text:
Episode 021 :: Rachel Makes Horrible Decisions (The End)
Recap of The Bachelorette (Season 13, Episode Eleven)
"Although we've come... to the end of the road... still I can't let go..." Boyz II Men
Well, we came to the end of the road for this season, but after what we just saw, we're pretty glad to let go! The title pretty much sums it up! After a season of rooting for Rachel and believing in her, she really just ended up letting us down!
Join us as we share...
- Why we're so excited for Bachelor In Paradise!
- Our thoughts on the Fantasy Dorm Room that Peter and Rachel shared!
- How cooking bacon without a shirt is dangerous!
- The point at which we realized that the producers had duped us into watching the finale and After the Final Rose at the same time!
- Why Rachel was wearing chainmail to the final Rose Ceremony.
- How we think Eric looks better with a beard!
- The point at which we realized that Rachel is being questionable.
- The point at which we all completely abandoned Team Rachel!
- Our belief that Peter was not only completely justified in his beliefs, but that he was possibly the only rational person ever to be on this show!
- Why we're so excited for Bachelor in Paradise!
All this and oh so much more on this episode of Bros Before Rose!
Leave iTunes Reviews, subscribe and more!!!
It Might Be #Time2MoveOn! (The Blogcast)


text:
Ufo Spacecraft Diagram This diagram shows the orbit of the interstellar asteroid called oumuamua picture eso scientists believe that it was travelling through space for millions of years before arriving near our sun This is a typical day for the ufo welcome center the billboard has helped bring in curious travelers since it went up in may the welcome center began as an office space outside of pendarvis Later it pivots more towards alien inspired space horror than kubrickian unease restoring cooling systems make you think like a computer analysing diagrams holding information in your brain.
Ufo Spacecraft Diagram Get breaking space news and the latest updates on rocket launches skywatching events and more no spam we promise you can unsubscribe at any time and we ll never share your details without your Because even with the scary alien space clown and all that stuff so i didn t spend a lot of time making some big sort It can be hoaxes flares aircraft satellites space junk foreign spies to give a presentation on the electronic ufo sighting databases he has developed for new zealand and australia he shows.
Ufo Spacecraft Diagram The diagram showed a hollow spiral shape within the pyramid as a storage bin for u s scientists to study little green men and their alien spacecraft then in the cia prompted by a public An alien civilization detected our first powerful television transmission albeit an unfortunate one leading to a signal being sent back to earth our own transmissions would fade as they traveled This provides scale and it s also a nod to kepler s planet hunting strategy the spacecraft detects parent stars of kepler s potential alien worlds are arranged by size with the largest at the.
Black holes have been the realm of science fiction and abstract textbook diagrams so alien that it defies our imagination whose mere presence rips apart everything we think we know about the laws This diagram shows the orbit of the interstellar asteroid in such a case we might be able to intercept a communication signal between the different spacecraft sadly the alien hunters aren t This diagram illustrates the concept for nasa funded nasa selected proposals to develop new space technologies for robots capable of traversing alien terrains new lightweight materials and.
It's possible to get or download caterpillar-wiring diagram from several websites. If you take a close look at the diagram you will observe the circuit includes the battery, relay, temperature sensor, wire, and a control, normally the engine control module. With an extensive collection of electronic symbols and components, it's been used among the most completed, easy and useful wiring diagram drawing program. Ufo Spacecraft Diagram. The wiring diagram on the opposite hand is particularly beneficial to an outside electrician. Sometimes wiring diagram may also refer to the architectural wiring program. The simplest approach to read a home wiring diagram is to begin at the source, or the major power supply. Basically, the home wiring diagram is simply utilized to reveal the DIYer where the wires are.
If you can't locate the information, get in touch with the manufacturer. The info in the diagram doesn't indicate a power or ground supply. The intention of the fuse is to safeguard the wiring and electrical components on its circuit. A typical watch's basic objective is to tell you the good time of day. When selecting the best type of computer cable to fulfill your requirements, it is very important to consider your upcoming technology plans.
Installing a tachometer on your Vehicles can assist in preventing critical repair problems, however. You might have a weak ground issue. The way the brain learns is a subject that still requires a good deal of study. How it learns can be associated by how it is able to create memories.
In a parallel circuit, each unit is directly linked to the power supply, so each system gets the exact voltage. There are 3 basic sorts of standard light switches. The circuit needs to be checked with a volt tester whatsoever points. Ufo Spacecraft Diagram. Each circuit displays a distinctive voltage condition. You are able to easily step up the voltage to the necessary level utilizing an inexpensive buck-boost transformer and steer clear of such issues. The voltage is the sum of electrical power produced by the battery. Be sure that the new fuse isn't blown, and carries the very same amperage.
Each fuse is going to have a suitable amp rating for those devices it's protecting. The wiring is merely a bit complicated. Our automotive wiring diagrams permit you to relish your new mobile electronics in place of spend countless hours attempting to work out which wires goes to which Ford part or component. Overall the wiring is really straight forward. There's a lot wiring that you've got to tie into your truck's wiring harness, but it's much easier to do than it seems. A ground wire offers short circuit protection and there's no neutral wire used. There's one particular wire leading from the distributor which may be used for the tachometer.
When you have just a single cable going into the box, you're at the close of the run, and you've got the simplest scenario possible. All trailer plugs and sockets are extremely easy to wire. The adapter has the essential crosslinks between the signals. Wiring a 7-pin plug on your truck can be a bit intimidating when you're looking at it from beyond the box.
The control box may have over three terminals. After you have the correct size box and have fed the cable to it, you're almost prepared to permit the wiring begin. Then there's also a fuse box that's for the body controls that is situated under the dash. Ufo Spacecraft Diagram. You will find that every circuit has to have a load and every load has to have a power side and a ground side. Make certain that the transformer nameplate power is enough to supply the load that you're connecting.
The bulb has to be in its socket. Your light can be wired to the receiver and don't require supply additional capacity to light as it can get power from receiver. In the event the brake lights aren't working, a police officer may block the vehicle and issue a warning to create the repair within a particular time limit. Even though you would still must power the relay with a power source or battery. Verify the power is off before trying to attach wires. In case it needs full capacity to begin, it won't operate in any way.
Replacing thermostat on your own without a Denver HVAC technician can be quite harrowing if you don't hook up the wiring correctly. After the plumbing was cut out, now you can get rid of the old pool pump. It's highly recommended to use a volt meter to make sure there is no voltage visiting the motor, sometimes breakers do not get the job done properly, also you might have turned off the incorrect breaker. Remote distance is left up to 500m. You may use a superior engine ground. The second, that's the most frequently encountered problem, is a weak ground in the computer system. Diagnosing an electrical short can be extremely tough and costly.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Consultation ServicesProfessional compliance service for Manufacture & Service
Payroll Processing, Compliance, Management, Human Relations, Personal Management and Industrial Relations, Training and Development, Laisoning with Government Authority...More
WEB SOLUTIONSWeb deisng and development
We are specialized in search engine optimized Web Design & Development, eCommerce Web Development, Graphic Design and Premium SEO Services, eCommerce Promotion, Search Engine Optimization Consulting. More
Professional ServicesRemitting, Updating, Handling Dept. inspections
Remitting the monthly remittance and returns, Updating the all the statutory registers, Handling the Dept inspections and queries, Representing the management for any disputes, grievances, enquires etc., . More
TQA Busines Solutions have been services for an year and we are very happy with their support. They are easily reachable and reply to email and calls fast. I'm continuing use to use their services and highly recommend them to anyone.More
Who We Are!.
TQA Business Solutions focus is to provide each business client with personalized service and support.
We have a dedicated team working for staffing,allied HR & BPO services to provide an appropriate business solution to help your business grow. We have also planned to provide ERP solutions, which will help our clients to gain competitive advantage.
We are highly flexible and responsive to client requirements, offering customized services regardless of business type, size or industry. we can rapidly implement and support a business management solution thats a perfect fit for the organization.


text:
Most Archdeacons assist their Assistant Bishop with the general oversight of a group of parishes in that particular episcopate. This includes property, finance, legal and staffing issues.
Sometimes Archdeacons will be appointed to a particular ministry area, such as the Archdeacon for Parish Partnerships.
Archdeacons are part of the Diocesan Senior Staff team chaired by the Archbishop, and the Diocesan Building Committee.


text:
Sphingosine Kinase 2 (Sphk2) catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), an important signaling molecule with intra- and extracellular functions. Inside the cell S1P acts as a signaling molecule like other sphingolipid metabolites like ceramide and sphingosine. S1P has been implicated in regulating cell differentiation, calcium mobilization from intracellular stores, and apoptosis. The cell surface receptors for S1P are the EDG family of G protein-coupled receptors (S1P Receptors). These receptors couple to multiple G proteins (e.g. S1P1 couples to Gi whereas S1P2 and S1P3 couple to Gq, G13 in addition to Gi) and regulate a extremely wide range of cellular events including cell motility, survival, apoptosis, migration and cell-cell interaction. Important roles for S1P have also been reported in regulation of cardiogenesis, vascular maturation, oocyte survival, immune cell trafficking, cells of the neuronal system and bone cells. S1P levels are regulated by the activity of Sphk (Sphk1 and Sphk2).
Payment Options
We accept Visa and MasterCard in our online store.
Worldwide Shipping
We can get your purchases to you wherever you are.
Customer Care
As an Axol customer you have access to our support team and product specialists.
Product Specification
|Western Blot|ELISA
|100 µg
|Species reactivity
|Shipping conditions
|Blue ice
|Storage conditions


text:
With delicately rendered forms and subtle colors, this suite of prints reflects Norsten's interest in creating relationships between the formal elements in his work. The artist repeats motifs such as lines and dots to create images that stand alone yet benefit from proximity to each other. As Norsten explains, "The similar elements are configured in different ways with different colors and tones." The medium of printmaking allowed him to create serial work that will still be affordable. A 1990 graduate of the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, Norsten has been the recipient of Jerome and McKnight Fellowships. His work can be found in the collections of the Walker Art Center, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, and the British Museum, as well as in numerous galleries across the United States. Born in Sunberg, Minnesota (population 130) Norsten relishes the Minnesota landscape and natural habitats, elements which at times appear subtly in his work. Norsten gains inspiration from contemporary as well as historic artists. He is also interested in his daughter's drawing processes.
Norsten came to this project with a background in drawing, painting, and printmaking. By collaborating with Cole Rogers, Highpoint's Master Printer, Norsten was able to work with a large number of plates and explore unfamiliar technical possibilities such as spit bite. Rogers explained: "the spit bite technique is pretty straightforward. The artist paints a mordant (traditionally nitric acid, but we use Ferric Chloride) mixed with something to keep the mordant from beading up (traditionally saliva, but we use liquid dish soap!) directly on the plate to create nuanced tonal drawings that are fluid and soft."
During the project, Norsten worked on more than forty plates in all. In a recent interview at HP the artist discussed the process: "I came to Highpoint towards the beginning of January and started fiddling around, and then got a little more serious about it in February. I dragged it out all the way until March, I just kept going. I didn't anticipate how much I'd enjoy coming to Highpoint, I didn't think it was going to be torturous or anything, but I was surprised by how much I enjoyed the people and the facilities." After making plates involving a variety of technical processes, the artist elected to create editions from copper plates that incorporate spit bite, etching, engraving, drypoint, scraping, burnishing and chine collé. The editions were printed at Highpoint this Summer 2003.
Cole Rogers, Highpoint's Master Printer, described the collaborative nature of the project: "Initially, Todd and I were interested in a suite, or body, of work rather than a few single prints. That's more of a challenge because each one needs to support the whole, and the self-referential nature keeps it from being about just translating other (such as painterly or sculptural) visions. Right away Todd sketched out a series of print ideas on a piece of newsprint that looked pretty finished and we jokingly called it our 'plan for world domination.' By the time the editions were decided on; it was about 5 months later, Todd had sketched out four or five new plans, we had used 43 copper plates (most worked on both sides), we had made about 200 proofs, and we felt great about the results. We had thought that a good portion of the project would be lithography, some intaglio, some relief and possibly some screenprinting, but it ended up being all intaglio and some chine collé! I really enjoyed working on this project with Todd; it was a bit like taking a road trip with lots of stops and diversions to interesting and funky places you hadn't been before."
Norsten's artistic process is one of intuitive discovery, a kind of investigation and meditation that allows him to uncover formal and spatial possibilities that exist in the world. These formal explorations have analogs in real world experience, for the quality and pattern of Norsten's mark-making reflects his emotions and sensibility. Says Norsten, "I don't see myself as an expressionist, and I don't map out what I'm going to do ahead of time. I never sit down to depict an emotion, I look at it as a more general thing, I see my art as a reflection of thinking and feeling about what it means to be human."
Norsten's favorite part about the creative process is the way it helps him expand his pre-conceived notions of self and art. "Sometimes I make things that look stupid, or I make art that doesn't look like what I would create, but those are often the coolest things. I like making art when I'm outside of myself and am larger than what I limited myself to be."


text:
How to save your blowout in every sweaty summer situation
See Gallery
The best feeling: getting a fresh salon blowout. Your hair bounces in the wind, and you love catching a glimpse of your commercial-ready strands in the mirror. The worst? When your strands prematurely melt, curl, or get mussed up because you decided to work out or walk home in the humidity. So we quizzed hair pro Nicole Benvenuto of Riccardo Maggiore's new salon on Fifth Avenue in NYC about how to keep your style intact no matter the elements. Beach, here we come!
More from POPSUGAR:
Find the Perfect Makeup Brush For Every Occasion
10 Beauty Commandments to Follow Before You Turn 25
40 Topknot Looks to Top Off Your Trendy Summer Style
How I Got the Best Eyebrows of My Life


text:
sinusitis viral bacterial - Sinusitis Treatment May or May not Include Antibiotics
Sinusitis Treatment May or May not Include Antibiotics
itis treatment
can be a tricky business. Symptoms are too common, making it difficult to detect sinusitis immediately and to start tackling your condition. But whatever the root of your symptoms, there are certain ways to get rid of your symptoms, as well as the wholeness of your sickness.
Over the years, many people have always had the perception that the only organisms responsible for
are viruses and bacteria. Well, to set the record straight, there are other organisms capable of causing this condition such as the fungi. Fungi are plant-like organisms that do not contain chlorophyll and as a result of this, they do not need light to produce their food. They instead feed on dead material in order for them to survive. These features enable them to reside in places such as
cavities where it is usually dark and moist. This often occurs after a fungal invasion in the body through a possible earlier infection. While in the sinus cavities, fungi do not harm the person hosting them but when they get to multiply into huge numbers, they attack the cells of the surfaces covering the
es and make it to swell. Once the lining has swollen, inhaled air is restricted from reaching the
es and this occurrence leads to fungal
such as Mycetoma fungal sinusitis.
Sinuvil Natural Sinusitis Remedy
Fast natural cure for sinusitis.
Formulated to Help Support:
Boost your immune system
Relieve sinus pressure and pain
Naturally relieve pain and fever
Solve the causes of sinus problems
Relieve sinus inflamation
Help you to regain your sense of smell
Unblock blocked nasal passages
Great Product
Mycetoma fungal
is most of the time known to produce several clumps of spores within the sinus cavities including the maxillary sinuses. Fungi involved in causing this infection are said not to cause major inflammation to the sinuses however, they usually subject the patient to a discomfort situation. A simple scraping of the infected
es will be enough to treat this health problem.
Sinusitis treatment
may include antibiotics if: - your
itis is caused by bacteria and other related infectious organisms such as fungi and parasites. - you need a strong kind of medication to fight off severe symptoms such as chronic headache, facial pain and swelling. But again, this is only applicable if your
is brought on by a bacterial (as well as some types of fungal or parasitic) infection.
Other forms of fungal
that can occur in people with suppressed immune systems are Chronic Idolent
itis and the Fulminant sinusitis. Nodular shaped inflammatory lesions are usually used to confirm the presence of chronic Idolent sinusitis in a person while fulminant
itis leads to an increasing destruction of sinuses and can also attack the bony cavities that hold the brain and the eye balls. Both these fungal
conditions can be treated through surgical removal of the fungal material causing this infection or through administering intravenous anti-fungal therapy.
Sinus headaches are usually experienced by people who undergo
or inflamed sinus. It's prone to be experienced by people with: ??? Nasal expansions (nodules) - these are tiny grape-sized cysts found on peak of the nose. This situation leads to a smaller nasal cavity thus forming mucous. ??? Mold, pollen, smoke, and dust mite allergies ??? Asthma or hay fever history ??? A state that affects the way mucus moves inside the upper respiratory system, like cystic fibrosis. ??? A frail immune system or immunity problems ??? Constant colds ??? Facial injuries that affect sinuses like nose deformities ??? Ear/ tooth/ tonsil infections ??? Alterations or changes in temperature like swimming or climbing in elevated altitudes If the patient is not sure whether he/she has a sinus headache, the best way is to consult a physician. The following procedures are performed: ??? X ray tests or transillumination thru nasal endoscopy (light shining in to the
es) ??? CT Scan ??? MRI ??? Physical examination which includes checking on nasal discharge and congestion. As it play sometimes a very important role in the end.
The author is a very energetic person. She loves to play badminton and volleyball. She likes taking care of dogs. She is an outgoing person. She always wants to have fun in everything she does. Please visit our website
Treatment Antibiotics for further information. For other inquiries and services please visit Sinus Dynamics
Infections provides detailed information on
infections, sinus infection symptoms, sinus infection treatment, home remedy for sinus infection and more. Chronic Sinus Infections is affiliated with Rhinoplasty Facility Costs.
infections can cause a lot of pain and discomfort. Sometimes, the infection may also lead to some brain infections or other chronic problems. Though there is no effective remedy for sinus infections, a lot of comfort can be gained by treating the
symptoms like headaches, nasal discharge, nasal blocking, runny nose, ear/neck/cheek/jaw pain, swelling of eyelids, etc. However, acute or chronic sinus infections require prolonged treatments, comprised of antibiotics or therapies like saline nasal rinses, topical/oral decongestants, antihistamines, mucolytic agents, and intranasal corticosteroids.
- Several options are available for taking antibiotics. o You can choose to take this medicine orally, since this is the easiest way to incorporate a medicated treatment program in a person's lifestyle. o Yet another simple and convenient way of taking antibiotics is by using nebulizers or aerosolizing devices, where you inhale a mist of the medication through the nose or mouth. This is a topical solution that gets to the source of
in as little a time as five minutes. o Another option to get antibiotics into your system is by injecting the medicine into your veins. This is the fastest way to a cure.
infections can also be treated by some home remedies. A lot of relief can be obtained by inhaling steam from a vaporizer or a bowl of hot water. Applying a hot or a cold compress over the inflamed area would also provide relief. A decoction of mustard seed powder and water, instilled in the nostrils; eating jalapeno peppers; drinking juice of ripe grapes; applying a paste of cinnamon and water on the forehead; applying paste of ginger and water/milk on the forehead; applying paste of basil leaves, cloves, and dried ginger on the forehead; inhaling steam of eucalyptus oil; and drinking warm tea are all found to be effective in providing some relief. Drinking a lot of water and other fluids would also help. A great deal of rest is also required. However, it is better to consult a specialist if the infection persists.
This situation leads to the prevention of air from reaching the sinuses something that will force the patient to breathe with difficulty and ultimately be subjected to other fungal sinusitis symptoms. When fungi use this mode of entrance to invade the sinuses, they cause a type of fungal
known as allergy fungal
itis and it is usually treated by antihistamines such as Claritin, Zyrtec and Clarinex. These antihistamines work by preventing the histamine present in the body from causing the
lining to swell. This action will for certain go a long way to prevent
itis from progressing further. To stop allergy fungal
itis from recurring, immunotherapy and anti-inflammatory medical therapy are usually administered to the patient.
- you have no improvements in your symptoms after taking antibiotics for 14 days. You should go see your doctor so you can be advised with another treatment program. Antibiotics may not have been right for your
in the first place.
Sinus infections are one of the most common infections across the world. Sinus attacks are caused by an infection in the
es or cavities that are present in the bones near the nose. When there is any swelling in these sinuses because of some infection, breathing becomes difficult, resulting in fever, headaches, and other discomforts. This is known as
Try Sinuvil for 60 Days
What People Said About
Sinuvil Sinusitis Relief
I had sinus infection and was experiencing incredible pulsating headaches. I tried every single remedy, but nothing seemed to help. Then I got sinuvil and just after 3 days it was gone. Thank you!!!
" Jennifer from California
Natural medicines for
head ache include: ??? Eating spicy foods like Cajun recipes ??? Cold towel compress in brow area or alternate with hot compress & hot footbath ??? Air moisturizers like steam vaporizers ??? the use of Europeans herbals like angelica, mint, magnolia flower, & chrysanthemum ??? Light head and neck exercises ??? the use of saline nasal spray to loosen mucous ??? Relaxation techniques and get enough rest or sleep ??? Acupressure techniques on the nostril sides ??? Aromatherapy or the use of essential oils. This procedure involves mixture of aromatic oil and carrier oils. These oils can be use as massage oils, bath oils or can be placed in cotton balls as inhalators. The following are list of essential oils: - Peppermint oil works best on sinus headaches. It is effectively used for chest and neck massage. It is refreshing and can be used at daytime. - Lavender oil - is the safest and gentlest oil. - Oregano oil is an anti fungal and anti bacterial oil used for
Home remedies are at times used to treat fungal
. One way to implement this approach is by drinking hot drinks such as hot chicken soup throughout the day. This remedy helps to moisturize the cilia inside your nostrils and this increases their movement something that helps to wash out any presence of mucus found in the air passages letting the patient breathe with ease. For patients suffering from immunodeficiency diseases, they should always avoid subjecting themselves to areas full of pollutants in order to minimize chances of inhaling fungus present in the air and in the end be subjected to fungal
that may harm them for a long period of time.
treatment may not include antibiotics if: - your
is viral. Antibiotics do not target viruses. There is no known medicine yet that can eliminate viruses. Viral
needs to heal on its own, and taking antibiotics may just make your body develop resistance to the drugs.
Most fungal
itis infections tend to make you experience severe headaches, nasal congestion due to mucus pilling up in the nostrils, fever, pain in the sinus located areas as you try hard to breathe and frequent coughing. Other symptoms may also include having a nasal discharge resembling pus coming out of your nose accompanied by occasional sneezing. After noticing these symptoms taking place in your body, it is advisable for you to seek medical attention from your doctor. Once your doctor has conducted an intensive diagnosis, he or she will be able to prescribe a proper course of treatment that may effectively cure you.
Other considerations for taking antibiotics: - You have to discuss your
itis with your doctor so that you can be prescribed with the right type of treatment program. Your history with antibiotics also has a role on whether your
can be treated with previously taken medication or not.
Each sinus or cavity in the skull has an opening that allows free exchange of mucus and air. Each sinus is joined to the other by a mucous membrane lining. When there is an infection like hay fever or a disease like asthma, these
es and the lining become inflamed, causing air and mucus to be blocked inside or a vacuum to be created. This can cause pressure on the
walls, causing severe pain. Millions of dollars are spent for
medications and
Another way fungi can cause fungal
is by entering the nostrils and causing an allergic reaction that leads to sinusitis. When fungi finely disperse themselves into the air, they can easily be inhaled together with the air. After these organisms have been inhaled and it turns out that the person who inhaled them is suffering from any type of immunodeficiency disease such as Diabetes and AIDS, the fungi may precipitate some allergic reactions which may produce body compounds such as histamine. Once histamine has been produced and ultimately finds its way into the
es, it may react with the
lining and then make it to swell up in the process.
Wangeci Kinyanjui is an expert on research and reporting on Health Matters for years.To get more information on fungal
visit her site at FUNGAL
Antibiotics can play a big part in
treatment. But it can also be detrimental to your condition. You need to be aware of how antibiotics should be considered for your
before jumping to the conclusion that these drugs are for you.
For whatever
itis treatment you opt to pursue, you need to remember that there are a lot of ways to get to a cure. If you see that whatever you are doing is not improving your condition, find out more on what else you can do. Research about your condition, the available treatment options, and talk to your doctor to get a medical professional's point of view on these matters.
- you are allergic to antibiotics. But if you have tried only a specific type of antibiotic before and you had an allergic reaction, do not assume that you are allergic to all antibiotics. Monitor your usage of the drug and discuss this with your doctor. If your doctor still recommends antibiotics for your
treatment, you may be given a different type of antibiotic.
- When prescribed with antibiotics, you have to follow your doctor's exact instructions for taking the medication. The full dosage should be administered within the time frame suggested by the doctor in order to get the complete effect of the antibiotics treatment. Failure to administer antibiotics correctly can result to non-treatment of
, or even a worsening of your condition.
- Tea tree oil is an antifungal, healing oil used for
relief. - Eucalyptus oil is the most versatile oil and very effective for respiratory infection treatments. - Wintergreen oil has methyl salicylate great for massages. - Ginger oil is mint oil. Gotvape is a leading Vaporizers store. It's mission to become #1 website for Vapir and Grinder searches.
Learn More about Natural Sinusitis Remedy
Curing the Symptoms of a Sinusitis Infection
Sinusitis infections are a common condition which many people suffer from each year. There are many factors which contribute to a sinusitis infection. Frequently, the sinusitis will begin because of a cold or allergy though it can also develop because of fungal infections, reflux disease, and many other diseases such as cystic fibrosis. The sinusitis itself begins when the sinus cavity lining...
Knowing Bacterial Sinus Infection Symptoms
When your runny nose or cough refuses to go away, your sense of smell and taste are bad, when you have bad headaches, you could be suffering from sinusitis. Ninety percent of all cases of sinus are caused due to bacteria. The membrane of the sinus cavity becomes red, tender or inflamed. Bacterial sinus infection symptoms vary from fever to facial pain and tenderness. Whenever a person has a...
Sinusitis and Sinus Infection Starts with a Little Sniffle Yes, I hear it too. A simple sniffle in a distant cubical. No big deal. But wait. There went another. Before long the office uproars in a virtual canon of sniffing, and it is more alarming then musical. Little do they know that a little sniffle might indicate the onset of one of the most expensive corporate costs common to most...
Nasal Irrigation for the Do-It-Yourselfer
What is nasal irrigation? Nasal irrigation as a health practice has been around for quite some time, originating in an ancient yoga tradition. In recent years, growing scientific evidence suggests that this is one of the best techniques for alleviating congestion. Many people have found that nasal irrigation works wonders on preventing colds, relieving nasal swelling and sinus pressure, and...
sinusitis vertigo
sinusitis vih
sinusitis viral bacterial
sinusitis viral
sinusitis ursachen
(c) 2019
Contact Us
About Us
Privacy Policy
RSS Feed
sinusitis viral bacterial


text:
Tips To Assist You Be Fit!
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Learning how to best suit the beholder is often in a person's best interest. Fitness can help lead to this pathway by enabling you to change your physical pose, confidence, and last but not least body composition to best please whoever the beholder may be.
When working out, make sure you take your time and focus on doing any and all exercises properly. Even if you can't do as many or goes as long as you could if you were using short cuts, you'll get much better results by doing fewer perfect form exercises. Not to mention that by using short cuts or improper form you could end up injuring yourself
There will be days when you have zero motivation to workout. On days like this, commit to doing just ten minutes of exercise. If you get started, chances are you will continue exercising past the first ten minutes. Even if you don't continue exercising, ten minutes is better than no minutes.
A lot of people put off exercising because they don't want to get sweaty. If you don't want to get sweaty, why not try swimming for your exercise? Swimming can be a great cardio workout. Try challenging yourself to swim an extra five laps everyday. You'll be in great shape before you know it.
In order to maximize your fitness routine at the gym, be sure to only rest when needed between sets. This will save time, at the gym and get you moving to other activities quicker. Later on in your workout you'll need more rests, however you can start it off strong without any ill effects.
To keep physically fit, it is important to remember that daily or at least frequent exercise is important. Exercising only once a week, even if it's for a long period of time, will not be as effective as exercising for a short time every day. Consistency is key in keeping fit.
Standing arm curls are a great exercise for your arm muscles. To get a full range of muscle workout, flex while lifting. At the end of each repetition, straighten your arms completely by flexing your triceps. Flexing will ensure your muscles are worked through the entire range of motion.
Jumping jacks are a classic calisthenic exercise that you can do. All you have to do is jump and separate your arms and legs. Then jump again and return to a normal standing position. Repeat this about 20 to 25 times a day. If you're a little more athletic, you can increase the number of jacks.
Choose the right fitness club. Consider several factors before you sign up for a club membership. Don't just go to the nearest location. Make sure the club offers the services, exercise types and training you need. Choose the location with the broadest services available as you never know what you might need later.
One of the biggest excuses not to exercise is that you have things to do. So why not buy a treadmill? Using a treadmill will allow you to get things done while you work. You can do school work, watch TV, go over your work assignments, or even just read a book.
A fun and exciting way to change your exercise up is to replace one or two exercises with sprinting. A sprint in a park will allow http://www.amazon.com/Probiotics-1030-Supplement-Acidophilus-Bifidobacterium/dp/B01BZC1QWM/keywords=100+billion+vegan+probiotic you to enjoy the scenery while having an intense aerobic workout. It requires no special training, however you should speak to a doctor before starting.
A great way to work out your calves are to do calf raises. You should either do seating calf raises, or standing calf raises. As you build up you will be adding weights in each hand to increase the amount of weight that you calf has to raise.
Giving a part of your home or your car a deep cleaning will not only improve the look of your house or vehicle, but burn a great deal of calories. Going to the gym or setting a time to exercise is not always necessary when you keep active and do high intensity activities.
Find a workout you love. You will have a better chance of reaching your fitness goals if you are doing an exercise that makes you happy. You will be surprised at how easy your work-outs will be when you are enjoying them. If http://www.womenshealthmag.com/food/best-probiotics you find your routine is a chore, than get a new one.
Work on your flexibility. Flexibility and stretching often fall by the wayside in our hurry to get through our cardio and strength training and get on with our days. To prevent injury, improve flexibility, and decrease soreness, take the time to stretch after your workout. Better yet, enroll in a yoga class to limber up even more.
When working out, it is important to be safe and to perform exercises properly. Many people make the mistake of thinking that they know how to do an exercise properly because they have seen someone else do it as part of their fitness routine. It is important to take the time to find out exactly how every exercise should be performed before attempting to do them.
You need to find a workout that you actually enjoy doing if you really want to be able to stick to it. If you do not like what you are doing it will be very difficult to find the motivation to do it on a regular basis. A lot of people make the mistake of thinking fitness has to be boring and repetitive when it does not have to be.
Do you want to improve your fitness level? Pick up a jump rope! A jump rope is super portable, so it can easily be used anywhere--home, the gym, work, or a hotel. Jump roping is three times as effective as most other cardio exercises when it comes to calories burned. A ten minute jump rope session, therefore, is essentially the same as a half hour workout.
No matter how badly you want to get into shape, avoid taking steroids. They have a variety of different side effects and cause many serious health problems. Also, they are addicting and can be hard to get off. Speak with your doctor if you or someone you know has a steroid addiction.
Those are just some of the things that you can do to make sure that you remain fit, as you go about your day, and all throughout your life. If you always keep your goal to be fit at the front of your mind, you can't help but enjoy the many health and happiness benefits that follow.
Almost done…
We just sent you an email. Please click the link in the email to confirm your subscription!
OKSubscriptions powered by Strikingly


text:
Property Management Solutions
HVAC installation, service to routine maintenance.
We know you have your hands full with property management. Everything from managing the comfort and convenience of many workers, tenants, customers and others depend on the services that you provide. If you are looking for HVAC services, we can help you ensure that everyone within any property is as comfortable as possible. When you address this wear and tear with regular maintenance service it does not typically become a problem. But as you know that without routine maintenance that wear and tear can cause some serious problems. Routine maintenance is the best way to minimize the risk of damage to your system and keep your warranties intact, but eventually HVAC repairs will be necessary when they are , give us a call.


text:
Wed, 2 April 2014
The human need to celebrate things is this week's topic. So many of us go through life jumping from celebration to celebration. We kick off this episode talking about why we have such a need to celebrate things...before asking each other if we look for reasons to celebrate anything and everything.
But let's slow down a moment and clarify things: what constitutes a celebration? Does it have to be a recurring, formal thing...or can celebrations be a small thing appreciated in a moment? From there, we move on to discussing the strangest things we've celebrated.
It seems there's some new celebration almost every week: Pi day, Pancake Day, and so many others. We devote some time to acknowledging social media's role in a myriad celebrations people mention online. (For example, today is National Peanut Butter and Jelly Day, meaning this!) More than social media, though, celebrations are big business. We spend some time discussing how money factors into so many celebrations.
Humans love having reasons to celebrate the things they do: we spend a little time talking about things we do to celebrate accomplishments like finishing another novel or ending big projects at work (Christopher spent part of last weekend after a big project playing this in celebration of wrapping up a big thing at his job). Even though we have celebrated some strange things, there are some celebrations we just do not get...and we discuss them for a few minutes.
Even death has become a celebratory thing in its own way, with many swapping out "funeral" for "celebration of life." But is that just a fancy way of saying funeral...or are people really celebrating after one is gone for good?
If you listen regularly, you know we don't stay maudlin too long -- we jump from talking about death to...weird celebrations like this one. After discussing some of the stranger celebrations we know about, we move on to discussing how celebrations differ in other countries; i.e. is St. Patrick's Day the rowdy plastic green fest in Ireland as it is in America?
Finally, we close out the episode by talking about our favorite celebrations.
We'd love to hear what you think about celebrations in the comments...so have at it!
Direct download: migs61.mp3
Category:Pop Culture -- posted at: 10:30pm EDT


text:
PASS News is your source for the latest PASS Community announcements, developments, and updates. News articles are posted regularly, so check back often or subscribe to the RSS feed to stay up-to-date.
Thank you to all of our sponsors and exhibitors for connecting with the community, sharing their products and services, and adding color to the Exhibit Hall through their amazing booth displays!
This year's winner of the Habanero Award is Quest!
Congratulations to the winners of the exhibitor raffles and to this year's Habanero Award winners:
We're already looking forward to seeing what next year's exhibitors have in store!
Subscribe to RSS Feed


text:
Trolling on the Internet is a form of deviant behavior that borderlines cyberharassment. A specific type of trolling behavior involving individuals posting rude/harassing comments on online memorial pages is known as RIP or memorial page trolling. This study compared the personality traits of self-reported RIP trolls to other trolls who did not engage in RIP trolling (non-RIP trolls); 30 respondents were classified as RIP trolls and 119 respondents as non-RIP trolls. Results indicated RIP trolls scored significantly lower on conscientiousness and internal moral values compared to non-RIP trolls. Overall, trolls are not a homogenous group; further supporting the need for future research to explore individual differences within the trolling community. By understanding the personality and morality differences between trolls and non-trolls, we may be able to identify those individuals at risk for engaging in different forms of online harassment.
Discussion and conclusions
With the advent of the Internet, harassment has become a common occurrence in the online world. Around 33 percent of youth reported experiencing some form of online harassment in the last year, and nine percent of individuals experienced this specifically on a social networking platform (Ybarra and Mitchell, 2008). Lindsay and Krysik (2012) found some of the significant predictors of being harassed online are time on social networking sites and owning an Internet connected phone. Online harassment's effects are well documented; victims of Internet-based harassment have faced multiple psychosocial challenges such as poor parent–child relationships, academic problems, substance use, behavioral problems, psychological distress, and delinquency (Beran and Li, 2007; Brown, et al., 2006; Campbell, 2005; Hinduja and Patchin, 2007; Patchin and Hinduja, 2006; Raskauskas and Stoltz, 2007; Varjas, et al., 2009; Ybarra and Mitchell, 2004; Ybarra, et al., 2006).
One form of online harassment that has gained the attention of scholars is often referred to as Internet or online trolling (Phillips, 2015). Behaviors which differentiate trolls from other forms of cyberharassment, such as cyberbullying, are that trolls anonymously target strangers (Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar, 2016), and they "rarely have personal investment in the things they say and do" [1]. Hardaker (2010) defines a troll as "a computer-mediated communicator who tries to be part of a group with the real intention of causing disruptions, or creating and intensifying conflicts for their own amusement" [2]. For example, one type of trolling designed to incite anger is commonly referred to as "flame trolling" (Bishop, 2013); the troll publically posts a comment that will "bait" someone into to a heated debate; the troll's goal is for the heated debate to intensify to the point of a flame war.
The reasons for trolling are varied including harassment, entertainment, and social learning, although most show antisocial cues. The troll posts can be deliberate, repeated, and hostile in nature to cause emotional harm or distress to the victims (Dickerson, 2005). Many trolls post messages and media on publically available forums just to harass and aggravate others (Bishop, 2014) or simply for their own amusement (Paul, et al., 2015; Thacker and Griffins, 2012). Trolling behaviors could also be looked at from a social context. It could be occurring through social learning (Thacker and Griffiths, 2012), or to gain a sense of belonging and gain acceptable into groups (Bishop, 2013). Thanks to the anonymous nature of the Internet, trolls believe they can perform any actions without concern for consequences (Phillips, 2011a), and this sense of anonymity could be another enabling factor for such behavior (Bishop, 2013). In addition, trolls are known to psychologically provoke and manipulate members of online communities in order to disrupt the normal functioning of these groups (Herring, et al., 2002).
However, trolling behaviors may be more common than expected, even if not well understood. According to Gammon (2014), only 45 percent of adults are aware of trolling, but 28 percent of those surveyed in the U.S. admitted to performing malicious actions towards a stranger on the Internet, and 12 percent intentionally made controversial statements online to spark arguments. According to Statista (2014), trolling behaviors occur most often on topics involving politics (49 percent), current events (38 percent), and religion (38 percent). In addition, Gammon (2014) found 45 percent of individuals reported seeing trolling occur in chat rooms, followed by 39 percent on social media sites, and another 39 percent on blogs. According to Fichman and Sanfilippo (2015), those aware of trolls assume males are motivated by malevolence, humor, and instigation at a rate higher than women, whereas women are thought to be more ideological.
Although, the act of trolling is generally seen as destructive or deceptive in nature (Buckels, et al., 2014); over the past few years, the motivation for trolling has evolved from being "for the Lolz" to "for the Lulz" and can be better understood with these classes of trolling (Bishop, 2014). Initially, the purpose of trolling in online platforms was for the entertainment of the troll, as well as others in the specific online community (Bishop, 2014). The traditional form of trolling for humor (i.e., the Lolz) is considered "classical trolling" (Bishop, 2014), and the "laugh" resulted from some form of harmless, online prank. However, the contemporary forms of trolling involve posting offensive messages that result in a nefarious or evil "laugh" (i.e., the Lulz).
Within the gaming community, researchers have examined a type of trolling behavior referred to as griefing (Paul, et al., 2015; Fragoso, 2015). Griefers are sometimes discussed as a separate category of "disruptive and aggressive online social interactions" from trolls [3] or a "form of game play" [4]. Griefers perform specific actions within a game in order to disrupt others' game experience (Paul, et al., 2015); they often achieve this by making the gaming experience unpleasant, painful, or even traumatic (Fragoso, 2015). According to Paul, et al. (2015), griefers engage in these behaviors as a form of entertainment, which is similar to traditional trolling for the lolz (i.e., self-pleasure through entertainment; Bishop, 2014). In addition, the gameplay style of griefers may be antisocial in nature, but they still obtain the same level of entertainment as someone who has a traditional gameplay style (Paul, et al., 2015).
However, for the current study, griefing was not specifically examined since it is discussed in the literature as a separate category of trolling, rather than a subtype, and it occurs exclusively within the online gaming community (Paul, et al., 2015; Fragoso, 2015). Instead, we focused on a specific subtype of trolling referred to as the rest-in-peace (RIP) trolling or memorial page trolling. This category of trolling moves away from trolling for the "lolz" to trolling for the "lulz".
RIP trolls
Individuals often grieve the loss of family members and close friends through social media and other online platforms. However, online grieving allows strangers to make themselves a part of the grieving process; in fact, some individuals deliberately post inflammatory messages on memorial pages in order to incite an angry response (Marwick and Ellison, 2012). These individuals posting offensive, harassing comments on online memorial pages are known as RIP trolls or memorial page trolls. One such instance was observed in the case of Natasha MacBryde, whose memorial page was trolled with "sick images" after she committed suicide (Hale, 2011). Similarly, in 2013, the memorial page created for Matthew Kocher on Facebook was covered with images and posts mocking him after he drowned in Lake Michigan. The family members were disturbed to find harsh images and comments, such as "you fail as being a fish", aimed at teasing the departed (Pratt, 2013).
RIP trolls are often linked to grief tourists; however, the differentiating factor between is that grief tourists tend to leave positive messages rather than hurtful ones (Frost, 2014). Similar to trolls, grief tourists do not know the departed; however, grief tourists exhibit a sense of loss and feel a shared connection with those grieving (Crowe and Watts, 2013; Phillip, 2011b). As Frost (2014) explains, "if grief tourists are walking around a graveyard, they wonder about the fate of the deceased, while a RIP troll is more like a person who physically desecrates a gravesite" [5]. However, this behavior could be a motivating factor for individuals who RIP troll, as they potentially see a way to mock the inauthenticity displayed by grief tourists, rather than those genuinely mourning (Leaver, 2013).
Therefore, some RIP trolls specifically target grief tourists and are philosophically motived to point out this "inauthentic grief" — these RIP trolls claim that those with "no real-life connection to the victim could not possibly be in mourning" [6]. In one interview, a troll stated, "This isn't grief. This is boredom and a pathological need for attention masquerading as grief" [7]. RIP trolls who target grief tourists will even go so far as to create fake memorial pages; that is to say, memorial pages for people who have never existed in order bait grief tourists (Phillips, 2011b). However, not all RIP trolls only target grief tourists; there are some trolls that do target legitimate memorial pages.
According to Statista (2014), 23 percent of respondents saw Internet trolling on emotional topics, such as those dealing with a traumatic experience or death. According to Phillips (2011b), individuals engaging in RIP trolling enjoy the attention received from the media, and they claim to feel no remorse "no matter how traumatizing their behaviors" [8]. In addition, many trolls find "real" RIP trolling either boring or distasteful in that authentically grieving family members are not "proper" targets (Phillips, 2011b). Still, there are some trolls who do target legitimate memorial pages; however, limited research exists on the personality characteristics of individuals who engage in trolling, even more specifically "real" RIP trolls.
Individual differences
Currently, the empirical literature suggests individual differences are relevant in our understanding of individuals who engage in different forms of electronic harassment, such as cyberbullying and trolling. Specifically, a number of researchers have examined the relationship between individual differences and cyberbullying; for instance, high neuroticism (Çelik, et al., 2012; Ojedokun and Idemudia, 2013; Seigfried-Spellar and Treadway, 2014; Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar, 2016) and low agreeableness (Çelik, et al., 2012; Festl and Quandt, 2013; Seigfried-Spellar and Treadway, 2014; Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar, 2016) are consistently found in the literature to be correlated to cyberbullying behaviors. A few studies also suggest cyberbullies score significantly lower on conscientiousness compared to non-cyberbullies (Çelik, et al., 2012; Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar, 2016), and Gibb and Devereux (2014) found Machiavellianism and psychopathy to be significant predictors of cyberbullying. However, findings regarding level of self-esteem are inconsistent; Patchin and Hinduja (2010) found low self-esteem whereas Corcoran, et al. (2012) found high self-esteem to be a significant predictor of cyberbullying.
With regards to trolling, a smaller number of research studies have explored the personality characteristics of individuals who engage in trolling. For instance, Buckels, et al. (2014) examined whether the dark tetrad (narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and sadism) predicted trolling. The results suggested trolling was positively correlated with psychopathy, sadism, and Machiavellianism, and among these factors, the best predictor for trolling was sadism. According to Buckels, et al. (2014), "both trolls and sadists feel sadistic glee at the distress of others" [9]. In addition, after conducting an in-depth interview of a flame troller, Bishop (2013) suggested similarities between the DSM-V's criteria for anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) and flame trolling activities.
Current study
Overall, individual differences are relevant to our understanding of why certain individuals engage in trolling behaviors, and as previously mentioned, it is suggested that only a small number of trolls engage in "real" RIP trolling by targeting authentic memorial pages. Thus, we believe individual differences exist between the trolls themselves since not all trolls engage in the same activities; this may also be due to the fact that some of the behaviors are arguably more emotionally devastating and harmful to the victims (e.g., real RIP trolling), suggesting that moral differences may play a role.
Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine if personality and morality characteristics differentiated RIP trolls from trolls who do not engage in RIP trolling. This study contributes to the body of literature by empirically exploring whether individual differences exist between non-RIP trolls and RIP trolls. Based on the previous literature, the authors expected to find significant differences between RIP trolls and non-RIP trolls on individual differences.
Respondents were solicited from the Amazon Web site, Mechanical Turk; the respondents answered questions regarding their engagement in a variety of trolling behaviors (e.g., flaming, RIP trolling, outing). For the current study, we were only interested in those respondents who were identified as Internet trolls. Of the original 308 respondents, 149 (48 percent) respondents self-reported engaging in Internet trolling; Of the 149 Internet trolls, 30 (20 percent) self-reported engaging in RIP trolling. For the overall sample, 63 (42.3 percent) were men and 86 (57.7 percent) were women; the majority of the respondents were white (n = 109, 73.2 percent), and their ages ranged from 19 to 64 years (M = 32.4, SD = 10.6).
Respondents completed the following questionnaires: demographics, Cyberbully/Troll Deviancy Scale (CTDS; Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar, 2016), Five-Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF; see Widiger, 2004), Moral Decision-Making Scale (MDKS; Rogers, et al., 2006a), and Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). These scales have been previously validated in the area of personality research and deviant online behavior (Rogers, 2001; Rogers, et al., 2006a; Rogers, et al., 2006b; Seigfried-Spellar, et al., 2014; Seigfried-Spellar and Treadway, 2014; Seigfried-Spellar, et al., 2017; Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar, 2016). The demographics survey appeared at the beginning of the study for all of the respondents to increase the accuracy of self-reported subject variables (e.g., sex; see Birnbaum, 2000).
Cyberbullying/Troll Deviance Scale. Respondents completed 13 questions from the Cyberbully/Troll Deviancy Scale (CTDS; Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar, 2016) measuring a variety of trolling behaviors, including one question assessing RIP trolling. The CTDS asks respondents whether or not they have engaged in 13 different types of trolling behaviors, such as RIP trolling, flaming, and outing; this scale does not include the word — "troll". In the CTDS, the following statement preceded the trolling items: "For the following online activities, how often in the past five years have you engaged in them with someone that you do not know" (i.e., a stranger online)? To identify trolls, we focused on those individuals who targeted strangers online "just for the fun of it", which is why each item included "with someone that you do not know/a stranger".
The 13 trolling items specifically measured the frequency of the trolling behavior; they were scaled from 1 (Never) to 5 (six or more times). A sample item was: "Used profanity or insulting language towards a stranger online (just because)?" For the current study, only those individuals who self-reported trolling behaviors were included; that is to say, any respondent who self-reported engaging in any of the 13 behaviors was included in the final analyses. Next, we labeled those respondents as RIP trolls based on their endorsement of the following item: "Visited a Facebook/website memorial page for a deceased person that you did not know and made negative comments (just because)?" Therefore, based on item endorsement, we created a binary variable: individuals who engaged in RIP trolling vs. individuals who did not engage in RIP trolling, but did engage in other trolling behaviors.
Five-Factor Model Rating Form. The Five-Factor Model Rating Form (FFMRF; Widiger, 2004) measured the respondents' individual differences based on the Big 5 personality characteristics: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. The FFMRF displays 30 polar opposites on a Likert scale of 1 (Extremely Low) to 5 (Extremely High). In the current study, the FFMRF yielded acceptable Cronbach's alpha levels for all five factors: Neuroticism (α = .78), Extraversion (α = .77), Openness to Experience (α = .72), Agreeableness (α = .80), and Conscientiousness (α = .83).
Moral Decision-Making Scale. The Moral Decision-Making Scale (MDKS; Rogers, et al., 2006b) measured the respondents' cognitive disposition when making moral decisions according to three subscales: Social Moral Values (i.e., attitudes toward the law; SV), Internal Moral Values (i.e., personal moral compass; IV), and/or Hedonistic Moral Values (i.e., pleasure-seeking; HED). The MDKS included 15 items, scaled from 1 (Not Important in my Decisions) to 7 (Very Important in my Decisions). In the current study, the MDKS yielded acceptable Cronbach's alpha levels for the moral decision-making subscales: Internal Moral Values (α = .78) and Hedonistic Moral Values (α = .74); however, the Cronbach's α for the Social Moral Values subscale was lower at .63.
Self-Esteem Scale. Finally, the authors measured the respondents' level of self-esteem with the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). Using a five-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Agree; 5 = Strongly Disagree), the participants self-reported their level of agreement to 10 statements. The Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale yielded an excellent Cronbach's alpha (α) score of .92 for self-esteem variable.
The respondents were recruited from an Internet-based study hosted on Qualtrics via Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Mechanical Turk may be used to obtain high-quality data inexpensively and provides better generalizability compared to other methodologies (Arditte, et al., 2016; Behrend, et al., 2011; Berinsky, et al., 2011; Buhrmester, et al., 2011; Johnson and Borden, 2012; Miller, et al., 2017). In addition, prior research suggests the use of MTurk data is valid and reliable (see Goodman, et al., 2013; Shapiro, et al., 2013), even for personality research (Miller, et al., 2017). Respondents were compensated 10 U.S. cents using Amazon's anonymous and secure compensation procedures and the study was advertised as assessing "Attitudes Toward Online Communications." The survey was completely anonymous in that no identifying information was collected (e.g., name, IP address). In order to qualify, the respondents had to be at least 19 years of age or older and permanent residents of the United States. Once completed, the respondents were provided with a "code word" in order to receive compensation, and the code word was changed daily. Finally, the Qualtrics software allowed the authors to prevent ballot box stuffing and the "back button" was disabled so respondents could not change their responses at any time.
Analytic strategies
First, the current study only included those respondents who self-reported engaging in some form of trolling behavior (e.g., flaming, outing, RIP). Next, the authors specifically examined which individuals admitted to RIP trolling. Based on item endorsement, a dichotomous variable was created: non-RIP troll (0) and RIP troll (1). This binary outcome variable represented two different groups: individuals who engaged in RIP trolling vs. individuals who did not engage in RIP trolling, but did engage in other trolling behaviors. Finally, all variables assessing individual differences (e.g., extraversion, self-esteem) were treated as continuous, predictor variables.
In order to determine the relationship between individual differences and RIP trolls vs. non-RIP trolls, a point-biserial zero-order correlation was conducted; the point-biserial correlation (rpb) is used to represent the relationship between a continuous and dichotomous variable (see Cohen, et al., 2003). Next, the statistically significant personality traits from the zero-order correlation were entered into a backward stepwise (Wald) binary logistic regression (LR) to determine the best model for differentiating between RIP trolls vs. non-RIP trolls. Binary logistic regressions allow researchers to develop a parsimonious model that describes the relationship between an outcome and its predictors (see Hosmer, et al., 2013); a binary logistic regression always has a dichotomous outcome variable (,i.e.,, RIP troll vs. non-RIP troll).
Hypothesis testing
H1: There are individual differences between RIP trolls and non-RIP trolls.
As shown in Table 1, a listwise zero-order correlation explored the relationship between RIP trolling vs. non-RIP trolling and the personality characteristics. Of the 149 trolls, only 142 were included in the final statistical analyses due to missing data on the self-esteem variable. The zero-order correlation revealed a significant relationship between RIP trolls and low conscientiousness (rpb = -.29, p = .001), low internal moral values (rpb = -.45, p < .001), and low hedonism (rpb = -.26, p = .002) compared to non-RIP trolls; there was also a marginally significant relationship between RIP trolls and low self-esteem (rpb = -.14, p = .09) and high neuroticism (rpb = .16, p = .06). There was no statistically significant relationship between RIP trolls vs. non-RIP trolls and the following variables: extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and social moral values.
Table 1: Zero-order correlations between personality, self-esteem, and non-RIP troll vs. RIP-troll. RIP N E O A C SV IV HV SE RIP 1 0.15 0.09 -0.11 0.01 -0.29 -0.06 -0.45 -0.26 -0.14 N 1 -0.24 0.01 0.003 -0.32 -0.07 -0.21 0.07 -0.56 E 1 0.06 -0.002 -0.185 0.14 0.09 -0.13 0.37 O 1 0.12 -0.16 -0.29 0.26 0.06 -0.07 A 1 -0.01 0.31 0.19 0.03 -0.01 C 1 0.08 0.19 0.09 0.14 SV 1 0.33 0.40 0.12 IV 1 0.45 0.16 HV 1 -0.09 SE 1 Note: Correlations above |.14| are statistically significant at p < .10; correlations above |.16| are statistically significant at p < .05; correlations above |.22| are statistically significant at p < .01; correlations above |.27| are statistically significant at p < .001.
Next, the statistically significant variables identified in the zero-order correlation were entered into a backward stepwise (Wald) binary logistic regression to identify the best predictive model for RIP trolling vs. non-RIP trolling. As shown in Table 2, the final model included conscientiousness (Wald = 6.79, p < .01) and internal moral values (Wald = 18.75, p < .001) in that individuals who scored low on conscientiousness and low on internal moral values were more likely to be RIP trolls compared to non-RIP trolls. The odds ratio, Exp(B), in Table 2 is a standardized measure of the change in odds as a result of a unit change in the predictor [10].
Table 2: Backward stepwise (Wald) binary logistic regression. Variable B SE B Exp (B) Step 1 N -0.20 0.53 0.82 SE -0.55 0.41 0.58 C -1.10* 0.43 0.33 IV -1.20** 0.34 0.30 HED -0.30 0.31 0.74 Step 2 SE -0.47 0.35 0.62 C -1.04* 0.40 0.35 IV -1.18** 0.33 0.31 HED -0.32 0.30 0.73 Step 3 SE -0.41 0.34 0.66 C -1.05* 0.39 0.35 IV -1.33** 0.31 0.26 Step 4 C -1.02* 0.39 0.36 IV -1.34** 0.31 0.26 Note: **p < 0.001; *p < 0.01. R2 = .28 (Hosmer & Lemeshow); .23 (Cox & Snell); .38 (Nagelkirke).
Using the reciprocal of the odds ratio, as the score on conscientiousness increases, an individual is 2.8x more likely to be a non-RIP troll. In addition, as the score on internal values increases, an individual is 3.8x more likely to be a non-RIP troll. The Hosmer and Lemeshow's Measure (RL2) suggested this model explained 28 percent of the variance in RIP trolls vs. non-RIP trolls (RC2 = .23; RN2 = .38). Finally, the Hosmer and Lemeshow test was non-significant, Χ2(8) = 10.68, p = .22, indicating the final model fit the data.
To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to assess the relationship between individual differences between RIP trolls and trolls who do not engage in RIP trolling. The majority of trolls in the current study did not engage in RIP trolling behavior; however, real RIP trolling may be more common than previously expected. Although Philips (2011b) suggested real RIP trolling is considered "distasteful" and "not proper targets" by many trolls, the current study found 20 percent of self-reported trolls engaged in real RIP trolling. In addition, the authors' hypothesis was supported in that individual differences exist between RIP trolls and non-RIP trolls; specifically, the results suggested personality and morality differences, which supports our inclination as to why not all trolls engage in the same behaviors. The final predictive model, which included low conscientiousness and low internal moral values, suggests individuals who engage in real RIP trolling are different from other Internet trolls.
According to Phillips (2011b), individuals who troll memorial pages feel no remorse for the pain caused to grieving family members; this lack of remorse is consistent with individuals who exhibit low conscientiousness and report no personal moral code. Conscientiousness is defined as "the tendency to follow socially prescribed norms for impulse control, to be goal directed, to plan, and to be able to delay gratification" [11]. Low conscientiousness is associated with impulsiveness, unreliability, inability to delay gratification, lack of perseverance, and aggressiveness (Miller and Lynam, 2003; Sharpe and Desai, 2001). Conscientiousness also affects an individual's ability to think, feel, and behave consistently across situations and is characterized by order and dependability (John and Srivastava, 1999).
In addition, conscientiousness is strongly associated with life satisfaction (Hayes and Joseph, 2003) and understanding subjective well-being (Hayes and Joseph, 2003); therefore, individuals who RIP troll may experience more feelings of dissatisfaction towards life compared to non-RIP trolls, which is why they mock those who mourn the loss of loved ones. Finally, low conscientiousness is also significantly correlated to the personality disorder, psychopathy (Miller and Lynam, 2003). Psychopathy is a multi-dimensional construct associated with callousness, egocentricity, dishonesty, impulsivity, and irresponsibility (Lynam and Miller, 2015; Miller, et al., 2001). The Buckels, et al. (2014) study found trolls scored significantly higher on psychopathy than non-trolls, so our results are consistent in that low conscientiousness is related to trolling, and in fact, discriminates between RIP trolls and non-trolls.
As with conscientiousness, RIP trolls scored significantly lower on hedonism compared to non-RIP trolls. Essentially, RIP trolls are less likely to make moral decisions based on hedonistic principles of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. The items measuring hedonism in the moral decision-making scale assess whether individuals are likely to make decisions that maximize their self-pleasure but also minimize the likelihood that they will be punished for their actions (Rogers, et al., 2006a). Thus, RIP trolls are less concerned with making moral decisions that increase pleasure but also decrease pain or the likelihood of punishment. In addition, the MDKS hedonism items may be correlated with the present hedonistic attitude (see Stolarski, et al., 2015; Zimbardo and Boyd, 2008) in that individuals are more concerned with immediate gratification regardless of the consequences or the possibility of greater gains in the future. Looking at the conscientiousness and hedonism together, these finding also appear consistent since impulsivity is negatively correlated with conscientiousness (see Miller and Lynam, 2003).
Although it was not part of the final model, there was a marginally significant relationship between low self-esteem and high neuroticism for self-reported RIP trolls. Neuroticism is a personality trait characteristic of emotional instability (John and Srivastava, 1999). Research has shown individuals scoring high on neuroticism tend to show more aggressive behavior (Barlett and Anderson, 2012; Sharpe and Desai, 2001) and aggressive emotions (Barlett and Anderson, 2012). Posting obscene comments on the memorial pages of deceased loved ones is definitely an aggressive form of electronic communication, and this finding suggests it may be an aggressive emotional outlet for RIP trolls. Finally, RIP trolls scored significantly lower on self-esteem compared to non-RIP trolls; previous research suggests low self-esteem is related to antisocial behavior and delinquency (Donnellan, et al., 2005), including another form of electronic harassment, cyberbullying (Hinduja and Patchin, 2010).
According to Buckels, et al. (2013), sadism is a predictor of "an appetite for cruelty" [12] and unproved aggression; when assessing trolling behaviors, Buckels, et al. (2014) found sadism was the best predictor of trolling when assessed with the dark triad (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism). In addition, trolls perform their actions to gain pleasure from the pain of individuals for their own amusement (Bishop, 2014; Hardaker, 2010). Overall, the personality traits of conscientiousness and agreeableness are also significantly related to sadism (Furnham, et al., 2013); Zezulka and Seigfried-Spellar (2016) found Internet trolls scored significantly lower on agreeableness compared to non-trolls, so although there was no difference in agreeableness between RIP trolls and non-RIP trolls, the fact that RIP trolls scored lower on conscientiousness may suggest that they are more sadistic when compared to other trolls.
Although the current study reveals differences between RIP trolls and non-RIP trolls, further empirical research is needed to better understand the individual differences between RIP trolls, non-RIP trolls, and individuals who do not engage in any trolling behaviors. Future research should explore the differences between RIP trolls and non-RIP trolls on sadism and the dark triad (see Furnham, et al., 2013), as well as explore other motivational factors and moral disengagement techniques for memorial page trolls. In addition, future research should explore the relationship between the different forms of Internet trolling to determine if one form of trolling is more likely to lead to another form and to better understand the shift from classical trolling (i.e., lolz) to trolling for the lulz. Memorial page trolling, or RIP trolling, causes emotional harm and distress to the family members grieving the loss of loved ones online, so understanding how and why someone becomes a RIP troll is an important research question to pursue.
Overall, the current study examined whether individual differences exist between RIP trolls and non-RIP trolls. As mentioned previously, not all trolls target authentic memorial pages (Phillips, 2011b), and for those who do, the behavior is emotionally devastating to the family members grieving deceased loved ones online. Contrary to what some researchers may suggest (see Cheng, et al., 2017), simply posting an obscene or profane comment online does not necessarily make you a troll — the act of trolling is more complex and includes a wide range of behaviors and motivations (e.g., trolling for the lolz vs. lulz). As this research shows, not all trolls engage in memorial page trolling, and the ones that do have significant differences on personality and morality measures. Thus, not only are there individual differences between trolls and non-trolls (see Buckels, et al., 2014), but this study suggests that trolls are not a homogenous group, further supporting the need for future research to explore individual differences within the trolling community. By understanding the personality and morality differences between trolls and non-trolls, we may be able to identify those individuals at risk for engaging in RIP trolling or other forms of online harassment.
About the authors
Dr. Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer and Information Technology at Purdue University. She studies the individual differences and socio-legal factors associated with cyberdeviance, such as Internet child pornography use, hacking, cyberbullying, and trolling. She is a member of the Digital and Multimedia Sciences section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS), American Psychology-Law Society (APLS), and the International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts (IALEIA). .
Direct comments to: kspellar [at] purdue [dot] edu
Siddharth S. Chowdhury is currently a Master's student in the Department of Computer Information and Technology at Purdue University with a concentration in cyberforensics. In December 2016, he completed his Bachelor of Science degree at Purdue in computer and information technology with a minor in psychology. Through his undergraduate degree, Sid has worked with faculty on research topics including Wi-Fi hacking, hacker personalities, and legal considerations of digital forensics.
E-mail: sidc [at] purdue [dot] edu
1. Phillips, 2011a, p. 69.
2. Hardaker, 2010, p. 237.
3. Fragoso, 2015, p. 152.
4. Paul, et al., 2015, p. 244.
5. Frost, 2014, p. 261.
6. Phillips, 2011b, p. 7.
7. Ibid.
8. Phillips, 2011b, p. 7.
9. Buckels, et al., 2014, p. 102.
10. Since the odds ratio is less than one, we use the reciprocal of the odds ratio in order to ease its interpretation (Davies, et al., 1998; McHugh, 2009). In this case, the reciprocal indicates the likelihood of an individual being a non-RIP troll (instead of a RIP troll) based on the predictors.
11. Roberts, et al., 2009, p. 369.
12. Buckels, et al., 2013, p. 2,201.
K. A. Arditte, D. Çek, A. M. Shaw, and K. R. Timpano, 2016. "The importance of assessing clinical phenomena in Mechanical Turk research," Psychological Assessment, volume 28, number 6, pp. 684–691.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000217, accessed 7 October 2017.
C. P. Barlett and C. A. Anderson, 2012. "Direct and indirect relations between the Big 5 personality traits and aggressive and violent behavior," Personality and Individual Differences, volume 52, number 8, pp. 870–875.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.029, accessed 7 October 2017.
T. S. Behrend, D. J. Sharek, A. W. Meade, and E. N. Wiebe, 2011. "The viability of crowdsourcing for survey research," Behavior Research Methods, volume 43, number 3, pp. 800–813.
doi: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0081-0, accessed 7 October 2017.
T. Beran and Q. Li, 2007. "The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying," Journal of Student Wellbeing, volume 1, number 2, pp. 16–33.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/JSW.v1i2.172, accessed 7 October 2017.
A. J. Berinsky, G. A. Huber, and G. S. Lenz, 2011. "Using Mechanical Turk as a subject recruitment tool for experimental research" (20 June), at http://web.mit.edu/berinsky/www/files/MT.pdf, accessed 14 December 2016.
J. Bishop, 2014. "Trolling for the Lulz? Using media theory to understand yransgressive humour and other Internet trolling in online communities," In: J. Bishop (editor). Transforming politics and policy in the digital age. Hershey, Pa.: Information Science Reference, pp. 155–172.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6038-0.ch011, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. Bishop, 2013. "The effect of de-individuation of the Internet troller on criminal procedure implementation: An interview with a hater," International Journal of Cyber Criminology, volume 7, number 1, pp. 28–48, and at http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/Bishop2013janijcc.pdf, accessed 7 October 2017.
K. Brown, M. Jackson, and W. Cassidy, 2006. "Cyber-bullying: Developing policy to direct responses that are equitable and effective in addressing this special form of bullying," Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, number 57, pp. 1–36.
E. E. Buckels, P. D. Trapnell, and D. L. Paulhus, 2014. "Trolls just want to have fun," Personality and individual Differences, volume 67, pp. 97–102.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016, accessed 7 October 2017.
E. E. Buckels, D. N. Jones, and D. L. Paulhus, 2013. "Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism," Psychological Science, volume 24, number 11, pp. 2,201–2,209.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613490749, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. Buhrmester, T. Kwang, and S. D. Gosling, 2011. "Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality data?" Perspectives on Psychological Science, volume 6, number 1, pp. 3–25.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393980, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. A. Campbell, 2005. "Cyber-bullying: An old problem in a new guise?" Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, volume 15, pp. 68–76.
S. Çelik, H. Atak, and A. Erguzen, 2012. "The effect of personality on cyberbullying among university students in Turkey," Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, volume 49, pp. 129–150, and at http://www.ejer.com.tr/0DOWNLOAD/pdfler/eng/celikeng.pdf, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. Cheng, M. Bernstein, C. Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, and J. Leskovec, 2017. "Anyone can become a troll: Causes of trolling behavior in online discussions," CSCW '17: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, pp. 1,217–1,230.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998213, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. Cohen, P. Cohen, S. G. West, and L. S. Aiken, 2003. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Third edition. New York: Routledge.
L. Corcoran, I. Connolly, and M. O'Moore, 2012. "Cyberbullying in Irish schools: An investigation of personality and self-concept," Irish Journal of Psychology, volume 33, number 4, pp. 153–165.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2012.677995, accessed 7 October 2017.
N. Crowe and M. Watts, 2013. "Editorial feature," International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, volume 18, number 1, pp. 1–4.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2012.757018, accessed 7 October 2017.
H. T. O. Davies, I. K. Crombie, and M. Tavakoli, 1998. "When can odds ratios mislead?" British Medical Journal, volume 316, number 7136 (28 March), pp. 989–991.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7136.989, accessed 7 October 2017.
D. Dickerson, 2005. "Cyberbullies on campus," University of Toledo Law Review, volume 37, number 1, pp. 51–74, and at https://www.utoledo.edu/law/studentlife/lawreview/pdf/v37n1/dickerson371.pdf, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. B. Donnellan, K. H. Trzesniewski, R. W. Robins, T. E. Moffitt, and A. Caspi, 2005. "Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency," Psychological Science, volume 16, number 4, pp. 328–335.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x, accessed 7 October 2017.
R. Festl and T. Quandt, 2013. "Social relations and cyberbullying: The influence of individual and structural attributes on victimization and perpetration via the Internet," Human Communication Research, volume 39, number 1, pp. 101–126.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01442.x, accessed 7 October 2017.
P. Fichman and M. R. Sanfilippo, 2015. "The bad boys and girls of cyberspace: How gender and context impact perception of and reaction to trolling," Social Science Computer Review, volume 33, number 2, pp. 163–180.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314533169, accessed 7 October 2017.
S. Fragoso, 2015. "'HUEHUEHUE I'm BR': Spam, trolling and griefing in online games," Revista Famecos, volume 22, number 3, pp. 147–163.
M. Frost, 2014. "The grief grapevine: Facebook memorial pages and adolescent bereavement," Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, volume 24, number 2, pp. 256–265.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2013.30, accessed 7 October 2017.
A. Furnham, S. C. Richards, and D. L. Paulhus, 2013. "The dark triad of personality: A 10-year review," Social and Personality Psychology Compass, volume 7, number 3, pp. 199–216.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. Gammon, 2014. "Over a quarter of Americans have made malicious online comments," YouGov (28 October), at https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/10/20/over-quarter-americans-admit-malicious-online-comm/, accessed 28 November 2016.
Z. G. Gibb and P. G. Devereux, 2014. "Who does that anyway? Predictors and personality correlates of cyberbullying in college," Computers in Human Behavior, volume 38, pp. 8–16.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.009, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. K. Goodman, C. E. Cryder, and A. Cheema, 2013. "Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples," Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, volume 26, number 3, pp. 213–224.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1753, accessed 7 October 2017.
B. Hale, 2011. "Tormented by trolling: The vile Web craze that taunted family of bullied Natasha even after her suicide," Daily Mail (26 February), at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/, accessed 29 September 2016.
C. Hardaker, 2010. "Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions," Journal of Politeness Research, volume 6, number 2, pp. 215–242.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2010.011, accessed 7 October 2017.
N. Hayes and S. Joseph, 2003. "Big 5 correlates of three measures of subjective well-being," Personality and Individual Differences, volume 34, number 4, pp. 723–727.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00057-0, accessed 7 October 2017.
S. Herring, K. Job-Sluder, R. Scheckler, and S. Barab, 2002. "Searching for safety online: Managing 'trolling' in a feminist forum," Information Society, volume 18, number 5, pp. 371–384.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240290108186, accessed 7 October 2017.
S. Hinduja and J. W. Patchin, 2010. "Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide," Archives of Suicide Research, volume 14, number 3, pp. 206–221.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133, accessed 7 October 2017.
S. Hinduja and J. W. Patchin, 2007. "Offline consequences of online victimization: School violence and delinquency," Journal of School Violence, volume 6, number 3, pp. 89–112.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J202v06n03_06, accessed 7 October 2017.
D. W. Hosmer, S. Lemeshow, and R. X. Sturdivant, 2013. Applied logistic regression. Third edition. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
O. P. John and S. Srivastava, 1999. "The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives," In: L. A. Pervin and O. P. John (editors). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. Second edition. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 102–138.
D. R. Johnson and L. A. Borden, 2012. "Participants at your fingertips using Amazon's Mechanical Turk to increase student–faculty collaborative research," Teaching of Psychology, volume 39, number 4, pp. 245–251.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098628312456615, accessed 7 October 2017.
T. Leaver, 2013. "FCJ-163 Olympic trolls: Mainstream memes and digital discord?" Fibreculture Journal, number 22, pp. 216–233.
M. Lindsay and J. Krysik, 2012. "Online harassment among college students: A replication incorporating new Internet trend," Information, Communication & Society, volume 15, number 5, pp. 703–719.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.674959, accessed 7 October 2017.
D. R. Lynam and J. D. Miller, 2015. "Psychopathy from a basic trait perspective: The utility of a five–factor model approach," Journal of Personality, volume 83, number 6, pp. 611–626.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12132, accessed 7 October 2017.
A. Marwick and N. B. Ellison, 2012. "'There isn't Wifi in Heaven!' Negotiating visibility on Facebook memorial pages," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, volume 56, number 3, pp. 378–400.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705197, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. L. McHugh, 2009. "The odds ratio: Calculation, usage, and interpretation," Biochemia Medica, volume 19, number 2, pp. 120–126.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/BM.2009.011, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. D. Miller and D. R. Lynam, 2003. "Psychopathy and the five-factor model of personality: A replication and extension," Journal of Personality Assessment, volume 81, number 2, pp. 168–178.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8102_08, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. D. Miller, D. R. Lyman, T. A. Widiger, and C. Leukefeld, 2001. "Personality disorders as extreme variants of common personality dimensions: Can the five factor model adequately represent psychopathy?" Journal of Personality, volume 69, number 2, pp. 253–276.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00144, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. D. Miller, M. Crowe, B. Weiss, J. L. Maples-Keller, and D. R. Lynam, 2017. "Using online, crowdsourcing platforms for data collection in personality disorder research: The example of Amazon's Mechanical Turk," Personality Disorders, volume 8, number 1, pp. 26–34.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/per0000191, accessed 7 October 2017.
O. Ojedokun and E. S. Idemudia, 2013. "The moderating role of emotional intelligence between PEN personality factors and cyberbullying in a student population," Life Science Journal, volume 10, number 3, pp. 1,924–1,930.
J. W. Patchin and S. Hinduja, 2010. "Cyberbullying and self-esteem," Journal of School Health, volume 80, number 12, pp. 614–621.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. W. Patchin and S. Hinduja, 2006. "Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying," Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, volume 4, number 2, pp. 148–169.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288, accessed 7 October 2017.
H. L. Paul, N. D. Bowman, and J. Banks, 2015. "The enjoyment of griefing in online games," Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, volume 3, number 3, pp. 243–258.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.7.3.243_1, accessed 7 October 2017.
W. Phillips, 2015. This is why we can't have nice things: Mapping the relationship between online trolling and mainstream culture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
W. Phillips, 2011a. "Meet the trolls," Index on Censorship, volume 40, number 2, pp. 68–76.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306422011409641, accessed 7 October 2017.
W. Phillips, 2011b. "LOLing at tragedy: Facebook trolls, memorial pages and resistance to grief online." First Monday, volume 16, number 12, at http://firstmonday.org/article/view/3168/3115, accessed 7 October 2017.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v16i12.3168, accessed 7 October 2017.
G. Pratt, 2013, "RIP trolling: Hurtful online comments about deceased son add to family's grief," Chicago Tribune (12 August), at http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-12/news/ct-met-rip-trolling-20130812_1_trolling-rip-tinley-park-family, accessed 29 September 2016.
J. Raskauskas and A. D. Stoltz, 2007. "Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents," Developmental Psychology, volume 43, pp. 564–575.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-16188.8.131.524, accessed 7 October 2017.
B. W. Roberts, J. J. Jackson, J. V. Fayard, G. Edmonds, and J. Meints, 2009. "Conscientiousness," In: M. Leary and R. Hoyle (editors). Handbook of individual differences in social behavior. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 369–281.
M. K. Rogers, 2001. "A social learning theory and moral disengagement analysis of criminal computer behavior: An exploratory study," unpublished dissertation, University of Manitoba (Canada), at http://hdl.handle.net/1993/19563, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. Rogers, N. D. Smoak, and J. Liu, 2006a. "Self-reported deviant computer behavior: A big-5, moral choice, and manipulative exploitive behavior analysis," Deviant Behavior, volume 27, number 3, pp. 245–268.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639620600605333, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. K. Rogers, K. Seigfried, and K. Tidke, 2006b. "Self-reported computer criminal behavior: A psychological analysis," Digital Investigation, volume 3, pp. 116–120.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2006.06.002, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. Rosenberg, 1965. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
K. C. Seigfried-Spellar and K. N. Treadway, 2014. "Differentiating hackers, identity thieves, cyberbullies, and virus writers by college major and individual differences," Deviant Behavior, volume 35, number 10, pp. 782–803.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.884333, accessed 7 October 2017.
K. C. Seigfried-Spellar, N. Villacís-Vukadinović, and D. R. Lynam, 2017. "Computer criminal behavior is related to psychopathy and other antisocial behavior," Journal of Criminal Justice, volume 51, pp. 67–73.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.06.003, accessed 7 October 2017.
D. N. Shapiro, J. Chandler, and P. A. Mueller, 2013. "Using Mechanical Turk to study clinical populations," Clinical Psychological Science, volume 1, number 2, pp. 213–220.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612469015, accessed 7 October 2017.
J. P. Sharpe and S. Desai, 2001. "The revised Neo Personality Inventory and the MMPI-2 Psychopathology Five in the prediction of aggression,&tdquo; Personality and Individual Differences, volume 31, number 4, pp. 505–518.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612469015, accessed 7 October 2017.
Statista, 2014. "Internet trolling topics U.S. 2014: Statistics," at https://www.statista.com/, accessed 26 November 2016.
M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, and W. van Beek, 2015. Time perspective theory; Review, research, and application. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2, accessed 7 October 2017.
S. Thacker and M. D. Griffiths, 2012. "An exploratory study of trolling in online video gaming," International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, volume 2, number 4, pp. 17–33.
doi: https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2012100102, accessed 7 October 2017.
K. Varjas, C. C. Henrich, and J. Meyers, 2009. "Urban middle school student's perceptions of bullying, cyberbullying, and school safety," Journal of School Violence, volume 8, number 2, pp. 159–176.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15388220802074165, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. L. Ybarra and K. J. Mitchell, 2008. "How risky are social networking sites? A comparison of places online where youth sexual solicitation and harassment occurs," Pediatrics, volume 121, number 2, pp. e350–e357, at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/121/2/e350, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. L. Ybarra and K. J. Mitchell, 2004. "Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics," Journal of Adolescence, volume 27, number 3, pp. 319–336.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007, accessed 7 October 2017.
M. L. Ybarra, K. J. Mitchell, J. Wolak, and D. Finkelhor, 2006. "Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: Findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey," Pediatrics, volume 118, number 4, pp. 1,169–1,177, and at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/4/e1169, accessed 7 October 2017.
L. A. Zezulka and K. C. Seigfried-Spellar, 2016. "Differentiating cyberbullies and Internet trolls by personality characteristics and self-esteem," Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law, volume 11, number 3, pp. 7–26, and at http://ojs.jdfsl.org/index.php/jdfsl/article/view/383, accessed 7 October 2017.
P. Zimbardo and J. Boyd, 2008. The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.
Editorial history
Received 25 April 2017; revised 19 June 2017; revised 21 September 2017; accepted 5 October 2017.
Copyright © 2017, Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar and Siddharth S. Chowdhury.
Death and Lulz: Understanding the personality characteristics of RIP trolls
by Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar and Siddharth S. Chowdhury.
First Monday, Volume 22, Number 11 - 6 November 2017
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i111.7861
A Great Cities Initiative of the University of Illinois at Chicago University Library.
© First Monday, 1995-2019. ISSN 1396-0466.


text:
Read More
Pi Gamma Gamma presents Talent Hunt 2019
International High School Essay Contest
Pi Gamma Gamma presents Crusin After Midnight
Crusin After Midnight – A Sneaker Ball Boatride Boarding at 10PM General Jackson Showboat – 2812 Opryland Drive Nashville TN Tickets available at www.sneakerballboatride.eventbrite.comRead More
Murfreesboro Ques Talent Hunt
Bro. Dr. Lloren Foster Arrangements
Read Full Article on Times Free Press Story by Paul Leach Bro. Erskine Oglesby (Fifth District Keeper of Finance) has unseated Chris Anderson in the runoff contest for the District 7 seat on the Chattanooga City Council. Oglesby defeated Anderson, 740 votes to 628. In the city's March 7 election, Anderson fell just short of the […]Read More
Omega Lambda Lambda holds Old School Revival
Theme: A Community Uniquely Uniting in Praise July 30, 2014 Cameron and Meigs High Schools Guest Speaker Rev. Kenneth R. Edmonson (Cameron High School) Seay Hubbard United Methodist Church July 31, 2014 Haynes and North High Schools Guest Speaker Rev. Ronnie T. Mitchell (North High School) New Livingstone Baptist Church August 1, 2014 Nashville Christian […]Read More
"The value of our fraternity is not in numbers but in men, in real brotherhood. Eight men thoroughly immersed in the true Omega spirit are far greater asset than eighty with luke warm enthusiasm" (see H. Dreer Editor in The History Book of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, copyright 1940, p 108.Read More
Upcoming Events
- September 22, 2019 – Theta Alpha Alpha Chapter Anniversary
- September 28, 2019 – Xi Zeta Chapter Anniversary
- November 12, 2019 – Psi Pi Chapter Anniversary


text:
Elizabeth Gaby
Concord Birth & Wellness Center
254 N State St
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 225-2328
(603) 225-1197
Dr. Elizabeth Gaby is a NH-licensed naturopathic doctor and certified midwife. She graduated from Bastyr University in 2002. Dr. Gaby spent 5 years in Pennsylvania doing homebirth midwifery with the Amish and provided naturopathic family care. The Amish sculpted her practice into one focused on simple birthing, infertility concerns, "hormonal imbalances," as well as general family practice. Dr. Gaby uses naturopathic modalities including homeopathy and raw foods as well as herbs and specific nutrients.
Dr. Gaby is married to another Dr. Gaby, has three children, and otherwise occupies her time with editing her husband's textbook-in-progress, doing Kamana Wilderness Studies, and housework.