text:
• accelerator
• annihilation
• antimatter
• antiparticle
• antiquark
• baryon
• baryon-antibaryon
• beam
• boson
• bottom quark (b)
• calorimeter
• charge
• charge conservation
• charm quark (c)
• collider
• colliding-beam
• color charge
• color neutral
• confinement
• conservation
• decay
• detector
• down quark (d)
• electric charge
• electromagnetic
• electron
• electroweak interaction
• eV (electron-volt):
• event
• exclusion principle
• Fermilab
• fermion
• fixed-target experiment
• flavor
• fundamental interaction
• fundamental particle
• generation
• GeV
• gluon
• grand unified theory
• gravitational interaction
• graviton
• hadron
• Higgs boson
• interaction
• jet
• kaon (K)
• lepton
• linac
• luminosity
• mass
• meson
• MeV
• microwave
• muon• muon chamber
• neutral
• neutrino
• neutron
• nucleon
• nucleus
• particle
• photon
• pion
• plasma
• positron
• proton
• quantum• quantum mechanics• quantum theory
• quark
• residual interaction
• rest mass
• spin
• stable
• Standard Model
• strange quark (s)
• strong interaction
• subatomic particle
• synchrotron
• tau lepton
• TeV
• top quark
• track
• tracking
• uncertainty principle
• up quark
• vertex detector
• virtual particle
• W± boson
• weak interaction
• Z0 boson
A machine used to accelerate particles to high speeds (and thus high
energy compared to their rest mass-energy).
A process in which a particle meets its corresponding antiparticle and
both disappear. The energy appears in some other form, perhaps as a
different particle and its antiparticle (and their energy),
perhaps as many mesons, perhaps as a single neutral boson such as a
Z0 boson.
The produced particles may be any combination allowed
by conservation of energy and momentum and of all the charge types
and other rules.
Material made from antifermions. We define the fermions that are common
in our Universe as matter and their antiparticles as antimatter. In the
particle theory there is no a priori distinction
between matter and antimatter. The asymmetry of the Universe
between these two classes of particles is a deep puzzle for which we
are not yet completely sure of an explanation.
For every fermion type there is another fermion type that has exactly
the same mass but the opposite value of all other charges (quantum
numbers). This is called the antiparticle. For example, the antiparticle
of an electron is a particle of positive electric charge called the
positron. Bosons also have antiparticles, except for those that have
zero value for all charges, for example, a photon or a
composite boson made from a quark and its corresponding antiquark. In
this case there is no distinction between the particle and the
antiparticle, they are the same object.
The antiparticle of a quark. An antiquark is denoted by putting a bar over
the corresponding quark
, etc.).
ATLAS is a particle physics experiment in the Large Hadron Collider at the CERN laboratory. It will explore the fundamental nature of matter and the basic forces that shape our Universe.
baryon [BARE-ee-on]:
A hadron made from three quarks.
The proton (uud) and the neutron (udd) are both baryons.
They may also contain additional quark-antiquark pairs.
baryon-antibaryon asymmetry:
The observation that the Universe contains many baryons but few
antibaryons; a fact that needs explanation.
The particle stream produced by an accelerator usually clustered in bunches.
boson [BOZE-on]:
A particle that has integer intrinsic angular momentum (spin) measured in
units of (spin = 0, 1, 2,...).
All particles are either fermions or bosons. The particles associated with
all the fundamental interactions (forces) are bosons. Composite
particles with even numbers of fermion constituents (quarks) are also bosons.
bottom quark (b):
The fifth flavor of quark (in order of increasing mass), with electric
charge -1/3.
A device that can measure the energy deposited in it. (originally
devices to measure heat energy deposited, using change of temperature;
particle physicists use the word for any energy measuring device.)
CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research, the world's largest particle physics centre. It sits astride the French-Swiss border near Geneva.
CERN is a laboratory where scientists unite to study the building blocks of matter and the forces that hold them together. CERN exists primarily to provide them with the necessary tools. These are accelerators, which accelerate particles to almost the speed of light and detectors to make the particles visible.
Founded in 1954, the laboratory was one of Europe's first joint ventures and includes now 20 Member States.
A quantum number carried by a particle. Determines whether the particle
can participate in an interaction process.
A particle with electric charge has electrical interactions; one
with strong charge has strong interactions, etc.
charge conservation:
The observation that electric charge is conserved in any process of
transformation of one group of particle into another.
charm quark (c):
The fourth flavor of quark (in order of increasing mass),
with electric charge +2/3.
An accelerator in which two beams travelling in opposite directions
are steered together to provide high-energy collisions between the
particles in one beam and those in the other.
colliding-beam experiments:
Experiments done at colliders.
color charge:
The quantum number that determines participation in strong interactions,
quarks and gluons carry non-zero color charges.
color neutral:
An object with no net color charge. For composites made of color charged
particles the rules of neutralization are complex. Three quarks
(baryon) or a
quark plus an antiquark (meson) can both form color-neutral combinations.
The property of the strong interactions that quarks or gluons are never
found separately but only inside color-neutral composite objects.
When a quantity (e.g.-
electric charge, energy or momentum)
is conserved, it is the same after a reaction
between particles as it was before.
A process in which a particle disappears and in its place two or
more different particles appear. The sum of the masses of the
produced particles is always less than the mass of the original
Any device used to sense the passage of a particle.
Also a collection of such devices designed so that each serves a
particular purpose in allowing physicists to reconstruct particle
down quark (d):
The second flavor of quark (in order of increasing mass), with electric
charge -1/3.
electric charge:
The quantum number that determines participation in electromagnetic
electromagnetic interaction:
The interaction due to electric charge; this includes magnetic effects
which have to do with moving electric charges.
electron [e-LEC-tron] (e):
The least massive electrically charged particle, hence absolutely stable.
It is the most common lepton, with electric charge -1.
electroweak interaction:
In the Standard Model, electromagnetic and weak interactions are
related (unified), physicists use the term
electroweak to encompass both of them.
eV (electron-volt):
The energy gained by an electron which accelerates through
a potential difference of one volt.
What occurs when two particles collide or a
single particle decays. Particle theories
predict the probabilities of various possible events occurring when
many similar collisions or decays are studied. They
cannot predict the outcome for any single event.
exclusion principle:
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois (near
Chicago). Named for particle physics pioneer Enrico Fermi.
fermion [FARE-mee-on]:
Any particle that has odd-half-integer (1/2, 3/2, ...) intrinsic
angular momentum (spin), measured in units of
. As a
consequence of this peculiar angular momentum, fermions obey a rule
called the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two
fermions can exist in the same state at the same place and time.
Many of the properties of ordinary matter arise because of this
rule. Electrons, protons and neutrons are all fermions, as are all
the fundamental matter particles, both quarks and leptons.
fixed-target experiment:
An experiment in which the beam of particles from an accelerator is
directed at a stationary (or nearly stationary) target. The target
may be a solid, a tank containing liquid or gas, or a gas jet.
The name used for the different quark types (up, down, strange,
charm, bottom, top) and for the different lepton types (electron,
muon, tau). For each charged lepton flavor there is a
corresponding neutrino flavor.
In other words, flavor is the quantum number that distinguishes the
different quark/lepton types. Each flavor of quark and charged
lepton has a different mass.
For neutrinos we do not yet know if they have a mass or what the
masses are.
fundamental interaction:
In the Standard Model the fundamental interactions are the strong,
electromagnetic, weak and gravitational interactions. There is
at least one more
fundamental interaction in the theory that is responsible for
fundamental particle masses. Five interaction types are all that are
needed to explain all observed physical phenomena.
fundamental particle:
A particle with no internal substructure. In the Standard Model the
quarks, leptons, photons, gluons,
W± bosons,
and Z0 bosons are fundamental.
All other objects are made from these.
1 billion electron Volts. (109 eV)
A set of one of each charge type of quark and lepton, grouped by mass.
The first generation contains the up and down quarks,
the electron and the electron neutrino.
gluon [GLUE-on] (g):
The carrier particle of strong interactions.
grand unified theory:
Any of a class of theories which contain the Standard Model but go
beyond it to predict further types of interactions mediated by
particles with masses of order
1015 GeV/c2. At energies large
compared to this mass (times c2) the strong, electromagnetic
and weak interactions are seen as different aspects of one unified
gravitational interaction:
The interaction of particles due to their mass-energy.
The carrier particle of the gravitational interactions;
not yet directly observed.
hadron [HAD-ron]:
A particle made of strongly-interacting constituents (quarks and/or
gluons). These include the mesons and baryons. Such particles
participate in residual strong interactions.
Higgs boson:
The carrier particle or quantum excitation of the additional force needed
to introduce particle masses in the Standard Model. Not yet observed.
A process in which a particle decays or it responds to a force due to
the presence of another particle (as in a collision).
Also used to mean the
underlying property of the theory that causes such effects.
Depending on their energy, the quarks and gluons emerging
from a collision will materialize into 5-30 particles (mostly mesons
and baryons). At high momentum, these particles will appear in
clusters called ``jets,'' that is, in groups of particles moving in
roughly the same direction, centered about the original quark or
kaon (K):
A meson containing a strange quark and an anti-up
(or an anti-down) quark, or
an anti-strange quark and an up (or down) quark.
lepton [LEP-tahn]:
A fundamental fermion that does not participate in strong interactions.
The electrically-charged leptons are the electron (e), the
the tau
and their antiparticles.
Electrically-neutral leptons are called neutrinos
The Large Hadron Collider at the CERN laboratory in Geneva,
Switzerland. LHC will collide protons into protons at a
center-of-mass energy that will eventually reach 14 TeV. It is currently the most powerful particle accelerator in the
world. It is hoped that it will unlock many of the remaining
secrets of particle physics.
An abbreviation for linear accelerator, that is an accelerator
that is has no bends in it.
The number of particles per square-centimeter per second generated in the beams of high energy particle experiments. The higher the luminosity, the greater the number of events produced for study.
see rest mass.
meson [MEZ-on]:
A hadron made from an even number of quark constituents.
The basic structure of most mesons is one quark and one antiquark.
One million electron-volts, where one electron-volt is the energy
gained by an electron which accelerates through a potential difference
of one volt.
An electromagnetic wave with wavelength in the micron range.
muon [MEW-on]
The second flavor of charged lepton (in order of increasing mass),
with electric charge -1.
muon chamber:
The outer layers of a particle detector capable of registering
tracks of charged particles. Except for the chargeless neutrinos,
only muons reach this layer from the collision point.
Having a net charge equal to zero. Unless specified otherwise, it
usually refers to electric charge.
neutrino [new-TREE-no]
A lepton with no electric charge. Neutrinos participate only in weak
and gravitational interactions and therefore are very difficult to detect.
There are three known types of neutrino all of which are very light and
could possibly even have zero mass.
neutron [new-TRON] (n):
A baryon with electric charge zero; it is a fermion with a basic
structure of two down quarks and one up
quark (held together by gluons).
The neutral component of an atomic nucleus is made from neutrons.
Different isotopes of the same element are distinguished by having
different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus.
A proton or a neutron; that is, one of the particles that makes up a
A collection of neutrons and protons that forms the core of an atom
(plural: nuclei).
A subatomic object with a definite mass and charge.
photon [FOE-tahn]
The carrier particle of electromagnetic interactions.
pion [PIE-on]
The least massive type of meson, pions can have
electric charges ± 1 or 0.
A gas of charged particles.
positron [PAUSE-i-tron] (e+):
The antiparticle of the electron.
proton [PRO-tahn] (p):
The most common hadron, a baryon with electric charge (+1) equal and
opposite to that of the electron (-1). Protons have a basic structure of two
up quarks and one down quark (bound together by
gluons). The nucleus of
a hydrogen atom is a proton. A nucleus with electric charge Z contains
Z protons; therefore the number of protons is what distinguishes the
different chemical elements.
The smallest discrete amount of any quantity (plural: quanta).
quantum mechanics:
The laws of physics that apply on very small scales. The essential
feature is that energy, momentum, and angular momentum as well as
charges come in discrete amounts called quanta.
quantum theory:
The theory which describes laws of physics that apply on very small scales. The essential
feature is that energy, momentum, and angular momentum as well as
charges come in discrete amounts called quanta.
quark [KWORK] (q):
A fundamental fermion that has strong interactions.
Quarks have electric charge of either 2/3 (up, charm, top) or
-1/3 (down, strange, bottom) in units where
the proton charge is 1.
residual interaction:
Interaction between objects that do not carry a charge but do
contain constituents that have charge.
Although some chemical substances involve electrically-charged ions,
much of chemistry is due to residual electromagnetic interactions
between electrically-neutral atoms. The residual strong interaction
between protons and neutrons, due to the strong charges of their
quark constituents, is responsible for the binding of the nucleus.
rest mass:
The rest mass (m) of a particle is the mass defined by the energy of the isolated (free) particle at rest, divided by the speed of light squared. When particle physicists use the word "mass," they always mean the "rest mass" (m) of the object in question.
The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Stanford, California.
Intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, given
in units of
the quantum unit of angular momentum,
where =
= 6.58 x 10-34 Js.
Does not decay. A particle is stable if there exist no processes
in which a particle disappears and in its place two or
more different particles appear.
Standard Model:
Physicists' name for the theory of fundamental particles and
their interactions. It is widely tested
and is accepted as correct by particle physicists.
strange quark (s):
The third flavor of quark (in order of increasing mass), with electric
charge -1/3.
strong interaction:
The interaction responsible for binding quarks, antiquarks, and gluons to make
hadrons. Residual strong interactions provide the nuclear binding force.
subatomic particle:
Any particle that is small compared to the size of the atom.
A type of circular accelerator in which the particles
travel in synchronized bunches at fixed radius.
tau [TAOW] lepton:
The third flavor of charged lepton (in order of increasing mass),
with electric charge -1.
1 trillion electron Volts. (1012 eV)
top quark:
The sixth flavor of quark (in order of increasing mass), with electric
charge 2/3. Its mass is much greater than any other quark or
The record of the path of a particle traversing a detector.
The reconstruction of a ``track'' left in a detector by the
passage of a particle through the detector.
uncertainty principle:
The quantum principle, first formulated
by Heisenberg, that states that it is not possible to know
exactly both the position x and the momentum p of an object at the
same time.
x Δ
It can be written as
≥ where
E means the uncertainty in energy and
t the
uncertainty in lifetime of a state (see
virtual particle).
up quark:
The least massive flavor of quark, with electric charge 2/3.
vertex detector:
A detector placed very close to the collision point
in a colliding beam experiment so that tracks coming from the decay
of a short-lived particle produced in the collision can be accurately
reconstructed and seen to emerge from a `vertex' point that is different
from the collision point.
virtual particle:
A particle that exists only for an extremely brief instant as an
intermediary in a process. The intermediate or virtual particle
stages of a process cannot be directly observed. If they were
observed, we might think that conservation of energy was violated.
However, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (which can be written
as Δ
Δ t >
/2) allows an apparent violation
of the conservation of energy. If one sees only the initial
decaying particle (such as a meson with the c quark) and the final
decay products (such as
s +
e +
one observes that energy
is conserved. The ``virtual'' particle
(such as the W±)
exists for such a short time that it can never be observed.
W± boson:
A carrier particle of the weak interactions.
It is involved in all electric-charge-changing weak processes.
weak interaction:
The interaction responsible for all processes in which flavor changes,
hence for the instability of heavy quarks and leptons, and particles
that contain them. Weak interactions that do not change
flavor (or charge) have also been observed.
Z0 boson:
A carrier particle of weak interactions.
It is involved in all weak processes that do not change flavor.


text:
An Ancestral Journey through the winds of time
planting seeds in Harrison and Grimes County Texas
Monday, May 21, 2012
The Tree And The Wide Open Spaces
When folks say that we all have a story to tell, that it so true. I know now that it
doesn't matter how small the story is but what we take away from it.
Today I was looking on Facebook when I ran across my friend Regina's comment. She basically
stated all that is needed is open space and a tree, and referred back to her tree
climbing days. I smiled and mentally went back to my tree climbing days. Thank you Regina
for this memory that took me back to that open space in my mind so very long ago.
I guess I was considered a tom-boy back in the day because I climbed trees with my
brothers, swung across canals from a tree stationed on one side, and laughed and ran just
as hard as they did. We made swings with tires and planks or boards too. Its a wonder that
we made anything work cause we sure did not know what we were doing.
On this one particular tree climbing experience, we would race to the tree to get the best
spot to sit down on.
Our next door neighbors, the Peterson's, had a tree in their front yard that was strong and
steady. The limbs on that tree were rather thick. I can't tell you what type of tree is was
but it bore large green leaves. Whoever got to the tree first would pick the best limb to
sit on because it could handle us kids for hours at a time.
The racing part actually came in handy when Richard Peterson's Doberman Pincher got out of
the back yard and chased us up the tree. That dog was almost as tall as I am now because it
seemed all I could see was paws and teeth as we climbed further up the tree. He must have
growled and barked at least ten minutes until Mrs Peterson came out and told her son to put
him back in side the gate.
To this day, I know I heard Richard under his breath say 'sic um'.
The tree in our yard was a Chinaberry.
The only things good about that was two fold. When the berries turned slightly red, we
would chew them up to get the ripeness from the juice and then spit them out. (We found out
later that they were not supposed to be eaten and that they could be toxic.) I can hear my
mother now saying "if you don't get them chinaberry's out of your mouth, you will wish you
had" or "If I have to tell you one more time" as her finger was shaking up and down
The other thing the berries were good for was to throw them on your unsuspecting friend and
the fight was on.
When the seasons turned and the Chinaberry's dropped on the ground and cluttered up the
yard, that was what I would call a "no good" thing.
All you could hear was muttering under the kids breath when they had to rake up all the
chinaberry's. Those berries did not stay in one spot when they fell either. Try taking the
chinaberry's off the bottom of your shoes...
Now the Tamarick Tree is another story: Someone named that particular piece of land
The Tamarick Inn
The older men used to sit under this huge tree on Buckeye Road on the Weekends. Most of
these men had spent their younger days in the clubs and to keep in contact with each other
in the their later years they met under the Tamerick Tree.
Most times the wives would give them a slab of ribs to bar-b-que while they were there and
bring it home in time for dinner. Well, the word got around that the pit was hot and others
starting bringing their meat. It was a small price to pay for them to fire up the grill
and make a couple bucks on the side. The next thing you know they had a table, a box of
Domino's, and a call for who has the winners.
These days, that same call happened on the home front with grills like these used by cousin
Roc in Texas when he threw everything from brats to chicken to slabs of ribs on the grill.
He also can be seen sitting next to a strong tree trunk showing off his Rough Rider helmet.
Some people take the plunge to a higher level by saying their vows in a tree: Take these
two people in Kansas found in 1900 by way of the Daily American Citizen Newspaper.
Happiness is truly what you make it.
In 1932 Mrs Mary Swanson posed for the camera for her birthday. She stated that she enjoyed
the beauty of trees. Personally I think she is a real beauty. It's remarkable looking at
this picture and knowing that she was once sold on the Auction Block.
Curious,I went to the 1920 census to see if I could find Mrs Swanson along with the
treasure trunk of leaves she may have started with a legacy rooted through-out her long
years. Here she is with daughter Winnie and son in law. (click on image for better view)
The 1925 Kansas Census shows Ms Swanson in the household with her daughter Winnie and son
in law Frank Maddox. Listed on line 3 her age is 85 born in Va but came to Kansas from
Alabama. (click on image for better view)
In 1930 Mrs Swanson is with son and family. She is a widow with 100 years attributed to
her by God's Grace. (click on image for better view)
And finally the tree where my ancestors are resting peacefully is situated at Little Flock
Cemetery in Navasota Texas under the shade of this beautiful tree. R.I.P.
Posted by Ms Vicky at 8:15 PM 2 comments:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
25-27 May 2005, Entebbe, Uganda
Organised in the context of the NEPAD/OECD Africa Investment Initiative and hosted by the Government of Uganda, the NEPAD/OECD Investment Policy Roundtable entitled Investment for African Development: Making it Happen took place on 25-27 May 2005 in Entebbe, Uganda.
The Roundtable focused on investment policy, including measures to enhance national investment climates and attract investors, with discussions focusing on two specific issues:
The Roundtable aimed to initiate a process leading to increased private sector participation in two selected sectors, namely transport infrastructure and telecommunications. Participants were invited to discuss benchmarks for future self-evaluation and reporting of progress in the areas under consideration.
NEPAD and OECD will be jointly working toward establishing a framework for sharing information and enhancing transparency for purposes of building public-private coalitions and removing unnecessary obstacles to private investment.
Back-to-back with the Roundtable, on 26 May, a regional consultation with African stakeholders on the Policy Framework for Investment – developed as part of the OECD Initiative on Investment for Development and launched in 2003 in Johannesburg – was organised. Discussions focused on corporate governance practices and their relevance for the investment climate.
Conference documentation
Session 1 – Investment for development: the main challenges
Session 2 – The regulatory environment for international investment in Africa: statutory rules and regulation
Session 3 – Beyond FDI regulation: Policies bearing on the investment climate
Session 4 – Enhancing the investment climate: a role for both the public and the private sector
Session 5 – Private participation in infrastructure
For reference
Conference organisers
OECD - Mr. Hans Christiansen (email@example.com)
NEPAD Secretariat - Mr. Sudir Chuckun (email@example.com)
Uganda Investment Authority - Dr. Maggie Kigozi (firstname.lastname@example.com) / Mr. Issa Mukasa (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Related Documents


text:
ROP v2.2 Release
- Details
- Created on 12 May 2008
- Last Updated on 23 June 2013
- Written by Nero666
- Hits: 14551
ROP v2.2 Release
After months of anticipation from both you and us, we now present to you ROP v2.2, our first version to use the praised -mod switch! Apart from the -mod switch, features to be noted are the 4tpy mod, our own governments system, new temples for all factions, new campaign map textures and not to be forgotten: Makedon and the mighty Median Empire are now playable! For a full list of changes, click Read More!
Rise of Persia 2.1 released!
- Details
- Created on 14 May 2007
- Last Updated on 23 June 2013
- Written by Nero666
- Hits: 4640
The Rise of Persia Development team is proud to present to you - after months of blood, sweat and tears - the next version of our modification: ROP 2.1 - Beta! Above all features present in our previous release, we now have recreated the army of the Indian kingdom of Magadh, all factions have accurate character names, and there's a whole new AOR based recruitment system in place!
Here is some more information regarding our mod, including a complete New Features List of this version. If you feel like downloading right away, just scroll down ;)
The Rise of Persia Mod is set in the 6th century BC, a most fascinating era of mankind's history. It was the time of four grand empires having divided the known world from the Mediterranean Sea to the River Oxus in the east among themselves after the seemingly invincible Assyrian might had been broken. All of them had ventured through great struggles in their past for becoming the dominant superpower deciding the fate of all mankind.
In the east lay the vast dominion of the Median lords, the undisputed masters of the Iranian Plateau, ruling territory from Asia Minor to the most distant places of east Iran. These dreaded Iranian warriors had overcome the mighty Assyrians, the Kimmerians and the Skythians, they had forged an empire by the means of war that nobody could match in size or power. Yet their wise kings had now been avoiding open conflict on all fronts, making alliances with the Babylonian heir of the Assyrian realm.
Babylon, located deep in the cradle of civilization, had finally revolted successfully against the Assyrian murderers and flattened their seat of power, utterly destroying their capital Niniveh in retaliation. Babylon's Great Kings took most of their territory including that of the rebellious Judah kingdom in the Levant. Brute force had made them submit, but clemency and captivity ensured their loyalty. Babylon and Media had been friends since the Assyrian Downfall, but there was enough space left to conquer.
The shadow of the Assyrians was long and their final end had also freed the time-honoured Kingdom of Egypt. The 26th Dynasty had successfully reclaimed its inherent place among the super powers again. Although their great Pharaohs had to face severe problems due to growing mercenary influence and also from the threats posed by Libyans, Greeks and Babylon, they were able to prevail over all these.
An ally of Egypt was Lydia, the most powerful Nation of Asia Minor. Their war-mongering kings of the Mermnads' Dynasty hold sway with an iron fist over the lands between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Nobody had ever defeated them and their lance-wielding cavalry is as feared as Iranian archers or Greek hoplites. Even the gargantuan Medes could not defeat them and the Greeks of Ionia suffered the same fate as the rest of Asia Minor.
These four super powers came to terms of trade and co-existed more or less peacefully, despite some grim tensions between them regarding their bellicose past. Now was also the time when the Greek city states grew to a potentially serious contender for these powers. If an ambitious city state managed to master all of Hellas then a new and dangerous power would threaten to unbalance the tense equilibrium of the four empires. But while the colony of Kyrene in north Africa could hold their own even against the Pharaoh, the Ionian Greeks were in submission. However, the true reason of their rise was not war, but trade making them rich.
On the other end of the known worlds were the Indians, not yet involved in any of the others� business. The heavy incursions of the northern nomads, which had devastated Asia and Europe in the past were over, nevertheless everyone needed to watch them carefully. In the south, Nubians and Arabians were in danger of being conquered by the expanding powers, who had decided not to engage each other.
Nothing seemed to stop their tetrarchy, but the world changed forever, when one man stood up against the Medes. His name was Kurus and he was the leader of the ignominious Persian tribe. He vanquished the Medes, crushed the Lydians and conquered Babylon. He created the Persian Empire, one of the most splendid the world has ever seen. However, at the beginning of our mod he is just a tribal leader, alone against the super powers.
The year is 559 BC and the Rise of Persia is about to begin.
-Newly created for Magadh (Indian) faction implemented
New Features
-New recruitment system for all factions, based on the faction's historical type of conquest
-Added an Indian culture
-Accurate character names for all factions
-Mercenary pools added
-Many new Rebel factions
-Royal Road buildable by Persia
Balancing and Gameplay
-Lots of changes to terrain, rivers, province borders and port placement for a better roads system (improves AI behaviour)
-Few regions added or deleted for better balance
-Media has more territory (stops Babylon from steamrolling the area between Lydia and Media)
-Lots of changes to unit balancing (most units have their morale increased by 1 to 3 points)
-Added an immobility trait (keeps armies and their general at the place where they are placed at gamestart)
-Changed many city sizes and added lots of buildings to cities
-Added a small navy to all factions that border the sea at gamestart
-Toned down the rebel navy generation rate
-Replaced RTW logo in main menu page with ROP logo
Bug Fixes
-Added missing sprites (for reskinned horses)
-Army placement fixed (no barbarians in Persia anymore)
-Sparta can't build stone walls in Sparta anymore
Installation Instructions and Download Links
ROP 2.1 is not offered supported or offered for download anymore. Please use ROP v2.2 until v3.0 is released ;)
Thanks to:
The Team:
Nero666 - Lead Developer
Rez - Lead Historian, Texts
Goscinio - Lead 3D artist
FliegerAD - All round Historian
Zenith Darksea - Greek historian
Spurius - Jack of all trades
Celtic Man - Musician
Kallikratis - 3D Artist
Kasetuh - Map Refinements
Vikrant1986 - 3D artist
Special thanks:
CA - for making the wonder that is RTW
Faeghi - Creator of Rise of Persia
Rome Total Realism - for allowing the use of several models
Europa Barbarorum - For their animations pack
Malrubius and the TTO - for creating the GAFH (Genetics, Aging, Family and Health) mod
Fourth Age TW - for their double horse model (four-horsed chariot)
Dark Fenrir - For several models and skins
Lupus_Gr - For several faction Icons
Swampthing - For his stats balancing system
Uranos - For Mapping
King Louise Assurbanipal - For skins/Models
Alxcruel - For Skins/Models
TheLordskinner - For original Forums
Julius caesar - For coding
Irish Lord - For Skins
Bananafish - For research
Swordfish - For early Website development and Music
Darkragnar - For Indian Music
Mr Jones - For research
VandalCarthage - Historian
wipeout140 - For coding
Antiochus Epiphanes - For skinning
Lentonius - For skin/model
Pinarius - for his horse models
Conditions of use:
This mod is for personal use only, anyone who wishes to use parts of our mod in a modification of their own must obtain the express permission of the full Rise of Persia team first.


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GIVEAWAY: Caroline Iris Photography!
Caroline Iris Photography is offering a photo session worth $200 and a $25 gift certificate to the runner-up!!
- Time and talent of photographer
- Up to 2 hours for the session
- Location of your choice in the Houston/Katy area (*travel fees may apply if further than 1 hour away).
- 2-3 wardrobe changes (if you want)
- Sneak preview on Facebook/blog
- CD of at least 20 images that Caroline will choose that are custom edited in high resolutions for print, as well as web versions for use online. (Cropping, adjust lighting/color, retouching, etc., and giving your photos that special custom look!)!
- Print release allowing you to print these photos when and where you want!
- Your images will be in a private online gallery on www.carolineiris.com so that you or anyone you share the password with will be able to view the proofs and order prints and much more from a professional lab!! This will be open for at least 6 months and up to 1 year!
- Caroline will upload the rest of the 20 photos(at least) on Facebook and you can tag them!!
- *A family of more than 4 would require an extra $25 charge per person.
The photo session must be redeemed within the time frame of
March 26, 2012 and May 26, 2012.
The $25 gift certificate must be redeemed by December 31, 2012.
Caroline is offering so many options! Your shoot could be a senior shoot, a couple, a solo, or a small family shoot (up to 4 people). Other ideas are engagements, bridals, maternity, newborn, for your child's birthday cake smash, or pretty much anything!
DEADLINE for entries is March 20, 2012. The winner will be announced here on the blog and on Facebook.
- Become a Facebook fan of Caroline Iris Photography.
- Become a Facebook fan of Katy Confidential.
- Mention the giveaway in your Facebook status.
- Blog about the giveaway. Leave a link to your blog.
- Pin one of Caroline's photos from this blog post. Leave a link to your pin.
You may do any one of these for one entry. If you do all 5, your name will be entered into the contest 5 times. You may only enter for yourself 5 times and in only these 5 ways.
Please leave a separate comment for each entry. You may repeat the same task, but it will NOT increase your number of entries. In other words, you can mention Caroline Iris Photography in your Facebook status 10 times, but it will still only be worth one entry.
What MUST be included in your blogging/posting is a link to this blog post.
Sample: "Caroline Iris Photography is giving away a Session at http://www.katyconfidential.com/2012/02/caroline-iris-photography-giveaway!"
*What if I'm already a "fan" on Facebook? Let us know in a comment, and it will still count as an entry.
Encourage your friends to Facebook "like" Caroline Iris Photography and Katy Confidential too. Have them comment on both Facebook pages saying that they are entering for you!
Each time a friend comments that they are entering for you, it will be one entry.
Each friend can only enter for one person and only gets two entries for you (one for each "like").
There is no limit to the number of people who can vote for you.
*Just a reminder: you or your friends must leave your email address so I can contact you if you win!!!
Open to residents of the Greater Houston/Katy Area (or people willing to travel here) only.
The person with the most entries in their name will win. Please be sure to include your email address in your comment so that I have a way to contact you if you win. The runner-up will win a $25 gift certificate toward a session with Caroline Iris Photography.
If the winner does not respond within 48 hours of being notified, a new winner will be chosen.


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Publications Tagged: Bogota
- Added July 01, 2005
- U.S. Defense Strategy After Saddam . Authored by Dr. Michael E. O'Hanlon.
- What kind of military will the nation need in the future--and at what cost? The war on terror and the ongoing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have forced upon this country soaring defense budgets and unprecedented challenges in policymaking.
- Added July 01, 2005
- Sustainability of Colombian Military/Strategic Support for "Democratic Security" . Authored by Dr. Thomas A. Marks.
- At a time when counterinsurgency is again widely discussed, embattled Colombia has implemented a Democratic Security and Defense Policy that shows every sign of success against a complex narco-insurgency that has raged for four decades. The strategic initiative has been seized by acting upon the principle that personal security is the basis for state vitality.


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Microsoft Internet Explorer 10 Now Available for Windows 7
(NEW YORK) -- Microsoft is all about the upgrade this month.
After announcing last week that all Hotmail users will be upgraded to Outlook.com soon, the company is now upgrading its browser for all Windows 7 users. While Internet Explorer 10 has been shipping with Windows 8 since October 2012, it will now be available in 95 languages for the 700 million Windows 7 users around the world.
The browser, which looks very similar to the Internet Explorer 9 version, sees its biggest improvements with speed. According to Microsoft, it is 20 percent faster than the previous version and now it supports more web standards.
But while you might feel gypped that the interface doesn't look all that different, Microsoft has intentionally kept the bare bones design.
"IE10 is a modern browser with a unique point of view which brings the sites into focus not the browser," Ryan Gavin, Microsoft's General Manager of Internet Explorer, told ABC News in an interview. "We've dedicated the browser completely to the site."
With this new version, Microsoft is trying to not only highlight the website, but highlight that sites can be as compelling to use as apps. It is encouraging website makers to create websites that function like apps -- ones that are fast, fluid and touch friendly.
"The web is now a second class citizen to the world of apps," Gavin said. "With this new version, developers can build experiences that are just as deep as app experiences."
To illustrate the idea of touch-friendly web apps, Microsoft is launching a new "Explore Touch" ad, which shows a web-based music app.
While Internet Explorer still holds over 50 percent of the browser market share, other browsers like Chrome and Firefox have continued to gain traction. In addition to speed and bringing sites into focus, Microsoft also believes its attention to privacy will continue to set its product apart.
"Privacy is something that's increasingly reaching a tipping point in people's minds," Gavin says. "IE 10 will continue to give people more choice."
The "Do Not Track" setting, which doesn't allow advertisers to track what sites you go to, will be turned on in Internet Explorer 10 by default. Chrome, Firefox and Safari all have the feature, but it isn't enabled by default.
Internet Explorer 10 will be available as a free download starting on Tuesday. It will automatically update via Windows Update.
Copyright 2013 ABC News Radio


text: Show Hide image Politics 7 February 2013 Israel's centre cannot hold Yair Lapid could end up as camouflage for Netanyahu's intransigence. Sign-up The real winner of Israel's general election on 22 January was a former TV presenter and newspaper columnist, Yair Lapid, whose party, Yesh Atid ("there is a future"), came from nowhere to grab 19 seats. It now holds the balance of power, should Binyamin Netanyahu wish to remain prime minister. Lauded as a "centrist", Lapid soon made clear his political inclinations – his party, he said, would not go into a "blocking coalition with the Haneen Zoabis". The charismatic and affluent newcomer meant that his party would not enter a coalition with any of Israel's Arab parties, whose Knesset seats would be needed to make up the numbers for a feasible centre-left bloc. This shorthand, pluralising the name of an outspoken member of the Knesset (profiled in the New Statesman's "A-Z of Israel" feature, 18 January) to denote all Arab parties, gave away Lapid's prejudices about Palestinians – who make up 20 per cent of Israel's population but are treated as second-class citizens. The revelation was no great surprise. The man whom some commentators cast as a potentially restraining influence on the hard-right Netanyahu has made his opinions about regional politics quite clear. He is for peace negotiations but thinks the Palestinians should give up any hope of securing East Jerusalem as the capital of their future state – though this is one of the core, internationally accepted parameters of a twostate solution. A few days before the election, Lapid wrote on his Facebook page: "I do not think the Arabs [Palestinians] want peace." His solution was "to be rid of them and put a tall fence between us and them". Israelis, who often mistake novelty for aptitude, seem to like new politicians in the Lapid mould. With an ex-politician father (the late Tommy Lapid) and long career in TV, Lapid pretty much embodies how coastal Israel sees itself: relaxed, secular and reasonable. Moderation, to the point of meaninglessness, is also an appealing point: Aluf Benn, the editor-in-chief of the liberal newspaper Haaretz, wrote of the Yesh Atid leader that he "adapted his messages to voters' interests. His strategy was to find the path of least resistance." In other words, his campaign strategy was not to have one. He did, however, have a catchy slogan – "Where's the money?" – which tapped in to concerns about spiralling prices, dwindling cheques and a government in thrall to a tycoon elite. Such concerns sprawled on to the streets in 2011 during protests larger than any seen before in Israel. Yesh Atid, which seeks to represent the battered middle class, doesn't have a coherent policy on these issues, either – the party has made only vague noises about the importance of education and housing reform, for instance. In fact, on economics, Lapid doesn't differ much from his soon-to-be coalition leader; both he and Netanyahu are free-market capitalists. The kingmaker has been offered the position of finance minister, which would fit his supposed socio-economic agenda. Yet the word is that he has been advised not to take it: harsh budget cuts are on the horizon and it would not look good for the "Where's the money?" man to lead the department responsible for taking away even more of it. Another scenario is that Lapid, who has no political experience, will take the role of foreign minister. There, he could act as camouflage for Netanyahu's intransigence, with Israel not budging on settlement expansion, or negotiations, or anything else – but at least not budging with a suave smile on its face. Subscribe £1 per month This article first appeared in the 04 February 2013 issue of the New Statesman, The Intervention Trap SUBSCRIBE More


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Houston police are looking for a Houston man accused of sexually assaulting his girlfriend's 15-year-old daughter, who gave birth to his child, according to the Harris County District Attorney's Office.
Homer Glenn Hollins, 50, has been charged with felony sexual assault of a child, court records show. A judge set a $50,000 bond for the suspect, who remained at large Friday.
The victim, now 18, told police that she was at her northeast Houston home in February 2009 when Hollins entered her bedroom and sexually assaulted her, according to an arrest warrant filed in the case.
In November 2009, the teen delivered a baby girl whose DNA was matched to that of Hollins.
Anyone with information about Hollins' whereabouts is asked to contact HPD at 713-308-1180 or Crime Stoppers at 713-222-TIPS.


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Who called from number 63277940
Phone number Comment 63277940 There are no comments yet
|Phone number
|There are no comments yet
|Jiaxing- ZJ
|Burbach Siegerl
|Barachakia- Motihari
|United Kingdom
Add your opinion on this phone number, maybe you know who called 1234 or that's your phone number and you can comment on it. Please note if this phone number is 632 779 40 secure and you can take this phone. If someone called you from this phone number (+64 63 27 79 40 ), someone called you or sent you a paid SMS, please add your opinion on our website. Do not keep information that has called only for yourself. Share the description and your opinion on the description of your experience with this phone number, use our form and help our other users. Thank you for your comment.
Your information on who called from number 063277940 to you will be stored in our database of fixed and mobile numbers. Sharing messages with other users can prevent many threats or form positive opinions about a particular phone or business number. The warning of others about the dangers of receiving dangerous and paid calls is now important information that allows you to protect yourself against fraud or fraud resulting in high telecommunication charges, including reminder, text writing, responding to phone. Maybe someone phoned on a loan, a loan, a salary or in the case of third-party insurance or uniform insurance. Someone could also call from a bank or a collection of debts. Someone could have contacted the hotel regarding holidays or vacations, from a service company regarding the ordered service, or a mail with a delivery for delivery bought on the Allegro or in the online shop . Which network has he called since Verizon, AT&T Orange or T-MOBILE? Perhaps a missed call is in the case of an advertisement that you have posted (posted) in a local newspaper or on a free classifieds service?
Among the missed calls in our database by our users, the most often you can meet all kinds of companies and institutions such as offices, courier companies, transport companies, telemarketing, insurance companies, telephone sales, loans consolidation, payday loans and mobile telephony. (Play, Plus, Orange, T-Mobile) calls us with a new offer. It is in these departments that many calls are often executable, but often after calling back a particular phone number, no one answers or we connect directly to the central where you do not know who has called us. In this case, the best solution is to find an opinion on a given phone number, who has called us and if we should call back or the next time we answer the phone.
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|Model: LG G4
|processor: 1.8GHz hexa-core
|Internal storage: 32GB
|Rear camera: 16-megapixel
|Front camera: 8-megapixel
|Screen size: 5.50
|Resolution: 1440x2560 pixels
|dimensions: 148.90 x 76.10 x 9.80


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Last week's rain in most of Nebraska has reduced irrigation demand and aided dryland crops.
A weekly U.S. Department of Agriculture report says parts of the state last week got upward of 2 inches of rain. Topsoil moisture was rated at 59 percent adequate and 3 percent surplus. Subsoil moisture rated at 58 percent adequate, with no surplus.
The USDA says only scattered fields of winter wheat remain to be harvested. The report says 98 percent of the crop has been harvested, just short of the five-year average of 99 percent by this date.
The report says 71 percent of the state's corn crop was rated good or excellent, and 70 percent of the soybean crop was rated in good or excellent condition.
Minnesota Farmers See Progress on Small-Grains Harvest
Charity Navigator Issues 'Donor Advisory' for Humane Society of the United States


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Everything I need to know about blogging I learned from Thomas MacEntee, my Mentor at Facebook Bootcamp for Genea-Bloggers. And today I learned that there's no end to his giving. I was one of those chosen by him to receive "The Janice Brown Puckerbrush Blog Award for Excellence".
I borrow his explanation of the award, its origin, and purpose: The award was created in honor of genealogy blogger Janice Brown by Terry Thornton, author of "Hill Country of Monroe County, Mississippi", who explained that "Janice told us all about the word 'puckerbrush' in an article she posted August 27, 2007 at "Cow Hampshire". Terry elaborated a bit further in a comment: 'On any land allowed to go fallow and left untended, a wild assortment of wild plants grow – in some areas, this wild growth results in such a thicket of plants that it is almost impossible to push your way through the growth.So it is with the growth of blogs --- so many that it is impossible to read them all. But in the puckerbrush eventually a few plants/trees become dominant and influence all who view them through the thick surrounding puckerbrush.And it is those outstanding blogs whose influence spreads beyond just the surrounding rabble of puckerbrush that I'm honoring.' Terry issued this challenge: Henceforth these awards will be called the Janice Brown Puckerbrush Blog Award for Excellence. All blog authors are hereby challenged to name the ten blogs which have influenced their writing the most and list them as a tribute to Janice --- the Janice Brown Puckerbrush Blog Awards for Excellence.
I'm deeply humbled and honored that Thomas thought of me as a recipient when awarding this to the 10 bloggers who have influenced him in some way. My blog is not instructional, not educational, nor professional. I share bits and pieces of my discoveries, my family treasures, and impressions as I journey down this path of discovery into the lives of those in my family who have gone before me and left their legacy to me. My life has been so richly blessed along the way by literally hundreds of others who have generously helped, shared, taught, encouraged, and instructed me. Last Fall (Sept. 2008) when I impulsively created my blog, I was hungry for help, for instruction and encouragement. I found all that when I discovered Thomas MacEntee on Facebook and learned of his BOOTCAMP! It's true that everything I learned about blogging, I learned from Thomas. Thank you very much, Thomas!
Now for the privilege of passing this on to 10 bloggers who have influenced me, whose blogs I read faithfully and diligently and by whom I've been taught, inspired or simply delighted along the way.
1. Lorine at Olive Tree Genealogy Blog
2. Delia at Delia's Genealogy Blog
3. Terry at Desktop Genealogist Unplugged
4. Harriett at Genealogy Fun
5. Judith at Genealogy Traces
6. Gini at Ginisology
7. Kate at Genealogy Bug
8. Pam at Taylorstales-Genealogy
9. Cheryl at Heritage Happens
10. Greta at Greta's Genealogy Bog
Each of these women have supported me and helped me to feel that what I've posted has been worthwhile. I'm anxious to pass this award on to each of these friends and then see who they, in turn, will honor.


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That's because the Toy Fair is always a magnet for camera-brandishing nerd bloggers, and some of the toys being shown there revealed entire scenes from upcoming movies and popular TV shows—among them, Man of Steel, The Lone Ranger and the new Ninja Turtles cartoon on Nickelodeon. The scolded photographer's ears turned red, and he and his friends scattered.
"Does that happen a lot?" I asked.
"All the time," she sighed.
Entertainment companies love that kind of fandom because it indicates brand loyalty, which is a valuable commodity in this steal-your-favorite-TV-shows world. But brand loyalty is hard to come by among the primary Lego consumers: children. Neither Warner Bros. nor Disney would dream of making a movie in which Spider-Man rides in the Batmobile, but kids play out this scenario all the time because they don't care. Lego is the exception that proves the rule. While there are hundreds of different makers of action figures and dolls whose corporate logos children are resoundingly indifferent to, Lego boasts an estimated 85 percent share of the building block market.
And Lego has a fandom, too. Grown-up aficionados of the product spend incredible sums to acquire out-of-print sets or painstakingly build stop-motion animations of scenes from their favorite TV shows and post them to YouTube. More than one serious sculptor uses Lego as his medium. Combining fandoms by licensing a popular TV show or movie results in something like a feeding frenzy. A Lego press kit from last year's Toy Fair sold on eBay for $3,200 last week because it featured a pair of little figures from The Avengers.
All that serves to illustrate that Lego is a particularly desirable partner in the toy-licensing world, not only because kids like the product but also because Lego is very selective about who it chooses to sign deals with. Its partners tend to be major entertainment properties or movies with settings that fit into themes around which Lego designs its toys—usually both. With Disney's forthcoming The Lone Ranger—the reunion of the original Pirates of the Caribbean team, producer Jerry Bruckheimer and director Gore Verbinski—Lego brand relations director Michael McNally says the company was looking for something in a cowboy outfit. "We look at how to rotate themes in, to have novelty and drive enthusiasm," he says, "and we hadn't expressed the Western theme for a while."
The partnership is an impressive one, and exemplifies Lego's clout not merely within the toy industry but in the entertainment world as a whole. Among the Ranger toys, there's a little town with a burglable bank and a sheriff's office, a full-blown train set (the envy of all AFOLs—adult fans of Lego), an elaborate silver mine and a stagecoach. Not all were originally slated to show up in theaters July 3. "The stagecoach is one of those vehicles…you just have to have one," says McNally—even though the filmmakers hadn't included one. What to do? Remember that licensing is a major concern for Disney. Its two Cars films each topped $2 billion in revenue from licensed merch alone, far exceeding box-office receipts. Lego submitted a stagecoach toy anyway, just to see what would happen. And Disney added a stagecoach in post production.
The Billund, Denmark-based maker of small plastic bricks recently became the world's most valuable toy company at $15 billion, surpassing Mattel, which makes Barbie dolls, among other toys. Lego's annual report put 2012 revenue at $4.09 billion, profits at $981 million. Lego is closely held by the family of founder Ole Kirk Christiansen; his grandson Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen is chairman of Kirkbi, which owns 75 percent of Lego Group. Kristiansen happens to be the richest man in Denmark. (In March, Forbes estimated his net worth at $7.3 billion.)
Lego got into the intellectual-property game late. The company has emphasized tradition and consistency over brand expansion and resisted creating licensed toys until 1999, at which point the game of slapping Batman on something to earn a cheap buck had become so common that there was a coffee-table book devoted to it. As Lucasfilm geared up for the release of The Phantom Menace, Lego began manufacturing toys based on the Star Wars franchise, which complemented its own spaceships and rockets. It also licensed a Winnie the Pooh line for its younger-targeted Duplo brand.
Lego built its library of licensed toys a few at a time, but that library is now composed solely of major names, many of them direct competitors known for negotiating hard over exclusivity. The company makes toys based on characters from both DC and Marvel comics, for example (which demand loyalty from Mattel and Hasbro, respectively), Nickelodeon and Disney, all under the same roof.
Essentially, brands have to prove to Lego that they're worth the time and effort the toy maker must commit, laying out not just a product's appeal to kids but also its appeal across borders. "It has to have global clout, which is very different from other partners in the industry," explains Manuel Torres, svp of global toys for Nickelodeon. "[Others] will have a strategy for what they do domestically and another for what they do overseas. For Lego, you have to show that you have interest in Europe, that you have interest in the Americas—and then they'll pursue a partnership."
Toy partnerships tend to span years and demand breathtaking sums for licensors. Hasbro's most recent agreement with Marvel, for example, goes across eight years, until 2017. It pays Marvel a base of $100 million, with a potential for $140 million more in royalties.


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text: Anti-Hormone Therapy All breast cancers are now tested for the estrogen and progesterone receptors. These receptors are molecules in the cancer cells that can accept hormones and influence the growth of the cancer. Breast cancers that are hormone receptor positive have two important characteristics. First, they tend to be less aggressive than the same type of breast cancer that is hormone receptor negative. They also are influenced by various hormone manipulations that generally decrease the level of estrogen in the body. The percent of patients that have positive estrogen receptor increases with age. The response to various hormone manipulations is proportional to the level of estrogen receptor meaning that patients with high levels of estrogen receptor are more responsive to various hormone manipulations. Anti-hormonal drugs that have been developed during the past 20 or 30 years include: Tamoxifen - An estrogen receptor blocker that stops the effect of estrogen in the tumor cell and places the tumor cell either in a resting state or causes the tumor cell to die. Tamoxifen is effective in both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. The drug is generally well tolerated, but does have an increased incidence of uterine cancer and deep vein thrombosis, but these complications are rare and generally seen in patients over 65. Aromatase inhibitors including Arimidex (zoledronic acid), Femara (letrozole), and Aromasin (exemestane) are oral medications that decrease the body's production of estrogen in the ovaries, the adrenal glands, and in fat tissue. These are used in a variety of situations in breast cancer, but only in postmenopausal women. They are generally well tolerated, but do have some arthritis-like effects and in longer-term use are associated with some decrease in bone density. Faslodex (Fulvestrant) - blocks the estrogen receptor and is also effective in postmenopausal women and is generally very well tolerated. It is given as a monthly intramuscular injection. LHRH Agonists - Injections that stop the ovaries from producing estrogen and can be used in some situations in place of chemotherapy and can also be used to suppress the ovaries long term. Adjuvant Therapy Patients with invasive breast cancer who are shown to be estrogen receptor positive may benefit by additional antiestrogen therapy. In premenopausal patients, the usual recommendation for therapy is five years of tamoxifen, but there are a number of research studies looking at more aggressive anti-estrogen manipulation including LHRH agonist, followed by either tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor. The results of these studies are pending, but should be available in the next year or two. In postmenopausal patients, it has now been shown that the initial approach that yields the most benefit is to start with an aromatase inhibitor. This clearly decreases the chance of recurrence and increases the long-term disease free survival. Various research studies are now looking into whether more than five years of an aromatase inhibitor is beneficial and early indications are that 10 years of anti-estrogen therapy in some situations may be more effective than five years. Metastatic Disease In situations in which breast cancer has recurred in distant sites and the tumor is estrogen receptor positive, hormone manipulation may control the tumor for many years. A sequence of hormone therapies can often keep the disease under control for many years before chemotherapy is needed. Hormone therapy is much easier and often has longer response rates than chemotherapy. Various hormone manipulations include tamoxifen in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, the aromatase inhibitors and Faslodex also play an important role in tumor control. If patients are responsive to these anti-hormone therapies, other hormone approaches might include Faslodex or Megace or high dose estrogen.