons
|Little Creek, Virginia
|SEAL Team 2 is the only SEAL Team that has full-fledged arctic warfare capabilities[48]
|SEAL Team 3
|Middle East
|6 Platoons
|Coronado, California
|SEAL Team 4
|6 Platoons
|Little Creek, Virginia
|SEAL Team 5
|6 Platoons
|Coronado, California
|Naval Special Warfare Development Group
|Dam Neck, Virginia
|SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987. The Navy then established the Naval Special Warfare Development Group, also known as DEVGRU. While DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command, they are operationally under the command of the Joint Special Operations Command
|SEAL Team 7
|SEAL Team 7
|6 Platoons
|Coronado, California
|SEAL Team 8
|6 Platoons
|Little Creek, Virginia
|SEAL Team 10
|Middle East
|6 Platoons
|Little Creek, Virginia
|SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team One
|4 Platoons
|Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Dets in:
Little Creek, Virginia
San Diego, California
Special warfare ratings
The Special Warfare Operator rating (SO) and Special Warfare Boat Operator rating (SB), were established in 2006.[49] Special Warfare Operators (SEALs) and Special Warfare Boat Operators (SWCCs), are no longer required to maintain the original rating they qualified in upon joining the navy. [50][51]
The following ratings are specific to Navy SEALs[52][53][54]
|Navy Rate
|Pay Grade
|Special Warfare Rating
|Master Chief Petty Officer
|Master Chief Special Warfare Operator
|Senior Chief Petty Officer
|Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator
|Chief Petty Officer
|Chief Special Warfare Operator
|Petty Officer First Class
|Special Warfare Operator, First Class
|Petty Officer Second Class
|Special Warfare Operator, Second Class
|Petty Officer Third Class
|Special Warfare Operator, Third Class
(see: Template:US enlisted ranks)
The primary mission of the Navy Parachute Team (NPT) is to support Naval Special Warfare recruiting by gaining access and exposure to appropriate candidates through aerial parachuting demonstrations.[55] The U.S. Navy Parachute Team is a fifteen-man team composed of U.S. Navy SEALs. Each member comes to the team for a three-year tour from one of the two Naval Special Warfare Groups located on the east and west coasts. On completion of the tour, members return to operational units.[56] The parachute team began in 1969 when Navy SEALs and Frogmen volunteered to perform at weekend air shows. The Team initially consisted of five jumpers: LCDR Olson, PHC Gagliardi, SK2 "Herky" Hertenstein, PR1 Al Schmiz and PH2 "Chip" Maury. Schmiz and Maury were members of the original "Chuting Stars."[57] When LCDR Olson was transferred to California, PHC Gene "Gag" Gagliardi (D 546) of UDT ELEVEN introduced him to the local jumping elite with the San Diego Skydivers, one of the nation's first sports parachuting clubs. He convinced the Commander Naval Operations Support Group, PACIFIC to create a small demonstration team consisting of a cadre of highly qualified freefall jumpers. Its activities were to be conducted on a "not to interfere" basis with other military duties and at no cost to the government, other than utilizing normally scheduled aircraft. This group eventually adopted the "Leap Frogs" name.[57]
The team was officially commissioned as the U.S. Navy Parachute Team in 1974 by the Chief of Naval Operations and assigned the mission of demonstrating Navy excellence throughout the United States. The East Coast-based "Chuting Stars" were disbanded in the 1980s with the "Leap Frogs" taking on all official parachute demonstrations within the Navy.
A typical Leap Frogs performance consists of six jumpers leaping out of an aircraft at an altitude of 6,000 feet. After freefalling sometimes using smoke or streamers, the Leap Frogs fly their canopies together to build canopy-relative work formations. After performances, the Leap Frogs make themselves available to the public to answer questions about the Navy and the Naval Special Warfare community, as well as to sign autographs.
Influence on foreign units
From its predecessors the Underwater Demolition Teams to its current form, the SEALs have influenced the training and formation of several foreign units. In 1955 the Underwater Demolition Teams provided funding and training for the Republic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla who are also known as UDT/SEALs.[58] The Philippine Naval Special Warfare Group is also patterned off of the training and implementation of the US Navy SEALs and the UDT's.[59] Upon the creation of the Indian MARCOS in 1987, three officers were sent to undergo a hard training schedule with the SEALs that would help them further shape their unit's capabilities.[60] Due to their reputation as being one of America's premier special operations forces, SEALs (particularly operators from DEVGRU) routinely serve in allied SOFs, including the British Special Air Service and Special Boat Service, and Polish GROM.[61][62][63]
The National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum, in Fort Pierce, Florida, was founded in 1985[64] and was recognized as a National Museum by an act of Congress[65] and is dedicated to preserving the history of the Navy SEALs and their predecessors. The SEAL Museum stands on the training site of the first Navy frogmen. There through World War II, thousands of service members were trained as members of Naval Combat Demolition Units and Underwater Demolition Teams. The Museum houses rare historic artifacts from the founding of the UDT to present day, including weapons, vehicles, equipment, and most recently added, the Alabama Maersk lifeboat aboard which Somali pirates held Captain Richard Phillips hostage.
In popular culture
The storied fictional representations of the U.S. Navy SEALs in the mass media include Thomas Magnum in Magnum, P.I., various characters in Tom Clancy novels and the G.I. Joe universe to more recent portrayals such as in the 2012 film Act of Valor, American Sniper, SOCOM: US Navy SEALs, Call of Duty video game series, Medal of Honor: Warfighter video game, and the 2013 film Lone Survivor.
See also
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- List of Navy SEALs
- Red Cell
- SEAL Delivery Vehicle
- Underwater Demolition Team
- United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group
- Naval Special Warfare Command
- Death of Osama bin Laden
- Special Activities Division
- ^ "Naval Special Warfare Mission". United States Navy. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
more than 2,700 active-duty Special Warfare Operators, 700 Special Warfare Boat Operators (SWCC)
- ^ Wentz, Gene; B. Abell Jurus (1993). Men In Green Faces. St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-312-95052-1.
- ^ Perry, Anthony (27 July 1990). "SEALs Surface to Blow Holes in Navy Nerd Image". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ US Navy. SEAL requirements "SEAL Requirements". navyseals.com. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ Jill Laster. "Program letting Coasties train as SEALs on hold". Navy Times.
- ^ Waller, Douglas (3 February 2003). "The CIA Secret Army". TIME (Time Inc). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1004145,00.html
- ^ SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam by John L. Plaster
- ^ Haney, Eric L. (2002). Inside Delta Force. New York: Delacorte Press.
- ^ a b c Efran, Shawn (producer), "Army Officer Recalls Hunt for Bin Laden", 60 Minutes, CBS News, 5 October 2008.
- ^ SEAL History: Origins of Naval Special Warfare-WWII | National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum. Navysealmuseum.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ a b Vann RD (2004). "Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology". Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 21–31. PMID 15233157. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ Butler FK (2004). "Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy". Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 3–20. PMID 15233156. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ SEAL History: Underwater Demolition Teams in the Korean War | National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum. Navysealmuseum.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ Genesis of the U.S. Navy's SEa, Air, Land (SEAL) Teams | National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum. Navysealmuseum.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ "Navy SEAL History". SOFREP Inc. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ^ Watson, James (1997). Walking Point: The Experience of a Founding Member of the Elite Navy SEALs. New York, New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0688143024.
- ^ US Navy Videos. Navy.mil. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ First SEAL: Amazon.co.uk: Ray Boehm, Charles Sasser: Books. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ Point Man by Chief James Watson & Kevin Dockery, 1993, ISBN 0-380-71986-X
- ^ Edwin E. Moïse. "The Vietnam Wars, Section 8: The Tet Offensive and its Aftermath". Clemson University. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ "President Cites Seal Team", The New York Times (PROQUEST), 12 November 1968: 21
- ^ "Washington For the Record", The New York Times (PROQUEST), 19 June 1970: 4
- ^ Couch, Dick (2008). The Sheriff of Ramadi. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1591141389.
- ^ Seal Team Six: The incredible story of an elite sniper - and the special operations unit that killed Osama Bin Laden: Amazon.co.uk: Howard E. Wasdin, Stephen Templin: Books. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ SEALs to Undergo 'Evolution in Reverse' as They Return to Maritime Operations - Blog. Nationaldefensemagazine.org. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ "U.S. warship near boat carrying pirates — CNN.com". CNN. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
- ^ a b "The raid on Osama bin Laden's compound". CBS News. 2 May 2011.
- ^ "Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation". The Washington Post. May 8, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011
- ^ Flock, Elizabeth (2 May 2011). "Navy SEALs who killed Osama bin Laden are from the elite 'Team 6'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ Winter, Jana (25 May 2011). "Mickey Mouse Surrenders to Navy SEALs in Trademark Battle". Fox News. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
- ^ Model of Osama bin Laden Abbottabad Compound | National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum. Navysealmuseum.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ a b "DOD Identifies Service Members Killed In CH-47 Crash". U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs). August 11, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
- ^ SEAL Team 6 members among 38 killed in Afghanistan. Los Angeles Times 6 August 2011.
- ^ Helicopter Crash in Afghanistan Reportedly Kills Members of SEAL Team 6. Fox News, 6 August 2011.
- ^ Pentagon releases names of Chinook crash victims [2], CNN News blog, 12 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ "Navy Seals board rogue Libya oil tanker Morning Glory". BBC News. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ SEAL+SWCC. "Content". sealswcc.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ^ a b sealswcc.com. "Navy SEALs Training Stages Overview".
- ^ Navy SEAL Platoon Training | Navy SEALs Information & Resources. Information.usnavyseals.com (2009-09-04). Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ "Special Operations Combat Medic Course". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ Communication, Mass. "Naval Special Warfare Reserve Command Renamed". Navy.mil. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ Dunia emas: US Navy SEALs. Duniakemilauemas.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ SEAL Team 7 Holds Change of Command. Navy.mil. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ "US NAVAL SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES". Special Operation Forces Reference Manual. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
- ^ Navy Special Warfare Operator Rating (SEAL). Navycs.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ NSW Community Establishes New SO and SB Ratings. Navy.mil. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ SEALs and SWCCs drop source ratings [Archive] - SOCNET: The Special Operations Community Network. SOCNET. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ Job Title. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ http://www.trident.edu/Media/Default/NavyRoadMaps/SOCNAV-SO_082713.pdf
- ^ "Welcome To Governors State" (PDF). Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ Navy Parachute Team handbook PDF
- ^ "Official U.S. Navy Parachute Team Web Site – Leap Frogs". Leapfrogs.navy.mil. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ a b SEAL History: The Leap Frogs-Origins of the Navy SEAL Parachuting Exhibition Team | National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum. Navysealmuseum.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ "ROKN UDT/SEALs". Wikipedia. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
- ^ "Naval Special Warfare Group". Wikipedia. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ "MARCOS". Wikipedia. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ Couch, Dick (October 1, 2008). Sheriff of Ramadi. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 54.
- ^ Kyle, Chris (October 15, 2013). American Sniper. New York: HarperCollins.
- ^ Falconer, Duncan (July 1, 2001). First Into Action: A Dramatic Personal Account of Life in the SBS. London: Little, Brown Book Group.
- ^ The Origin of the UDT-SEAL Museum | National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum. Navysealmuseum.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
- ^ "Ft. Pierce Museum Now the Official National Museum of Navy SEALs and Their Predecessors". NavySEALs.com. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- Besel, Jennifer M. The Navy SEALs. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2011. ISBN 1-429-65380-9 OCLC 649079630
- Bosiljevac, T.L. SEALs: UDT/SEAL Operations in Vietnam. Ballantine Books, 1990. ISBN 0-804-10722-X. OCLC 23228772
- Bosiljevac, T.L. SEAL Team Roll-Back. New York: Avon Books, 1999. ISBN 0-380-78714-8. OCLC 41020614
- Bahmanyar, Mir. US Navy SEALs. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-84176-807-3. OCLC 62176513
- Bahmanyar, Mir with Chris Osman. SEALs: The US Navy's Elite Fighting Force. Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1-846-03226-1. OCLC 191922842
- Couch, Dick. May the Seals: Their untold history (2014)
- Couch, Dick. The Sheriff of Ramadi: Navy SEALs and the Winning of al-Anbar. U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2008. ISBN 1-591-14138-9. OCLC 1591141389
- Couch, Dick. The Warrior Elite: The Forging of SEAL Class 228. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003. ISBN 1-400-04695-5. OCLC 802957824
- Couch, Dick. The Finishing School: Earning the Navy SEAL Trident. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004. ISBN 0-609-81046-4. OCLC 60563833
- Couch, Dick. Down Range: Navy SEALs in the War on Terrorism. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2005. ISBN 1-400-08101-7. OCLC 71199069
- Cummings, Dennis J. The Men Behind the Trident: SEAL Team One in Viet Nam. New York: Bantam Books, 1998. ISBN 0-553-57928-2 OCLC 39494815
- Denver, Rorke, and Ellis Henican. Damn Few: Making the Modern SEAL Warrior. New York: Hyperion, 2013. ISBN 1-401-31280-2 OCLC 795757181
- Dockery, Kevin. Navy SEALs: A History of the Early Years. New York: Berkley Books, 2001. ISBN 0-425-17825-0 OCLC 0425178250
- Dockery, Kevin. Navy SEALs: A History Part II: The Vietnam Years. New York: Berkley Books, 2002. ISBN 0-425-18348-3 OCLC 48449554
- Dockery, Kevin. Navy SEALs: A History Part III: Post-Vietnam to the Present. New York: Berkley Books, 2003. ISBN 0-425-19034-X OCLC 51818673
- Dockery, Kevin. Weapons of the Navy SEALs. New York: Berkley Books, 2004. ISBN 0-425-19834-0 OCLC 56347561
- Donald, Mark L., and Scott Mactavish. Battle Ready: Memoir of a SEAL Warrior Medic. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2013. ISBN 1-250-00976-6 OCLC 759914152
- Fawcett, Bill. Hunters and Shooters: An Oral History of the U.S. Navy SEALs in Vietnam. New York: W. Morrow and Co., 1995. ISBN 0-688-12664-2 OCLC 31520013
- Freid-Perenchio, Stephanie, and Jennifer Walton. SEAL: The Unspoken Sacrifice. [Ketchum, ID]: SFP Studio, 2009. ISBN 0-615-30322-6 OCLC 525383689
- Greitens, Eric. The Heart and the Fist: The Education of a Humanitarian, the Making of a Navy SEAL. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011. ISBN 0-547-42485-X OCLC 646308409
- Halberstadt, Hans. US Navy SEALs in Action. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1995. ISBN 0-879-38993-1 OCLC 32275764
- Jansing, Chris (29 January 2010). "A typical SEAL? Think 007, not Rambo". NBC Field Notes (NBC News). Retrieved 29 January 2010.
- Kelly, Orr. Never Fight Fair!: Navy SEALs' Stories of Combat and Adventure. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1995. ISBN 0-891-41519-X OCLC 30894438
- Luttrell, Marcus. Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10. Little, Brown and Company, 2009. ISBN 0-316-04469-5. OCLC 319610219
- Luttrell, Marcus., and James D. Hornfischer. Service: A Navy SEAL at War. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Co., 2012. ISBN 0-316-18536-1 OCLC 756584153
- Mann, Don, and Ralph Pezzullo. Inside SEAL Team Six: My Life and Missions with America's Elite Warriors. New York, NY: Little, Brown & Co., 2011. ISBN 0-316-20431-5 OCLC 729343843
- McEwen, Scott, and Richard Miniter. Eyes on Target: Inside Stories from the Brotherhood of the U.S. Navy SEALs. New York: Center Street, 2014. ISBN 1-455-57569-0 OCLC 828891431
- Neville, Leigh. Takur Ghar: The SEALs and Rangers on Roberts Ridge, Afghanistan 2002. Oxford, UK: Osprey Pub., 2013. ISBN 1-780-96198-7 OCLC 798058824
- Owen, Mark, and Kevin Maurer. No Easy Day: The Autobiography of s Navy SEAL: the Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden. New York, NY: Dutton, 2012. ISBN 0-525-95372-8 OCLC 808121503
- Padden, Ian. U.S. Navy SEALs. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1985. ISBN 0-553-24954-1 OCLC 12264420
- Pfarrer, Chuck. SEAL Target Geronimo: The Inside Story of the Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011. ISBN 1-250-00635-X OCLC 733234790
- Pfarrer, Chuck. Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy SEAL. New York: Random House, 2004. ISBN 1-400-06036-2 OCLC 52165997
- Redman, Jason, and John R. Bruning. The Trident: The Forging and Reforging of a Navy SEAL Leader. New York: William Morrow, 2013. ISBN 0-062-20832-2 OCLC 827260093
- Robinson, Patrick. Honor and Betrayal: The Untold Story of the Navy SEALs Who Captured the "Butcher of Fallujah"- and the Shameful Ordeal They Later Endured. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 2013. ISBN 0-306-82308-X OCLC 861508106
- Sasser, Charles W. Encyclopedia of the Navy SEALs. New York: Facts on File, 2002. ISBN 0-816-04569-0. OCLC 48383497
- Wasdin, Howard E., and Stephen Templin. SEAL Team Six: Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011. ISBN 0-312-69945-X OCLC 681499659
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Navy SEALs.
- US Navy SEAL & SWCC—official website
- United States Navy Parachute Team—official website
- "Navy Fact File: Navy SEALs". San Diego: United States Navy. April 2002. Archived from the original on 3 March 2005. Retrieved 25 June 2006.
- Peterson, Lt. Cmdr Erick (June 2009). "The Strategic Utility of U.S. Navy SEALs". Master thesis (dtic.mil). NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOO. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- SEAL The Unspoken Sacrifice exhibit at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
- McCoy, Shane T. (August 2004). "Testing Newton's Law", All Hands Magazine, p. 33.
- Obringer, Lee Ann. "How the Navy SEALs Work". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
- Navy SEALs 50 – Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of the U.S. Navy SEALs
- Ethos of the Navy SEALs
- A Veteran of SEAL Team Six Describes His Training
Template:Naval special operations forces


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text:
- for information on creating OCR files from images, see Creating_OCR_Files
Two extensions are use for plain-text OCR files:
- ".ocr.txt" - the "raw" OCR results.
- ".txt" - if and when the raw .ocr.txt files have been remediated, the remediated versions use the standard ".txt" extension.
If these remediated files exist, the ".ocr.txt" files should be deleted. The TIFF files of the transcriptions will be permanently deleted if it is deemed they do not themselves merit preservation. That is to say if the image of the transcript has no perceived value other than the text on the page, then the image of the transcription will be deleted.
If it is deemed that remediation of raw OCR files will be too labor/cost intensive, both the TIFFS and the raw ".ocr.txt" files must be preserved. This way, as OCR technology improves, it may be possible to render higher quality OCR versions of the transcripts in the future.
Non-compound Objects
For non-compound objects/items, transcripts simply add a page-level extension to the item number.
For example, item u0008_9999999 might have 10 transcripts which will be named as thus for the transcript .tif files: u0008_9999999_0001.tif through u0008_9999999_0010.tif. The same applies to ".ocr.txt" and ".txt" files as well, that is to say the respective raw and remediated OCR versions of the transcript TIFFs.
Compound Objects
Often tiff/wave files do note have a one to one match with transcript files or vice-versa.
Below are three scenarios and the naming rules devised on 6/19/09 to allow the file names themselves to denote a correlation between different file types that point to the same information (i.e. an audio interview and a transcript of that interview).
Situation 1: One to Many (One media file to many text files)
ex: 1 .wav file and 3 .txt transcript files
Situation 2: Many to One (Many media files to one text file)
ex: 3 .wav files and 1 .txt transcript file
Situation 3: One to One (One media file to one text file)
ex: 1 .wav file and 1 .txt transcript file
*For general information on filenaming conventions, see File_naming_schemes.
- What if you have 2 .wav files and 3 pages of transcripts? That is, what happens when a transcript page contains the transcription for part of each of the 2 .wav files?
In that case you might have a scenario like this: _0001.wav goes with _0001_001.txt and _0001_002.txt while _0002.wav goes with _0002_001.txt and _0001_002.txt. In this case, _0001_002.txt and _0002_001.txt are the SAME document, simply existing twice with different file names. This still allows people to know what transcripts correspond to what media items based simply on the file name.
We understand that this calls for more storage space to be used (given that an analog item exists as two distinct files), but the greater concern is the removal of confusion regarding relation of items to one another.
Important: It was discussed on 070209 that in the case of .txt file transcripts (OCR), we can simply edit the .txt files so that there is a 1 to 1 match between the transcript and the media file (wav, tiff, etc.). That is to say that if the transcripts have no value in themselves (i.e. tiffs of historically important original transcripts WOULD have value in and of themselves) we can then use the OCR-ed .txt files and divide them up as needed to get a 1 to 1 match with the media file.
- What about a scenario in which there are 2 tiffs (of original analog materials) and 1 transcript file (in tiff format) which contains the transcription for both original tiffs? How will someone know what part of the transcription tiff matches with the respective portion of the scans of the analog materials?
They won't know exactly, but they'll be in the right "ballpark" and will only have to peruse one transcript page to find the information that corresponds to each scan of the analog materials. Perhaps, in the future we can incorporate X/Y axes of the transcription files in the metadata.
Audio Transcript Matching: Compound Objects
Audio interviews for compound objects can have multiple transcript files/scans associated with one audio file. It is important to name these transcript files in a way that delineates which transcripts match with particular .wav files.
Here is a link to a small tutorial that demonstrates a method for doing such a thing provided the transcript scans are good candidates for OCR.


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Nicholas Johnson is Chief Scientist and Program Manager for NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office. In July 2008 he was awarded the Department of Defense Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award for his contribution to Operation Burnt Frost, a mission that involved the interception and destruction of an out-of-control satellite before it could hit the Earth.
NASA Tech Briefs: When was the Orbital Debris Program Office established and what is its primary function?
Nicholas Johnson: The office was established in 1979, first to define the current and future orbital debris environment to support mission operations and spacecraft design, and also to develop orbital debris mitigation measures and policies.
NTB: Can you give us a little more detail about what that involves?
Johnson: Office personnel evaluate all NASA space programs and projects for compliance with agency orbital debris mitigation requirements. The office is also the lead for coordination and cooperation with other U.S. government departments and organizations in the field of orbital debris. As Chief Scientist for Orbital Debris, I also serve as the U.S. technical expert on space debris at the United Nations.
NTB: Exactly what is space debris?
Johnson: Space debris, primarily, is anything in Earth-orbit that no longer has a useful function. That could include a non-functional spacecraft, a derelict launch vehicle upper stage, fragmentation debris, paint flecks, anything you can think of.
NTB: Is space debris just manmade objects, or does it also include natural materials like meteoroids and things like that?
Johnson: Normally when we talk about orbital debris, we're talking about manmade objects. Meteoroids are in orbit about the sun and we normally refer to them as the natural environment.
NTB: How does one become an expert in space debris? Is there a course of study you can recommend, or do you pretty much learn on the job?
Johnson: Actually, orbital debris is a very small scientific community. Within the U.S., NASA is the principal source of orbital debris expertise and is the only organization which actually characterizes the orbital debris population from the smallest debris — microns — to the largest, which can be tens-of-meters. Personally, I studied physics and astrophysics, but none of my formal education involved orbital debris. I think the vast majority of the folks who are in the field did learn on the job. There is actually one university in the United States — The University of Colorado, Boulder — that is the only U.S. institution to have awarded PhD's in orbital debris, but only about a half-dozen or so folks have made it through that course. I have been involved in orbital debris research for 30 years in support of a wide variety of U.S. government organizations.
NTB: When it comes to the amount of debris in space, I've heard all kinds of figures. I've heard that since the launch of Sputnik 1 back in 1957, there have been approximately 28,000 objects put into space, 9,000 of which are still in orbit, and only 6-percent are still operational. To make matters worse, we're launching approximately 75 new spacecraft per year, adding to the potential problem. How does your office keep track of all this debris and make sure it doesn't pose a threat to things like the International Space Station, Hubble Telescope, and the Space Shuttle? And are those numbers I have even accurate?
Johnson: Well, they're a little bit out of date. First off, NASA doesn't maintain what's called the U.S. Satellite Catalog. That's performed by the Department of Defense. We certainly work closely with the DoD in a large number of space surveillance areas.
Since Sputnik 1 there have been more than 4600 space missions launched from around the world that have successfully reached Earth orbit or beyond. The total number of objects which have been officially cataloged by the Department of Defense is now nearly 34,000, of which about 13,000 are still in Earth-orbit. It turns out the Department of Defense is also tracking another 5,000 objects, which they know are out there, but they have not yet officially cataloged them. It's more of an administrative issue. So, if you're trying to find a final number of objects that we're aware of, that we know where they are, it's somewhere around 18,000.


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Published Dec 20, 2017
Philly's famous for them. Cheez Whiz, Provolone, something else? What's your favorite place to grab a cheesesteak?
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When your jeans need a hem or your favorite sweater needs patching, who do... see the Top 5 →
The 2017 Philly A-List awards are based on more than 19,000 votes from local Philadelphia-area experts.


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Thursday 14th September 2006 - 16:30 to 17:30
INI Seminar Room 1
I will survey what is known about the algebraic solutions of the Painleve VI equation. This gives an opportunity to see 'in action' lots of the Painleve/isomonodromy technology: Riemann-Hilbert correspondence, nonlinear monodromy actions, affine Weyl group symmetries, quadratic/Landen/folding transformations and precise asymptotic formulae. Moreover I will try to emphasise some of the mysteries and open problems of the subject.
Related Links


text:
jkfjkf needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 74 designs submitted by 37 freelance designers.
http://www.diet-blog.com is a long-established site about diet, nutrition, and fitness.
A new logo / web page header needs to convey a sense of freshness, health and vitality.
*OPTIONAL* Eat Right. Get Healthy.
Desired Color Scheme:
No preference but should convey health and vibrancy. Must have a white background
Desired Style:
Fresh and modrern
Accepted File Formats:
Standard Web Formats (.jpg, .gif or .png); Layered Formats (.psd or .tiff)
Logo should read "Diet Blog" perhaps with blog in a smaller font.Â
The theme here is: health, vitality, fitness, energy. Coloring should match this theme.
Tagline is optional - but if used should read "Eat Right. Get Healthy."Â
Repeat work: There is a possibility of repeat work here.Â
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Welcome to the Mystery Build 2013 Gallery!
There are 289 amazing projects, in random order. The number in the upper left-hand corner of each entry is used to help identify a specific entry, not an indication of rank.
Participants were given identical building materials and the challenge of creating a work of art around the theme "Re-Invent a Work of Art" using only the materials provided in their kits. Entries were judged on creative use of the materials, use of the theme, general craftsmanship and presentation.


text:
Free Hugs <3 // wall decal
Free Hugs <3 // wall decal
from 20.00
Small: 18" x 14"
Big: 25" x 20"
Our WallTattz are super easy to apply! Simple step-by-step detailed installation instructions included.
Put it here, put it there, put it anywhere! Our decals will works on most plastic, metal, glass, tile, wood, and painted surfaces.
CAUTION: Will not work on soft or silky surfaces.
WallTattz can be easily removed and won't cause any damage to the surface.


text:
Actress Sienna Miller has opened up about her past mistakes in a candid new magazine interview, insisting she is lucky to still have a Hollywood career.
As ex-boyfriend Jude Law testifies about her alleged affair with Daniel Craig, while they were dating, as part of a trial into the phone-hacking scandal, of which both he and Miller were victims, the Alfie star admits she made life difficult for herself by not "behaving the way you should" in her personal life.
The actress also famously dated Rhys Ifans and Balthazar Getty, who was married with four kids at the time, and tells Britain's Esquire magazine, "I sabotaged things. I burnt a lot of bridges."
She adds, "On set, I was first to arrive, last to leave, best friends with the crew, totally professional, no d**king around. But when I wasn't at work, I wasn't behaving the way you should.
"I'm very lucky to have a second chance in that town… It was really bad. What was going on in my private life was not an easy thing to read about. People don't want to see films with people they don't approve of in them."
Miller also credits her reconciliation with Law after a bitter break-up, amid a cheating scandal, for helping to mend the former couple's relationship and turning them into good friend for life.
She explains, "When something ends in a way like that, it's important if you can, in a way, go back and revisit it and either shut that door or create a new room. So it (reconciliation) was a very healthy, cathartic experience, and I think it paved the way for both of us to have great futures with no animosity or drama.
"(It was) such a huge relief, to heal that. And I'm great friends with him and with his children. I love them, madly. Just huge love and respect for all of them."
Miller has her own family now – she became a mom to daughter Marlowe 18 months ago and is engaged to marry actor Tom Sturridge.
She says, "I feel really settled. I have a wonderful life. I'm up every morning with a little baby. That gives you incredible perspective. It's such a gift. And it's grounding in a way you can't describe.
"(And Tom) is the antithesis of me, really. And that's a first for me, to be in a relationship with someone who's in a lot of respects very different. He's the perfect balance to my lunacy, which makes him sound really boring, but he's not, at all. It's good, it works. It's not easy, of course, but we're a family and I love that. I wake up and I'm like, 'I'm a family, I'm a grown up!' I still can't believe it."
Actress Sienna Miller has opened up about her past mistakes in a candid new magazine interview, insisting she is lucky to still have a Hollywood career.


text:
Racing against the rolling fog bank to get a shot for today. Within minutes it was all whited-out.
A slightly differnet angle with a bit more sky, perhaps better? It can join the April challenge group.
Runners 129/365
Out for a walk in the growing fields of cereals, getting back before the rain clouds let go.
Good Morning Devon
Another shot from my garden... but is it the shot for day 343?
Nearly Grown 193/365
I thought I would revisit day 101's image and see how much the wheat has grown in the last 92 days
Sea of Fog 24/365
Another spectacular sunrise with the sea fog covering the channel and the town of Dawlish
Eternal Radiance 23/365
Some days you don't have to wait long to find the shot of the day....
Rook Your World 254/365
Ever feel that you are just a pawn inthe great game of life....?
The Road from Two Bridges 28/30
I drove the Dartmoor Demon cycle route's standard 55 miles today. The boys cycling for charity with us on Saturday have got their work cut out. I filmed the entire route too.
Look how they shine for you 119/365
The oilseed rape is doing well.. those of us who are allergic to it.... not so well!
Breaking Free 316/365
Breaking some photography and processing rules: An over-processed HDR of three shots straight into the sun.
Sunflower Storm 235/365
Just one hour without rain to get this shot I have been planning to take this for a week or so... this was the first opportunity that I had. The rain drops started to fall as I left. Editing took a bit longer!
Buttercups 145/365
Cassie grazing in her field enjoying the sun on her back.
Fortunately the bank holiday Monday in the UK has proved to be good weather. Unfortunately we've been working on various documents all afternoon so this was snatched when we ventured out to give the dog a quick walk.
Yellow Field 105/365
I took this exact shot a while ago... but it was a field of wheat back then. Here's the oilseed rape version for 2015
Bombing Run
A combination of shots to create a panorama and mulitple exposure of the crazy Sicilian Fire Fighting Seaplane pilot diving over The Temple of Segesta. Closed because of a nearby wildfire. I was there to visit the temple, but got more than I expected when looking at the ancient temple from the otherside of the valley, with a 400mm lens.
UnRavelling Fast 57/365
This 365 is TOUGH! Many days are a breeze as scenes fall into my lap.. other days I have to go out and do some landscape hunting. This one worked out ok.. but what the hell am I gonna do for tomorrow?
The trees are waiting for the sun to shine
Endless 26/30
OK, so I might have already have taken someting similar this month... apologies, no time and inspiration!
All along the watchtower
Oh dear.. yet another sunset landscape... many apologies
Barley Green
A quick opportunistic barley field landscape
Wheat field landscape - in landscape