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The 1965 White Sox Through the Eyes of a Child
When I was about 7 years old in 1992 my great-grandfather sent me a box. It wasn't my birthday and it wasn't near Christmas, it was just because. There were about 500 baseball cards in that box, and I was hooked. As a kid I amassed what is now a substantially worthless collection of about 20,000 cards, and I would sift through the cards while I watched baseball games on TV, examining a player's card when he was up to bat or the starting pitcher. Now I actively collect vintage White Sox cards in mid- to high-grade. I'm one card away from completely finishing my first year, 1965, a 30-card set.
A couple weeks ago, I started thinking about what I was going to do with the set once I finished. I realized that other than the White Sox' record at the end of the season and what place the team finished in (both of which I looked up when I started on the set), I really didn't know much about the 1965 team at all. I wish I'd had a chance to watch some of these lesser-known White Sox players while collecting their cards, like I did in the '90s. So decided I would do a little research, learning about the team's season by learning about each White Sox player with a card in the set.
The theory is simple: each player on a baseball team makes some sort of impact on that team over the course of a season. Each one has a season worth of stats which, in the aggregate, affected the team's season. And most if not all had at least a few memorable moments which had a direct impact on the outcome of a particular game.
Starting with my next post in this thread, I will cover those players who played for the 1965 White Sox but do not have a card, as well as those players who did not play for the 1965 White Sox but do have a card. After that, I'll take one player at a time, posting his 1965 Topps card. I'll give a brief bio of the player, closely examine his 1965 season, and describe one particular game where he had a direct impact. Those games will go in chronological order, and my only request is that the team's record and place in the standings not be revealed until the end of the project. Obviously that information can be found with the click of a button on the Internet, but I think some younger readers might enjoy letting the season unfold as it would have if they'd been following the team during the summer of 1965…and those who were fans in 1965 might enjoy reliving the season!
That was a pretty good team (esp #31) and season.
The 1965 team was a excellent ball club. While they sometimes had trouble scoring runs, the pitching featured starters Joel Horlen, Gary Peters, John Buzhardt, and a young 22 year old Tommy John. Hoyt Wilhelm had a stellar year with a 1.81 ERA.
Last edited by Southsider101; 07-04-2012 at 12:43 PM. Reason: respect wish of OP
All I will say is that in October of 1965 I enlisted in the USAF and every year that I followed the Sox up to that point, they were Pennant contenders and all I knew was Southside winning Baseball. By the time I was discharged in 1969 things had changed drastically.
Look forward to reliving that season through your posts.
Batting in the second position for the White Sox, number 2, the second baseman Nelson Fox.
Last edited by LITTLE NELL; 07-02-2012 at 05:52 AM.
My eyes were of a child that year and they always saw hope. Now as a old man whose eyes has seen so many years, they see things so much differently.
Is it too soon to share which card you're missing from the set?
I used to collect White Sox team sets years ago. The high numbered cards from the 1960's were always a bear to find, particularly in quality condition. The 1967 Tommy John was particularly tough to find because it was the last card issued in that set.
It's not the high price of stardom that bothers me...it's the high price of mediocrity." - Bill Veeck
"If I was going to storm a pillbox, going to sheer, utter, certain death, and the Colonel said 'Shepherd, pick six guys", I'd pick six White Sox fans because they have known death every day of their lives and it holds no terror for them." - Jean Shepherd
I was 8 in 1965 and collecting baseball cards took every stray nickel I had. The Checklist cards were my favorite. I still have the 1964 Yearbook "Operation White Sox."
[B]2018 Home attendance record 3-2. [B]
I am currently in the Air Force, stationed at Luke AFB. All in all, the lifestyle is very enjoyable. But one very real sacrifice is being away from home, friends, and family. Following the White Sox through DirectTV's MLB package and projects like this keep me connected to home and those friends and family that also follow the White Sox.
34 different players stepped up to the plate or took the mound for the 1965 Chicago White Sox, but only 24 have White Sox baseball cards in the 1965 Topps set. The following players do not have White Sox cards in the set:
-Frank Lary, 26.2 IP
-Ted Wills, 19 IP
-Johnny Romano, 425 PA
-Gene Freese, 38 PA
-Bill Voss, 37 PA
-Tommie Agee, 21 PA
-Jim Hicks, 19 PA
-Duane Josephson, 11 PA
-Dick Kenworthy, 3 PA
-Bill Heath, 1 PA
By far the most significant absentee is Johnny Romano, the White Sox starting catcher in 1965. (J.C. Martin also saw significant time behind the plate.) Romano had been traded to the White Sox in January 1965 from the Indians in part of a three-team trade. The White Sox traded Mike Hershberger, Jim Landis, and Fred Talbot to the Kansas City Athletics. In addition to Romano, the White Sox also received Tommy John and Tommie Agee from the Indians. Interestingly, although Johnny Romano and Tommie Agee appear in the 1965 set as members of the Cleveland Indians, Topps managed to put Tommy John on a White Sox card before production of the set began.
At the peak of his career, Romano had played in two all-star games, but by 1965 was dipping below his career average in most major categories. He batted .242 with 39 runs, 48 RBI, and 18 HRs for the 1965 Chicago White Sox. He threw out 22 of 69 base stealers and allowed 11 passed balls.
In addition, five players appear on White Sox cards but did not play for the 1965 team:
-Fred Talbot (Traded to KCA during off-season)
-Mike Hershberger (Traded to KCA during off-season)
-Dave DeBusschere (Decided on a professional basketball career)
-Joel Gibson (Never made it to the big leagues)
-Gene Stephens (Never made it back to the big leagues after the 1964 season)
The remaining 24 players and manager Al Lopez have White Sox baseball cards in the 1965 set. I'll examine each one, starting in my next post with Don Buford, highlighting his performance on April 27, 1965.
Don Buford
A major-league player for 10 seasons, Don Buford broke into the big leagues in 1963 with the White Sox after signing as a free agent with the team in November 1959. At only 5'7" and 160 pounds, Buford was a prototypical leadoff hitter much of his career. He always scored more runs than he batted in, including 99 runs scored for the Baltimore Orioles each season between 1969 and 1971. He stole 12 or more bases in eight different seasons, including 51 for the White Sox in 1966. He also led the league in being caught three times. His 93 career home runs demonstrate that he always had a little power, but he seemed to get stronger in the World Series; in 58 Fall Classic at bats for the Baltimore Orioles between 1969 and 1971, he hit an impressive four home runs. Between batting leadoff, his quick speed, and good situational hitting, Don Buford owns the distinction of being the most difficult major league player to double up: in 4,553 career at bats, he grounded into only 33 double plays.
Although he also played a lot of left field and third base over the course of his career, Buford primarily played second base for the White Sox in 1965. He played in 155 games for the '65 team, starting at second base 128 times and third base 15 times. Though known as a leadoff hitter, Al Lopez often put the switch-hitting Buford in the #2 slot in 1965. Buford's 93 runs and 166 hits were tops on the White Sox in 1965, and his .283 batting average and .358 OBP was the best of any starter on the team. His .982 fielding percentage was also very respectable for an infielder. For his 1965 efforts, Buford garnered three MVP vote points, finishing in 25th place. His performance was apparently comparable to legend Mickey Mantle and teammate Floyd Robinson, both of whom also received three points.
The season started a little later in the 1960s than it does now, and the White Sox had only played 10 games coming into their April 27th Tuesday evening contest with the Boston Red Sox. At 7-3 and with four wins in a row, the White Sox were tied for first with the Minnesota Twins coming into play. The Red Sox kicked off the scoring with a 2nd inning solo home run by Tony Conigliaro off John Buzhardt, but after that it was all White Sox. Although the '65 team didn't usually overwhelm opponents at the plate, when they did, Don Buford was probably involved. Buford went 4-5 with four singles on the 27th, scoring twice and picking up two RBI. The White Sox first run was on Buford's first single of the game, a bunt fielded by Red Sox catcher Bob Tillman. Tillman promptly threw the ball away; Cater scored from first base and Buford advanced to third base. Buford's first run put the White Sox ahead in the bottom of the third when he scored on a Pete Ward single. He added an RBI in the 4th on a single which scored Buzhardt. And in the 7th he helped put the game away. Buford led off the inning, singled, and scored on an error by second baseman Felix Mantilla. When Buford batting again, his single to right drove in Ken Berry, but the inning was ended when Danny Cater was thrown out at third by Conigliaro, who was playing right field.
When it was all over, the White Sox had won 10-1, with five of their runs unearned due to three Red Sox errors. Buford's four singles had directly or indirectly resulted in five runs. The Twins also won, and so the two teams remained tied for first place. A child thumbing through his baseball cards on April 27th might have noticed Buford's .336 average and 114 runs two years earlier for the Sox' farm team and wondered whether he would replicate that production for the White Sox in 1965.
BRDSR---This is my new favorite thread. Thanks for putting it on the board!
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Academic Advising
The Center for Student Success offers advising and mentoring services to support you as you plan, build and complete a bachelor's degree that reflects your talents and aspirations. Each student at Aurora University is assigned an academic advisor based on major. Students will be introduced to their advisors during AU4U summer orientation and registration and remain paired with that advisor throughout their time at the university. Academic advising staff are dedicated to the success of students transitioning from high school to college life.
Working together, staff and students explore academic opportunities that include:
- Selecting classes that lead to a specific degree.
- Exploring a major.
- Declaring or changing your major.
- Understanding the requirements of your major.
- Developing a four-year graduation plan.
Call 630-844-6870 or visit Eckhart Hall 301/312 to make an appointment.
Walk-in appointment hours: Fridays, 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.
Crouse Center Lab
The Crouse Center lab is staffed with interns who can assist students with WebAdvisor questions, online registration and understanding their academic evaluation. The lab also hosts special sessions hosted by the Center for Student Success and Career Services.
The lab is located in Eckhart Hall 320. The lab is open Monday-Friday 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. The Center is only open when school is in session during the Fall and Spring terms.

subset: commoncrawl


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This chapter reviews evidence related to the effects of physical
activity on improving functional health and/or preventing disability in
middle-aged and older adults. Background information is provided, followed by
an assessment of the evidence related to 3 questions about possible health
benefits of physical activity.
The term "disability" has been defined in several different ways in
scientific models of disability (1;2).
In this chapter, "disability" is used as an umbrella term to refer to deficits
in overall health that affects a person's ability to do tasks of everyday life.
That is, disability is the other side of the coin of health a reasonably
(though not perfectly) healthy person has a lot of health, but also a little
disability. Measures of physiologic impairment, functional limitations, and
role limitations assess the status of basic aspects of the disablement
A thorough discussion of the existing conceptual frameworks used to
model and describe the disablement process is beyond the scope of this
discussion. However, 3 basic concepts, which are included in several models of
disability, are often used when discussing this process, and they provided a
conceptual foundation for the Functional Health subcommittee's evidence review
and deliberations (1;2).
Another term that is key to this chapter and to the health of older
adults is "fall." A fall is defined as unintentionally coming to rest on the
ground, floor, or other level lower than one's starting point (4). Falls in older adults can be classified into 3 main
groups. About 20% of falls result from an external precipitant, such as being
tripped up by a large, rambunctious dog while out for a walk. This type of fall
is simply the consequence of an active lifestyle, and not the result of a
disablement process. Another 20% of falls are due to a single identifiable
cause, such as a drug-related syncope, stroke, or Parkinson's disease. Adults
with such falls require diagnosis and specific therapy directed at the single
major cause. The majority of falls, though, result from multiple etiological or
causative factors interacting that put older adults at risk of falling. This
chapter is concerned with the prevention of this type of fall.
Characteristically, falls of this type have only minor provocation, such as
tripping on a step or loose rug. Epidemiologic studies suggest that decline in
muscular strength, speed of reaction, and balance are key factors in fall risk
(4;5). It is well documented that older
adults with functional limitations are at increased risk for falls and their
sequelae, such as fractures of the wrist and hip. Hence, these falls are
regarded as a result of the disablement process in older adults.
The etiology of disability differs strongly by age. Disease-related
disability affecting middle-aged and older adults accompanies well-known,
common diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, stroke,
arthritis, and dementia (6;7). The
effects of such diseases on disability are compounded by loss of physiologic
capacity due to biologic aging, such as decline in aerobic capacity, muscle
strength, and balance (8;9). The models
of disability in older adults involve concepts like frailty, where the
capacities of multiple physiologic systems are markedly reduced.
In contrast, disability in younger age groups is much less prevalent, is
much less likely to be due to such chronic diseases, and is not compounded by
declines associated with aging. It involves, for example, developmental
disabilities, genetic syndromes, and traumatic injuries. Because of the
difference in pathogenesis by age, it is appropriate to separate the evidence
review of disability in children and young adults from the evidence review in
older adults. This chapter reviews the evidence for older adults.
Older adults have the highest prevalence of disability (10) and falls (4) of any age group in the
population. Studies consistently show that the prevalence of both major
disability and falls increases with age, and is higher in women than men. As
the life expectancy of older Americans continues to increase, the burden of
disability in older populations is also expected to increase. The Medicare
Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) is particularly useful for characterizing
disability in older adults, as it includes persons living in the community and
persons living in long-term care facilities (11). In 2003,
the MCBS characterized mobility limitation as difficulty walking a quarter of a
mile. In men, the prevalence of mobility disability was 31% for those aged 65
to 74 years, 46% for those aged 75 to 84 years, and 69% for those aged 85 years
and older. Corresponding percentages in women were 42%, 57%, and 81% (11). In a community population aged 70 years and older,
around one third of people will fall in any 1 year (4). In
a recent US survey, approximately 5.8 million persons aged 65 or older fell in
the preceding 3-month period (12). Fall rates increase
with age and are higher in women than men. Fall-related injuries can have a
large adverse effect on functional ability in older adults and can sometimes
directly result in death (5;13-15).
Disabilities and falls have a significant impact on the ability of older
adults to live independently, and the treatment and management of disability
and falls in older adults consume enormous resources involving both medical
care and long-term care (16-18). One can hardly
overestimate the importance of independent living to quality of life in older
National surveys consistently show that older adults are the least
active age group of Americans. For example, national survey data from 2005 show
that an average of only 21% of people aged 65 years and older report meeting
recommended levels of physical activity, with women reporting slightly less
physical activity participation rates than men (19). A
recent national survey using an objective measure of physical activity
(accelerometers) suggests older adults may be substantially less active than
they report on questionnaires (20). If physical activity
prevents or delays disability, the majority of older Americans stand to
This chapter addresses 3 major questions:
The Functional Health subcommittee used the Physical Activity
Guidelines for Americans Scientific Database as its primary source of
literature since 1995 to review all 3 questions (see Part F: Scientific Literature Search
Methodology, for a full description of the Database). The
subcommittee then used the reference lists from those papers as well as the
collective expertise of its members and consultants to identify additional
relevant publications, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews.
Strong, consistent observational evidence indicates that mid-life and
older adults who participate in regular physical activity have reduced risk of
moderate or severe functional limitations and role limitations. Active mid-life
and older individuals both men and women have approximately a 30%
lower risk of developing moderate or severe functional limitations or role
limitations compared with inactive individuals. The observational evidence of
benefit is strong for aerobic activity, but limited for other types of activity
(muscle-strengthening, balance, and flexibility activities). It should be noted
that no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were available to answer Question
Several important findings from the literature review support this
The aging of the American population has led to large numbers of older
persons (aged 65 years and older), with a rapidly expanding proportion reaching
advanced old age (85 years and older), a category termed the oldest old (21). This population includes large numbers of older adults
who have no difficulty or only mild difficulty living independently in the
community (11;22). That is, such
older adults have no or mild functional limitations and role limitations.
Across the population, older adults strongly wish to avoid major functional
limitations and major role limitations that would lead to dependent living.
Hence, Question 1 asks a primary prevention question: Does physical activity
prevent or delay onset of moderate or severe functional limitations and/or role
limitations in middle-aged and older adults?
It is theoretically possible to answer this question using a large RCT.
The problem is that such trials are extremely difficult and expensive, and to
our knowledge such a study has never been done. Analogous to other primary
prevention studies regarding lifestyle, such as tobacco or nutrition,
information about prevention comes from observational studies, including both
prospective and retrospective cohort studies. Cohort studies of physical
activity and disability generally use one of 2 approaches. Some studies use a
dichotomous measure of disability (e.g., presence or absence of inability to
walk 400 meters) as an outcome, and compare rates of incident disability in
people with different levels of physical activity. Other studies use a
continuous measure of disability (e.g., the Health Assessment
Questionnaire-Disability Index) and compare the rate of decline in people with
different levels of physical activity (23).
Conceptually, the cohort studies can also be divided into 2 types based
upon the population they recruit. A "pure" primary prevention study would
include adults and older adults with either no limitations or mild limitations
at baseline, and assess whether physical activity prevents or delays onset of
moderate or severe limitations. The other approach is to assess whether
physical activity prevents severe limitations in a population that includes
adults with no, mild, or moderate limitations. Both types of studies exist and
were used to address the question.
Given decades of research showing that physical activity in healthy
adults (including healthy older adults) improves physiologic capacity and hence
functional ability (e.g., ability to walk a mile), one might ask, "Doesn't this
mean physical activity prevents disability?" A response to this question is
that the pathogenesis of decline in older adults is complex, with many causal
factors and etiologic pathways involving a large number of diseases. The
improvement in physical fitness and physical performance is one mechanism by
which physical activity can prevent decline. The reduction in the incidence of
chronic diseases (e.g., ischemic heart disease, depression, type 2 diabetes) is
another mechanism by which physical activity can prevent decline. However, a
more meaningful question is whether the net effect of physical activity across
all etiologic pathways (only some of which are influenced by physical activity)
is sufficient to have a meaningful effect size on the incidence (or rate) of
moderate or severe limitations in older adults.
The Scientific Database was the primary source of studies for review to
answer Question 1. Additional research studies (not in the Database) were
identified by review of reference lists of published studies. The subcommittee
members and consultants also identified papers for consideration based upon
their expertise and knowledge of the field. Information from the articles was
systematically abstracted and summarized in the tables and figures accompanying
the chapter. The search of studies was limited to studies published between
1995 and 2007. In addition, a supplemental PubMed search was performed to find
reviews of the literature between 1990 and 2007.
Specifically, we sought only cohort studies (including both prospective
and retrospective studies) that measured the physical activity level of
participants at baseline as the exposure variable, and assessed either
functional limitations or role limitations during follow-up as an outcome
variable. As indicated above, these studies were of 2 types: (1) the study
sample at baseline included adults with only no or mild functional limitations
or role limitations; and (2) the study sample at baseline included adults with
none, mild, or moderate functional limitations or role limitations. We regarded
ADL limitation as an indicator of severe role limitations. Studies that
examined only the relation between physical fitness and risk of functional/role
limitations were not included in the review.
Twenty-eight prospective cohort studies addressed the relation between
physical activity and risk of functional limitations and role limitations (23-50). Table G6.A1
provides a summary of the studies. Almost all these prospective cohort studies
reported that active adults had a lower incidence of functional and role
limitations. Only 4 studies did not find a significant relation between
physical activity and risk of functional or role limitations (26;31;43;48). However, statistical power was limited in some of these
negative studies, as illustrated by a study where the confidence interval (CI)
on one adjusted odds ratio of .91 ranged from .22 to 3.70 (31) and a study where a 23% reduction in risk was not
statistically significant (48). Both of the other two
studies were not significant at the 0.05 level, but were very close (26;43).
The findings were consistent across different types of outcome measures
that included measures of functional limitations as well as role limitations,
including measures of mobility, ADL, IADL, measures of overall ("global")
functional and role limitations, and occupational status. In studies that used
an odds ratio or hazard ratio to quantify the risk reduction, 19 studies
reported at least a 30% lower risk (a ratio or 0.70 or less) when comparing the
most active to the least active subgroups of adults. Studies with repeated
assessments of physical activity consistently reported that adults who were
regularly active during follow-up had the lowest risk of disability (30;32;34;36). The 2 studies that assessed change in physical activity
level during follow-up consistently reported that adults who switched from
inactive to active during follow-up had a lower risk of limitations than adults
who remained inactive (23;48). One
study also measured aerobic fitness (using a treadmill test) (32). Although both physical activity and aerobic fitness were
each associated with significantly reduced risk of functional limitations over
time for both men and women, the aerobic fitness provided even greater risk
reduction (OR 0.30) (32).
The findings from the prospective cohort studies support a dose-response
effect, where greater amounts of physical activity were associated with lower
risk of limitations. Figure G6.1 shows data from
prospective cohort studies with measures of mobility limitations.
Figure G6.2 shows data from studies with ADL,
IADL, and/or global measures. When studies reported a statistical test of trend
across categories of physical activity, the trend was statistically significant
(29;30;32;34;36;37) with one
exception where P=0.08 (48).
Because of the diversity in methods used to assess physical activity, it
was not possible to reach a conclusion about the amount of risk reduction that
occurs from a specific amount of physical activity. However, a reasonable
conclusion is that adults who do moderate amounts of activity for the purposes
of reducing risk of common chronic diseases also would reduce risk of
functional and role limitations.
The research supports the conclusion that the findings are widely
applicable to older adults. Some studies, such as the Longitudinal Study of
Aging and the Health and Retirement Study, enrolled nationally representative
samples (29;35;36). Many others involved a systematic sample of a specific
geographic area within a country, such as a city. About half the prospective
cohort studies enrolled samples that included adults aged 85 years and older,
thereby providing evidence that the oldest old benefit from physical activity
(although most did not analyze data separately for that age group). Most
studies enrolled both men and women. Studies that did separate analyses for men
and women commonly reported significant benefits for both (28;32;37;40;46). Almost all studies were done in
the United States or Europe, though one study (50) was
from Taiwan and one study (42) was from Israel. Although
the studies did not directly compare the effect of physical activity among
different race/ethnic groups, no evidence suggested that effects of physical
activity would not occur in all race/ethnic groups. It could not always be
ascertained with certainty, but it appeared about half the studies enrolled
adults with no or mild limitations, and about half the studies enrolled adults
with no, mild, or moderate limitations. We located only one study that included
objective measures of both physical activity and of functional limitations (25). Four studies measured some outcome related to physical
fitness or functional ability in addition to physical activity and functional
limitations (25;32;38;40).
Legend: The figure shows the reported odds ratio for
each category of physical activity (PA), with the lowest category of PA
assigned as the referent category. For example, the Wannamethee study had four
categories of PA, with category 1 (the referent) assigned to those with the
lowest level of PA, category 4 assigned to those with the highest activity
level, with all categories forming an ordinal scale.
Legend: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL,
instrumental activities of daily living. The figure shows the reported odds
ratio for each category of physical activity, with the lowest category of
physical activity assigned as the referent category. For example, the Huang
study had three categories of physical activity, with category 1 (the referent)
assigned to those with the lowest level of physical activity, category 3
assigned to those with the highest activity level, with all categories forming
an ordinal scale.
The conclusions for Question 1 have several caveats. First, because all
of the studies in the evidence base were observational epidemiologic studies
with no RCTs, the data cannot prove causality of effect. Some concern exists
that the prospective cohort studies could not adequately adjust for confounders
and may have overestimated the effect. Healthy people are more physically
active than are people with health conditions, and adjusting for all health
status differences between physically active and sedentary persons is not
possible in these studies. However, the consistency of evidence does support a
cause-and-effect relation between physical activity and lower risk of
functional and role limitations. In addition, plausible biological mechanisms
demonstrated in RCTs exist for physical activity to improve
physiologic capacity (e.g., aerobic power, strength, balance) and functional
ability in older adults (see Question 2). These
are all important factors in the causal pathway toward disability.
Second, although evidence indicates that regular aerobic activity
prevents functional and role limitations, evidence of a beneficial effect of
muscle strengthening activities, balance activities, and flexibility activities
is insufficient. Two additionally reviewed studies analyzed measures of leg
strength, with one reporting that higher leg strength reduced risk of
limitations (51) and another essentially reporting no
association (40).
Third, although the literature provides sufficient evidence of a
dose-response effect (i.e., the more physical activity, the greater the
preventive effect), it is difficult to make statements about the amount of
physical activity required for substantial preventive effect. It was common for
studies to use simple measures of self-reported physical activity (e.g.,
frequency and duration of walking activities), but not to provide information
of the validity of the measurement method. All the studies but one (25) relied upon self-report measures of physical activity and
most used self-report measures of functional and role limitations. Additional
studies that use objective measures of physical activity and objective measures
of functional ability are needed.
Finally, data are insufficient to determine whether the preventive
benefits of physical activity differ by race or ethnic group. Some studies
enrolled representative samples of the US older adult population, but few
studies directly compare the effects of physical activity across race or ethnic
Modest evidence indicates that regular physical activity in older adults
with existing functional limitations improves functional ability. Due to the
lack of well-designed intervention trials, only limited evidence is available
to conclude that physical activity in older adults with existing functional
limitations improves or maintains role ability with aging.
Most of the physical activity interventions included both aerobic
(especially walking) and muscle strengthening activities, with fewer
interventions using only a single type of activity. For this reason, most
evidence reflects a pattern of physical activity that involves periods of 30 to
90 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, on 3 to 5 days per week,
in which most of this time is devoted to aerobic activity and muscle
strengthening activity and with a shorter amount of time spent on other forms
of activity, such as flexibility. When it was possible to determine the amount
of time spent just on aerobic activity (mostly walking), it usually varied from
60 minutes per week to 150 minutes per week. Because of low baseline fitness
levels in older adults, "relative intensity" should be used for determining
exercise intensity instead of absolute intensity. Evidence is limited that
physical activity levels less then described above provide some benefit.
Some older adults already have functional limitations and role
limitations. However, prevention of further decline is still relevant for these
older adults and this is the focus of Question 2. In people with existing
diseases or limitations, concern always exists that the disease processes are
so advanced that they are difficult to influence. Question 2 can be thought of
as asking whether it is "too late" for people with existing limitations to
benefit from physical activity.
Both RCTs and observational studies have been conducted to address
Question 2. The RCTs address whether the rate of change ("decline") in
functional or role limitations differs between a control group and a physical
activity group. The observational studies and RCTs provide complementary
information, in that observational studies can address the effects of years of
regular physical activity (though residual confounding, resulting from
differences between people who choose to exercise versus those who do not that
cannot be fully adjusted for, is a threat to their validity), while few
existing randomized trials have studied more than 12 months of regular physical
activity (but randomization greatly reduces the risk of confounding).
The sources of research studies was the same as for Question 1
studies published between 1995 and 2007, relying mainly on the Scientific
Database for locating the studies. The Functional Health subcommittee included
only RCTs and prospective cohort trails that included adults aged 60 years or
older with functional limitations and role limitations and recruitment of 25
subjects or more. We excluded papers if they focused on a specific disease
(e.g., dementia) or subjects who were hospitalized at the start of the trial.
We excluded studies in healthy adults with no limitations. We included only
studies whose primary purpose was to determine whether physical activity
affected functional health. Some of these studies recruited only participants
with mild to moderate functional limitations, and some recruited a mix of
participants with no, mild, or moderate limitations. Because of incomplete
information on functional ability in participants in many studies, we could not
always ascertain the range of functional ability of the study sample. It should
be noted that the subcommittee did not review studies focusing on arthritis and
functional health, as this topic is covered in Part G. Section 5: Musculoskeletal
Fourteen trials were reviewed to answer this question: 12 RCTs (52-63) (Table G6.A2)
and 2 prospective cohort studies (31;41) In addition, 4 review papers considered this issue (64-67). The sample size in the RCTs ranged from 39 to 486
subjects. The prospective cohort studies had samples of slightly more than
1,000 subjects (31;41). All of the
subjects in these studies were older adults aged 65 years or older. All of the
RCTs recruited subjects who were sedentary. The baseline health status of the
subjects varied. Eight of the RCTs recruited people with functional limitations
(52;55;57;58;60-63); 4 of the trials recruited
subjects both with and without functional limitations (53;54;56;59). In most of the studies, the subjects were older adults
who lived in the community. Only one study enrolled adults living in a
residential-care facility (55).
All but one of the randomized trials used multimodal interventions that
included a mixture of aerobic activity, balance training, strength training,
and/or physical therapy guided functional training. One study used a single
intervention of muscle-strengthening or power activities (60). The format of the interventions varied. Some of the
interventions were supervised group sessions held in community settings, some
took place in the home (supervised or unsupervised), and still others were a
mixture of the two. The frequency and duration of the interventions also
varied, though the majority of interventions took place 3 to 5 days per week
and lasted between 40 and 90 minutes. The length of the interventions ranged
from 1.5 months to 18 months.
There are no universally agreed upon "functional ability" outcomes. For
this reason, it was very difficult to review and compare the literature. The
Subcommittee therefore deliberately decided to be liberal in selecting the
criteria of outcomes related to functional ability. The outcomes reported in
the reviewed trials included, among others, gait speed, timed walking tests,
functional reach, and "get up and go," as well as performance on observational
functional health instruments such as the Short Physical Performance Battery
(SPPB), Physical Performance Test (PPT), McArthur Battery Scores, and
functional obstacle course. The subcommittee also reviewed trials that recorded
self-reported functional health using instruments such as the Functional Status
Questionnaire and the SF-36 (the emotional health SF-36 subscale was not
reviewed). ADLs and IADLs were measured using a variety of standardized
questionnaires. All of the trials demonstrated an improvement in one or more
functional ability outcomes. A reasonable question is whether the magnitude of
change seen in these trials on functional ability can affect role limitations
or ability. Most trials were underpowered to examine this question and did not
measure ADLs or IADLs.
The most recent, and one of the largest trials to date to address
physical activity and functional ability, is the Lifestyle Interventions and
Independence for Elders Pilot (LIFE-P) trial (62). LIFE-P
examined the effects of a mixed-modal physical activity intervention on
functional performance. The trial included 424 men and women aged 70 to 89
years who had mild to moderate functional limitations at baseline. The
participants were randomized to either a multi-modal exercise group or an
attention-matched control group. The people in the exercise group participated
in a combination of aerobic, strength, balance, and flexibility exercises (with
primary emphasis on walking). The muscle strengthening and flexibility
exercises focused on lower body extremity exercises. Subjects spent the first 8
weeks (adoption) attending 3 supervised center-based sessions per week. The
sessions lasted 40 to 60 minutes each. During the next 4 months (transition),
the number of center-based sessions was reduced to 2 times per week, and
home-based endurance/strength/flexibility exercises were started (3 or more
times per week). The subsequent maintenance phase consisted of the home-based
intervention, with optional once to twice per week center-based sessions. The
primary goal was to walk 150 minutes per week at a moderate intensity. The
intervention also included a strong behavioral component, with the participants
receiving 10 group-based behavioral counseling sessions during the first 10
weeks. The average walking time during the maintenance phase was 138 minutes
per week; average frequency of moderate physical activity per week was 6.4
times per week at 6 months and 5.1 times per week at 12 months. The people in
the attention-control group participated in a health education program. In this
trial, adverse events were carefully monitored and each group had similar rates
of non-serious and serious adverse events. The LIFE-P trial found that,
compared to those in the health education program, the people who participated
in the exercise intervention were able to significantly improve both their SPPB
and 400-meter walking speed during the 1.2-year intervention
(P<0.001). This pilot study also showed a trend toward a reduction
in the risk of major mobility disability (i.e., inability to walk 400 meters)
(hazard ratio = 0.71, CI 0.44 to 1.20) although this pilot study was not
powered for this outcome. In another recent large study (n=486) in very old men
and women (85 years or older) in Finland, a multi-dimensional 17-month
intervention that included exercise (walking, group exercises, and/or home
exercises) demonstrated no improvements in ADLs. However, mobility score and
balance improved more in the intervention group than in controls (58).
The Women's Health and Aging Study (WHAS) was a longitudinal cohort
study that met the criteria for inclusion in this review (41). In this study, 1,002 women aged 65 years and older who
had functional limitations at baseline were recruited. Of the 800 functionally
limited women who could walk unassisted at baseline and were alive and
contacted 1 year later, 226 (28%) walked regularly at least 8 blocks per week.
These women exhibited better health and functioning than did non-walkers. In
addition, walkers were 1.8 times more likely (95% CI 1.2 to 2.7;
P=0.002) to maintain reported walking ability and showed less decline
in customary walking speed and functional performance score over the follow-up
period. A Finish cohort study of 1,109 men and women (aged 65 years or older)
were followed for 8 years (31). Subjects at baseline were
either functionally impaired or had no functional limitations and all subjects
(regardless of functional status) were categorized as being sedentary or
active. Among those who were impaired at baseline, those who were active had a
reduced risk of becoming dependent (role limitation) over the 8-year
Four relevant systematic review papers focused on different aspects of
functional health (64-67). The most recent review was that
of Baker and colleagues (64). The authors limited their
review to only randomized controlled exercise trials of at least 3 modalities
of training, e.g., strength, aerobic, and balance. The 3 modes of training had
to be conducted concurrently. Many interventions have focused on these 3 modes
of exercise in combination because older adults who are at risk of functional
limitations generally have deficits in these areas. Therefore, it makes sense
to target these areas with a multi-modal exercise program. In addition, the
review only considered trials with subjects aged 60 years or older. The authors
systematically reviewed 15 studies totaling 2,149 subjects. A low effect size
was seen for changes in dynamic strength (mean 0.41, range −0.08 to
1.67), and balance improved in only 6 of the 11 studies that included balance
as an outcome (the positive effect on reducing falls is reported in
Question 3). The authors concluded that the effect
size for functional health changes were minimal when all studies were
considered. The authors gave a number of reasons for the low effect size of
these multi-modal interventions on functional health. One reason was that a
ceiling effect may have prevented further improvement in some functional
measures, as many of the trials reviewed included subjects with high baseline
functional ability. However, the authors posited that the most likely reason
for a small effect size was that the intensity and duration of any given
modality was not robust enough to elicit meaningful physiologic changes that
could affect functional health. The authors of the review suggest that more
evidence is needed to establish whether multi-modal exercise at adequate
volumes and intensity is feasible and effective in older populations and
whether multi-modal interventions are in fact more effective than single mode
interventions. The LIFE-P study described above and the study of Binder and
colleagues (52) were exceptions to the findings in this
review, as these 2 studies did show better outcomes. This is most likely due to
the size of these studies, the functional limitations of the subjects at
baseline, robust interventions, objectively measured primary outcomes, and the
length of the trials.
Keysor and Jette reviewed 31 studies (28 RCTs and 2 quasi-experimental
trials) that examined the impact of various physical activity programs on
functional activities and/or disabilities among older adults (65). The mean age of subjects was older than age 60 years,
although the trials had no lower age limit for inclusion. Sample sizes of the
trials ranged from 24 to 439. The most consistent positive effects of exercise
were observed in strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility, walking, and balance,
with more than half of the trials that examined these outcomes finding positive
effects. Of the studies that examined physical, social, emotional, and overall
disability outcomes, most found no improvements. Only 5 of the studies in the
review reported reduced physical disability. The authors of the review note
that methodological issues may be one of the main limitations in the studies
that have examined disability outcomes. In another critical review by Keysor in
2003, the overall conclusions were similar (67). Exercise
increases muscular strength and aerobic capacity and improves functional
ability. However, it is less clear whether physical activity or exercise
prevents or minimizes disability.
The fourth review considered for Question 2 was that of Latham and
colleagues (66). In this review, the authors focused
solely on progressive resistance strength training interventions trials in
older adults (aged 60 years and older). The authors identified 62 trials with a
total of 3,674 subjects. The authors noted that most studies were of low
quality due to poor design, small numbers, unclear randomization schemes, and
other problems. Progressive resistance strength training showed a strong
positive effect on strength and the training had a modest effect on some
measures of functional limitations such as gait. No evidence of an effect was
found for physical disabilities in the 14 studies that reported disability
outcomes. It is important to note that the main objective of most of the trials
in the review was not to reduce disability. (Muscle strengthening activities
are addressed more fully in Part G.
Section 5: Musculoskeletal Health.)
Men and women have been represented about equally in the exercise trials
that were reviewed. Although not systematically tested, no evidence appears
that older men and women respond differently to exercise interventions focusing
on functional health. Many of the studies demonstrated that men had higher
physiologic and functional status than women at any given age. No trials
reviewed for this question had adequate numbers of non-whites to do
sub-analyses to determine whether responses to exercise differ among racial or
ethnic groups.
Current recommendations from the American College of Sports Medicine
(ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommend that older adults
participate in moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic activity, muscle
strengthening activity, and activities to maintain or increase flexibility;
balance exercises are recommended for older adults at risk of falls (68). Out
of the 12 randomized trials reviewed, 8 roughly met the recommendations
outlined by ACSM/AHA (52;54;56;57;59;61-63). The LIFE-P Trial and the studies by Binder and
colleagues and Nelson and colleagues saw robust improvements in functional
ability. The study of Binder and colleagues also saw an improvement in aerobic
capacity (VO2max). The effects of the interventions on functional
ability were not as robust in the studies of Cress and colleagues and King and
colleagues. This is most likely due to the fact that the subjects in these two
trials had higher functional ability at baseline, as both studies recruited
older subjects with and without functional limitations at baseline. It is
important to note that muscle strength and aerobic capacity (VO2max)
improved in the study of Cress and colleagues demonstrating an improvement in
physiologic capacity that was accompanied by modest improvements in functional
ability. Also of note, the study of King and colleagues used "flexibility"
exercises as their attention-control group (57). The subjects in this group had
greater reductions in self-reported bodily pain. This is one of the only
studies to investigate flexibility exercises.
Limited evidence suggests that functional health in older adults can be
improved with less frequent physical activity than recommended by the ACSM, as
the other 4 trials reviewed used interventions below this threshold and each
demonstrated some improvements in function ability (53;55;58;60).
Clear evidence demonstrates that participation in physical activity
programs is safe and can effectively reduce falls in older adults at elevated
risk of falls. Limited evidence indicates that physical activity programs
reduce injurious falls in older adults. Currently, the evidence is strongest
for physical activity interventions that include muscle strengthening and
balance training activities in combination with aerobic activities, especially
walking. In addition, moderate, but inconsistent, evidence shows that tai chi
exercise or balance-only training programs provide benefit.
Most of the interventions reviewed included a pattern of physical
activity that involves 3 times per week of balance and moderate intensity
muscle-strengthening at 30 minutes per session, with additional encouragement
to participate in moderate-intensity walking activities 2 or more days per week
for 30 minutes a session. It was difficult to ascertain an optimal dose for tai
chi, as risk reduction was seen in one trial with as little as 1 hour per week,
whereas other trials had greater frequency (e.g., 3 days per week). Limited
evidence suggests that physical activity levels less than those described above
provides some benefit.
It is not until age-related decline in muscle strength and stability
reaches a critical threshold that the risk of falls and functional decline
threaten independent living. This threshold occurs when the daily activities of
life are at or near the limit of a person's physiologic capacity (e.g., muscle
strength and balance). Minor perturbations may precipitate the fall, but it
appears from epidemiologic studies that the underlying cause is the person's
critically compromised physical fitness particularly strength and
balance (69). Theoretically therefore, only small
improvements in strength and balance may be needed to lift the person above the
threshold where daily living activities are hazardous.
Numerous RCTs of interventions to prevent falls have been conducted in
older adults. A multi-component approach is now recommended to address factors
that increase fall risk (69), and so trials now commonly
test multi-component interventions. These components include removal of
environmental hazards (e.g., loose mats), medical treatment (e.g., eliminating
drugs that increase fall risk), and physical activity. However, it is difficult
to deduce post hoc which elements of a multi-component intervention
are efficacious, so the literature on multi-component interventions was not
However, some RCTs have focused on physical activity as the sole
intervention to prevent falls and fall injuries. As discussed below, these
trials typically test a multi-modal exercise intervention involving some
combination of aerobic (e.g., walking), muscle-strengthening, balance, and
flexibility activities, or they have tested tai chi.
Using the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Scientific
Database and consultant suggestions, the subcommittee identified 8 systematic
reviews or meta-analyses addressing physical activity and falls (70-77). When necessary, the subcommittee reviewed the
original research papers referred to in the meta-analyses and reviews to
ascertain study details regarding subject population and physical activity
The meta-analysis by Campbell and Robertson is the most recent analysis
that addresses physical activity and falls (70). The
authors employed stringent inclusion criteria for the analysis: 1) all studies
were RCTs; 2) all participants were aged 60 years or older or had a mean age
older than 70 years; 3) the majority of the participants lived independently in
the community; 4) fall events were recorded prospectively; 5) follow up lasted
at least 6 months; 6) at least 70% of the participants completed the trial; 7)
all falls during the trial for at least 50% of the participants were included
in the analysis; and 8) a relative rate ratio with 95% CI comparing the number
of falls in the intervention group and the control group were recorded. Twelve
physical activity trials met the inclusion criteria for the analysis (one of
the trials compared 2 different exercise interventions to controls (78). The pooled rate ratio was 0.71 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.82;
P<0.001), indicating that physical activity reduces risk of falls
(see Figure G6.3 and
Table G6.A3) The trials included
strength and balance training (79-85), computerized
balance training (78), tai chi (78;86-88). One study included endurance training and/or strength
training (89).
Pooled rate ratio 0.71 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.82;
P<0.001). Tests for heterogeneity Q = 21.49, P=0.044; I2 =
Source: Adapted with permission from Age and Ageing
2007;36 pp.656-62, Figure 2b. "Rethinking individual and community fall
prevention strategies: a meta-regression comparing single and multifactorial
interventions." Campbell A and Robertson M.
Most of these trials and others were reviewed in a second systematic
review by the same authors (90). The total number of
participants in the 27 trials reviewed was 5,169. Four trials included women
only and one study included only men. The majority of the studies involved
independent older adults. One study included older adults living in retirement
communities. A significant reduction in the number of all falls during the
study was demonstrated in 6 of the 9 studies that included analysis of multiple
falls. The reduction in the number of falls between intervention and controls
ranged from 22% to 47.5%.
It should be noted that numerous trials have not shown a reduction in
falls. Many fall prevention trials have been insufficiently powered. Numerous
studies include too few subjects, have inadequate length of follow up or
include subjects who are not at risk for falls. For this reason, many trials
have not been successful at demonstrating an effect of physical activity on
reducing falls (72;90).
Most of the interventions trials that have demonstrated a reduction in
falls have included several exercise modalities: strength, balance training,
exercises based on functional activities (e.g., chair stands, reaching, stair
climbing), coordination activities (e.g., dance, ball games), walking outside
or other endurance activities, and progression in the difficulty and complexity
of the program. Currently, interventions with the most evidence include
strength and balance training to reduce falls. One meta-analysis pooled and
analyzed 4 trials that used a similar exercise intervention (the Otago Exercise
Programme from New Zealand, which focuses on home-based strength and balance
training) (76). The meta-analysis included 1,016 community
dwelling women and men aged 65 to 97 years. The results from this study
demonstrate a reduction in falls of 35% (95% CI 0.57 to 0.75). In addition,
this analysis demonstrated a 35% reduction in the number of injurious falls
(95% CI 0.53 to 0.81). Subjects aged 80 years and older benefited significantly
more than did subjects aged 65 to 79 years of age.
Evidence also exists that tai chi exercise training programs provide
benefit (75;77;86;87), although the evidence is
inconsistent (77). Tai chi exercises consist of slow but
continuous movements of all parts of the body incorporating elements of
strength, balance, coordination, postural alignment, and concentration (77).
All of these areas of fitness are related to risk of falls. To date, several
studies examining tai chi have shown a reduction in falls in older adults (78;86;87). The
reason for the success of these trials may be due to their study design in
terms of size (all studies had more than 200 subjects) and duration (all
studies lasted for 1 year or longer).
The frequency and duration of the exercise programs in the successful
exercise trials vary. In the 9 positive exercise interventions (out of 13)
analyzed in the recent meta-analysis by Campbell and Robertson (70), frequencies included 1 hour per week of center-based
strength, balance, endurance and coordination instruction with home exercises
encouraged (79), 1 hour 2 times per week of center-based
strength, balance, endurance, and coordination instruction (83), 1 hour 3 times per week of center-based strength and/or
aerobic training (89), 30 minutes 3 times per week of
home-based strength and balance with additional encouragement to walk for 30
minutes 2 or more times per week (81;84), 1 hour per week to 1 hour 3 times per week of tai chi
(86), 45 minutes 2 times per week of center-based tai chi
with daily home exercises encouraged (78), center-based
strength, balance, flexibility and endurance program for 36 weeks for 1 hour a
week, and the home-based Otago Exercise Programme 2 times a week for 30 minutes
The falls prevention program from New Zealand the Otago Exercise
Programme merits description, as it has been studied the most. The
details of this program are outlined in an instructional review paper (91). Briefly, through several home visits, a trained
instructor teaches an individualized, progressive, moderate-intensity lower
body muscle strengthening exercises using ankle cuff weights in addition to
balance exercises. Balance exercises progress from holding on to a stable
support, such as furniture, to performing exercises independent of support.
Exercises include: knee bends, backward walking, sideways walking, tandem
stance and walk, heel walking, toe walking, and sit-to-stand. The participant
is instructed to perform these activities 30 minutes 3 times per week and is
also encouraged to walk outside for at least 30 minutes 2 or more times per
A few caveats of these results should be noted. First, the benefits
continue as long as the programs are carried out (80) but
there is no reason to believe that benefits would persist once the programs are
stopped. In addition, the activities must be specifically designed for fall
prevention. Less-specific exercise programs, such as brisk walking do not
reduce falls. In fact, one program of brisk walking increased the fall rate (92). Also, high-intensity training in a frail population may
increase musculoskeletal symptoms without decreasing falls (66). The intensity of most of the successful interventions
would be considered moderate. Lower-intensity interventions do not seem to be
of much value (93-95).
Far more women than men have participated in research studies on falls
(69). However, it appears that men and women benefit
equally from physical activity falls prevention programs (63;76). Although the sex of participants
may not have a significant impact on success of intervention trials, age does.
Exercise programs are most successful when they include subjects aged 80 years
and older and/or include subjects who have a history of falling (70). This is most likely due to baseline impaired strength
and balance arising from low levels of physical activity that underlie many
falls experienced by elderly people, especially those aged 80 years and older.
Currently, no data are available to ascertain whether response to physical
activity and falls prevention differs by race or ethnicity.
Current recommendations from the ACSM and the AHA include balance
training for older adults at risk of falls as well as aerobic and strength
training (68). In addition, guidelines for the prevention
of falls from the American Geriatric Society also recommend physical activity,
especially with balance training as one of the components (69). It should be noted that neither the ACSM/AHA nor the AGS
guidelines provide recommendations for the frequency or duration of balance
The Otago Exercise Programme used in 4 intervention trials meets the
ACSM/AHA recommendations, and this program has been shown to be successful at
reducing falls in older community-dwelling people (76).
Evidence also suggests that programs meeting just less than the ACSM/AHA
recommendations (e.g., frequency of less than 5 days per week) also are
successful at reducing falls (79;83;85). However, all of these programs
still combine muscle strengthening and balance exercises in addition to
walking. The results from the studies that focused on tai chi are more
difficult to compare to the ACSM/AHA recommendations due to the nature of the
activity, but clearly, balance is an important element of tai chi and several
of the tai chi trials showed a reduction in falls (75;77;86;87).
Regular physical activity has substantial health benefits. It is
important to characterize the benefits in terms of preventing diseases and
premature mortality, which is the purpose of most chapters of this report. It
is also important to characterize the benefits in terms of the impact of
physical activity on ability to perform the tasks of everyday life, which is
the overarching purpose of this chapter. The Functional Health subcommittee
focused on 3 questions pertaining to middle aged and older adults: (1)
Does physical activity prevent or delay the onset of functional limitations
and/or role limitations? (2) In adults with existing functional limitations
and/or role limitations, does physical activity have a beneficial effect on
functional ability and role ability? (3) Does physical activity reduce risk of
falls and injurious falls?
Scientific evidence pertaining to each of these questions was
systematically sought and reviewed. Based upon this evidence, the
subcommittee's main conclusions are:
In addition, previous reviews of scientific evidence have established
that physical activity in middle-aged and older adults improves physical
fitness and physiologic capacity (aerobic, strength, and balance) even into
advanced age (3;96).
In summary, physical activity can help prevent or delay the onset of
functional and/or role limitations, improve functional ability, and reduce
falls. Because older adults have the lowest physical activity participation
rates of any age group and have the highest risk of disability, increasing
physical activity in older adults is an important public health goal.
It is important that future research on older adults and physical
activity develop a consensus around standardized and meaningful outcomes for
assessing functional health and disability. Developing universally agreed-upon
outcome measures in this area will greatly assist future evaluations of
research. The research to date demonstrates that moderate-intensity,
multi-modal interventions appear to have benefit. However, it is not known
whether: 1) single-mode interventions (e.g., walking alone) are equally
effective; 2) a threshold or dose effect of physical activity exists that
affects functional health; 3) higher intensity interventions are more or less
effective than moderate-intensity activity and 4) these interventions are
equally effective in understudied populations.
The impact of power training on improving functional ability in older
adults has been addressed in a few trials and shows promise (60;97) and is addressed in greater
detail in Part G. Section 5:
Musculoskeletal Health. Future research should address more
fully whether power training is effective, feasible, and safe for older adults
with functional limitations. Most importantly, due to the high economic costs
associated with disability, future research needs to focus on large-scale
well-designed trials to ascertain whether physical activity programs can
prevent disability and role limitations as people advance into old age.
With respect to falls, although existing research provides strong
evidence that physical activity programs decrease fall risk, it is still not
clear which programs are most suitable for which population groups. For
example, is tai chi better for a younger population and an individualized
home-based program more suitable for those who are older? Similar to
Question 2, it appears that moderate intensity
multi-modal interventions appear to have benefit. However, we do not know
whether there is a threshold or dose effect of physical activity on reducing
falls or whether higher-intensity interventions are more or less effective. We
also do not know whether interventions are equally effective in across all
population groups. To date, only a few research studies have addressed whether
injurious falls are reduced with physical activity programs in older adults (80). Although fractures are discussed in detail in
Part G. Section 5: Musculoskeletal
Health, it deserves mentioning here that an RCT with
sufficient power is needed to assess whether physical activity can reduce
fractures as an endpoint. This is an important research topic because 90% of
hip fractures result from falls.
Continue to G7. Cancer
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text:
A book a day keeps the boredom away. Used, rare, vintage and antiquarian; classic literature, a favorite book from your childhood, a piece of printed history - you will find them all here.
The Alphabet
This print originates from Volume One of the 1823 Sixth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. The Britannica was the idea of Colin Macfarquhar, a bookseller and printer, and Andrew Bell, an engraver, both of Edinburgh. They conceived of the Britannica as a conservative reaction to the French Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot (published 1751–1766), which was widely viewed as heretical. Ironically, the Encyclopédie had begun as a French translation of the popular English encyclopedia, Cyclopaedia published by Ephraim Chambers in 1728. Although later editions of Chambers' Cyclopaedia were still popular, and despite the commercial failure of other English encyclopedias, Macfarquhar and Bell were inspired by the intellectual ferment of the Scottish Enlightenment and thought the time ripe for a new encyclopedia "compiled upon a new plan".
The first edition was reprinted in London, with slight variants on the title page and a different preface, by Edward and Charles Dilly in 1773 and by John Donaldson in 1775. By the time the Sixth Edition was published in 1823, the Britannica had been sold to Archibald Constable.
This engraving was produced by W. Train and measures 10.5 inches by 8.25 inches. It features "Alphabeta Antiqua" and "Alphabeta Antiquissima," various forms of common and uncommon letters of antiquity. There is some discoloration at the top and bottom edges, but the print is generally intact. If present, I will include any text from the volume that pertains to the print. The Britannica's title page image is not included with this listing and is for demonstration purposes only.


text:
Located adjacent to the charming and historic Los Rios District and within walking distance of Mission San Juan Capistrano, Serra Plaza is a hidden jewel. Reminiscent of times gone by, the sound of passing trains can be heard in the distance. The plaza offers old world charm with a pristine new feel. Whether your event is an intimate gathering or an extravagant gala, the plaza's tree filled courtyard is the ideal setting and can accommodate up to 450 guests with ample parking.
Hold your ceremony in front of our bubbling courtyard fountain or any area you desire.
The stately beauty of the Grand Plaza is your own blank canvas to create the wedding of your dreams.
No cookie cutter weddings here and with only one event at a time, you have complete privacy.
Your guests are sure to have a wonderful time amidst the ambiance of our Spanish courtyard.
Thank you for considering Serra Plaza for your special event. We look forward to the opportunity of working with you to
make your wedding or celebration a memorable success.


text:
I have as suggested recently on this site been "playing" with arcgis server. For reasons perhaps not obvious to "real" programmers I have built a fairly extensive series of web mapping applications (not real applications) based on flex sample viewer.
It has been very difficult for me to understand the ins and outs of flex but am beginning to get a grip on it.
I stated these are not real applications meaning - when I get an "application working with all the widgets and layers, etc working.
I simply copy that folder structure and rename it to a new application name.
I then edit config.xml (notepad) and default.htm to reflect the new application name.
I don't own any programming software i.e. msvs, flashbuilder, etc.
Because of the power and marketing of apple, I am now in the dilemma of whether to find an x-code programmer to help with the esri IOS application, or switch to Java for all applications, and websites.
One problem I have is even understanding the java terminology. Java, javascript, etc.
Is there an easy to understand resource for Java?
I'm certain there is nothing to convert my flex applications to java.
Has any had experience with what I am going through?


text:
Epic Voyages of Zheng He
1. Chinese Treasure Fleet - Adventures of Zheng He
Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. The Yongle emperor designed them to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin and extend the empire's tributary system.
Zheng he was the man chosen to lead this great fleet which reached as far as east Africa opening up rich trade routes,bringing peace and prosperity to war ravaged far off lands, religeous equality,and setting China on the road to economical dominance over the rest of the world.
Why then did china suddenly stop the treasure fleets and close its borders to its newly found trade partners?
2. Zheng He : Emperor of the Seas (IMAX)
Please contact-us to report any broken links.
Emperor of the Seas is a documentary that offers historical evidence of China's naval expeditions during the period of 1405-1433. Zheng He, the naval admiral of China's massive fleet, is the central figure of the film.
Executive producer Keiko Hagihara Bang, Writer & producer Michael Hutchinson, Director Perter Getzels, Editor Rob Tinworth, Narrator David Kersten, Bang Singapore Pte, Ltd. © 2006.
3. Ghost Fleet: The Epic Voyage of Zheng He (Preview)
4. And even an animation movie:
Episode 2:


text:
Hemp Seed TeaTry our Hemp seed tea. Hemp Seeds are rich in Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids, and are a perfect protein containing all the essential 20 amino acids. They benefit hair, skin and nails are good for digestion and may help with arthritis and joint pain. We combine the seeds with Certified organic Green tea, one of the best anti-oxidants.Hemp Seeds do not contain any THC.Contains 20 tea bags.
Small Koala Tea Tin
A Great Gift IdeaWe made a delicious tea for Christmas this year, in a special Small Koala Tea tin.The ideal gift for the tea drinker in your household.10 tea bags (5 No Worries and 5 Dreamtime). All certified organic. We also have gift items here.
Turmeric & Berryful gift packTry our new Turmeric and Berryful as a gift pack to someone special or as a gift to yourself. These are two of our best selling and favorite teas. Each with its own uniquely fresh tastes, they are a healthy choice for any time of the day! This pack is a combo of our new Berryful organic tea and the popular Turmeric organic tea. You can also try each type individually Berryful | Turmeric or as a combined gift pack of 20 tea bags (10 Turmeric and 10 Berryful).
Berryful Organic TeaOur new Berryful organic tea is a "superfood" herbal tea with organic Açai berries, Blueberries, Raspberries and our green tea - all organically grown. Açai berries are very high in anthocyanins, which are plant antioxidants associated with lowering cholesterol, improving blood circulation and relaxing the blood vessels. So in a lovely mix with organic Blueberries, Raspberries and a base of our organic Green tea, this is a very tasty, healthy and satisfying tea. Contains 20 tea bags.
Organic Mango TeaOrganic Australian mangoes with organic Australian tea is a beautiful mix. This refreshing taste of Summer is proving to be one of our most popular gourmet teas. Contains 20 tea bags.


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Citrus fruits � lemons, limes, oranges, tangerines, kiwi, grapefruit and other fruits � offer many health benefits. Vitamin C is a key component of these fruits and helps to keep one healthy from colds and other ailments. The fruits are easy to eat and drink and are easy to prepare in recipes from pasta and rice, to breads, muffins, cookies, cakes, jams, salads, scampi, brined or even frozen lemons. Here are just a few recipes that you might enjoy.
Citrus fruits � lemons, limes, oranges, tangerines, kiwi, grapefruit and other fruits � offer many health benefits. Vitamin C is a key component of these fruits and helps to keep one healthy from colds and other ailments. The fruits are easy to eat and drink and are easy to prepare in recipes from pasta and rice, to breads, muffins, cookies, cakes, jams, salads, scampi, brined or even frozen lemons. Here are just a few recipes that you might enjoy.
For a mess-free quick fish dish, arrange lemon slices in an 8 x 8 inch baking pan; add � cup water. Top with four 6-ounce skinless fillets like salmon or tilapia, cod, or haddock. Cover and microwave on High for 7-8 minutes or until just opaque in the center. Top fish with a pat of butter and some capers, if desired, or a chopped up mango.
Pasta with Lemon and Basil
Serves 4. More lemon may be added If a stronger flavor is desired.
10 ounces dried bow ties pasta or farfalle, or any other desired pasta
1 19-ounce can white kidney (cannellini) beans, rinsed and drained
� of one fresh lemon, using rind and juice
3 tablespoons EVOO, olive oil
� cup fresh basil leaves, coarsely torn or chopped, packed
Grated Parmesan cheese, if desired
Prepare pasta according to package directions, adding cannellini beans for the last 2- minutes of cooking time. Remove � cup of the cooking liquid, set aside. Drain pasta and beans; cover to keep warm and set aside.
Finely shred peel from the lemon half, about 2-3 teaspoons. In a small skillet heat 1-tablespoon olive oil over medium heat. Add lemon peel; cook and stir for 1-minute, or until lightly golden.
In a blender or food processor combine cooked lemon peel, fresh basil, and 2-tablespoons olive oil, the juice from the lemon half, a pinch of salt and fresh ground black pepper. Cover and process until smooth. Add � cup reserved cooking liquid, a little at a time, until desired consistency is obtained, processing mixture after every addition.
When ready to serve, toss hot cooked pasta with lemon-basil mixture. Top with grated Parmesan cheese if desired.
Orange Shrimp Scampi
Serves 4. Scallops may be substituted in this recipe.
� pound angel-hair pasta or any other light weight pasta
2 tablespoons EVOO, olive oil
1 pound fresh large shrimp, peeled and deveined
6 tablespoons butter
4 cloves garlic, minced then smashed
2 oranges, juiced yielding 1/3 cup orange juice
2 tablespoons fresh cilantro or parsley (I like the accent taste of the cilantro.)
Orange wedges for garnish
Grated Parmesan cheese, if desired
Cook pasta according to package instructions, then drain, reserving � cup cooking water, set aside. Keep pasta covered and warm
In a large skillet, heat olive oil over medium high heat. Add shrimp and cook until opaque throughout or it just turns pink, about 3-minutes, turning over once. Transfer to a warm plate.
Reduce heat to medium. Add butter and garlic to skillet and saut� garlic for about 2 minutes. Add orange juice and cook for one minute, add reserved cooking juice for desired consistency. Remove from heat and stir in cilantro or parsley. Add pasta and shrimp and toss to combine well.
Serve hot with orange wedges and some grated Parmesan cheese, if desired.
Cook�s Hint: Tangerines or lemons may be substituted for the oranges, if desired.
Easy Orange-Pineapple Freezer Preserves
Makes 4 (1/2-pint) jars for the freezer
1 � cups granulated sugar
2 � cups chopped and pitted orange sections (about 5-6 medium oranges)
2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
1 8-ounce can crushed pineapple in juice, undrained
2 0.6-ounce packages instant pectin
In a medium glass bowl stir together sugar, chopped orange, lemon juice, and crushed pineapple. Mix well and let stand for 20 minutes.
Gradually stir in pectin; stir for 3-4 minutes. Let stand for 30 minutes.
Spoon mixture into clean (1/2 pint) jars or other freezer containers, leaving �-inch headspace. Seal, label and freeze standing upright. Store in freezer for up to 1-year. Thaw completely about one day or overnight in refrigerator before using. Refrigerate after thawing and use within 3 weeks.
Cook�s Hint: Tangerines or Mandarin oranges may be substituted for oranges.
Easy Lemon Poppy Seed Cake
This is a delightful lemon cake that has a rich citrusy flavor. Pre-cooking the lemons removes the pucker taste and makes for an intensely lemon flavored cake. Poppy Seeds may be omitted, if desired.
1 � sticks butter (3/4 cup), room temperature, plus more for greasing cake pan
2 cups unbleached all-purpose flour, plus more for cake pan
4 lemons, ends removed, cut into thin slices
3 cups water
2 cups granulated sugar
4 large eggs
2 tablespoons poppy seeds
1 teaspoon baking powder
2/3 cup milk
2 teaspoons vanilla extract
Confectioners� sugar
Whipped cream, if desired
Preheat oven to 400 degrees. Lightly butter and flour a 9-inch round cake pan, 2-inches deep. Set aside.
In a saucepan, cover lemon slices with 3- cups water. Add a pinch of salt, cover, and bring to a boil over high heat. Boil lemon slices, partially covered, until very tender, about 15-20 minutes. Drain and transfer to a blender or food processor. Add butter and process until smooth, scraping down bowl as needed. Add sugar and eggs; process to combine; stir in poppy seeds, mix well, then transfer mixture to a large bowl.
In a medium bowl whisk together flour, baking powder, and a pinch of salt. Measure milk in a liquid measuring cup and stir in vanilla. In 2-additons, add flour mixture to lemon mixture, alternating with milk.
Pour batter into prepared cake pan and smooth top with back of a spoon. Bake until cake is golden brown and a toothpick inserted in center comes out with a few moist crumbs attached, about 40 minutes. Let cool in pan on a wire rack for 20 minutes. Remove cake from pan and let cool completely on wire rack for at least 2-hours. Store cooled cake, tightly wrapped in plastic wrap, at room temperature for up to 1-day or freeze for up to 2-3 months.
Dust with confectioners� sugar and serve whipped cream, if desired.
Lemon Glaze:
� cup confectioners� sugar
2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
In a small bowl combine sugar and lemon juice. While cake is still warm on the cooling wire rack over a plate, spoon the glaze over the top of warm cake, letting it drizzle down the sides.
Hope Cusick has won awards at the North Carolina Strawberry Festival in 2012; The North Carolina Blueberry Festival, winning first place for her Blueberry Cheese Danish Pastry in 2012, and placing on her blueberry spinach salad and dressing; and has won various other contest awards for her blueberry cheesecake, breads, cookies, brownies and jams. She resides in Hampstead.


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Michael Jackson returned from beyond the grave to wow fans at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards on Sunday by performing onstage in hologram form, five years after his death.
Producers of the Las Vegas prizegiving used virtual technology to make it appear as if the King of Pop had been brought back to life to sing and dance his way through new track Slave to the Rhythm.
He began the eerie appearance seated in a throne before joining a string of dancers to show off his fancy footwork by strutting across the stage at the MGM Grand Garden Arena as he appeared to belt out the tune.
The stunt, titled the Michael Jackson Xperience, left the audience in awe and earned a standing ovation from everyone in attendance.
Stars also took to their Twitter.com accounts to share their feelings about the performance, with newlywed Kelly Rowland writing, "We miss you Michael!", while actress Jamie-Lynn Sigler tweeted, "I have chills watching michael Jackson performance. Makes u (sic) realize there will never be a performer like him", and rapper Nicki Minaj commented, "Dat (sic) was mike?"
The virtual performance almost didn't happen after Jackson estate executors and Billboard Music Awards producers were slapped with legal action in an effort to put a stop to the show.
Businessman Alki David, who claims to control the rights to the hologram technology, filed suit in Nevada on Thursday, insisting the Billboard gig would likely violate his patent, but his motion was dismissed on Friday due to a lack of evidence, allowing the show to go on.
The Michael Jackson Xperience, organized to celebrate the release of his new posthumous album Xscape, beared similarities to the resurrection of Tupac Shakur at the 2012 Coachella music festival in California, where the dead rapper appeared onstage alongside Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg in hologram form.
The Thriller hitmaker died in 2009.
Michael Jackson returned from beyond the grave to wow fans at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards on Sunday by performing onstage in hologram form, five years after his death.


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A daily mish-mash of stuff, fluff and nonsense
Where's Toto??
Your site is one of my favourites, but I find this particular situation of ridicule unworthy.
I'm sorry to the two Anonymouses, but I accidentally deleted your comments.@ TP, I apologise if this offended you, but I'm not entirely sure why.I just assumed it was a man riding a tricycle.
Post a Comment


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Are you thinking about buying or renting a property in Streatham? Located in south London, Streatham is a culturally diverse suburb, with beautiful Victorian and Edwardian houses and excellent links into the city.
Roughly translated, Streatham means the 'hamlet on the streets'. The area has recently undergone a multi-million-pound regeneration, yet it still retains that peaceful atmosphere, while also providing access to a wide range of new and improved facilities.
As such, the area is becoming increasingly popular with families and young professionals. But could you happily settle down in the Streatham area? Read on to find out.
As mentioned, Streatham is well-served by several transport links. This includes a regular bus service to destinations around the city, as well as overland and underground train stations.
Nearby overland stations include:
Nearby underground stations:
If you like to go out for a bite to eat, then Streatham will offer you plenty of choice. The newly refurbished Gastro pub 'The Bull', serves a selection of sustainably sourced Gastro and BBQ food. Meanwhile, Slurp is a restaurant with over 70 dishes from China, Thailand and Japan to choose from. Alternatively, the Whole Meal Café provides a fantastic choice of vegetarian and vegan food.
If you want to sample a tipple while drinking in some local entertainment, The Hideaway is a fantastic jazz bar that also hosts regular comedy nights.
If you like to keep fit and active, the redeveloped Streatham Ice and Leisure Centre has a wide range of activities that will help you to break a sweat. Facilities include a full size ice pad, two swimming pools, exercise studios and a gym.
Alternatively, there are a several sports and activity clubs in Streatham and the surrounding areas, including tennis, football, martial arts, rugby and more.
Streatham is home to some gorgeous green and open spaces, with access to both Streatham Common and Tooting Bec Common.
Streatham Common is located on the southern edge of Streatham, it's a stunning urban park when the sun is out. Other attractions include a paddling pool, a children's playground and regular events in the warmer months – including Kite Day.
The rookery offers the opportunity for a leisurely stroll through the gardens; local residents are invited to participate in a range of gardening projects, there are also open air theatre productions during the summer holidays proving entertainment for all ages.
Tooting Bec Common is the larger of the two parks, and its green expanses offer a tranquil retreat from the hustle and bustle of urban life. Attractions include a swimming pool, athletics track, sports pitches and a children's playground. Like Streatham Common, it also hosts regular events during the warmer months.
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Streatham High Road is believed to be the longest commercial street in Europe at two miles long. As such, you will find almost anything you need from a retail standpoint – from independent businesses and high street stores to supermarkets and ethnic food stores.
The new Streatham Hub development – which is also located on Streatham High Road – includes a Tesco Extra, too.
For world-class attractions and an abundance of choice, you can try heading into central London.
In Streatham itself, there are a variety of things to do. For example, the annually held Streatham Festival offers a line-up that includes music, dance, theatre, comedy, workshops and more. Alternatively, movie-lovers and adrenaline junkies have the choice of the nearby Odeon cinema.
If you're looking for something to keep the kids entertained, there are a variety of play areas and Tooting Bec Lido.
Streatham is well-served by several health centres, including Streatham Hill Healthcare Centre, which is open Monday to Saturday for registered patients and a walk in centre located in central Streatham on Gracefiled Gardens.
Meanwhile Streatham Library, which recently underwent a £1.4m refurbishment, offers a range of services, including a collection of international books and free Wi-Fi.
There are a number of pay and display car parks in the Streatham area, including Leigham Court Road, which is 0.4 miles from Streatham High Road. It's important to note that some off-street and residential parking spaces require a permit, which you can purchase from the local council.
One of the reasons Streatham is such a popular area with families is because of the quality of the local schools
The Ofsted inspectors recently rated Woodmansterne Primary School as 'Outstanding. The school is also developing a Secondary School scheme. Sunnyhill Primary School and Julian's Primary School both received a 'Good' rating in their latest Ofsted reports. Similarly, Dunraven School offers excellent educational prospects for children of secondary school age, receiving an 'Outstanding' rating in their latest Ofsted report.
If you would like to find out more about buying or renting a property in Streatham, call or visit the local Andrews branch.
Streatham Common
Thornton Heath
Mitcham Eastfields
Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum
Wandle Industrial Museum
Crystal Palace Museum
Norbury Manor Business and Enterprise College for Girls Kensington Avenue, Thornton Heath CR7 8BT
The Archbishop Lanfranc School Mitcham Road, Croydon CR9 3AS
St Joseph's College Beulah Hill, London SE19 3HL
Bishop Thomas Grant Catholic Secondary School Belltrees Grove, London SW16 2HY
Westwood Girls College for Languages and Arts Spurgeon Road, London SE19 3UG
Norbury Manor Primary School Abingdon Road, London SW16 5QR
Stanford Primary School Chilmark Road, London SW16 5HB
William Morris Primary School Recreation Way, Mitcham CR4 1PJ
Kensington Avenue Primary School Kensington Avenue, Thornton Heath CR7 8BT
Garden Primary School Abbotts Road, Mitcham CR4 1JW
N.E.S.T Childcare Ltd 24 Norbury Court Road, Norbury SW16 4HT
Alphabet Nursery School 14 Ena Road, London SW16 4JB
Telten Montessori Nursery School Norbury Park Lawn Tennis Club, Norbury SW16 4RZ
Playhouse Montessori 1a Dunbar Avenue, Norbury SW16 4SB
Playhouse Montessori 1a Dunbar Avenue, Norbury SW16 4SB
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