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2010 Ford Taurus
Anyone know anything about the new upcoming 2010 Ford Taurus, especially if there is to be an SHO variant?
joshuag Posts: 92I read online that they are going to offer a new engine called eco-boost, and the new Taurus is going to have a SHO option. The new pictures shows a vast improvement over the 2009 Taurus with the inside looking very Accord like. I will definitely consider one when I buy my next car.0
milkman1 Posts: 80
gmhellman Posts: 121I have been a GM man most of my life. The one ford that I had bought was a 1990 Ford Ranger that burst into flames in a parking lot, turned out the hole in the firewall for the main wiring harness was still rough metal and did not have the protective barrier on it. Ford then tried to blame me when my ins company went to them for a reimbursement. I swore that I would never buy Ford again. This vehicle is so beautifal and so fulll on new technology that I am considering it for my next car. I own a 1994 olds 09 with 600000 miles on it. But, I am going to need a replacement soon, stuff is beginning to fall apart. I can't wait to sit in it and take it for a test drive. I am really interested in the ecoboost motor.0
maxhonda99 Posts: 1,289Wow! Good looking! This Taurus really has the chance to bring Ford back just like the original did in the late 1980's. The styling is all there, much better looking outside and in compared to most of it's competition. And especially better looking than both the Accord and Camry. Hope the interior materials are at least on par with those 2. And let's it hope it drives as good as it looks!0
hitman1970 Posts: 33Both the Ford Taurus and Buick LaCrosse have done fantastic redesign this year. Can't wait to try them both out. I am comparing Taurus and LaCrosse A. Because there will be no Sable and B. The Current Chevy Impala is not close to this at all. Great job Ford!0
ronsmith38 Posts: 228With the new lower roof line, will the high "command seating" be gone, along with the easy entry and superior visibility?0
dodgeman07 Posts: 574I would expect the "Command Seating" will be retained. Entry and exit ease will not be a problem either.
Visibility WILL be compromised. They've gone to a quasi-300C profile with a higher beltline. The look is sharp but outward visibility would have to be reduced to a degree. Only time behind the wheel will tell how much.
This is a vast improvement over the current model any way you slice it.0
The roofline is not significantly lower...like the Lincoln MKS, they restyled the same architecture to make it look less dumpy/dowdy. It is still a tall sedan.0
asdf9 Posts: 26It's about time ford! Instead of your junk Ford Taurus X and the Ford 500, you should of built this first. Then you might not be in the financial disaster your facing now. Who ever designed it you should buy them a house. I like the look, the rear of the car I will have to get used too but it definitely is a start. But $25,995 MSRP? See that is why I bought a Subaru. My all wheel drive will still beat the car in gas mileage. I expect 18/28 for that Taurus.
And when the Crown Victoria police interceptor is retired, expect to see this Taurus with big 18 inch black wheels, a lightbar and siren driving around perhaps your town. That big 20 cubic feet trunk, 202 inch length and Horsepower like the Crown Victoria screams, "FLEET SALES."0
Ford is just fine financially assuming the economy doesn't get any worse. Don't confuse Ford with GM and Chrysler.0
samnoe Posts: 731Yeah, I agree. And if Ford would build this Taurus in the first place they would be in trouble anyway. I mean, everyone suffers these days, including the Japanese manufacturers. So don't blame Ford. "It's the economy, stupid!"
I think that all Fords have too big steering wheels. And all American cars, for that matter, The Imports have better designed steering wheels, smaller, and better integrated controls than Ford's design.
Also the Taurus, and many recent Ford designs, have too busy dashboards with too many similar buttons. Recent Honda/Acura's does the same and they get a lot of critics. Remember, the simpler the better. More dials than buttons. And the buttons/dials should be big! Take the Toyota Highlander for an example. How beautiful interior!
I also don't like the fonts (typefaces) Ford is using on their buttons and especially their gauges. But that is my personal taste.0
But $25,995 MSRP? See that is why I bought a Subaru. My all wheel drive will still beat the car in gas mileage. I expect 18/28 for that Taurus.
Those things have nothing to do with each other. Did you buy the Subaru because of the price, the all-wheel drive, or the gas mileage? There's no competitor for the Taurus from Subaru.
Maybe it was happy hour? :blush:
1.) The price is fully competitive with other full-size sedans on the market with this level of equipment.
2.) The best Subaru on the market won't match the power/fuel economy balance that the Taurus has, thanks to its AWD. The closest economy comes from the Impreza AWD (20/27 vs. Taurus at 18/28) but is compact, and is down by 93 horsepower from the current Taurus.0
richt5 Posts: 43I like the looks of the new Taurus , but think its really over priced. I know its a big car , much bigger than the original Taurus. But the original car sold very well because of its value ( a lot of car for the money). Edmunds lists pricing starting at $32k and SHO version is said to start about $38k. There are too many really good proven cars-- entry level luxury type in this price range. A local Ford/Mercery dealer here in Florida is selling new crown vics/ Mercury Marquis for $17700 . A full sized car and better rear wheel drive. I know this is real old technology , but these cars go 200000 miles or more. What Im trying to show is how out of line the 2010 Taurus pricing is. Pricing at base of 23k- 25k would be more in line. I dont think Ford will sell many at its present offering. Too bad Its really a nice car. I almost think edmunds maybe wrong in its pricing.But they are usually right.0
What's out of line is your info. The 2010 Taurus will start at $25,995, last I checked.
Edmunds got it wrong this time!0
The Taurus pricing structure is right in line with other large cars. It is a bargain compared to the Buick Lucerne for example, but it offers better, more updated tech and features. The original Taurus was what the Fusion is now, and Ford doesn't need two Fusions.
People will be able in this market to pick up a well-equipped new Taurus for low to mid 20s. And the SHO is a bargain as well for any sedan with 365 hp. Makes me wonder why people would pay the extra for the Lincoln MKS.
The Crown Vics (reliable as they may be) are so cheap because they are moving them out, because the tooling was paid for back in the dark ages, and because they are such old tech..solid rear axle, not particularly quiet, shuddery-juddery structure, inferior safety (no stability control, fewer airbags). Not to mention they are ugly and inefficient (huge overhangs with a relatively tight back seat), have huge seam gaps and cheapo interiors. On resale, they are worthless.0
This does open the door for the MKS to move a little further upmarket, although I'm not sure what more they can do on the current platform.
It also points out that you don't need a Mercury model in between the Ford and Lincoln vehicles.0
brucelinc Posts: 815People will be able in this market to pick up a well-equipped new Taurus for low to mid 20s. And the SHO is a bargain as well for any sedan with 365 hp. Makes me wonder why people would pay the extra for the Lincoln MKS.
The SHO and Ecoboost MKS have some things in common but there are important differences, too. The SHO will be positioned as a sportier, high performance model with firmer suspension, small spoiler, and sportier interior than the Taurus Limited model. OTOH, the Ecoboost package in the MKS really adds nothing particularly sporty to the base MKS - other than a lot more power. You can get an optional "appearance" package on the Ecoboost MKS that adds some sporty doo-dads but otherwise it is more luxury biased rather than sports sedan.
If I were in the market for just a base MKS, I would certainly have to give the Taurus Limited some consideration, though.0
fsmmcsi Posts: 792Look at it this way: The Taurus is an MKS wiith a $15,000 discount because the Lincoln emblems are not present.
The Taurus is a large vehicle, so it should be compared with other large vehicles (Lucerne, DTS, S-Class, 7-Series, Genesis, Avalon, LS, and so forth). People who do not need a large vehicle will save money and save gas with one of the numerous mid-sized vehicle choices (Fusion, Camry, Accord, 6, 5-Series, C-Class, Altima/Maxima, Malibu/G6/Aura/9-3, LaCrosse, CTS, Passat, and on and on).0
bruneau1 Posts: 468I think the pricing of the 2010 Taurus is appropriate. However, i am dismayed to see that they will put 45v tires on the Limited. that means the best ride and noise levels are on the SE and SEL where not all the desirable equipment is available. Kind of stupid. i would prefer the SEL because of the 55h series tires, but it has a one CD base player. If you want the Sony outfit, you must buy the unpleasant tires. I guess they figure you need a more powerful stereo to compensate for the increased road noise!!!0
Most dealers will swap them for you. You should wait and test drive both just to be safe - there might not be as much difference as you're expecting.0
marsha7 Posts: 3,703Taurus at the Atlanta Auto Show today...looks impressive, esp next to the 2009 Taurus, which I drove as a loaner car and was mildly impressed with it...the 2010 was roped off on a pedestal, we could look but not touch or sit...is there a direct LIncoln version of the 2010, or will the MKS continue to look like the 2009 Taurus???0
Um, the MKS is the version of the 2010 Taurus I believe.
Sing with me! One of these things is not like the other...
The photos show that the MKS bears a lot more relationship with the 2010 Taurus than the 2009 Taurus. However, it is too bad that the proportions and shapes and lines of the MKS are not actually more like the 2010 Taurus. The MKS added to the front overhang and deleted some cabin space, and for what? It is not an outstanding design--though it is better than the 2009 Taurus/Montego, It is not as balanced and fresh as the 2010 Taurus. They were stuck with it, as it was far along in development, before Ford realized the depth of the trouble they were in. It is selling ok for what it is, and thank goodness Lincoln at least has this model to market now. Hopefully, more innovative stuff, like the Concept C (even if you hate it, it is a new direction and shows real creativity) is in the pipeline...cuz the MKS doesn't have any long-term staying power.0
Yep - the only thing they had time to change on the MKS was the nose. I expect a mid cycle refresh to clean up the rest like they did on the Taurus. But I wouldn't expect it to look just like the Taurus body. In fact I'm sure it won't share ANY sheetmetal. Now when's the last time you could have predicted that about a Lincoln sharing a Ford platform?0
You have to go back to the Crown Vic and Town Car. The TC got its own wheelbase, body panels, interior...even a different windshield. About time Ford-Lincoln returns to that sort of differentiation. Good to see.0
fdcapt2 Posts: 122I've been doing lots of research on the SHO, as well as the Limited. They seem to be well designed cars, and the interior is very nice. I'm having a tough time thinking about what I might miss on my '06 Passat V6. This car has everything, and then some. Prior to 2003, all my cars were either Ford or Mercury products. I really don't have many complaints on the VW, or the car before it, a '03 Acura TL. I always preached buy American, and now it looks like I might do just that, again. Anyone with some input, feel free to give me your thoughts. Thanks.....
I understand your position. Tha last American car I owned was a 73 Pontiac Grand Am. Swore I'd never buy another Big 3 product after my many expensive problems with it; and the crappiest service I've ever experienced. There's been 15 new cars since that time, all Japanese; & they've all run 150 - 200,000 miles without a problem.
That said, I'm looking forward to seriously evaluating the 10 Fusion & Taurus, Lincoln MKZ; & the New Buick Lacrosse - If GM is still around. Timing is right for me; the 06 Avalon is coming up on 150,000 in a couple of months & if any of these cars are as good as they appear to be I might just give the big 2 - forget Chrysler - another chance.0
Why not buy American? The cars are just as good and the prices are often better.Sure, American cars were crappier in the 1970s (30 to 40 years ago...how is that relevant now?), and even into the 1980s and early 1990s. But there is no reason to believe you will have a better experience buyiing a Mazda6 over a Fusion or an ES350 over a 2010 LaCrosse. The 2010 Taurus should be a reliable winner as well.0
kirby2010 Posts: 136I am definitely looking forward to checking out the new SHO. I sold my '94 SHO in 2001 w/108K miles. I really liked that car. Unfortunately there was not much else around that was American made that would compare. So I bought a 2001 Audi A6 2.7T w/6-speed. I'm holding on to the Audi until I can drive the SHO. If its as good as the write-ups seem to suggest I'll buy American again.0
That's exactly why I"m willing to give them a close look this time. I drive 40-50,000 miles a year; and a car is just another business expense to me. It has to be safe, dependable, comfortable, economical - which includes purchase price, operating expense & depreciation cost- as well as reasonably enjoyable to drive on all kinds of roads. Brand is immaterial to me; & in the last 30 years or so the foreign Mfrs. especially the Japanese, have simply done a better job of meeting my needs.0


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Simon Rattle takes on Brahms
Symphonies Nos 1-4
Berlin PO/Simon Rattle
EMI 267 2542 166:23 mins (3 discs)
'The finale of No. 2 has a real quality of exaltation, and I have never heard the third movement of No. 3 more beautifully done' Calum MacDonald
A full review plus star ratings is published in our October 2009 issue
Audio clip: Brahms: Symphony No. 3 – Poco allegretto
- Article Type: | New Release |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Study retention across 25 weeks. All treatment group differences are nonsignificant (Kaplan-Meier log-rank test = 0.34; P = .95). CMB indicates contingency management and bupropion hydrochloride; CMP, contingency management and placebo; VCB, voucher control and bupropion; and VCP, voucher control and placebo.
Observed probability of either a cocaine- or opiate-positive urine sample during weeks 3 to 25. Data shown are for the 75 individual urine samples across weeks 1 to 25. Only the first result of each week is labeled for clarity. A hierarchical linear modeling analysis was conducted on the individual results for weeks 3 to 25.
Observed probability of an opiate-positive urine sample during weeks 3 to 25. Data shown are for the 75 individual urine samples across weeks 1 to 25. Only the first result of each week is labeled for clarity. A hierarchical linear modeling analysis was conducted on the individual results for weeks 3 to 25.
Maximum consecutive weeks of opioid abstinence. The average maximum numbers of consecutive weeks of opioid abstinence were 3.38 for voucher control and placebo (VCP), 4.6 for contingency management and placebo (CMP), 5.53 for voucher control and bupropion hydrochloride (VCB), and 5.7 for contingency management and bupropion (CMB). The hierarchical linear modeling MIXPREG analysis (http://tigger.uic.edu/~hedeker/mix.html) results indicate the following: CMB vs VCP: P = .03; VCB vs VCP: P<.001; and CMP vs VCP: P<.001. All other comparisons are not statistically significant.
Observed probability of a cocaine-positive urine sample. Data shown are for the 75 individual urine samples across weeks 1 to 25. Only the first result of each week is labeled for clarity. A hierarchical linear modeling analysis was conducted on the individual results for weeks 3 to 25.
Weeks of consecutive abstinence from cocaine. The average maximum numbers of consecutive weeks of cocaine abstinence were 3.04 for voucher control and placebo (VCP), 4.28 for contingency management and placebo (CMP), 4.9 for voucher control and bupropion hydrochloride (VCB), and 6.74 for contingency management and bupropion (CMB). The hierarchical linear modeling MIXPREG analysis (see legend to Figure 4) results indicate the following: CMB vs VCP: P<.001; CMB vs CMP: P<.001; CMB vs VCB: P = .004; VCP vs CMP: P = .02; VCP vs VCB: P<.001; and CMP vs VCB: P = .29.
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Poling J, Oliveto A, Petry N, et al. Six-Month Trial of Bupropion With Contingency Management for Cocaine Dependence in a Methadone-Maintained Population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(2):219–228. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.219
© 2019
No effective pharmacotherapies exist for cocaine dependence, although contingency management (CM) has demonstrated efficacy.
To compare the efficacy of bupropion hydrochloride and CM for reducing cocaine use in methadone hydrochloride–maintained individuals.
This 25-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial randomly assigned participants to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: CM and placebo (CMP), CM and 300 mg/d of bupropion hydrochloride (CMB), voucher control and placebo (VCP), or voucher control and bupropion (VCB).
Outpatient clinic at the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System.
A total of 106 opiate-dependent, cocaine-abusing individuals.
All study participants received methadone hydrochloride (range, 60-120 mg). Participants receiving bupropion hydrochloride were given 300 mg/d beginning at week 3. In the CM conditions, each urine sample negative for both opioids and cocaine resulted in a monetary-based voucher that increased for consecutively drug-free urine samples during weeks 1 to 13. Completion of abstinence-related activities also resulted in a voucher. During weeks 14 to 25, only completion of activities was reinforced in the CM group, regardless of sample results. The voucher control groups received vouchers for submitting urine samples, regardless of results, throughout the study.
Main Outcome Measure
Thrice-weekly urine toxicologic test results for cocaine and heroin.
Groups did not differ in baseline characteristics or retention rates. Opiate use decreased significantly, with all treatment groups attaining equivalent amounts of opiate use at the end of the study. In the CMB group, the proportion of cocaine-positive samples significantly decreased during weeks 3 to 13 (P<.001) relative to week 3 and remained low during weeks 14 to 25. In the CMP group, cocaine use significantly increased during weeks 3 to 13 (P<.001) relative to week 3, but then cocaine use significantly decreased relative to the initial slope during weeks 14 to 25 (P<.001). In contrast, by treatment end, the VCB and VCP groups showed no significant improvement in cocaine use.
These findings suggest that combining CM with bupropion for the treatment of cocaine addiction may significantly improve outcomes relative to bupropion alone.
Combined opioid and cocaine use is common, and up to half of patients undergoing methadone hydrochloride therapy abuse cocaine.1-4 The most common treatment for opiate dependence is methadone therapy, which decreases injection drug use and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection and also improves social functioning.5-7 However, methadone does not directly affect cocaine use, with some studies8 even showing increases in cocaine use in patients undergoing methadone therapy. In a recent study,9 opioid-dependent patients who presented with both opioid- and cocaine-positive samples at baseline were almost 3 times more likely to drop out of treatment within a month compared with those who presented with only an initial opiate-positive result (17% vs 6%). At 1 month, samples negative for illicit drugs were noted in 3% of those with cocaine and opioid use at admission vs 43% of those with only an initially opioid-positive sample. Thus, cocaine use is related to poor outcome in patients undergoing methadone therapy.
Although methadone is an extremely effective treatment for opioid dependence, no similarly successful pharmacologic intervention for cocaine abuse has yet been found. Therapeutic effects of antidepressants in cocaine-dependent patients have been examined in several trials, with mostly disappointing results.10-18 Nevertheless, compelling reasons exist to consider such agents. Although cocaine is a potent dopamine reuptake blocker, long-term use is associated with down-regulation of dopaminergic systems.19 Bupropion hydrochloride is a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake blocker.20,21 Consequently, by augmenting dopamine, bupropion may alleviate symptoms associated with this down-regulation, leading to improved outcomes.
An initial test of the effectiveness of bupropion in cocaine-abusing patients undergoing methadone therapy was conducted by Margolin et al.22 This placebo-controlled double-blind study treated 149 patients for 12 weeks. Although no significant overall differences in cocaine use emerged between the bupropion and placebo groups, a significant effect of bupropion in lessening cocaine use occurred in a subset of depressed patients.
A form of treatment that is successful in reducing cocaine use in patients undergoing methadone therapy is contingency management (CM).23-25 Contingency management interventions provide reinforcement, typically in the form of vouchers exchangeable for retail goods and services, of objective evidence of positive behavior change. Often submission of drug-negative samples is reinforced, and in some studies,26,27 reinforcement is extended toward completion of specific activities related to long-term goal areas. Such procedures are hypothesized to improve overall functioning, thereby possibly extending beneficial effects even after reinforcement for negative samples is discontinued.28
Contingency management interventions are usually considered an add-on to other forms of therapy, and growing evidence suggests that they may augment outcomes when combined with other effective therapies, including pharmacotherapies. In a study of desipramine hydrochloride paired with CM, for example, Kosten et al29 found that the number of drug-free samples increased more rapidly in the desipramine and CM group than in those treated with either desipramine or CM alone. Additionally, the overall percentage of drug-free samples was significantly higher in the desipramine plus CM group (50%) than in the other treatment groups.
This finding of a synergistic effect of the combination of CM with an effective pharmacologic agent led us to evaluate the combination of bupropion and CM in treating cocaine-dependent patients undergoing methadone therapy in the present study. For the CM portion, we provided reinforcement contingent on both negative samples and activity completion for the first half of the study; in the second half of the study, reinforcement was provided only for activity completion. Hypotheses were that the combination of CM with bupropion would reduce cocaine use relative to either CM and placebo, placebo alone, or bupropion alone and that abstinence achieved during the initial reinforcement period would be maintained in CM patients even when reinforcement was no longer contingent on abstinence.
One hundred six individuals (mean ± SD age, 34.6 ± 9.01 years, including 30.2% females, 10.4% African Americans, 13.2% Hispanics, and 75.5% whites) seeking opioid maintenance treatment were recruited from the greater New Haven area (see Table 1). Each gave written informed consent, as approved by the Yale Human Investigations Committee and the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Human Studies Subcommittee. Each individual must have met DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence, have reported using opiates and cocaine in the week before study entry, and have had laboratory confirmation of opiate and cocaine use during the month before study entry. Exclusion criteria included the following: current diagnosis of alcohol or other drug physical dependence other than tobacco, opiates, and cocaine; history of schizophrenia or psychosis; any past seizure episode or history of anorexia nervosa or bulimia; current use of psychoactive medications; liver enzyme levels greater than 3 times the normal levels; and pregnancy or breastfeeding.
This study was a 25-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 106 individuals were randomized into 1 of 4 treatments: CM plus bupropion (CMB; n = 27), CM plus placebo (CMP; n = 25), voucher control plus bupropion (VCB; n = 30), or voucher control plus placebo (VCP; n = 24). The data manager conducted the randomization, which was computerized using an urn randomization technique,30 stratifying for sex, race, and age. Only the research pharmacist was aware of the medication condition. Research staff were aware of which patients were assigned to CM.
Patients attended the clinic at the West Haven Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System 6 days per week (Monday through Saturday) to complete study tasks, undergo counseling, and receive study medications. On Saturday, patients received study medication to take on Sunday. Patients in all conditions received once-weekly, individual cognitive behavioral therapy using materials from the collaborative cocaine psychotherapy study.31 For individuals receiving CM, counseling also included developing abstinence-related activities that were reinforced for completion.
At intake, each patient was interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and Addiction Severity Index (5th edition).32,33 The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered monthly.34 Primary outcome measures were the results of thrice-weekly cocaine and opiate urine toxicologic screening. Samples were obtained on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Each sample was immediately tested on site using the BMC Fastect II Drug Screen Dipstick Test (Branan Medical Corp, Irvine, Calif), with a cutoff concentration of 300 ng/mL. In addition to thrice-weekly on-site tests, quality control samples were also sent to the Veterans Affairs hospital laboratory on Mondays for testing using an Olympus AU 640 Emit system (Olympus America Inc, Melville, NY). Samples were rated positive if the quantity of metabolite was greater than 300 ng/mL. The results obtained from the dipsticks and the samples analyzed by the Veterans Affairs hospital laboratory showed 100% agreement.
Study participants randomized to CM (with or without active bupropion) received vouchers for submitting urine samples negative for both cocaine and opioids. Initially, participants could earn $3 per negative sample. This amount was increased by $1 for each consecutive negative sample to a maximum of $15 per sample ($15 × 3 samples = $45 maximum per week). Any sample positive for opioids or cocaine or any missed sample reset the voucher amount to $3 for the next negative sample. Reinforcement for negative samples was provided during weeks 1 to 13. Participants who submitted all 36 negative samples could earn up to $462. Beginning in week 13, samples continued to be collected thrice weekly, but no vouchers were provided based on the results.
In addition to providing vouchers for submitting drug-negative samples, reinforcement was given for completing abstinence-related activities agreed on during weekly counseling sessions. Activities were designed to be incremental steps that would help the participant remain abstinent and included such items as "attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting" or "meet with staff regarding graduate equivalency diploma classes." Only activities that were associated with an objective measure of verification (eg, signed slip from Alcoholics Anonymous chair, informational brochure, or receipt) could be selected. Although several weekly activities could be generated, a maximum of 2 activities per week were reinforced. Initial reinforcement per attained activity was $3, and this amount increased by $1 for each consecutively attained goal to a maximum of $10 per activity (2 activities × $10 = $20 per week). If an activity was not completed or verification was not provided, the voucher amount for the next activity was reset to $3. Participants in the CM groups continued to receive reinforcement for abstinence-related activities throughout the 25-week study, even after reinforcement was halted in week 14 for urine toxicologic screening results. In total, if all possible activities were completed across the 25 weeks, participants could earn up to $472 in vouchers. This amount of vouchers was in addition to any vouchers they may have earned for providing negative samples.
Once earned, voucher amounts awarded were never removed. Vouchers could be used for almost any item participants requested, although research staff retained the right to refuse to purchase certain items (eg, weapons or cigarettes). Typically, participants exchanged vouchers for gift cards to local stores, which were kept on site at the clinic for immediate access. When other requests were made, staff made every attempt to purchase and provide items by the next visit.
Participants randomized to VC conditions received $3 in vouchers per sample submitted, regardless of results. The VC participants received an additional $1 per week if they submitted all 3 samples each week (a maximum of $10 per week was possible, for a total of $250 if all 75 samples were submitted throughout the 25-week study). In the VC conditions, weekly goal-directed activities were not set during the cognitive behavior therapy sessions, and participants received no reinforcement related to counseling. Vouchers could be exchanged for retail goods and services similarly to the CM condition.
Participants received methadone daily, 7 days per week. Methadone was dispensed in liquid form from a computer-controlled dispensing pump and ingested at the dispensing window under the observation of a nurse (except on Sundays, for which take-home doses were provided). Participants began receiving methadone during week 1. An initial dose of 30 mg was raised to a target dose of 60 mg by the end of week 1. Participants not adequately maintained on this dose were given adjustments based on a clinical assessment (range, 60-120 mg). Participants received methadone throughout the 25-week study.
Bupropion hydrochloride (sustained release) was initiated in week 2 for those assigned to the active medication condition. An initial dose of 75 mg/d was increased by 75 mg every other day, attaining a target dose of 300 mg by the end of week 2, which was continued for 25 weeks. Bupropion (or placebo) was given twice daily. At the time of methadone dispensing, each participant would ingest 200 mg of bupropion hydrochloride or a placebo pill. Both the bupropion and placebo tablets were further encapsulated at the Veterans Affairs pharmacy to appear identical. The dispensing nurse checked each participant's mouth to ensure that the medication was taken. Each participant was given a 100-mg pill of bupropion hydrochloride or placebo to take home for ingestion 8 hours after the morning dose.
Baseline characteristics of participants randomized to the 4 conditions were compared using χ2 tests for categorical variables and a general linear model analysis of variance for age. Baseline differences in CES-D scores were evaluated using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test because of heterogeneity of variances. Retention across groups was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
Urine toxicologic screening and CES-D results collected over time were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).35,36 Statistical analyses using HLM have distinct advantages over standard regression analyses that make assumptions that observations across time are independent, measured at the same interval, have the same variance at each time point, and possess no missing observations. Analyses using HLM make fewer unrealistic assumptions regarding the nature of the data and allow for correlated observations, varying intervals among measurements, unequal variances, and missing data.
For the purpose of analysis, opiate and cocaine results were coded separately, and dichotomous results (negative or positive) were analyzed longitudinally. Across the 25-week study, there were 75 longitudinal toxicologic data points for both opiates and cocaine. An HLM modeling program for ordinal outcome measures, MIXOR,37 was used. In MIXOR, estimates derived from the analysis are expressed as logits, much as with logistic regression, and comparisons between models can be evaluated using overall log-likelihood statistics. All available data were used in the analyses, with no attempt made to interpolate missing data. Analyses using HLM fit a regression line for each participant, effectively interpolating missing data before deriving final estimates. Overall, including the 41.5% of participants who dropped out of treatment during the 6-month study, 21% of the 75 urine toxicologic screening results were missing, with no significant differences across groups in terms of missing data for either opiates or cocaine (F = 0.59; P = .62).
Methadone dosage began in week 1, and bupropion hydrochloride dosage began in week 2, reaching the target dose of 300 mg at the end of week 2. To reflect the timing of the full target doses, our analysis of opiate and cocaine results used data from weeks 3 to 25 only. Given that the contingencies for CM changed in week 14, a second HLM analysis using a piecewise method was conducted. Piecewise regression models are broken-line models in which the slope of the regression line may change at predetermined points called knots or breakpoints.38 A piecewise regression model provides parameter estimates for initial line slopes and for any change in slope for the regression segments that occur after the knot. The knot was set at week 14 to evaluate any change in toxicologic screening results for the second half of the study compared with the first half. Thus, the piecewise analysis allowed us to evaluate the change in slopes during weeks 3 to 13 for each group, differences in slopes among groups, and any changes in those slopes beginning in week 14. Of interest is whether the CMB combination shows a significantly improved slope over time vs the other groups.
Table 1 presents demographics and selected Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV diagnoses at intake. None of the conditions differed in terms of sex, race, age, or diagnosis of alcohol or cocaine dependence or major depressive disorder. No significant differences occurred at intake on the Addiction Severity Index number of days of self-reported heroin or cocaine use or Addiction Severity Index drug composite scores.
Figure 1 shows the proportion of participants retained per week by condition. No differences in retention occurred across the 25 weeks of the study (Kaplan-Meier log-rank test = 0.34; P = .95), with 60% of CMP, 56% of CMB, 63% of VCP, and 56% of VCB participants completing the trial.
Table 1 presents total intake CES-D scores for each group (overall mean ± SD intake score, 15.25 ± 12.76). No significant baseline differences occurred in CES-D scores using a GLM analysis of variance. The HLM analysis of the monthly total CES-D scores shows an overall significant reduction in scores throughout 25 weeks (z = −5.4; P<.001), with no significant differences by group (CMB vs CMP: P = .93; CMB vs VCB: P = .51; CMB vs VCP: P = .95; CMP vs VCB: P = .56; CMP vs VCP: P = .88; and VCB vs VCP: P = .47).
Table 2 presents voucher amounts earned by condition for each segment of the study. No differences occurred between the CMP and CMB groups in the overall amount of money earned from counseling activities (mean CMP, 140.84; mean CMB, 153.89; F = 0.09; P = .76). A repeated-measures analysis of variance that compared amounts earned for counseling activities between the first half of the study and the second half in the CMP and CMB groups found no differences for group by time (F = 0.21; P = .65).
Figure 2 shows the mean observed combined probability of either an opiate- or cocaine-positive sample across the 6-month trial. Data analyzed separately for opiates and cocaine indicated a differential response to condition based on type of drug. Consequently, we analyzed opiate and cocaine use separately.
Figure 3 shows mean observed probability of an opiate-positive sample during the 6 months. Using MIXOR, 2 models evaluated individual sample results across weeks 3 to 25 (69 results total). The first fit a linear model to the data. The second used a piecewise analysis to model differences in opiate-positive results for weeks 3 to 13 vs weeks 14 to 25. The derived model log-likelihood statistics indicated that the piecewise analysis was a significantly better fit than the linear model (log likelihood = −2447.03 vs −2438.33; χ24 = 17.39; P = .002).
Table 3 presents a summary of the piecewise regression results. As expected for patients receiving methadone treatment, statistically significant reductions occurred in opiate-positive samples over time in all groups during weeks 3 to 13. No significant differences occurred between groups in the rate of this decrease, with the exception that the CMB-treated participants decreased at a significantly lower rate than CMP (P<.001), VCP (P<.001), or VCB participants (P<.001). During weeks 14 to 25, the slope for the CMB group continued a linear decrease and did not change significantly (P = .95). In contrast, slopes for all other groups significantly increased, with the CMP group becoming slightly positive (slope, 0.001). These results indicate that all groups decreased opiate use during the first half of the study and that the rate of decrease leveled off during weeks 14 to 25. The CMB group was the only exception, maintaining a constant linear decrease across weeks 3 to 25. The HLM MIXOR analysis of the end point results, which were collapsed across weeks 24 and 25, indicates no significant differences among groups in the probability of an opiate-positive sample. These results are consistent with successful methadone treatment, in which one would expect rapid decreases in opiate use that taper off after stabilization.
Figure 4 shows the maximum number of consecutive weeks of continued opioid abstinence. The mean number of consecutive weeks was as follows: VCP, 3.4; CMP, 4.6; VCB, 5.5; and CMB, 5.7. The HLM Poisson analysis indicates that participants in the VCP group attained significantly fewer consecutive weeks of opioid abstinence compared with the other groups (CMB vs VCP: P<.001; VCB vs VCP: P<.001; CMP vs VCP: P = .03).
Figure 5 shows the mean observed probability of a positive cocaine sample. Two MIXOR HLM analyses were conducted, with the first fitting a linear model to the cocaine data. As with the opiate data, a second piecewise analysis modeled differences in cocaine-positive samples for weeks 3 to 13 vs weeks 14 to 25. The model log-likelihood statistics for the piecewise analysis indicated that it was a significantly better fit (log likelihood = −2125.46 vs −2144.44; χ24 = 37.95; P<.001) than the linear model. Consequently, results are presented using this piecewise regression method, with week 14 being the knot.
Table 4 presents HLM results of this model. During weeks 3 to 13, CMB patients significantly reduced cocaine-positive samples relative to week 3. Gains made during weeks 3 to 13 were largely maintained during weeks 14 to 25, with a small but significant (P<.001) increase in slope during weeks 14 to 25. This positive slope is very slight (0.006). In comparison, CMP patients began to have a significant increase in the number of cocaine-positive samples during weeks 3 to 13 relative to week 3, after an initial decrease during weeks 1 and 2. However, during weeks 14 to 25, CMP patients evidenced a significant reduction in the number of cocaine-positive samples relative to the slope obtained for weeks 3 to 13.
Data for the VC groups (Figure 5) show an initial reduction in the probability of a cocaine-positive sample followed by a steady increase in this probability throughout the rest of the study. For VCB patients, the HLM analysis models these data as a significant increase in the probability of a cocaine-positive result from weeks 3 to 14, with a significant increase in this probability in the second half of the study compared with the first half (P = .03). For VCP patients, HLM models an initial reduction in the probability of a cocaine-positive result across weeks 3 to 13. However, in weeks 14 to 25, VCP patients showed a highly significant shift in slope, indicating an increasing probability of a cocaine-positive result (P<.001). By the end of the study, patients in both VC groups were showing similarly high levels of cocaine use.
To illustrate these group differences at the end of the trial, an HLM Poisson analysis evaluated cocaine results from weeks 24 to 25. The observed probability of a cocaine-positive sample was as follows: CMB, 0.33; CMP, 0.57; VCB, 0.66; and VCP, 0.74. The CMB group had significantly fewer positive results than all other groups (P<.001 for all). The CMP group had fewer positive results than the VCP group (P = .03), but VC groups did not differ (P = .25).
Figure 6 shows the maximum number of weeks of consecutive cocaine abstinence. The mean consecutive weeks of abstinence were as follows: VCP, 3.04; VCB, 4.90; CMP, 4.3; and CMB, 6.7. The HLM Poisson analysis results indicate that participants in the CMB group attained significantly more consecutive weeks of abstinence than all other groups (CMB vs CMP: P<.001; CMB vs VCB: P = .004; CMB vs VCP: P<.001). Conversely, VCP patients attained significantly fewer consecutive weeks of cocaine abstinence than the other groups (VCP vs VCB: P<.001; VCP vs CMP: P = .02; VCP vs CMB: P<.001). The CMP and VCP groups did not significantly differ.
This study indicates that CMB is an effective treatment for cocaine abuse in methadone-maintained populations. This synergistic effect of medication and behavioral intervention is similar to that reported in the evaluation of desipramine combined with CM performed by Kosten et al. In the present study, CM alone was also effective in reducing cocaine use relative to the VCP condition, but only during the last half of the study.
The mechanism for the synergistic effect of CMB is not clear. One possible explanation is that bupropion may have been effective in helping participants obtain initial abstinence during the first 2 to 3 months of the study. This early abstinence would then allow participants in the CMB group to achieve reinforcement for this behavior. Participants in the CMP group, not having the benefits of bupropion, may not achieve reinforcement as early or as frequently, leading to decreased treatment response. Over time, cocaine use of CMP participants decreased as they begin to obtain sufficient reinforcement for abstinence. Participants in the VCB group may gain an early treatment benefit of bupropion on cocaine use coupled with a placebo response that is limited to only several months. In the absence of any powerful adjunctive treatment, such as CM, to build on this success, the initial gains related to bupropion may decline over time. However, developing a definitive explanation is difficult with the available data. In this study, the CM began immediately, whereas the bupropion did not reach the full dosage until week 3. Further clouding the issue are the early treatment gains made by all of the treatment groups, which may be linked to a generic placebo response and to effective methadone dosage. Stabilizing patients taking bupropion before initiating CM would help clarify this issue.
An early treatment benefit of bupropion may imply that the alleviation of cocaine withdrawal symptoms is related to its therapeutic action. Cocaine withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, psychomotor retardation, and hypersomnia. Bupropion enhances noradrenergic activity.39,40 By increasing noradrenergic activity, bupropion may alleviate some negative symptoms found in early cocaine withdrawal. This mechanism has also been proposed to explain bupropion's effectiveness for smoking cessation. A study by Lerman et al41 found that change in negative affect was a significant mediator of bupropion's effects on smoking cessation. Additionally, treatment with bupropion may abate impulsivity and increase concentration, perhaps leading to improved early treatment outcomes. Several studies42-44 have used bupropion successfully in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and more studies are necessary to further evaluate its efficacy in terms of treatment of cocaine dependence.
All 4 groups obtained significant reductions in depressive symptoms, with none of the treatments showing an advantage. This finding makes it unlikely that a reduction in depression is related to the early reduction of cocaine use in patients receiving bupropion.
Interestingly, ceasing reinforcement for urine results in the CM group halfway through the study did not alter the efficacy of the CM intervention. The CMB group maintained their early improvement in cocaine-free urine samples, whereas the CMP group decreased their number of cocaine-positive urine samples during the second half of the study. This result is consistent with other published works showing continued CM treatment effects even after changes in reinforcement from an escalating schedule to a fixed amount.45-48 The research in this regard is not completely consistent, however.25,49 Given this mixed result, more research is needed to definitively determine whether a reduction in voucher value has an impact on CM effectiveness.
Our study found that the CMB group had a slower rate of reduction of opioid use compared with the other treatment group, although all of the treatment groups showed similar rates of opioid use at the end of the study. Figure 3 indicates that this may be a statistical finding of little clinical significance. Because of the relative effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions, such as methadone for opioid dependence, there are few direct studies of the effectiveness of CM interventions on opioid use with which to compare this finding. One study that has examined this issue was conducted by Preston et al.50 That study evaluated the effects of (1) a CM intervention, (2) a methadone hydrochloride dose increase from 50 to 70 mg, (3) a combined CM and dose increase condition, and (4) neither intervention on heroin use in 120 patients enrolled in a methadone treatment program. They found that individually both CM and a dose increase were effective in reducing heroin use but that both together did not lead to larger reductions in opiate use. Our data are consistent with these findings. Following clinical examination, participants in our study were given dose increases for withdrawal symptoms or continued heroin use. Consequently, methadone dosage in our study was similar to the treatment practices of traditional methadone clinics and more effective than lower fixed maintenance doses, as used in the study by Preston et al.50 Higher methadone levels may lead to a ceiling effect in which CM shows little effect in individuals whose opiate dependence has been adequately addressed by methadone.
The findings of this study have several important implications for future research and treatment. In our study, CMB was superior in the treatment of cocaine use but not opioid use. This indicates that CM may not work for all substances of abuse, especially opioids, when the patient is already stabilized with methadone. Additionally, the findings of this study indicate that pharmaceutical agents previously dismissed as ineffective in a methadone-maintained cocaine-abusing population may in fact be effective when combined with the behavioral intervention of CM. Support for this position is derived from the study by Kosten et al,29 which found that a different agent, desipramine, combined with CM was an effective treatment for cocaine abuse in a buprenorphine hydrochloride–maintained population. Finally, our finding that CM remains effective even after a significant reduction in the amount of reinforcement has important practical implications for the use of this treatment in a clinical setting. Further research directed at reducing the cost of CM while maintaining its effectiveness will help to make this treatment increasingly feasible in mainstream clinical settings. One implication of this study is that, at least in methadone-maintained individuals who abuse cocaine, pharmaceutical augmentation of CM interventions may strengthen patient response, making less expensive reinforcement protocols possible.
Some limitations of this study must be acknowledged. Participants were given an evening dose of bupropion to take at home. This study did not use special bottle caps (Medication Event Monitoring System, Union City, Calif) or other methods to track participant compliance. To circumvent this issue, we gave two thirds (200-300 mg) of the daily dose at the methadone-dispensing window. Additionally, although we have hypothesized that the alleviation of cocaine withdrawal symptoms may be related to bupropion's action, we did not measure these symptoms. Further studies should take into account both withdrawal symptoms and cognitive measures of attention and impulsivity.
This study indicates that bupropion augmented with CM may be an effective treatment for cocaine abuse. Further studies will help in delineating the exact mechanisms of bupropion's effects and in addressing concerns regarding CM's long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
Correspondence: James Poling, PhD, West Haven VA Bldg 36, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: May 12, 2005; final revision received August 16, 2006; accepted August 18, 2005.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by grants R01 DA05626, P50 DA12762, and K05-DA00454 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Md.
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Brush Set
Let customers speak for usfrom 203 reviews
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MONTREAL, Feb. 4 (UPI) -- Carey Price cooled off the Flames with a 27-save shutout Tuesday, backstopping the Montreal Canadiens over Calgary 2-0.
Price logged his fourth shutout of the season and 23rd of his career in an effort that could cement his role as Team Canada's starting goalie in the upcoming Sochi Winter Olympics.
Rene Bourque scored in the second period and David Desharnais added an empty-netter as the Canadiens snapped the Flames' five-game winning streak.
Reto Berra, subbing for the Karri Ramo (knee), made 25 saves for Calgary.


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Photos helps you keep your growing library organized and accessible. Powerful and intuitive editing tools help you perfect your images. Memories displays the best images from your photo library in beautiful collections. And with iCloud Photos, you can keep a lifetime's worth of photos and videos stored in iCloud and up to date on all of your devices.
Before you begin
- Update your Mac to the latest version of macOS.
- If you use iPhoto or Aperture to manage your photos and videos, upgrade to the Photos app.
Access all of your photos from anywhere
iCloud Photos automatically keeps all your photos in iCloud, so you can access them on your iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Apple TV, Mac, iCloud.com, or on a PC. When you edit and organize images in the Photos app, your changes are kept up to date and visible everywhere.
Manage your iCloud storage
The photos and videos that you keep in iCloud Photos use your iCloud storage. Before you turn on iCloud Photos, make sure that you have enough space to store your entire collection. You can see how much space you need and then upgrade your storage plan if necessary.
Turn on iCloud Photos
It's easy to get started. Just turn on iCloud Photos in your Settings and make sure that you're signed in with the same Apple ID on all of your devices. On your Mac, go to System Preferences > iCloud and click the Options button next to Photos. Then select iCloud Photos.
Keep your photo library organized
On your Mac, your photo collection is separated into four main categories: Photos, Moments, Collections, and Years. The Photos tab shows all your photos and videos in chronological order. In Moments, Collections, and Years, you'll find your photos and videos grouped together based on the time and place they were taken.
The Photos app sorts your photos into Memories, Favorites, People, and Places in the sidebar under Library. The sidebar also shows what you and your friends have shared, your photo albums, and projects that you've created.
Do more with the Photos app
Your Mac is the place that you go to get things done. That's why the Photos app makes it easier than ever to create a stunning slideshow, share with anyone you like, and quickly find the moment you're looking for. All with a few clicks.
Play a slideshow
Instantly prepare a slideshow directly in Photos. Open any album and click Slideshow. Customize the theme and music, and you're ready to go.
Or you can click the title of a Moment, Collection, or Year. Then click .
Share with friends
Use to share photos in Shared Albums, Mail, and more. Or send photos to your social media accounts, such as Facebook and Twitter.
Select multiple photos
The Photos app makes working with multiple photos and videos from your library quick and efficient. Just select more than one photo or video, and immediately see how many you've selected in the upper-right corner of the Photos app. Then you can move them into an album, hide, delete, get info, and more.
Search your photos
Find the photo or video you're looking for in no time. Just use the search bar that's built directly into the Photos toolbar. You can search for photos using names of family and friends, locations, or what appears in the photos, like cake or balloons.
Or try the filter in the upper-right corner of the Photos app. Next to Showing, click All Items. Then choose to show only Favorites, Edited, Photos, or Videos.
Delete photos and videos from your library
If there are photos and videos that you don't want anymore, you can delete one at a time, or several.
Delete one photo
- Select the photo that you want to delete.
- Press the Delete key.
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Delete multiple photos
- Press and hold the Command key.
- Select the photos that you want to delete.
- Press the Delete key.
- Confirm that you want to delete the photos.
When you delete a photo, it goes into your Recently Deleted album, where it stays for 30 days. If you use iCloud Photos, the photos that you delete are moved into the Recently Deleted album on your other devices too. After 30 days, Photos deletes the photos permanently. You can permanently delete photos right away when you click Delete All in the Recently Deleted album.
When you delete photos directly from an album by pressing the Delete key, you only remove them from the album and not your entire photo collection. If you want to delete photos from both the album and your collection, press Command-Delete.
Edit your photos
Photos includes powerful, easy-to-use editing tools. You can apply adjustments to your photos and make them look exactly the way you like. Then if you want to start over, you can always revert to the original photo. Here's how to get started:
- From the Photos view, or from within an album, double-click the photo you want to edit.
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See and add information about a photo
You can also add details to your photos, like a description, keywords, or a specific location. You can even Add Faces to name your friends and family in each photo.
To view the Info window, double-click a photo to open it and then click in the upper-right corner, or select a photo and use the keyboard shortcut Command-I. Once you add information, you can use the Search bar to find photos by keyword, title, description, faces, or location.


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by Brian DeCandia, sports information graduate assistant
MILLEDGEVILLE, Ga. – The Georgia College women's basketball team and head coach Maurice Smith are pleased to announce the signing of Lisa Mitchell.
"Lisa is going to come here and do some great things," said coach Smith. "She is going to be a terrific fit for the program. Lisa has a great work ethic to go with her love for basketball. She shoots the ball well and gives us another viable option as a shooter. We are very happy to have her."
Mitchell is a native of Woodstock, Ga. and played under head coach Rick Bragg. She shot 34 percent from the field and 30 percent from beyond the arc, averaging 12 points per contest. Mitchell finished her career shooting 82 percent from the charity stripe.
Mitchell garnered second team all-region and first team all-county accolades. She was also the recipient of the Bobby Bailey Award. Mitchell aided her team to a 13-16 record and advanced to the first round of the state tournament.
Mitchell is planning to major in exercise science at Georgia College.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, back-to-back winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


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7203 E. 41st St. (918)-628-0296
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Stringer Nursery7203 E. 41st St.Tulsa, OK 74145ph: (918)-email@example.com
Stringer Nursery has been Tulsa's favorite nursery and garden center since 1957. We here at Stringer Nursery strive to provide the best service with knowledgeable and friendly staff with ensuring our customers with high quality trees, flowers and shrubs. Come see our vast selection of flora to improve the look of your landscape.
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