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For the next few weeks I'll be pulling quotes from Evolving in Monkey Town to discuss here on the blog. Today's excerpts come from Chapter 1, entitled "The Best Christian Attitude Award."
People sometimes ask me when I became a Christian, and that's a hard question to answer because I'm pretty sure that by the time I asked Jesus into my heart, he'd already been living there for a while. I was just five years old at the time, a compact little person with pigtails sticking out of my head like corn tassels, and I remember thinking it strange that someone as important as Jesus would need an invitation. Strange now is the fact that before I lost my first tooth or learned to ride a bike or graduated from kindergarten, I committed my life to a man who asked his followers to love their enemies, to give without expecting anything in return, and to face public execution if necessary. It is perhaps an unfair thing to ask of a child, but few who decide to follow Jesus know from the beginning what they're getting themselves into.
So, when did you become a Christian? What was your conversion experience like? Did you know what you were getting into?
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Part II
Monday, December 2 - At the appointment at Dr. Elliott's office, a sweet tech does an in-depth, high-level abdominal (stomach) ultrasound exam. My husband is unable to come along, because it would mean having to bring all the kids, which I do not want to do. Instead, Isaac comes along, hoping to catch a glimpse of his brothers. My midwife is with another client and isn't able to make it, though she had wanted to.
Dr. Elliott comes into the exam room for a few minutes early on, and he immediately can identify the much-prayed-for membrane on the screen (meaning our babies do NOT share their amniotic sac, which rules out the "monoamniotic" diagnosis I had dreaded). I express my relief, but he is quick to let me know that even after just briefly watching the screen, he is almost certain of TTTS even without receiving the exact measurements yet. The tech spends about 2 hours taking all sorts of measurements, and explaining to me what she is doing all along. Even to my untrained eye, it is obvious that one twin (and his sac) is taking up the vast majority of the uterine cavity. This baby is overly active, while the other twin is hardly active at all, and wedged into my lower left side. It is also obvious that a bladder is not visible on the smaller (donor) baby due to low fluid levels.
In an nut shell, a baby's cord (two arteries, one vein) goes into the placenta, where the blood vessels branch out like roots on a tree. Because our boys share one placenta, some of their blood vessels have made unfavorable connections. If an arterial branch from one baby connects with an arterial branch of the other, it is not really an issue because the pressure of blood flow from both sides is roughly at an equilibrium. Same with a vein-to-vein connection. Problems arise if an artery from one baby hooks up to a vein of the other. Because arteries are high-pressure, they will bleed out into the low-pressure vein of the other baby. This means the boys' blood cycles are completely connected, with a net loss of blood volume to the "donor" baby, and a net gain to the "recipient."
The condition is very dangerous to both babies. One baby is in danger of dying from severe anemia and dehydration, leading to brain damage and cardiac arrest, while the other baby struggles with an excess of blood volume that is likely to also lead to cardiac arrest and death. Untreated, the chances of the babies surviving are about 5% for one twin, 0% for both.
There are few treatment options available, all of which I am only slightly familiar with. Remember, this is only 12 days after finding out we are having twins - I have much to learn yet. Our three options are expectant management, laser ablation of the connecting vessels between donor and recipient twin, or reduction of amniotic fluid. There are two other options that we will not even consider - terminating the pregnancy altogether, or "selective reduction" of the donor twin.
Dr. E. explains the pros and cons of all three of our options. We are in too urgent of a situation to safely be able to consider watching and waiting (about 15% of cases will resolve on their own over time, presumably due to more favorable blood vessel connections developing).
Laser ablation is his first recommendation, though the procedure is the most invasive of all the available options. He quotes the babies chances of survival as roughly 80% for the recipient, and 20-30% for the donor. We also would have to travel out of state for this - I am told clinics are available in either San Francisco, Dallas, or Houston.
Reduction of amniotic fluid is not really a cure, it more just negates the effects of TTTS. The babies cope with their unfavorable blood volumes by either secreting the excess blood serum into their amniotic sac via their urine (recipient), or holding on to all fluids for dear life to prevent further dehydration (donor). On a side note, as it turns out, Dr. E is the doctor who first thought up and pioneered therapeutic amniocentesis 30 years ago. It has since become one of the few available treatment options. Of all docs to carry this out, he is the safest and most experienced one to go with.
I tell him I will talk the options over with my husband. This information is all coming fast and furious, and mostly unexpected. On the drive home and after getting home, I explain the situation to my husband. He immediately grasps the gravity of the situation. Based on the limited information we have received so far, it seems to us that the amnioreduction is less invasive (it is), and offers better survival rates (it doesn't). We figure it is worth a try. If it doesn't work, I could always move on to the laser treatment next (NOTE: I did not know that most clinics will not carry out laser surgery after amnioreduction). I call the office back immediately to get the soonest possible appointment for therapeutic amnioreduction, the treatment option we are choosing to go with. I get an appointment for two days later, Wednesday afternoon, to be carried out at the hospital.
Next, I call my mother-in-law to ask if she can come out right away, so my husband would be able to go with me to the amnio, and any necessary repeat visits. She flies in late that same night. She is seriously wonderful like that.


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Healthy eating is all about balance. You can enjoy your favorite foods even if they're high in calories, fat or added sugars. The key is to eat them only once in a while, balancing them out with healthier foods and more physical activity.
- Consume it less often. If you normally eat these foods every day, cut back to once a week or once a month. You'll be cutting your calories because you're not having the food as often.
- Eat smaller amounts of your favorite food or add fruits or vegetables to bulk it up without the added fat or calories.
- Try a lower-calorie version. Use lower-calorie ingredients or prepare it differently.
- Exercise for a longer period of time to allow for the calories consumed from your favorite food.
- DON'T DEPRIVE YOURSELF! As long are you're eating healthfully the majority of the time, it's OK to reward yourself with one of your favorite foods. Just don't go overboard … everything should be in moderation!
Jump To …
How to Create a Healthy Eating Plan
How Do Fruits & Veggies Help You Maintain a Healthy Weight?
Easy Ways to Add Fruits & Veggies to Your Day
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Fill Half Your Plate with Fruits & Veggies
Recipes with Lots of Fruits & Veggies
How Many Fruits and Vegetables Do You Need?
What Does a Cup of Fruits & Veggies Look Like?
The Importance of Physical Activity


text:
Thomas M Duncan, PhD
766 Irving Avenue
Syracuse, NY 13210
315 464-8711
Current Appointments
- Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Hospital Campus
- Downtown
Research Programs and Affiliations
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Biomedical Sciences Program
Education & Fellowships
- Fellowship: Vanderbilt University, 1990, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
- PhD: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 1986, Biochemistry
Research Interests
Bioenergetics, enzymology, structural biology, membrane protein function.
Link to PubMed (Opens new window. Close the PubMed window to return to this page.)
My research focuses on the structure and function of the ATP synthase - an energy-coupling enzyme complex that is critical to the energy metabolism of most living things. The ATP synthase is located on the inner cell membrane of bacteria, the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and on the thylakoid membrane of plant chloroplasts. In the terminal step of oxidative- and photo-phosphorylation, it extracts energy from a transmembrane, electrochemical gradient of protons to drive the synthesis of most cellular ATP.
The ATP synthase consists of two sub-complexes with distinct but coupled functions. The F0complex spans the membrane bilayer and transports protons. F1 is a peripheral complex that extends into the aqueous phase and contains three catalytic nucleotide binding sites for ATP synthesis (one visible in cartoon). F0 and F1 are coupled through two stalk-like connections of subunits, a central rotor shaft and a peripheral stator. My earlier studies with Richard Cross provided key initial evidence that energy coupling by the ATP synthase involves
- rotation of the central shaft within F1 to coordinate the actions of three cooperative, alternating catalytic nucleotide sites, and
- rotation of subunits within F0 during energy-driven proton transport.
Remarkably, energy coupling by the ATP synthase is very efficient and reversible: respiration-driven proton transport through F0 can drive net synthesis of ATP, but net hydrolysis of ATP can also be used to drive proton transport in the opposite direction, thereby generating a transmembrane, electrochemical proton gradient.
Experimental system
Our research primarily uses the bacterial ATP synthase from Escherichia coli, which provides a simple yet powerful model system for structure/function studies of this rotary motor enzyme. The E. coli system provides straightforward genetic screening and engineering of the ATP synthase, and also allows large-scale purification of F0F1 and isolated F1 for biochemical studies.
Current projects
- Determine high-resolution structures of E. coli F1 and F0F1 by X-ray crystallography. A collaboration with Dr. Gino Cingolani, an experienced protein crystallographer (now at Thomas Jefferson Univ., Philadelphia).
- Determine how the rotor-associated epsilon subunit regulates activity of E. coli F1, and how epsilon may respond to changes in the electrochemical proton gradient to regulate the activty of membrane-bound E. coli F0F1.
- Engineer specific cysteines into different subunits of F0F1 for fluorescent labeling and assays of functional subunit rotation by single-particle fluorescence resonance energy transfer (sp-FRET). A preliminary collaboration with single-molecule microscopist, Dr. Michael Börsch (Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Germany).
Emeritus Faculty
SUNY Distinguished Professor Emeritus
- Richard Cross, PhD
Professor Emeritus
- David Turner, PhD


text:
urolith(redirected from urate u's)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
Related to urate u's: Uric acid kidney stones
a calculus in the urine or the urinary tract. adj., adj urolith´ic.
u·ri·nar·y cal·cu·lus
a calculus in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
Synonym(s): urolith
urolith/uro·lith/ (u´ro-lith) urinary calculus.urolith´ic
See urinary calculus.
u′ro·lith′ic adj.
urolithA URINARY CALCULUS.
a calculus in the urine or the urinary tract. See also urolithiasis.
apatite u's
consist of calcium phosphate in several forms, the most common being hydroxyapatite and carbonate-apatite. They may be only a component of uroliths of other mineral composition or occur in association with primary hyperparathyroidism, excessive intake of calcium and phosphorus or renal tubular acidosis. They are smooth and radiopaque.
ammonium acid urate u's
the common form of urate uroliths in dogs. Occur particularly in Dalmation dogs because of their unique urate metabolism which results in high urinary levels of uric acid.
barium u's
rare, iatrogenic curiosities.
brushite urolith
calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate.
calcium phosphate u's
apatite uroliths.
carbonate u's
found in ruminants with alkaline urine that ingest high-oxalate plants or pasture that is dominated by clover.
clover u's
occurs in wethers grazing estrogen-rich clover pasture. May be a soft yellow body composed of benzocoumarin, a metabolite of estrogens in the subterranean clover, and desquamated epithelial cells or a pasty white material consisting largely of calcium carbonate and organic matter derived from isoflavones. Called also clover stone.
cystine u's
occur in dogs excreting high levels of cystine in their urine due to an inherited transport defect in the proximal renal tubules.
urolith dissolution
may be part of the management of struvite and cystine uroliths in dogs. It involves increasing the solubility and reducing the quantity of crystalloids in the urine and increasing the volume of urine by the use of urinary acidifiers, dietary changes and promoting diuresis. See also calculolytic diet, acetohydroxamic acid.
jackstone u's
see silica uroliths (below).
magnesium ammonium phosphate u's
see struvite uroliths (below).
oxalate urolith
hard, dense, white or yellow calculi with rough surfaces which may originate from ingested oxalate but in many cases is the endogenous product of liver metabolism.
preputial urolith
top-shaped calculi found rarely in the prepuce of steers. They have a valve-like effect and cause obstruction of the orifice, distention and sometimes local infiltration of subcutaneous tissues with urine.
purine u's
includes ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate and xanthine uroliths.
renal urolith
one formed in the renal pelvis and often of corresponding shape.
silica u's
consist largely of silica. Are white to brown in color, may be laminated and measure up to 0.5 inch in diameter. They may reach a high level of prevalence in groups of wethers from particular areas and from particular farms where the silicon level in the pasture is high. In dogs, they occur with low frequency except in certain areas, particularly Kenya. They often have a characteristic appearance with numerous spiked projections from the surface. Called also 'jackstones'.
struvite u's
white, crumbly, smooth bodies composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (triple phosphate). The most common type of urolith in dogs and cats; they are commonly associated with infection of the urinary tract. Obstruction of the urethra by crystals of struvite is common in cats. Called also triple phosphate uroliths. See also feline urological syndrome.
urate u's
small (less than 2 inches diameter) yellow or brown calculi seen in dogs, especially Dalmatians, Bulldogs and pigs.
urease u's
see struvite uroliths (above).
whitlockite urolith
tricalcium phosphate.
xanthine u's
yellow to red, friable, irregularly shaped calculi in sheep and young cattle.


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Jimquisition: The Beautiful Irony of PC Gaming
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You do know that is the is more or less the same with every game. Go read the Terms for Black Ops or any other game and they basically state you have bought a "licence" to use one copy of the game. Technically speaking you can't even lend games to your friends.
Alas, I'm running my gaming on a laptop with integrated graphics, so I can't get my copy of Amnesia to run. Heck, it's even bugging trying to run 2-player TF2. True, I do love games like Cthulhu Saves the World, Torchlight and Recattear (wow, 3 RPGs... Guess my favourite genre :P), but the reason why I prefer home consoles to PCs is that I like to sit back with a controller in hand and look over the situation presented on screen. Plus, I suck at shooters and RTSes, so having a keyboard and mouse over a controller is not a major problem.
However, I do have to agree that the versitility of a PC is wonderful. My steam is chock full of little indie games that wouldn't exist on a console, such as The Path (in fact, anything by Tale of Tales), Beat Hazard and the afformentioned Recattear. It's just that I prefer to play with a controller than a mouse.
Still, excellent video, and a discussion I often have with my more PC-focused brother.
All it says is your dad bought you a bad PC for gaming.
Just get a decent GPU and make sure you have a spare PCIe socket and can afford the extra power draw and install it, it will make games run fine.
True, but normally you can only get banned from single games unless you do something like get caught pirating on consoles. And even then, bans are hard to 'earn.' I've heard many a story of people doing nothing and getting banned from Steam, cutting them off from access to every single steam game they have, online and off. It's not like Sony or Microsoft is just going to come to your house and take your physical copies if you get banned from their systems.
What doesn't help is that Steam has horrible customer support from what I hear. Again, I've never had to deal with them thankfully, but I've heard multiple stories from many different people saying the Steam support isn't very good. And so if you want to appeal your banning, then you're going to have to deal with that on top of the ban itself.
I do understand what you mean though. Technically, I suppose many of these companies COULD come to your house and take your games... though I've never heard of that happening and would be shocked if it ever did.
*sigh* I don't really want to fiddle with the insides of my computer given that it's the only one in the house that really works. I'd rather just have my computer like it is now play games on my consoles and then when I get around to building another computer i'll make a note about the graphics card.
The only reason it happens more often on Steam is that it is easier on Steam and the only complaint I would have with Steam support is that they are a bit slow but other than that they have been fine for me. Although usually when that happens in the wrong they do get their accounts back from what I have heard.
Well, controllers are inherently flawed for first-person gaming because they impose an unnecessary delay in how quickly you can turn. Think of it this way. Let's say you want to move move a cup full of water from one spot on the table to another. What's the quickest way to do it? Freely moving it by picking it up and placing where you want? Or, sliding it to the desired position, having to do it slowly so as to not spill? The same logic applies to a controller. With an analog stick, you are limited to how far you can tilt it. Then, after you do, you have to wait for the game to turn your character to where you want. It's not only slower, it's less accurate. Whereas with a mouse, you are free to move it as far as you want, provided you have the desk space. This lets you be as fast, slow, and accurate as you want. There's even been studies performed that indicate the vast differences in performance, reaction time, and accuracy when comparing mice to analog sticks. If I had a link, I'd post it.
Regardless, on to the free PC. If you can find out the hardware specs, let me know. I'd be more the willing to help you upgrade (if the need/desire is there) so it'll play just about anything you want. :)
Graphics has never really meant the world to me when it comes to a game, so using it as a arguemnt for getting a pc have just seemed a tad wrong (although some people i know will go: "awmahgawd insane graphics i need this to live O_O", at that point it's hard to not point out they'd get a better experience with it on pc, since well the graphics will be better there). Most of the people i know that don't tend to play pc, but stick to consoles usually have the complaint that they wanna sit on the couch and play on the tv with a controller, to which i usually respond: well you can do that on a pc aswell. You can have any setup you like with a pc, which is one of it's strengths.
This isn't about graphics. If it were, it would be mentioned every second word or something.
o/t: One thing I love about PC gaming is actually getting in there and building one. I think us hardware-heads don't upgrade yearly because we NEED to. Some get this euphoric feeling over it, knowing that you built something yourself.
Actually, thank you for pointing that out. That's actually what I meant. I should probably fix that in the original post.
I'm sorry but, is this a joke? This has to be a joke. It's almost like you're not even reading or really responding to my, or even your own, original post. Either that or you're just trolling me. I'm thinkin' the latter.
It's funny to me that, after addressing every point you try to counter me with, you just try to pass it off as me "changing the subject". Seems to me you have no reasonable argument or counter-point and are just defaulting to repeating yourself and insulting me. At the same time, you only reenforce my point.
You have Super Mario Bros 3? Good for you. So do I. I guess we can both go and play it again. But what about, say, something more recent? Or even something a year or so old? Let's go back and play Batman: Arkham Asylum. I'm sorry, what's that? You only rented it back then? Oh, that's a shame. I guess you'll have to pay for it again if you want to play along. Gee, seems to me you're gonna pay more to play it over time than I paid to get it once and play forever.
But, this is all moot. I said this exact same thing in my first post but you either over looked it, didn't comprehend it, or just actively ignored it because you had no reasonable retort except to repeat yourself and say I was "wondering off on tangents". And, frankly, I expect the same thing to occur with this post. Either way, I'm just going to ignore you.
Oh, and by the way. Saying you can still go back and play SMB3 doesn't help your case buddy. You bought that game back in the day. That's why you can go back and play it again. If you had only rented it, you'd be s.o.l.
[edit] Upon taking a quick glance at your profile, I notice you're already up to six ticks in your forum health meter. Why does this not surprise me?
Ok then but it's incredibly simple.
You put it in, screw it to your case and attach the power cable. Bam! Done, then just download the latest drivers and there you have it, your PC can game!
I'm a PC gamer so I know for a very long time that graphics don't make a good game. How else would you explain that vanilla Morrowind is better than modded Oblivion. Or that the most played game on Steam is still Counter Strike 1.6!!! Most PC gamers I know also don't care about graphics that much. All they care about is frames per second. I see it everywhere. PC gamers that I know have no problem running the game on lowest settings if they can get more frames per second. We just love playing at 60+ fps. Sure I like a pretty game too, but there are only a few games that actually benefit from amazing graphics. Crysis for example, wouldn't be half as fun if it wasn't a graphical marvel.
what ever points he made .... poof .... want. chainswords. where can get -.-
A Chainsword, fantastic! Swift Justice or Hells Teeth pattern? It looks like Swift Justice. It's definatly not Hecate - Hecates are rounded off and are lighter for parrying.
...Why yes, I am a nerd.
That's not what I'm trying to say. From where I stand, you're saying that these are just opinions. I'm saying that these are inconsistencies from fervent PC gamers (and make no mistake, I am one as well).
It's more like, say, if someone was going on about how visuals don't matter in a story, and then lambasting someone for having a 24-inch Plasma TV when their 46-inch LCD brings out a much higher quality picture with three times the refresh rate. Or, say, someone goes on to state how they don't care how bad their car looks so long as it gives good mileage, and then one day goes off about aesthetics of aerodynamic cars and sleek design scoffing at others who can't keep up with modern design.
Now, there's a difference between simply trying to get the best out of your machine, graphics-wise or not, and just doing a 180 in the "graphics don't matter" department which is what I see at times.
It's Serious Sam 3!!! with new weapons!!!
As a great man once said: "Thank God, for me".
Beautiful episodes and THE reason for your continued contribution to this site.
This is probably Jim's best episode yet! Mainly because it was structured like a good essay, it told us what was being talked about, made it's points with evidence then summed everything up at the end. If he had done this from episode 1 there would not be as much hate for him as there is now... then again... first impressions are EVERYTHING in this industry...!
Wow, I completely agree. I never thought I'd say that about one of Jim's videos.
Also, a half-mainstream gaming show mentioned The Void which means it might be finally coming into the public consciousness, awesome.
Why didn't you mention currently the best selling game on PC right now, Minecraft?
It runs on about anything that runs FLASH, it would of been laughed at in the quack era by its graphics alone, yet it has sold more copies of any game ever before its official release.
Whenevr I see Jim, I think he looks a lot like Jim Cornette, which means he surprises me whenever he opens his mouth. If I saw his scripts I could imagine them in Cornettevoice and be twice as entertained.
Good video.
Also, next time someone says to me "the pen is mightier than the sword" and I just so happen to be wielding a large sword, I'm going to have to use Jim's line there.
I love Recettear. Of course, I'm mostly a "console kiddie," but a lot of my PC titles would run on my old setup, which was a powerfully dated machine. And yes, that was awesome.
I need to upgrade my power supply and graphics card to handle some of the games I DO want, but they are not the majority of the titles I enjoy.
I want that sword.
Also. Runescape. Proof that graphics arent everything.
That was nice, kinda expected console bashing there....
Off Topic: A: What's that big sword.... It's a chainsword, not Relic like a lot of people for some stupid reason is saying....
My PC won't run Portal 2 :(
I like Jim's videos, but I can't understand the point of this particular one. It's not that I don't agree with what he says, but I can't think of anyone who'd disagree with it.
To say that you play PC games because they have better graphics than consoles is simply stupid, for one sole reason: there isn't much of a difference. Sure, we had Crysis 1 and Witcher 2 which really were GOOD, but the rest of the AAA titles don't come even close. I have a 4 year old Quad Core with 4 gigs of DDR2 and a DirectX 10 GTX275 (my old 8800 ultra burned out). And I can still play most games at maximum settings, at full HD resolution. Back in the good old days, after 4 years, a PC couldn't run ANY new games, let alone at decent framerate. Ok, I did spend a LOT on my PC but I never expected it to last so long and so well. And I see no point in upgrading 2 years from now on. Heck, 6 years is a good life cycle even for consoles. We've come to a point where technology needs to actually slow down, to allow games to catch up. And they've already hit a level of graphics that makes them very expensive both in money and time. That's why we have so many series of games (CoD) and so many indie games. People now spend money on design, not polygon count. It's why Bastion looks so damn well. Back in 2000, I used to drool at screenshots of upcoming games. I can now watch almost photorealistic previews of Battlefield 3 and not give a damn about graphics. Ok, again, we did have Crysis, but the problem is that even now Crysis is the best looking game ever made. Show's over, at least for a while. Maybe the next-next generation of Nvidia cards will force the gaming industry, who knows?
So no, the beautiful irony of PC gaming is that even with the motion controllers (Wii, Kinect, Move), nothing can ever beat a keyboard and a mouse. The same things we use to write reports and spreadsheets are still the best for gaming. Console games are perfectly fine for gamepads, I actually play many of them on PC (Darksiders, PoP) with a good gamepad. But shooters, strategy games and simulators are the main reason I haven't switched to consoles, not graphics.
You must not be running it on the right kind of Steam.
1. it's not that it don't run, you just need to reload a few time... I'm guessing that it's the flood of people trying to access the vid, and we hit the limit... again... reload the page a few times...
2. I WANT AN IMPERIAL CHAIN SWORD (Warhammer4000, look it up! it came B4 GoW by like a few decades!)!!!! DAMN!!!~~~~ WHERE YOU GET THAT BABY?!
3. Serious Sam 3... coming out this year.. I think... but i don't like it too much... because it's got too many "realistic" weapons... looks like Sam is joining the "normal weapons" club... I sad...
4. Totally agreed, I felt the same way PC gaming was all about BACKWARD, Tweak, Twitch, and Fearless(shameless) STYLIZATION!~
5. and yes... I'll look in to "EYE".....
I want that sword!
I bought a brand new PC a few days ago, and I've been only playing dwarf fortress on it yet. Weird...
I play equally on my PC and my PS3. I will have to stop that when Skyrim comes out, because all Bethesda games should only be played on PC cause of the epic modding community, but my computer won't be able to run it. And I don't have $400 lying around to upgrade, so...
PS3 for the forseeable future.
PC gaming certainly has its appeal, and it certainly goes beyond graphics. My gaming PC is over three years old, I've only upgraded the RAM to 4gb, and it can still handle most games well enough. But, at this point, I just don't care about most of what PC gaming has to offer anymore. I played nothing but PC games for 15 years or so. I do "get it". I don't really have the time to play every interesting indie title or mod that's out there. I flat-out don't play multiplayer games. I have other hobbies. So, I tend to stick to the AAA titles that interest me, or older, cheap AAA titles that I didn't have time to get around to before. And, for my purposes, those AAA titles work just as well on my PS3 as they do on my gaming PC. Hell, it's usually significantly easier.
I do agree, though. A lot of the greatest PC games ever aren't very graphically intensive at all. And that works out just fine for me. I don't need a dedicated gaming PC anymore. My Macbook can run any source engine game to my satisfaction, SC2, definitely Torchlight... so, I'm covered. Completely writing off PC gaming is a bit excessive. But, I think it's reasonable enough to not make it one's "primary" gaming system.
So, really, use what works best for you. If you appreciate the benefits of PC gaming, do your gaming on a PC. Pretty simple.
I'm surprised he didn't mention Minecraft.
There's a game with NOT beautiful graphics that PC gamers have been all over.
thank the god emperor for you jim
another series that could only ever exist on pc, ArmA, a balls out hardcore milsim fps that is genuinely scary, but every release is so buggy it normally takes the community six months or so to make it playable, would console gamers stand for that? of course not, but many pc gamers see such things as opportunities rather than annoyances, and that's what makes the pc gaming community unique, among other things
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Bake Me A Story
Once upon a time, there was a boy named Ryan, who met Susie -- the girl of his dreams -- in high school.
(Ryan had some pretty freaky dreams.)
The day Ryan graduated from college was a great day for everyone, but mostly his parents.
Ryan proposed to Susie that very afternoon, and she said, "Yes!"
His parents welcomed their future daughter-in-law with joy:
(Is it sad that I'm just thrilled it doesn't say "you're"?)
They had a lovely wedding. Even the ten minute toast by the bride's drunk uncle couldn't dim the couple's happiness.
(TL;DR version: "drink up!")
And Ryan's folks expressed themselves in their usual, exuberant way:
Months passed, and soon Susie and Ryan had more good news!
You'll never guess who sent the baby shower cake:
Ryan and Susie raised a loving and thoughtful child, though his grandparents' influence was still obvious:
And they wouldn't have it any other way.
Thanks to Ashley B., Michelle H., Lizzy R., Kim E., Amber F., Notju, & Casey H. for helping us tell this happy tale. And, no, I don't really know a couple named Ryan and Susie. If we had a legal department, they'd tell us to say, "All characters appearing in this work are fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental." Since Tonks and Lily are the CW Legal Department, I will instead say, "Meow."


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This just in from this month's match director,Start time 10:00, sign and new shooter orientation between 09:00 and 10:00, or you're more than welcome to get there earlier and lend a hand setting things up.This month we have five stages requiring at least 86 rounds. You'll want at least 100, more is better. Several of the stages are the close range, quick and dirty type. There will also be Bill Drills (6 shot bursts) at 2, 10 and 20 yards and one stage with 6 to 8 inch diameter steel plates. Don't forget to bring your rimfire pistol and/or rifle for the sidematch. We had enough precision last month so the rimfire shooting will be at 25 yards and under. You'll probably want something like 40 to 50 rounds in magazines. We'll work out the sidematch details depending on what equipment people bring.
For stage diagrams LOOK HERE


text:
Typical whole orbit data for the panel and chassis temperatures are as follows:
Black panel Max 25 Min -15
Silver panel Max 29 Min -12
Black chassis Max 25 Min -12
Silver chassis Max 25 Min -12
The black panel should absorb and radiate heat faster than the silver panel, if these changes are only due to radiation. The temperature of the black panel should then rise and fall more quickly than that of the silver panel.
Similarly, the silver panel should reflect heat more effectively than the black panel. Therefore the temperature of the silver panel should rise and fall more slowly than that of the black panel, assuming temperature changes are only due to radiation
The results show that the black panel falls to a lower temperature than the silver panel, which is in line with heat loss due to radiation only. However, the silver panel rises to a higher temperature than the black panel, which cannot be explained, if changes are only due to heat absorption. Surely, the black panel would be expected to rise to the higher temperature? Both panels are attached to the chassis. If the black panel is losing heat to the chassis by conduction faster than the silver panel, this could explain why the silver panel rises to the higher temperature. However, this argument does not appear to hold up, since the panels appear to be offset from the chassis and each is only attached by two small screws. Loss of heat to the chassis by conduction would be slow. The range of temperature changes suffered by the black and the silver panels differs by only one degree, 40 for black and 41 for silver.
If anybody is able to provide me with a convincing explanation for the recorded temperature changes, I would appreciate it as I wish to explain the results to a class of children.
Ted, G3YWA


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arkana needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 81 designs submitted by 47 freelance designers.
This site is a collection of interviews I've done with people from all professions.
The idea is that people or young adults researching careers can come to the site and read about real peoples' jobs and opinions about them.
Effectively 'shadowing' someone's jobs virtually.
open to ideas
Desired Color Scheme:
open to ideas
Desired Style:
open to ideas
Accepted File Formats:
Standard Web Formats (.jpg, .gif or .png); Vector Formats (.eps, .pdf or .ai); Layered Formats (.psd or .tiff)
I just need a logo. Have fun with it. The colors should facilitate an environment of learning and sharing. Â
 I do want a slogan or tagline. It's not necessary to win the contest, but I at least need to see where it would fit in your logo and how one would look.
 Thanks.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Office 365 is built for your business.
It's the Office you know, plus tools to help you work better together, so you can get more done — anytime, anywhere.
Take your business further with Microsoft 365
A complete, intelligent solution, powered by Office 365 and Windows 10, allowing you to empower your team, safeguard your business, and simplify IT management.LEARN MORE ABOUT MICROSOFT 365
Introducing a free version of Microsoft Teams
A powerful hub for teamwork that brings together chat, video calling, files, and apps into a shared work space.


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Dean and Susan Kenyon – 1967 Chevy Camaro
This car sat in my neighborhood for years. I drove past it daily as I took my son to school. At the time, I was saving up to build another hot rod, and one day I finally approached the owner. He pulled the torn cover off the car and showed it to me. He told me that it was his high school car from the early '80s. He asked me what I thought it was worth, and I made him a generous offer, but he didn't return my calls. Needless to say, he was very attached to this car.
I decided to mail him another offer, which he responded to. (I believe his wife may have seen this offer in the mail.) The neighbors cheered as the car left his side yard. Now, he's very happy with the reconstruction of his high school ride. He did admit that he had reservations about selling the car even at the bank while we were finalizing the deal.
This is the third first-gen Camaro that I have owned and built since 1984. This one I'm keeping! Like so many other car guys I have talked to, the biggest challenge sometimes is just hanging onto these cars. I sold the first Camaro to buy my first house; I sold one to get a bigger truck to haul my boat . . . There was always something. Not again; I'm keeping this one.
I did all the work on my car except for the machine work and assembly of the short-block. The first step was disassembly—every nut, bolt, and wire came off. I then had the car soda-blasted inside and out. When it came back from blasting I found areas that needed replacement because of poor-quality metalwork done in the past and some minor rust in the typical areas. I began the bodywork while accumulating parts for the build. The subframe was powdercoated and reassembled with new components. The build took nearly five years, beginning April 2006 and ending January 2011.
The car has a 0.060-over 350, Fuelie heads with 2.20/1.60 valves, Edelbrock intake and carb, an MSD Pro Billet distributor, MSD 6AL ignition, Patriot headers, Flowmaster exhaust, a Muncie M21 four-speed, a Be Cool aluminum radiator, Jegs dual 11-inch fans, Painless wiring, a Centerforce clutch, a McLeod bellhousing, a Moser 12-bolt, a Posi, 33-spline axles, 3.73 gears, Cal Tracs, CPP four-wheel disc brakes, DSE subframe connectors, and DSE lowering springs.
I've painted cars on and off since 1980 starting out just for me and my friends, but I did it professionally for about seven years. I use to be able to do metalwork, prep, and paint all day long. But I found out that I was out of shape after being out of the business for many years. After block-sanding the car numerous times, shooting many coats (including sealer, paint, and clear), then color sanding and buffing, I managed to get tennis elbow in both arms. It was worth it, and the paint looks great. I shot the car Marina Blue with Sherwin Williams Ultra 7000.
I wanted to say thanks to the friends who helped me out, especially my wife, since we had a "don't ask, don't tell" policy on the cost of the build. We now enjoy meeting great people at local car shows and cruise-ins. What a great hobby!
Kelly Casey – 1970 Ford Torino Cobra
Way back in 1975 I traded my 1970 Mach I Mustang in on this 1970 Torino Cobra. The selling price on the Torino was $1,795, so I gave the used-car dealer my Mach I and $200. Back then, big-block muscle cars were all the rage. Imagine being only 18 years old and buying a nearly new Torino Cobra with a 429 CJ. That car really screamed!
Soon after buying that car, I joined the U.S. Navy. After boot camp, my next duty station was Charleston, South Carolina. Needless to say, I was not going to leave that car unattended back in Albuquerque! So off I went on a 1,800-mile trip to Charleston. That Torino has low gears, so imagine a cross-country trip.
One of the photos I sent you shows me with my best friend, Don Hargrove [in the red shirt]. We were the original trailer park boys with my awesome '70 Torino Cobra. I was home on leave, just out of boot camp, and getting ready to drive the car to Charleston. This was around April 1976.
On the way to Charleston I was stopped for speeding somewhere in Georgia. The state trooper let me go when he learned that I needed to be at my duty station the next day. That car went back and forth twice between Albuquerque and Charleston. My Navy buddies and I had a lot of fun driving that car back then.
After getting out of the Navy I decided to rebuild the engine. I lived in a single-wide mobile home back then and rebuilt the engine in my kitchen. I had to take the door off the mobile home to get that big 429 CJ inside. Looking back, I'm not sure how I was able to rebuild that engine under the circumstances. But I was single then and had no wife to freak out with a big-block in the kitchen.
For many years, the Torino was my only mode of transportation. I even used that car as a service vehicle when I worked for Xerox Corporation. There were many late night dates in that car, trips to the local drive-in theatre, and many Sonic drive-in trips.
I nearly lost that car twice, but managed to hold on to it for all these years. Darn glad that I did! It is still a Sunday driver and runs great.
I have added many more cars to my collection, one of which is a 1970 Torino convertible that I am restoring as we speak.
Is your car a Homegrown Hero? Share the story of how you rebuilt your ride, along with some photos of the car under construction and how it looks today. Email your stories and high-resolution digital photos to email@example.com, or mail them to Muscle Car Review, Homegrown Heroes, 831 S. Douglas St., El Segundo, CA 90245. We reserve the right to edit your stories, and photos cannot be returned.


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"Growing up, I had a lot of entrepreneurial fun," Rachel Haot admits. Born Rachel Sterne, she spent her childhood in Brooklyn and developed a penchant for starting businesses early. She began selling trinkets on her family's brownstone stoop and went on to launch a startup called GroundReport in her twenties. A crowdsourcing platform for global news, GroundReport served as quite the learning experience, she explains in the video above, from the Atlantic Video series Advice to a Younger Me.
"I was definitely terrified," she says of launching the site. "It's very risky. It can also be very lonely, especially when you're starting out." The project didn't take off as "wildly" as she hoped it would, but the lessons she learned along the way served her well when she tackled her next gig -- as the first Chief Digital Officer of the City of New York. Now two years into the endeavor, she describes what it was like to take on a brand new role and shape a "digital road map." "I just wanted to hit the ground running," she says, "but getting your footing and learning from the people around you and doing an enormous amount of research are critical."
We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Anne Moellering needed a new banner ad design and created a contest on 99designs.
2 winners were selected from 29 designs submitted by 11 freelance designers.
NileGuide.com is a travel website that provides outstanding travel information and recommendations for travelers looking to explore the world.
Our secret sauce is that all of our information comes from a true local's perspective. Our articles, free travel guides and recommendations are provided by our team of over 150 Local Editors who live around the globe. We also have over 70,000 members in over 13,000 global destinations who will answer any travel question for free.
NileGuide is the place to come if you want the local scoop on anywhere in the world.
One cleanly designed ad in 4 sizes. The ad should appeal to travelers who want the inside scoop and insider information on travel destinations. The #1 objective of the ad = to encourage NileGuide newsletter sign-ups.
Details -
Ad Sizes:
1. Square: 300x300
2. Rectangle: 300x250
3. Skyscraper: 120x600
4. Banner: 468 x 60
- NileGuide logo (attached)
- NileGuide tag-line "For travelers, by locals"
Copy (your choice from options below):
- Headline option 1: Want the inside scoop?
- Headline option 2: Love to travel like a local?
- Supporting copy option 1: Sign up & get the best travel tips straight to your inbox.
- Supporting copy option 2: Get the best insider travel advice on the planet.
Call-to-action button copy (design of button is up to you): Get newsletter
Color palette:
Bright, eye-catching colors
It's up to you on whether or not to use travel photo images or not. If you do, please use images that are license/ royalty-free as we do not have a budget for image purchase.


text:
Our Savior's Atonement
The Lord and Savior died for me
On the cross of Calvary
And suffered for me willingly
In the Garden of Gethsemane.
Jesus paid for ev'ry wrong;
That's why He was sent.
He suffered pain the whole night long
so we could all repent.
My Savior sacrificed,
I know He paid the price,
and I know He did it willingly for me
in the lonely night of Gethsemane.
I think of His atonement.
I think about His pain.
Because my Savior died for me,
I know I'll live again.
Text: Ruth Ellis
Music: Ruth Ellis
Artist: Ellis
Album: Music Published in the Church Magazines: Friend
Composition Date: 1997-04-01
More Info: Friend


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Can Organic Farming Feed Us All?
Can Organic Farming Feed Us All?
The only people who think organic farming can feed the world are delusional hippies, hysterical moms, and self-righteous organic farmers. Right?
Actually, no. A fair number of agribusiness executives, agricultural and ecological scientists, and international agriculture experts believe that a large-scale shift to organic farming would not only increase the world's food supply, but might be the only way to eradicate hunger.
This probably comes as a surprise. After all, organic farmers scorn the pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, and other tools that have become synonymous with high-yield agriculture. Instead, organic farmers depend on raising animals for manure, growing beans, clover, or other nitrogen-fixing legumes, or making compost and other sources of fertilizer that cannot be manufactured in a chemical plant but are instead grown-which consumes land, water, and other resources. (In contrast, producing synthetic fertilizers consumes massive amounts of petroleum.) Since organic farmers can't use synthetic pesticides, one can imagine that their fields suffer from a scourge of crop-munching bugs, fruit-rotting blights, and plant-choking weeds. And because organic farmers depend on rotating crops to help control pest problems, the same field won't grow corn or wheat or some other staple as often.
As a result, the argument goes, a world dependent on organic farming would have to farm more land than it does today-even if it meant less pollution, fewer abused farm animals, and fewer carcinogenic residues on our vegetables. "We aren't going to feed 6 billion people with organic fertilizer," said Nobel Prize-winning plant breeder Norman Borlaug at a 2002 conference. "If we tried to do it, we would level most of our forest and many of those lands would be productive only for a short period of time." Cambridge chemist John Emsley put it more bluntly: "The greatest catastrophe that the human race could face this century is not global warming but a global conversion to 'organic farming'-an estimated 2 billion people would perish."
In recent years, organic farming has attracted new scrutiny, not just from critics who fear that a large-scale shift in its direction would cause billions to starve, but also from farmers and development agencies who actually suspect that such a shift could better satisfy hungry populations. Unfortunately, no one had ever systematically analyzed whether in fact a widespread shift to organic farming would run up against a shortage of nutrients and a lack of yields-until recently. The results are striking.
High-Tech, Low-Impact
There are actually myriad studies from around the world showing that organic farms can produce about as much, and in some settings much more, than conventional farms. Where there is a yield gap, it tends to be widest in wealthy nations, where farmers use copious amounts of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in a perennial attempt to maximize yields. It is true that farmers converting to organic production often encounter lower yields in the first few years, as the soil and surrounding biodiversity recover from years of assault with chemicals. And it may take several seasons for farmers to refine the new approach.
But the long-standing argument that organic farming would yield just one-third or one-half of conventional farming was based on biased assumptions and lack of data. For example, the often-cited statistic that switching to organic farming in the United States would only yield one-quarter of the food currently produced there is based on a U.S. Department of Agriculture study showing that all the manure in the United States could only meet one-quarter of the nation's fertilizer needs-even though organic farmers depend on much more than just manure.
More up-to-date research refutes these arguments. For example, a recent study by scientists at the Research Institute for Organic Agriculture in Switzerland showed that organic farms were only 20 percent less productive than conventional plots over a 21-year period. Looking at more than 200 studies in North America and Europe, Per Pinstrup Andersen (a Cornell professor and winner of the World Food Prize) and colleagues recently concluded that organic yields were about 80 percent of conventional yields. And many studies show an even narrower gap. Reviewing 154 growing seasons' worth of data on various crops grown on rain-fed and irrigated land in the United States, University of California-Davis agricultural scientist Bill Liebhardt found that organic corn yields were 94 percent of conventional yields, organic wheat yields were 97 percent, and organic soybean yields were 94 percent. Organic tomatoes showed no yield difference.
More importantly, in the world's poorer nations where most of the world's hungry live, the yield gaps completely disappear. University of Essex researchers Jules Pretty and Rachel Hine looked at over 200 agricultural projects in the developing world that converted to organic and ecological approaches, and found that for all the projects-involving 9 million farms on nearly 30 million hectares-yields increased an average of 93 percent. A seven-year study from Maikaal District in central India involving 1,000 farmers cultivating 3,200 hectares found that average yields for cotton, wheat, chili, and soy were as much as 20 percent higher on the organic farms than on nearby conventionally managed ones. Farmers and agricultural scientists attributed the higher yields in this dry region to the emphasis on cover crops, compost, manure, and other practices that increased organic matter (which helps retain water) in the soils. A study from Kenya found that while organic farmers in "high-potential areas" (those with above-average rainfall and high soil quality) had lower maize yields than nonorganic farmers, organic farmers in areas with poorer resource endowments consistently outyielded conventional growers. (In both regions, organic farmers had higher net profits, return on capital, and return on labor.)
Contrary to critics who jibe that it's going back to farming like our grandfathers did or that most of Africa already farms organically and it can't do the job, organic farming is a sophisticated combination of old wisdom and modern ecological innovations that help harness the yield-boosting effects of nutrient cycles, beneficial insects, and crop synergies. It's heavily dependent on technology-just not the technology that comes out of a chemical plant.
High-Calorie Farms
So could we make do without the chemical plants? Inspired by a field trip to a nearby organic farm where the farmer reported that he raised an amazing 27 tons of vegetables on six-tenths of a hectare in a relatively short growing season, a team of scientists from the University of Michigan tried to estimate how much food could be raised following a global shift to organic farming. The team combed through the literature for any and all studies comparing crop yields on organic farms with those on nonorganic farms. Based on 293 examples, they came up with a global dataset of yield ratios for the world's major crops for the developed and the developing world. As expected, organic farming yielded less than conventional farming in the developed world for most food categories, while studies from the developing world showed organic farming boosting yields. The team then ran two models. The first was conservative in the sense that it applied the yield ratio for the developed world to the entire planet, i.e., they assumed that every farm regardless of location would get only the lower developed-country yields. The second applied the yield ratio for the developed world to wealthy nations and the yield ratio for the developing world to those countries.
"We were all surprised by what we found," said Catherine Badgley, a Michigan paleoecologist who was one of the lead researchers. The first model yielded 2,641 kilocalories ("calories") per person per day, just under the world's current production of 2,786 calories but significantly higher than the average caloric requirement for a healthy person of between 2,200 and 2,500. The second model yielded 4,381 calories per person per day, 75 percent greater than current availability-and a quantity that could theoretically sustain a much larger human population than is currently supported on the world's farmland. (It also laid to rest another concern about organic agriculture; see sidebar at left.)
The team's interest in this subject was partly inspired by the concern that a large-scale shift to organic farming would require clearing additional wild areas to compensate for lower yields-an obvious worry for scientists like Badgley, who studies present and past biodiversity. The only problem with the argument, she said, is that much of the world's biodiversity exists in close proximity to farmland, and that's not likely to change anytime soon. "If we simply try to maintain biodiversity in islands around the world, we will lose most of it," she said. "It's very important to make areas between those islands friendly to biodiversity. The idea of those areas being pesticide-drenched fields is just going to be a disaster for biodiversity, especially in the tropics. The world would be able to sustain high levels of biodiversity much better if we could change agriculture on a large scale."
Badgley's team went out of the way to make its assumptions as conservative as possible: most of the studies they used looked at the yields of a single crop, even though many organic farms grow more than one crop in a field at the same time, yielding more total food even if the yield of any given crop may be lower. Skeptics may doubt the team's conclusions-as ecologists, they are likely to be sympathetic to organic farming-but a second recent study of the potential of a global shift to organic farming, led by Niels Halberg of the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, came to very similar conclusions, even though the authors were economists, agronomists, and international development experts.
Like the Michigan team, Halberg's group made an assumption about the differences in yields with organic farming for a range of crops and then plugged those numbers into a model developed by the World Bank's International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). This model is considered the definitive algorithm for predicting food output, farm income, and the number of hungry people throughout the world. Given the growing interest in organic farming among consumers, government officials, and agricultural scientists, the researchers wanted to assess whether a large-scale conversion to organic farming in Europe and North America (the world's primary food exporting regions) would reduce yields, increase world food prices, or worsen hunger in poorer nations that depend on imports, particularly those people living in the Third World's swelling megacities. Although the group found that total food production declined in Europe and North America, the model didn't show a substantial impact on world food prices. And because the model assumed, like the Michigan study, that organic farming would boost yields in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the most optimistic scenario even had hunger-plagued sub-Saharan Africa exporting food surpluses.
"Modern non-certified organic farming is a potentially sustainable approach to agricultural development in areas with low yields due to poor access to inputs or low yield potential because it involves lower economic risk than comparative interventions based on purchased inputs and may increase farm level resilience against climatic fluctuations," Halberg's team concluded. In other words, studies from the field show that the yield increases from shifting to organic farming are highest and most consistent in exactly those poor, dry, remote areas where hunger is most severe. "Organic agriculture could be an important part of increased food security in sub-Saharan Africa," says Halberg.
That is, if other problems can be overcome. "A lot of research is to try to kill prejudices," Halberg says-like the notion that organic farming is only a luxury, and one that poorer nations cannot afford. "I'd like to kill this once and for all. The two sides are simply too far from each other and they ignore the realities of the global food system." Even if a shift toward organic farming boosted yields in hungry African and Asian nations, the model found that nearly a billion people remained hungry, because any surpluses were simply exported to areas that could best afford it.
Wrong Question?
These conclusions about yields won't come as a surprise to many organic farmers. They have seen with their own eyes and felt with their own hands how productive they can be. But some supporters of organic farming shy away from even asking whether it can feed the world, simply because they don't think it's the most useful question. There is good reason to believe that a global conversion to organic farming would not proceed as seamlessly as plugging some yield ratios into a spreadsheet.
To begin with, organic farming isn't as easy as farming with chemicals. Instead of choosing a pesticide to prevent a pest outbreak, for example, a particular organic farmer might consider altering his crop rotation, planting a crop that will repel the pest or one that will attract its predators-decisions that require some experimentation and long-term planning. Moreover, the IFPRI study suggested that a large-scale conversion to organic farming might require that most dairy and beef production eventually "be better integrated in cereal and other cash crop rotations" to optimize use of the manure. Bringing cows back to one or two farms to build up soil fertility may seem like a no-brainer, but doing it wholesale would be a challenge-and dumping ammonia on depleted soils still makes for a quicker fix.
Again, these are just theoretical assumptions, since a global shift to organic farming could take decades. But farmers are ingenious and industrious people and they tend to cope with whatever problems are at hand. Eliminate nitrogen fertilizer and many farmers will probably graze cows on their fields to compensate. Eliminate fungicides and farmers will look for fungus-resistant crop varieties. As more and more farmers begin to farm organically, everyone will get better at it. Agricultural research centers, universities, and agriculture ministries will throw their resources into this type of farming-in sharp contrast to their current neglect of organic agriculture, which partly stems from the assumption that organic farmers will never play a major role in the global food supply.
So the problems of adopting organic techniques do not seem insurmountable. But those problems may not deserve most of our attention; even if a mass conversion over, say, the next two decades, dramatically increased food production, there's little guarantee it would eradicate hunger. The global food system can be a complex and unpredictable beast. It's hard to anticipate how China's rise as a major importer of soybeans for its feedlots, for instance, might affect food supplies elsewhere. (It's likely to drive up food prices.) Or how elimination of agricultural subsidies in wealthy nations might affect poorer countries. (It's likely to boost farm incomes and reduce hunger.) And would less meat eating around the world free up food for the hungry? (It would, but could the hungry afford it?) In other words, "Can organic farming feed the world?" is probably not even the right question, since feeding the world depends more on politics and economics than any technological innovations.
"'Can organic farming feed the world' is indeed a bogus question," says Gene Kahn, a long-time organic farmer who founded Cascadian Farms organic foods and is now vice president of sustainable development for General Mills. "The real question is, can we feed the world? Period. Can we fix the disparities in human nutrition?" Kahn notes that the marginal difference in today's organic yields and the yields of conventional agriculture wouldn't matter if food surpluses were redistributed.
But organic farming will yield other benefits that are too numerous to name. Studies have shown, for example, that the "external" costs of organic farming- erosion, chemical pollution to drinking water, death of birds and other wildlife-are just one-third those of conventional farming. Surveys from every continent show that organic farms support many more species of birds, wild plants, insects, and other wildlife than conventional farms. And tests by several governments have shown that organic foods carry just a tiny fraction of the pesticide residues of the nonorganic alternatives, while completely banning growth hormones, antibiotics, and many additives allowed in many conventional foods. There is even some evidence that crops grown organically have considerably higher levels of health-promoting antioxidants.
There are social benefits as well. Because organic farming doesn't depend on expensive inputs, it might help shift the balance towards smaller farmers in hungry nations. A 2002 report from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization noted that "organic systems can double or triple the productivity of traditional systems" in developing nations but suggested that yield comparisons offer a "limited, narrow, and often misleading picture" since farmers in these countries often adopt organic farming techniques to save water, save money, and reduce the variability of yields in extreme conditions. A more recent study by the International Fund for Agricultural Development found that the higher labor requirements often mean that "organic agriculture can prove particularly effective in bringing redistribution of resources in areas where the labour force is underemployed. This can help contribute to rural stability."
Middle Earth
These benefits will come even without a complete conversion to a sort of organic utopia. In fact, some experts think that a more hopeful, and reasonable, way forward is a sort of middle ground, where more and more farmers adopt the principles of organic farming even if they don't follow the approach religiously. In this scenario, both poor farmers and the environment come out way ahead. "Organic agriculture is not going to do the trick," says Roland Bunch, an agricultural extensionist who has worked for decades in Africa and the Americas and is now with COSECHA (Association of Consultants for a Sustainable, Ecological, and People-Centered Agriculture) in Honduras. Bunch knows first-hand that organic agriculture can produce more than conventional farming among poorer farmers. But he also knows that these farmers cannot get the premium prices paid for organic produce elsewhere, and that they are often unable, and unwilling, to shoulder some of the costs and risks associated with going completely organic.
Instead, Bunch points to "a middle path," of eco-agriculture, or low-input agriculture that uses many of the principles of organic farming and depends on just a small fraction of the chemicals. "These systems can immediately produce two or three times what smallholder farmers are presently producing," Bunch says. "And furthermore, it is attractive to smallholder farmers because it is less costly per unit produced." In addition to the immediate gains in food production, Bunch suggests that the benefits for the environment of this middle path will be far greater than going "totally organic," because "something like five to ten times as many smallholder farmers will adopt it per unit of extension and training expense, because it behooves them economically. They aren't taking food out of their kids' mouths. If five farmers eliminate half their use of chemicals, the effect on the environment will be two and one-half times as great as if one farmer goes totally organic."
And farmers who focus on building their soils, increasing biodiversity, or bringing livestock into their rotation aren't precluded from occasionally turning to biotech crops or synthetic nitrogen or any other yield-enhancing innovations in the future, particularly in places where the soils are heavily depleted. "In the end, if we do things right, we'll build a lot of organic into conventional systems," says Don Lotter, the agricultural consultant. Like Bunch, Lotter notes that such an "integrated" approach often out-performs both a strictly organic and chemical-intensive approach in terms of yield, economics, and environmental benefits. Still, Lotter's not sure we'll get there tomorrow, since the world's farming is hardly pointed in the organic direction-which could be the real problem for the world's poor and hungry. "There is such a huge area in sub-Saharan Africa and South America where the Green Revolution has never made an impact and it's unlikely that it will for the next generation of poor farmers," argues Niels Halberg, the Danish scientist who lead the IFPRI study. "It seems that agro-ecological measures for some of these areas have a beneficial impact on yields and food insecurity. So why not seriously try it out?"
Brian Halweil is a Senior Researcher at Worldwatch and the author of Eat Here: Reclaiming Homegrown Pleasures in a Global Supermarket.
Sidebar one:
Enough Nitrogen To Go Around?
In addition to looking at raw yields, the University of Michigan scientists also examined the common concern that there aren't enough available sources of non-synthetic nitrogen-compost, manure, and plant residues-in the world to support large-scale organic farming. For instance, in his book Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production, Vaclav Smil argues that roughly two-thirds of the world's food harvest depends on the Haber-Bosch process, the technique developed in the early 20th century to synthesize ammonia fertilizer from fossil fuels. (Smil admits that he largely ignored the contribution of nitrogen-fixing crops and assumed that some of them, like soybeans, are net users of nitrogen, although he himself points out that on average half of all the fertilizer applied globally is wasted and not taken up by plants.) Most critics of organic farming as a means to feed the world focus on how much manure-and how much related pastureland and how many head of livestock-would be needed to fertilize the world's organic farms. "The issue of nitrogen is different in different regions," says Don Lotter, an agricultural consultant who has published widely on organic farming and nutrient requirements. "But lots more nitrogen comes in as green manure than animal manure."
Looking at 77 studies from the temperate areas and tropics, the Michigan team found that greater use of nitrogen-fixing crops in the world's major agricultural regions could result in 58 million metric tons more nitrogen than the amount of synthetic nitrogen currently used every year. Research at the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania showed that red clover used as a winter cover in an oat/wheat-corn-soy rotation, with no additional fertilizer inputs, achieved yields comparable to those in conventional control fields. Even in arid and semi-arid tropical regions like East Africa, where water availability is limited between periods of crop production, drought-resistant green manures such as pigeon peas or groundnuts could be used to fix nitrogen. In Washington state, organic wheat growers have matched their non-organic neighbor's wheat yields using the same field pea rotation for nitrogen. In Kenya, farmers using leguminous tree crops have doubled or tripled corn yields as well as suppressing certain stubborn weeds and generating additional animal fodder.
The Michigan results imply that no additional land area is required to obtain enough biologically available nitrogen, even without including the potential for intercropping (several crops grown in the same field at the same time), rotation of livestock with annual crops, and inoculation of soil with Azobacter, Azospirillum, and other free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Sidebar two:
Food Versus Fuel
Sometimes, when humans try to solve one problem, they end up creating another. The global food supply is already under serious strain: more than 800 million people go hungry every day, the world's population continues to expand, and a growing number of people in the developing world are changing to a more Western, meat-intensive diet that requires more grain and water per calorie than traditional diets do. Now comes another potential stressor: concern about climate change means that more nations are interested in converting crops into biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels. But could this transition remove land from food production and further intensify problems of world hunger?
For several reasons, some analysts say no, at least not in the near future. First, they emphasize that nearly 40 percent of global cereal crops are fed to livestock, not humans, and that global prices of grains and oil seeds do not always affect the cost of food for the hungry, who generally cannot participate in formal markets anyway.
Second, at least to date, hunger has been due primarily to inadequate income and distribution rather than absolute food scarcity. In this regard, a biofuels economy may actually help to reduce hunger and poverty. A recent UN Food and Agriculture Organization report argued that increased use of biofuels could diversify agricultural and forestry activities, attract investment in new small and medium-sized enterprises, and increase investment in agricultural production, thereby increasing the incomes of the world's poorest people.
Third, biofuel refineries in the future will depend less on food crops and increasingly on organic wastes and residues. Producing biofuels from corn stalks, rice hulls, sawdust, or waste paper is unlikely to affect food production directly. And there are drought-resistant grasses, fast-growing trees, and other energy crops that will grow on marginal lands unsuitable for raising food.
Nonetheless, with growing human appetites for both food and fuel, biofuels' long-run potential may be limited by the priority given to food production if bioenergy systems are not harmonized with food systems. The most optimistic assessments of the long-term potential of biofuels have assumed that agricultural yields will continue to improve and that world population growth and food consumption will stabilize. But the assumption about population may prove to be wrong. And yields, organic or otherwise, may not improve enough if agriculture in the future is threatened by declining water tables or poor soil maintenance.


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So did everyone else enjoy Blogger's mini crash yesterday? It was weird because with so many of the usual blogs that I check out being hosted by Blogger the world felt eerily quiet, LOL! What a relief to have it back in action with everyone being able to share again... whew! :)
I had planned on posting this card yesterday but since that was a no-go hopefully I still have time today to get it entered into the Color Throw down challenge over at Lily Pad Cards. This time it is a beautiful soft palette of aquas, cream, spring green and fig brown and as soon as I saw it I new the exact papers that I was going to use... some classic KI Memories that I've been hoarding away for just the right occasion. And as if that wasn't incentive enough, the challenge is also being sponsored by The Greeting Farm... yeah! So even though it isn't a requirement to use a TGF stamp for the challenge it was the perfect excuse for me to play with the lovely Wild Sprout Elena that I just got. ;)
You may notice that she is looking a bit different from her norm and that is because I did some altering to open up her winking eye and once I had done that I needed to straighten out her arm because otherwise it looked like the poor girl was poking herself in the eye, LOL!
I used my go-to altering technique that you can see here and now I had an Elena who was bright eyed and ready to head off to the country club... at least that is how I picture her anyway... must be the polo and capris... :)
Ok, well it's been great getting to chat at'cha again but it is time for me to head off to work. Hope you all have a great weekend!