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Editor's note: Late Friday, reports emerged that only one of the brothers, Dzhokhar, was a U.S. citizen. This story previously reported brothers were citizens.
In April 2002, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev apparently arrived in the United States on a tourist visa with his sons Tamerlan, 15, and Dzhokhar, 8 — now the suspects in the ongoing Boston Marathon bombing manhunt. Over time, the family gained asylum. Tamerlan became a citizen.
We spoke with David Leopold of Leopold and Associates, an immigration attorney who's been practicing law in Cleveland since the early 1990s, who walked us through how that process worked — and why it would likely have been impossible to predict what happened to Tamerlan next.
Getting a tourist visa
The simplest part of the family's trip would be acquiring the tourist visa. The State Department, which manages the issuing process, explains how to get a visa on its website. Fill out a form, have an interview, get your visa.
Where the Tsarnaevs were applying from, like many of the details of the narrative at this point, is not entirely clear. In 2001, they apparently moved to Kyrgyzstan, which may have been where the family lived when it applied.
This visa application is the first point at which the government would begin the most important part of the process: conducting a security screening of the applicants. Given the number of tourists who visit the United States each year and the limited time period of the tourist visa (six months, at most), this is the least rigorous security screening conducted. (For what it's worth, the 9/11 hijackers used tourist and business visas to access the country.)
Getting asylum
At some point within their first year of being here, the family would have had to apply for asylum. (If they'd already outstayed their six-month visa, they could have applied defensively if the government was trying to deport them.) Asylum-seekers, like those seeking refugee status, must demonstrate that they have a "well-founded fear" of persecution in their home countries. This is a necessarily subjective determination for the government to make, one that has been subject to various legal decisions over the years. (For those curious: Asylum seekers apply for refugee status from within the U.S.; refugees seek it from their home countries.)
In the usual process, the State Department then completes another security review of the applicant — and any of the applicant's derivatives, meaning spouses and children. After September 11, 2001, the identification process for any visitor became much more technical, advancing from fingerprinting to more robust biometric identification. Once applying for asylum, the government dives deep into background: previous criminal convictions, any hint of involvement with terrorism.
Applicants don't necessarily know if they've failed a security check. According to Leopold, the immigration lawyer, they'll often be told that their application is being held for "administrative processing." While the application is held, the applicant is allowed to stay in the country, if they're already here.
At the time that the Tsarnaevs applied for asylum, Tamerlan and Dzhokhar were very young. There was almost certainly nothing in their background that would have raised any red flags; apparently, there was nothing in the father's either. Here, Leopold made a key point: "You can't predict future behavior." For any democratic country that wants to participate in international society, Leopold pointed out, you have to assume some level of risk. Despite that, "the systems they have in place," meaning those security screenings, are "doing the job."
It's not guaranteed that we'll learn significantly more about the family given the robust dossier the government has on them. According to Leopold, those records are very hard to have made public.
Becoming a permanent resident
After a year of holding status as asylum seekers, the family would be eligible to apply for green cards. Again, a security check, which by now would include reviews of the entire immigration application history to ensure that there was no apparent fraud. In 2007, Tamerlan Tsarnaev — the older brother, suspect 1 — received this status.
Becoming a citizen
Five years after getting a green card, a permanent resident can apply for naturalization. The application kicks off perhaps the most complex stretch of background-checking and validation.
An applicant must be of "good moral character," meaning that he or she cannot have committed any serious crimes, or, in some cases, even any minor ones. They have to demonstrate the ability to speak and write in English. They must pass a civics test. At that point, the applicant qualifies for citizenship.
The State Department will interview an applicant and launch another series of background checks, again including a review of the entire history of his immigration status. It's possible at this point that the applicant could be put back into the system for removal — deportation — if any application fraud is found, or a serious crime, for example.
But if not, he or she becomes a citizen, sworn in by a judge. That person then has all of the rights of a U.S. citizen. At some point, according to CNN, Dzhokhar became a naturalized citizen. Last September — September 11th, in fact — Tamerlan Tsarnaev took the oath, too, during a large ceremony held at TD Bank Garden.
Even had Tamerlan survived last night's manhunt, even if he'd been convicted of setting the bombs at the Boston Marathon, he'd have still been a citizen. Leopold was clear on this point. The government can't simply revoke citizenship because it wants to. If it found that Tamerlan's application for naturalization was fraudulent, it could. Which, Leopold indicated, might include the government deciding that his sworn oath was insincere. That oath reads, in part:
I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; … I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same …
The government could theoretically have decided that Tamerlan, in essence, didn't mean it. In that case, Leopold thought, it might have been possible he lost his status and would be deported. Even if none of the various levels of detailed security checks suggested he shouldn't be allowed to be a citizen, his broken word might have done the trick.
More from The Atlantic Wire:
- Who Is Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, The Man At The Center Of The Boston Manhunt?
- The Most Evocative Magazine Covers Of The Boston Marathon Bombing
- The Boston Bombing 'Suspects' And The Story Of The Victim Who IDed One
Click here to follow The Atlantic Wire.


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The Center of New York
Discover The Heart Of New York
Welcome to the world-famous Empire State Building. Located in the center of Midtown Manhattan, our 86th and 102nd floor observatories provide unforgettable 360° views of New York City and beyond. Whether you're in town for a week or a day, no visit to NYC is complete without experiencing the top of the Empire State Building.
Explore the Empire State Building's immersive experience.
The most photographed building in the world.
The Lights Tonight
On Sunday, September 22, 2019, the Empire State Building will be lit Red, Yellow & Blue for FRIENDS 25th Anniversary with Music-to-Light Show at 8:30

subset: commoncrawl


text: Welcome to the flowers fine art gallery of Ghenadie Sontu original paintings. There are two main categories in the gallery: original portrait artworks available for acquisition and a gallery of paintings, which have already found a good home, but are still nice to share. If you would like to make an inquiry regarding a Ghenadie Sontu original on this website please contact us, or call +972 543 449 543. For detailed information regarding Ghenadie's life and work as an artist, please visit the Biography section of this site. Enjoy!


text: Railroad Line Forums Username: Password: Save Password Register Forgot Password? Home Forums Events Calendar Sponsors Support the RRLine Guestbook FAQ Register Active Topics | Active Polls | Resources | Members | Online Users | Live Chat | Avatar Legend | Search | Statistics Photo Album | File Lister | File Library [ Active Members: 2 | Anonymous Members: 0 | Guests: 118 ] [ Total: 120 ] [ Newest Member: rkovvur ] All Forums Model Railroad Forums Startin' from Scratch The Tenement and others - Module #6. Finale. Note: You must be registered in order to post a reply.To register, click here. Registration is FREE! Posting Form Screensize: 640 x 480 800 x 600 1024 x 768 1280 x 1024 UserName: Password: Format Mode: Basic Help Prompt Format: Font Andale Mono Arial Arial Black Book Antiqua Century Gothic Comic Sans MS Courier New Georgia Impact Lucida Console Script MT Bold Stencil Tahoma Times New Roman Trebuchet MS Verdana Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 Color Black Red Yellow Pink Green Orange Purple Blue Beige Brown Teal Navy Maroon LimeGreen Callouts: Message Icon: Smilies [quote][i]Originally posted by UKGuy[/i] [br]Man, you just scratch built something, you designed the components, engineered the structure in a way you could build it, and then.... successfully did it from a few old photographs of a very complicated structure, give yerself the credit of a job very impressively well done.... and you did it in a very short time, there's nothing wrong with your pace, and definitely not your skills. Karl.A [/quote] - HTML is OFF | Forum Code is ON Insert a File Check here to include your profile signature. Check here to subscribe to this topic. T O P I C R E V I E W Terrell Posted - 06/14/2018 : 10:42:15 AM More to come. 15 L A T E S T R E P L I E S (Newest First) Terrell Posted - 08/20/2019 : 10:04:37 AM Thanks, Jim and Mike !! Michael Hohn Posted - 08/19/2019 : 5:05:03 PM The offset in the street is good. It highlights the package goods store and also hides the abrupt end to the street. Mike BurleyJim Posted - 08/19/2019 : 4:37:23 PM Fred,We were in 'Exit Ramp', Alabama last year, and there was an old Gulf station that was retro-restored, I've got to find those pictures. Terrific details in your modeling.Jim Terrell Posted - 08/19/2019 : 4:19:52 PM Thanks, Frank. Frank Palmer Posted - 08/14/2019 : 2:41:14 PM Sweet. Terrell Posted - 08/14/2019 : 12:57:20 PM Thanks, Rich. The carhop situation was covered at the top of this page. It's a "No hop zone". I got rid of the "S", as best I could. Of course I can't fill in all the gaps until I get all the modules in their permanent location. And I thought it needed a little more red in that corner. Pennman Posted - 08/12/2019 : 12:41:40 PM Fred,I agree with Michael that it fits into the corner nicely. But, where's the roller-skate girls for taking orders from the cars?? Rich Terrell Posted - 08/12/2019 : 09:53:04 AM Yeah Ted, a bottle and a burger and dinner is served! quartergauger48 Posted - 08/11/2019 : 11:26:27 PM Fred, burgers and beer within walking distance of each other'. What could be better'... Terrell Posted - 08/10/2019 : 9:25:59 PM Could be the same red, Carl. The package store is about 10 years old, too. I have several reds that are all pretty close. Carl B Posted - 08/10/2019 : 7:20:38 PM Is that the exact same red paint on the 10 year old dio? Looks good together. Terrell Posted - 08/10/2019 : 4:33:14 PM Thanks, Mike and Frank.The sign beneath the window says:"NO Curb Service." Frank Palmer Posted - 08/10/2019 : 2:52:22 PM Yikes with that driveway the car-hops can't roller skate to the car. Michael Hohn Posted - 08/10/2019 : 11:42:05 AM Yes. That fits right in. I like how you did the weed-infested parking area. Terrell Posted - 08/10/2019 : 11:15:06 AM Ok, I decided to take this build from 2009 and hide it in that corner.And there she is......hidden away. Now I'm working on getting the "S" out of my curve. Railroad Line Forums © 2000-19 Railroad Line Co. Steam was generated in 0.3 seconds. Powered By: Snitz Forums 2000


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Kettle Cuisine Offers Gluten-Free Soup Options For Foodservice
According to a recent Technomic study, more than 75 percent of consumers are looking for more soup options in restaurants. In addition, more than 40 percent of those dining out like to order soup "made from scratch" with premium ingredients.
Chelsea, Mass.-based Kettle Cuisine offers a broad selection (10) of gluten-free options, certified by the Gluten Free Certification Organization (GFCO), to address the needs of the nearly 13 million Americans suffering from Celiac disease or gluten intolerance.
Varieties include: Angus Beef Steak Chili with Beans; Chicken Chili with White Beans; Chicken Soup with Rice Noodles; Grilled Chicken and Corn Chowder; New England Clam Chowder; Organic Carrot and Coriander Soup; Organic Mushroom and Potato Soup; Roasted Vegetable Soup; Three Bean Chili and Tomato Soup with Garden Vegetables.


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Hood River, Oregon - Exergy Twenty12 rider Rhae Shaw dominated the three-day Mt. Hood Cycling Classic in Oregon over the weekend, winning three of four stages and taking home the overall title at the 10th running of the national-level U.S event. Shaw's teammate Alison Tetrick finished third, giving the team two podium finishers at the end of a challenging three days of racing.
Shaw and Tetrick got off to a strong start, finishing first and second respectively in the 138.5km Columbia Hills Road Race on day one. The duo escaped on their Felt F1 road bikes and gained a gap of over two minutes on third-place finisher, mountain biker Kelli Emmett.
The next day Shaw and Tetrick again finished one-two, this time in the 30km time trial. Riding their Felt DA TT bikes, the two battled windy conditions to solidify their GC standings. Later that day, they raced the Hood River criterium and held their GC standings.
The overall came down to the grueling final stage road race in the Mt. Hood National Forest that featured more than 10,000 feet of climbing over 146 kilometers. Shaw and Emmett broke away on the final climb to Cooper Spur, and gained more than 10 minutes on the shattered field behind. Shaw outkicked Emmett at the end, by 15 seconds, to take her third stage win and the overall title. Tetrick finished third on the day to take the final podium spot.


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Start Me Up
Olga O.'s son is "obsessed" with gas stations, so for his birthday she ordered a cake "featuring a gas pump with diesel and regular handles."
"This is what arrived tonight," she writes.
"We'll be making nozzle jokes for a long, long time..."
Jumpin' Jack flash!
It's a gas gas gas!
Thanks to Olga and her baker for making a grown (wo)man cry...with laughter. I'd say I can't get no satisfaction, but to be honest, wild horses couldn't drag me away.


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Do you remember that demo of The Last of Us that we saw during Sony's E3 2012 keynote? Looked awesome, didn't it? In fact, it looked so good that some audiences thought it was a little scripted.
It wasn't. Not in the slightest bit.
Sony not only hosted, but invited us to a private screening of The Last of Us, where a Naughty Dog lead designer would play the game for a small group of journalists. The demo started at the exact same point in the game as in Sony's press conference; Ellie and Joel were trying to escape from a band of hijackers. But trust me, it did not at all play out the same way.
The main point I – and Naughty Dog – wanted to bring to light is that The Last of Us can be played in a plethora of different ways. So many ways that it's actually kind of exciting, to be honest.
The best part of it all is that you aren't presented with "path A" or "path B" to choose from. The game plays out totally different just by how you play through a certain area. For example, depending on what has happened, Ellie and Joel will have totally different lines of dialogue. But it goes even further. Enemies will react completely different depending on how the battle is being played out.
During Sony's conference, you saw Joel take on all enemies one after another, and then taking on a few of them at the same time in one last finale of a fight. However, Naughty Dog showed us just how different things can be. Like I said, we were demoed the exact same part of the game, but in a much more stealthy fashion. The lead designer took down enemies slowly, one after another, and each time he did, it looked more and more scripted every single time – but it wasn't. That's just a testament to how good the game looks and how high the production value is.
So what was so different? Since the enemies were being picked off one-by-one, when the last goon realized he was alone, he was smart enough to decide he should run. This is where the demo really went off the rails from what we saw. Knowing that he couldn't let the threat escape, Naughty Dog was controlling Joel as the game completely transitioned into cat-and-mouse style gameplay. As the player, you'll have to listen, watch, and wait for queues when chasing an enemy. You really feel like a hunter stalking its prey.
Eventually, Joel encountered the last goon, and not only shot him, but set him on fire with a Molotov cocktail. Soon after, Ellie regrouped with Joel and commented on how brutal that kill was. It wasn't just a throwaway comment, either. It was a really well thought out conversation that gave us some insight into both character's personalities
I wish I could do a better job of explaining to you everything that played out differently, but I wouldn't be doing the game justice. Naughty Dog has done a tremendous job in making The Last of Us' world feel extremely rich and real. That, paired up with the fact that Ellie and Joel have been carefully designed – in both voice acting and dialogue – to feel like very real people, makes The Last of Us one of the most cinematic, realistic, and jaw-dropping games of all time – not just of E3.
You'll have to wait for an official trailer, or the retail release to see exactly what I mean about how differently that area can play out, so check back to PSU and we'll keep you completely covered on The Last of Us as news (or trailers) breaks.


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Though we were fairly lonely in our opinion, we liked Shadowrun. It may have been overpriced and Vista-exclusive, but the game was well-balanced and fun to play. Alas, it seems that players have voted with their wallets, and FASA Studios is closing down. While about half of the staff is heading to Microsoft Game Studios, the rest are now unemployed. One rep posted a final goodbye on the Shadowrun forums:
It is my sad duty to announce that FASA Studio has officially closed its doors. Today was the official last day of employment for those of us who had not moved on to other positions within Microsoft Game Studios. While the rumors have been circulating forever, we chose to wait on an official announcement because we didn't want people's attention distracted from our last product, Shadowrun, a game we love.
The goodbye continues to give kudos to the team, which released three title updates for the game to date, and notes that a Community Manager and Tech Support Manager would remain on-staff to support the game.
It's sad to see the team go but, if nothing else, this should serve as an important lesson for studios everywhere: be careful how you handle your software license with the users, and making a game specific to an OS with a relatively low installed base won't make people buy the OS, but it will make people avoid the game.


text: For over 100 years Falke has been crafting the highest quality hosiery and socks for stores throughout the world. Falke is made for the luxurious woman seeking out a functional, yet aesthetically pleasing collection of hosiery and socks. Falke hosiery is durable and well-fitting while being stylish at the same time. The socks in the Falke collection promise not to bunch and fall throughout the day. The collection promises to be innovative always use the highest quality material when making the designs come to life. Falke customers praise the socks for molding to their feet instead of bunching and falling down. Most say the same can be said for the hosiery as it stays in place, yet still feels invisible. The Falk classic style of hosiery is one of elegance, simplicity and glamour. The sheer and shiny colors combine with the sensitive bands and lightweight material to create a timeless burst of fashion excitement. In 1895 when Franz Falke began his company in the small German town of Schmallengerg, it was then only a dream to have women worldwide showing off his styles of elegant, yet comfortable hosiery that would still be worn over a century later.


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Recap: Blues fall to Ducks 3-2 in Steen's return
ST. LOUIS — Frederik Andersen made sure the Anaheim Ducks wouldn't go on any kind of a losing streak.
The rookie made 34 saves, and Ryan Getzlaf scored his 25th goal to lead the Ducks to a 3-2 win over the St. Louis Blues on Saturday night.
Anaheim, which had an eight-game winning streak snapped on Friday in Chicago, has won 19 of 21. The Ducks have won nine of their last 11 on the road, and they lead the NHL with 79 points. Anaheim is 20-0-2 at home.
Matt Beleskey and Cam Fowler also scored for the Ducks, who have a league-best 37 points on the road. Andersen (12-2) has won three straight.
Anaheim had its three-week winning run halted with a 4-2 loss on Friday. Instead of dwelling on the setback, the Ducks took control against the Blues and grabbed a 3-0 lead in the first 29:13 against St. Louis.
"If you lose, you just want to get back on the horse and win the next night," Andersen said. "We just stayed poised and focused."
Anaheim coach Bruce Boudreau was pleased with the way his club bounced back.
"It's hard to win as many games in a row as we did and lose," he said. "Then you're coming back against (one) of the best percentage teams in the league. It would be pretty easy to say, 'Hey, we had a good run. Let's take this next one off.'"
But they didn't.
"This is a prideful group," Boudreau said.
Getzlaf got the turnaround started with a goal just 5:37 in. His tally, off a pass from Corey Perry, set the early tone.
"We were able to rebound and play our game," Getzlaf said. "We showed that we needed to bounce back after a tough loss."
Getzlaf, who added an assist, has 14 points in the last nine games.
Barret Jackman and Jaden Schwartz scored third-period goals for St. Louis, which lost back-to-back games in regulation for just the second time this season.
Anaheim scored three times on its first 11 shots against Brian Elliott, who had a franchise-record, 13-game home winning streak snapped.
Beleskey squeezed a shot through Elliott early in the second period. Elliott made the initial save, but the puck trickled through his legs into the net.
"I tried to squeeze it," Elliott said. "It's a goal you definitely want back."
Fowler then tallied on the power play with a shot from the top of the circle to push the lead to 3-0 midway through the second period.
Schwartz got the Blues to within 3-2 with a power-play goal at 14:31 of the third.
Andersen took over from there with a key stop of a shot by T.J. Oshie with 2.6 seconds left. The Blues pulled their goalie with 1:08 remaining, but Andersen held onto the lead.
"He was fabulous, good since Day One when he got here," Boudreau said of Anderson. "He was calm. I thought he did a real good job near the end, especially for a first-year guy."
Anderson made 15 saves on 17 shots over the final 20 minutes.
"We showed a lot of character and kept working for each other," Andersen said. "This shows what kind of team effort we can have."
St. Louis is 1-7 against California teams this season. The Blues lost 4-1 to the Los Angeles Kings on Thursday.
"A three-goal deficit in this league against any team is tough," St. Louis captain David Backes said. "Hopefully, we can get something out of that third period."
NOTES: St. Louis LW Alexander Steen returned to the lineup after missing 11 games because of a concussion. He had four shots in 20:56 of ice time. … The Blues have an NHL-best, plus-57 goal differential. … Anaheim RW Teemu Selanne didn't play in the second of back-to-back games, as usual. … RW Chris Stewart played in his 200th game with the Blues. … The Ducks are 22-3-4 in games in which they score first. … Anaheim is 19-1-5 in one-goal games.


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Tax Law & Policy
Along with our academic program, Penn Law and Philadelphia are ideal locations for the study of tax law and policy — at the epicenter of where tax law & policy is created (Washington, D.C.), often adjudicated (Delaware Court of the Chancery), and practiced (Wall Street).
Faculty Research
Who owns Apple? New research from Penn Law argues no one really knows
There is no way to tell whether America's largest multinational companies – the Googles, Apples and Ciscos of the world – are in fact American-owned, a surprising gap in financial reporting that has important implications for U.S. international tax policy, according to new research by a University of Pennsylvania Law School professor.
The research by Chris William Sanchirico suggests that the extent of foreign ownership of U.S. multinationals is unknown even to the companies themselves, due to the way many shares of stock are purchased and registered.
Sample Penn Law Courses
- Taxation Courses
- 2Ls and 3Ls may explore a topic in Tax Law & Policy further through an Independent Study or through an Independent Research Seminar
More Courses at Penn
Take up to four classes throughout the University as part of your JD. Courses recently taken by Penn Law students include:
- Taxes & Business Strategy (Accounting, Wharton)
Problems in Financial Reporting (Accounting, Wharton)
Financing Government (Business Economics & Public Policy, Wharton)
Certificates, Joint & Dual Degrees
- Wharton Certificate in Business & Public Policy
- 3-Year JD/MBA
- 4-Year JD/MBA
- JD/MA in Global Business Law
Institutes & Centers


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This awesome page from gr-great-grandpa's lumber business was included in grandma Hazel's ephemera.
W. H. Piggott was listed as a sawyer in the E. L. Sloan & Co. 1874 Salt Lake City Directory. In the 1870 Salt Lake census he is listed as a sawmill hand, and in the 1800 Bloomington, Idaho census he is listed as a sawyer.
The following excerpts are from a history written by Claude and Elma Reay, Edited by Beatrice Cannon Evans and Janath russell Cannon, Cannon Family Historical Treasury George Cannon Family Association, 1967, Pages 295-298.
"...William worked in a mill and lumber yard in Salt Lake City. His knowledge of timber and his ability in mathematics gave him the position of buyer. He always went to work in a white linen suit, which was starched until it would stand alone. He measured the logs that were brought to the mill and decided the kind of lumber to be cut from each log and the number of board feet that should be credited to the men delivering the load."
"...William was called by the church authorities to go to Liberty, Idaho and set up a saw mill to furnish lumber for the people of the Bear Lake area. .....The Piggott family lived in Liberty, Idaho for three years, the William moved the saw mill to Bloomington Canyon and set it up at the foot of Paris Peak."
"The Piggott family had just become well established when William was called to the Leeds Mission in England. Lumber from the Piggott mill was always in demand because of its high quality and even size. William leased the mill with the understanding that enough money would be given to Elizabeth to keep the family and to help him on his mission. He left for England with the feeling that his family was well cared for and that he would receive enough money to carry on his work in the mission field. He didn't know until he returned twenty-two months later that the incompetent men who leased the mill found that boards one-half inch thick on one end and one-and-half inches thick on the other didn't sell; so they were soon out of business and there was no money to pay for the lease. The loss of the income from the mill left the family without funds. They had a cow, chickens, and a garden. Elizabeth knew that if they were faithful, the Lord would provide for them. She took in sewing and gave music lessons on her treasured melodeon."
"...He re-established his lumber business, and it was very successful until he felt he was no longer able to work, when he sold the mill."In 1894 William was among other mill owners in who were arrested by the United States Marshal for "cutting timber on Uncle Sam's dominion". He gave bonds in $1,000 to appear before the United States commissioners for examination.
According to this newspaper article from The Salt Lake Herald, dated September 9, 1890, United States timber agent A. H. Tyner closed the mills and claimed all the lumber as Uncle Sam's.
Whether there is any truth to these allegations, I do not know. It would be interesting to know the outcome of these suits.
Thanks to Denise Spurlock for suggesting this prompt.
Leslie Ann


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Alleged Bosnian War Criminal Arrested in Upstate New York
(UTICA, N.Y.) -- Federal law enforcement Wednesday arrested a man they say is wanted in Bosnia and Herzegovina for war crimes he committed nearly 20 years ago.
A native of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Suleman Mujagic, 50, now faces extradition and charges that stem from his actions during a 1995 battle in which he was commanding a platoon in the Army of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia. The charges allege Mujagic, a lawful U.S. resident living in Utica, N.Y. at the time of his arrest, murdered a captured soldier and tortured another captured soldier, both fighting on behalf of the army of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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Decision : CONF 003 XII.35
Technical co-operation requests
35. The Committee decided to substantially increase the funds allocated to training activities, considering the shortage of qualified personnel as noted in many countries.
On this subject the representative of the Director-General indicated that a large-scale world training programme at both the regional and national levels for specialists in the conservation of cultural property could be envisaged within the framework of UNESCO, of the Convention and of ICCROM. This latter organization would be willing to participate in a programme of this type. The Committee gave its support to such a project, which was viewed as being particularly desirable for consolidating national infrastructures including those concerned with training.
The World Heritage Committee, for its part, will give priority to the training - preferably on-the-spot - of specialists (rangers, managers, scientists) so as to meet more effectively those needs most urgently felt in regard to the management and protection of sites inscribed on the World Heritage List.
The Committee requested that information be made available on regional and national training courses in the conservation of the cultural and natural heritage for which assistance was requested under the Convention.


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Proper Grooming
You've gotta admit: outside of baby shower cakes, grooms' cakes are some of the most "unique" ones out there. This is the cake that puts the guy's favorite recreational activities on display, whether those are sports...
Mouth cancer...
Or just melting over an inner tube while covered with a gigantic straw hat.
Well, he does look relaxed.
[staring some more] Ok, I give up. What is that red square supposed to be? Anyone? Anyone?
Thanks to Alan R., the only Wreckporter brave enough to attach his name to any of these submissions, and all you other Anony Mice.


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"In Brazil, Pelé is protected like a natural resource," Miguel Acoga wrote about the soccer legend in a 1966 issue of LIFE magazine. But during the 1966 World Cup—pictured above and famously won by England on English soil—Pelé's teammates could do little to shield the superstar from hard tackles and outright foul play by opposing teams. In fact, the 26-year-old forward was so badly injured during Brazil's second match, against Portugal, that he was effectively knocked out of the tournament. For its part, Brazil was eliminated in the first round—its worst performance in Cup history.
Of course, by the time the '66 Cup rolled around, the man born Edson Arantes do Nascimento was already regarded as the greatest living footballer, so it surprised no one that he was targeted by the competition.
Today, history might be repeating itself, as Brazil's current face of fútbol, Neymar, will miss the rest of the 2014 Cup after Colombia's Juan Zuniga violently took him down with a knee to the back that fractured a vertebra in the electrifying striker's spine. Still, there remains a glimmer of hope for Brazilian fans. In 1962, four years before Brazil's dreadful showing in '66, Pelé was seen as an immense threat to the competition—and he was injured in a game against Czechoslovakia. Brazil nevertheless went on to win the Cup, without their star.
Brazilians—and those who, during this tournament, have rooted for Brazil—hope the soccer gods will grace them again this year, on Verde-Amarela's (the green and yellow's) home turf.
New York native Adam Glanzman is a Photo Intern at TIME.com. See his personal photography at adamglanzmanphotography.com and follow him @glanzpiece.


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Middle East Today: Bahrain --- Cabinet Approves Bill to Stop US "Interference"
Kuwait: 4 Sentenced to Life for Spying for Iran
The Supreme Court has upheld life terms on two Iranians, a Kuwaiti. and a stateless person on charges of forming a ring to spy for Tehran.
The court, whose rulings are final, upheld the acquittal of two Iranians, including the only woman among the defendants, and a Syrian.
In May last year, the appeals court reduced death sentences against three defendants to life and upheld the same term on the fourth.
The two Iranians and the Kuwaiti worked for the Kuwait's army at the time of their arrest in May 2010, while the stateless person was a former soldier.
The defendants were accused of passing information on the Kuwaiti and US military in the Gulf emirate to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps and planning to blow up key oil pipelines.
The defendants denied the charges and insisted they had been tortured to extract confessions.


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Deadline: 15/03/2018
Ilhabela Island - Brazil - Art Residency // 2018
A multidisciplinary space to focus in ideas and projects in an ecological paradise.
escription of the residence program
Casa na Ilha is a creative retreat in Ilhabela Island, Brazil, an ecological paradise and preservation area at 200 km from Sao Pablo.Casa Na Ilha is based in a colonial house in the island of Ilhabela, Brazil.
The Residency Program is an initiative born from the idea of artists from different disciplines to create a space where creativity is encouraged, focusing in the construction of the creative process, development and curatorial process of artistic and environmental engaged projects in one place away from the city and distractions of daily routine.
Casa Na Ilha Residency programs runs in a ocean side house built by an artist, 15 km away from the island town, emplaced in the middle of the rainforest surrounded with nature.
Located south in the island, the house has direct access to the sea, a peaceful coastline where natural pools are formed. The absolute peace and tranquility of the place are perfect for feeding inspiration and disconnection with the world today that generally cause blockages between the artist and their work. Close to natural waterfalls, a garden full of flowers, trees, an organic garden, orchards, and spring water supplies, birds and ocean sounds, creates the perfect environment to relax the mind and focus on projects.
Casa na Ilha is a retreat space to devote time and focus to your creative pursuits in an ecological paradise. Artists can intensely dedicate on their work in progress or develop new projects. The main goal is that artists are able to focus on their ideas and projects, enhancing creativity and inspiration and connect, between them, the local community and nature.
Casa na Ilha welcomes artists with a professional standing in their field and emerging artists of promising talent.
Duration of residency
The Residency Program is 4 weeks long duration between 5 - 8 artists at a time. In case projects requires it, participants may apply for a longer period.
Disciplines, work equipment and assistance
Applications are accepted from all disciplines:
- Writing
- Painting
- Photography
- Visual/Plastic Arts
- Film
- Research (Sustainability/Ecology/biodiversity/Climate Change)
- Dance
- Sound & Music
- Design
- Architecture
- Textile
- Philosophy
The residency program promotes the development of projects in all stages, from conception of the idea to the presentation of the same.
Private and Shared
Studio/ workspace
We offer:
· Indoor and Outdoor work space
· Tutor on location available 24/7.
· Lodging in private or shared rooms en suite fully furnish.
· Natural resources from jungle, beaches waterfalls and gardens can be used without endangering the eco balance of the region.
· Wifi.
· Cleaning and cooking services.
· Orientation and accompaniment on the project development before and after residency period.
· Interaction and connection with the community and local organizations
Fees and costs
Fees and costs are based on a 4 week residency period. In case of longer
periods, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Casa na Ilha is a non profit organization, fees and cost are estimated to run the program, the facilities and the equipment.
• 1000 R$ Brazilian Real /340 Usd (aprox) shared room and bathroom per week
• 1300 R$ Brazilian Real/ 440 Usd (aprox) private room shared bathroom per week
• 1800 R$ Brazilian Real/ 590 Usd (aprox) private room and private bathroom per week
Including linen and full access to house facilities.
Tea and coffee is available 24 hs
Meal service fee
• 300 R$ Brazilian Real/ 100 Usd (aprox) per week
Includes Breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Expectations towards the artist
Casa na Ilha is a space where to develop, improve and curate personal and group projects in an interdisciplinary ambience, nurturing for different views opinions and expertise. The residency program promotes the development of projects in all stages, from conception of the idea to the presentation of the same.
Artists work on a self-directed residency: you will have uninterrupted, self-directed work time. We will not pressure you to deliver finished work; you can focus solely on research and development of ideas.However, during your stay there will be a tutor on location 24/7 to discuss ideas, projects and progress of work during the duration of the residency time, respecting artists pace and direction. We do not provide a set program or itinerary for artists to follow, sessions and tutor advice and support will be approached personally case by case around artists self directed practices. Tutor will give you guidance as well as help make the necessary contacts, approaches and arrangements with different parties the project requires.
Each sessions hosts 4 – 6 artists at the same time, from different disciplines, giving the opportunity to artists in residency to gain new ideas and insights that can be applied to creative exploration and the development of their work through peer interaction and discussion groups. Common spaces will be conceived to promote not only collaboration between the artists, but to empower ideas between different participants and interdisciplinary learning. Casa na Ilha embraces the role of being an active platform of thinking, discussion, production and sharing trough daily interactions open to share and exchange ideas and perspectives among participants.
Casa na Ilha gathers individuals with different expertise, sensibilitites, skills and backgrounds committed to contribute to the enrichment of intellectual and artistic circles with their professional collaborations and public interactions, also carrying a strong belief in the importance of building a community that shares and grows.
Application Process
You can apply now Both individual and group application are accepted.
Applications are accepted in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
To apply we will ask:
- Short bio or statement.
- Proposal describing the project or idea that you would like develop during the stay at Casa na Ilha.
- A brief description of what you do or a selection of works or writing samples. ( maximum of 12 items).
- Link to website/blog (if you have one).
There is NO fee to apply. All submission will be received and process within one week.
If your application is succesful, you will receive a letter of acceptance. To secure your place you will be requiered to make a 50% deposit of the total fees within one week. The pending amount should be cancelled 60 days prior to your arrival
Send us and e mail to recieve your application form to email@example.com or visit our website www.casanailha.org
Ilhabela Island - Brazil - Art Residency // 2018
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Apocalypse Now Movie Poster Description
Classic Movie Poster featuring Apocalypse Now - temporary back order until 4/22/15
Graphic reproductions of famous movie posters and film legends.
Printed on high-quality matte paper.
Available only as single-sided posters.
Poster Size: 27 x 39 inches.
Professionally framed in a 1-inch Black or Silver aluminum frame.
Permanently mounted between a backer and acrylic sheet protector.
Hanging wire on the back.
Individual posters ship rolled in a tube.
Custom Framed posters ship flat in a box and require approximately 1-week production-time.


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One of the cherished customs of childhood is choosing up sides for a ball game. Where I grew up, we did it this way: The two chief bullies of the neighborhood would appoint themselves captains of the opposing teams, and then they would take turns picking other players. On each round, a captain would choose the most capable (or, toward the end, the least inept) player from the pool of remaining candidates, until everyone present had been assigned to one side or the other. The aim of this ritual was to produce two evenly matched teams and, along the way, to remind each of us of our precise ranking in the neighborhood pecking order. It usually worked.
None of us in those days—not the hopefuls waiting for our name to be called, and certainly not the two thick-necked team leaders—recognized that our scheme for choosing sides implements a greedy heuristic for the balanced number partitioning problem. And we had no idea that this problem is NP-complete—that finding the optimum team rosters is certifiably hard. We just wanted to get on with the game.
And therein lies a paradox: If computer scientists find the partitioning problem so intractable, how come children the world over solve it every day? Are the kids that much smarter? Quite possibly they are. On the other hand, the success of playground algorithms for partitioning might be a clue that the task is not always as hard as that forbidding term "NP-complete" tends to suggest. As a matter of fact, finding a hard instance of this famously hard problem can be a hard problem—unless you know where to look. Some recent results, which make use of tools borrowed from physics and mathematics as well as computer science, have now shown exactly where the hard problems hide.
The organizers of sandlot ball games are not the only ones with an interest in efficient partitioning. Closely related problems arise in many other resource-allocation tasks. For example, scheduling a series of jobs on a dual-processor computer is a partitioning problem: Sorting the jobs into two sets with equal running time will balance the load on the processors. Another example is apportioning the miscellaneous assets of an estate between two heirs.
Here is a slightly more formal statement of the partitioning problem. You are given a set of n positive integers, and you are asked to separate them into two subsets; you may put as many or as few numbers as you please in each of the subsets, but you must make the sums of the subsets as nearly equal as possible. Ideally, the two sums would be exactly the same, but this is feasible only if the sum of the entire set is even; in the event of an odd total, the best you can possibly do is to choose two subsets that differ by 1. Accordingly, a perfect partition is defined as any arrangement for which the "discrepancy"—the absolute value of the subset difference—is no greater than 1.
Try a small example. Here are 10 numbers—enough for two basketball teams—selected at random from the range between 1 and 10:
2 10 3 8 5 7 9 5 3 2
Can you find a perfect partition? In this instance it so happens there are 23 ways to divvy up the numbers into two groups with exactly equal sums (or 46 ways if you count mirror images as distinct partitions). Almost any reasonable method will converge on one of these perfect solutions. This is the answer I stumbled onto first:
(2 5 3 10 7) (2 5 3 9 8)
Both subsets sum to 27.
This example is in no way unusual. As a matter of fact, among all sets of 10 integers between 1 and 10, more than 99 percent have at least one perfect partition. (To be precise, of the 10 billion such sets, 9,989,770,790 can be perfectly partitioned. I know because I counted them—and it wasn't easy.)
Maybe larger sets are more challenging? With a list of 1,000 numbers between 1 and 10, working the problem by pencil-and-paper methods gets tedious, but a simple computer program makes quick work of it. A variation on the two-bullies algorithm does just fine. First sort the list of numbers according to magnitude, then go through them in descending order, assigning each number to whichever subset currently has the smaller sum. This is called a greedy algorithm, because it takes the largest numbers first.
The greedy algorithm almost always finds a perfect partition for a list of a thousand random numbers no greater than 10. Indeed, the procedure works equally well on a set of 10,000 or 100,000 or a million numbers in the same range. The explanation of this success is not that the algorithm is a marvel of ingenuity. Lots of other methods do as well or better.
A particularly clever algorithm was described in 1982 by Narendra Karmarkar and Richard M. Karp, who were then both at the University of California, Berkeley. It is a "differencing" method: At each stage you choose two numbers from the set to be partitioned and replace them by the absolute value of their difference. This operation is equivalent to deciding that the two selected integers will go into different subsets, without making an immediate commitment about which numbers go where. The process continues until only one number remains in the list; this final value is the discrepancy of the partition. You can reconstruct the partition itself by working backward through the series of decisions. In the search for perfect partitions, the Karmarkar-Karp procedure succeeds even more often than the greedy algorithm.
At this point you may be ready to dismiss partitioning as just a wimpy problem, unworthy of the designation NP-complete. But try one more example. Here is another list of 10 random numbers, chosen not from the range 1 to 10 but rather from the range between 1 and 210, or 1,024:
771 121 281 854 885 734 486 1003 83 62
This set does have a perfect partition, but there is just one, and finding it takes a little persistence. The greedy algorithm does not succeed; it gets stuck on a partition with a discrepancy of 32. Karmarkar-Karp does slightly better, reducing the discrepancy to 26. But the only sure way to find the one perfect partition is to check all possible partitions, and there are 1,024 of them.
If this challenge is still not daunting enough, try 100 numbers ranging up to 2100, or 1,000 numbers up to 21000. Unless you get very lucky, deciding whether such a set has a perfect partition will keep you busy for quite a few lifetimes.
To make sense of what's going on here, it's necessary first to be clear about what it means for a problem to be hard. Computer science has reached a rough consensus on this issue: Easy problems can be solved in "polynomial time," whereas hard problems require "exponential time." If you have a problem of size x, and you know an algorithm that can solve it in x steps or x2 steps or even x50 steps, then the problem is officially easy; all of these expressions are polynomials in x. But if your best algorithm needs 2x steps or xx steps, you're in trouble. Such exponential functions grow faster than any polynomial for large enough values of x.
The easy, polynomial-time problems are said to lie in class P; hard problems are all those not in P. The notorious class NP consists of some rather special hard problems. As far as anyone knows, solving these problems requires exponential time. On the other hand, if you are given a proposed solution, you can check its correctness in polynomial time. (NP stands for "nondeterministic polynomial"—although admittedly that's not much help in understanding the concept.)
Where does number partitioning fit into this taxonomy? Both the greedy algorithm and Karmarkar-Karp have polynomial running time; they can partition a set of n numbers in less than n2 steps. For purposes of classification, however, these algorithms simply don't count, because they're not guaranteed to find the right answer. The hierarchy of problem difficulty is based on a worst-case analysis, which disqualifies an algorithm if it fails on even one problem instance. The only known method that does pass the worst-case test is the brute-force approach of examining every possible partition. But this is an exponential-time algorithm: Each integer in the set can be assigned to either of the two subsets, so that there are 2n partitions to be considered.
Partitioning is a classic NP problem. If someone hands you a list of n numbers and asks, "Does this set have a perfect partition?" you can always find the answer by exhaustive search, but this can take an exponential amount of time. If you are given a proposed perfect partition, however, you can easily verify its correctness in polynomial time. All you need to do is add up the two subsets and compare the sums, which takes time proportional to n.
Indeed, partitioning is not just an ordinary member of the class NP; it is one of the elite NP problems designated NP-complete. What this means is that if someone discovered a polynomial-time algorithm for partitioning, it could be adapted to solve all NP problems in polynomial time. Each NP-complete problem is a skeleton key to the entire class NP.
Given these sterling credentials as a hard problem, it's all the more perplexing that partitioning often yields so readily to simple and unsophisticated methods such as the greedy algorithm. Does this problem have teeth, or is it just a sheep in wolf's clothing?
An answer to this question has emerged in the past few years from a campaign of research that spans at least three disciplines—physics, mathematics and computer science. It turns out that the spectrum of partitioning problems has both hard and easy regions, with a sharp boundary between them. On crossing that frontier, the problem undergoes a phase transition, analogous to the boiling or freezing of water.
The standard classification of computing problems as P or NP and so on assumes that difficulty increases as a function of problem size. In the case of number partitioning, two factors determine the size of a problem instance: how many numbers are in the set, and how big they are. Specifically, the size of an instance is the number of bits needed to represent it, and this depends both on the number of integers, n, and on the number of bits, m, in a typical integer. Thus a set of 100 integers in a range near 2100 has n=100 and m=100 and a problem size of 10,000 bits.
Given this measure of size, one might expect that partitioning problems would get harder as the product of n and m increases. This conclusion is not entirely wrong; algorithms do have to labor longer over bigger problems, if only to read the input. Yet, surprisingly, the product nm is not the best predictor of difficulty in number partitioning. Instead it's the ratio m/n.
Some simple reasoning about extreme cases takes the mystery out of this assertion. Suppose the ratio of m to n is very small, say with m=1 and n=1,000. The task, then, is to partition a set of 1,000 numbers, each of which can be represented by a single bit. This is trivially easy: A one-bit positive integer must be equal to 1, and so the input to the problem is a list of a thousand 1s. Finding a perfect partition is just a matter of counting. At the opposite extreme, consider the case of m=1,000 and n=2 (the smallest n that makes sense in a partitioning problem). Here the separation into subsets is easy—how many ways can you partition a set of two items?—but the likelihood of a perfect partition is extremely low. It's just the probability that two randomly selected 1,000-bit numbers will be equal.
Now it becomes clear why in my baby-boom neighborhood we so easily formed ourselves into well-matched teams. Among the dozen or more kids who would gather for a game, athletic abilities may have differed by a factor of 10, but surely not by a factor of 1,000. The parameter m is the base-2 logarithm of this range of talents, and so it was no greater than 3 or 4. Thus m/n was rather small—less than 1—and we had many acceptable solutions to choose from. Perhaps if we had had a young Michael Jordan or Mia Hamm in the neighborhood, I would take a different view of the number-partitioning problem today.
The ratio m/n divides the space of partitioning problems into two regions. Somewhere between them—between the fertile valley where solutions bloom everywhere and the stark desert where even one perfect partition is too much to expect—there must be a crossover region. There lies the phase transition.
The concept of a phase transition comes from physics, but it also has a long history of applications to mathematical objects. Forty years ago Paul Erdo?s and Alfred Rényi described phase transitions in the growth of random graphs (collections of vertices and connecting edges). By the 1980s, phase transitions had been observed in many combinatorial processes. The most thoroughly explored example is an NP-complete problem called satisfiability. A 1991 article by Peter Cheeseman, Bob Kanefsky and William M. Taylor, titled "Where the Really Hard Problems Are," conjectured that all NP problems have a phase transition and suggested that this is what distinguishes them from problems in P.
Meanwhile, in another paper with a provocative title ("The Use and Abuse of Statistical Mechanics in Computational Complexity"), Yaotian Fu of Washington University in St. Louis argued that number partitioning is an example of an NP problem without a phase transition. This assertion was disputed by Ian P. Gent of the University of Strathclyde and Toby Walsh of the University of York, who presented strong computational evidence for the existence of a phase transition. Their measurements suggested that the critical value of the m/n ratio, where easy problems give way to hard ones, is about 0.96.
Stephan Mertens, of Otto von Guericke Universität in Magdeburg, Germany, has now given a thoroughgoing analysis of number partitioning from a physicist's point of view. His survey paper (which has been my primary source in writing this article) appears in a special issue of Theoretical Computer Science devoted to phase transitions in combinatorial problems.
As a means of understanding the phase transition, Mertens sets up a correspondence between the number-partitioning problem and a model of a physical system. To see how this works, it helps to think of the partitioning process in a new context. Instead of unzipping a list of numbers into two separate lists, keep all the numbers in one place and multiply some of them by –1. The idea is to negate just the right selection of numbers so that the entire set sums to 0. Now comes the leap from mathematics to physics: The collection of positive and negative numbers is analogous to an array of atoms in a magnetic material, with the plus and minus signs representing up and down spins. Specifically, the system resembles an infinite-range antiferromagnet, where every atom can feel the influence of every other atom, and where the favored configuration has spins pointing in opposite directions.
This strategy for studying partitioning may seem slightly perverse. It takes a simply stated problem in combinatorics and turns it into a messy and rather obscure system in statistical mechanics. Why bother? The reason is that physics offers some powerful tools for predicting the behavior of such a system. In particular, the interplay of energy and entropy governs how the collection of spins can be expected to evolve toward a state of stable equilibrium. The energy in question comes from the interaction between atomic spins (or between positive and negative numbers); because the system is an antiferromagnet, the energy is minimized when the spin vectors are oppositely oriented (or when the subsets sum to zero). The entropy measures the number of ways of achieving the minimum-energy state; a system with a unique ground state (or just one perfect partition) has zero entropy. When there are many equivalent ways of minimizing the energy (or partitioning a set perfectly), the entropy is high.
The ratio m/n controls the state of this system. When m is much greater than n, the spins almost always have just one configuration of lowest energy. At the other pole, when m is much smaller than n, there are a multitude of zero-energy states, and the system can land in any one of them. Mertens showed that the transition between the two phases comes at m/n=1, at least in the limit of very large n. And he derived corrections for finite n that may explain why Gent and Walsh measured a slightly different transition point.
Finally, Mertens showed just how hard the hard phase is. Searching for the best partition in this region is equivalent to searching a randomly ordered list of random numbers for the smallest element of the list. Only an exhaustive traverse of the entire list can guarantee an exact result. What's worse, there are no really good heuristic methods; no shortcuts are inherently superior to blind, random sampling.
Yet this is not to say that heuristics for partitioning are totally worthless. On the contrary, the phase-transition model helps explain how the Karmarkar-Karp algorithm works. The differencing operation reduces the range of the numbers and so diminishes m/n, sliding the problem toward the easy phase. The algorithm can't be counted on to find the very best partition, but it's an effective way of avoiding the worst ones.
The work of Mertens has answered most of the major questions about number partitioning, and yet it's not quite the end of the story. The methods of statistical mechanics were developed as tools for describing systems made up of vast numbers of component parts, such as the atoms of a macroscopic specimen of matter. When applied to number partitioning, the methods are strictly valid only for very large sets, where m and n both go to infinity (while maintaining a fixed ratio). Those who need to solve practical partitioning problems are generally interested in somewhat smaller values of m and n.
Mertens's results have another limitation as well. In calculating the distribution of optimal solutions, he had to adopt a simplifying approximation at one crucial step, assuming that certain energies in the spin system are random. The true distribution of those energies is harder to deduce, but the task has been undertaken by Christian Borgs and Jennifer T. Chayes of Microsoft Research and Boris Pittel of Ohio State University. They have reclaimed the problem from the realm of physics and brought it back to mathematics. Their paper giving detailed proofs runs to nearly 40 pages.
To their surprise, Borgs, Chayes and Pittel discovered that Mertens's random-energy approximation actually yields exact results in the limiting case of infinite m and n. Under these conditions the phase transition is perfectly sharp. Anywhere below the critical ratio m/n=1, the probability of a perfect partition is 1; above this threshold the probability is 0. Borgs, Chayes and Pittel also give a precise account of how the phase transition softens and broadens for smaller problems. When n is finite, the probability of a perfect partition varies smoothly between 0 or 1, with a "window" of finite width surrounding the critical ratio.
If my friends and I back on the ball field had known all this, would we have played better games? Probably not, but in retrospect I take satisfaction in the thought that our ritual for choosing teams was algorithmically well-founded.
© Brian Hayes


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|Biosequences .. Software .. Molbio soft .. Network News .. FTP
Dear colleagues, I would like to inform you about the upcoming "3rd International Conference on Transgenic Animals" October, 2000 in Beijing, China. This conference is focused on transgenic research and technology, which play vital roles in diversified fields within the life sciences. ICTA 2000 is a forum for new developments and future plans involving transgenic technology. The members of the organizing committee have put together an impressive list of session chairs and speakers that will help to make this an excellent conference. Consisting of technical presentations, invited speakers, poster sessions and exhibits from all over the world, the conference is an excellent opportunity to exchange ideas, techniques and applications in this exceedingly important and rapidly expanding area. Hosted in China, attendees also have a wonderful opportunity to experience this unique and fascinating part of the world. On behalf of the Organizing and Scientific Committees, we invite your participation in this important international conference. Sincerely, Peifeng Chen (Administrative Coordinator) P.S.: ICTA 2000 is also an ideal destination for international companies looking for newer business opportunities or expanding their present operations in China. If you would like to explore opportunities for your company to participate in the 3rd ICTA sponsorship program, please contact Ms. P. Chen (icta2000 at hotmail.com) for details. Information about the previous conferences is available at http://www.globalink.org/events/ICTA/ http://www.freeyellow.com/members2/2ndicta/ or in the following articles: Lab. Anim. Sci. 1999 Apr; 49(2):135-6 and Transgenic Res. 1999 Feb;8(1):55-70 -------------------------------------------------------- (The third e-mail edition of 3rd ICTA announcement) 3rd International Conference on Transgenic Animals(ICTA) Oct.16-21, 2000 Beijing China Co-chairs: David Lee Kooyman <dlk5 at email.byu.edu> Eckhard Wolf <ewolf at lmb.uni-muenchen.de> Topics: 1. Transgenic expression in mammals Peter Sobieszczuk, PhD chair (Imperial College of Medicine, London, England) 2. Transgenic expression in plants<br> Ilya Raskin, PhD chair (Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ USA) 3. Transgenic Disease models Jing Zhou, MD, PhD chair (Harvard Inst. Med, Boston, Mass. USA) 4. Transgenic expression in poultry Robert Ivarie, PhD chair (Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA USA) 5. Transgenic expression in fish Richard Winn, PhD chair (Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA USA) 6. Transgenic transplantation models Ignacio Anegon, MD chair (Sante University, Nantes, France) 7. Transgenic Techniques Mike Martin, PhD chair (Nextran, Princeton, NJ USA) 8. Manipulation of ES cells and Cloning Jerry Yang, PhD chair (Univ. of Conn. Storrs, CT USA) 9. Genomic and Proteomic analysis of transgenic animal models-Technical Session Georg Arnold, PhD chair (Gene Center, LMU, Munich, Germany) 10. ENU Mutagenesis-phenotype driven approaches for analyzing gene function-Technical Session Eckhard Wolf, PhD chair (Inst. of Molecular Animal Breeding, LMU, Munich, Germany) Keynote Speakers: Eckhard Wolf (Germany), Yanru Chen (USA), Carl Pinkert (USA), Jing Zhuo (USA), Jake Chen (USA), David Kooyman (USA) Sponsor: ISTR(International Society for Transgenic Research) Co-Sponsor(s): Transgenic Research Kluwer Academic Publishers (continued) Organizers: CICCST(China International Conference Center for Science & Technology) BILONG Transgenics; Contact: Ms. Peifeng Chen, Administrative Coordinator Ms. Jenny Zuo, Local Coordinator Organising Committee: Chairman Mr. Li Birong, President of BILONG Transgenics; Zhonglian Zhang, Peifeng Chen, Wilfried Rossoll, Rajiv Pant, Lionel Lee, Liang Wang, Rick Xie, Chen Hong, BILONG Transgenics Academic Division Add: C13 Beiyiiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, China Box: P.O. Box 2714, Beijing 100080, China Tel: 86-10-8262-5664 Fax: 86-10-6253-2114 Email: 3rdICTA at bilong.com Web: www.ciccst.org.cn/icta ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com


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You also acknowledge that any driver to whom you are referred is not authorized to commit IDYC to any agreements beyond this agreement, furthermore, driver is contractually bound not to represents itself as an agent or legal representative of IDYC, and shall not be construed as ever doing so.
You expressly understand and agree that your use of the services and the site is at your sole risk. You are willing to personally bear any risks related to your use of the services, assuming full responsibility for any harm or damage that may result. All services are provided on an "As is, where is" basis. IDYC expressly disclaims all warranties, guarantees, and conditions of any kind whether express or implied. Rider acknowledges that in exchange for receipt of the services, rider hereby: (A) releases IDYC, its members, for any injury, including death or property damage that may occur in connection with the services; and (B) agrees not to initiate any legal proceedings against IDYC, its members, managers, employees, agents with respect to any such claims or damages.
You may use the Site only if you can form a binding contract with IDYC, and only in compliance with these Terms and all applicable local, state, federal, and international laws, rules and regulations. Any use or access to the Site by anyone under 18 is strictly prohibited and in violation of these terms. The Site is not available to or authorized for use by any users previously removed from the Site by IDYC, any users or persons acting on behalf of an organization or entity and not in his or her personal or individual capacity, or any users accessing the Site for any purpose other than to seek to participate in an actual ride for personal purposes, unless specifically authorized by IDYC (collectively "Unauthorized Users"). Unauthorized Users are strictly prohibited from accessing or attempting to access, directly or indirectly, the Site. Any such unauthorized use is strictly forbidden and shall constitute a violation of federal and applicable state and local laws.
Subject to these Terms, you are hereby granted a non-exclusive, limited, non-transferable, freely revocable license to use the Site for personal, noncommercial use only and as permitted by the features of the Service and applicable law, including but not limited to state rideshare and carpool exemptions. IDYC reserves all rights not expressly granted herein in the Service and the Site Content (as defined below). IDYC may terminate this license at any time for any reason or no reason.
Except for your User Content, the Site and all materials therein or transferred thereby, including, without limitation, software, images, text, graphics, illustrations, logos, intellectual property, photographs, audio, videos, music, and User Content belonging to other Users (the "Site Content"), and all intellectual property rights related thereto, are the exclusive property of IDYC and its licensors (including other Users who post User Content to the Site). Except as explicitly provided herein, nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to create a license in or under any such intellectual property rights, and you agree not to sell, license, rent, modify, distribute, copy, reproduce, transmit, publicly display, publicly perform, publish, adapt, edit or create derivative works from any Site Content. Use of the Site Content for any purpose not expressly permitted by these Terms is strictly prohibited.
You may choose to or we may invite you to submit comments or ideas about the Service, including without limitation about how to improve the Site or our Services ("Feedback"). By submitting any Feedback, you agree that your disclosure is gratuitous, unsolicited and without restriction and will not place IDYC under any fiduciary or other obligation, and that we are free to use the Feedback without any additional compensation to you, and/or to disclose the Feedback on a non-confidential basis or otherwise to anyone. You further acknowledge that, by acceptance of your submission, IDYC does not waive any rights to use similar or related ideas previously known to IDYC, or developed by its employees, or obtained from sources other than you.
By creating an online account on the Site, you will receive a password and account designation for access to an online account with IDYC. You will be solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of the online account and its password, and are solely responsible for any and all activities that occur under your account.
As an IDYC account holder, you agree to (a) immediately notify us of any unauthorized use of your password or account or any other breach of security, and (b) ensure that you always exit from your account at the end of each session. You agree that IDYC cannot and will not be liable for any loss or damage arising from your failure to comply with these requirements.
You acknowledge, consent and agree that IDYC may access, preserve and disclose your account information if, in our sole discretion, we believe doing so is in any manner necessary to: (a) comply with legal process; (b) enforce these Terms; (c) respond to claims that any online content that violates the legal rights or obligations of third parties with whom we contract; (d) respond to your requests for customer service; or (e) protect the rights, property and personal safety of IDYC, its Users and the public.
IDYC expressly reserves the right to immediately modify, suspend or terminate your account and refuse current or future use of our online services and referral services. Reasons for doing so include, but are not limited to, instances in which IDYC believes in its sole discretion, you have: (i) violated or tried to violate the legal rights of others to use the services of and/or associate with IDYC; or (ii) have violated these Terms. You hereby agree that, under these Terms, IDYC is not required to give you any prior notice of termination of your account and referrals.
By creating an online account, you acknowledge and understand that the software that embodies the Site may include security components that allow us to protect, record, and preserve data that is utilized by operation of the software. By using any software made available through the Site, you agree that you shall not attempt to override or circumvent any such protective, recording, or preservation measures, including but not limited to the usage rules embedded in the software.
IDYC shall charge you for the transportation services provided to you by the Driver on behalf of the Driver. You agree that you will pay for all transportation services you purchase from the Driver, and that IDYC may charge your credit card account as provided by you when registering for the Service for the transportation services that may be accrued by or in connection with your account. You are responsible for the timely payment of all fees and for providing IDYC with a valid credit card account for payment of all fees at all times. Any payment made is non-refundable.
IDYC uses a third-party payment processor (the "Payment Processor") to link your credit card account to the Service. The processing of payments or credits, as applicable, in connection with your use of the Service will be subject to the terms, conditions and privacy policies of the Payment Processor and your credit card issuer in addition to these Terms. IDYC is not responsible for any errors by the Payment Processor.
The rates that apply for the Services by the Driver can be found on the Site. IDYC reserves the right to adjust, at any time, the fees for its Services. Passenger understands that IDYC Services are available on a first come first serve basis and may not be available when a Passenger requires such Service unless booked in advance. In addition, Passenger understands that on occasion, due to the nature of the Service, it may take longer than anticipated for a Driver to get to your location. There may be occasions when a deviation from the original booking arrangements could occur due to unforeseen circumstances. In such cases, Passenger agrees to hold IDYC harmless for any situation or circumstances that may arise as a result of any such delay.
If you wish to cancel your request for a transportation referral, you must do so within twelve hours of the requested start time. Failure to do so will result in an automatic, minimum cancellation charge of $42.00. Any cancellations/revisions to a reservation must be made through the corporate office either by editing the order in your profile on www.idriveyourcar.com or by calling 888-888-7897 and speaking to a live customer service representative.
All payments for Services are non-refundable and there are no refunds or credits for unused or partially used Services or Service cancellations.
Passenger is aware and acknowledges that the use of the Services involves an inherent risk of injury, death, and property damage to Passenger and Passenger's guest and invitees. In addition to the inherent risks involved in the operation of an automobile in the possession and control of Passenger on public and private roadways, Passenger is aware of the risks of injury, death, and property damage that may result from, among other causes, the active or passive negligence of a Driver and IDYC and its and its agents, successors, licensees, assigns, affiliated companies, and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees, including, without limitation, the risk of negligent instruction or supervision. Passenger voluntarily agrees to assume all risks of injury, death, and property damage to Passenger and any and all passengers of the vehicle operated by a Driver and Passenger waives any and all claims or actions that Passenger may have against a Driver and IDYC and its agents, successors, licensees, assigns, affiliated companies, and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees.
Your use of THE Site and/or any Services is at your own risk. The Site and Services are provided on an "as is" basis without any representation or endorsement made and without warranty of any kind whether expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of satisfactory quality, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, security and accuracy.
IDYC and its agents, successors, officers, employees, members, licensees, assigns, affiliated companies, and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees will not be liable for any direct, indirect, or consequential loss or damage whatsoever arising out of or in connection with the use of the site and/or services.
Passenger releases IDYC and its agents, successors, licensees, assigns, affiliated companies, and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees (collectively, the "Released Parties") from all liability to Passenger and Passenger's principals, employees, agents, representatives, guardians, successors, assigns, heirs, guests, invitees children, and next of kin for all liability, claims, damage, or demands for personal injury, death, or property damage, arising from or related to these Terms or to the Services provided by Released Parties, regardless of where the injury, death, or property damage occurs. This release includes, without limitation, any personal injury, death, or property damage caused by the active or passive negligence of any of the Released Parties.
Passenger expressly understands and agrees that passenger bears sole responsibility for any loss. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall IDYC assume liability under this agreement, whether arising from contract, warranty, negligence, tort or otherwise, exceed the aggregate amounts paid to IDYC by passenger for the services that are the subject of the claim over the three (3) month period immediately preceding the event that gave rise to such claim.
Passenger agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless IDYC and its agents, successors, licensees, assigns, affiliated companies, and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees from and against any and all third party claims, actions or proceedings of any kind and from any and all damages, liabilities, costs and expenses, including without limitation reasonable attorneys' fees (collectively, "Claims") relating to or arising out of or in connection with: (i) the transportation of Passenger by any Driver and any and all Services provided to Passenger by IDYC and its agents, successors, licensees, assigns, affiliated companies, and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees; (ii) the breach of any of the representations and warranties of Passenger contained in these Terms; and (iii) the breach of any covenant or agreement of Passenger under these Terms.
If we believe, in our sole discretion, that a violation of these Terms has occurred, we may take any corrective action we deem appropriate. We reserve the right to investigate suspected violations of these Terms, including without limitation any violation arising from any user information. We may seek to gather information from a user who is suspected of violating these Terms (or from any other user) and you agree to provide us with such information. We will fully cooperate with any law enforcement authorities or court order requesting or directing us to disclose the identity of anyone posting, publishing, or otherwise making available any information, emails, or other materials that are believed to violate these Terms.
You acknowledge and agree that IDYC exclusively owns all rights, title and interest in and to the information and content provided through the Site and all proprietary rights in the information. Reproduction, distribution and transmission of any information obtained from the Site is strictly prohibited, except with prior written permission from IDYC. You also may not republish, post, transmit or distribute any content without our consent. You further agree not to create abstracts from or scrape our content for use on another website or service.
All matters relating to these Terms or your access to and use of the Service, shall be governed by and decided in accordance with the Laws of the State of Connecticut, without regard to any conflicts of laws and principles thereof. You hereby submit and consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of any state or federal court located within New Haven County, Connecticut, and agree that all actions or proceedings relating to the Site, the Service and these Term shall be litigated in such courts, and you hereby waive any objection which it may have based on improper venue or forum non conveniens to the conduct of any such action or proceeding in such court.
In the event any provision of these Terms is held to be invalid or unenforceable; the remaining provisions of these Terms shall remain in full force and effect.
You agree that any claim or cause of action arising out of, or related to the use of, the Service or these Terms must be filed within six (6) months after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred.
All terms and provisions hereof which should by their nature survive the termination shall so survive, including without limitation, those Sections relating to Limitations of Liability, Indemnification, Disclaimer of Warranties, Passenger Warranties, Intellectual Property.
These Terms are personal to you and may not be transferred, assigned or delegated to anyone. Any attempt by you to assign, transfer or delegate these Terms shall be null and void. We may freely assign these Terms without consent or notice.
IDYC reserves the right to amend these Terms at any time, without notice, to affect future dealings between you and IDYC. You may not alter these Terms, your obligations, or our obligations unless such an alteration is obtained in a writing signed by IDYC.
You hereby affirm that you are of sound mind and body to enter these Terms, are able to understand it, and hereby waive any defense to the enforceability of these Terms, including intoxication.
The failure of a party to enforce any right or provision of these Terms will not be deemed a waiver of such right or provision. The relationship of the parties under these Terms is that of independent contractors, and these Terms will not be construed to imply that either party is the agent, employee, or joint venturer of the other.
If an account exists with this email address, you will receive a password reset email shortly. Please check your spam folder if you do not see the e-mail right away.


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281 Cranston Crescent
Directions Midland, ON L4R 4L1
Shop at Bourgeois Motors Ford for professional service and low prices. Each member of the Bourgeois Motors sales staff is a Ford expert and is here to make buying your new car as easy as possible. Visit us today at 281 Cranston Crescent at the top of King St at Highway 12 in Midland, or call us at 705-526-2278.


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Cuprinol Anti-Slip Decking Stain.
Cuprinol Anti-Slip Decking Stain offers a rich semi-transparent colour with a tough durable finish.
It boasts a unique double action formulation which has invisible anti-slip microbeads to make decks safer than untreated wood, and algicide to help protect the film surface from green algae and mould growth.
Quick drying.
Covers up to 20m2 with two coats on bare or previously stained wood (Approx.)
Colour: Boston Teak
Size: 2.5L (Approx.)
For more great colours find your nearest store and browse our full Cuprinol range.


text:
Classic Fit Wool Tailored Trousers
€690.00 €690.00
All orders will be fulfilled by Burberry Limited and shipped from the UK. When you place your order, you accept Burberry's Terms and Conditions and confirm that you have read our Privacy Policy.
Size Guide
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In this window, you can find out the shipping and returns options for the selected item.
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- Classic-fit trousers in Yorkshire-woven wool with a flat front tailored to echo traditional British suiting. The waistband features a hand-stitched chevron detail.
- Classic fit
- Trouser inside leg length: 94.5cm/37.2in, hem width: 20.7cm/8.1in. This is based on a size IT 50 as proportions change slightly according to size.
- Model's height: 191cm/6ft 3in
- Outer: 100% wool
- Trim: 60% cotton, 40% linen
- Lining: 100% viscose
- Buttons: buffalo horn
- Regular rise, concealed hook-and-bar, button and zip fly closure, side slip pockets, back button-through welt pockets
- Specialist dry clean
- Made in Italy
- Trouser hems can be altered using our in-store service. Please see FAQs for details.
Item 45490471
Complete the Look
English Fit Wool Double-breasted Jacket
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Distinguished Clinical Professor of Law; Director, Public Defender Project
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Telephone: 608-262-9859
Office: Room 4318K, Law School
B.A. 1974, Syracuse University
J.D. 1978, George Washington University
Teaching Areas:
Constitutional Law
Criminal Law
Ethics & Professional Responsibilities
Trial Advocacy
Recently Taught Courses
725 Introduction to Criminal Procedure
852 Trial Advocacy (Defender Project)
852 Trial Advocacy
854 Clinical Program: Defense Project
940 Defense Function
940 Ethical Issues in Crim Justice (Defender Project)
940 Ethical Issues in Crim Justice (Defender Project)
Research Interests:
-Deafness and the law
-Language acquisition and its effects on behavior and comprehension
-Indigent defense
Before joining the Law School's clinical faculty, Michele LaVigne practiced as a State Public Defender in Madison, Wisconsin. She now teaches criminal law, professional responsibility, and trial advocacy. She is the director of the Remington Center's Public Defender Project, in which law students are placed as interns in public defender offices throughout Wisconsin.
Prof. LaVigne is a long-time member of the faculty of the National Criminal Defense College and the Wisconsin Public Defender Trial Skills Academy. She has given presentations to defense attorneys around the country on trial advocacy. In 2010, she received the David Niblack Award from the Wisconsin Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers for service to the indigent.
During most of her tenure at the Law School, Prof. LaVigne has been involved in research and litigation on the rights of deaf defendants. She co-authored "An Interpreter Isn't Enough: Deafness, Language and Due Process," * 2003 Wis. L. Rev. 843 (with McCay Vernon, PhD), which discusses deafness and language acquisition and their combined effects on deaf and severely hard-of-hearing individuals in the criminal justice system. Based on her advocacy for the deaf community, Prof. LaVigne received the Distinguished Member of the Year Award from the Wisconsin Association the Deaf in 2005 and the Thomas G. Cannon Equal Justice Medal from the Legal Aid Society of Milwaukee in 2009.
In 1999, Prof. LaVigne developed a mock trial program at the Wisconsin School for the Deaf in Delavan, Wisconsin. In 2004, the WSD mock trial team competed in the State Bar High School Mock Trial Competition. This was the first time in Wisconsin that a deaf team participated. The WSD team won the regional competition and placed sixth in the state semi-finals. The WSD team continued to participate in the state competition for a number of years.
More recently, Prof. LaVigne has been researching and writing in the area of language impairments and their effect on the quality of justice for affected individuals. Prof. LaVigne collaborated with Gregory Van Rybroek, JD, PhD, on scholarship related to the communicative, behavioral, and legal implications of language impairments among populations frequently found in the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Their article "Breakdown in the Language Zone: The Prevalence of Language Impairments among Juvenile and Adult Offenders and Why It Matters"** was published the the Winter 2011 edition of UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law and Policy. Their second article looked at the effects of a client's language impairments on the attorney-client relationship. The article "'He got in my face so I shot him': How Defendants' Language Impairments Impair Attorney-Client Relationships," appeared Volume 17 of the CUNY Law Review (Winter 2014).*** Prof. LaVigne is currently working with Sally Miles, PhD (Speech-Language Pathology) studying the effects of language impairments within the context of police interrogation.
Prof. LaVigne received the Law School's first Clinical Teacher of the Year Award in 2008.