text: UFDC Home | Help | RSS Title: Papaya culture in Florida CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00026332/00001 Material Information Title: Papaya culture in Florida Alternate Title: Bulletin 113 ; Florida Agricultural Extension Service Physical Description: Book Language: English Creator: Wolfe, Herbert S.Lynch, S. J. Publisher: Agricultural Extension Service, University of Florida Publication Date: June, 1942 Copyright Date: 1942 Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00026332 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: aab7720 - LTQFamt7429 - LTUF44716251 - OCLC002571114 - AlephBibNum Full Text HISTORIC NOTE The publications in this collection do not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. These texts represent the historic publishing record of the Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and should be used only to trace the historic work of the Institute and its staff. Current IFAS research may be found on the Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) site maintained by the Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Copyright 2005, Board of Trustees, University of Florida Bulletin 113 L3! : 3/3 June, 1942 PAPAYA CULTURE EENT OF AGRI LIBRARY IN FLORIDA* JUN6 1950 ijMb^'^HlTlitf^U-ANTA, GEOR N, , (. . AYjq RKc .,d %..rrh I".,, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA ... *- -*'^tosA- w~ COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS (Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914) AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATING H. G. CLAYTON, Director BOARD OF CONTROL Frank M. Harris, Chairman, St. Petersburg N. B. Jordan, Quincy Hollis Rinehart, Miami Eli H. Fink, Jacksonville George J. White, Sr., Mount Dora W. F. Powers, Secretary, Tallahassee STAFF, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE J. Hillis Miller, Ph.D., President of the University' J. Wayne Reitz. Ph.D., Provost for Agriculture H. G. Clayton, M.S.A., Director of Extension Marshall O. Watkins, M.Agr., Assistant to the Director AGRICULTURAL DEMONSTRATION WORK, GAINESVILLE J. Francis Cooper, M.S.A., Editor' Clyde Beale, A.B.J., Associate Editor' J. Lee Smith, District Agent K. S. McMullen, B.S.A., District Agent F. S. Perry, B.S.A., District Agent H. S. McLendon, B.A., Soil Conservationist R. S. Dennis, B.S.A., Executive Officer, P. & M. Admin.' W. W. Brown, B.S.A., Asst. Boys' Club Agent C. W. Reaves, B.S.A., Dairy Husbandman N. R. Mehrhof, M.Agr., Poultry Husbandman' O. F. Goen, D.V.M., Asst. Animal Industrialist A. W. O'Steen, B.S.A., Supervisor Egg-Laying Test, Chipley L. T. Nieland, Farm Forester C. V. Noble, Ph.D., Agricultural Economist' Charles M. Hampson, M.S., Agricultural Economist, Farm Management D. E. Timmons, M.S.A., Economist in Marketing F. W. Parvin, B.S.A., Associate Economist, Marketing and Farm Manage- ment John M. Johnson, B.S.A., Agricultural Engineer Fred P. Lawrence, B.S.A., Citriculturist A. M. Pettis, B.S.A., Farm Electrification Specialist' John D. Haynie, B.S.A., Apiculturist V. L. Johnson, Rodent Control Specialist' J. Russell Henderson, M.S.A., Agronomist' F. S. Jamison, Ph.D., Vegetable Crop Specialist' Stanley E. Rosenberger, M.Agr., Asst. Veg. Crop Specialist HOME DEMONSTRATION WORK, TALLAHASSEE Mary E. Keown, M.S., State Agent Ethyl Holloway, B.S., District Agent Mrs. Edith Y. Barrus, B.S.H.E., District Agent Anna Mae Sikes, M.S., District Agent Joyce Bevis, A.M., Clothing Specialist Mrs. Bonnie J. Carter, B.S., Home Improvement Specialist Grace I. Neely, M.S., Asso. Economist in Food Conservation Lorene Stevens, B.S., State Girls' 4-H Club Agent Mrs. Gladys Kendall, A.B., Home Industries and Marketing Specialist NEGRO EXTENSION WORK, TALLAHASSEE Floy Britt, B.S.H.E., Negro Home Demonstration District Agent J. A. Gresham, B.S.A., Negro District Agent SCooperative, other divisions, U. of F. 2 In cooperation with U. S. PAPAYA CULTURE IN FLORIDA By H. S. WOLFE1 and S. J. LYNCH2 CONTENTS Page Page History -...--......-.... .. ..-. ..- ...- 3 Mulching and Irrigation .......... ...... 21 Botanical Relationships ..... ......... 4 Thinning of Fruit ........- 22 Uses ....~.--..-.. _--... -....-.- .- ... 4 Picking, Packing and Shipping ----... 22 Flower Structure and Sex Variations... 6 Yields and Returns -.._- ----...-.... -- 23 Climate and Soil _. .-- -.. --.__..__ 15 Seed Selection _-..--..... -.- 24 Propagation -..-........- .. ...- ...... .... 16 Fungous Diseases -....-...- ..... .-.. - 28 Planting .. ---...........--- ......-. .......... 19 Animal Pests _.........---.... -- .--~. ..... 29 Fertilization ....... ........ .....-... ...- .. 21 INTRODUCTION One of Florida's minor fruit industries of interest to the southern half of the state is the growing of papayas. Because of the short life cycle of the plant, and the rapidity with which large acreages can be put in and removed from production again, the total area of plantings has fluctuated greatly from year to year. In some years there have been several hundred acres planted, while in other years plantings have totalled much less than 100 acres. There was even a cooperative association of papaya growers for a year or two during one of the periodic booms of this industry, which has endured a succession of overplantings and then underplantings. Now conditions seem more stable in the papaya industry than at any period of its history in Florida. HISTORY The papaya is a tropical fruit of such wide distribution that it is often hard to believe that it is not indigenous to parts of Asia or Africa where it has long been a staple food. It was, however, unknown to the Old World until seeds were brought there by early Spanish and Portuguese sailors from the Ameri- can tropics. The exact extent of its early distribution is not known, but there is good reason to believe that southern Mex- ico may have been the original home of the papaya. The papaya is now cultivated extensively in India, Ceylon, Malaya, the East Indies, Australia, South Africa, Central Amer- ica, Mexico and the warmer parts of South America. In the United States it is principally grown in Florida, but there is a limited culture of it in Texas and California, in the relatively frost-free areas of these states. The date of its introduction into 1 Formerly Horticulturist in Charge, Sub-Tropical Experiment Station Now Head, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture. 2 Formerly Associate Horticulturist, Sub-Tropical Experiment Station. Florida Agricultural Extension Service Florida is unknown, as it was not considered important enough to mention among the fruits being planted by the Spanish settlers. The introduction must have been fairly early after the establishment of Spanish settlements on the East Coast, however, for in 1773 Bartram reported finding it apparently wild on the low bluffs along the St. John's River near Palatka and even more abundantly near where Sanford now is located. BOTANICAL RELATIONSHIPS The papaya is known to botanists as Carica papaya L. Original- ly assigned to the Passion-flower family, it has long since been made the type of the family Caricaceae. The papaya plant is really a gigantic herb, rather than a tree, since it never develops a typical woody stem. Usually the trunk is unbranched in C. papaya, although when the top of the plant is killed or cut off, branches develop readily from lateral buds, and branching is common in plants over five to six years old. Because of the tall, unbranched stems, and the large, spread- ing leaves, the papaya is often likened to a palm. It is much more aptly compared to a castor bean plant. Papayas may live to be 15 or 20 years old and such plants are 25 or 30 feet high, with trunks up to a foot in diameter. Ordinarily it is not profitable to allow plants to live for more than three years, as with increasing size and age of the tree its fruits are smaller and borne farther from the ground, and the leaves also are smaller. It is more profitable in commercial plantings, and more satisfactory in home plantings, to make a new planting each year, replacing that of two years previous, so that one has always a new planting coming on and a mature planting in bearing. One of the important characteristics of the papaya is the presence in all the superficial portions of the plant of latex tubes containing milky juice. While the leaf and the outermost part of the stem contain this latex, it is most easily obtained by scoring the very thin skin of the green fruit. This latex contains the enzyme papain, which digests protein. As the fruit ripens the flow of latex diminishes, and fully ripe fruit neither yields any latex when the skin is cut nor contains any appreciable quantity of the digestive enzyme. USES The papaya is essentially a flavor fruit, esteemed for its re- freshing qualities, since it has a high water content (nearly Papaya Culture in Florida 90%) and contains very little actual nourishment. Sugar con- tent of Florida papayas has been found to vary from about 4 to 10 percent of the fresh weight of the pulp. Papayas are a very good source of vitamin A, a good source of C, a fair source of G, and contain a small amount of B1. Until quite recent years the papaya was valuable in Florida only as a fresh fruit. A good variety provides an excellent dish when served "on the half shell" as cantaloupes are, and in tropical countries the papaya has long been very popular for this usage. It is also excellent as an ingredient of fruit salads. Other home uses of papayas have included the preparation of sweet pickle and crystallized fruit from the mature but still firm fruit. The green fruits, when almost mature, are cooked and eaten as summer squash, making a pleasant addition to the diet. Pies, jams and preserves are made from the firm mature pulp. The milky juice from green fruit has yielded a digestive enzyme, papain, which is a commercial product in Ceylon and Montserrat, but costs of production are too high under Florida conditions to make this industry attractive. In the last decade there has been developed in Florida a considerable industry devoted to processing ripe papayas for various canned products. Chief among these are soft drinks, either carbonated or not, which have a base of ripe papaya pulp usually fortified by citric acid and sugar. Several trade-marked papaya drinks are now on the market. Experimental work is still being done on the use of ripe papaya as a base for ice cream, sherbets and ices. A papaya. paste similar to the guava paste so popular in the West Indies is made from the flesh of the ripe fruit. The "green mature" fruit is processed com- mercially for crystallized fruit, salad balls in colors, and sweet pickle preserves. The latex has been put on the market in water solution for use as a meat tenderizer. A number of cosmetic products are manufactured with the papaya pulp as an ingredi- ent, such as face creams and hair shampoos. Production in Florida has increased considerably and except in a few instances has been sufficient to meet demands of the manufacturing plants as well as the fresh fruit markets. From time to time there have been some importations of the ripe fruit from Cuba by the manufacturers, particularly following a freeze or a hurricane when the local supply is temporarily curtailed. However, the fresh fruit markets are supplied almost entirely by Florida-grown fruit. Florida Agricultural Extension Service FLOWER STRUCTURE AND SEX VARIATIONS Flower Types.-The papaya plant may be said to be normally dioecious or unisexual, i.e., to have "male" and "female" flowers on separate plants, and all the earlier botannical descriptions so indicated them. Seed of the bisexual type of papaya was first sent to Hawaii from Ceylon in 1896, and reached the United States much more recently. We know nothing of its origin. The papaya is notable, however, for the number and degree of the variations of its flowers from these three types, and especially for the numerous intergrading forms. These have been more carefully studied in Hawaii than anywhere else, and the recent Fig. 1.-Pistillate (left) and hermaphrodite (right) flowers of papaya. summary of the view of the workers at the Hawaii Experiment Station will be followed as a basis for discussion. Five basic flower types are recognized, as follows: TYPE 1.- "Female" or pistillate flower (Fig. 1, left). This is characterized by having neither stamens nor rudiments of stamens, and by having the petals free to the base, so that the fruit shows five separate scars where the petals fell off. The flowers are large, from 2 to 21,j inches long, and borne either Papaya Culture in Florida singly in the leaf axils or in small cymose clusters. Within the petals is easily seen the large ovary (Fig. 2, left), either smoothly circular in outline or having five shallow lobes, and surmounting it are the five sessile stigmas, fan-shaped and much lobed. The ovary is often spoken of as the young fruit, but this designation is incorrect until after pollination has oc- curred and growth begun. The matured fruit may weigh anywhere from 12 ounces to 12 pounds, usually from 2 to 5 pounds. It varies in shape from somewhat spherical to oblong or pyriform, but usually has a body cavity which is large in comparison with the thickness of the walls and is more than half the diameter of the whole fruit (Figs. 3, 4, 12). Fig. 2.-The same flowers as in Fig. 1, with near petals removed to show interior of flowers. TYPE II.-Pentandria flower (Fig. 5). This resembles the pistillate flower very closely in size and outward appearance, but differs strikingly from it in the possession of five stamens -whence the name-which alternate with the petals. These petals are free nearly to the base, but form a narrow ring there, so that a circular scar is left on the fruit when they fall. From this narrow corolla tube the stamens arise on long fila- Florida Agricultural Extension Service ments which lie in deep grooves in the ovary wall. These grooves persist in the mature fruit, which is rounded but deep- ly five-lobed. The fruit of the pentandria flowers is very char- acteristic and unmistakable. Fig. 3.-Typical of unisexual (female) type of plant, 8 inches long. Betty variety. TYPE III.-Intermediate type. This is not a single and defi- nite type,, but is rather a group in which are included many abnormalities of form. The only common characteristic is that the flowers do not fit into any of the other types, and either flowers or fruit or both are variously misshapen or distorted. Petals may be nearly free or connate in varying degree, not necessarily symmetrically so. Stamens may be any number from 2 to 10, but may be partially adnate to the ovary wall and even variously pistilloid, i.e., transformed into defective pistils. The pistil itself is frequently distorted, and may have from 5 to 10 carpels. Often these carpels fail to make a complete union, leaving one side of the pistil open. Fruit from such de- fective pistils, or from those where one or more stamens have adhered, is more or less misshapen. TYPE IV.-Bisexual or hermaphrodite type (Fig. 1, right). This is the normal perfect flower, to which the name Elongata type was given in Hawaii because the fruit is characteristically Papaya Culture in Florida elongated and subcylindrical, in contrast with the more round- ed form of the female type. In the usual bisexual form the flowers are borne in short cymose clusters, from 3 to 5 inches long on stout peduncles, the individual flowers being from 11/2 to 2 inches in length. The corolla is gamopetalous, with the tube nearly as long as the free lobes or petals, and is free from the pistil. There are 10 stamens, arranged in two series on top of the corolla tube. Five stamens are alternate with the petals Fig. 4-Female papaya tree with first mature fruit, eight months from setting in the field. Betty variety. :'ry 7- = Florida Agricultural Extension Service Fig. 5.-Pentandria flower (center) with near petals removed. Small side blossoms are from same peduncle. and have filaments about twice as long as the anther sacs, while the other five are opposite the petals on short filaments, hardly as long as the anthers. All of the stamens are function- al. The filaments are united into a ring adnate to the corolla Papaya Culture in Florida tube, making a thick collar around the pistil. The pistil is composed of five carpels usually, and has sessile upon it the five stigmas as in Type I. Both pistil and stigmas are smaller than in the female flower, however, (Fig. 2, right). The fruit is always elongated in form, often with a smoothly cylindrical basal half where the corolla tube compressed it, and expanding somewhat at the upper end, but variations in form from pyri- Fig. 6.-Typical fruit of bisexual type of plant, 12 inches long. Standard Blue-stem variety. form to cylindrical are found. The typical bisexual fruit is 10 to 12 inches long, nearly half that thick, and weighs from 6 to 8 pounds (Figs. 6 and 7), but much smaller-fruited types have been selected (Fig. 11). Usually the cavity is less than half the fruit diameter. The clusters of hermaphrodite flowers are rarely all alike. Always the terminal flower of the cyme is perfect, but the lateral flowers may be staminate, or perfect flowers with poor- ly developed stigmas, or pentandria type. What is essentially a small model of this bisexual type flower is found frequently in the staminate flower clusters on the long peduncles of the male trees. The flowers are much smaller, being only about half the size of the perfect flowers on the bisexual type plants, but they are otherwise similar in structure and function. Florida Agricultural Extension Service TYPE V.-"Male" or staminate flowers (Fig. 8). These flowers are characterized at once by their lack of any stigmas and by the great length and slenderness of the corolla tube, which is twice as long as the free corolla lobes or petals. There are 10 stamens, arranged as in the Type IV flower, but the pistil is re- Fig. 7. -Bisexual papaya tree with first fruit maturing 11 months from seed. duced to a mere rudiment, with no stigma and incapable of func- tioning. Consequently the staminate flowers cannot produce fruit. On male trees the flowers are produced in small clusters which are in turn borne on long pendant peduncles in racemose form (Fig 9). Staminate flowers appear also in the short cymose Papaya Culture in Florida clusters on bisexual trees. The staminate flowers of male trees produce potent pollen, but Higgins and Holt reported the pollen from staminate flowers on bisexual plants as unable to cause fruit to set with any type of flower tried. However, Hofmeyer reported obtaining fruit and seed repeatedly from pollination with these flowers. Fig. 8.-Staminate flower cluster and individual flowers. Note rudimentary pistil in middle flower, cut open. Sex Variations.-While these five classes of flower types can be considered as fairly basic, it must be remembered that numer- ous intergrade forms are found in addition. Furthermore, with the exception of Type I, all of the forms may be replaced by some other one as the plant grows older. No case has yet been reported of production of any other flower type on dioecious female trees than Type I. The pentandria type resembles the pistillate flower very closely, but never seems to arise as a modification of it. Rather, it is commonly found on bisexual type trees. The bisexual plant which produces Type IV perfect flowers early in life may produce either staminate or pentandria flowers at any time, along with the bisexual type, and also the intermediate type may appear without much apparent reason. There is some evidence that variations are more common in a given strain when it is grown in a cooler climate. The bearing of fruit by the male trees has given rise to many misinterpretations. The staminate flowers are unable to pro- duce fruit, as explained above, because of imperfect pistils. As the trees get older, some of the flowers which are produced Florida Agricultural Extension Service have a perfect pistil, so that they are really of Type IV, although they are borne on the same long peduncles as the staminate flow- ers and are much smaller than the usual hermaphrodite flowers. Such trees may bear a considerable quantity of fruit (Fig. 9), al- though it is always of small size, and in both Florida and Hawaii they seem to bear earlier when grown in a cooler climate, such as at higher altitudes or farther north, than in a more nearly tropi- cal location . Fig. 9.-Male papaya tree with several fruits developed from perfect flowers on tips of the old inflorescences 10 months from seed. Papaya Culture in Florida In particular there have been misconceptions regarding the relation of the fruiting of male trees to previous severe pruning. Experiments at the Florida Station have confirmed those re- ported from Hawaii as to the lack of any predictable effect on the flower type from cutting back male trees. Rare instances have been reported of male trees which produced only pistillate flowers after severe pruning of the top, but in many other in- stances male trees have been cut nearly to the ground and have continued to produce staminate flowers as before. The majority of fruiting male trees have never been pruned at all. Change of sex completely from male to female, in the very rare cases of its occurrence, is probably the result of bud mutation and is quite independent of the cutting itself. In both Hawaii and South Africa, research workers have developed fairly pure lines of papaya for study of genetic be- havior. Using female, male and bisexual plants of such lines, hand pollinations have given the following results: 1. Female pollinated by male gives equal numbers of male and female progeny. 2. Female pollinated by bisexual gives equal numbers of female and bisexual progeny. 3. Bisexual pollinated by male gives equal numbers of female, bisexual and male progeny. 4. Bisexual self-pollinated gives 67% bisexual, with the bal- ance female. It is hardly necessary to point out that the fruits from flowers of the intermediate group are undesirable in appearance, and that every effort should be made to breed out such production in the selection of breeding strains. CLIMATE AND SOIL The papaya is decidedly tropical in its requirements of tem- perature, although not so closely limited in its range as many other tropical plants. It can endure light frosts if the plants are not too tender, but it prefers and thrives best under frostless con- ditions. Successful cultivation of the papaya can be expected only along the lower East and West Coasts of Florida, and per- haps in a few localities in the lower Ridge section where air drain- age is usually good. However, there is a much more extensive area of the state in which papaya culture is possible whenever mild winters permit the mature plants to live through until the next year. As far north as Daytona Beach on the East Coast and Tampa on the West Coast, papaya culture may be carried on Florida Agricultural Extension Service in the coastal areas during such years. Plantings north of Palm Beach or Bradenton are much less safe than those south of these points, although even at Miami there have been years when pa- payas were badly injured by frost. Apart from considerations of cold resistance and frost injury, the papaya is also limited by temperature for another reason. The flavor of the fruit seems to be definitely correlated with the temperature at which the fruit matures. Temperatures not low enough to injure the plant may yet mar the flavor of the fruit and make it insipid. The papaya can thrive on almost any type of soil, providing there is adequate drainage. Naturally it grows more luxuriantly on rich soils than on poor ones, but it can be grown successfully on high sandy soils, hammock soils, limerock soils and others. On the marl glades of southern Dade County the plant grows vig- orously but the fruit is often of poor flavor. On muck soil of the Everglades growth is phenomenal and tremendous crops are pro- duced, but quality is inferior. Low, marshy ground, or that subject to periodic overflow, should be avoided for growing papayas. If it must be used, it should have beds thrown up two or three feet above the water table. A period of 48 hours with the water standing up around the crown roots is likely to prove fatal to the plant. PROPAGATION The only practical method of propagating papayas is by seed. Cuttings root fairly readily under good conditions but do not make as vigorous plants as seedlings and the number of cuttings available is always very small, owing to the non-branching habit of the papaya. It is possible, also to graft from particularly fine plants on seedling stocks, but the type runs out soon and propa- gating material is very limited. The usual practice has been to sow the seeds in flats or in seedbeds in the open ground. This practice, however, necessi- tates transplanting the seedlings once or twice before setting them in the open field, and such transplanting is made almost bare-root, with resulting retardation of growth following each transfer. It is important that plants should be brought into bearing before they grow very tall, and there is reason to believe that bearing is retarded when the taproot is injured. By growing the seedlings for each hill in a community pot, so that they can Papaya Culture in Florida be set out in the field without any disturbance of the roots from the very start and with plenty of pot depth for good root development, the grower can bring plants into bearing from one to three weeks sooner than by the usual transplanting. Bottomless cups made of 15-pound asphalt felt paper have proven quite successful for use as community pots. The cost of the materials is less than 1/2 cent per cup, and the labor required is very little. A roll of paper is sawed into five sections, each about 7 inches wide. Each section is unrolled and cut into pieces 14 inches long. The resulting pieces are curled into cylinders with an inch overlap, and are held in shape by two corrugated roofing nails pressed through the overlapping portion as shown in the figure, giving cylinders 7 inches high and 4 inches in dia- meter. These cylinders can be set on boards or on strips of the felt paper, leaving a passageway between each four rows. A handful of peat moss in the bottom of each cylinder facilitates drainage. Standard 6-inch clay pots or 1-quart oil cans may be used as community pots quite satisfactorily, but the clay pots are expensive and the cans are difficult to handle when setting out. Cans to be used should be cut down one side and across the bottom before being filled with soil. A single wire band will hold the can together, and on its removal at setting out time the can is easily pushed away from the soil cylinder. A rich loamy soil, or a mixture of two parts of light sandy loam with one part well rotted manure or peat moss, should be used as a medium of germination. Pots should be filled to within about an inch from the top, after the soil is firmed. In each com- munity pot should be planted three or four seeds of a bisexual type of papaya or seven or eight seeds of a unisexual type, spac- ing the seeds well apart on the firmed soil and then covering them with 1/4 to 1/2 inch of soil. Watering should be done frequently enough to prevent the top inch of soil from becoming dry, but not so often or so copiously that the soil becomes saturated. Small papaya seedlings are subject to damping-off, and the soil for the pots or flats should be sterilized if possible. Steril- ization may be accomplished by live steam or by a solution of formalin. Somewhat less satisfactory are certain proprietary organic mercury compounds and formaldehyde dust. The sim- plest satisfactory procedure is to pour 1 pint of commercial formalin into 6 gallons of water, and with this saturate the soil in the cylinder pots or flats. The soil surface should be covered Florida Agricultural Extension Service for 24 hours with several thicknesses of newspaper, to avoid loss of the formaldehyde fumes, and the soil should be allowed to stand for 10 days before seeds are planted in it. From two to three weeks usually is required for appearance of seedlings after planting, the time of germination varying with the temperature. Under very favorable conditions seedlings may appear in 10 days, while in cool weather they may not appear for a month. Seed taken directly from a fruit germinate at the same rate as seed which have been dried. Seedlings are ready to set in the field when they have reached a height of about 4 inches, usually attained in from 2 to 3 months from planting. (Fig. 10). At this time the plants in each community pot should be thinned by removal of the weaker seedlings, leaving two in each pot of the bisexual type and four of the unisexual type. Shade-grown plants should be hardened for field conditions by being transferred to a sunny location for a week before setting. If flats or seedbeds are used seeds should be planted 1 inch apart in rows 3 inches apart. The seedlings should be trans- planted as soon as they have developed the third leaf, usually in about three weeks from germination. Transplanting may be to pots or cans or to a nursery row. In the latter case the seedlings should be spaced at least 3 inches apart in rows 6 inches apart, to permit final setting out with as much root sys- tem as possible. Pots should be at least the 3-inch size, and cans of similar diameter, with holes in the bottom for drainage. Fig. 10.-Papaya plants in community pots of felt paper. Left, plants 60 days old ready to set in field; center, plants 45 days old; right, pots just planted. Papaya Culture in Florida In any case, the seedlings should be set in the field when about 4 inches high, as later planting means greater proportional loss of root system. Plants can be set in the field when more than 2 feet high, if grown in large enough containers or in deep seedbeds, but it is not a desirable practice to allow them to be- come more than 6 inches high before setting. Since plants cannot safely be set in the field until late March or April in many sections of Florida, seed should not be planted in such areas until January. In the warmer parts of the state, where most papayas are grown, they can be set in the field at any time of year. However, best results are obtained even here by planning to set out plants in March or April, so that they have all spring and summer-the period of most favorable grow- ing conditions-for developing to the fruiting stage. The first fruit will probably mature in November, or perhaps in October, from January seeding, and the mature plants will bear all win- ter and the succeeding year. In the colder sections of the state the plants can hardly do more than reach maturity by the end of the first year, but if the winter is exceptionally mild the plants should fruit well the second year. PLANTING Holes for papayas should be 8 to 10 feet apart, both in the row and between the rows. Since the papaya is very particular about good drainage, it is important to make careful arrange- ments for this in low ground. The rows should be on beds with a good water furrow between every pair of rows. Holes should be excavated to a depth of 1 foot and a width of 2 feet in sandy soil. On the rocky soil of southern Dade County it will be ad- vantageous to blast shallow holes or to scarify very deeply down the rows. Half a bushel of well rotted stable manure, or better still, of chicken manure, should be put in each hole and mixed with the top soil returned to the hole. If no manure is avail- able 5 pounds of high grade fish tankage or guano is recom- mended for mixing with the soil in the hole. Plants grown in community pots should have the container removed from about the soil cylinder before they are set. Felt paper pots can be set at the proper soil depth and the paper re- moved without disturbing the soil cylinder at all. Then the top soil is filled in around the soil cylinder. With tin cans which have been cut before filling with soil, more care is needed in handling Florida Agricultural Extension Service if the soil and plants are to be set without disturbance. Where in- dividual plants have been grown in small tin cans they should be removed from the cans before being set, lest the can rust too slowly and roots be hindered in development. If plants have been transplanted to nursery rows instead of being potted, it is well to cut through the soil between the plants both ways before lifting. Then each section of soil with a plant in the center can be lifted out nearly entire, with little disturb- ance of the root system. If plants have been allowed to remain in the nursery row so long that considerable injury to the roots must occur on setting, the older leaves should be cut off just at the juncture of the blade with the leaf-stalk, leaving only the partly developed terminal leaves. Plants should not be set any lower in the ground than they were in the pot or nursery row. Rather they should be set a little higher to allow for later settling of the soil. The papaya plant will quickly decay around the base at ground level if water can collect there permanently. Having set the plants and firmed the soil around them, a shallow basin should be made around the hill, with a diameter of a foot or so. A thick mulch of grass, peat moss or any other material which will hold water and shade the ground should be placed around the plants in this basin. Water should be applied liberally every few days until the plants are well established. With plants of the unisexual type it is best to set four in a hill, 2 inches apart. When these reach blooming age, so that their sex can be distinguished, males or weak females can be re- moved, leaving the bearing plants in place. This will assure the presence of at least 1 female in 95%" of the hills. In rare in- stances where no vigorous female is present in a hill, one can be transplanted from a hill with excess strong females. In such case it is important to observe the precautions indicated above for plants left too long in the nursery row. Similarly, in cases of bisexual types it is well to set two plants in each hill, to allow for removal of off-type or weak plants at blooming. It will be ob- served that plants grown in community pots will already have the proper number for a hill in each pot. To assure pollination in plantings of the unisexual type, at least 1 male plant should be left in the field for each 24 female plants. Leaving a male in every fifth hill in every fifth row will accomplish this. No hill should contain more than one plant at fruiting. Papaya Culture in Florida FERTILIZATION The papaya plant makes a very vigorous and rapid growth if well fed, and as plants which are kept in healthy growing condi- tion constantly are most likely to yield profitable crops of fruit, it behooves the grower to see that his plants have plenty of nour- ishment. The experience of successful growers indicates that during the first 6 months after plants are set in the field a fertilizer high in nitrogen and relatively low in phosphate and potash may be used. Chicken manure is a favorite fertilizer for young papayas, and both guano and fish tankage are highly esteemed. Ten pounds of chicken manure should be applied every 30 days, beginning about a month after setting, and con- tinuing until the first fruit is nearly full size. If guano, tankage, cottonseed meal or castor pomace is used, the amounts may be considerably reduced. One pound of 16% guano equals 2 pounds of 8% cottonseed meal, about 15 pounds of chicken manure or about 25 pounds of stable manure. This gives a rough indication of how to judge quantities, although quality may not be equal. After plants have set fruit, the organic materials should be supplemented by an 0-10-10 fertilizer applied at the rate of / pound per tree each month. Excellent results have been obtained by many growers by using commercial mixed fertilizers from the start. Beginning a couple of weeks after the plants are set in the field, a 4-8-5 mixture is used, with at least 25 % of the nitrogen from organic sources and containing 3 units of available MgO. This should be applied bi- weekly, starting with 1/ pound per hill and increasing gradually until by the end of six months the rate is 1/2 pound. This rate is continued so long as yields warrant keeping the plants in produc- tion. If yellowish green foliage shows that plants are not getting enough nitrogen, an extra application of 1/ pound of nitrate of soda may be made. Consecutive applications of fertilizer should not be made if there is no rain between them, unless irrigation is used. Roots of the papaya will forage widely and fertilizer should be spread out over the whole feeding area of the roots, not simply dumped near the trunk of the plant. MULCHING AND IRRIGATING The papaya plant should be kept in active and vigorous growth at all times, if its culture is to be successful. For this end, Florida Agricultural Extension Service regular and frequent applications of fertilizer are not sufficient. The plants need a heavy mulch of grass, peat moss, sawdust or some other material which will conserve moisture and pro- tect the soil from over-heating as well as from drying. This will also help control root-knot. In a small backyard plot of 100 trees or less, watering can be done with a garden hose. When papayas are grown on a larger commercial scale careful consideration should be given to irrigation facilities. Successful papaya culture requires an abundant supply of water for the plants. Once checked in their growth, papaya trees never recover satisfactorily. THINNING OF FRUIT Sometimes several papaya fruit set in a cluster, instead of only a single fruit at each node. Unless the fruit is of small size there is likely to be some damage resulting from crowding, with some fruit broken off by its own weight when another offers leverage. Control of insects is more difficult also when fruit is crowded, and many fruit may be deformed by pressure. Under such conditions it will probably pay to thin the clusters of fruit, leaving not more than two at a node, or even a single fruit only when they are above four or five pounds weight at maturity. The sooner this is done after fruit is set, the better. PICKING, PACKING AND SHIPPING The papaya fruit usually turns yellow at maturity, the imma- ture fruits being a dark green color. Fruit for shipping should be picked when distinct traces or streaks of yellow color are visible. At this stage fruit will ripen with practically as good flavor as will fruit allowed to mature fully on the plant, and it will still carry for several days before becoming soft. Fruit wanted for local consumption should be left for one or two days longer than fruit for shipping, but should rarely be left on the tree until full yellow color has developed. Such fully ripened fruit is not only hard to handle, even for local markets, but is likely to suffer damage from attacks by birds and wasps, and may fall from the tree because of the ease with which the fruit stem pulls out of the fruit at full ripeness . Not all varieties develop yellow streaks as indications of in- cipient ripening, and some do not even become yellow at full maturity. The Betty variety indicates the harvesting condition Papaya Culture in Florida by development of a bronze color around the apex of the fruit. Familiarity with the characteristic maturing behavior of each variety is essential in order to be sure of recognizing the stage of maturity suited to harvesting with best results. Great care must be exercised in picking and handling the fruit, as the skin is very thin and easily injured. Buckets or field boxes used in harvesting the fruit should be padded or lined. Excelsior or hay covered with paper, or burlap alone, makes satisfactory lining for fruit containers. Truck bodies used for hauling papayas in bulk need similar protection. Since the papaya fruit has a skin which bruises easily, harsh packing materials must be avoided. The fruits may be wrapped in one or two thicknesses of newspaper or packed with shredded paper. The avocado lug is a good container for smaller sizes of fruit, and the quarter box for the larger ones. Containers should hold only one layer of fruit, as the weight of the upper layer is likely to crush a lower one somewhat. Containers of corrugated fibre board, with partitions between the individual fruits, have been especially satisfactory, since papayas cannot be packed with any degree of pressure on the fruit, such as common bulge packs of tomatoes or citrus fruits entail. Cold storage of papayas has not proven very satisfactory. In some cases fruit fully colored but still firm has been found by Wardlaw and his colleagues in Trinidad to remain in good condition for two weeks at 45' F., and to ripen properly there- after on removal to ordinary room temperature. In other cases this was not so. Fruit just beginning to show color, or fully green still, was not stored with success at any temperature be- tween 30 and 60 F. At lower temperatures than 50" F., the chilling of the fruit prevented proper ripening later, while at higher temperatures the loss from fruit diseases became excessive in a few days. YIELDS AND RETURNS The papaya tree bears enormous crops under optimum condi- tions. It is not exceptional for trees to have 50 fruit at one time, ranging from fully grown to very small, and new fruits are con- tinually produced over a period of many months. Such favored trees may bear 300 pounds of mature fruit during a producing life of 15 months. However, for normal expectation in a com- mercial planting, an average yield of 20 to 40 fruits during a Florida Agricultural Extension Service bearing life of 12 to 18 months is a reasonable estimate if the planting is well cared for and has favorable weather conditions. The average yield on a weight basis would probably be from 75 to 150 pounds per tree. The size of the fruit varies with the type or variety, and ranges from the 1 pound Solo variety to the 15 or 20 pound fruit of some Cuban types. In general the smaller sizes are preferred for the fresh fruit trade, and the larger sizes for processing plants. Fruit of from two to four pounds weight, with attractive yellow skin color and an orange or red flesh color if possible, and with good flavor, is most desirable for sale as fresh fruit. Such small size fruit packs and ships better than larger and heavier fruit. Even in these small sizes, a thick flesh is highly desirable. Returns on fresh fruit are largely proportional to the energy expended in contacting consumer markets. The highly perish- able nature of the fruit does not make it well adapted to the usual consignment of shipments to brokers. The successful shipper usually has contacted markets among hotels, restaurants and fancy fruit stores and makes regular shipments. Most fresh fruit is sold locally, or at least within the state. In the past few years a large market has developed within the state for fruit to be processed in various ways as discussed under another section of this bulletin. The outlet thus made available is far larger than that for fruit to be consumed fresh, and plantings have been increased greatly to supply this mar- ket. In consequence of the relative newness of this market, and the influence of imported Cuban fruit on the price paid at pro- cessing plants, returns have fluctuated widely. DEVELOPING NEW VARIETIES AND SEED SELECTION There are very few varieties of papaya, in the sense in which the horticulturist uses the word "variety." Most so-called va- rieties are somewhat indefinite types, with considerable vari- ation exhibited in seedlings from a single fruit. Until several fairly pure lines have been segregated, there is not much oppor- tunity for breeding by recombination of characters, but a great deal can be done by growers who wish to practice mass selec- tion. At present it is difficult to obtain a quantity of seed of known quality and uniformity, although one or two fairly reliable varieties are commercially available. The grower who wishes to save seed for his own use should Papaya Culture in Florida keep in mind certain principles. Seed should be saved only from plants which have carried a heavy crop of fruit of desirable size, shape and flavor. If the plant produces perfect flowers, i.e., is a bisexual type, several of these flowers should be bagged before they open, to prevent any chance of pollination from another plant. Usually these bagged flowers will set fruit, but if these flowers do not set any, it may be necessary to hand pollinate some later ones. The bag is removed after the flower opens its petals, and pollen from one of its own stamens is dusted onto the large expended stigma which surmounts the "fruit" or ovary. Glassine bags are very satisfactory, because they enable the grower to see when the flower opens. After the flower is pollinated the bag should be replaced and kept there until the petals wither. Identification tags should be attached to the flower stalk at the time the flowers are bagged. Large scale seed producers may find it desirable to bag flowers from the beginning of flower production, bagging them on a great many plants and discarding the tags on plants which later prove to have fruit of undesirable character. Until some progress has been made toward segregation of a definite type, however, it is more satisfactory to wait until the first fruits mature be- fore selecting plants for seed production. The long bearing life of the papaya makes this easily possible, and a very few fruits will provide many hundred seeds for further trial and selection. If the plant selected has only pistillate flowers, i.e., is a female tree, then the only possible course is to select pollen from some vigorous male plant produced from the same original fruit as the female plant selected. If that cannot be done, a male must be chosen at random, and in succeeding generations can be selected as above. Of course the female flower should be bagged and tagged before the petals open, and the bag removed only long enough to dust pollen onto the stigma. When the petals have withered there is no longer chance of pollination from any unknown source. In either of the above cases there will be considerable varia- tion from the parent fruit type, except in the case of varieties already selected on this basis for some generations, but there will be less variation than if these precautions had not been taken. If from these selected seeds the best seedlings are again selected the next year in the same way, it will be possible in a few years to build up a type which will be fairly free from undesirable Florida Agricultural Extension Service variations and may properly be considered a variety. It is not possible to increase the absolute quality of this type by selection, but it is possible to eliminate most of the variation from that type. Likewise it is possible to increase greatly the proportion of bisexual progeny in a line which produces bisexual, male and female forms, by constant selection of bisexual forms and self-pollinating them. If quality can be selected at the same time, i.e., if bisexual types of the best quality are available for Fig. 11.-Small fruit (6 inches long) of bisexual type. Note small seed cavity. selection, it is the opinion of most of those who have studied the question carefully that the bisexual type is the ideal one. It eliminates the problem of the selection of males in dioecious types, and it permits both greater simplicity of self-pollinating (since mere bagging often does this) and elimination of non- fruiting plants from the seedlings raised. Present information indicates that it is not possible to have a bisexual variety which will reproduce entirely true to sex type, but about 67 percent of bisexual progeny can be secured with the balance wholly females. It cannot be too strongly impressed on the prospective papaya grower that he must strive always for certain definite fruit characteristics: small, compact size and high quality flavor for the fresh fruit market, and large size and quantity of production for the processing market. The most desirable physical type for the fresh fruit trade is one with relatively thick flesh and a small seed cavity, not over half the body diameter (Fig. 11), Papaya Culture in Florida but many types of good flavor will be worth growing in spite of a large seed cavity (Fig. 12). The grower who does not wish to attempt to save his own seed should be very careful about the seed he buys, inquiring carefully into the manner in which it was produced and the qualities of the parent type. If it is Fig. 12.-Small fruit (6 inches long) of pistillate type. Note large seed cavity. only seed from large fruits, or even from large fruits of heavy yielding plants, he may better save his own. If the seed has come from self-pollination in a type selected over several years, and the qualities of that type are fairly uniform, then he may buy confidently. The cost of growing plants which bear poor fruit is just as high as that for good fruit, and the grower cannot afford growing any but the good. The cost of good seed is the smallest cost in growing papayas, even though the seed seems expensive on a pound basis. There are about 25,000 papaya seeds in a pound, or about 600 in one ounce. Seed may be stored for a year or more without appreciable loss of viability if care is taken to keep it dry and cool. The greatest handicap to seed storage in warm countries is the high humidity, assuming that care is taken to prevent insect infesta- tion. After the seed is removed from the fruit and washed, it should be thoroughly dried by spreading on paper in a shaded Florida Agricultural Extension Service place with good ventilation. The well dried seed can be stored in glass jars with tightly sealed tops, covered with paraffin if closed by corks but not if sealed by rubber gaskets. A dry day should be chosen for putting seeds in jars. FUNGOUS DISEASES In Florida there are only a few important fungous diseases of papayas, although several other minor diseases are sometimes found. These important diseases include the common leaf spot, fruit rots, and a leaf spot of unknown etiology which has become widespread and destructive in South Florida since 1940. Very recently papaya mosaic disease has been reported. In the West Indies this is now widely spread and very destructive, and Florida growers should be on the alert for it. The first symptoms are water-soaked spots on petioles and mosaic of blades of very young leaves. In a few weeks the whole crown dies, but lower buds may develop into branches. Control consists in cutting off infected tops as soon as possbile at least three feet below the tip. Common Leaf Spot.-This disease is caused by the fungus Pucciniopsis caricae Earle. Spots are usually circular, about 1/8 inch in diameter, and limited to mature leaves, but may also be found on the fruit, where they may cause rots as the fruit ma- tures. The upper surface of the leaf shows these spots first as pale or yellowish and finally as brown areas of dead tissue, while on the lower surface they appear black and slightly raised, owing to masses of black fruiting bodies. The spores produced from them rapidly spread the disease over the surface of the infected leaf and of other leaves. Severely infected leaves are able to do very little work, and usually they are killed completely and drop from the tree. The disease is usually most serious during the dry, cool seasons of winter and spring, when a large proportion of the mature leaves may be killed. Infection occurs only on mature (fully expanded) leaves and only on the under side of the leaf. Stevens states that if infected leaves are kept removed, three or four applications of 3-3-50 bordeaux mixture to the under surface of mature leaves at inter- vals of two weeks should serve to clean up a moderate infection. Under conditions that favor vigorous growth, papaya leaves appear to resist attack of this disease fairly well, and unsprayed plants may then suffer no more damage than sprayed ones. Fruit Rots.-These are caused for the most part by a species Papaya Culture in Florida of Colletotrichum, either the same as or very closely related to the species (C. gloeosporioides Penz.) which causes the rots of so many tropical fruits, such as black spot of avocados and mangos. Appearing first as small, dark, sunken areas on the rind of the full grown fruit, the spots develop rapidly as the fruit matures, until a decayed area as large as a silver dollar may result. After picking, the fruit decay spreads rapidly, so that a whole side of the fruit may be unfit for consumption by the time the fruit is soft enough to eat. According to Wardlaw et al, the fungus can infect the papaya fruit at any stage of its development, so that there is no critical period in which to concentrate efforts at protection. Sanitary measures seem to give better control than spraying. Infected fruits should be removed as soon as infection is evident, and fruits showing no infection should be picked before they develop full yellow color. Such fruit usually has early stages of infection and will become a source of further infection if allowed to ripen on the tree, since the spores can be carried by wind and water. Infected fruits and all dead papaya tissue should not only be removed from the tree but should be burned or buried deeply to prevent their infecting other fruit. Species of Diplodia, Phomopsis and other fungi are responsible for some rotting of fruit. Powdery Mildew.-This disease, caused by species of Oidilm, is characterized by a white, cobwebby growth over both upper and lower surfaces of irregular leaf spots. Powdery spore masses develop on the mildewed areas. Infected leaves soon turn yellow, the tissue dies and the leaves drop. The disease may cause con- siderable injury in a few weeks, but is easily controlled by dust- ing with sulfur. Two or three applications at 10-day intervals should suffice. Infection occurs only on mature leaves and is usually most serious in winter and spring. ANIMAL PESTS Papaya Fruit Fly.-This insect was introduced into Florida about 1905, and ever since has been a constant hazard of papaya growing. It cannot yet be controlled with certainty. It is called Toxotrypana curvicauda. This fruit fly is about half an inch long, and looks like a small wasp. The female has an ovipositor as long as her body proper. By means of this appendage she lays eggs in the cavity of the Florida Agricultural Extension Service fruit, her ovipositor penetrating the whole thickness of the flesh. While fruit at least half grown is preferred, the fly may lay eggs in any size of fruit available, from newly set fruit on up. The eggs hatch into larvae which usually feed on the seeds and the lining of the seed cavity until the flesh begins to soften (Fig. 13). Then they generally eat their way out through the flesh and skin, and drop to the ground for pupation in the soil. Thick-fleshed varieties are less subject to attack than thin- fleshed ones, since the eggs, cannot develop when the flesh is thick enough to keep the ovipositor from penetrating to the seed cavity. Of course young fruits of varieties with thickest flesh can still be attacked, but fruits half grown or larger will usually be immune. Larvae are able to attack the flesh of green fruit without injury to themselves. However, they do not like to do this and usually leave it alone until near maturity. Sanitation is an important item in control of this fruit fly. By picking up and destroying all dropped fruits or fruits on the tree which turn yellow prematurely, and by destroying also small fruits on the trees which show stings and scars and contain !T- Fig. 13.-Young papaya fruit (3 inches long) showing some tunneling in hard, immature flesh by larvae of the papaya fruit fly. Usually the larvae feed only on the seeds and their arils until the flesh softens. Papaya Culture in Florida discolored areas indicating that eggs have been laid and larvae are developing, the flies will be prevented from completing their life cycle. In the backyard papaya patch this care may be frustrated by a neighbor's carelessness, so that community co- operation is important. The commercial grower should destroy all wild papaya plants within a mile or two of his planting. An added measure of protection is the use of poison sprays. The adults feed eagerly on brown sugar syrup, in which an arsenical compound can be incorporated, as Mason pointed out. The poison bait used for the Mediterranean fruit fly may be used, taking care to apply it only as a fine mist and not allowing it to accumulate on the leaves until it drips. The foliage is easily burned by this spray if it forms large drops of liquid. The formula is: 1/ pound brown sugar 1 pint blackstrap molasses 1 ounce lead arsenate 2 gallons of water. It should be applied once or twice a week, so long as fruit flies are found, and should be applied to the fruit and trunk rather than to the leaves. The poison bait may also be placed in small containers hung from the leaf stalks of the papaya plants and replenished every week or so. This method gives less complete control but avoids foliage burn. Papaya Webworm.-In recent years a small caterpillar, Homolapalpia dalera, somewhat like the cucumber pickle worm, has caused much damage to papaya plantings. It forms a small web over the junction of the fruit stem with the trunk or with the fruit itself, and under the protection of this web it eats into the growing fruit or its stem. Spraying is difficult because the web soon fills with excreta. A spray of 2 pounds of 50 % wettable chlordane or 1 pound wettable DDT per 100 gal. water gives good control if applied with enough pressure to drive away the web. A ,further help is the use of a feather to brush out the webbing from the angle where it is formed, thus giving the spray free access to the fruit and stem surface. Nematodes.-The root-knot nematode, Heterodera marioni, frequently attacks the roots of papaya plants, especially if they are planted on soil which has previously been cropped to peppers, tomatoes, or other preferred hosts. Well fertilized and watered papaya plants are able to bear fairly well in spite of the root- Florida Agricultural Extension Service knot attack, but plants infected in the seedbed are not likely to develop into strong trees. Seedbed soil should be carefully sterilized, unless it is virgin soil. Heavy mulching is desirable for field plants as a moisture conservation measure, and this practice will also aid in keeping the root-knot organisms in check. Newly cleared land will usually be free from nema- todes, and old land can be freed from them by planting for a season with cover crops which are immune to their attack, while other plants are kept out. (Refer to Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bul. 311). Whitefly.-Occasionally a heavy infestation occurs of the papaya whitefly, Trialeuroides variabilis Quaint. This is often recognized first by the sooty mold which develops in the honey- dew secreted by the whitefly, making the leaves and stem black. The watchful grower will detect the beginning of the infestation on the tender new leaves at the top of the plant. Heavily in- fested leaves may turn yellow and drop, and the black coating cuts down the ability of the green tissues to make food. For control spray with 8 pounds wettable sulfur per 100 gals. water as soon as the adults are seen. Regular dusting with sulfur once a week will keep the whitefly out also, and usually two or three weekly applications will control an infestation which has started. Oil sprays are very effective, but only the highest grade of sum- mer oil is safe to use. Red Spider.-During long periods of dry weather, the red spider mite, Tetranychus seximaculatus, frequently attacks the foliage of papaya plants. This mite sucks the juice from the leaves, giving them a bronzed appearance and reducing their efficiency. Sulfur dust gives easiest and quickest control. 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Construction commenced on the Project in September 2015, the project is approximately 65% complete. We continue to make good progress on the Mountain Lake Playground Renovation. Completed work includes the majority of low landscaped walls, irrigation and drainage infrastructure, rough installation of toddler playground equipment, and foundation work related to the scrambling wall. Installation of the Climbing Structure and Climbing Forrest began earlier this week. The placement of these pieces will complete the rough installation phase of all playground equipment.
Upcoming work includes installation of the remaining landscape walls surrounding the summit area, installation of the concrete stairs and flat work, installation of rubber safety surfacing, landscaping, and installation of decking, and final playground finishes. Placement of many of the remaining features must occur in sequence. As soon as concrete is complete, installation of the rubber safely surface can begin, followed by installation of playground equipment finishes and landscaping.
Although the project has experienced some delays, the City's Project Management & Construction team is working tenaciously with the Contractor to reduce the back log of work. Project is scheduled to be substantially complete in mid to late January 2017.
We continue to be excited to deliver the project as envisioned by maintaining the quality and vision of the work. see attached for progress photos.
Feel free to direct any questions to the Project Manager, Levi Coniver at 415-581-2572 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Thanks for your patience and enjoy your parks.

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RIVAL VIEWS: Wexford FC media officer Shane Marron speaks to #BTS
It was heart-breaking to me personally, and a shock to us all when the news broke regarding the end of Wexford Youths. It was a well-run club, with great people involved. But in football, as in life, things move on, and as much as we can sometimes want them to, things cannot stay the same forever. You have to just pull up your socks, and get on with things.
So what about Wexford FC then? Off the field, the club is being run well. We have great people involved (again), and we make sure to live within our means. On the field, it has been a difficult time. To go 12 games without a win was so cruel. Prior to playing Longford at home earlier in the season we were playing a 4-4-2 system and we possibly looked a little soft through the middle. But then the management introduced a 5-3-2 system and things started to look up (starting with a 0-0 draw against De Town). I feel we were desperately unlucky to have only picked up 2 points in that second block of 6 games. We played really well at times, but the aim of the game is to put the ball in the net, and we weren't (still aren't) doing it with consistency – a problem that I'm sure the fans at the CCS can relate to.
Last time out against Shelbourne, we finally picked up the win that our performances in recent weeks deserved. Thomas Croke's 3rd minute shot trickled past Dean Delany – but who cares if it was scored like that or a 40 yard screamer? Not me anyway! It was a goal and it gave us our first win.
I'm sure there were many people looking from the outside who scoffed at us only picking up our first win of the season in week 13 (that left us still rooted to the bottom of the table), but when you put in such hard work for something that you love so much, it makes those nights even more special.
Volunteering at an LOI club really is a labour of love. For me, most days are spent at work, and then when I get home, I'm on to my second job – Wexford FC. I'm not looking for any special praise, there are many of us in the same boat, but please have a think about the effort people put in to running their club before you throw negative comments around. It's a thankless task. My experience has found that many people are quick to criticise, but slow to stand up and make a difference.
So there you go, a small amount of what's in my head, transformed in to words for you to read. I could write for hours about my love for my club, and all the good work that goes on behind the scenes, but for the most part, people wouldn't want to listen. We have a great young management team, and a great young squad of players (average age versus UCD a few weeks back was just a little over 21). I know for a fact that the low points of this year will stand to us in the latter half of this season and indeed, seasons ahead. For those seasons to come, you'll find me in Ferrycarrig Park cheering the players on. Make sure to join me for a cup of tea.


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Casey Neistat Inspires UNT Students to Do More
Casey Neistat's path to success where his daily vlogs easily reach a million views within 24 hours is not able to be duplicated. But that's okay. "There are no defined paths to succeed in a creative space. There are no 2 rock stars that took the same fork in the road," Neistat said in the latest lecture organized by the UNT Fine Arts Series.
The audience, which included a few GoPro recorders, welcomed him with a standing ovation as he entered the room with a camera of his own. The self-taught filmmaker lent inspiration by describing his experiences in figuring out his style of storytelling. It took a lot of failures to achieve the amount of success he has had. "Failure is what reminds you you're human, and it makes you better," says Neistat.
Before appearing on stage, a select few had the opportunity to meet Neistat in private. The self-taught filmmaker spoke with UNT Short Film Club and MFA documentary students for insight on the possibilities of finding success. Neistat says "Succeeding in video has never been as open-ended and undefined as it is now, which is both wonderful and terrible"
UNT also held a VIP pass contest in which students were asked to make a video on how Casey Neistat inspires them. One winner, Maddie Gallant, decided to pursue a degree in Radio, TV, and Film thanks to Casey Neistat. She says, "It's not just his creativity that inspires me, it's also his outlook on life. People who watch Casey knows he's a hard worker... His 'do more' attitude is something I really admire and look up to."
Seated comfortably next to the host Christopher Lee, Neistat credited his honesty for the success of his vlogging. His experience with YouTube taught him there's no time for BS. A vlogger who starts bullshitting in order to manipulate their public image won't stand up to the scrutiny of social media.
When asked if he has ideas planned for the next two months, Neistat admitted he has no idea. He says, "when I try to think about the future my head starts to explode." He related to the feeling college students have when they try to plan their careers and relationships after earning a degree. It's better to stay in the moment. It's the act of creating that yields worthwhile content. There are days where there is a concept he really wants to focus on, but for the most part his vlogs are driven by his immersion into the world. It's his 'do or die' attitude that keeps his energy up. It doesn't hurt that he constantly works out, and maintains a healthy diet.
Those who have watched his vlogs know it appears that Neistat has explored every nook and cranny in the world. Neistat gave the obvious answer when Lee asked, "what's the one place you'd like to go that you haven't been to yet?"
"Outer space." Neistat lamented that he had an opportunity to make his dream come true, but it fell apart. He assured the crowd, "it will happen."
Photos by Emily Cline and Brian Doore
Header image design by Sara Button


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An Afternoon: Maral Yazarloo, CCUOCO and Zeynep Kartel
It's hard to believe that the talent already showcased this weekend could possibly be topped, but yesterday afternoon the designers of Fashion Scout SS16 proved that the versatility is endless. House of Middle East & Asia with Maral Yazarloo presented a vibrant collection, entitled 'Deja Vu'. Outer-wear shone bright, in shades of orange, mustard and teal. Each colour reflected the positive energy the individual outfits had been labelled with; joy, pride, desire. We felt them all.
House of Middle East & Asia presents Maral Yazarloo
Beneath the thick fabric waistcoats and jackets, often clean cut with dipped hems and exaggerated pleats, the models wore soft brown, shift style dresses. The sleek leather and suede worked well as an understated canvas for the show-stopping velvet textured overcoats. Working with traditional Middle Eastern conventions, each garment exhibited intricate floral embroidery, reinforcing the differing ideas and moods.
House of Middle East & Asia presents Maral Yazarloo
In complete contrast, the CCUOCO collection brought contemporary, elegant yet provocative looks to the Fashion Scout catwalk. The garments came in dramatic shades; maroon, black, cream and midnight blue. The models were styled with either slicked, wet look hair, or bouncy curls, in-keeping with the current 70s trend. However, black lipstick and faux facial piercings defined the look as modern-gothic.
Exposed, raw seams were the highlight of the collection and perfectly framed the sheer panels, with organza adding femininity to the edgy aesthetic.The daring combination of harsh leather and sheer organza was a perfect representation for the many, and often contrasting facets of what defines a woman. A complexity which is key to the concept of CCUOCO's designs.
Day two saw elegant designer Zeynep Kartel return to the Fashion Scout run way. Her romantic, formal collection, pulled an eager and fashion-forward crowd. The pieces consisted of tailored waistcoat co-ords and floral, leaf patterned gowns, displaying both androgyny and femininity. Flashes of deep coral broke up the muted collection of navies and creams.
Zeynep Kartel
Zeynep Kartel
Zeynep Kartel
The neck line bared all or nothing, working plunging deep-v necklines or Bardot style capes into the dress design. Many of the floral gowns also exhibited sheer paneling and bare skin, a dominating trend from the styles presented this London Fashion Week.
Zeynep Kartel
To keep up with the latest trends, follow #FashionScout.
Words: Alexandra Craft (@alexandrasaidso)
Images: Maja Jankowska (@babypolsky) & Stefania Porcu (@stefaniaporcuphoto)
Editor: Fiona Nicholls (@fifinicholls)
Follow us on Twitter and Instagram to keep up to date!


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This meet up is for visual, UI/UX, and interaction design enthusiasts! We are focused on creating a community of designers in London where we can talk shop, share ideas and designs, and get to know one another.
We are always looking for speakers, so if you have an interesting project, exploration, or topic to discuss please get in touch! We are open to full-length talks (about 30 minutes) as well as shorter talks and demos (about 10 minutes) Just send an email to email@example.com
Sorry, looks like Design Lab London haven't got any events scheduled for the moment!
Who's part of this group?
In order to view registered members you need to be logged in with a "confirmed" Skills Matter account!If you haven't already done so click here to create a new account.
Find the "confirmation instructions" email we sent you when you signed up and click on the "Confirm Account" link.
Scaling a Design Team
Featuring Peter Bircak
Growing a design team has its challenges. Growing a UX design team within a delivery driven, asset management company, with no prior design capability, to a design team of 18 in a year and a half is a journey on its own.javascript cx ui ux design scaling
Open Mic Session
We open the floor to you, the London UI UX design community. If you're looking for feedback, partnership or advice on a project you're working on or simply have a question, this is the opportunity to ask the group & further the discussion at the social. Open to all.frontend design ui ux
Lifecake iOS Design & Dev Challenges
Featuring Artjom Popov and Anton Odena
Are you a visual, UI/UX, or interaction design lover? Come join MaterialUp for the last time in 2016 with the latest and greatest in Material Design, where those behind the beautiful designs of MaterialUp talk shop! Recently Lifecake iOS has been redesigned. We are gonna talk about design and...frontend ui ux visual design interaction-design ios lifecake mobile
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Northwestern redshirt sophomore C.J. Bacher, who is getting the first shot at the quarterback job, missed Wednesday's practices on the first day of contact after getting kicked in the shin Tuesday. Projected starting right tackle Austin Matthews remained in Evanston to deal with a personal issue, coach Pat Fitzgerald said.
Bacher isn't expected to be out long, but his absence gave redshirt freshmen Mike Kafka and Andrew Brewer more work.
ON THE NET: More Northwestern coverage at chicagosports.com/colleges


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The Wag Doll Protocol, Eating Clean & Looking Lean. So what does that mean?
Labels: eating clean, Wag Doll Protocol · Posted by Wag Doll
I want to mention one thing upfront. Quite often I say 'diet'....what I tend to mean by this isn't 'a diet' but more 'your diet'....as in what you eat.
And although I have a fairly short term goal for this regime, to tone up in preparation for an independent film I'm going to be working on, this is also my longer term approach honed over the last few years for reasons of health.
Read more for the full low down on The Wag Doll Protocol, Eating Clean & Looking Lean.
The Wag Doll Protocol, Eating Clean & Looking Lean
Labels: actress, eating clean, fitness, Wag Doll Protocol · Posted by Wag Doll
Hey lovelies!
I realise it's a few weeks since I've written a blog article, you guys know how it is, real life intrudes upon the wonderful world of blogging and creating. I have a couple of sewing projects completed and ready to write up, so these will be posted in the next few weeks.
But I do want to tell you about a new project I'm involved in, which I'm so excited about. I've been offered a part in an independent short film!….insert equal amounts of 'yippee!' & 'eek!' here.
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- Brand new look at fraction of the replacement cost (£850-£2500)
- Minimal disturbance (~8h of work at your place – rest in our workshop)
- Colour – any colour you like really...
- Special 2 component paint designed for kitchen cabinets - resistant to water, alcohol, oils etc.
- Environment friendly solution – by keeping your existing kitchen you save a tree or two and a skip load of waste at landfill site...
Also apart from new finish we can install new handles, upgrade your hinges, soft closers, drawer runners and make new shelves if needed.
Process on site:
1st day (4-6h):
- removal of all doors, drawer fronts and items that can be removed to be finished in our workshop
- masking of all areas adjacent to items to be sprayed in-situ
- scuff sanding (dust free system) and cleaning with special cleaner/degreaser
- 2 coats of primer followed by 2 coats of topcoat (touch dry within 2h)
- Removal of masking and clean-up
2nd day (~5 days later):
- - Unpacking and installation of all doors ~2-3h
There is no need to empty the cupboards as all gets masked and protected.


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The Fort Myers Police Department reports it has located one of two individuals it recently highlighted in a release to the media. Ernest Foster (date of birth December 3, 1991) has been located as a person of interest in an active homicide investigation at 2210 Cuba Street. The FMPD Homicide Unit is still seeking the public's assistance locating Curtis Thornton (date of birth January 31, 1989) as an additional person of interest in the ongoing case.
If anyone knows the whereabouts of Thornton, please contact Detective Mali Langton at 239-321-8015 or call the Fort Myers Police Department non-emergency number 239-321-7700. Individuals with information regarding this case can also call Crime Stoppers at 1-800-780-TIPS (8477) remain anonymous, and be eligible for a cash reward of up to $3,000.00. Tips may also be made online at www.southwestfloridacrimestoppers.com or by submitting a tip on the free P3Tips mobile app. Please use caution as he may be armed.


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Discontinued Colors On Sale! All Sale colors are FINAL SALE. No Returns or exchanges please.
Snow, slush or rain won't keep you at home. Enjoy a hi-tech 100% waterproof oxford nylon with sherpa fleece lining and reflective trim all around - leash loop, adjustable neck & girth., all sizes have chest protector - washable!
A great warm outdoor coat. The fit is based on our best selling Precision Fit Parka Style in all of the popular 7 sizes fitting dogs from XXS to XL!
Proudly made in the USA. Sports an AMERICAN flag patch - manufactured in New York City.
This coat is generously sized - so please read the chart and we would suggest that you choose the size that most closely matches your dogs' stats! It's not perfect . . . but between considering the weights, adjustments and back lengths the sizes are fairly accurate.
6 Sizes - Start with your dogs' weight. Extra Small-XL Extra Large up to 90 LBS
My Canine Kids- Cloak & Dawggie stands behind all of our products. We will replace any and all manufacturing defects if for any reason one occurs. Please contact us and we will promptly be back to you with instructions!
4500 Denim Splash Snap n Go Print Harness
oly nylon clever digital printing - Fashion splash print in classic hybrid over the head harness styled for the bigger dogs. Constructed with 2 Duraflex buckles - and 3 layers for rugged wearability. Front has no pull dring if you want to use as a front leader. Having 2 side buckles keep the harness in place as you're walking. A great harness combining the best of a fabric padded harness with the stability and adjustability of the web harnesses. Washable. Fitting sizes XS to XXL
4556 Denim Splash Print Dog Leash
Denim Print Dog Leash
Coordinate with Harness #4500 Snap n Go
For dogs 5-120 LBS
And collar
Denim Print Splash Collars
Matches denim splash print dog harness
3112 Walk Fit Sport Rugged Reflective Mesh Harness
Discontinued Colors 40% OFF!!! FINAL SALE for ALL SALE COLORS! No Returns or Exchanges.
Hi-tech dog harness designed for fun and function. Developed to fit most breeds - from 15 - 120 LBS.
Breathable 3 layer padded construction for comfort and durability. Balanced fit with adjustable contoured quick release side buckles allowing for that perfect fit!
5 Sizes. Fits 15 LBS - up to 120 pounds. Geared for small to extra large dogs!
Size - start with weight.
2450 Mighty Dog Stretch Jacket for Barrel-Chested Dogs
Specifically designed for the barrel-chested and fuller dogs.
The clever stretch underside of thick neoprene to conform to the shape of the chest and allow stretch for the thicker necks of these breeds.
Side snap closures stay snug and easy to put on - dog steps into one side and you fasten the snaps at top and bottom.
Back lengths are a bit shorter than our regular parkas as these dogs tend to be shorter and stockier in build.
Constructed of waterproof oxford nylon shell w/a thermal layer and favorite minky fur lining - lightweight and very warm.
Clean sport styling with a leash split and reflective piping trim around the neck and back detail.
2200 Precision Fit Sport Parka Reflective Waterproof Lined Coat
Fully adjustable neck and girth. All sizes have front chest protector, fitting a broad variety of dog shapes & sizes. Reflective trim all around the body, collar, style lines. Made from 100% waterproof Supplex nylon with cozy fleece lining. Great all weather weight - not too heavy, not too light. Fully washable.
This coat is generously sized - so please read the chart and we would suggest that you choose the size that most closely matches your dogs stats! It's not perfect . . . but between considering the weights, adjustments and back lengths the sizes are fairly accurate.
8 Sizes - Fits Tiny - 160 LBS
Start With Your Dogs Weight!Then check measurments. If in between, go a size up.
Adjustable fit harnesses and coats will keep your precious puppy safe while they grow.
Start With Your Dogs Weight!


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2015 Best Choreography Nominee: Mara Greer for North Shore Music Theatre's "Shrek: The Musical"/
Before we announce our 2015 ArtsImpulse Award Winners, we are proud to present our 2015 ArtsImpulse Nominee Interview Series.
NOTE: If you were nominated for a 2015 ArtsImpulse Theatre Award, and you would like to participate in our 2015 ArtsImpulse Nominee Interview Series, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Mara Greer captivated our attention at North Shore Music Theatre's Shrek: The Musical with her active and inspired choreography, featuring tap-dancing rats, vibrant Fairy Tale Creatures, and a synchronized army of dolls in Duloc. In her Interview, Mara explains her choreographing process, her most important theatre/dance lesson, and some of her upcoming projects (she'll be all over the country so look for her coming to a city near you!).
Hi, Mara, and thank you for interviewing with ArtsImpulse. Can you start by telling our readers about yourself? Who are you, where are you from, and what do you do?
I grew up just outside of Louisville, Kentucky, and I attended the Youth Performing Arts High School there. Following that, I attended the University of Michigan and I got my degree in Musical Theatre. Since graduation, I have worked as a performer on Broadway and national tours, and in regional theaters across the country. For the past few years, I have started transitioning from performing into choreographing, something for which I have always had a passion.
Talk to us about your choreography for North Shore Music Theatre's Shrek: The Musical? What was your inspiration? What styles did you use? How did you develop your choreography and design?
One of the things I love about Shrek: The Musical is the variety of styles of dance, including tap. Tap is one of my favorite things to choreograph. My Dad is a tap dancer (and attended The Boston Conservatory), so I grew up hearing rhythm around the house. The majority of my tap training though, came from my high school dance teacher, Gail Benedict. She was in the original company of 42nd Street on Broadway and is a DIVA tapper. I also watched, and still watch, a ton of movie musicals. Gene Kelly, Ann Miller, Vera Ellen, Gregory Hines, Fred Astaire, the Nicholas Brothers, and Eleanor Powell all played a huge influence on how I choreograph tap numbers.
"Duloc" is another very stylized dance number in the show. While I did my own choreography for Shrek: The Musical at North Shore Music Theatre ("NSMT"), Josh Prince, the original Broadway choreographer, definitely had a huge influence on me. It's hard to reimagine already genius work but it was a challenge I was up for. Everyone, with the exception of Lord Farquaad, in this number is a doll. So, the dance had to mimic what a doll-dancing would look like. I spent a lot of time working in front of mirrors with this number, making sure every position was specific and precise!
What has been the most challenging number or show to choreograph? What was the more rewarding? Why?
The most challenging number for me to choreograph was definitely "Forever" in Shrek: The Musical. This song was new for the National Tour and London, and was not in the original Broadway production. When the new song was conceived, they also had a massive, dragon puppet built, that required four people for operation. It had one person operating the head (including the mouth and blinking eyes), the second person operating the wings, the third had the back legs, and the fourth was in charge of the tail. The person voicing the dragon was off stage singing in a booth. There were also four old knights in stocks rolling around on the stage.
Due to space limitations and working in the round, Michael Heitzman (the Director) and I had to completely re-conceive this number. The first change we made was having the person voicing the dragon on stage. This is an incredibly difficult song to sing, and it was written for somebody to be standing still off stage. I had to carefully choreograph for the dragon so that she was still able to breathe and sing the song. However, since we were in the round, I had to move her positioning multiple times throughout the number so that everyone in the audience was able to see her at some point. On top of that, she wore an amazing head piece, similar to the puppetry used in The Lion King in addition to a massive tail, making any movement extremely difficult.
The second big change that we made was turning the Knights into dragonettes, two women who served as her back-up singers. There were multiple challenges, but, honestly, those numbers are the most fun! They give you a chance to dig in and get creative.
The most rewarding number to choreograph was "Freak Flag." Building this number was a blast. It's a number about embracing who you are and being proud of yourself. Watching all of the fairy tales creatures dance their tails off (bears, witches, fairies, and pigs) was such a cool image. Creatures from different walks of life all dancing together and finally understanding that "What makes us special makes us strong" is such an important message in today's world.
What are some of the most important theatre or dance lessons that you've learned? Why?
One of the most important theatre/dance lessons I've learned can be summed up in a great quote: "Luck is when preparation meets opportunity." When I was a senior in high school, I played Peggy Sawyer in the fall musical 42nd Street. We were lucky enough to learn all the original Broadway choreography. One weekend, I had a scholarship to a dance convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. Because I had two shows on Saturday, I couldn't go to the first day of the convention. My parents both thought I should rest on Sunday, but I was determined not to waste my scholarship. So, at 6:30am Sunday morning, my mom and I piled into the car and drove to Cincinnati.
The day started with 8:00 am ballet, which is not my strongest style of dance. However, I have never had a ballet teacher like Judy Rice. She made it exciting and fun. During the class, Judy pointed me out saying she loved the passion that I had when I danced and started calling me Colgate girl, saying I should do Colgate commercials because I had such a great smile.
After that class, I ran into the tap instructor for the weekend. Unfortunately, I had missed my tap class because it was on Saturday, but I stopped the instructor in the hall to say hello. I had read his bio, and discovered that he had done the National Tour of 42nd Street. I told him I was currently doing the show with all of the original choreography. He gave me a strange look as if he didn't believe me, and then asked if I knew the Sailor/Niffy section in the Act 2 tap ballet. I told him I did, and he said, "Well then, let's go . . . 5, 6, 7, 8!" We proceeded to do an entire section from the show; two people that were generations apart and had only spoken to each other for about a minute. Little did I know, Judy, the ballet teacher, happened to be watching the entire interaction. Afterward, she came up to me and said, "You know, I teach at the University of Michigan, and I think that would be a great school for you." To which I replied,
That is actually my number one school choice."
One audition and a few weeks later, I was accepted into the University of Michigan musical theatre department, all because I chose to not take a day off, use my scholarship, plow through 8:00 am ballet, and introduce myself to a tap teacher whose class I missed.
What are some of your guilty pleasures?
I really like baking. I got a Kitchen-Aid mixer about a year ago and it has changed my life! I also love playing board games; some of my favorites being Balderdash, Taboo, Quelf, and Mystery Mansion.
If you were stranded on an island, what are three things that you would bring? Would you go alone or bring someone with you?
Three things . . . this is a hard one! I would definitely take my iPod. Music is a must! I would also take the Harry Potter book series. My third item would have to be my cat, Molly. My husband and I fostered three kittens, found homes for two of them, and Molly stayed with us. When we first got them, we were up every three hours, bottle-feeding them. It was a huge undertaking but definitely worth it. As for the part about taking someone with me, that is a 100% YES!! I would bring my husband, Michael. I couldn't imagine going anywhere without him.
What advice would you give your younger self at age 10? Age 20?
I would probably remind myself, at both 10 and 20, to never stop dreaming. I try and remind myself that every day!
If you could turn back time, when and where would you go? What would you do? More importantly, what would you wear?
If I could turn back time, I would go back to working at the Pittsburgh CLO in 2007 when I did The Full Monty and tell myself to go out with the guy wearing the leopard thong. Seven years later, I would meet that guy again doing a different show and realize he was the man of my dreams.
What is one thing that all musical theatre actors should know? What is one thing that all choreographers should know?
All musical theatre actors should know that if you don't get the job, 9 times out of 10, it's not you. There is so much that goes into casting a show that actors can't do anything about. Maybe, a girl comes in and she is a perfect Fiona. She is beautiful, sings incredibly well, and reads her scenes impeccably. However, if they have already cast a Shrek and he is only 5'10," they need a Fiona that is 5'4" or shorter to create the illusion that Shrek is large. The best thing that you can do is go in and give your best audition, and then leave the room and not worry about it. Whether you're right for the show or not, you will always remember someone who gives a great audition.
I think choreographers should not be afraid to make mistakes. In this business, we are constantly striving for perfection. What if I get a bad review? What if the performers don't like my work? What if the theatre doesn't like my work? Fear and doubt are not good motivators. Make mistakes and try something new! Allow yourself to collaborate. That's how theatre changes for the better.
Do you have any upcoming projects?
In March 2016, I am heading to the University of Michigan to choreograph their spring production of Guys & Dolls. I can't even begin to tell you how excited I am to return to my alma mater and choreograph one of their shows, especially a show as brilliant as Guys & Dolls. After that, I am going out to California to choreograph Legally Blonde at the Sacramento Music Circus!
Do you have anything else to share with our ArtsImpulse readers?
I am so honored to be nominated for an ArtsImpulse award, and especially for working at North Shore Music Theatre. Les Miserables at NSMT was my first professional job after moving to New York and graduating college. That theatre kept me employed for several years (I also did Bye, Bye, Birdie; 42nd Street; High School Musical 2; and Hello, Dolly! with NSMT). To come back to the theatre that gave me my start as a performer, and now my start as a choreographer, it's hard to even put into words what that means to me. It is beyond special. I will never be able to thank Bill Hanney and Kevin Hill enough for that opportunity. And then, on top of it, to be recognized for my work with this nomination; I am incredibly humbled and grateful.


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Our Background.
We've traveled all over the world and it seems that no matter where you go, you can always find a way to cure that burger craving.
Opened in 2016 by the same team behind Alfie's & Tchoups Market, Lucky Buns is inspired by the tasty burger creations of South East Asia, Australia, the UK, and beyond.
Food Facts.
All of our burgers are hand formed Creekstone Beef, seasoned to order and cooked to perfection.
All of our pickles, sauces and spreads are made in house, in small batches.
Our produce is locally sourced whenever in season.
Our bread is fresh baked daily by Lyon Bakery here in Washington DC.
Our burgers have been featured by Washington Post, Thrillist, Eater DC & our Alfie's Burger voted "Burger of the Year' by BurgerDays.
We fry in 100% peanut oil.


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Owner Financing available with 30% Down. This beautiful 3 bedrooms and 2 bathroom property is located in Lake Buena Vista Resort, a condo hotel that offers many amenities including two community pools, spa, fitness center, shuttle to Disney Parks, and much more. Steps away from the most luxurious shops, within minutes of I-Drive, Walt Disney World, Sea World, and Universal Studios Orlando. Less than 3 miles from the entrance to Walt Disney World makes this property the perfect investment. It is centrally manage and it has a rental program that takes care of everything. It can be rented all year round and enjoy by the owners when they want to use it. Features a split plan (master separate from other bedrooms). This unit is fully furnished,TVs, linens,fully equipped kitchen, granite counter top. Everything you may need and more. It has beautiful balcony with a relaxing view. Master bathroom has garden shower, double sinks. Enjoy vacationing in a luxurious resort style community pool. These Luxury condos offer hotel like on site management for worry free ownership and rental revenue. Use this as a vacation destination for yourself, family and friends and as a revenue stream in between. One with an interactive pirate ship. Food/beverage pool side, Family sports bar, TikiBar, and general store, Restaurants and Outlet mall at close distance. All information needs to be confirmed and check by the buyer.
Listing courtesy of AMERITEAM REALTY INC..
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