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The Methodist movement is a group of historically related Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement. It originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.[1]
Methodism is characterized by its emphasis on helping the poor and the average person, its very systematic approach to building the person, and the "church" and its missionary spirit.[2] These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, universities, orphanages, soup kitchens, and schools to follow Jesus's command to spread the Good News and serve all people.[3] The Methodist movement is also known for its rich musical tradition; Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church,[4] and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.
Methodists are convinced that building loving relationships with others through social service is a means of working towards the inclusiveness of God's love. Most Methodists teach that Christ died for all of humanity, not just for a limited group, and thus everyone is entitled to God's grace and protection. Theologically, this view is known as Arminianism, which denies that God has pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists. The Methodist movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage.
Early Methodists were drawn from all levels of society, including the aristocracy,[a] but the Methodist preachers took the message to labourers and criminals who tended to be left outside organized religion at that time. In Britain, the Methodist Church had a major impact in the early decades of the making of the working class (1760–1820). In the United States it became the religion of many slaves who later formed "black churches" in the Methodist tradition.
- Origins 1
- Theology 2
- Worship and liturgy 3
Contemporary Methodism 4
Europe 4.1
- Great Britain 4.1.1
- Ireland 4.1.2
- France 4.1.3
- Hungary 4.1.4
- Italy 4.1.5
- Russia 4.1.6
Latin America 4.2
- Mexico 4.2.1
- Caribbean 4.2.2
- Antigua 4.2.3
- St. Barts 4.2.4
- Jamaica 4.2.5
- Barbados 4.2.6
Africa 4.3
- Nigeria 4.3.1
- Ghana 4.3.2
- Southern Africa 4.3.3
Asia 4.4
- China 4.4.1
- India 4.4.2
- Malaysia and Singapore 4.4.3
- Philippines 4.4.4
- South Korea 4.4.5
North America 4.5
- Canada 4.5.1
- United States 4.5.2
Oceania 4.6
- Australia 4.6.1
- Fiji 4.6.2
- New Zealand 4.6.3
- Samoan Islands 4.6.4
- Tonga 4.6.5
- Europe 4.1
Ecumenical relations 5
- Great Britain 5.1
- United States 5.2
- See also 6
- Notes 7
- References 8
Further reading 9
- World 9.1
- Great Britain 9.2
- African Americans 9.3
- USA and Canada 9.4
- Primary sources 9.5
- External links 10
The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley (1703–1791) and his younger brother Charles (1707–1788), as a movement within the Church of England in the 18th century.[5][6][7] The Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club while they were at Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College.[8] The Holy Club met weekly and they systematically set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick and the poor, as well as prisoners. The fellowship were branded as "Methodist" by their fellow students because of the way they used "rule" and "method" to go about their religious affairs.[9] Wesley took the attempted mockery and turned it into a title of honour.
Initially the Methodists merely sought reform, by way of a return to the gospel, within the Church of England, but the movement spread with revival and soon a significant number of Anglican clergy became affiliated with the movement in the mid-18th century.[10] The early movement acted against perceived apathy in the Church of England, preaching in the open air and establishing Methodist societies wherever they went. These societies were divided into groups called classes — intimate meetings where individuals were encouraged to confess their sins to one another and to build each other up. They also took part in love feasts which allowed for the sharing of testimony, a key feature of early Methodists. Three teachings they saw as the foundation of Christian faith were:
- People are all, by nature, "dead in sin," and, consequently, "children of wrath."
- They are "justified by faith alone."
- Faith produces inward and outward holiness.
Methodist preachers were notorious for their enthusiastic sermons and often accused of fanaticism. In those days, many members of England's established church feared that new doctrines promulgated by the Methodists, such as the necessity of a new birth for salvation, of justification by faith, and of the constant and sustained action of the Holy Spirit upon the believer's soul, would produce ill effects upon weak minds. Theophilus Evans, an early critic of the movement, even wrote that it was "the natural Tendency of their Behaviour, in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions, to make People mad." In one of his prints, William Hogarth likewise attacked Methodists as "enthusiasts" full of "Credulity, Superstition and Fanaticism." But the Methodist movement thrived among the working class despite the attacks—mostly verbal, but sometimes violent—against it.
John Wesley came under the influence of the [12] As a final testimony of their friendship, John Wesley's sermon on Whitefield's death is full of praise and affection.[13]
As his societies multiplied, and elements of an ecclesiastical system were, one after another, adopted, the breach between Wesley and the Church of England gradually widened. In 1784, Wesley responded to the shortage of priests in the American colonies due to the American Revolutionary War by ordaining preachers for America with power to administer the sacraments. This was a major reason for Methodism's final split from the Church of England after Wesley's death. This split created a separate, eventually worldwide, series of church denominations. The influence of Whitefield and Lady Huntingdon on the Church of England was a factor in the founding of the Free Church of England in 1844.
Through vigorous missionary activity Methodism spread throughout the British Empire and, mostly through Whitefield's preaching during what historians call the First Great Awakening, in colonial America. After Whitefield's death in 1770, however, American Methodism entered a more lasting Wesleyan and Arminian phase of development.
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Most Methodists identify with the Arminian conception of free will, through God's prevenient grace, as opposed to the theological determinism of absolute predestination. This distinguishes Methodism from the Calvinist tradition prevalent in Reformed churches. In strongly Reformed areas such as Wales, however, Calvinistic Methodists remain, also called the Presbyterian Church of Wales. The Calvinist Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion was also strongly associated with the Methodist revival.
John Wesley is studied by Methodist ministerial students and trainee local preachers for his interpretation of Church practice and doctrine. At its heart, the theology of John Wesley stressed the life of Christian holiness: to love God with all one's heart, mind, soul and strength and to love one's neighbour as oneself. One popular expression of Methodist doctrine is in the hymns of Charles Wesley. Since enthusiastic congregational singing was a part of the early evangelical movement, Wesleyan theology took root and spread through this channel.[14][15]
Methodism affirms the traditional Christian belief in the triune Godhead: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as well as the orthodox understanding of the consubstantial humanity and divinity of Jesus. Methodists also affirm the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed.[16] In devotional terms, these confessions are said to embrace the biblical witness to God's activity in creation, encompass God's gracious self-involvement in the dramas of history, and anticipate the consummation of God's reign.
Sacramental theology within Methodism tends to follow the historical interpretations and liturgies of Anglicanism. This stems from the origin of much Methodist theology and practice within the teachings of John and Charles Wesley, both of whom were priests of the Church of England. As affirmed by the Articles of Religion, Methodists recognize two Sacraments as being ordained of Christ: Baptism and Holy Communion.[17] Without defining the mode or method (i.e. the "how"), Methodists believe that they receive "the body and blood of Christ, that we may be for the world the body of Christ, redeemed by his blood" in Holy Communion.[18] Methodism also affirms that there are many other Means of Grace which often function in a sacramental manner, but most Methodists do not recognize them as being Dominical sacraments.
Methodists, stemming from John Wesley's own practices of theological reflection, make use of tradition, drawing primarily from the teachings of the Church fathers, as a source of authority. Though not infallible like holy Scripture, tradition may serve as a lens through which Scripture is interpreted (see also Prima scriptura and the Wesleyan Quadrilateral). Theological discourse for Methodists almost always makes use of Scripture read inside the great theological tradition of Christendom.[19]
It is a historical position of the church that any disciplined theological work calls for the careful use of reason. By reason, it is said, one reads and is able to interpret Scripture coherently and consistently. By reason one determines whether one's Christian witness is clear. By reason one asks questions of faith and seeks to understand God's action and will. Methodism insists that personal salvation always implies Christian mission and service to the world. Scriptural holiness entails more than personal piety; love of God is always linked with love of neighbours and a passion for justice and renewal in the life of the world.
Worship and liturgy
In America, United Methodism has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England because of the American Revolution, John Wesley himself provided a revised version of the Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America (1784).[20] Today, the primary liturgical books of the United Methodist Church are The United Methodist Hymnal and The United Methodist Book of Worship. Congregations employ the liturgy and rituals therein as optional resources, but their use is not mandatory. These books contain the liturgies of the church that are generally derived from Wesley's Sunday Service and from the 20th Century liturgical renewal movement.
The British Methodist Church tend to be less liturgical in worship, but makes use of the Methodist Worship Book (similar to the Church of England's Common Worship), containing worship services (or liturgies) and rubrics for the celebration of other rites, such as marriage. The Worship Book is also ultimately derived from Wesley's Sunday Service.[21]
A unique feature of American Methodism is the observance of the season of Kingdomtide, which encompasses the last 13 weeks before Advent, thus dividing the long season after Pentecost into two discrete segments. During Kingdomtide, Methodist liturgy emphasizes charitable work and alleviating the suffering of the poor.
A second distinctive liturgical feature of Methodism is the use of Covenant services. Although practice varies between different national churches, most Methodist churches annually follow the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their covenant with God. It is common, at least in British Methodism, for each congregation to normally hold an annual Covenant Service on the first convenient Sunday of the year, and Wesley's Covenant Prayer is still used, with minor modification, in the order of service. It is a striking and sobering piece of liturgical writing, as the following excerpts illustrate:
Christ has many services to be done. Some are easy, others are difficult. Some bring honour, others bring reproach. Some are suitable to our natural inclinations and temporal interests, others are contrary to both... Yet the power to do all these things is given to us in Christ, who strengthens us. ...I am no longer my own but yours. Put me to what you will, rank me with whom you will; put me to doing, put me to suffering; let me be employed for you or laid aside for you, exalted for you or brought low for you; let me be full, let me be empty, let me have all things, let me have nothing; I freely and wholeheartedly yield all things to your pleasure and disposal.—Covenant Prayer
Contemporary Methodism
Although Methodism is declining in Great Britain and North America, it is growing in other places; at a rapid pace in, for example, South Korea.[22] In these new places, it often takes shapes that diverge from its roots. For example, the Arminian heritage is ignored or simply unknown, and an exclusive, neo-Calvinist emphasis is played up. Many such denominations highlight Methodism's traditional emphasis upon holiness.
As of 2005, an estimated 75 million people worldwide belong to the Methodist community,[23] however the number has gone into steady decline in the West, especially in North America, where an increasing number of people are leaving the mainline churches to join theologically conservative denominations and where a growing number of younger people are uninterested in organized religion in any form.
Almost all Methodist denominations are members of a consultative body called the World Methodist Council, which is headquartered at Lake Junaluska, North Carolina, in the United States.
I look on all the world as my parish; thus far I mean, that, in whatever part of it I am, I judge it meet, right, and my bounden duty, to declare unto all that are willing to hear, the glad tidings of salvation.—John Wesley, Journal (11 June 1739)
Great Britain
The original body founded as a result of Wesley's work was later known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Schisms within the original Church, and independent revivals, led to the formation of a number of separate denominations calling themselves "Methodist". The largest of these were the Primitive Methodist church, deriving from a revival at Mow Cop in Staffordshire, the Bible Christians and the Methodist New Connexion. The original church became known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church to distinguish it from these bodies. In 1907, a union of smaller groups with the Methodist New Connexion and Bible Christian Church brought about the British "United Methodist Church", then the three major streams of British Methodism united in 1932 to form the current Methodist Church of Great Britain.[16] The Wesleyan Reform Union[24] and the Independent Methodist Connexion[25] still remain separate. The Primitive Methodist Church had branches in the USA which still continue.
British Methodists, in particular the Primitive Methodists, took a leading role in the temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Methodists saw alcoholic beverages, and alcoholism, as the root of many social ills and tried to persuade people to abstain from these.[26] Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of sanctification and perfection. To this day, alcohol remains banned in Methodist premises,[27] however, the choice to consume alcohol is now a personal decision for any member.[27]
Traditionally, Methodism was particularly prominent in Cornwall and, in its Calvinistic form, in Wales, both regions noted for their non-conformism and distrust of the Church of England. It was also very strong in the old mill towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire, where the Methodists stressed that the working classes were equal to the upper classes in the eyes of God.
British Methodism does not have bishops; however, it has always been characterized by a strong central organization, the Connexion, which holds an annual Conference (note that the Church retains the 18th century spelling "connexion" for many purposes). The Connexion is divided into Districts in the charge of the Chair (who may be male or female). Methodist districts often correspond approximately, in geographical terms, to counties – as do Church of England dioceses. The districts are divided into circuits governed by the Circuit Meeting and led and administrated principally by a superintendent minister. Ministers are appointed to Circuits rather than to individual churches (though some large inner-city churches, known as "Central Halls", are designated as circuits in themselves – Westminster Central Hall, opposite Westminster Abbey in central London is the best known). Most circuits have fewer ministers than churches, and the majority of services are led by lay local preachers, or by supernumerary ministers (ministers who have retired, called supernumerary because they are not counted for official purposes in the numbers of ministers for the circuit in which they are listed). The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the Circuit by Circuit Stewards, lay people who may have particular skills who collectively with the ministers form what is normally known as the Circuit Leadership Team.
The Methodist Council also helps to run a number of schools, including two leading Public Schools in East Anglia: Culford School and The Leys. It helps to promote an all round education with a strong Christian ethos.
Other Methodist denominations in Britain include: The Salvation Army, founded by Methodist minister William Booth in 1865; the Free Methodist Church, a holiness church; and the Church of the Nazarene.
The Irish Methodist Church operates across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on an all-Ireland basis. As of 2011 it is the fourth largest denomination in Northern Ireland, with Methodists accounting for 3% of the population.[28]
Eric Gallagher was the President of the Church in the 1970s, becoming a well-known figure in Irish politics.[29] He was one of the group of Protestant churchmen who met with Provisional IRA officers in Feakle, County Clare to try to broker peace. The meeting was unsuccessful due to a Garda raid on the hotel.
In France, the Methodist movement was founded in the 1820s by Charles Cook near Reverend Emmanuel Briglia.[30] founded in 1998 an independent conservative, high-church Anglican/Methodist mission in South-East France named the Mission Méthodiste Episcopale du Var.[31] and commonly named "Mission anglicane méthodiste du Christ-Roi" (Anglican Methodist mission of Christ the King). This small community seeks to retain the original link between Methodism and Anglicanism in a perspective of reconciliation between those branches of the Church.
The first Methodist mission in Hungary was established in 1898 in Bácska, in a then mostly German-speaking town of Verbász (since 1918 part of the Serbian province of Vojvodina). In 1905 a Methodist mission was established also in Budapest. In 1974 the Methodist church in Hungary split over the question of interference by the communist state.
Today, the Securities and Exchange Commission was approved on 7 December 2011 with papers held by present procurators. It now has 126 local churches in Metro Manila, Palawan, Bataan, Zambales, Pangasinan, Bulacan,[78] Aurora, Nueva Ecija, as well as parts of Pampanga and Cavite. Tangonan was consecrated as the denomination's first Presiding Bishop on 17 March 2012.[79]
South Korea
One of the strongest current Methodist churches in the world is that of South Korea; the "Joseon Methodist Church" (기독교조선감리회). There are many Korean-language Methodist churches in North America catering to Korean-speaking immigrants, not all of which are named as Methodist. There are several denominations that are of Wesleyan and Methodist heritage, but are not explicitly Methodist.
The first missionary sent out was R. S. Mclay, who sailed from Japan 1884, and was given the authority of medical and schooling permission from Gojong, Korean Emperor. Next year, H. G. Apenzeller from North Methodist church, who arrived 5 April 1885, started to evangelize with Dr. Scranton and his mother. They established "Jeongdong Metheodist Church"(정동감리교회), "Sangdong Pharmacy Store"(상동약국) becoming "Sangdong Methodist Church"(상동감리교회) and "Paichai Hakdang"(배재학당). In 1895, there were Bishop E. R. Hendrix and Dr. C. F. Reid from South Methodist Church, who established "Jonggyo Methodist Church"(종교감리교회) and "Baewha School" (배화학당).
North America
The father of Methodism in Canada was War of 1812 but quickly gained lost ground after the Treaty of Ghent was signed in 1815. In 1817 the British Wesleyans arrived in the Canadas from the Maritimes but by 1820 had agreed, with the Episcopal Methodists, to confine their work to Lower Canada (present-day Quebec) while the latter would confine themselves to Upper Canada (present-day Ontario). In 1828 Upper Canadian Methodists were permitted by the General Conference in the United States to form an independent Canadian Conference and, in 1833, the Canadian Conference merged with the British Wesleyans to form the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada. The Methodist Church of Canada was an 1884 union of pioneering groups.
During the nineteenth century Methodism played a large role in the culture and political affairs of Toronto. The city became known for being very puritanical with strict limits on the sale of alcohol and a rigorous enforcement of the Lord's Day Act. It was occasionally nicknamed the "Methodist Rome",[80] the implication being that Toronto was as central to Canadian Methodism as Rome is to Catholicism.
In 1925, Methodists and most Presbyterian congregations, then by far the largest Protestant communion in Canada, most Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec congregations, Union Churches in Western Canada, and the American Presbyterian Church in Montreal merged to form the United Church of Canada. In 1968, the Evangelical United Brethren Church's Canadian congregations joined after their American counterparts joined the United Methodist Church.
Bermuda's Methodist Synod, is a separate presbytery of the United Church of Canada's Maritime Conference.
United States
Wesley came to believe that the New Testament evidence did not leave the power of ordination to the priesthood in the hands of bishops but that other priests could ordain. In 1784, he ordained preachers for Scotland and England and America, with power to administer the sacraments (this was a major reason for Methodism's final split from the Church of England after Wesley's death). At that time, Wesley sent Thomas Coke to America. Francis Asbury founded the Methodist Episcopal Church at the Baltimore Christmas Conference in 1784, Coke (already ordained in the Church of England) ordained Asbury deacon, elder, and bishop each on three successive days. Circuit riders, many of whom were laymen, travelled by horseback to preach the gospel and establish churches in many places. One of the most famous circuit riders was Robert Strawbridge who lived in the vicinity of Carroll County, Maryland soon after arriving in the Colonies around 1760.
The First Great Awakening was a religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s, beginning in New Jersey, then spreading to New England, and eventually south into Virginia and North Carolina. The English Methodist preacher George Whitefield played a major role, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone as his audience.
The new style of sermons and the way people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America. People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion, rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner. People began to study the Bible at home. The effect was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation.
The [84]
Disputes over slavery placed the church in difficulty in the first half of the 19th century, with the northern church leaders fearful of a split with the South, and reluctant to take a stand. The Wesleyan Methodist Connexion (later became The Wesleyan Church) and the Free Methodist Churches were formed by staunch abolitionists, and the Free Methodists were especially active in the Underground Railroad, which helped to free the slaves. Finally, in a much larger split, in 1845 at Louisville, the churches of the slaveholding states left the Methodist Episcopal Church and formed The Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The northern and southern branches were reunited in 1939, when slavery was no longer an issue. In this merger also joined the Methodist Protestant Church. Some southerners, conservative in theology, and strongly segregationist, opposed the merger, and formed the Southern Methodist Church in 1940.
The Third Great Awakening from 1858 to 1908 saw enormous growth in Methodist membership, and a proliferation of institutions such as colleges (e.g., Morningside College). Methodists were often involved in the Missionary Awakening and the Social Gospel Movement. The awakening in so many cities in 1858 started the movement, but in the North it was interrupted by the Civil War. In the South, on the other hand, the Civil War stimulated revivals, especially in Lee's army.
In 1914–1917 many Methodist ministers made strong pleas for world peace. President Woodrow Wilson (a Presbyterian), promised "a war to end all wars," using language of a future peace that had been a watchword for the postmillennial movement.[85] In the 1930s many Methodists favored isolationist policies. Thus in 1936, Methodist Bishop James Baker, of the San Francisco Conference, released a poll of ministers showing 56% opposed warfare. However, the Methodist Federation did call for a boycott of Japan, which had invaded China and was disrupting missionary activity there.[86] In Chicago, sixty-two local African Methodist Episcopal churches voted their support for the Roosevelt administration's policy, while opposing any plan to send American troops overseas to fight. When war came in 1941, the vast majority of Methodists strongly supported the national war effort, but there were also a few (673[87]) conscientious objectors.
The United Methodist Church (UMC) was formed in 1968 as a result of a merger between the Evangelical United Brethren Church (EUB) and The Methodist Church. The former church had resulted from mergers of several groups of German Methodist heritage, however there was no longer any need or desire to worship in the German language. The latter church was a result of union between the Methodist Protestant Church and the northern and southern factions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The merged church had approximately 9 million members as of the late 1990s. While United Methodist Church in America membership has been declining, associated groups in developing countries are growing rapidly.[88]
American Methodist churches are generally organized on a congregational model, for example of Baptist, and Congregationalist Churches, among others.
In addition to the United Methodist Church, there are over 40 other denominations that descend from John Wesley's Methodist movement. Some, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Free Methodists and the Wesleyan Church (formerly Wesleyan Methodist), are explicitly Methodist. Others do not call themselves Methodist, but grew out of the Methodist movement: for example, The Salvation Army and the Church of the Nazarene. Some of the charismatic or Pentecostal churches such as the Pentecostal Holiness Church and the Assemblies of God also have roots in or draw from Wesleyan thought.
The Holiness Revival was primarily among people of Methodist persuasion, who felt that the church had once again become apathetic, losing the Wesleyan zeal. Some important events of this revival were the writings of Phoebe Palmer during the mid-1800s, the establishment of the first of many holiness camp meetings at Vineland, New Jersey in 1867, and the founding of Asbury College, (1890), and other similar institutions in the U.S. around the turn of the twentieth century.
Various branches of Methodism in Australia merged in the 20 years from 1881, with a union of all groups except the Lay Methodists forming the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1902.[89]
In 1945 the Rev. Dr. Kingsley Ridgway offered himself as a Melbourne based "field representative" for a possible Australian branch of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America, after meeting an American serviceman who was a member of that denomination.[90] The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia was founded on his work.
The Methodist Church of Australasia merged with the majority of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and the Congregational Union of Australia in 1977, becoming the Uniting Church.Wesley Mission in Pitt Street Sydney is not only the largest parish in the Uniting Church but also strongly in the Wesleyan tradition.[91] The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia continues to operate independently. There are also other independent Methodist congregations, some of which were established by, or have been impacted by, Tongan immigrants.
A new and going Methodist denomination in Australia is the Chinese Methodist Church in Australia. This denomination is unique as it was started by members from the Methodist Churches of Malaysia and Singapore who were either sent to Australia or emigrated there. It is found in all the major cities of Australia and is showing growth. It was originally known as the Methodist Church in Australia but disagreement rose over its name with the Uniting Church in Australia, with the latter refusing to allow its entry into the World Methodist Council. To solve this disagreement, the name was changed to the Chinese Methodist Church in Australia and after the Uniting Church in Australia dropped its veto, it was subsequently welcomed into the World Methodist Council.
As a result of the early efforts of missionaries, most of the natives of the Fiji Islands were converted to Methodism in the 1840s and 1850s.[92] Most ethnic Fijians are Methodists today (the others are largely Roman Catholic), and the Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma is an important social force.
New Zealand
The Methodist Church of New Zealand was the fourth most frequent religious affiliation chosen by those who declared one in the 2006 national census.[93]
Samoan Islands
In 1868, Piula Theological College was established in Lufilufi on the north coast of Upolu island in Samoa and serves as the main headquarters of the Methodist church in the country.[94] The college includes the historic Piula Monastery as well as Piula Cave Pool, a natural spring situated beneath the church by the sea. The Methodist Church is the third largest denomination throughout the Samoan Islands, in both Samoa and American Samoa.
Methodism had a particular resonance with the inhabitants of Tonga. As of 2006 somewhat more than a third of Tongans adhered to the Methodist tradition.[95][96] Methodism is represented on the island by a number of churches including the Free Church of Tonga and the Free Wesleyan Church, which the largest church in Tonga. The royal family of the country are prominent members, and the late king was a lay preacher.
Ecumenical relations
Many Methodists have been involved in the ecumenical movement, which has sought to unite the fractured denominations of Christianity. Because Methodism grew out of the Church of England, a denomination from which neither of the Wesley brothers seceded, some Methodist scholars and historians, such as Rupert E. Davies have regarded their 'movement' more as a preaching order within wider Christian life than as a church, comparing themselves with, say, the Franciscans, who formed a religious order within the medieval European church and not a separate denomination.[97] Certainly, Methodists have been deeply involved in early examples of church union, especially the United Church of Canada and the Church of South India.
Also, a disproportionate number of Methodists take part in inter-faith dialogue. For example, Wesley Ariarajah, a long-serving director of the World Council of Churches' sub-unit on "Dialogue with People of Living Faiths and Ideologies" is a Methodist.[98]
In October 1999, an executive committee of the World Methodist Council resolved to explore the possibility of its Member Churches becoming associated with the doctrinal agreement which had been reached by the Catholic Church and Lutheran World Federation (LWF). In May 2006, the International Methodist–Catholic Dialogue Commission completed its most recent report, entitled "The Grace Given You in Christ: Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church," and submitted the text to Methodist and Catholic authorities. In July of the same year, in Seoul, South Korea, the Member Churches of the World Methodist Council (WMC) voted to approve and sign a "Methodist Statement of Association" with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ), the agreement which was reached and officially accepted in 1999 by the Catholic Church and the Lutheran World Federation and which proclaimed that :
"Together imparts as a gift and we receive in faith, and never can merit in any way," affirming "fundamental doctrinal agreement" concerning justification between the Catholic Church, the LWF, and the World Methodist Council.[99]This is not to say there is perfect agreement between the three denominational traditions; while Catholics and Methodists believe that salvation involves cooperation between God and man, Lutherans believe that God brings about the salvation of individuals without any cooperation on their part.
Commenting on the ongoing dialogues with Catholic Church leaders, Rev. Ken Howcroft, Methodist minister and the Ecumenical Officer for the Methodist Church of Great Britain, noted that "these conversations have been immensely fruitful."[100] Methodists are increasingly recognizing that the 15 centuries prior to the Reformation constitute a shared history with Catholics, and are gaining new appreciation for neglected aspects of the Catholic tradition.[101] There are, however, important unresolved doctrinal differences separating Roman Catholicism and Methodism, which include "the nature and validity of the ministry of those who preside at the Eucharist, the precise meaning of the Eucharist as the sacramental 'memorial' of Christ's saving death and resurrection, the particular way in which Christ is present in Holy Communion, and the link between eucharistic communion and ecclesial communion.[102]
Great Britain
In the 1960s, the Methodist Church of Great Britain made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at denominational union. Formally, these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972; conversations and co-operation continued, however, leading in 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches.[103] From the 1970s onward, the Methodist Church also started several Local Ecumenical Projects (LEPs, later renamed Local Ecumenical Partnerships) with local neighbouring denominations, which involved sharing churches, schools and in some cases ministers. In many towns and villages there are United Churches which are sometimes with Anglican or Baptist churches, but most commonly are Methodist and URC, simply because in terms of belief, practice and churchmanship, many Methodists see themselves as closer to the United Reformed Church than to other denominations such as the Church of England. In the 1990s and early 21st century, the British Methodist Church was involved in the Scottish Church Initiative for Union, seeking greater unity with the established and Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Scottish Episcopal Church and the United Reformed Church in Scotland.[104]
The Methodist Church in Great Britain is a member of several ecumenical organisations, including the World Council of Churches, the Conference of European Churches, the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe, Churches Together in Britain and Ireland, Churches Together in England, Action of Churches Together in Scotland and Cytûn (Wales).
United States
There are seven World Methodist Council denominations in the United States: the African Methodist Episcopal Church;the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church; the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, the Church of the Nazarene;the Free Methodist Church; The Wesleyan Church; and the United Methodist Church. The AME, AMEZ and CME are historically African Methodist denominations. The Church of the Nazarene, Free Methodists and Wesleyans are Wesleyan Holiness churches. Methodist churches in the United States have also strengthened ties with other Christian traditions. In April 2005, bishops in the United Methodist Church approved A Proposal for Interim Eucharistic Sharing. This document was the first step toward full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). The ELCA approved this same document in August 2005.[105] At the 2008 General Conference, the United Methodist Church approved full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.[106] The UMC is also in dialogue with the Episcopal Church for full communion by 2012.[107] The two denominations are working on a document called "Confessing Our Faith Together."
See also
- African Methodist Episcopal Church, based in USA
- African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, based in USA
- Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, based in USA
- History of Methodism in the United States
- Methodist Episcopal Church, South, formerly based in USA
- Methodist Episcopal Church, formerly based in USA
- United Methodist Church, based in USA
- Neil Thomas Ministries, based in Australia
- Wesleyanism
- ^ This social analysis is a summary of a wide variety of books on Methodist history, articles in The Methodist Magazine etc. Most of the Methodist aristocracy were associated with the Countess of Huntingdon who invited Methodist preachers to gatherings she hosted. Methodists were the leaders at that time in reaching out to the poorest of the working classes in any major way. A number of soldiers were also Methodists.[108]
- ^ Arminianism is named after Jacobus Arminius, a Dutch Reformed pastor who was trained to preach Calvinism, but concluded that some aspects of Calvinism had to be modified in the light of Scripture.[109] Both of these branches of Reformation doctrine hold as essential the "Solas" – Scripture alone, Grace alone, Faith alone, Glory to God alone.[110] John Wesley was perhaps the clearest English proponent of Arminian theology.[111] In spite of the differences, these twin strands have much common ground, such as that salvation is entirely a work of God alone with no work by which it can be earned (monergism), and that one cannot either turn to God nor believe unless God has first drawn a person and implanted the desire in their heart (the Wesleyan doctrine of prevenient grace).[112] The primary difference is that Arminians interpret the Bible as teaching that the saving work of Jesus Christ is for all people (general atonement) but effective only to those who believe in accordance with the Reformation principles of Grace alone and Faith alone. While also holding to these principles, the Solas, Calvinists emphasize the deterministic[113] interpretation of Election, that salvation is only for a few decreed by God (limited atonement) while all others are decreed to be condemned.[114]
- ^ "Member Churches". World Methodist Council. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
^ American Methodism. S.S. Scranton & Co. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
But the most-noticeable feature of British Methodism is its missionary spirit, and its organized, effective missionary work. It takes the lead of all other denominations in missionary movements. From its origin, Methodism has been characterized for its zeal in propagandism. It has always been missionary.
- ^ Models for Christian Higher Education: Strategies for Survival and Success in the Twenty-First Century.
- ^ A Collection of Hymns, for the use of the people called Methodists. T. Blanshard. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
- ^ "What We Believe – Founder of the United Methodist Church". United Methodist Church of Whitefish Bay. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ "What is Methodism?". Methodist Central Hall Westminster. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- ^ An introduction to world Methodism. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
- ^ "Lincoln College, Oxford, Famous Alumni, John Wesley (1703–1791)". Lincoln College, Oxford University. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- ^ Fairchild, Mary. "Methodist Church History: A Brief History of the Methodist Denomination". About.com:Christianity. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- ^ BBC History
- ^ Richard Bennett, "Howell Harris and the Dawn of Revival", (1909, Eng. tr. 1962), ISBN 1-85049-035-X
- ^ Dallimore. George Whitefield.
- ^ Wesley, "Sermons on Several Occasions", No. 53
- ^ Preface to The Methodist Hymn Book, December 1933
- ^ John Wesley's "Preface to A collection of Hymns for use of the People called Methodists, 20 October 1779
- ^ a b "Deed of Union". The Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church. The Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^
- ^ "This Holy Mystery". The United Methodist Church. 2004. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- ^ "Wesleyan Quadrilateral, the". Glossary. United Methodist Church. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ White, with an introduction by James F. (1984). John Wesley's Sunday service of the Methodists in North America. Nashville: Quarterly Review.
- ^ "Methodist Publishing: Resources Catalogue". Methodist Publishing. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- ^ "Korean Methodist Church". World Council of Churches. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ Cracknell and White (2005), p. 'i' (frontmatter)
- ^ "Wesleyan Reform Union of Churches". Thewru.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ "Welcome to IMCGB - Home page". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ Phil Carradice. "The temperance movement in Wales". BBC. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ a b "Alcohol". Views of the Church. The Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland". nisra.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ Taggart, Norman W. (2004). "Conflict, controversy and co-operation". Columba Press. p. 133. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ "Révérend Emmanuël Briglia - site officiel". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ "Eglise Méthodiste Episcopale de France - Mission Anglicane Méthodiste du Christ Roi". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ Church site in Hungarian: Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ John Wesley Theological College site: Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Fellowship site: [1]. College site: [2]. Both in Hungarian. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ Die Welt, 21 March 2012: Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Opinion on Act CCVI/2011: Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Hungarian Salvation Army site: Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ Wesley Kiadó site in Hungarian: Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Opera per le Chiese Metodiste in Italia". Evangelical Methodist Church in Italy. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ a b "La diaspora Valdese" (in Italian). Chiesa Evangelica Valdese. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ "Italian fact sheet" (Microsoft Word document). Methodist Church in Britain. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ^ "METHODISTS BUY ROME SITE; Will Build a College in Connection with Mission Work". The New York Times. 26 January 1914.
- ^ a b c d e "Centennial of Methodism in Russia observed". United Methodist Church. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
- ^ "Develop United Methodist Center in St. Petersburg". United Methodist Church. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
- ^ "Soviets OK New Religious Freedoms". deseretnews. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ John Wesley Butler, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Mexico (Theclassics Us, 2013).
- ^ Karl M. Schmitt, "American Protestant Missionaries and the Diaz Regime in Mexico: 1876-1911." Journal of Church & State 25 (1983): 253.
- ^ posted by Mike Robles on Miércoles, 20 Marzo 2013. "Instituto Mexicano Madero Plantel Centro". Imm.edu.mx. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ "Universidad Madero de Puebla". Umad.edu.mx. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ a b c d e f Blackman, Francis 'Woodie' John Wesley 300: Pioneers, Preachers and Practitioners (Barbados: Dalkeith Methodist Church, 2003, 89 pp, ISBN 976-8080-61-2)
- ^ Blackman, Francis, National heroine of Barbados: Sarah Ann Gill (Barbados: Methodist Church, 1998, 27 pp)
- ^ Blackman, Francis, Methodism: 200 Years in British Virgin Islands (British Virgin Islands: Methodist Church, 1989, 151 pp, ISBN 976-8001-36-4)
- ^ Blackman, Francis, Methodism, 200 years in Barbados (Barbados: Caribbean Contact, 1988, 160 pp)
- ^ a b c d "Methodist Church Nigeria". World Council of Churches. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- ^ "Life Coalition International - Jesus Is The Standard". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ F.L.Bartels. The Roots of Ghana Methodism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, pp. 12–18.
- ^ Millard-Jackson, J "Who called the tune? Methodist Missionary policy in South Africa during the 19th century" in Forster, D and Bentley, W. Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. AcadSA publishers (2008:31).
- ^ Forster, D. "God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses" in Forster, D and Bentley, W. Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. AcadSA publishers (2008:79–80)
- ^ Millard-Jackson, J "Who called the tune? Methodist Missionary policy in South Africa during the 19th century" in Forster, D and Bentley, W. Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. AcadSA publishers (2008:34–37)
- ^ Forster, D. "God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses" in Forster, D and Bentley, W. Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. AcadSA publishers (2008:80)
- ^ Grassow, P. "William Shaw" in Forster, D and Bentley, W. Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. AcadSA publishers (2008:13–25)
- ^ "Official website of The Methodist Church of Southern Africa". Methodist.org.za. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ For a discussion of Church membership statistics in South Africa please refer to Forster, D. "God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses" in Forster, D and Bentley, W. Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission. Kempton Park. AcadSA publishers (2008:97–98)
- ^ "回眸:当年传教士进羊城-MW悦读室之岭南话廊-凤凰网博客". Blog.ifeng.com. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ "合信的《全体新论》与广东士林-《广东史志》1999年01期-中国知网". Mall.cnki.net. 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ Rebecca Chan Chung, Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong, "Piloted to Serve", 2012
- ^ "Piloted to Serve". Facebook. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ Stephen Livingstone Baldwin, Foreign Missions of the Protestant Churches, 1900
- ^ "In commemoration of John Wesley". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 29 October 2004.
- ^ "The Methodist Church in India: Bangalore Episcopal Area". Gbgm-umc.org. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ "uccp.ph". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ http://cebu.freemethodistchurch.org/aboutus.html
- ^ "Philippines Church of the Nazarene - Mabuhay!". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ http://www.umcphilippines.org/baguioarea/
- ^ http://www.umcphilippines.org/davaoarea/
- ^ "Manila Episcopal Area". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ "AIM Pilipinas Website". AIM Pilipinas. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "Philippine Methodist". AIM Pilipinas. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "AIM Pilipinas Blogsite". AIM Pilipinas. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ a b "The way we were in Toronto in 1892" Trish Worron. Toronto Star. Nov 1, 2002. pg. A.29
- ^ G. S. French, "William black"Dictionary of Canadian Biography
- ^ Data from Edwin Scott Gaustad, Historical Atlas of Religion in America (2nd ed. 1976) pp 4,4
- ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: From: the Colonial Times to the Present (1976) pp 8, 392
- ^ Bratt, James D. (2006). Antirevivalism in Antebellum America: A Collection of Religious Voices. Rutgers UP. p. 15.
- ^ Jewett, Robert; Wangerin, Ole (2008). Mission and menace: four centuries of American religious zeal. Fortress Press. p. 213.
- ^ [Meyer 200, 354]
- ^ Methodist World Peace Commission administered Civilian Public Service units at Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina and Cherokee State (Psychiatric) Hospital in Cherokee, Iowa (list of CPS Camps).
- ^ "World Growth of the United Methodist Church in Comparative Perspective: A Brief Statistical Analysis - Robert". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ Humphreys, Robert; Rowland Ward (1986). Religious Bodies in Australia. Melbourne: Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward. p. 45.
- ^ O'Brien, Glen (1996). Kingsley Ridgway: Pioneer with a Passion. Melbourne: Wesleyan Methodist Church.
- ^ Humphreys, Robert; Rowland Ward (1986). Religious Bodies in Australia. Melbourne: Robert Humphreys and Rowland Ward. p. 47.
- ^ World Council of Churches, Methodist Church in Fiji and Rotuma.
- ^ "Table 25 in 2006 Census Data > QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Tables". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ Fairbairn-Dunlop, Peggy (2003). Samoan women: widening choices. University of the South Pacific. p. 127.
- ^ (cf. Ernst, Manfred/ Winds of Change. Suva: PCC, 1994, p. 146)
- ^ "government census of 2006 SPC - Tonga religion facts". Spc.int. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ Davies, Rupert E. (1985). Methodism (2nd rev. ed. ed.). London: Epworth Press.
- ^ Wesley Ariarajah. "S. Wesley Ariarajah". Drew University. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ "Methodist Association with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ "Vatican Radio, 2012, Methodist Viewpoint on Ecumenical Dialogue". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ Rev. Donald Bolan, Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, 'Catholic-Methodist relations: Working for a "joint living out of the Gospel"' 2007.
- ^ "Joint Commission for Dialogue Between the Roman Catholic Church and the World Methodist Council, 2006, "The Grace Given You in Christ: Catholics and Methodists Reflect Further on the Church". Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ "Anglican-Methodist Covenant". Anglican-methodist.org.uk. 2003-11-01. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
- ^ The Methodist Church in Britain | The Scottish Church Initiative For Union (SCIFU). Methodist.org.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-11.
- ^ "Lutheran—United Methodist Dialogue". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "Methodists yes to full communion with Lutherans; no on gay change". Ecumenical News International. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
- ^ "Council approves interim pacts with Episcopalians, Lutherans". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ J A Clapperton, "Romance and Heroism in Early Methodism", (1901)
- ^ Edgar Parkyns, "His Waiting Bride", (1996), pp 169–170, ISBN 0-9526800-0-9
- ^ Gwyn Davies, "A Light in the Land", (2002), p. 46, ISBN 1-85049-181-X
- ^ John Wesley, Sermons on Several Occasions for further detail.
- ^ J. Steven Harper, "The Way to Heaven: The Gospel According to John Wesley", (1983), ISBN 0-310-25260-1
- ^ J S Banks, "The development of Doctrine – Early Middle Ages to the Reformation" in the "Books for Bible Students" series, (1901), Part 3, Ch. II and VI where the issues of determinism and the differences from Luther are discussed.
- ^ "The Baptist Confession of Faith 1689", Section 3, p. 13, edited by Peter Masters, The Wakeman Trust, (1981), ISBN 1-870855-24-8
- New World Encyclopedia contributors, "Methodism," New World Encyclopedia, accessed April 19, 2013.
Further reading
- Yrigoyen Jr, Charles, and Susan E. Warrick. Historical dictionary of Methodism (Scarecrow Press, 2013)
- Cracknell, Kenneth and White, Susan J. (2005) An Introduction to World Methodism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81849-4.
- Dowson, Jean and Hutchinson, John (2003) John Wesley: His Life, Times and Legacy [CD-ROM], Methodist Publishing House, TB214
- Forster, DA and Bentley, W (eds.) (2008)What are we thinking? Reflections on Church and Society from Southern African Methodists. Methodist Publishing House, Cape Town. ISBN 978-1-919883-52-6
- Forster, DA and Bentley, W (eds.) (2008) Methodism in Southern Africa: A celebration of Wesleyan Mission AcadSA Publishers, Kempton Park. ISBN 978-1-920212-29-2
- Harmon, Nolan B. (ed.) (1974) The Encyclopedia of World Methodism, Nashville: Abingdon Press, ISBN 0-687-11784-4.
- Heitzenrater, Richard P. (1994) Wesley and the People Called Methodists, Nashville: Abingdon Press, ISBN 0-687-01682-7
- Hempton, David (2005) Methodism: Empire of the Spirit, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10614-9
- Wilson, Kenneth. Methodist Theology. London, T & T Clark International, 2011 (Doing Theology).
Great Britain
- Borgen, Ole E. John Wesley on the Sacraments: a Theological Study. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Francis Asbury Press, 1985, cop. 1972. 307 p. ISBN 0-310-75191-8
- Brooks, Alan (2010) West End Methodism: The Story of Hinde Street, London: Northway Publications, 400pp.
- Edwards, Maldwyn. Methodism and England: A study of Methodism in its social and political aspects during the period 1850-1932 (1944)
- Halevy, Elie, and Bernard Semmel. The Birth of Methodism in England (1971)
- Hempton, David (1984) Methodism and Politics in British Society, 1750–1850, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-1269-7
- Jones, David Ceri et al. The Elect Methodists: Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales, 1735-1811 (2012)
- Kent, John (2002) Wesley and the Wesleyans, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-45532-4
- Madden, Lionel. Methodism in Wales: A Short History of the Wesley Tradition (2003)
- Stigant, P. "Wesleyan Methodism and working-class radicalism in the north, 1792–1821." Northern History (1971) 6#1 pp: 98-116.
- Thompson, Edward Palmer. The making of the English working class (1963) a famous classic stressing the role of Methodism.
- Turner, John Munsey. John Wesley: The Evangelical Revival and the Rise of Methodism in England (2003)
- Turner, John M. Modern Methodism in England, 1932-1996 (1997
- Warner, Wellman J. (1930) The Wesleyan Movement in the Industrial Revolution, London: Longmans, Green.
African Americans
- Campbell, James T. (1995) Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507892-6
- George, Carol V.R. (1973) Segregated Sabbaths: Richard Allen and the Rise of Independent Black Churches, 1760–1840, New York: Oxford University Press, LCCN 73076908
- Montgomery, William G. (1993) Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865–1900, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 0-8071-1745-5
- Walker, Clarence E. (1982) A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 0-8071-0883-9
- Wills, David W. and Newman, Richard (eds.) (1982) Black Apostles at Home and Abroad: Afro-American and the Christian Mission from the Revolution to Reconstruction, Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, ISBN 0-8161-8482-8
USA and Canada
- Cameron, Richard M. (ed.) (1961) Methodism and Society in Historical Perspective, 4 vol., New York: Abingdon Press
- Lyerly, Cynthia Lynn (1998) Methodism and the Southern Mind, 1770–1810, Religion in America Series, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-511429-9
- Meyer, Donald (1988) The Protestant Search for Political Realism, 1919–1941, Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 0-8195-5203-8
- Rawlyk, G.A. (1994) The Canada Fire: Radical Evangelicalism in British North America, 1775–1812, Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1221-7
- Schmidt, Jean Miller (1999) Grace Sufficient: A History of Women in American Methodism, 1760–1939, Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press ISBN 0-687-15675-0
- Semple, Neil (1996) The Lord's Dominion: The History of Canadian Methodism, Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1367-1
- Sweet, William Warren (1954) Methodism in American History, Revision of 1953, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 472 p.
- Wigger, John H. (1998) Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Rise of Popular Christianity in America, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-510452-8 – p. ix & 269 focus on 1770–1910
Primary sources
- Richey, Russell E., Rowe, Kenneth E. and Schmidt, Jean Miller (eds.) (2000) The Methodist Experience in America: a sourcebook, Nashville: Abingdon Press, ISBN 0-687-24673-3 – 756 p. of original documents
- Sweet, William Warren (ed.) (1946) Religion on the American Frontier: Vol. 4, The Methodists,1783–1840: A Collection of Source Materials, New York: H. Holt & Co., – 800 p. of documents regarding the American frontier
- The Archive of the Methodist Missionary Society is held at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/
External links
- Methodist History Bookmarks
World Methodist Council (Official Website)
- List of Member Churches
- World Methodist Evangelical Institute (Official Website)
- Use dmy dates from January 2013
- WorldHeritage pages with incorrect protection templates
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005
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- Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014
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- Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013
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- Methodism
- Christian movements
- Christian terminology
- History of Methodism
- Protestantism
- Reclaimed words
There are three Episcopal Areas of the United Methodist Church in the Philippines: the Baguio Episcopal Area,[74] Davao Episcopal Area[75] and Manila Episcopal Area.[76]
Methodist and Wesleyan traditions in the Philippines are shared by three of the largest mainline Protestant churches in the country: The United Methodist Church, Iglesia Evangelica Metodista En Las Islas Filipinas ("Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands", abbreviated IEMELIF), and The United Church of Christ in the Philippines.[71] There are also evangelical Protestant churches in the country of the Methodist tradition like the Wesleyan Church of the Philippines, Inc. the Free Methodist Church of the Philippines,[72] and the Church of the Nazarene.[73] There are also the IEMELIF Reform Movement (IRM), The Wesleyan (Pilgrim Holiness) Church of the Philippines, the Philippine Bible Methodist Church, Inc., the Pentecostal Free Methodist Church, Inc., the Fundamental Christian Methodist Church, The Reformed Methodist Church, Inc., The Methodist Church of the Living Bread, Inc., and the Wesley Evangelical Methodist Church & Mission, Inc.
Methodism in the Philippines began shortly after the United States acquired the Philippines in 1898 as a result the Spanish-American War. On 21 June 1898, after the Battle of Manila Bay but before the Treaty of Paris, executives of the American Mission Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church expressed their desire to join other Protestant denominations in starting mission work in the islands and to enter into a Comity Agreement that would facilitate the establishment of such missions. The first Protestant worship service was conducted on 28 August 1898 by an American military chaplain named Rev. George C. Stull. Rev. Stull was an ordained Methodist minister from the Montana Annual Conference of The Methodist Episcopal Church (later part of the United Methodist Church after 1968).
Missionaries from Britain, North America, and Australia founded Methodist churches in many Commonwealth countries. These are now independent and many of them are stronger than the former "mother" churches. In addition to the churches, these missionaries often also founded schools to serve the local community. A good example of such schools are the Methodist Boys' School in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Anglo-Chinese School, Methodist Girls' School, Paya Lebar Methodist Girls School and Fairfield Methodist Schools in Singapore.
Malaysia and Singapore
In 1947 the Wesleyan Methodist Church in India merged with Presbyterians, Anglicans and other Protestant churches to form the Church of South India while the American Methodist Church remained affiliated as the Methodist Church in southern Asia (MCSA) to the mother church in USA- the United Methodist Church until 1981, when by an enabling act the Methodist Church in India (MCI) became an autonomous church in India. Today, the Methodist Church in India is governed by the General Conference of the Methodist Church of India headed by 6 Bishops, with headquarters at Methodist Centre, 21 YMCA Road, Mumbai, India...[70]
In 1857, the Methodist Episcopal Church started its work in India, and with prominent evangelists like William Taylor the Emmanuel Methodist Church, Vepery, was born in 1874. The evangelist James Mills Thoburn established the Thoburn Memorial Church in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1873 and the Calcutta Boys' School in 1877.
The first Methodist church was dedicated in 1819 at Royapettah. A chapel at Broadway (Black Town) was later built and dedicated on 25 April 1822. This church was rebuilt in 1844 since the earlier structure was collapsing. At this time there were about 100 Methodist members in all of Madras, and they were either Europeans or Eurasians (European and Indian descent). Among names associated with the founding period of Methodism in India are Elijah Hoole and Thomas Cryer, who came as missionaries to Madras.
Methodism came to India twice, in 1817 and in 1856, according to P. Dayanandan who has done extensive research on the subject.[69] Thomas Coke and six other missionaries set sail for India on New Year's Day in 1814. Coke, then 66, died en route. Rev. James Lynch was the one who finally arrived in Madras (present day Chennai) in 1817 at a place called Black Town (Broadway), later known as George Town. Lynch conducted the first Methodist missionary service on 2 March 1817, in a stable.
In 1947, the Methodist Church in the Republic of China celebrated its centenary. In 1949, however, the Methodist Church moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang government. On 21 June 1953, the Taipei Methodist Church was erected, then local churches and chapels with a baptized membership numbering over 2,500. Various types of educational, medical and social services are provided (including Tunghai University). In 1972 the Methodist Church in the Republic of China became autonomous and the first bishop was installed in 1986.
[68] In 1867, the mission sent out the first missionaries to Central China, who began work at
[67][66] Rev. Hok Chau 周學 (also known as Lai-Tong Chau, 周勵堂) was the first Chinese ordained minister of the South China District of the Methodist Church (incumbent 1877–1916).
Methodism was brought to China in the fall of 1847 by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The first missionaries sent out were Isaac W. Wiley on 6 December 1867, by which time the number of members and probationers had reached 2,011.
The Methodist Church of Southern Africa is the largest Mainline Protestant denomination in South Africa – 7.3% of the South African population recorded their religious affiliation as 'Methodist' in the last national census.[63]
Methodism in Southern Africa began as a result of lay Christian work by an Irish soldier of the English Regiment, John Irwin, who was stationed at the Cape and began to hold prayer meetings as early as 1795.[57] The first Methodist lay preacher at the Cape, George Middlemiss, was a soldier of the 72nd regiment of the British Army stationed at the Cape in 1805.[58] This foundation paved the way for missionary work by Methodist missionary societies from Great Britain, many of whom sent missionaries with the 1820 English settlers to the Western and Eastern Cape. Among the most notable of the early missionaries were Barnabas Shaw and William Shaw.[59][60][61] The largest group was the Wesleyan Methodist Church, but there were a number of others that joined together to form the Methodist Church of South Africa, later known as The Methodist Church of Southern Africa.[62]
The Methodist Church operates across South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, with a limited presence in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It is a member church of the World Methodist Council.
Southern Africa
In July 1961, the Methodist Church in Ghana became autonomous, and was called the Methodist Church Ghana, based on a deed of foundation, part of the church's Constitution and Standing Orders.
By 1854, the church was organized into circuits constituting a district with T.B. Freeman as chairman. Freeman was replaced in 1856 by William West. The district was divided and extended to include areas in the then Gold Coast and Nigeria by the synod in 1878, a move confirmed at the British Conference. The district were Gold Coast (Ghana) District, with T.R. Picot as chairman and Yoruba and Popo District, with John Milum as chairman. Methodist evangelization of northern Ghana began in 1910. After a long period of conflict with the colonial government, missionary work was established in 1955. Paul Adu was the first indigenous missionary to northern Ghana.
Methodism in Ghana came into existence as a result of the missionary activities of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, inaugurated with the arrival of Joseph Rhodes Dunwell to the Gold Coast (Ghana) in 1835.[56] Like the mother church, the Methodist Church in Ghana was established by people of Protestant background. Roman Catholic and Anglican missionaries came to the Gold Coast from the 15th century. A school was established in Cape Coast by the Anglicans during the time of Philip Quaque, a Ghanaian priest. Those who came out of this school had scriptural knowledge and scriptural materials supplied by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge. A member of the resulting Bible study groups, William De-Graft, requested Bibles through Captain Potter of the ship Congo. Not only were Bibles sent, but also a Methodist missionary. In the first eight years of the Church's life, 11 out of 21 missionaries who worked in the Gold Coast died. Thomas Birch Freeman, who arrived at the Gold Coast in 1838 was a pioneer of missionary expansion. Between 1838 and 1857 he carried Methodism from the coastal areas to Kumasi in the Asante hinterland of the Gold Coast. He also established Methodist Societies in Badagry and AbeoKuta in Nigeria with the assistance of William De-Graft.
An episcopal system adopted in 1976 was not fully accepted by all sections of the church until the two sides came together and resolved to end the disagreement. A new constitution was ratified in 1990. The system is still episcopal but the points which caused discontent were amended to be acceptable to both sides.[54] Today, the church has a prelate, eight archbishops and 44 bishops.[54]
The church was founded in 1842 by British Wesleyan Methodist missionaries. From the mission stations established in Badagry and Abeokuta, the Methodist church spread to various parts of the country west of the River Niger and part of the north. In 1893 missionaries of the Primitive Methodist Church arrived from Fernando Po, an island off the southern coast of Nigeria. From there the Methodist Church spread to other parts of the country, east of the River Niger and also to parts of the north. The church west of the River Niger and part of the north was known as the Western Nigeria District and east of the Niger and another part of the north as the Eastern Nigeria District. Both existed independently of each other until 1962 when they constituted the Conference of Methodist Church Nigeria. The conference is composed of seven districts. The church has continued to spread into new areas and has established a department for outreach/evan-gelism and appointed a director of evangelism.[54]
The Nigerian Methodist Church has around two million members in 2000 congregations.[54] It has seen exponential growth since the turn of the millennium.[55]
Methodist denominations in Africa follow the British Methodist tradition and see the Methodist Church of Great Britain as their mother church. Originally modelled on the British structure, since independence most of these churches have adopted an episcopal model.
In more recent times in Barbados, Victor Alphonso Cooke (born 1930) and Lawrence Vernon Harcourt Lewis (born 1932) are strong influences on the Methodist Church on the island.[50] Their contemporary and late member of the Dalkeith Methodist Church, was the former secretary of the University of the West Indies, consultant of the Canadian Training Aid Programme and a man of letters – Francis Woodbine Blackman (1922–2010). It was his research and published works that enlightened much of this information on Caribbean Methodism.[52][53]
In the island of Barbados Francis Godson (1864–1953) became a Methodist who, having served briefly in several of the Caribbean islands, eventually immersed himself in helping those in hardship of the first world war in Barbados and later was appointed to the Legislative Council there and fought for the Pensioners. He was later followed by renowned Barbadian Augustus Rawle Parkinson (1864–19??) who also was the first principal of the Wesley Hall School in Barbados (which celebrated its 125 anniversary back in September 2009).[50]
In 1884 an attempt was made at autonomy with the formation of two West Indian Conferences, however by 1903 the venture had failed. It was not until the 1960s that another attempt was made at autonomy. This second attempt resulted in the emergence of the Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas (MCCA) in May 1967.
Following Rev. William J. Shrewsbury's 1820s preaching, Ann Gill (1779–1866), a free-born coloured woman of reasonable comfort, used Civil Disobedience in an attempt to thwart magistrate rulings that prevented parishioners holding prayer meetings. In hopes of building a new chapel, she paid an extraordinary £1700.00 and ended up having militia appointed by the Governor to protect her home from demolition.[51]
In 1818 Edward Fraser (1798-Aft.1850), a privileged Barbadian slave, moved to Bermuda and subsequently met the new minister James Dunbar. The Nova Scotia Methodist Minister noted young Fraser's sincerity and commitment to his congregation and encouraged him by appointing him as assistant. By 1827 Fraser assisted in building a new chapel. He was later freed and admitted to the Methodist Ministry to serve in Antigua and Jamaica.[50]
In 1786 the missionary endeavour in the Caribbean was officially recognised by the Conference in England, and that same year Rev. Dr. Thomas Coke, having been made Superintendent of the Church two years previously in America by Wesley, was travelling to Nova Scotia, but providence forced his ship to Antigua.
It was at this time, in 1785, that William Turton (1761–1817) a Barbadian son of a planter, met John Baxter in Antigua, and later as layman assisted in the Methodist work in the Swedish colony of St. Bartholomew from 1796.[50]
St. Barts
On 2 April 1778, John Baxter , a local preacher and skilled shipwright from Chatham in England, landed at English harbour in Antigua (now called Nelson's Dockyard) where he was offered a post at the naval dockyard. Baxter was a Methodist and had heard of the work of the Gilberts and their need for a new preacher. He began preaching and meeting with the Methodists leaders, and within a year the Methodist community had grown to 600 persons. By 1783 the first Methodist Chapel was built in Antigua, with John Baxter as the local preacher, where its wooden structure now seated some 2,000 people.
When Nathaniel Gilbert died in 1774 his work in Antigua was continued by his brother Francis Gilbert to approximately 200 Methodists. However, within a year Francis took ill and had to return to England and the work was carried on by Sophia Campbell ("a Negress") and Mary Alley ("a Mulatto"), two devoted women who kept the flock together with Class and Prayer meetings as best as they could.
The story is often told that in 1755, Nathaniel Gilbert, while convalescing, read a treatise of John Wesley, "An Appeal to Men of Reason and Religion" sent to him by his brother Francis. As a result of having read this book Gilbert, two years later, journeyed to England with three of his slaves and there in at drawing room meeting arranged in Wandsworth on 15 January 1759, met the preacher John Wesley. He returned to the West Indies that same year and on his subsequent return began to preach to his slaves in Antigua.[50]
Methodism came to the Caribbean in 1760 when the planter, lawyer and Speaker of the Antiguan House of Assembly – Nathaniel Gilbert III (~1719–1774) returned to his sugar estate home in Antigua.[50]
On 18 January 1885, the first Annual Conference of The United Episcopal Church of México was established.
In 1874, M.D. William Butler established the first Protestant Methodist school of México, in Puebla. The school was founded under the name "Instituto Metodista Mexicano." Today the school is called "Instituto Mexicano Madero." It is still a Methodist school, and it is one of the most elite, selective, expensive and prestigious private schools in the country,[48] with two campuses in Puebla State, and one in Oaxaca. A few years later the principal of the school created a Methodist university,[49] the first and only Protestant university in Mexico.
The Methodist Church came to Mexico in 1872, with the arrival of two Methodist commissioners from the United States to observe the possibilities of evangelistic work in México. In December 1872, Bishop Gilbert Haven arrived to Mexico City, and he was ordered by M.D William Butler to go to México. Bishop John C. Keener arrived from the Methodist Episcopal Church, South in January 1873.[46][47]
Latin America
The Methodist Church established several strongholds in Russia – Saint Petersburg in the west and the Vladivostok region in the east, with big Methodist centers right in the middle, in Moscow and Ekaterinburg (former Sverdlovsk). Methodists began their work in the west amongst Swedish immigrants in 1881 and started their work in the east in 1910.[43] On 26 June 2009, Methodists celebrated the 120th year since Methodism arrived in Czarist Russia by erecting a new Methodist centre in Saint Petersburg.[43] A Methodist presence was continued in Russia for 14 years after the Russian Revolution of 1917 through the efforts of Deaconess Anna Eklund.[44] In 1939, political antagonism stymied the work of the Church and Deaconess Anna Eklund was coerced to return to her native Finland.[43] After 1989, the Soviet Union allowed greatly increased religious freedoms[45] and this continued after the USSR's collapse in 1991. During the 1990s, Methodism experienced a powerful wave of revival in the nation.[43] Three sites in particular carried the torch - Samara, Moscow and Ekaterinburg. Today, The United Methodist Church in Eurasia has 116 congregations, each with a native pastor. There are currently 48 students enrolled in residential and extension degree programs at the United Methodist Seminary in Moscow.[43]
Bertrand Tipple, pastor of the American Methodist Church in Rome, founded a college there.[42]
Italian Methodism has its origins in the Italian Free Church, British Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, and the American Methodist Episcopal Mission. These movements flowered in the second half of the nineteenth century in the new climate of political and religious freedom that was established, with the end of the Papal States and unification of Italy in 1870.[41]
The Italian Methodist Church (Italian: Opera per le Chiese Metodiste in Italia;[39] Entity for Methodist Churches in Italy) is a small Protestant community in Italy, with around 7,000 members.[40] Since 1975 it is in a formal covenant of partnership with the Waldensian Church, with a total of 45,000 members.[40] Waldensians are a Protestant movement which started in Lyon, France, in the late 1170s.
The Hungarian Methodist Church, the Salvation Army, and the Church of the Nazarene have formed an association mainly for publishing purposes.[37] The Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship also has a publishing arm.[38]
[36] as discriminatory.Council of Europe of the Venice Commission, which entered Hungary in 1996 – but not to the Hungarian Evangelical Fellowship. The legislation has been strongly criticized by the Church of the Nazarene, which was banned in Hungary in 1949 but returned in 1990, and currently has four congregations, and the Salvation Army This gave recognition to the Hungarian Methodist Church and to two other Methodist-derived denominations – the [35] However, the list of recognized churches was lengthened to 32 at the end of February 2012.[34] a dozen schools of various kinds, and four old people's homes. The Fellowship was granted official church status by the state in 1981. Both Methodist churches lost official church status under discriminatory legislation passed in 2011, limiting the number of recognized churches to 14.[33]


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Moderators: Minimalist, MichelleH
Parts of the walls show clear signs of fire damage, with the stalagmites blackened or reddened and fractured from the heat, leading researchers to suspect that the Neanderthals embedded fireplaces in the structures to illuminate the cave.
Up till the time she actually did the dating, it was believed that the structures were no more than about 46,000 years old due to charcoal & bone being radio carbon dated, which is close to the limits for carbon dating.
Minimalist wrote:Kb, you have to click on the embedded link which says Nature. The whole report is there. They used uranium-series dating.
400 meters from the entrance I still would like to know where the smoke went. I doubt that HNS built compressors to pump air in.
Maybe evidence of occupation is sealed under the layer of calcite covering the floor.
Cognito wrote:Maybe evidence of occupation is sealed under the layer of calcite covering the floor.
Hominids are messy, of course there's a bunch of stuff preserved under the calcite. Alright Spice, let's go there with a jackhammer and start investigating!
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Rapper Drake has broken his silence about the vulgarities and criticism actress Amanda Bynes directed towards him via Twitter.com earlier this year.
The Easy A star began her online obsession with the Started from the Bottom hitmaker back in March when she posted odd messages about her attraction towards him.
In one tweet she wrote, "I want @drake to murder my vagina."
But when he failed to respond to her bizarre notes, Bynes began insulting his mother and his looks, insisting the rapper looks "ugly", "weird" and "disturbing".
And in one brutal tweet, she wrote, "I'm Getting Surgery To Fix My Nose. There's No Surgery That Fixes Drake's Ugly Downward Facing Eyes."
She oddly followed the post by calling Drake "The Man Of My Dreams".
The rapper has taken the high road in the Twitter drama but now he has addressed Bynes' comments for the first time in an interview with XXL magazine.
He says, "I don't even know who that is doing that or what that's about. If that is her, I guess it's a little weird and disturbing.
"It's obviously a behavioural pattern that is way bigger than me. Whoever is behind it, whether it's her or somebody else, they know people are paying attention so they keep it going."
Bynes is currently in a hospital in California under a two-week psychiatric hold after allegedly setting fire to a Thousand Oaks, California resident's driveway in July. Lawmakers and medics are carrying out a series of tests to determine if the star needs help with a reported mental health issue.
Rapper Drake has broken his silence about the vulgarities and criticism actress Amanda Bynes directed towards him via Twitter.com earlier this year.


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First a quick précis of our review chips. The Intel Core i5-2500K is a quad-core, quad-thread chip with 6MB of L3 cache memory and clocks in at 3.3GHz standard and 3.7GHz maximum Turbo frequency. It's yours for approximately £160 unboxed and effectively replaces both the old dual-core Core i5-655K and quad-core Core i5-760.
A partially locked Core i5-2500 is also available at the same clockspeeds for about £10 less.
Read more: Intel Core i7-9700K
The £225 Core i7 -2600K, meanwhile, sports four cores, eight threads, 8MB of cache as standard and Turbo frequencies of 3.4GHz and 3.8GHz respectively. It slots in approximately where you would previously have found the likes of the Core i7-870 and Core i7-875K processors in the price list. Again, there's also a marginally cheaper Core i7-2600 alternative that lacks the fully unlocked multiplier.
With all that logged away, it's time for some performance analysis. In a word, these chips are stunning.
At stock clocks, the new Core i5-2500K comprehensively blows away an old Core i7-870. Put another way, the new mid-range chip hammers the old high-end offering. It's literally faster in every benchmark including video encoding, gaming and professional rendering and sometimes by a margin of over 10 per cent. As for the comparison to the old Core i5-760, it's brutal. The new chip is as much as 30 to 40 per cent quicker.
Unsurprisingly, then, the new Core i7-2600K absolutely hoses its progenitor, the Core i7-870. We're talking 25 to 30 per cent more performance absolutely, positively everywhere.
If that wasn't astonishing enough, the i7-2600K actually gives Intel's mighty Core i7-980X six-core flagship processor a real scare. The 980X is, for instance, only about 10 per cent quicker in the Cinebench rendering test and 20 per cent faster in HD video encoding. But it's slower for gaming.
Remember, the i7-980X is a £750 processor.
If you're wondering where the performance gains come from, much is down to increased clockspeeds, but the new processors would still be 10 per cent quicker even running at the same frequencies. Somehow, Intel has made the fastest CPU architecture on the planet significantly faster.
As for overclocking, the news only gets better. Our i5-2500K hits the wall at 4.4GHz, while the i7-2600K motors on to 4.6GHz. That's courtesy of an air cooler. It's silly numbers, frankly.
As if that wasn't enough, the Quick Sync Video hardware transcoding engine adds yet another dimension. Using a special build of Cyberlink MediaShow Expresso, it's possible to compare video encoding with and without the transcoder enabled. Our test video is crunched in 45 seconds in software mode. Flick the switch on the transcoder and it drops to just 12 seconds. Bonkers.
Finally, there's the performance of the new Intel HD Graphics 3000. Here again, it's a story of massively improved grunt. Put simply, it's over twice as fast as the previous Intel HD graphics and massively quicker than any other integrated solution. It's genuinely up to the task of playing older games such as Call of Duty 4 at decent detail settings.
Newer titles, however, require lower resolutions and defenestrated eye candy.


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Huawei. We've heard about them in the past year and the Ascend W1 is probably one of the most interesting-but-not-really-interesting phones we've covered. Truth be told, the phone is akin to the Samsung ATIV Odyssey—it's specs don't impress the gadget geeks out here but it's a solid feeling little phone that feels leaps and bound better than some of the LG garbage produced in the Windows Phone 7 days. For that, we're welcoming Huawei to the fold.
The phone features a 4" WVGA display, dual core 1.2 GHz CPU, 512MB of RAM and a 5MP rear shoot (with a 0.3 MP front facing cam). The body has a soft-touch paint feel to it which gives it a smooth, soft texture that's quite nice too hold. While the phone is very square it doesn't feel odd at all seeing as the 4" display keeps things in check when holding it one handed.
Will the Ascend W1 set the world afire? Hardly. But for emerging markets and for those who just want Windows Phone on a budget, we okay with this device taking the reins. Look for the W1 in the coming weeks.
Check our hands on video and photos after the break.


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Sen. Mary Landrieu Gets Boost From Big Business
Large Corporations Favor Louisiana Incumbent Over Her Republican Challenger
America's biggest businesses have made it a priority to help Republicans win control of the Senate this year. But in a crucial race in Louisiana, they are doing all they can to help the Democratic incumbent.
The political arms of large corporations have given nearly five times as much money to Sen. Mary Landrieu as to her Republican opponent, Rep. Bill Cassidy, according to fundraising data compiled by The Wall Street Journal. Industry groups have run television advertisements supporting her re-election. And several big Washington...


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ARAPAHOE COUNTY — Von Miller's legal troubles have come to an end with nothing more than fines and fees.
The Broncos' strongside linebacker pleaded guilty — through his lawyer — to minor traffic violations in an Arapahoe County District courtroom Thursday afternoon.
Miller did not appear in person.
Seven points were removed from his license.
All other charges against Miller, stemming from multiple traffic violations, were dropped.
Miller, 24, pleaded guilty to a lane change violation and speeding 10 to 19 mph over the posted limit, according to court records.
Before entering his pleas, Miller completed community service and a driver's course.
Miller was arrested last August at the Centennial Gun Club — a firearms shop — on a failure to appear warrant.
Court documents show Miller failed to appear for a court hearing on a charge from October 2012 when he was cited for careless driving, driving without a license and no proof of insurance.
Miller was in trouble again in September after getting cited by law enforcement for driving without a license and speeding.
Miller missed the first six games of the regular season for violating the league's substance abuse policy.
Miller tore his anterior cruciate ligament during the Broncos' victory over the Houston Texans, ending his season. He has since had surgery to repair the damage.
Ryan Parker: 303-954-2409, email@example.com or twitter.com/ryanparkerdp


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A lot (Probably Most) of the late/unknown codes are changes to the existing codes to hopefully confuse the allies as to what was being made where.
A commonly known example is Mauser Obedrndorf byf became SVW in about Dez 44, Spreewerk cyq became cvq and Walther ac became ?, just went blank.
This was not a first time thing for the Germans as they changed from number codes to letter codes in 1940.
Many of the late war code changes can be identified by checking the WaA numbers because they didn't change when the codes changed.


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The Marina District is characterized by urban outdoor space, including parks, promenades and Seaport Village. Exclusive condominiums are here, as well as boutiques, cafes and the local grocery store.
Residential, MLS# 180031802
Listing provided by E & V Ranch and Coast, Inc.
Residential, MLS# 190011763
Listing provided by S&P Realty Services Corp
Residential, MLS# 190011762
Listing provided by S&P Realty Services Corp
Residential, MLS# 180063876
Listing provided by Berkshire Hathaway HomeService
Residential, MLS# 180066645
Listing provided by Berkshire Hathaway HomeService
Residential, MLS# 190012298
Listing provided by Cabrillo Mortgage & Realty Ser
Residential, MLS# 190005187
Listing provided by Billionaires Row
This information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. You should rely on this information only to decide whether or not to further investigate a particular property. BEFORE MAKING ANY OTHER DECISION, YOU SHOULD PERSONALLY INVESTIGATE THE FACTS (e.g. square footage and lot size) with the assistance of an appropriate professional. You may use this information only to identify properties you may be interested in investigating further. All uses except for personal, non-commercial use in accordance with the foregoing purpose are prohibited. Redistribution or copying of this information, any photographs or video tours is strictly prohibited. This information is derived from the Internet Data Exchange (IDX) service provided by Sandicor®. Displayed property listings may be held by a brokerage firm other than the broker and/or agent responsible for this display. The information and any photographs and video tours and the compilation from which they are derived is protected by copyright. Compilation © 2019 Sandicor®, Inc.


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New Roofs & Re-roofing Services in Markbeech
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