text:
Australian archaeology is a large sub-field in the discipline of archaeology. Archaeology in Australia takes three main forms, Aboriginal archaeology (the archaeology of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia before and after European settlement), historical archaeology (the archaeology of Australia after European settlement) and maritime archaeology. Bridging these sub-disciplines is the important concept of cultural heritage management which encompasses Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander sites, historical sites and maritime sites.
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. In North America archaeology is a sub-field of anthropology, while in Europe it is often viewed as either a discipline in its own right or a sub-field of other disciplines.
Historical archaeology is a form of archaeology dealing with places, things, and issues from the past or present when written records and oral traditions can inform and contextualize cultural material. These records can both complement and conflict with the archaeological evidence found at a particular site. Studies focus on literate, historical-period societies as opposed to non-literate, prehistoric societies. While they may not have generated the records, the lives of people for whom there was little need for written records, such as the working class, slaves, indentured labourers, and children but who live in the historical period can also be the subject of study. The sites are found on land and underwater. Industrial archaeology, unless practiced at industrial sites from the prehistoric era, is a form of historical archaeology concentrating on the remains and products of industry and the Industrial era.
Maritime archaeology is a discipline within archaeology as a whole that specifically studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated physical remains, be they vessels, shore-side facilities, port-related structures, cargoes, human remains and submerged landscapes. A specialty within maritime archaeology is nautical archaeology, which studies ship construction and use.
Archaeological studies or investigations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and culture in Australia have had many different agendas through time. Initial archaeological investigation was often focused on finding the oldest sites. By the 1970s, archaeological research was concerned with the environment and the way it impacted on humans. In the late 1970s cultural heritage management gained prominence, with the increasing demands by Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander groups for representation in archaeological research. At a research level the focus shifted to cultural change of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through time.
Currently, archaeological research places great importance on Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's viewpoints on the land and history of Australia. Consideration is given to Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's belief that archaeological sites are not just capsules of the past but a continuation from the past to the present. Therefore, at a research level significance is placed on the past but also on the importance of the present.
The first settlement of Australia is a popular research topic both in archaeology and in the public arena. There is consensus that no human or closely related species evolved independently in Australia. This is because there have been no species of primate found in Australia, either in the present or in the fossil record. It is therefore assumed that the first settlers of Australia came from outside. At present the fossil record suggests that the first settlers were Homo sapiens , or fully modern humans.
The Hominidae, whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, which includes modern humans and its extinct relatives, and ancestors, such as Homo erectus.
In taxonomy, Homo sapiens is the only extant human species. The name is Latin for "wise man" and was introduced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus.
There is controversy over where the first Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people originated. Both of the two main theories postulate that the first settlers were fully modern humans. Asian genetic studies have demonstrated that there are similarities between Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, Melanesians and Indians. However, the suggested date of 60,000 years ago for initial settlement is quite early when compared to other areas of the world. This may suggest that the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population derive from an early African population which migrated along the south coast of Asia, at a much faster rate than other populations migrating across the continents of the Holocene.
Melanesians are the predominant inhabitants of Melanesia. Most speak either one of the many Austronesian languages, especially in the Oceanic branch of Malayo-Polynesian, or one of the Papuan languages. Other languages spoken are the numerous creoles or pidgins in the region, such as Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Solomon Islands Pijin, Bislama, and Papuan Malay. Melanesians occupy islands in a wide area from Eastern Indonesia to as far east as the islands of Vanuatu and Fiji.
India, also known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country as well as the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years before present, after the last glacial period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch.
The first settlement of Australia most likely occurred during the last glacial maximum. During this time Australia and New Guinea were joined as a single land mass called Sahul. The south-east Asian continent and islands were also joined as a single land mass called Sunda. It is theorised that the first Australians crossed the sea between Sahul and Sunda about 60,000 to 40,000 years ago. Other dates have been suggested, and this timeframe is not seen as conclusive. Sunda and Sahul had a permanent water-crossing, meaning that the first Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people had to make a crossing on the open sea (see Wallace Line).
New Guinea is a large island separated by a shallow sea from the rest of the Australian continent. It is the world's second-largest, after Greenland, covering a land area of 785,753 km2 (303,381 sq mi), and the largest wholly or partly within the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania.
Sundaland is a biogeographical region of Southeastern Asia corresponding to a larger landmass that was exposed throughout the last 2.6 million years during periods when sea levels were lower. It includes the Malay Peninsula on the Asian mainland, as well as the large islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra and their surrounding islands.
The Wallace Line or Wallace's Line is a faunal boundary line drawn in 1859 by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and named by English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, that separates the ecozones of Asia and Wallacea, a transitional zone between Asia and Australia. West of the line are found organisms related to Asiatic species; to the east, a mixture of species of Asian and Australian origin is present. Wallace noticed this clear division during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century.
Sahul is important in that in the past Australia was not an isolated continent, but was joined with New Guinea (and Tasmania). As such, New Guinea has also been the focus of archaeological investigations by Australian researchers.
The most important early sites in Australia are:
Rottnest Island is an island off the coast of Western Australia, located 18 kilometres (11 mi) west of Fremantle. A sandy, low-lying island formed on a base of aeolianite limestone, Rottnest is an A-class reserve, the highest level of protection afforded to public land. Together with Garden Island, Rottnest Island is a remnant of Pleistocene dune ridges.
Madjedbebe is a sandstone rockshelter in Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located about 50 km from the coast, in the Traditional Lands of the Mirarr people. Although it is surrounded by the World Heritage Listed Kakadu National Park, Madjedbebe itself is located within the Jabiluka Mineral Leasehold. Archaeological excavations have led researchers to suggest that Madjedbebe was first occupied by humans around 65,000 years ago. This is the oldest known site showing the presence of humans in Australia. This date sets a new minimum age for the arrival of humans in Australia, the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa and the subsequent interactions of modern humans with Neanderthals and Denisovans. More than 10,000 artefacts have been excavated from the shelter, including flaked stone artefacts, ground stone artefacts, animal bones, shellfish remains, fragments of ground ochre, charcoal, seeds and human burials. Some of these were buried more than 2.5 metres below the surface. Archaeobotanical investigations have demonstrated a clear exploitation of plant foods, including: seeds, tubers and pandanus nuts. Fuel wood was also sourced from a local eucalyptus and moonson vine thicket forest.
Devil's Lair is a single-chamber cave with a floor area of around 200 m2 (2,200 sq ft) that formed in a Quaternary dune limestone of the Leeuwin–Naturaliste Ridge, 5 km (3.1 mi) from the modern coastline of Western Australia. The stratigraphic sequence in the cave floor deposit consists of 660 cm (260 in) of sandy sediments, with more than 100 distinct layers, intercalated with flowstone and other indurated deposits. Excavations have been made in several areas of the cave floor. Since 1973, excavations have been concentrated in the middle of the cave, where 10 trenches have been dug. Archaeological evidence for intermittent human occupation extends down about 350 cm (140 in) to layer 30, with hearths, bone, and stone artefacts found throughout.
The change in sea levels means that the first settlements located on the coast would have been submerged.
With the settlement of Australia, it is most probable that Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people first settled on the northern coast, as this is the area closest to Asia. However, the actual spread of people and the settlement of the continent is debated, with three major models put forward:
There is significant debate over the date of arrival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people into the Australian continent. Until the 1950s it was often believed that arrival of the first Aboriginal people was within the last 10,000 years. In the 1950s, the dates were extended to the last Ice Age, based upon falling sea-levels at that period and the existence of landbridges linking the islands of the Sunda Shelf and the Sahul Continental Shelf with Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania. The discovery and use of C14 dating extended the dating to 40,000 years at Lake Mungo, and this was the date most frequently given. However, more recently, the analysis of sea levels has shown that coastlines 40,000 years ago were not as exposed as they were 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. The submergence of the earliest sites of occupation due to rising sea levels has meant that the earliest archaeological signature may in fact represent occupation much later than the initial time of arrival. [9] The difficulty in establishing a date of arrival earlier than 50,000 years has been compounded by the widespread use of radiocarbon dating and the supposed "radiocarbon barrier" which establishes 40,000 years as a limit to which C14 dates can be easily and reliably extracted. [9] This limitation has prompted many archaeologists, including Rhys Jones and Alan Thorne, to include thermoluminescence dating methods in their studies of early occupation sites. It is argued that 60,000 to 70,000 years best fits the evidence from the Human genome diversity project and a number of other new dating technologies. Some have proposed dates extending back 100,000 to 120,000 years, but these dates are criticised on technical grounds and are not accepted by most scientists. A recent study by Eske Willesev of the University of Copenhagen, of the genome of an Aboriginal man from the Western Australian Goldfields confirms that the Aboriginal population separated from the early human stock 70,000 years ago, in Africa or from Oman, and travelled fairly rapidly across south and south eastern Asia to arrive in Australia at least 50,000 years ago, before a second wave travelled into Europe and Asia, receiving some input from the Aboriginal people who had already made that journey. [10]
Rhys Maengwyn Jones was a Welsh-Australian archeologist.
Thermoluminescence dating (TL) is the determination, by means of measuring the accumulated radiation dose, of the time elapsed since material containing crystalline minerals was either heated or exposed to sunlight (sediments). As a crystalline material is heated during measurements, the process of thermoluminescence starts. Thermoluminescence emits a weak light signal that is proportional to the radiation dose absorbed by the material. It is a type of luminescence dating.
Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, and the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres, and the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants – around 11 percent of the national total – of whom the vast majority live in the south-west corner, 79 per cent of the population living in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
Earlier anthropologists believed that there were "three waves" of arrival of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to Australia, the first being the "negrito" Tasmanian people, who were displaced by "Murrayans", who in turn were considered to be displaced by "Carpentarians". These theories were sometimes advocated to disprove the Aboriginal claim to being the indigenous "first peoples". The fact that modern Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people cannot explain the Bradshaw figures of North Western Australia was also seen as evidence of displacement of earlier peoples by later arrivals. The finding of a robust skeleton with surprisingly so-called "primitive" features at Kow Swamp was also advocated as proof of an earlier wave of settlers to the continent. Dating of the Kow Swamp material, however, showed that rather than being earlier, it was in fact a lot more recent than the nearby Mungo gracile skeletons that more closely resembled modern Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Today it is thought that Aboriginal people throughout the continent are descendants of an original founder population, although this does not completely exclude some contribution from later arrivals.
For example, on the basis of genomic analysis, it has been found that 4–500 years ago a small band from the Indian sub-continent travelled to northern Australia and contributed to the genome of people living in the north. At that time the appearance of the backed blade tradition, the dingo and other cultural features have been attributed to the arrivals. [11] Nevertheless, it now appears that rather than a connection with the Indian pariah dogs, as previously thought, the dingo shows a greater connection to the dogs of East Asia, and the genetic bottleneck through which they passed may have been due to a single pregnant female, introduced through Austronesian connections 5,000 years ago. [12]
Some researchers, such as Tim Flannery, have put forward the idea that human settlement was responsible for the large climatic and environmental changes that occurred in Australia. [13]
The extent and causes of the Australian megafaunal extinction—generally placed in the Late Pleistocene—continues as an active debate and is a preoccupation among archaeologists and palaeontologists working in the Australian scene. Besides ongoing attempts to refine the dating and extent of the extinction event(s), much research is actively directed towards establishing whether, or to what extent, anthropogenic effects played a part in the disappearance of dozens of species of large-bodied animals formerly inhabiting the continent. Central to this question is a determination of how long humans and the megafauna species coexisted. Many factors have been considered as possible causes of the extinction, ranging from environmental variables to entirely human-based activity.
The most extreme theory is that Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were completely responsible for the extinction of these animals through extensive hunting. This theory is largely based on the overkill hypothesis of the Americas, where hunters travelled through the land exterminating megafauna. The overkill hypothesis is largely discredited (and not just in Australia), as there have been no confirmed discoveries of kill sites, sites that are found in other contexts around the world and associated with megafauna hunting. The sites of Cuddie Springs in New South Wales, and Keilor in Victoria, display some evidence of associations between Aboriginal stone tools and megafauna remains, but do not prove conclusively the overkill theory. Furthermore, the coexistence of Aboriginal populations with the megafauna tends to contradict the overkill hypothesis. [14] These writers suggest "threshold (for megafauna dieoff) was crossed between 26,000 and 15,000 yr B.P. when the arid area expanded further than usual and water resources in the woodland areas were severely reduced", although this finding is disputed by Roberts et al. [15] [16] It is clear from paleobotanical and palaeontological evidence that the extinction coincided with great environmental change. The high-resolution chronology of the changes supports the hypothesis that human hunting alone eliminated the megafauna, and that the subsequent change in flora was most likely a consequence of the elimination of browsers and an increase in fire. [17] [18] [19]
Approximately 18,000 to 7,000 years ago, many societies around the world underwent significant change; in particular, this time marks the rise of agriculture in many Neolithic societies. In the Australian context environmental change did not give rise to the development of agriculture but it may have contributed to the disappearance of populations of animals made even more vulnerable to depletion through hunting and marginalised grazing.
Arguably the oldest human remains in Australia, the Lake Mungo 3 skull was given the age of 60,000 years by Gregory Adcock and his researchers. [20] However, this claim has been criticised, largely due to the process used to analyse the skull and the claims regarding the dating and the mtDNA found. [21] Most people suggest that the age of the specimen is approximately 40,000 years. Sensitivities to handling Aboriginal remains means that specimens are not available for further research, so reassessment of the date awaits the development of appropriate ethical protocols.
The idea of intensification was put forward by a number of archaeologists, but the most prominent in developing the idea was Harry Lourandos. Intensification is an idea that posits that change in economic systems of peoples is controlled by social changes. This means that change can occur without an external force such as environmental change. The idea is derived from a 1990s debate about the Tasmanian Aboriginal people and whether large social/economic change was caused by environmental factors (see Environmental determinism ), or from factors within the society. [22] [23] The predominant view at the time held that in the case of the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people any social change was largely influenced by external, largely environmental, factors.
The evidence that supports this idea is that sites at approximately the same time (around 4,000 years ago) experienced increased usage. This is supported by increased site numbers, increased artefact density and an expansion into new environments. This evidence better explained as an artefact of archaeological research and conflation of independent events, by environmental factors, large population growth, technological change, or post-depositional factors.
Kent Flannery's model [24] of the broad spectrum revolution in which foragers diversified the types of food sources harvested, broadening their subsistence base outward to include more fish, small game, water fowl, invertebrates likes snails and shellfish, as well as previously ignored or marginal plant sources, would seem to apply to Australian hunters and gatherers. These changes were linked to climatic changes, including sea level rises during the Flandrian transgression in which:
Aboriginal people had a good understanding of local ecologies, and harvested many varieties of plants and animals in season. W.E.Roth talks about driving kangaroos into a 3 sided enclosure of nets "with the assistance of numerous beaters". Wallabies and emus were also caught in a similar way. Wallaroos were hunted with fire and beaten towards a creek, where they were killed with spears and sticks. [25] Animals were also driven towards set nets and fish traps were common. [26]
The degree to which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people on the Australian continent practised agriculture has long been debated by archaeologists. Earlier it was believed that Australian Aboriginal people were ignorant of the principles of agriculture, but this has since been disproven. For instance, Australian Aboriginal women in traditional societies often transplanted immature "bush tucker" plants found growing in unfavourable locations to more favourable spots. There were also a number of plants (particularly seeds and roots) that could have lent themselves to cultivation, and were used in making such foods as damper. Charles Sturt in his 1844 expedition to northwest New South Wales and central Australia reports seeing large haystacks built by Aboriginal people of seed crops. This was located east of Depot Glen Milparinka about 600 km from the Murray River. Firestick farming has also always been a technique used by Aboriginal people to open the canopy of closed canopy forests, introducing sunlight to the ground, and prompting germination of a number of foodstuffs known to attract kangaroo and other marsupials. This would encourage a more intensive land use than otherwise. But the main reason for the lack of agriculture in Australia is the extreme variability of the climate. Australia is the only continent on Earth, which, as a result of the El Nino Southern Oscillation, experiences greater variability between years than it does between the seasons. Such climatic variability makes farming very difficult, especially for incipient farmers who cannot be supported from outside their community. Australian Aboriginal people found that maintaining stable populations below the effective carrying capacity of the environment would enable an adequate supply of food, even in drought years, so maintaining a stable culture. This made hunting and gathering a more sustainable activity on the Australian continent than neolithic farming. Evidence of cultivation at Kuk in Papua New Guinea, from about 10–12,000 years BP (at a time when that island was joined to Australia, suggests crop raising was possible in the Sahul supercontinent when conditions were favourable.
Historical archaeology is the study of the past through material remains such as artefacts (i.e. objects), structures (e.g. standing and ruined buildings, fences, roads), features (e.g. ditches, mounds, canals, landfill), and even whole landscapes modified by human activity and their spatial and stratigraphic contexts.
The origins of historical archaeology in Australia are generally held to lie in archaeological investigations by the late William (Bill) Culican at Fossil Beach in Victoria, in Jim Allen's PhD research at Port Essington in the Northern Territory and in Judy Birmingham's work at Irrawang Pottery in the Hunter Valley of NSW. An increasingly important area of Australian historical archaeology studies the interaction between European and other settlers, and Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Underwater archaeology is archaeology practised in a submerged environment. It encompasses the pre-historic and historic eras. Maritime archaeology (the study of humans and their activities in, on, around and under the seas, rivers and estuaries) and Nautical archaeology, (the specialised study of boat and ship construction) are allied sub-disciplines of archaeology as a whole. Often the sites or relics are not inundated, however. Of late these various studies have progressed into the industrial and post-war eras. In mirroring their terrestrial roots, underwater archaeology, maritime and nautical archaeology can now include the examination of a wide range of sites ranging from the indigenous through to industrial archaeology and of late the study of wartime and post-war sites, including historic submerged aircraft. Better known as a sub-discipline of aviation archaeology, underwater aviation archaeology is arguably the most recent offshoot of underwater archaeology, having developed its theoretical underpinnings and a substantial corpus of fieldwork, research and publication work in the late 1990s. Maritime archaeology, the first of these sub-disciplines to emerge in Australia, commenced under the aegis of Jeremy Green in the 1970s after concerns were expressed by academics and politicians over the rampant destruction of Dutch and British East Indian ships lost on the west coast. After Commonwealth legislation was enacted and enforced after 1976 and the States enacted their own legislation the sub-discipline spread throughout Australia, as a result of on-going funding by both the States and the Commonwealth. While also encompassing the study of port-related structures (e.g. jetties, anchorages), lighthouses, moorings, defences etc., initially the focus in maritime archaeology was solely on shipwrecks. [27] Now far broader in its scope, in some states maritime and underwater archaeology is managed by museums and in others by cultural heritage management units. There are also numerous practitioners in private practice, or acting as consultants. Regardless, all practitioners operate under the aegis of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology (AIMA). [28]
Commercial or consulting archaeology (also termed cultural heritage management) only developed in earnest in Australia from the 1970s, with the advent of various state legislation requiring approvals for damage or disturbance to archaeological relics, such as the Aboriginal and Archaeological Relics Preservation Act 1972, in Victoria. The Victoria Archaeological Survey was established from the Relics Office in 1975. Historical Archaeology is generally protected by separate legislation, such as the New South Wales Heritage Act 1977, and the various other state counterparts.
Cultural Heritage Management for archaeological sites is seen in the context of wider heritage issues, and follows the principles set out in the Burra Charter or the Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of cultural significance.
From a handful of practitioners in the '70s, there are now more than 250 commercially based archaeologists in Australia. Again in Victoria, one of the first to establish was du Cros and associates (later absorbed by Biosis Research, renamed Biosis Pty Ltd in 2012). The Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologist Inc. (AACAI) is the professional body established in 1979 with presently about 50 full members. In New South Wales, companies such as Casey and Lowe and GML have specialised in large scale historical archaeological salvage.
Consultancy archaeology is primarily driven by development, and so is often at the centre of controversy over ownership of heritage and in particular the conflicting objectives of conservation and development. Aboriginal communities often ascribe a special significance to the places where archaeological remains have been found.
Protection and management of archaeology in Australia is controlled by Federal and State Government legislation including the Commonwealth Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984, The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act and the various state archaeological legislation such as Victoria's Heritage Act 1995 (covering historical archaeology) and the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. Several states maintain archaeological site inventories as the main management tool. The principle of most forms of archaeological legislation in Australia is to provide blanket protection for all archaeological remains and sites, whether or not they have been recorded, and use a system of permits and consents to control change to those sites. for Aboriginal archaeological sites, there is often a requirement for consultation with traditional owners, and they sometimes have a role in approving works that impact on archaeological sites.
Native title is formalised under The Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993 which establishes a framework for the protection and recognition of native title. The Australian legal system recognises native title where:
This is an abbreviated list of Australian archaeologists who have made a notable contribution to the development of the subject of Australian archaeology.
The Australian Archaeological Association is one of the largest and oldest organisations devoted to furthering archaeology of all types within Australia.
The Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology (ASHA) founded as the Australian Society for Historical Archaeology in 1970. Its aims were, and still are, to promote the study of historical archaeology in Australia.
The Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologists Inc. was founded in 1979 and aims to promote and represent professional archaeologists.
The Archaeological and Anthropological Society of Victoria (AASV) is predominantly a non-professional organisation, which was formed in 1976 in through the amalgamation of two earlier societies, the Anthropological Society of Victoria formed in 1934, and the Archaeological Society of Victoria formed in 1964. [29]
General books
Flood, Josephine, 2010. Archaeology of the dreamtime: the story of prehistoric Australia and its people. Revised edition. Marleston: Gecko Books.
Frankel, David, 1991. Remains to be seen: archaeological insights into Australian prehistory. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.
Frankel, David, 2017. Between the Murray and the sea: Aboriginal archaeology in south-eastern Australia. Sydney: Sydney University Press.
Hiscock, Peter, 2008. Archaeology of ancient Australia. Abingdon: Routledge.
Holdaway, Simon and Nicola Stern, 2004. A record in stone: the study of Australia's flaked stone artefacts. Melbourne: Museum Victoria and Aboriginal Studies Press.
Mulvaney, John and Johan Kamminga, 1999. Prehistory of Australia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Mulvaney, John and J. Peter White, (eds), 1987. Australians to 1788. Sydney: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon.
Lourandos, Harry, 1997. A continent of hunter-gatherers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
The principal academic journals publishing on Australian archaeology in Australia, are: Australian Archaeology , Archaeology in Oceania , The Artefact , Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, and Australasian Historical Archaeology , while some history focused journals such as History Australia also feature Australian archaeology related topics. [30] Several international journals such as Nature , Journal of Archaeological Science , Science , Antiquity and the International Journal of Historical Archaeology , often publish articles on Australian archaeology.
Diprotodon, meaning "two forward teeth", is the largest known marsupial to have ever lived. Along with many other members of a group of species collectively known as the "Australian megafauna", it existed from approximately 1.6 million years ago until extinction some 46,000 years ago.
Genyornis newtoni was a large, flightless bird that lived in Australia. Over two metres in height, they were likely either omnivorous or herbivorous. They became extinct 30±5 thousand years ago. Many other species became extinct in Australia around that time, coinciding with the arrival of humans. Their closest living relatives are fowl.
The Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands which lie in Torres Strait, the waterway separating far northern continental Australia's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea.
Torres Strait Islanders ( ) are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. They are distinct from the Aboriginal people of the rest of Australia, and are generally referred to separately. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland at Bamaga and Seisia.
The Gwion Gwion paintings, Bradshaw rock paintings, Bradshaw rock art, Bradshaw figures or The Bradshaws, are terms used to describe one of the two major regional traditions of rock art found in the north-west Kimberley region of Western Australia. The identity of who painted these figures and the age of the art are contended within archaeology and amongst Australian rock art researchers. These aspects have been debated since the works were first discovered and recorded by pastoralist Joseph Bradshaw in 1891, after whom they were named. As the Kimberley is home to various Aboriginal language groups, the rock art is referred to and known by many different Aboriginal names, the most common of which are Gwion Gwion or Giro Giro. The art consists primarily of human figures ornamented with accessories such as bags, tassels and headdresses.
Australian megafauna comprises a number of large animal species in Australia, often defined as species with body mass estimates of greater than 45 kg (100 lb) or equal to or greater than 130% of the body mass of their closest living relatives. Many of these species became extinct during the Pleistocene.
Fire-stick farming was the practice of Indigenous Australians who regularly used fire to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. Fire-stick farming had the long-term effect of turning dry forest into savannah, increasing the population of nonspecific grass-eating species like the kangaroo. One theory of the extinction of Australian megafauna implicates the ecological disturbance caused by fire-stick farming.
The prehistory of Australia is the period between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the colonization of Australia in 1788, which marks the start of consistent documentation of Australia. This period is estimated to have lasted between 40,000 and 60,000 years, or longer.
Lake Mungo is a dry lake located in New South Wales, Australia. It is about 760 km due west of Sydney and 90 km north-east of Mildura. The lake is the central feature of Mungo National Park, and is one of seventeen lakes in the World Heritage listed Willandra Lakes Region. Many important archaeological findings have been made at the lake, most significantly the discovery of the remains of Mungo Man, the oldest human remains found in Australia, Mungo Woman, the oldest human remains in the world to be ritually cremated and as the location of the Lake Mungo geomagnetic excursion, the first convincing evidence that Geomagnetic excursions are a geomagnetic phenomenon rather than sedimentological.
Aboriginal Australian is a collective term for all the indigenous peoples from the Australian mainland and Tasmania. This group contains many separate cultures that have developed in the various environments of Australia for more than 50,000 years. These peoples have a broadly shared, though complex, genetic history, but it is only in the last two hundred years that they have been defined and started to self identify as a single group. The exact definition of the term Aboriginal Australian has changed over time and place, with the importance of family lineage, self identification and community acceptance all being of varying importance. In the past Aboriginal Australians also lived over large sections of the continental shelf and were isolated on many of the smaller offshore islands, once the land was inundated at the start of the inter-glacial. However, they are distinct from the Torres Strait Islander people, despite extensive cultural exchange.
Cuddie Springs is a notable archaeological and paleontological site in the semi-arid zone of central northern New South Wales, Australia. Cuddie Springs is an open site, with the fossil deposits preserved in a claypan on the floor of an ancient ephemeral lake. The claypan fills with water after local rainstorms and often takes months to dry, a fact which facilitated the survival of fossils over a long period of time.
The History of Indigenous Australians began at least 65,000 years ago when humans first populated Australia.
The Lancefield Swamp is a rich fossil deposit from the Pleistocene epoch was discovered in the 19th century near Lancefield, Victoria, Australia.
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands before British colonisation. The time of arrival of the first Indigenous Australians is a matter of debate among researchers. The earliest conclusively human remains found in Australia are those of Mungo Man LM3 and Mungo Lady, which have been dated to around 50,000 years BP. Recent archaeological evidence from the analysis of charcoal and artefacts revealing human use suggests a date as early as 65,000 BP. Luminescence dating has suggested habitation in Arnhem Land as far back as 60,000 years BP. Genetic research has inferred a date of habitation as early as 80,000 years BP. Other estimates have ranged up to 100,000 years and 125,000 years BP.
The Lake Mungo remains are three prominent sets of Aboriginal Australian human remains: Lake Mungo 1, Lake Mungo 3, and Lake Mungo 2 (LM2). Lake Mungo is in New South Wales, Australia, specifically the World Heritage listed Willandra Lakes Region.
The Keilor archaeological site was among the first places to demonstrate the antiquity of Aboriginal occupation of Australia when a cranium, unearthed in 1940, was found to be nearly 15,000 years old. Subsequent investigations of Pleistocene alluvial terraces revealed hearths about 31,000 years BP, making Keilor one of the earliest sites of human habitation in Australia. Remains of megafauna suggest a possible association with Aboriginal hunting.
Harry Lourandos is an Australian archaeologist, Adjunct Professor in the Department of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, School of Arts and Social Sciences at James Cook University, Cairns. He is a leading proponent of the theory that a period of hunter-gatherer intensification occurred between 3000 and 1000 BCE.
Dr Jillian Maree Garvey is an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Award Fellow in Archaeology, specialising in late Quaternary Australian Indigenous Archaeology, at La Trobe University, Melbourne (Bundoora). As an adjunct to her research, Garvey teaches undergraduate courses and supervises Honours and Higher Degree in Research (HDR) level, including Archaeology Field School, at La Trobe University. Garvey is a Registered Cultural Heritage Advisor (CHA) with the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (OAAV) and a current member of the Australian Archaeological Association (AAA); International Council for Archaeozoology (ICAZ); Australasian Quaternary Association (AQUA) and The Royal Society of Victoria (RSV). Her research interests include Australian Aboriginal Archaeology, Experimental Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Late Pleistocene and Holocene Palaeoecology and Zooarchaeology and she is a specialist in the taphonomic identification of animal bones and invertebrate fauna.
The Unduyamo (Andooyomo) were an indigenous Australian people who once lived around the northern shore of Newcastle Bay, Cape York Peninsula Queensland. It has been hypothesized that, among other aspects of their life, they functioned as religious specialists for Torres Strait Islanders, whose mastery of increase rituals attracted the native mariners from the north. Together with the Gudang, who apparently spoke the same language and whose territory ran from Cape York to Fly Point opposite Pabaju, the Unduyamo had strong cultural, kin and trade ties with the Kaurareg, the southwestern islanders centered around Muralag, with whom they enjoyed an alliance that permitted reciprocal residence on each other's territory. All three groups regarded the Yadhaigana and Gumakudin as hostile.
Sahul was a prehistoric continent that consisted of Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania and Seram.


text:
Double bogey costs Justin Rose Sun City victory
A double bogey at the final hole cost England's Justin Rose a £725,000 victory at the Nedbank Golf Challenge in Sun City, South Africa.
The European No 1 and home favourite Trevor Immelman, who had both started the day on 16 under, were level on 17 under on the 18th tee but Rose pulled his drive into trees, had to lay up short of the water but then flew the green and duffed a chip back to card a six.
Immelman had problems of his own and could make only bogey - his third in succession - but still won on 16 under with a level-par final round of 72.
The South African, a late invitation to the 12-man event, had appeared to have blown…

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Direct Donation
Donate Today, It's Fast and Easy!
Direct Donation is a quick and easy way for parents to help improve their child's experience at Richardson Middle School. 100% of your donation supports the wonderful PTSA enrichment programs that would not exist without your generosity. Please do your part by making a donation to the RMS PTSA today! All donations amounts are appreciated.
By check: Make payable to RMS PTSA, put your student's name(s) and grade(s) on the check, and bring to registration, turn in to the school office, or mail directly to RMS.
Richardson Middle School
Direct Donation
23751 Nancy Lee Lane
Torrance, CA 90505
Online: Follow the directions to pay with your credit card or via PayPal, found below. You may make a one-time donation in any amount or a recurring donation in $25 increments in 4 monthly installments.
Corporate Matching: If your company has a matching gift program, please contact your employer and initiate the match. We will handle the rest. Questions? Contact Christine Anderson at email@example.com.
Restaurant Fundraisers
Shop With Scrip
Join us in raising money for RMS simply by using gift cards where you're already shopping. You can purchase gift cards online and a portion of the purchase value comes to us. You can also reload those same gift cards on the website, eliminating the need to receive your gift cards in the office after your first purchase of that card. Gift cards are able to be purchased at any time during the year.
When you place an order and we receive your gift cards we will allow you or your student to pick them up in the office after school. Please contact Miranda Rice at email@example.com with any questions. See the flyers for instructions.
Community Sponsors
Thank you to our Community Sponsors! We are grateful to the many businesses in our community that have contributed to Richardson Middle School's Direct Donation Campaign… either through the donation of gift cards/tickets or a monetary sponsorship. As a thank you, please consider visiting or shopping at these establishments!
Dr. Michelle Bischoff - DDS DENTAL PROFESSIONALS of SOUTH BAY - www.dentalprofessionalsofsouthbay.com (310) 375-6600
Gable House Bowl • Go Kart World • In-n-Out • Knotts Berry Farm • LA Galaxy • Laser Storm • Medieval Times • Riviera Mexican Grill • Skechers • Sport Clips
Rattlesnake Challenge
The 2018 Rattlesnake Color Fun Challenge was a HUGE success! Thank you to our event chairs, Gina Magee & Amy Ward, for planning an amazing event. With their army of volunteers, everything ran smoothly and the students had a great time. And thank you to our community sponsors, RMS families, and student participants! With your help, we were able to surpass our fundraising goal...and Principal Drummond, once again, celebrated in style!
Thank you to the following local businesses for their donations & support of our Rattlesnake Color Fun Challenge!
Book Fair
Box Tops for Education
More to come.


text:
New event pass, parking, and camping options added for 2019. Buy your tickets now!
We respectfully present sacred music from diverse global traditions, acknowledging dance music as fitting into the broader context of sacred and healing music. Beyond a unique mix of sacred music from around the world, we offer interactive art installations, live painting, local organic cuisine, and educational programming—including workshops on yoga, healing, relationships, social and environmental justice, and the music and wisdom of ancient cultures.
Click here for more information: https://belovedfestival.com
Sign up for an account and get your newsletters right away!
Support our mission with a tax-deductible donation!
4810 Pt. Fosdick Dr. NW #80
Gig Harbor, WA 98335
United States
© 2019 ProgressiveChristianity.org


text:
The team was split into two groups and sent out on a scavenger hunt across what's known as "The Royal Mile". After several hours of running around and taking in the city, we boarded a train to Glasgow.
Today was our first full day in Glasgow -- we began at TJ's house for orientation, talking a bit about the culture and spiritual climate of the city (with 1.7 million people, less than 1% are Christian). Still battling jet-lag, we were sent out to explore Glasgow as we did Edinburgh.
We ended the day at Patrick's flat with his family, TJ's family and Claire -- spent some time asking questions and getting to know each other over a delicious meal of fish and chips (chicken nuggets were had by some). We'll begin tomorrow back at TJ's for our next bit of "training" before heading to the area of the city we'll be working in for a majority of our trip.


text:
Renter+Select brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 53 Designs von 9 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
Renter+Select; RenterSelect
Renter+Select is an online property placement company that offers personalized leasing services to its clients. We offer our clients comprehensive leasing services by working individually with property owners and renters to ensure that they are placed in properties/matched with tenants who fit their individual requirements and criteria.
We are looking for a modern, yet professional logo. While the actual name (and domain) of the company is 'RenterSelect', we are interested in using a plus sign ie. 'Renter+Select' as part of our branding initiatives. We look forward to seeing how your creativity can implement the plus sign in the logo.
Our main target markets includes college students and other young adults. While the logo should reflect a modern, young, innovative style, we also work incredibly close with our property owner clients. The overall feel must be professional. No cartoon or childish feel to the logo please.
I will be incredibly active during this contest. I will be providing constant feedback to submissions in an effort for you not to waste your time and ensure that the ultimate product is what we are looking for. Please do not hesitate to post questions for me during this contest and I will respond back as soon as possible.
We have ongoing projects coming down the pipeline and will need future designer assistance. An ongoing relationship with the ultimate winning designer would be terrific.
Thanks in advance for all the submissions!
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


text:
how to build a bench frame Save and the inch pieces between both back legs and both front legs DIY bench frame Save Cut another scrap marker at about inches and use that as a guide to place the back support piece This is what you ll attach the back planks to back bench support Save Cut the × boards into
Jul , You know the ones that resemble antique pew benches Well after going back and forth on bench designs, we kinda dropped it because the plans were just too complicated I m all about simplicity But then when I pinned this bench, and of you repinned it (hey, thanks!) I knew we had to make some
Do you remember back when my friend Melissa built this Farmhouse Table and we shared plans here Well, guess what Melissa from the My husband got me a miter saw for our anniversary (I think he thought I was nuts) but thanks to all the easy to follow instructions I was able to build a bench! I don t think I ll ever but a
Inspired by benches at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, in Brooklyn, New York, this one is open bottomed so that the compost has ground contact It s made of rot resistant cedar boards spaced wide to promote good air circulation The seat opens for easy turning of the compost, and the back and arms make it a perfect perch
Some people get on the bench and curl themselves under the bar, some enter the bench from the back and slide in under the bar, and others just lie down and then get tight The key here is to At your chest, the width of your grip should make your forearms straight up and down (as perpendicular to the floor as you can).
Dec , Thank you for all the positive feedback on the Beginner Farm Table plans I posted earlier this week! We love being able to get back to basics, and make woodworking as accessible to as many people as possible, with as few tools as possible As promised, you ll find the bench plans following The bench
gluing dowels into rails for a picnic bench Photo by Kolin Smith First, lay out the frame pieces on your work surface and dry fit them to make sure the dowels line up with the holes remember that the rail with rabbets along both edges goes in the center Next, back the pieces apart, apply wood glue to the holes of one stile,
How to Build a Porch Storage Bench Overview Diagram and illustrated parts of this porch storage bench Illustration by Gregory Nemec CUT LIST You can use the cut list below or download the cut list to build a porch storage bench here x back legs @ inches x front legs @ inches x ? front leg side
Add inch wide braces directly under the seat, between the legs at both the front and back of the bench Use a countersink bit to drill a pilot hole, and secure this joint with inch screws to give the bench both vertical and lateral strength Just above the baseboard notch on the back side of the legs, add a × brace between
Modern Park Bench modern outdoor bench plans from ana Kid come first in our family, so of course, down goes the pretty blue swing, and back up goes the plastic fisher price baby safe swing It s totally worth it for the huge smile I removed the short legs, and replaced them with longer legs, to make a bench!
Remember a little while back when I teamed up with ShantyChic to get you plans for this truss table And we promised you bench plans were coming soon Well, we are very happy to come through on that promise to you today!!! Whitney from ShantyChic and I teamed up again so you too can build matching benches for
The first step of the woodworking project is to build the back legs for the indoor bench As you can easily notice in the diagram, we recommend you to mark the cut lines on the × slats and to make the cuts with a good circular saw Smooth the cut edges with sandpaper and remove the residues with a vacuum cleaner.
This step by step diy project is about how to build a wooden bench If you want to learn more about building a simple wooden bench, pay attention to the As you can easily notice in the image, I drilled pocket holes along the top edge of the back legs to secure the top support Clamp the back legs to the seat frame after
Step Build the back with pocket holes and pocket hole screws If you prefer you can also add the decorative pieces now (may be easier to work on a bench top instead of at the back of the bench later on) Step Instructions Build the seat framing either with pocket holes or self tapping exterior screws.
Feb , But to make the seat more comfortable, Jenny opted to use webbing for the seat and back And she also added the buttons in pattern aren t they lovely To get all the details, you must go visit Jenny and read her post on building this bench, and then part two of upholstering and finishing the upholstered
Jan , Truly I might be the worst blogger on the planet, I have projects all the way back from that I have never posted about Anyway, here is the tutorial for the ×, modern waterfall bench that we designed and built for our entry Below you will find the instructions on how to build your own DIY x Bench
This step by step diy woodworking project is about how to build a bench If you want to learn more about how to build a nice garden bench with back support, we recommend you to pay attention to the instructions described in the article Adjust the dimensions of the bench to suit your needs and budget Take a look over the
How To Build And Upholster This Easy Farmhouse Bench Part April , By Suzy Comments How To Build This Easy Farmhouse Upholstered Bench Worthing Court As promised, I m back today to give you the step by step tutorial for making the farmhouse upholstered benches that you saw when I shared the
Jan , Build your own farmhouse table with bench with free plans from Ana Remember a bit back when Ashley from ShantyChic totally nailed sorry couldn t help myself! Thanks to Ana s awesome plans and a little elbow grease, I have a gorgeous ft dining table and benches for only !
Aug , The organizing our volunteers and staff are doing in all states will not only help elect Democrats in November but also build the party s bench and infrastructure for the future, said Lily Adams, a spokeswoman for the Clinton campaign The rise of term limits in legislatures has hurt both parties efforts to


text:
Sat Dec 8, 2018 10:05pm
do you have any links or any substantiation for any of that
So there's quite a bit of speculation that tRUMP can be
Sat Dec 8 8:30pm
indicted on criminal charges by several legal professionals, DEPENDING on who & where the charges are coming from. The recent Justice Department release is the first one to come out with his obvious...
President Grant was arrested by a local policeman in D.C.
Tue Dec 18 10:53am
and paid a fine. (The misdemeanor end of the scale?)
Pretty sure that he was merely stopped not arrested
Tue Dec 18 12:11pm
and he was driving a horse drawn buggy himself, speeding through the streets, and hit someone. NO secret service. NO personal protections. The cop recognized him and Grant admitted his guilt, paid a...
I really enjoy little snippets of history like this story...
Tue Dec 18 12:20pm
They show how much times have changed... A president out and about without protections? Driving himself? A driver paying a fine to the officer on scene? The officer trusted enough to accept the fine? ...
I don't know if he paid the fine to the cop or in court.
Tue Dec 18 1:14pm
I expect he paid it in court as that was always the method. But yes, he was out without protection. Remember, he was not only POTUS, but a general accustomed to leading armies into war and a sloppy...
Here's the history. Appears he was arrested once, stopped 3x
Tue Dec 18 1:28pm
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-news-can-president-arrested-20181217-story.html Can a U.S. president be arrested? Hold your horses it's happened before Are presidents above the law?...
More on the story... This one sounds more like Grant
Tue Dec 18 1:52pm
https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2018/12/16/police-officer-who-arrested-president/?noredirect=on The police officer who arrested a president Amid President Trumps mounting legal problems, TV...
In my opinion, the US Constitution lays out very...
Tue Dec 11 10:56am
...specifically how a President can be held to account for any illegal acts - Impeachment. Impeachment by the House and trial by the Senate is the ONLY mechanism by which a President can be charged....
You may believe that, but EXPERTS have multiple
Tue Dec 11 6:39pm
viewpoints on the matter, meaning that it is NOT as simple as you seem to believe it is. The Federalist papers are NOT The Constitution. They were authored by 3 of the Founding Fathers to promote the ...
Some of the "EXPERTS" (your emphasis) are wrong.
Wed Dec 12 9:14am
If there are "EXPERTS" (your emphasis) on both asides of an issue, then some of those "EXPERTS" (your emphasis) are obviously wrong. You might be cowed into silence because of "EXPERTS" (your...
Has it escaped your attention that when experts disagree on
Wed Dec 12 1:23pm
issues, that whatever the issue is, it is NOT cut and dried, nor spelled out with specifics that cannot be taken more than one way. Such is the constitution. Much of it is unclear and requires...
Equally Plausible Reading...
Wed Dec 12 10:10am
The same clause could be read as delineating the process for a means of removing someone from office. This would not mean that the office provides immunity from criminal indictment or prosecution,...
True. NOWHERE does it spell out that a POTUS cannot be
Wed Dec 12 1:29pm
indicted while still in office. It simply lays out the process of impeachment, where it ends, and that an impeached POTUS can then be indicted too. It does NOT say that impeachment MUST be first....
Except that The Federalist Papers state the same thing.
Wed Dec 12 10:17am
Federalist 69: "The President of the United States would be liable to be impeached, tried, and, upon conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes or misdemeanors, removed from office; and...
What don't you understand about the Federalist Papers NOT
Wed Dec 12 1:31pm
having ANY legal force of law ??? They were written by THREE of the founding fathers for the purpose of convincing the STATE OF NEW YORK to ratify the constitution. They are NOT the constitution......
They have been referenced by the Supreme Court.
Wed Dec 12 1:47pm
When the "Fathers of the Constitution" write down the reasoning behind what was put in the Constitution, it's SIGNIFICANT! When attempting to determining the intent of the Constitution, you're...
So, if the President conspired to rob a bank, he's immune.
Wed Dec 12 8:57pm
You are silly. I'm going to repeat this simple thing for you over and over until you concede the President is not immune from being prosecuted for felonies. The end.
You Don't Get To Shift The Burden...
Wed Dec 12 2:11pm
The president is a citizen under the law. As such, he/she is subject to the law, just like every other citizen. Unless you can prove otherwise. Hint: the law does not state anywhere that the...
Mueller has also taken care to ensure that many of the
Wed Dec 12 4:12pm
things that will appear in the final draft against tRUMP are already out there in charges levied against others. He surely knows that tRUMP & company will TRY to bury the report. I read somewhere,...
I can use some goddamn common sense. You can't.
Wed Dec 12 2:55pm
When writing Number 69 of The Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton was, in part, trying to assure people that the office of "President" would have constraints and guards against abuse of power....
No Need For Inference...
Wed Dec 12 4:42pm
The default state is that unless explicitly stated otherwise, nobody has immunity from the law. There is no need for inference. The president has no such immunity. Impeachment would allow for removal ...
Exactly. All that Hamilton expressed was that Impeachment
Wed Dec 12 5:26pm
by Congress ENDS with removal from office but that impeachment does NOT end the legal liability or possible prosecution by Criminal/Civil courts for actions that ultimately led to the impeachment. In ...
Says YOU. Whooptie do dah.
Wed Dec 12 4:14pm
Actual constitutional experts have a variety of views on it because it's NOT so simple as you insist it is.
Why are you even here if you can't voice an opinion other...
Wed Dec 12 4:20pm
...than "Experts have a position on that, so I don't"? Which "experts" are correct - those who think a President CAN be indicted, or those who do NOT think that a President can be indicted? I think...
I didn't say any such thing.
Wed Dec 12 5:17pm
My earlier remarks had NOTHING to do with MY personal opinion, but with disputing the "absoluteness" of yours that NO other interpretation was reasonable. You turned it into an argument over whether...
So your evidence that a sitting President can be indicted...
Thu Dec 13 10:06am
...is that the Constitution doesn't say that a sitting President can be indicted? So even though the Constitution specifically includes a statement that a President can be indicted AFTER being...
Nope. Read the referenced post inside for details.
Thu Dec 13 7:57pm
http://disc.yourwebapps.com/discussion.cgi?disc=206964;article=700259;title=Civilized%20General%20Discussion Also, DO NOT presume to tell me what or why I believe anything.
That's fine. If that works for you, then so be it.
Fri Dec 14 9:45am
If you'll just go with "Experts say that a sitting President can be indicted", without giving your own opinion supported by facts, then good for you. I prefer to think for myself, but then...that's...
Obviously, you did NOT read my actual response.
Fri Dec 14 10:29pm
I don't need to give MY personal opinion on the matter since I am NOT a legal scholar. I will accept the conclusions of both Kenneth Starr and Leon Jaworski that, YES, a sitting POTUS can be...
You Quoted It, But...
Fri Dec 14 4:37pm
...your interpretation of it is... what? Nonsense? Simply because the portion on impeachment explicitly mentions that impeachment does not abridge the ability to indict a president afterward does not ...
Spelled out for you
Thu Dec 13 8:07pm
This is what Kenneth Starr put in writing regarding indicting Bill Clinton. It's been locked in the national archives for 2 decades, but was released to the NYT under the Freedom of Information Act...
So you're still arguing he could not be indicted for murder.
Thu Dec 13 1:52pm
You're a silly. You make dumb arguments that a child can blow holes in with ease as I just did. Answer why you believe the President is immune from the you silly troll.
Whoops, missing word, should be '...is immune from the law,'
Thu Dec 13 4:44pm
You're welcome.
You think that, others think differently. You'd think...
Wed Dec 12 4:37pm
as an adult you would have learned how to have adult discussions. Why are you here wasting our tax dollars is a better question.
the phrase SOME of the experts was written by YOU
Wed Dec 12 2:05pm
I merely pointed out that EXPERTS on the issue do NOT all agree because there is wiggle room for many viewpoints. NOTHING is so specifically written that it MUST be done the way you're claiming it...
The Federalist Papers say if he murders someone while...
Wed Dec 12 12:28pm
in office he is not immune from prosecution. You're really silly and really dumb as all Trump supporters are. Every single one.
Politically. If he murders someone...
Tue Dec 11 1:07pm
I take that to mean the 'Federalist Papers' are not controlling legal authority.
However, The Law...
Tue Dec 11 11:39am
...does not explicitly state that the president is immune to indictment and prosecution, and the SCOTUS has established precedent in this matter (allowing presidents to face civil lawsuits). One...
The Constitution explicitly states the process by which...
Tue Dec 11 11:54am
...a President may be held to account - impeachment. "The SCOTUS has never ruled on whether the President can be indicted. The Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel has maintained that a...
Well, THAT'S not in the constitution.
Tue Dec 11 11:02pm
They are MEMOS and OPINIONS, NOT law, and certainly not constitutional law.
The Justice Department...
Tue Dec 11 2:28pm
...also wrote memos defending the use of torture. So, the fact that they have written memos doesn't equate to their being right. Aside from that, their memos do not settle law. The president...
So if he shoots someone and kills thems. You're silly.
Tue Dec 11 1:09pm
The only reason you make these arguments is to troll people to get a rise. Grow up.
Sat Dec 8 10:05pm
Do you NOT watch the news ?? Read newspapers ??
Sat Dec 8 10:42pm
Watch TV ?? It's all over the place, including in the recent Justice Department releases. Look it up... The recent jail time recommendation papers from the Justice Department for both Paul Manafort...
You mean like Trump's Justice Dept releasing a
Sat Dec 8 10:32pm
document(s) with individual-1?
Click here to receive daily updates


text:
Getting started with Checkmybooks
We've tried to make Checkmybooks as easy to use and as accountant-friendly as possible. Use this guidance to help you get up and running quickly.
Understanding the main concepts and terminology used in Checkmybooks.
Practice - this is your firm, you are our customer.
Client - this is your customer, the entity you are preparing accounts for.
Job - this is a year-end accounts requirement for a Client.
Workflow overview
You need to setup a Client and then create the next year-end Job for that Client. If the year-end has now passed, Checkmybooks will ask you to upload the Client's accounting data. Once the accounting data is uploaded and processed, you can then start work on the Job. After you have made any Adjustments you require, you export the final trial balance for use in your accounts production system.
Adding your first Client and first Job
Add a Client - click on the button on the Clients and Jobs page.
When entering the Last Review Date, make sure that you use the date of the last accounts completed. Checkmybooks will then expect to process the accounts for the following year.
Add the Job - finish entering the Client's details then click Save and add a job.
Make sure that the details here are correct then click the Next button.
Get the data - choose which option you want to use here and click Next. Note that the options vary slightly, depending on the accounting software used by the Client.
Checkmybooks will collect and process the Client's data and will email you when it is ready for you to start work on.
Learn more
This above is just an outline of the first steps of the workflow. For more information on each stage in detail, see below:


text:
Mask Control for Nintex Forms/
As 2016 ended, we reflect on all we have accomplished in 2016. I'm very proud of my team at TekDog, and all we have accomplished from a product development standpoint in 2016. Not only did we launch our first software product, CivicXpress, we have also made great strides in creating controls for Nintex Forms that empower Form Designers to create more powerful solutions than are typically possible using SharePoint and Nintex. Our flagship control, TekDog Sub Form, empowers designers to create and maintain parent child relationships in SharePoint using Nintex Forms on-premise. Although I wish I could say our journey has been easy, it was far from it. Countless hours of hard core development has made our team crazy as well as very proficient in creating Nintex form controls.
One control I am exceptionally proud of is our TekDog Mask Control. This control provides a text field control for your Nintex form that you can bind directly to your SharePoint list/library much like a standard Nintex text field…however there is much more under the hood. Our control allows you to apply a mask to the control similar to the functionality provided by Microsoft Access and other applications where you could apply a mask or expected format for the field.
As an example, you have a field on your form and you want it to be an email address. There is no default "Email" data type for SharePoint. This makes trying to enforce a format difficult and would require the user to write a custom validation with a regular express. Ugh, what a PIA!! Using our TekDog Mask Control, this process is super easy. Drag control, set the mask to be email… bind it to your SharePoint column, DONE! When a user enters data in the field we provide the masking in real-time including providing a custom validation message that runs when you tab off the field, not on document submission. That's right, we did that, and you're going to freaking love it!
As a form designer, I could see using this control on almost every text field on my form. I have the added advantage of doing data validation without writing a rule OR setting a custom validation for the control. Also, because our control runs in real-time, the user is notified immediately when the data does not meet the predefined mask. This is unlike typical SharePoint behavior, which only runs validation when we submit a record (totally lame SharePoint!). Here are the mask types we have available in version 1 of our control:
Alpha Numeric
Character Limt
Custom RegEx Validator
Custom Validation by Example
Date and Time
Date Only
Email Address
Exponent Notation
International Phone Number
International Postal Code
Phone Number with Dashes
Phone Number with Parentheses
Postal Address
Social Security Number
Time Only
US Postal Code
Word Limit
Our first version of the control ships with over 29 pre-defined masks as well as the ability to set your own, which basically gives you endless custom masks for your forms.
So what about cost? The TekDog Mask Control ships as part of our TekDog Productivity Form Controls annual subscription. Our subscription model is simply amazing as it includes all our initial release controls as well as any other controls we release during your subscription. You can find pricing on the product page https://tekdog.com/courses/tekdog-productivity-controls-for-nintex-no.
Trust me, you want these controls. Why do I know this? Because we use Nintex and SharePoint every day… and every day we yell, scream, and throw temper tantrums because of the limitations of SharePoint. These controls were designed to make our job easier while working on projects… so why not share the love and make your solutions easier to use while making them more powerful to work like "real" applications. To learn more about our controls please visit our website https://tekdog.com/pages/productivity-controls


text: Father's Day is just around the corner. Are you still unsure what to get the special man in your life? Instead of your usual tie or wallet gift, try thinking outside of the box this year with these quick father's day gifts. 6 Mindful Quick Father's Day Gifts For the…Read More


text:
Insider Drake Freedom Reigns Update April 22, 2012
Drake Update April 19 2012 Deatra, MzMuggzi and Anita talk The County Project
Insider Drake Update: Freedom Reigns April 15, 2012
Insider Drake Update Freedom Reigns April 14, 2012
Reena Gagneja is a qualified Soul Plan Reader and Spiritual Counsellor. She enjoys blogging about natural and alternative health and spiritual and holistic topics.
Buy her eBook The Alkaline Diet Guidebook and improve your health and wellbeing.
Buy her eBook The Alkaline Diet Guidebook and improve your health and wellbeing.
Latest posts by Reena (see all)
- Spiritual Awakening Group in South London – Interested? - December 9, 2018
- Dr Eben Alexander – Life after death is real and consciousness survives death of the body - March 11, 2016
- Bashar – profound speech (video): you, now and eternity - January 25, 2016


text:
Garlic Chicken Broth
Garlic Chicken Broth
8 cups organic, free-range chicken broth
15-20 cloves of garlic, minced
2 cups frozen whole leaf spinach
1 TBSP ginger
1 TBSP paprika
pinch of red pepper
1/2 cup lemon juice, freshly squeezed
• Put all ingredients in large stock pot
• Cook on medium-high heat until garlic is soft
• Pour into large mug or soup bowl and sip slowly
• Enjoy . . . and feel better!
Connie's Comments:
If I don't have chicken broth on hand, I use Better-Than-Bouillon Roasted Chicken Base (follow
instructions for measuring amounts). I also like to flavor with Bragg's Organic Sprinkle-24
Herbs & Spices Seasoning in place of the paprika and red pepper. If you desire a more-than-
broth consistency, you may like to add some Traditional German Egg Noodles. Yum! This is a
guaranteed comfort soup for cold Winter days!


text:
- This event has passed.
Lest We Forget: Infectious Diseases (1850-1918)
June 22 @ 10:00 am - 12:00 pm
Cedar Hill Cemetery, 453 Fairfield Avenue
Hartford, CT 06114 United States
Event Navigation
Cholera infantum, the bloody flux, ague, putrid fever, filth disease, consumption – and the treatments sometimes sounded just as scary. Evelyn Bollert explores the fearsome infectious diseases that afflicted Cedar Hill families in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on this walking tour of the cemetery. Meet at the flagpole at the end of the entrance drive.


text:
M. Tomsky further said that he did not wish to
rob other people of their ideas and that there might well be a diversity of opinion in a single International. Although it is fair to record this reservation by M. Tomsky, it is also fair to add that nowhere in the literature of Bolshevism is there any approval of concession to or compromise with those who do not accept the full Com- munist creed. We said that it might be supposed from the passing of the resolution that the audience had been greatly impressed by M. Tomsky. But really we believe that most of the delegates vote in accordance with the instructions they have received before the Congress begins and that a great many—perhaps the majority—simply do not understand whither ingeniously phrased resolutions are leading them. Otherwise one can hardly account for the fact that the Congress passed both extremist and moderate resolutions. An example of the moderate resolution was the appeal to the Parlia- ment to invest the agreements of the Joint Industrial Councils with the same validity that belongs to the awards of the Trade Boards. Again, the Congress (perhaps not only out of politeness) cheered the fraternal delegates from America who explained what high wages they were receiving as the result of their co-operation with capital-


text:
Originally published Sunday, March 18, 2012 at 5:00 AM
Book review
'Angelmaker': A clock repairman tries to stop the world's end
"Angelmaker" is a gleefully inventive doomsday tale of killer monks, mechanical bees and a mild-mannered elderly assassin by Nick Harkaway, the son of espionage novelist John le Carré.
Special to The Seattle Times
by Nick Harkaway
Knopf, 496 pp., $26.95
In a delightful article in England's Telegraph newspaper, Nick Harkaway said about his first novel, "The Gone-Away World": "It's an adventure without the faintest attempt at realism. It's a love story. It's a serious novel. And it has ninjas in it."
The same could be said of "Angelmaker." Just replace "ninjas" with "killer monks, mechanical bees, a deceptively mild-mannered elderly assassin, a Genghis-Khan-like fiend, a deeply sinister government agency, and a clock repairman who starts channeling his gangster father."
It's complicated.
Revealing the plot of "Angelmaker" doesn't adequately render its gleeful genre mashup, but here goes; Joe Spork is the clock-man. Asked to examine an insanely complex mechanism, he releases those mechanical bees and inadvertently triggers a doomsday machine.
In a mad attempt to stop things, Joe battles the fiend, falls for sexy Polly Cradle, is horribly tortured, and (no spoiler here) saves the day. Flashbacks to WWII-era spy stuff provide a rich backstory, explaining the steampunkish origins of the machine as well as a deadly game of good (the elderly assassin) versus evil (the fiend).
Harkaway is the son of the brilliant espionage novelist John le Carré. That's one heavy burden for a writer to bear. (In the Telegraph piece, Harkaway comments, "It's not that he casts a long shadow; it's more that it seems pointless to stand next to a lighthouse and wave a torch.") But the younger writer can hold his head high: "Angelmaker" is brilliant, wholly original, and a major-league hoot.
Adam Woog's column on crime and mystery fiction appears on the second Sunday of the month in The Seattle Times.


text:
Racism in dating uk, navigation menu
Cultural and religious associations of the color white with light and angels and the color black with darkness and evil persisted.
It has its root and sap in the relation of slavery, and was incited on both sides by the cunning of the slave masters. The African slave trade The slave trade lasted for a little more than years, from the mids, when the Portuguese made their first voyages down the African coast, to the abolition of slavery in Brazil in There is persuasive evidence dating from the s through the s that there were those of European descent in the Chesapeake who were prepared to identify and cooperate with people of African descent.
For one thing, they faced the problem of constantly having to recruit labor as servants' terms expired.
A video on the group's Facebook page showed the speakers addressing the audience in the Stag's Plaza Suite for at least 53 minutes. Stiviano, posted with Magic JohnsonSterling was recorded saying: His achievements conveyed both the notions of "interracial education" as well as "muscular assimilation" to help promote sportsmanship towards African-Americans on and on the Olympic stage.
Soap giant Dove accused of racism over body wash advert | Daily Mail Online
They became servants in several ways. From the start, colonial slavery and capitalism were linked.
Also, Hitler's Nazis created rules and restrictions within Germany that prohibited Jews from being able to use local facilities and playgrounds for appropriate training, occurring as early as March Sometimes, they concluded alliances with Europeans to support them in wars, with captives from their enemies being handed over to the Europeans as booty.
A banana peel was thrown towards him on the court during play, and signs reading "Ewing is an Ape" and "Ewing Kant Read Dis" were held.
The servants received room and board on the plantation but no pay. By the end of the 17th century, the price of white indentured servants outstripped the price of African slaves.
The Miners defeated Adolph Rupp 's all white, number one ranked team.
Masters allowed slaves to cultivate vegetables and chickens, so the master wouldn't have to attend to their food needs. A planter could buy an African slave for life for the same price that he could purchase a white servant for 10 years.
Fifty or so people called him an animal.
It legitimized an assault on slavery as an offense to liberty. The North American colonies started predominantly as private business enterprises in the early s.
He wrote in Capital: It now no longer justified the enslavement of Blacks, but it justified second-class status for Blacks as wage laborers and sharecroppers. In fact, the South was more dependent on slavery right before the Civil War than it was 50 or years earlier. You can't have capitalism without racism.
In fact, they helped pioneer religious and academic justifications for slavery and Black inferiority.
- Kylie dating drake
- 10 simple rules for dating my daughter
- Best hong kong dating website
- Divorced dating mumbai
- Good things to write on your dating profile
- Speed dating events in new york city
- Interracial dating wmbw
- Online dating etiquette
- Dating guns
- 12 year old dating 24 year old china
- Most popular gay dating sites 2012
- List of german dating websites
- Match making baby


text:
Spieleautorenzunft.de is hosted in Germany. It is ranked #1,048,449 in the world by Alexa. It has a Pagerank of 4. Website has IP address 22.214.171.124. It's reverse DNS is quantumedia.org. Spieleautorenzunft.de has 668 visitors per day and monthly ad income of 80 USD.
Value of Spieleautorenzunft.de: 2,884 USD.
Website information for Spieleautorenzunft.de
Traffic and income estimates for Spieleautorenzunft.de
Web Hosting Location for Spieleautorenzunft.de
|www.robert-kristen.com - Robert and Kristen | Robert-Kristen.com | Your best and most up to date fansite for Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart
|www.blog-about-business.com - Blog About Business. How to start a new business. Business advices. Information about different spheres of Business. Blo
|www.replicatiffanyuksale.com - Wholesale Cheap Silver Jewelry At Online Store. Discount Sterling Silver Jewelry Including Tiffany Jewelry, 925 Sterling
|www.pennystocknation.com - Penny Stock Trading. Learn how to trade penny stocks successfully. PennyStockNation.com shows the basic information and
|www.smartphones180.com - best smartphones 2011,review,specifications,price and upcoming news about smartphones
|www.passivenicheprofitsblog.net - Passive Niche Profits Review
|www.dominatetoppage.com - Dominate Top Page of Google | Advanced SEO Techniq...
© 2008-2011 Web Hosting Location | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | New | Updated | Popular | Sitemaps | Contact Us


text:
Joe Biden: U.S. Has 'Obligation' To Give Healthcare To 'Undocumented' Immigrants
Democrat presidential candidate Joe Biden said during a campaign stop in California on Wednesday that the United States has an "obligation" to give healthcare to illegal aliens.
"I think that anyone who is in a situation where they're in need of healthcare, regardless of whether they are documented or undocumented, we have an obligation to see that they are cared for," Biden said in Los Angeles. "That's why I think we need more clinics around the country."
Biden dismissed the notion that many illegal aliens come into the United States illegally through the southern border despite the fact that immigration arrests along the border are at a 12-year high.
"U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) detained 109,144 migrants along the boundary with Mexico last month, a 6 percent increase from March, as monthly arrests reached their highest point since 2007," The Washington Post reported. "Unauthorized border crossings have more than doubled in the past year, and they are on pace to exceed 1 million on an annual basis, as Guatemalan and Honduran families continue streaming north in record numbers with the expectation they will be quickly processed and released from custody."
"Our apprehension numbers are off the charts," Carla Provost, chief of the Border Patrol, told the Senate on Wednesday. "We cannot address this crisis by shifting more resources. It's like holding a bucket under a faucet. It doesn't matter how many buckets we have if we can't turn off the flow."
"My greatest concern is that we will no longer be able to deliver consequences and we will lose control of the border," Provost added.
HotAir noted that most people do not "appreciate how bad the situation is" until they read a new report where "the acting head of DHS starts describing the number of Guatemalans arriving in the U.S. as a percentage of the country's total population."
In a 2017 report, the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) wrote:
At the federal, state, and local levels, taxpayers shell out approximately $134.9 billion to cover the costs incurred by the presence of more than 12.5 million illegal aliens, and about 4.2 million citizen children of illegal aliens. That amounts to a tax burden of approximately $8,075 per illegal alien family member and a total of $115,894,597,664. The total cost of illegal immigration to U.S. taxpayers is both staggering and crippling. In 2013, FAIR estimated the total cost to be approximately $113 billion. So, in under four years, the cost has risen nearly $3 billion.
The massive surge in illegal aliens crossing the southern border "is being fueled by lax U.S. policies, and particularly a court ruling in 2015 that illegal immigrant parents who travel with children must be released within 20 days," The Washington Times reported. "That is too little time to complete a court case, meaning the government has no choice but to set the families free on the vain hope that they return for deportation hearings."
The Washington Times added that federal immigration authorities have already released 168,000 illegal alien family members into U.S. communities this fiscal year.
"They have received the message loud and clear: Bring a child, you will be released," Provost said.


text:
Type: STUDIO 1 PROGRAM WORK, CED, U.C.Berkeley Location: San Pablo Bay,CA,U.S. Date: 2013 FALL-2014 SPRING Status: Published
click image to enlarge
1. Choosing Sand dollar as the study object.
we focused our research in how the organism would adapt and contribute to the natural environment around San Pablo Bay.
2. Simulation of geometry from organisim.
I propose a wall system that is able to transform in response to tidal fluctuations and water flow. By taking advantage of the transforming shape and filtration skin of the wall, both goals of capturing sediments and detoxifying water can be achieved.
3. Material studies
The intertidal mudflat area of San Pablo Bay changed in response to sediment delivery and deposition decreases. These mudflats will continue to diminish unless sediment is stabilized and erosion is mitigated.
Sand dollars inhabit these shallow mudflats, and they have developed a unique grain related spinal structure that allows them to maintain their position in the mud despite relentless currents moving water and sediment all around them. In order to stabilize mudflat zones and both decontaminate and convey water from the bay to inland agricultural areas
4. 3D printing as the way of studying on geometry transforming
During the Studio, 3D printing with Plastic Material is an important method to do the research. First, 3D Prints are a visualization of the fabrication and reality checking for the organism. More improtantly, Inspired by the special pattern fabricated by the 3D printer, new ideas about the structure and tectonic would come out, creating more possibilties.
5. Argricultural Production Infrastructure Project Design
6. Distributed water pumping programmed with natural forces
Mechanic of distributed pump.
7. Plant Factory driven by solar power
8. 3D interactive model of Office Section
For more detail of 3D interactive model, go to Modelo


text:
Multifilar Generator Coil - Lenz delay Experiments
View Single Post
Platinum Member
Join Date: Jan 2013
Posts: 5,958
Originally Posted by
Hi all, thought I would make a new thread for this, don't want to clutter up anyones thread.
Experimenting with the multifilar coil, lenz delay effect.
This coil has 51 strands of 30awg. magnet wire.
Used bailing wire, cut to short pieces and spray painted each piece for the core.
The pieces are shoved into a 3/4" diameter length of PVC pipe and super glued in place.
The coil/core former is adjustable.
Also used a new piece of wood for the base, as the previous base was warped and was causing vibrations and noise, it runs much smoother and quiter now.
Using a brushless 400 size, RC airplane motor for the drive, with 2s lithium ion battery pack, hooked to a reciever and transmitter.
Rotor has 8 - 1" diameter by 1/8" thick neo magnets and the rotor diameter is 3-3/4" to outside of magnets.
Will be placing coil strands in series to try and achieve lenz neutral or speed up at reasonably lower rpm's.
Questions or comments welcome.
peace love light
hello Sky
You are really moving along, yes listen to Turion on man, that is what
he is here for. 48 is a great even number and one more thing, all of
these talks we are having right now are repeats of what you have
heard for years.
You are we acquainted with the details. You are very sharp and in my
opinion are one of the few who could actually move this tech forward
at a lower rotor speed. I would have beaten you but right now I am
out of time to do much on coils.
The lower rotor speed of 1200 rpms is still a mystery that I think will
be solved with the shorter strands though I have never heard of anyone
using such short strands and so many of them. Not even Turion. I
don't think so.
What maters is you are trying something new. The reason this test is so
important is that there are thousands out there already using a form
of an Adams or Bedini rotor running as much as 1000 rpm's using those
tape job rotors. They can all get their feet wet with their existing setup.
Here is another reason I like your test. Let's say that with this higher
resistance wire you reach the cancellation null point at the low rotor
speed using 24 strands. Not only would you another 24 strands to make
another output channel but maybe using all 48 strands might let you
run a 500 rpm rotor speed.
Wouldn't that be kool? I think that would be great. This could make for
a switchable multi-speed operation. A motor generator that works
collecting back power at many speeds. Like my room fan, it has 3 speeds.
I did the same thing painting up bailing wire.
View Public Profile
Find all posts by BroMikey


text:
When you're a fiery redhead like Katherine McNamara you have to do what it takes to keep your locks looking healthy.
Not only are her natural red locks a standout, but the 21-year-old is also staking her claim in the entertainment industry as the face of denim brand Wallflower Jeans and as a rising star. You may have seen the actress on both the small screen, fighting demons as Clary Fray on the hit show Shadowhunters, and the big screen, starring as Sonya in the feature film, The Maze Runner: Scorch Trials. She has also taken her talent beyond the screen to the stage, starring in multiple Broadway and pre-Broadway productions (basically she can act in just about any setting).


text:
Former Canisius goaltender Charles Williams signed a standard player contract with the Manchester Monarchs, the East Coast Hockey League affiliate of the Los Angeles Kings, the team announced Tuesday.
Williams, 25, is a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, given to the best player in college hockey, and a semifinalist for the Mike Richter Award, given to the best goaltender in college hockey, after completing his lone season with the Golden Griffins.
The Canton, Mich., native was named the Atlantic Hockey Conference's Player of the Year and Goaltender of the Year after leading Canisius to its first regular season title. He posted a 21-7-5 record, a 1.82 goals against average, a 0.943 save percentage and six shutouts in 34 games played. He's currently ranked No. 1 nationally in save percentage and shutouts and third in goals against average.
Williams, who spent three seasons at Ferris State University, becomes the 34th player to sign a professional contract during Dave Smith's tenure as head coach.