text:
Ancient economics has become a treacherous field. Some speak of banks, workshops, imports, exports, trade routes, and markets; others speak of embedding, center and periphery, status vs. wealth, and economic structures. The two groups scarcely engage each other in reasoned argument; some recent works express amazement that the other side has not yet fallen down dead.1 The argument, which was once between "modernists" and "primitivists", is now between those for whom the modern science of economics is the key to understanding ancient economics and those for whom the key is anthropology. Fortunate are those whose teachers or colleagues have told them to which side they should belong. Alas for those who must try to decide on the basis of evidence that must be less conclusive than either side seems to realize.
This disagreement takes its life from Karl Polanyi, a midcentury economist whose central thesis2 was that modern economics, based upon a theory of supply and demand and self-regulating markets, is inadequate to describe most economies. For most of the human race over most of its history, Polanyi claimed, economic activity was "embedded" in social structures that embodied the entire spectrum of human values. The description of such economies in terms of modern economics was deceptive if not utterly impossible. The modern market economy, disembedded from social structure, was an inhuman juggernaut devoid of human values.
Many people, myself included, find such a thesis intuitively appealing, and it is not difficult to think of peoples and ages that seem at first glance to bear it out. Polanyi, indeed, developed a typology of economic structures, of which the modern system of interlocking markets is held to be the rarest. Unfortunately Polanyi himself was so careless of both terminology and documentation that serious defense of his thesis must begin by discounting his own words and explaining what it was that he should have said.3 The most energetic effort in this direction for the ancient world was Finley's The Ancient Economy,4 which remains the most influential book in the field.
Warriors and Traders belongs squarely and unapologetically in Polanyi's corner: its author has collaborated in the past with Polanyi's students5 and devotes much space and effort to the application and advertisement of Polanyi's ideas, which he oddly seems to think are little known (5, 86).6 It is well-written and well-produced. Tandy has an attractive thesis, which he argues convincingly. He may be right; his book will probably be influential for a long time, as well-written and convincingly argued books generally are.
And that is a shame, because the book suffers from serious problems that are not apparent on a superficial reading. Conclusions are drawn without evidence; evidence that is brought is misunderstood or misapplied; relevant material is ignored; logical inconsistencies are glossed over. This is all the more dismaying because Tandy has obviously taken great care to argue his case methodically, to document it meticulously, and to give fair consideration to other possibilities. But in his enthusiasm for his own hypothesis and for Polanyi's ideas, Tandy has privileged certain sorts of evidence -- particularly anthropological evidence from other societies -- beyond what they can bear.
The book's thesis can be briefly stated. At the beginning of the eighth century BCE -- the end of what historians call the "Dark Age" -- the Greek economy was essentially redistributive: goods produced by its members were given to the important people who stood at the center of the society, and these people then divided the goods given them among all the society's members. Each transfer of an item carried with it an obligation: the noble's acceptance of the herder's produce obligated him to provide the herder with a fair portion of the society's wealth, while the herder's acceptance of his portion obligated him to continued recognition of the noble's pre-eminence, and continued contribution to the noble's stores. Wealth thus followed status: it was the noble's position as a noble that enabled him to increase his personal wealth, though that wealth always carried with it obligations towards those who had contributed it.
In the eighth century, however, new developments disrupted this arrangement. A large expansion of trade caused a great increase of population; this in turn, by an inevitable sociological rule, caused the nobility to become a relatively narrower group, since there were proportionately fewer important positions to go around. At the same time, the new wealth acquired by trade, which reached the nobles but not the commoners, was "unobligated" wealth: paid for at time of purchase, it imposed upon its receiver no further responsibility. Wealth no longer followed status; on the contrary, status followed wealth. The nobility closed ranks through a number of "tools of exclusion" designed to reinforce their own class solidarity and the exclusion of the commoners: gift giving, feasts, councils, and warrior burials all were designed to give public recognition to the nobles' privileged status and to hide the fact that this status derived ultimately from wealth obtained by trade. Homer and the Theogony are propagandists for this new dispensation; the Works and Days, on the other hand, is a peasant's reaction to it, advising peasants as a class to depend upon each other and upon themselves, looking after their own interests when the nobles at the center of society would no longer look after them. This new independence of mind on the part of Hesiod is a result of the invention of writing; the new economic situation, in which redistribution has been replaced by the uneasy coexistence of a trading nobility with an excluded peasantry, is the beginning of the polis.
The outlines of this story are not new; what is new is the detail that has been added, and the causal connections that have been made. There is, for example, no doubt that bronze age Greece had an economy in which redistribution played a major role: the size and lay-out of the Mycenaean palaces made that a reasonable presumption, and the evidence of the linear B tablets made it a virtual certainty. It is also certain that international trade arose during the early archaic period, and that by the late archaic age, at least, it is organized around a system of peasant subsistence agriculture on the one hand and flourishing trade, both local and international, on the other. At some point, in some way, redistributors7 have certainly become traders. The growth in population that went along with it had been demonstrated by Snodgrass,8 in an important work to which Tandy provides a useful and intelligent9 critique. Again, few have ever doubted Homer's pro-aristocratic bias or Hesiod's opposite position in the Works and Days.
On the other hand, most of Tandy's picture is quite new. That a redistributive system characterized Greece at the end of the Dark Ages (106-111); that the colonization movement was driven by an elite desire for mercantile wealth rather than by population pressure on the limited agrarian resources of Greece (75-83);10 that trade was a monopoly of the nobility (4, 75); that the various institutions of Homeric society were intentional "strategies [the nobles] undertook to obfuscate ... the reversal" (5) of the relationship between status and wealth; that oral poetry was "the most powerful" tool of exclusion that the nobles wielded against the commoners (165); that writing freed poetry from noble influence (200-1); that the exclusion of the commoners marked the beginning of the polis (4-5) -- these and other assertions distinguish Tandy's depiction of the development of the polis from those which have been given in the past.
They do not stand up well. At stage after stage, copious documentation proves the uncontroversial, while no evidence is offered for new assertions. It would be unfair to choose the most egregious examples; it will be more useful to follow the thread of the argument and see how well-based are the claims made.
First of all, was dark-age society redistributive? Tandy accepts, as most scholars do, that the redistributive structure of Mycenaean Greece must have collapsed with the civilization that upheld it; his belief that eighth-century Greece is based on the application of a typology he has taken from Morton Fried,11 dividing societies into "egalitarian", "rank", and "stratified" societies. Dark age Greece, we are informed, was becoming a "stratified" society, but the evidence is next to nil. A stratified society, in fact, is "a social system anthropologically without documentation" (92), words which do not seem to give Tandy pause.
Now we move into the economy that supports these societies: five more pages (93-8) define a reciprocal economy by anthropological parallels from the Trobriand Islands, the Bible, and the Kwakiutl Indians. There is nothing illegitimate in bringing these far-fetched examples, which may be necessary to make the reader understand what is being suggested; but of course they are not evidence for dark-age Greece. For that society Tandy tells us that "examples of reciprocal activities can be found in Homer," and he offers three: the verbal fencing with which Menelaos first claims and then yields the prize for Achilles' chariot race that Antilochus had won dishonestly (Il. 23.570-611), the gifts that are given to travelers as part of the host's obligation of xenie (Od. 1.309-18, 4.589-619 and passim), and Diomedes' exchange of armor with Glaucus (Il. 6.232-36.) These are pretty small pickings. Menelaos and Antilochus are not exchanging anything: they are patching up a potentially ugly situation by mutual courtesy, in a way that is possible (and highly advisable) in any society. The exchange of armor is a "closed" trade, with neither side left in debt to the other -- precisely the opposite of the norm in reciprocal economies.12 Xenie is indeed a reciprocal relationship, but economically marginal: no significant amount of goods can have circulated by being given to foreign guests who happened by.
From Hesiod, we have his famous advice to "give to him who gives, and do not give to him who does not give," (Works and Days 354), hardly a piece of advice that requires a Trobriand-style economy for its validity. At any rate -- and this is crucial -- reciprocal, redistributive, or market activities may occur in any economy, as indeed all of them occur in our own;13 "examples of reciprocal activities" tell us nothing about the overall organization of the Homeric or Hesiodic economy.
Then we come to the archaeological evidence: "Elsewhere in the Greek world, the initial contacts between Euboeans and Etruscans ... may have been facilitated by gift exchange. [Pure guess; Tandy has presented no evidence that that was the case.] Stops along the eighth-century trade network provide evidence of reciprocity among members of local nobilities. On Cyprus, for example, excavators found an Athenian pedestaled mixing bowl from the first half of the eighth century, as well as quite a bit of Euboeo-Cycladic ware of the same period and later. [But how it got there is anybody's guess; the fact, duly noted in a footnote, that Desborough and Coldstream guessed it might have been part of a gift exchange does not turn it into "evidence".] Other finds pointing to a gift-giving network throughout the course of the eighth century have been found at Knossos and across the Levant and Etruria ... [Again, the finds in question merely show that goods could end up in places other than their place of production; they are silent about who transported them or why.] It is difficult to imagine an explanation for this distribution other than gift exchange. [Sale, trade, transport by a Greek who came to live or trade there, transport by a local who had once been in Greece ... are we really so bereft of imagination?] ... The earliest example of writing on Ithaca, on a shattered wine decanter, appears to read [ξ]ενFος τε φιλος και π[ιστο]ς [h]εταιρος, 'dear guest-friend and reliable companion.' The inscription dates from about 700 and may reflect precisely the situation found throughout Odyssey 4 ..." [but this is imagination; the inscription is the end of a hexameter whose beginning is lost, and whose continuation is unrecoverable. It does not seem to describe the recipient of the decanter -- note that it is nominative, not vocative -- nor indeed indicate that it was ever given as a gift]. (100) I have quoted this passage at length to show how a great deal of carefully researched information can be listed without a shred of evidence being presented for the point at question, what kind of economy the dark age Greeks had. In each case, the "evidence" shows an item far from its birthplace, and the reciprocal gift-exchange that supposedly moved it is Tandy's addition.14
The same marshaling of facts can be used to explain away unwanted evidence. Tandy knows that sales take place in Homer, and that ritual gift-exchange will not explain all the circulation of goods that took place. Earlier scholars took the evidence to be testimony of free markets; Polanyi, for whom the free market was an anachronism, spoke instead of "ports of trade" where neutral territories, outside of the main society, serve for inter-society exchange. Tandy dutifully finds ports of trade in Homer because Achilles sold Lycaon "to Lemnos" (Il. 21.40), and other sons of Priam to "Samos, Imbros, and Lemnos" (Il. 24.753). Patroclus, moreover, got in return for Lycaon (Il. 23.744-7) a silver mixing-bowl that the Phoenicians had given to Thoas (74). Elsewhere the original gift of the same mixing-bowl is quoted not as evidence for a fixed port of trade but for a one-time market (118-9): the truth is, of course, that Homer does not say why the Phoenicians gave Thoas the mixing-bowl, or how Euneos traded it for Lycaon. As evidence for "controlled markets", Ezekiel 27 is quoted, "cataloging for us the fine goods from faraway places that were exchanged [at Tyre] through the use of equivalencies." (119) The catalogue is there; the reader will search Ezekiel in vain for the method by which goods were exchanged.15 Again, examples are multiplied (120), all of which beg the question: Draco's law on homicide refers to a "border market", but what and where was it? An Egyptian woman claims to have gotten money "by selling barley in the year of the hyenas, when everyone was short of food": how does Tandy know that the market in which she claimed to have sold it was a one-time affair, or for that matter, that she was talking about a market at all? Mentes in Od. 1.184 is "carrying iron to Cyprus to acquire copper. This may be an example of participation in a controlled market there," but neither Mentes nor Homer says so. In ancient emporia, "prices, in essence, were fixed," (125 n. 57) a fact for which Tandy refers to an article that he co-authored, but that does not make such an assertion.16 Perhaps most striking is this:
"Hesiod's claim that the greater the load one takes on a communal venture ship, the greater will one's kerdos compound an existing kerdos suggests a guaranteed return on one's safe delivery of goods (such a guaranteed return is possible, however, only if prices are fixed or are very, very high, or if costs are trivial ... which occurs most often, if not exclusively, within controlled markets)" (121).
All Hesiod says is (in Tandy's translation), "Praise a little ship, but put your cargo in a big one; the greater the cargo, the greater will be the kerdos on top of kerdos, if the winds hold back the heavy blasts" (Works and Days 643-5). The guarantee is Tandy's, not Hesiod's; and the controlled market is inference on top of inference. Later on, with no further demonstration, it is taken for granted (224).
The reciprocal/redistributive economy was supposedly destroyed by trade. This is a possible scenario, but very murky. On page 4, "the traders were mostly aristoi"; on page 75, "[t]here does not seem to be a lot of use in trying to determine ... whether aristoi actually undertook or only underwrote such expeditions... We are concerned here not with agents but with beneficiaries." But a merchant aristocracy is a very different thing from the beneficiaries of a luxury trade: if the aristoi were not themselves the traders, the fact that luxury items were being imported would have tended not in enrich but to impoverish them to the advantage of the traders. There is, in fact, a serious inconsistency here: to say that in the new dispensation status followed wealth is to imply that wealth could be obtained without status, which is the opposite of the picture that Tandy is drawing throughout the book. If indeed only the aristoi benefited from trading, then wealth was still following status, as indeed it seems to have done in the period before the tyrannies.
Tandy's "strategies of exclusion" fare no better. He is certainly right that the dais, for example, distinguished basilees, who participated, from commoners, who did not; nor is it difficult to follow him in believing that hero cults, in so far as they are attested, will have tended to reinforce the importance of those families that claimed descent from the hero or controlled his cult.17 The aristocratic bias of Homer and of the aoidoi he describes has often been noted. Once again, however, Tandy's innovation is precisely the fact for which he has no evidence: that these were not merely customs that tended, as most customs do, to reinforce the structure of the society that bred them, but rather intentional "strategies of exclusion" by which a new class enforced its dominance: "What is critically important is that we realize that the Iliad and the Odyssey were an important part of a contrived, broad effort to establish and support a self-conscious aristocratic class." (152) He will bring much evidence to demonstrate what we already knew; the crucial words important, contrived, effort, and self-conscious (if this last means any more than "conscious of being aristocrats") remain unsubstantiated.
I also have trouble with the suggestion that the invention of writing frees poetry from noble control, a claim that seems to require some mechanism for making the written text available to the poor but not to the rich. Nor am I happy with the idea that Tandy's ending point, with the people at large more thoroughly disfranchised than ever, can represent "the beginning of the polis," whose hallmark is precisely the political involvement of its citizens. These points, however, are not supported by documentation; the problem is much more serious with those that are. Tandy himself is aware of the problem. Behind it is a desire to assimilate the situation in eighth-century Greece to the situation he reconstructs from his anthropological sources. These, though, have their own difficulties.
He quotes, for example, "the Bulu of southeast Cameroon", about whom his information comes from a single article.18 The article itself is a thoughtful description of how an African society, under the veneer of a superficial westernization, has maintained its essential values and structure while translating them into terms consistent with the colonial and then independent national administration. The article includes the following paragraphs (186):
The lineage-village remains the center of the life of each Bulu. Kinship and lineage systems have remained unchanged. Political alliances with other lineages remain in force both for exchange and marriage. Since 1953 there has emerged a more distinct sense of Bulu political unity, largely through the efforts of Mvondo David who visited each lineage village of the Bulu and united them "for greater social benefits among 'brothers'", in a political association, which in turn is a part of a political party, the Action National. This gives each village a sense of unity with other villages which it never had before and gave birth to the expression "la race Bulu." Such external change has not influenced the local village in its internal structure but has reinforced the concept of Bulu society, even beyond that which was possible in the traditional period.
On the basis of these paragraphs -- the only paragraphs he seems to have used from the article -- Tandy informs us that the Bulu's "response was to embrace their kinship relations and the [traditional] culture, even inventing 'la race Bulu.' Thus the creation or emphasis of culture became a defensive posture ... We will be able to compare the Greek response to economic change with these African cases generally19 and with the Bulu phenomenon specifically." (122-3).
Horner's article had not, in fact, described the persistence of traditional values as "a defensive posture", nor, indeed, had he noted "the creation or emphasis of culture": on the contrary, he observed that traditional attitudes simply persevered, adapting new external forms to traditional goals and values.20 The Bulu, moreover, belonged to an area conquered and administered by a foreign power, which imposed upon them a new religion, relocation, and urbanization -- not at all the relationship of the Greeks to their neighbors in the eighth century. Even if we believe what Horner does not claim, that Bulu "culture" and "race" are new defensive inventions, the categories of "culture" and "race" seem themselves to be European, and specifically German, concepts forced upon the Bulu, not universals that will apply wherever one culture comes in contact with another.
Tandy, nevertheless, sees in the experience of the Bulu (as he extrapolates it from this passage) a cultural universal that can be generalized without problem to the dark age Greeks. Hesiod is interpreted as advocating "a return to a (recent) system in which there was not yet a separation of leadership and periphery ... Of course, this is almost precisely parallel to the response of Bulu villagers to the intrusion of Western markets described in chapter 5: the changes wrought by outside forces 'reinforced the concept of Bulu society'"(221). Again five pages later, the strongest argument -- in his view -- for his interpretation of Hesiod's agricultural advice "is that the agricultural advice dovetails with much of the comparative evidence, including that of the Bulu: it is part of the broader polemic against the changes that have occurred" (226). The term "the comparative evidence, including that of the Bulu" is apparently simply a circumlocution; as meager and debatable as is his paraphrase of Horner's article about the Bulu, it is the only evidence he has brought for this ostensibly universal phenomenon.
This broad-brushed application of the experience of the Bulu to that of the Greeks would be dubious enough even if Tandy's knowledge of the Bulu were impeccable. This is unlikely; we need only imagine what level of accuracy could be expected of -- shall we say -- an intelligent Bulu tribesman whose knowledge of Americans was based on having read a single article by a Bulu who had lived in America for a while, out of which he had excerpted two paragraphs. But if we have no Bulu to test the accuracy of Tandy's information about the Bulu, we can test the accuracy of his information about the ancient Hebrews, whose texts are easily available and widely studied. How does Tandy do here?
Compare also [writes Tandy after mentioning various functionaries in preliterate or marginally literate societies whose job was to remember laws] the role of the mazkir, 'testifier,' 'recorder,' in the Old Testament, translated by the Septuagint as anamimneiskon, 'rememberer.' Of one such mazkir we read: 'Eliezer, the son of Hyrcanus, is a cemented cistern, which loses not a drop.' Zakar, the verb related to the agent noun mazkir, is used in the meaning 'to bear witness,' 'testify,' and is translated by the Septuagint as marturein; thus we see a likely (additional?) juridical role for the mazkir. Each time a mazkir is named a scribe is also present, which suggests a situation similar to that at Arkades, where a single man holds both positions. (184)
Mazkir means neither "testifier" nor "recorder", but "reminder" or "mentioner"; so, for that matter, does the Greek active participle ἀναμιμνείσκων. The mazkir was a functionary of the Davidic monarchy; there is nothing except the name of the office to suggest what his function may have been (in modern Hebrew the word means "secretary", which is as likely as anything else). Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, who lived in the second century CE, was not, and is never called, a mazkir (the office had been extinct for more than half a millennium); he was a tanna, a scholar whose precise definition need not concern us here. Zakar, an extremely common word in the Bible, means "remember"; it never means "to bear witness" or "testify", for which the verb (also quite common) is ha'ed. It is regularly translated by some derivative of the root mna-, never by μαρτύρειν, so the verb itself can hardly suggest "a likely (additional?) juridical role for the mazkir" (a witness is an 'ed, a judge a shofet). It is true that each time a mazkir is mentioned a scribe is also "present," since the mazkir is generally mentioned21 only when the palace officials are being enumerated, and the scribe was another such official. This fact can hardly "suggest [that] a single man holds both positions," since the opposite is explicitly the case in every single citation.
Now, Tandy is not a historian of modern Africa or of ancient Israel, and can not reasonably be expected to be expert in every field under the sun. Nor should his human limitations require him to ignore resolutely every other field of knowledge. But that he makes this imperfect knowledge the basis of his entire reconstruction of early archaic Greece means that he argues regularly from the uncertain and the misunderstood to the known. This is the opposite of good method, and its results are more pernicious than he seems to realize.
For Tandy does not test his anthropological typologies against the documents and artifacts of ancient Greece; rather, he takes their validity for granted and reinterprets those documents accordingly. He finds it "difficult to imagine" any way isolated bits of pottery could have traveled other than gift exchange (100, quoted above). He explains to us (123) that debt first appears in a market economy, for "in a redistributive system, thanks to the social 'safety net,' a person owes only so much as he has or can give; after the introduction of private ownership, in this system of limited markets, as in any disembedded system, a person can owe more than he has or can give." (127) But in fact debt, including debt beyond a person's ability to pay, is pervasive and pernicious in many embedded economies, and even Horner's Bulu suffer from it.22
An anthropologist could develop the argument further, but Tandy is not an anthropologist (and neither am I). He has taken from anthropology a schematic history of civilizations, and rather than using ancient Greece to test and refine the theory, he uses the theory to build a new picture of ancient Greece. Texts may suffer in the process:
Some of these base kerdea may be advantages (thefts) gained from the community by the new center that controls the movements of goods and land. Other ill-gotten kerdea might just be unnecessary external acquisitions of goods for their own sake, in which case we are reminded of the Trobriander... [I]ll-gotten kerdea attract no approval from Hesiod... "For if someone seizes great prosperity even by force of hands or carries it off with his tongue, as many times happens whenever kerdos deceives the intellect of men and Shamelessness chases away Shame..." (225)
Here Tandy has done the reader the favor of quoting Hesiod, who says exactly what he means by "ill-gotten kerdea": they are gotten by force or by "carrying off with the tongue", presumably deceit. No hint of appropriation by the new center, no condemnation of external acquisitions. Tandy, whose translation of Hesiod23 is clear, accurate and altogether commendable, has again privileged the superstructure that he has taken over from the anthropologists at the expense of what he himself sees.
Polanyi accused economists of what he called "economic solipsism", seeing the entire world through the eyes of modern market economists, presuming the existence of free price-setting markets even where the sources do not attest to them. Tandy quotes this healthy warning (86-7), and certainly cannot be accused of "the belief that the way we do things is the natural way to do things." He has, however, fallen into the opposite trap: having before him a typology of the economic development of society, he sees the postulated forms even where the sources do not attest to them. If King Solomon had twelve officers each of whom provided for a month's royal maintenance, then "these twelve chiefs collected goods from their peoples and presented the goods to Solomon, who in turn guaranteed the status of the twelve." (103) "An even better biblical example is found in the tale of Joseph in Egypt" (ibid.), although that tale makes it perfectly clear that Joseph bought grain during the years of plenty and sold it for silver, even to foreigners, during the years of famine. If Phoenicians gave a gift to Thoas, they did so to establish a one-time market (119); if many goods were traded at Tyre, they were traded "through the use of equivalencies" (ibid.). Tandy is right to chide those who would see the Egyptian woman in the year of the hyenas as an example of a self-regulating market, but he does not produce any reason for seeing "a clear example of a one-time market" (120 n. 35).
The preference for information brought from afar sometimes goes so far that I wonder if I have not misunderstood Tandy's intention. Did we really have to go to the Lowland Classic Maya for an example of wealth becoming a prerequisite for achieving office (92)? Did we need the examples of the Old Icelandic "law speaker," the misunderstood Hebrew mazkir, and the Maori tohungas to reveal to us what Herodotus and Thucydides knew very well, that the communal memory of archaic Greece was the domain of the poets, that they were not very reliable, and that they were subject to political pressure?
Although his text usually reads as if Tandy thought his demonstrations to be utterly convincing, he is too perceptive to be unaware of their weakness. He begins his concluding chapter with a moment of defensiveness:
... If my attempts here prove open to charges of theoretical or evidentiary aggressiveness, let me respond by asserting that only in this way can studies such as this one have some impact on the economic and social crises of our own time.... [T]his is a matter of how human experiences of the past can help us today and tomorrow.24 (229)
Alas, precisely the opposite is the case. A study which takes a pre-existing theory (Polanyi's) and a pre-existing typology (Fried's) and simply demonstrates by "evidentiary aggressiveness" that archaic Greeks fit the theory may, if correct, affect our understanding of archaic Greece, but it has not advanced our understanding of the general principles of society one iota, and cannot have any impact beyond what a reprint of Polanyi's and Fried's book would have. Typologies, and indeed the entire science of anthropology, can never be used as a guide for filling in the blanks of the historical record; to do so is simply to pretend to know what we do not know, and to blind ourselves to the real import of the evidence we have. Fried acknowledged as much in his introduction: "That the theory offered here is crude, often too special, and (still) by no means documented seems less important than that it may be used as a target to attract the fire and better aim of others."25
Now, it is common enough -- and Polanyi's "economic solipsism" is merely one case of this -- for scholars to fill in the blanks with "common sense", unconscious presuppositions that treat the world of the Greeks as if it were the same as our own. Anthropology has performed an enormous service for ancient historians by demonstrating how broad the possibilities of human behavior are. Fried's typology, and Polanyi's theory, and for that matter the Bulu and the mazkir -- even if they have been totally misunderstood -- can open our minds to what sorts of things besides our own experiences might have existed in other times and places. To take them as templates is to replace one form of closed-mindedness with another. To keep them in mind as we investigate ancient Greece will show us a society certainly different from what we expected -- no field-worker, as far as I know, ever finds that the society he visits fits his preconceptions perfectly -- and will in turn require a revision, and a deeper understanding, of the theories with which we began. This is the way in which "studies such as this" can have an impact, for in this way ancient Greece can reveal, not just exemplify, patterns of general importance.
A major effort is never wasted. I have learned an enormous amount from Tandy. He has put me on to important articles that I had not known; he has given, in his first section, a thorough review and interpretation of very scattered archaeological evidence; he has fleshed out a bare-bones theory into "a target to attract the fire" of those who will now find it harder to write off this crucial period of transition in a few careless paragraphs. He has, perhaps, come very close to the way Polanyi himself would have described the period in question, for the weaknesses I have traced were very much Polanyi's own weaknesses. And perhaps, like Polanyi himself, he has produced a study that will open the field for a true testing and refining of the theories he has developed.
1. "The so-called 'primitivist-modernist' controversy ought to have died a natural death long ago ... What is striking ... is the persistence of the modernist point of view." Paul Millett, Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens (Cambridge, '91), 9, 15. "Scholars have shown empirically, over and over again, that antiquity did not have the institutions, ideas, and practices which modernist claims wittingly or unwittingly attribute to it. This detailed empirical refutation ought to be enough, but it never is ... In the face of such a degree of perversity, impatience is a natural enough response." Scott Meikle, Aristotle's Economic Thought (Oxford,'95), 148. Modernists, being the current underdogs, have tended to express themselves more circumspectly, but as Meikle notes, they have not been convinced. 2. Argued in The Great Transformation (New York, '44) and in many subsequent articles by himself and by his students. 3. "Reading specific phrases literally, [his critics are] quite right in saying that Polanyi was wrong": Anne Mayhew, Walter C. Neale, and David W. Tandy, "Markets in the Ancient Near East", Journal of Economic History 45 ('85), 128; cf., for example, M. I. Finley, "Aristotle and Economic Analysis", Past and Present 47 ('70), 14 n. 45. The article of Mayhew, Neale and Tandy does a good job of defining briefly and clearly what its authors, at least, take to be the essential Polanyi. 4. M. I. Finley, The Ancient Economy (2d edition, London, '85). 5. Most notably in David W. Tandy and Walter C. Neale, Hesiod's Works and Days: A Translation and Commentary for the Social Sciences (Berkeley, '96), which is in many ways a companion-piece to the present volume, and which received in this journal (97.5.11) a very positive review with which I wholeheartedly concur. Although Tandy graciously credited Walter Neale as his co-author, the actual translation and most of the commentary is his own. Cf. also Mayhew, Neale and Tandy, n. 3 above. 6. When he claims that "most scholars" have ignored Polanyi, he mentions no examples, though he gives no fewer than fourteen "exceptions" (86 nn. 11-14). 7. Not warriors: Tandy nowhere claims that the dark age nobility held its position by warfare or made that its primary occupation; on the contrary, "the Dark Age is notably lacking in evidence of significant violence" (35). He does argue that the later trading nobility masqueraded as warriors, which is not the same thing. 8. Anthony M. Snodgrass, The Dark Age of Greece (Edinburgh, '71). 9. But occasionally perverse, as when he notes that one objection to his statistics "is fatal, and for this reason I have relegated most statistical analysis to the brief appendices to this chapter." (20) I should have thought that if an argument suffers from a fatal objection, it should not be made. 10. This argument has been made in the past (76 n. 88), and Tandy's discussion of it is judicious and persuasive. 11. Morton H. Fried, The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (New York, '67). 12. Tandy's own words: "We must remember that reciprocal relations and actions are always open-ended: there is always an obligation left unmet. A reciprocal arrangement abhors closure." (101) 13. Paul Bohannan, Social Anthropology (New York, '63), 232-3. 14. Tandy could object, correctly, that the examples mentioned are consistent with a reciprocal economy, but that is a very weak form of evidence. The fact that John Doe is alive is consistent with the proposition that all men are immortal, or that all men are mortal, or that all cats are tabby; but one would hardly call it evidence for those propositions. 15. He will find it in Polanyi, "On the comparative treatment of economic institutions in antiquity, with illustrations from Athens, Mycenae, and Alalakh," in George Dalton, ed., Primitive, archaic, and modern economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi (Garden City, NY, '68), 326, but without proof. Tandy knows that Ezekiel lived hundreds of years later, but is willing to rely on Martin Bernal to suggest that he "reflects a reality of the first half of the eighth century or even of the early ninth century" (120 n. 33). 16. Mayhew, Neale and Tandy, cited above, n. 3. 17. A principle well understood by the Kennedy family, among others. 18. George W. Horner, "The Bulu response to European economy", in Paul Bohannon and George Dalton, eds., Markets in Africa (Evanston, 1962), 170-89. 19. The "African cases" consist, besides the Bulu, of the sentence "Among the Gusii in Kenya, the introduction of markets by the British produced a tension between 'affluent' farmers and others less fortunate," (123) a statement which says nothing about reinforcement of societal solidarity, and the yet less informative note, "For the effect of newly arrived wealth on Ghanaian society see Hymer 1970" (ibid. n. 51). 20. Not everyone agrees; the more common view, as Horner (184) notes, is that Western influence causes cultural disorganization and even disintegration. Tandy cites this as Polanyi's view, and quotes the Bulu to substantiate it (122)! 21. The only exception is the delegation to Rabshakeh, 2 Kings 18, 2 Chron. 34:8, and Isaiah 36, which included three people, one of them the scribe and one the mazkir. 22. Margaret Mead, "The Manus of the Admiralty Islands", in id., Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples, rev. ed. (Boston, '61), 233, cf. 215; Ruth Landes, "The Ojibwa of Canada", ibid. 107; Irving Goldman, "The Ifugao of the Philippine Islands", ibid. 159-61; Horner, op. cit. (above, n. 18), 174-5; Paul Einzig, Primitive Money, second ed. (Oxford, '66), 49. 23. Cited above, n. 5. 24. Even more striking are these words from Tandy and Neale (above, n. 5): "we have no way of knowing whether Hesiod's picture of the past was accurate, a nostalgic picture of the 'good old days' (perhaps not unlike Homer's world of heroes in the epics), or some unknown and unknowable mixture of the two. In this introduction and in the notes in the text we present some hypotheses that we think are as plausible as others, or more plausible, but we want to stress that these are to be regarded as interpretations, not as explanations of the text." (4-5) Most of Warriors into Traders is devoted to demonstrating the nature of the "unknown and unknowable" society before Hesiod. 25. Fried (above, n. 11), p. xi.


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General Info
Would you like to experience the power of 4-H in Antrim County?
If you are between the ages of 5 and 19 years old and are interested in joining 4-H:
- Decide what you want to do. 4-H offers a huge assortment of clubs and projects to choose from.
- Contact the MSU Extension office. The 4-H staff can connect you to existing 4-H clubs or can help you and an adult start your own.
- Decide who you want to do it with. You can join an existing club or start one of your own.
- Learn more about 4-H. The four H's stand for head (4-H lets kids take the lead), heart (4-H helps kids build strong relationships), hands (4-H lets kids learn by doing) and health (4-H helps kids make healthy choices)
- Get ready to explore, experience and achieve in 4-H!
If you are an adult, there are five steps to becoming a 4-H volunteer:
- Decide that you have the time and interest to help kids explore and chart positive futures.
- Consider volunteering to lead a 4-H group in your community, your local school (before or after school), your church or any other location where there are kids who need positive, committed adult role models in their lives.
- Contact the Antrim County MSU Extension office to find out about local opportunities for 4-H involvement.
- Complete Michigan State University Extension's Child Well-Being Volunteer Selection Process.
- Share your skills, knowledge and talents while having fun with kids, and you're sure to make a difference in their lives.
The 4-H Motto: "Make the Best Better"
The 4-H mission is to help young people become self-directing, productive and contributing members of society through learning and social experiences which will help them develop to their maximum potential. The Antrim County 4-H program includes clubs from many areas of interest, award recognition, training opportunities, school programs, special events, fair participation and many others.
The 4-H Pledge
I pledge my HEAD to clearer thinking,
My HEART to greater loyalty,
My HANDS to larger service,
And my HEALTH to better living,
For my club, my community, my country and my world.
4-H Program Coordinator
Antrim County MSU Extension
Phone: 231-533-8818
4-H Forms
- 4-H Resources (including Enrollment forms)
- All 4-H Record Books and Supplemental Pages - please visit HERE to print them out
- Market Livestock Contract
- Antrim County 4-H Livestock Guidelines
- Horse Registration Form

subset: commoncrawl


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I am a technologist who loves to solve difficult problems and learn new things. Over the past 17 years I've built and managed a wide variety of software projects in multiple industries. I enjoy growing, mentoring, and leading teams as much as I like architecting nimble solutions to challenging projects. You can view my full professional experience on my LinkedIn profile.
Currently I am lead the Employer Candidates engineering team at Indeed.com, helping employers find people to hire. Previously, I spent five years building the modern SaaS e-commerce platform Kibo Commerce, which was formerly known as Mozu. Before that I worked at Dell where I built a new search platform for Dell.com, and at Telligent where I developed enterprise social collaboration software such as Community Server and Graffiti CMS.
I live in the beautiful and fun city of Austin, Texas. I'm a father; a geek; someone who loves to learn about everything and is inquisitive about the universe; a former Floridian; an aspiring runner; a space buff; a fan of pumpkins, tacos, Gators, and beer. I have a web site that I sometimes maintain at KevinHarder.com.


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Daniel and Holly Graham are some of the most inspired and creative people I know. Their lives - everything from the way they parent to the ways in which they serve the Church - reflect a level of thoughtful awareness and contemplation that are all too rare. The result is art and life that reflect God in unique and beautiful ways. On this episode of the podcast, I sat down with Daniel and Holly to talk about just that: life, art, and faith in the grace that holds it all together.
On This Episode
Host: Dan Jackson - Twitter, Instagram, Website
Co-Host: LaShawn Barber - Instagram, Twitter
Guests: Daniel Graham and Holly Graham
Hope & Reason Course with Elise Hurd.
Music provided by: Łegacies - Instagram
Listener Support: Ordinary Faith on Patreon


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Today's Sprott's Thoughts relate comments made by Sprott USA Chairman Rick Rule in the May 2013 issue of Bonner & Partner's Family Office Strategic Review (www.bonnerfamilyoffice.com).
"Natural resource speculators know that past uranium bull markets offered some 'explosive' (pun intended) upside. I have been fortunate enough to experience two uranium bull markets: the 1970s bull market, which saw a tenfold increase in the uranium price and a hundredfold increase in some uranium equities, and the bull market of the last decade, which saw a repeat of the earlier performance.[1] If past is prologue, the stage may be set for a third uranium bull run.
"Conditions have changed so completely since the 1970s that a thorough examination of that market teaches us little that is relevant today. But one thing about the 1970s bull market is instructive -the market collapse was partially caused by two catastrophic plant failures: at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island.
The bull market of the 2000s, he says, gives fodder to the case for higher uranium, because the bear market that preceded it is similar to conditions we experience today:
To read this artcile in full please click here.
With gold, silver and Uranium stocks being out of favor one must decide if this is a problem or an opportunity. We have steadfastly refused to buy gold and silver mining stocks for the last two years and as evidenced by the HUI we feel that our decision to hold back has been vindicated. The damage done to the mining sector may not be over yet but this demise is starting to offer up some exciting opportunities in my view.
Great care will be needed in the selection process in order to generate a reasonable profit and that's where our new venture begins. 'Stock Trader' has begun trading on behalf of ourselves and our much valued subscribers, all exciting stuff which we are really looking forward to, if you wish to join us then please subscribe below;
Subscribe for 12 months with recurring billing - $199
Buy 12 months of subscription time - $199
Don't forget if you are new to investment in the precious metals sector then you can subscribe of our FREE newsletters regarding gold stocks, silver stocks and uranium stocks, just click on the links and enter your email address and we will email you our articles along with other interesting posts.


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This Spring, orange is the new black! Give your outfit some pizzazz by grabbing an orange clutch or a bold orange necklace that will have everyone turning their heads.
Where to Find Orange (Sponsored):
belle et bonne designs
Carnelian nuggets draped with 14kt gold filled chain
Orange vegan leather satchel w/ embroidered front panel
Coye Nokes
Style Name: Naomi Pump
Saachi by In Things
Ikat printed wrap, 100% super soft viscose
Wimberly Inc
Orange Horseshoe Charm Button Studs
Two tone mosaic ring


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Working together is rewarding
We maintain an open culture because we work in teams. We love the diversity we have in our teams and encourage people to challenge each other. Design is not a rule-based activity and hence, we like to see and hear diverse perspectives. We are united by our vision.
Knowledge is the basis of our excellence; we organize and participate in regular huddles among team members to learn from each other. We conduct quarterly appraisals to track and help Designers grow.
We work in organic team structure. Team is a primary unit of our delivery; we make and dismantle teams based on projects. This means we are non-hierarchical and every member has equal opportunity. We are structured as individuals leading to teams leading to groups (leading to organization). And we have our fair bit of fun when we need those much awaited breaks from work.


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Iams Pet Food Coupons
From BluWiki
About the Company
With millions of pets worldwide, pet owners are always on the lookout for the best possible pet food for their furry loved ones. One of the most popular and well known brands is Iams, a manufacturer of dog and cat food and treats.
The Iams company was founded in 196 by Paul Iams, an animal nutritionist. His goal was to create premium pet food using quality ingredients that would be most beneficial to the dogs and cats, creating happy and healthy pets.
His belief that advanced nutrition would have a corresponding positive effect on the health of pets helped shaped the unique pet foof formulas created by Iams. He worked in collaboration with veterinarians and nutritionists to create and provide high quality pet food using quality ingredients.
In 1999, the Iams company became a subsidiary of Proctor & Gamble (P&G). In 2006, P&G reorganized their departmental divisions and Iams fell under the division of P&G Pet Care. Currently, Iams headquarters are located in Dayton, Ohio.
About the Products
With the belief that the right diet can have a beneficial effect on the health of your pets, Iams offers a variety of dog and cat food formulas for pets of all ages. It doesn't matter if you own a kitten or puppy, adult or senior pet, Iams will have the right pet food for you. If you have a small or large breed of dog, Iams acknowledges the differences and offers different formulas for the size of the breed.
Iams products include dry and canned dog and cat food, dog biscuits and treats. The first main ingredient of many of the dry pet food formulas is protein. There are five main types of dry dog and cat food available from Iams: ProActive Health, Healthy Naturals, Premium Protection, Special Concerns and Veterinary formula.
IAMS Specialty Products
Iams ProActive Health formula diets contain PreBiotics. PreBiotics are natural ingredients that promote healthy digestion by nourishing the "good" bacteria that is already found in the digestive tract.
Iams Healthy Naturals formula diets are created specifically with no artifical color, flavors or preservatives added. Ingredients include such items as wholesome chicken, fruit and vegetables.
Iams Premium Protection formula diets contain the highest-quality ingredients, and are further enhanced with other nutrients. In dogs, such nutrients may include an advanced 2-part fiber system, antioxidants, vitamin E, beta-carotene, L-Carnitine, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. In cats, nutrients may include omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, L-Carnitine, vitamin E, and glucosamine. These extras promote a strong immune system, healthy joints and help burn fat in your pet.
Iams Veterinary formula diets are specifically designed to treat specific symptoms and conditions as determined by a veterinarian. These Rx formulas can only be prescribed by your veterninarian and can be purchased through your veterinarian. For instance, one type of formula is geared specifically for dogs suffering from intestinal problems.
Iams Special Concern formula diets are specifically designed for specific concerns, such as weight control in dogs or hairball control for cats.
Iam dog treats offer a healthy, nutritious snack for your pet. Some may even offer extra protection such as the tartar treats that help reduce tartar on your dog's teeth. The newest addition to their line of products for dogs is their savory sauces. The sauce can be added on top of dry food to add extra flavor or just to add a different flavor for a little variety.
IAMS Guarantee
The Iams company is so confident in the quality of their products that they offer a 100% satisfaction guarantee.
Where to Find Iam Products
Iams products can be found at many retail stores nationwide. They can be found in specialty pet stores and even in grocery stores. However, the veterinary formula is only available through your veterinarian.
Where to Find Iam Coupons
As with any Proctor & Gamble product, coupons may be found in your Sunday newspaper in the weekly coupon insert. In addition, customers can sign up at the company website at Iams.Com to receive information and special offers and coupons for Iams products.


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I don't have much to say about this one, except that it was a fun, breezy few hours. I'm not usually into very high-contrast, like this blue with this yellow smalti, but this yellow is a little brighter than the one the class will be using. Still, I like the texture and I can imagine what a larger piece in this design would be like.
Beginner's Mind #3
in New Work


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Olivia - Official website
|No one embraces creativity and dramatic play like Olivia. She moves in and out of fantasy and reality, imagining herself as a super hero, a pop star, or a mommy. It's critical to nurture this love of fun and creativity, especially as many preschools and kindergartens are pressured to emphasize skills at the expense of art and music, and dress-up. The website offers some clips and games as well as recipes and printables.
Build Your Wild Self - Website
|Gateway to the New York aquariums and zoos' websites! This creative page allows children to create their own avatar/ creature and builds their imagination.
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood - PBS Website
|Mister Rogers' Neighborhood is an American children's television series that was created and hosted by Fred Rogers. It is the second longest running series on PBS, after Sesame Street. Mister Rogers helped the children learn about themselves, about others and about the world. The page offers videos, sons, games, coloring pages and cooking recipes.
Mister Rogers' ...- Videos section - PBS Website
|Part of PBS website - Videos section. On this page, your child will enjoy many videos of classic episodes from the infamous TV series 'Mister Rogers' neighborhood', starring Fred Rogers. They will discover how people make fortune cookies, guitars, sneakers, crayons and more!
Mister Rogers' ...- Games section - PBS Website
|Part of PBS website - Games section. On this page, your child will play with Mister Rogers' friends and the neighbors of make-believe neighborhood.


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Distill 2.0
A suite of public servers for the prediction of structural features of proteins. The servers can be accessed all from a single interface which also allows the submission of multiple queries. The server is a much improved version of Distill, according to the CASP10 results.
Porter, PaleAle 4.0
Servers for the prediction of protein secondary structure and relative solvent accessibility. These are recently retrained, improved versions of the popular Porter and PaleAle servers. In our tests, Porter 4.0 correctly predicts over 82% of residues into the correct secondary structure class, and PaleAle 4.0 predicts over 56% of residues into the correct solvent accessibility class (4-class problem), rising to well over 80% for a simplified 2-class classification.
SCLpred (within the Distill 2.0 interface)
SCLpred is a server for the ab initio prediction of protein subcellular localisation in eukaryotes. The server has three components, trained on proteins from: Animals; Plants; Fungi. The subcellular localisation classes we predict are 4 for Animals and Fungi (Cytoplasm; Mitochondrion; Nucleus; Secretory) and 5 for plants (the same 4 as for Animals and Fungi, plus Chloroplast).
The server is based on a new neural network we have developed, and, in our tests, achieves state-of-the-art results, with correct classification rates of approximately 66-68% for plants, 70-76% for fungi and 76-78% for animals.
SCLpredT is an enhanced version of SCLpred, in that: it incorporates homology information to proteins of known localization (if the "Use templates" box is ticked..); it is trained on a larger dataset; in has one more output class ("organelle"). A paper on SCLpredT is currently being reviewed.
SCL-Epred (within the Distill 2.0 interface)
SCL-Epred is a general server for the ab initio prediction of protein subcellular localisation in eukaryotes. The server has a single component trained on a representative set from all eukaryotes, which predicts proteins in one of three localizations: secreted; membrane; neither secreted nor membrane. While it works quite well on Animals, Fungi and Plants too, it has some predictive power for other proteins including the often overlooked Chromalveolates, Rhizaria and Excavate supergroups.
The server is based on the same neural network model (N-to-1 NN) which powers SCLpred (see link above).
A predictor of protein disorder based on kernel machines. Spritz achieves
state of the art performance on cross-validation and independent assessment
on CASP6 targets. A paper describing Spritz has been published
in the journal Nucleic Acid Research. Access it here (toll-free link).
A suite of public servers for the prediction of structural features of proteins. The servers can be accessed all from a single interface which also allows the submission of multiple queries, or individually (click links below). Distill currently includes:


text: Truck 63 is a 2003 Pierce Dash 105 foot ladder truck. The Truck is equipped with a 2000gpm Hale pump and 500 gallons of water. Its primary duties are that of a truck company but this apparatus can also function as an engine company. The ladder carries a variety of ground ladders, ventilation fans, gas powered saws, forcible entry tools, gas meter, thermal imaging camera, ropes and other rescue equipment including for RIT and an AED. Truck 63 responds first due to mutual aid building fires and 2nd due to building fires in our local.


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Information of the company that manages the websites getapp.com, appstorm.net, appappeal.com, cloudwork.com
These Nubera eBusiness Terms of Service (the "Terms of Service") describe the terms pursuant to which Nubera eBusiness S.L ("Nubera eBusiness", "we" or "us") offers you access to services offered by Nubera eBusiness including, but not limited to, services provided at or using the domains www.getapp.com, www.appstorm.net, www.appappeal.com, www.cloudwork.com (the "Sites"); software, tools or applications including, but not limited to, cloud-based, desktop, mobile and other software applications related to the Sites (the "Applications"); and images, text, metadata, postings, and other material available through the Service (the "Content") (collectively, the "Service"). These Terms of Service apply when you access, visit or use any portion of the Service or access any of the Content. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS OF SERVICE, THEN YOU SHOULD NOT ACCESS OR USE THE SERVICE OR THE CONTENT.
Free User services and tools to find business and IT applications ("Applications"), compare offers, write or read user generated reviews, including the communication with selected Applications Providers in accordance to a variety of criteria.
For Application Providers, possibility for publishing their Applications and enabling them to be searched (in accordance to the selected criteria) across our web properties and our network of partners.
Advertising, lead generation (Pay-Per-Click and Pay-Per-Lead) and promotional opportunities for partners and Application Providers.
Service of Alerts: free automatic alerts on offers via e-mail regarding Applications; newsletter Services or informative electronic communications about Applications.
Other services that we may deem interesting for Users, such as advice, training, professional contact network, forums, access to news, surveys and research programs.
Use, display, mirror, or frame the Service, any individual element within the Service, the Nubera eBusiness names, trademarks, logos or other proprietary information, or the layout and design of any portion of the Service, without our express written consent.
Access the Service by any means other than through interfaces provided by Nubera eBusiness and as otherwise expressly authorized under these Terms of Service.
Access, tamper with, or use non-public areas of the Service, our computer systems, or the technical delivery systems of our providers.
Avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, impair, descramble or otherwise circumvent any technological measure implemented by Nubera eBusiness or any of our providers or any other third party (including another user) to protect the Service.
Forge headers or otherwise manipulate identifiers in order to disguise the origin of any Content transmitted through the Service.
Attempt to access or search the Service or scrape or download Content from the Service, or otherwise use, upload content to, or create new links, reposts, or referrals in the Service through the use of any engine, software, tool, agent, device or mechanism (including automated scripts, spiders, robots, crawlers, data mining tools or the like) other than the software and/or search agents provided by Nubera eBusiness or other generally available third party web browsers.
Send any unsolicited or unauthorized spam, advertising messages, promotional materials, email, junk mail, chain letters or other form of solicitation.
Use any meta tags or other hidden text or metadata utilizing the Service or an Nubera eBusiness trademarks, logos, or URL's without Nubera eBusiness's express written consent.
Attempt to decipher, decompile, disassemble or reverse engineer any of the Applications or other software used to provide the Service.
Interfere with, or attempt to interfere with, the access of any user, host or network, including, without limitation, sending a virus, overloading, flooding, spamming, or mail-bombing the Service.
Reproduce, duplicate, copy, sell, trade, resell or exploit for any commercial purpose any portion of the Service (including your Nubera eBusiness Account) or your access to or use of the Service.
Collect or store any personally identifiable information from other members of the Service without their express permission.
Stalk or otherwise harass another person or entity.
Impersonate or misrepresent your affiliation with any person or entity.
Without limiting any other provision of these Terms of Service, allow any other person or entity to use your Nubera eBusiness Account.
Users will not, and will not authorize any third party to generate automated, fraudulent or otherwise invalid impressions, inquiries, clicks or conversions.
Nubera respects the intellectual property rights of others and will not tolerate infringing activity on the site. If you are a copyright owner or agent, and you believe any content posted on the site infringes your copyright, then you may submit a notification pursuant to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA") (17 U.S.C. § 512) by providing Nubera's Designated Copyright Agent at "[email protected]" with the following information in writing:
Note: Nubera reserves the right to seek damages from any person who knowingly materially submits a notification claim under this section in violation of the law.
* * *
Last update: 05/21/2015


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River Snorkeling
River SnorkelingDownload iCalendar
Saturday, August 11, 2018, 10:00 AM - 11:30 AM
River Snorkeling
Northampton Canal ParkNorthampton, PA 18067
(610) 965-4397
Ages: 0 and up
Cost: Free
Parking: No
Explore the Lehigh River in a whole new way: discover schools of fish, sunfish turning red as they guard their nest, and trout zipping by. We supply the snorkeling equipment for this underwater adventure.
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5 Killer Tips To Boost Your Productivity
Tips to Boost Your Productivity
I don't know if sometimes you feel useless meanwhile you see another people being more productive than you, being more useful. Maybe, that feeling did you think about relaxing few minutes, just because "then I will come back relaxed and I will work better", but after that "relax time", you just procrastinated. And in that way, before you realize it, you have lost a day. Trust me, I have lived too many days like this! But, you are lucky, you just need few tips, tricks, to solve that problem and boost your productivity. They are just small changes, but you know, small changes can create big things.
Take a look at these 5 tips to boost your productivity (they helped me to complete my ToDo list every day!):
Put together similar tasks
A MIT neuroscientist (this is the original source: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95256794) said the brain is not able to do two things at the same time. Maybe you think the same, maybe not, but one thing is true: if you try to do two different tasks at the same time, you will end tired and without giving your best in both activities.
So, the solution? Don't try to do two different tasks at the same time, just put together similar tasks and set a time to complete them. For example, if you have to check your mail and also answer some of them, they are two similar tasks, so you can do it at the same time. Set one hour to complete it and just give your best. Seriously, that really works! At that way, you are able to do two (or more) tasks at the same time and giving your best in all of them (and obviously being more productive).
Look for a coach
Just search a bit about things that successful people do. You will realize they have business coaches. Why someone who is successful would want to pay to another person to learn how to be successful? Long story short, because it works.
I think everyone needs someone with experience to help to look problems in a objective way and also to give you support when you are starting to feel useless or not productive. Seriously, I didn't think it worked but I decided to give it a try and yes, it worked. So, if yu have the opportunity, try it, you won't lose anything.
Remove distractions
As I have explained before, the brain is not able to manage two different situations at the same time. So if you have distraction close to you, your brain will understand they are tasks and it will try to manage them. It sounds obvious but if you want to increment the productivity, remove everything that can distract you.
Reward yourself if you finish a big task
I read an article in the entepreneur.com website that said a reward is the biggest motivational agent to boost the productivity in a person. A reward can be anything that gives you a satisfaction: a motivational speech, new clothes, etc…
Just be sure to give a reward with the same "size" of your task. In other words, if you have finished writing a post, buy a new car is not the best prize.
Develop a need
If you develop an urgency feel to finish something, you will have a really good way to motivate yourself. Something like "I have X minutes to end this". You will be amazed how your productivity is increased with something as basic as this.
In summary
These are some ways I use to boost my productivity and they worked on me. I hope they will be useful for you, but also, I would like to hear another technique you have used! Just post a comment below, you don't know, you could help another one in the process of increase his/her productivity!


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In the past few months, here in Croatia, there has been quite a lot of attacks on yoga and similar practices from the catholic clergy. There is a political reason behind this, but I won't get into that right now. A few catholic priests wrote articles in newspapers and gave interviews on TV, saying yoga is evil and a good Christian should not engage in any form of ''new age'' practices. In school's religious classes (which are obligatory here), they teach kids all that is different is bad (all other religions and spiritual practices), so my friends daughter came home one day crying because they told her in school that her mum is going to burn in hell because she practices yoga. Pretty shitty thing to say to a 10 year old!
Listening to those people and reading their words few things came to mind. First one was the dark, Medieval times and second was what happened to ''love your neighbor as yourself''? Where is the love in their words of hate?
Life is not easy and there is so much suffering in this world. And we try to do our best with what we have, play the best game with the cards we were dealt. So, why judge someone just because they chose a different path or was born to it? Because they have chosen a different spiritual practice? What happened to love, tolerance and respect for all beings on this Earth? Isn't being a good, kind, helpful and compassionate human being what is really important? What all the religions are trying to teach? And all of those ''spiritual'' teachers that speak of anything else than LOVE are either completely missing the point and should go back to reading the sacred books and scriptures, or they are doing it for their own personal gain.
Any practice that makes someone a healthier and happier human being while not hurting others should be embraced.
The hate and intolerance is still much present in our society today and it still surprises me even though it was what I ran away from nearly 13 years ago. Croatia is a small country with a big history. So many wars, so much political and economic turbulence, so much change in such little time. I love my country, this is where my roots are, but I always say that I wasn't brought up here. I was only 20 when I left in search for something different. When I think about those few years before I decided to leave, I think of them as mostly dark days. There was this big post war dark cloud pressing down. Corruption, intolerance, hate, mental and emotional war wounds. When you add that to a few personal dramas I had going on it was a bit depressing to say the least. I couldn't breathe so I decided to go somewhere where I can. When I came to London I didn't know many people and I didn't know much about life. But I quickly learned. I had to. And even though it was hard – I felt free.
So, I say that London brought me up because that is where I learned to take care of myself. I started practicing yoga, I did my graphic design course (which is very useful for my work), and very importantly, I met so many wonderful people of all color, nationality and religion. In such a cosmopolitan city tolerance and love for all is the only way to go. I learned to think outside of the box. Of course, I learned tolerance and love at my family home first, but learned to practice it when given so many challenges of living a life outside a family home or a home country.
I came back after being away for eight years, living in three different countries, working at different jobs, meeting so many wonderful people, developing my yoga practice, finishing my teacher training. I came back when I was ready and when I felt that the cloud has lifted and the dust has settled. There is still so much work to do, but I feel my generation, the younger and more tolerant generation, is ready for that work. Or at least I hope so.
Love is what we all should preach. Love IS the religion that connects us all. And we should be careful not to fall under influence of those preaching otherwise. As Jesus had said: "Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves.'' Those preaching hate are false prophets sawing a seed of intolerance when they should be sawing the seeds of love for all.


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Have you given much thought to how much of parenting consists of the balance between beginnings and endings? It struck me the other day. I think that perhaps the early years of children have more of these. It seems that nothing stays the same for long.
Right now...
Gracie is ready to begin potty-training and end diaper wearing
I am waiting for Lily to begin sleeping through the night
I hope to end swaddling Lily while she sleeps
Miss Rose is ending her first school experience and will begin actual Kindergarten in the fall.
I suppose it keeps life fresh. It truly is a never-ending cycle of starts and stops.
At times it can feel overwhelming and confusing as you, the parent, figures it all out. Sure, much of it happens naturally over time. But we also play active rolls in each process.
Being a parent is a big deal. It's a lot of work. It takes a lot of thought and effort.
And I love it.
Friday, May 22, 2009
Beginnings and Endings
Posted by Corrina at 12:52 PM
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Far East Movement recently unleashed a Behind the Scenes footage from the making of the video for their latest single, "Jello" featuring Rye Rye. "It's a real fun, corky music video," says director Matt Alonzo. "It's kind of like a mixture of Eminem and Beastie Boys."
The energetic video for "Jello" shows the group crashing a political event and partying it up with Tiger Woods, Oprah, and others. The track will appear on the group's upcoming album, Dirty Bass (due later this year via Cherrytree/Interscope), and is available now on iTunes.
For more on Far East Movement, visit the group's official site at www.fareastmovement.com.


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High winds swept across The Montgomerie Dubai course this weekend during the monthly
members Ecco medal, creating some interesting scoring throughout the field. Club
Captain Paul Pitman put together a very solid gross 76, to win the gross division
on countback over Artis Shepherd, who was subsequently awarded best division A net
score by countback over Richard Smith both on net 69. Net division B winner Ahmad
Skaik shot the best net score of the day with 68, to beat Rob Moody into second
on 69.
In the ladies divisions, Annie Browne won with a gross 92 ahead of Francis Milne
by one stroke, and Ananya Sharma again collected best net with 70, one stroke ahead
of Sam Salem who shot 71.
Thank you to all competitors who braved the conditions, and of course to Ecco for
their ongoing sponsorship of the popular members competition.
Expect the attention to detail that your guests receive when they enter Address Montgomerie,
to be world-class.


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Idang Basa
Administrative Assistant
My POP: I model a love of learning and teach by example
I am dependable, tougher than I look (just like a diamond), and a life-long learner.
I enjoy dark chocolate, salsa dancing, and spending quality time with family and friends.
Style is a form of self-expression about who I am and how I feel any given day.


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Lot 203: Important Mexican Saddle made for Porfirio Diaz
Classic late 19th - early 20th century Mexican saddle with matching saddle bags, custom made for President Porfirio Diaz. Featuring traditional period Charro styling with partially exposed rawhide tree, trimmed with repousse floral patterned silver ornamentation on the oversized horn, upper gullet and cantle edge. Mounted with multiple silver inlaid slotted conchos with original latigo strings, plus ornate stirrups and period cinch with silver inlaid cinch rings. The saddle is regally adorned with natural piteado fiber embroidered in elegant and intricate patterns appropriate to Diaz's position. A noteworthy and historic Mexican presidential saddle manufactured during a most fascinating and tumultuous transitional period in Mexico's evolution to modernity, the saddle was made by Porfirio Diaz's personal saddle maker between 1890-1912. It is well maker-marked under both the saddle bags and under the seat as follows: FUSTES FINOS / DE / MADERA GARANDZADA / Z. LOPEZ / ESPECIAL MENTE PARA TALABARTERIA / DE / SOSTENES TAPIA / PORFIRIO DIAZ No 6. / PUEBLA. Leather is stamped TALABARTERIA.DE.SOSTENES.TAPIA.CALLE.DE. / PORFIRIO.DIAZ.N6.PUEBLA.
Brian Lebel's High Noon Auction - January 23, 2016
Sold $13,800
Provenance: Private collection of Enrique Guerra; to artist Tom Lovell; to present owner.
Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915)
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican soldier, military hero, and politician, who served seven terms as President of Mexico; a total of three and a half decades from 1876 and 1911. Diaz perhaps qualifies as one of Mexico's most controversial statesmen since he is frequently remembered as being one of the country's most notorious dictators yet ironically, his record includes significant accomplishments including bringing Mexico into the modern age while his country achieved financial solvency during his extended reign.


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Finger on the Weather
Storm spotter training slate released for northwest Kansas
The Goodland branch of the National Weather Service has released its schedule of storm spotter talks later this spring.
All sessions begin at 6:30 p.m. and are free and open to the public.
Storm spotters, law enforcement, emergency managers, storm chasers and the public called in 175 severe hail reports, nearly three dozen tornadoes, 75 high wind reports and over 20 flash flood events to the weather service last year, an agency statement said.
March 9, Gove County (Grainfield) - 4-H Building, 757 W 3rd
March 10, Norton County (Norton) Prairieland Electric, 1101 Hwy 36
March 15, Sherman County (Goodland) EMS Building, 1006 Center St.
March 17, Rawlins County (Atwood) Prairie Developmental Center, 208 S 4th
March 21, Cheyenne County (St Francis) High School, 100 S College
March 23, Wallace County (Sharon Springs) CAB at Fairgrounds
March 30, Decatur County (Oberlin) Gateway, 1 Morgan Dr
April 5, Thomas County (Colby) - Community Building downstairs, 285 E 5th
Stan Finger: 316-268-6437, @StanFinger


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UProductions Wedding Photography and Wedding Videography is a Toronto based studio that provides video production services in Canada and abroad.
UProductions Photography and Videography is a Toronto based studio that provides video production services in Canada and abroad. As professionals our approach to modern video production has sustained us to be very relevant in our industry. We are involved in the film industry producing video productions, training video and more.
The UProductions team has traveled in and around the world to document various events.
Our vast knowledge and passion for cinematography industry has given us a unique look into the individual projects we take on. We limit the amount of projects we take on per industry so UProductions and their associates can devote the care and time needed to see each project through right till the end. People who work for UProductions Photography and Videography studio love what they do. Their constant demand in himself for perfection is what defines them. Their drive and passion to document what is real, is a lifestyle.
As a wedding cinematography Toronto service, we are privileged to experience our city's rich cultural mosaic firsthand. At Georgina and John's wedding, we were immersed in the beauty of Greek Orthodox traditions.
Greek Orthodox weddings are always incredible to film – the people are passionate about their roots; the churches are majestic; and the music is lively and uplifting. Georgina and John's wedding was no exception.
Our wedding videography Toronto service caught many tender moments between the happy couple. Their obvious love and devotion to one another made it easy for UProductions to create an inspiring piece.
We invite you to view the wedding cinematography highlight reel we created for this couple.
People regularly inquire about the type of video equipment we use. We're more than happy to share the following list with anyone who may be interested:
Canon 5D Mark ll
5D Mark lll
Canon C100
50mm 1.4
14mm 1.4
70-200mm 2.8
85mm 1.2
24mm 1.2
35mm 1.4
16-35mm 2.8
100mm macro 2.8
Phillip Bloom dolly
H4N Zoom Audio
Sennheiser lav mics


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What is Specify Social Marketing all about?
Normally, social marketing can be specified as a new principle to market or promote a venture utilizing the web2 and the web.0 based tools. Begun with this small method, social marketing has now acquired a new level as many individuals across the world are signing up with the around the world business chain with numerous originalities and techniques. The function of social marketing is to supply quick and quality service utilizing the Internet.
All the business of online business market are intending to be part of international economy and take their business to next level with the aid of social media marketing. In essence, social marketing is the keyword to be successful and get an around the world platform in business. Apart from this short definition social marketing has different other wings that needs an appropriate co-ordination for correct marketing.
Social media websites were essentially developed an online network of people who wished to interact with each other and remain in touch. Entrepreneur and business homes used the social media tools for marketing their services, items or organizations. Simply from its start, social marketing has been successful to produce a distinction on the planet of business. Organisations homes that made tactical and careful use of social media websites produced a transformation in the marketing world however at the same time negligent and casual dealing spelled doom for many organizations.
If you are a newbie to the world of social media marketing then you need not stress a lot about the results of your efforts because there are countless online resources from where you would have the ability to learn some important suggestions and techniques to break the social networking or social marketing nut.
It is a reasonably new field in the online marketing world. This tool is growing greatly daily in the internet marketing field. Social Marketing is a fairly new form of online marketing and with Facebook now getting more impressions monthly than Google it might well be time for your company to make the leap into this new market. The social marketing model is relatively intricate however shares many resemblances with conventional online marketing models.
It is inconspicuous marketing. They will most likely remove you from their friend list if you are too aggressive and members start to see you as a salesperson type. It is a procedure that can assist in moving the power balance by developing much better notified, prepared, performed and examined interventions as well as by guaranteeing that service arrangement is created around the needs of people.
It is a procedure by which commercial marketing strategies and principals are used to plan, execute, and examine programs created to cause alter in health or social behaviours. The procedure can be adjusted for any target market, whether these consist of a neighborhood's most clingy or the individuals who serve them.
It is a total procedure of developing and supplying offerings, concepts, services and products that meet the needs of individuals and society. To do this social marketing uses commercial marketing concepts such as the principles of the 4Ps, marketing research, exchange, target market and sectors.
Social marketing is not a new principle to building a business. Many individuals know it as public relations as well as customer service. It is a term that appears to be on the pointer of everybody's tongue recently. Whether negative or favorable discussion, it cannot be rejected that the web remains in the middle of a development today.


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Signature Rejuvenating Facial Treatment
What if you could naturally, without pain or surgery, turn back the clock 5 to 10 years on how you look and how you feel? Well, you're in luck, you can!
Our Signature Rejuvenating Facial Treatment does just that! We combine numerous pain free and holistic therapies that get great results by themselves but together offer an unparalleled holistic facial treatment. This treatment can help reduce fine lines and wrinkles, improve circulation and the complexion, move stagnant lymph, support sagging facial muscles, improve skin texture and tonicity, and increase collagen production... all while improving your overall health. We work from the inside out to get the best results. We use topical treatments, of course, but we also address the underlying and internal root causes that can contribute to how things manifest on the face as we age, such as wrinkles, sagging, skin discoloration, redness, inflammation, or lack luster complexions.
This treatment can offer excellent results for all skin types and most ages. It can be a preventative treatment for people in their mid to late 30's to early 40's or as a therapeutic treatment with visible results for people in their 40's, 50's and early 60's. Results can still be achieved for older skin, but it takes a bit more time. Since every person is different we are happy to offer a complementary consultation to make sure we create the best result driven treatment plan for each person.
This is a customized and luxurious therapeutic treatment, it is not a traditional facial. However, in addition to the numerous therapeutic modalities already in the treatment, we also include acupoint stimulation massage, ear seeds to extended the therapeutic benefits and the use of organic facial products after the session, so you will feel pampered.
Our Signature Rejuvenating Facial Treatment includes the following modalities. Please note that we also offer all of the therapies as individual treatments as well, in case there is a therapy you prefer over the others.
Cosmetic acupuncture has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for thousands of years and is still used today to help maintain youth and vitality of the face and body. It is much more than a simple cosmetic treatment. It is a relaxing and painless therapy that can help the whole body look and feel rejuvenated. We use the smallest needles possible with an extremely gentle touch so there is absolutely NO pain with this treatment.
Acupuncture works to improve the body's energy flow which nourishes and invigorates the body from within. It encourages improvement of the transport of oxygen and nutrients to the skin and increases collagen production, thus reducing inflammation and enhancing skin tone while decreasing fine lines and wrinkles.
In Chinese Medicine it is said that "the interior will be reflected on the exterior" so the state of the body's organ health is often viewed on the skin and face. The face can be positively affected with direct treatment while simultaneously supporting the underlying factors that may be contributing to the aging process in the first place. The body as a whole must be addressed to ensure the best possible results for any cosmetic improvements to be seen on the face. This is why points on the body are also targeted for treatment when treating the face.
Cosmetic Acupuncture can:
Reduce fine lines and wrinkles
Reduce puffiness under the eyes and around the face
Improve sagging jowls and eyelids
Reduce dark circles
Improve facial muscle tone and elasticity
Improve circulation to the face
Reduce age spots and redness
Reduce stress in the face and body
Improve overall health and energy
For more information visit our Cosmetic Acupuncture FAQ page.
Microcurrent is a non-invasive therapy that offers a safe, all natural option for facial rejuvenation. Microcurrent supplies gentle, painless, low frequency electrical impulses to specifically selected muscles and areas on the face to firm and tighten the muscles and skin. This gentle current mimics the body's own electrical impulses, which help to stimulate and increase the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) by up to 500%. This soothing microcurrent treatment can safely restore the skin's natural balance for a more youthful appearance. It is used to visibly diminish fine lines or wrinkles on the face, neck and decolletage, smooth and rejuvenate the skin, reeducate the muscles of the face and neck, and help maintain healthy radiant skin. The treatment is sub-sensory so there is absolutely no pain and most people fall asleep during the session.
Microcurrent treatments can..
Improve muscle tone & skin texture
Reduce appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
Stimulate blood circulation
Promote production of collagen and elastin
Tonify, tighten and sculpt the face
Reduce puffiness
Improve muscle tone and firm skin
Improve skin tone & complexion
Shrink facial pores
For more information visit the FAQ page.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) therapy uses specific wavelengths of light energy to improve cellular health by accelerating the repair and replenishment of compromised tissues cells. This is a FDA approved devise for skin rejuvenation treatments.
LED light therapy can:
Increase circulation
Decrease inflammation
Improve skin tone and texture
Reduce appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
Stimulate collagen production
Accelerate tissue repair
This treatment is non-invasive, painless, requires no recovery time, and can be used on all skin types. It is also used for our acne patients to kill acne causing bacteria.
For more information visit our LED Therapy FAQ page.
Facial cupping is a gentle and relaxing treatment that has been used in TCM for centuries. It is very different from body cupping and does not leave any marks on the skin whatsoever. It utilizes a gentle suction action that helps pull fresh nutrients into and through the tissues, increasing blood flow to the area. This soothing treatment is used on the face and neck to move stagnant lymph fluid, increase circulation, nourish tissues, reduce inflammation and help reduce fine lines and wrinkles. When there is more blood flow, more nutrients are in the tissue and the cells are able to work better.
Other benefits include:
Reduces puffiness
Helps to drain sinuses
Helps to lift, sculpt and define facial contours
Moves facial lymph
Relaxes muscles and softens fine lines and wrinkles
We use glass facial cups for our treatments in a variety of sizes depending on the area of the face on which we are working.
Facial Gua Sha has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for centuries. It can help to counter signs of aging caused by the stress of modern living and improve the appearance of the skin on the face. Gua sha can help move stagnant lymph and increase blood circulation which will bring needed nutrients back to the area to support circulation, nutrition, and detoxification. Gua sha is also used for cross fiber stimulation for deeper wrinkles and sun spots. This is a pain free and relaxing treatment.
Other benefits include:
Helps with dark circles under the eyes
Tones and firms the skin
Reduces wrinkles
Reduces puffiness
Helps with head, neck and jaw pain
A great treatment that can be done at home between sessions
We use jade gua sha boards which offer an additional anti-inflammatory benefit since the natural properity of jade remains cool to the touch.
Auricular acupuncture is the stimulation of acupuncture points on the external ear to treat different health conditions in other parts of the body. All of the organs are represented on the ear and can be accessed, treated, and supported by stimulating these ear point with needles or "ear seeds".
We use ear seeds after a facial treatment. They are placed on the appropriate acupuncture points with an adhesive backing and will stay in place for 3 to 4 days before falling off naturally. They help by offering constant point stimulation to the organ systems that were worked on during the facial acupuncture treatment to strengthen and solidify the benefits of the treatment. They are completely painless and are very small so are not usually seen by others.


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Karl-Anthony Towns has been everywhere lately. First he popped up at the Timberwolves Summer League game in Las Vegas, where he repped the sleeveless Metallica shirt and watched Tyus Jones hit two clutch free throws to send the Wolves to the semifinals.
All smiles as we head to the Semifinals.#WolvesInVegas pic.twitter.com/qXRGRljBbw— Timberwolves (@Timberwolves) July 16, 2016
He also appeared on Disney XD in his role on Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything that aired earlier today:
Dude's a natural actor, but he might want to work on his virtual skills next time.
Welcome to the league, youngblood.
#Replay the game-winning basket by @De11eDonne! #WatchMeWORK pic.twitter.com/YVEYTuQDhD— CHICAGO SKY (@wnbachicagosky) July 18, 2016
That shot aside, Stewart still looks like the superstar she was projected to be entering the season.
Dame D.O.L.L.A.
It was Damian Lillard's 26th birthday on Friday and he celebrated by putting on a concert for some of his local fans with C.J. McCullom and Tim Frazier:
Tim Frazier Chronicles @Timfraz23 @Dame_Lillard @CJMcCollum #DameDOLLA #RipCity pic.twitter.com/nN1ZT0IyJL— Jameson Nuss (@jamesonnuss) July 16, 2016
Started from the bottom
Back when he was Aubrey Graham, Drake had quite the addiction to eBay. Check out this letter he wrote to his mom back in his Degrassi days:
.@Drake releases letter he wrote in '06, apologizing to his mom for overspending on eBay. We've been there, Drizzy. pic.twitter.com/pl961xA3VL— AJ+ (@ajplus) July 18, 2016
This is our first look at the Jordan 31s. September 3 can't come fast enough.
Yes, this is the Air Jordan 31: https://t.co/7ZDwdBjqzD pic.twitter.com/0SbQhSDTqS— SoleCollector.com (@SoleCollector) July 16, 2016
I'm sleepy in the morning. pic.twitter.com/3W9JT5f1DJ— PEANUTS (@Snoopy) July 14, 2016
(Photo credit: Mike Windle/Getty Images)


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From Wired comes a list of 12 Kitchen Gadgets you can use to impress relatives and friends alike this Thankgiving. We had a tradition where people would bring ambigious gadgets to the gathering and everyone would sit around and guess what they could be used for.
I clearly remember one year where a wooden spagetti measure (like this one) stumped the clan for days. This was obviously pre-Google.
Some of the downright silly gadgets on Wired's list include... the Turkey Frying Rig, theThermometer Pan, and the hideous pink, cat-eye, Onion Glasses for preventing tears while chopping onions. Good lord, really?
I honestly wouldn't mind; however, checking out the Clifton Food Range for cooking sous vide "under vacuum," and OK, maybe the Spice Gun just for kicks and saying, "Bam Bam Bam." You can find the list here - via wired.com.


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NOTE: This is work in progress!!
This document is intended to capture some of the policies we would like all committers to follow when it comes to checking in changes into our SVN tree.
Trunk is CTR, Commit-Then-Review, policy. This was discussed and voted on by the community a long time ago. This does grant a lof of freedom to committing experimental or unstable code to the trunk. However, with such powers, comes some responsibilities:
- You are responsible for latest trunk to build and at least start up with your changes before you commit to SVN. This typically implies that you ought to do an "svn up" to your tree and build before committing. Of course, we don't expect everyone to test on more than their preferred development platform(s), and we'll work with the Infraops team to increase our coverage with continuous integration tools and build-bots. At a minimum the the build should not break on the current primary buildbot slave which is http://ci.apache.org/buildslaves/bb-vm_ubuntu (Ubuntu Linux).
- If the trunk is broken (i.e. it doesn't build and/or run even without your changes), please don't commit! Meaning, please don't pour more fuel on the fire. If your changes result in a non-functioning Traffic Server (e.g. start fails, simple forward proxy browsing is broken, etc) please consider backing out your changes and submitting the changes for review under a Jira Ticket and asking for reviewers.
- If your changes are so large that you want to make partial commits, please create a SVN branch or work on a local repository using a version control system like Git or Mercurial. Several of the developers in the community use Git and hg, and can provide help and tips on how to use it.
Release branches
All release branches (e.g. 2.0.x) should always be kept in a stable and functional state. The commit policy is RTC, Review Then Commit, and backporting changes from trunk should be voted on via the STATUS file on the respective branches.


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Religion in Film and Literature
Elective Courses
CINE 105 - Religion in Film and Literature
Introduction to different ways religion is represented in film. Emphasis is on religious themes but some attention will also be given to cinematic devices and strategies. Although most films studied will deal with only one of the major historical religious traditions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), the course will include at least two of the traditions.
last updated 06/18/2014 - 2:36pm
Cinema Studies Program
209A Fisher-Bennett Hall ⋅ 3340 Walnut Street ⋅ Philadelphia, PA 19104 ⋅ (215) 898-8782


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Scottish Field Magazine - January 2008
The modern kitchen is where new recipes are tested to produce gourmet foodstuffs to complement Inverawe's famous smoked salmon. Scottish Field Magazine - January 2008
Recent newspaper stories and other media coverage of Inverawe Smokehouses and our range of smoked salmon, smoked fish and other Scottish fine foods
The modern kitchen is where new recipes are tested to produce gourmet foodstuffs to complement Inverawe's famous smoked salmon. Scottish Field Magazine - January 2008
From the Foodie section an article entitled 'Impeccable Taste, gastronomic delights to help everyone eat, drink and be merry.' by Helena Pozniak.
Inverawe Scottish Organic Smoked Gift Box. This family-run Argyll smokehouse has won many plaudits for its impeccable smoked salmon - and this box combines the best on offer from Inverawe. Even if you're not a smoked salmon fan, you'll appreciate the subtle flavours of succulent, buttery quality fish. An attractively wrapped box ... The Independent Newspaper - 7th December 2007
From their Expert Advice Taste Test for Smoked Salmon - Inverawe Smoked Salmon was voted the Best Organic.
Inverawe subtly smokes this pale salmon so the flavour of its top quality fish isn't overshadowed. Soft and buttery, the delicate slivers will almost melt in your mouth - this is one to try even if you're not usually a fan. Olive Magazine - December 2007
From the 50 Best Christmas Gifts for Men - Inverawe Glenorchy Hamper was voted Number 28.
Inverawe Smokehouses has an impressive range of Christmas Hampers and Gift Boxes to choose from ... all of which have enough have enough to please your foodie fellow on Christmas Day and throughout the months to come. ... And if the food doesn't last until Summer, the wicker hamper certainly will. The Independent Magazine - December 2007
From their article 'Delivery Delight - we tried out online food specialists to see whether their produce deserves to make it on to your table at Christmas'. Frances Atkins, Head Chef at the Yorke Arms was asked to prepare them and give her views.
Inverawe Smokehouses...Smoked Salmon Royal Fillet...Frances was pleased to see that this salmon wasn't 'slimy or shiny' and liked the fact it had 'a strong smoke with a definite flavour...she thought this was beautifully presented and perfect for a family.
"Triple Salmon Terrine...she thought that it would make excellent canapes: 'You'd get really good value for money as it would go such a long way'. Which Magazine - December 2007
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