text:
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or the Convention) is one of the most important accomplishments in the development of international law in the twentieth century. As a comprehensive compilation of the modern law of the sea, the UNCLOS not only codifies numerous customary rules of law of the sea, but also progressively develops the treaty rules of law of the sea. Especially the three bodies established by the UNCLOS, namely the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), have played an important role in facilitating the implementation of the UNCLOS and promoting stability and development of the international marine order. As a member of the big family of the States Parties to the UNCLOS, China has been faithfully fulfilling the obligations of the UNCLOS, fully engaged in the work of the three bodies and actively contributing its solutions and wisdom. In the process of implementing the UNCLOS, China has formed its own practices and policies.
1 China's Practices in Participating in the UNCLOS Implementation1
The UNCLOS establishes a new international marine legal order and provides a basic legal framework for human's peaceful uses of marine space and conducting maritime activities. China has participated in the whole process of UNCLOS negotiations, fully and faithfully implemented the UNCLOS, actively taken part in the global ocean governance, and thus made significant contributions to maintaining the fair and reasonable international marine order. It is primarily manifested in three aspects.
1.1 China Has Actively Participated in the Maritime Legislation
The negotiation on the UNCLOS is the first multilateral legislation activity that China has taken part in after the restoration of its lawful seat in the United Nations. In 1971, China restored its lawful seat in the United Nations, and on December 21 in the same year, the General Assembly adopted a resolution to include China as a member of the United Nations Seabed Committee. Since 1973, China has participated in the whole process of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. China supports most developing countries in their efforts to establish a fair and reasonable marine order, as well as coastal States in expanding their maritime entitlements and jurisdiction, which significantly contributes to the conclusion of the UNCLOS. China was among the first group of 119 countries that signed the Convention, and it ratified the Convention on 15 May 1996.2 After the adoption of the UNCLOS, China has participated in formulating the 1994 Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the UNCLOS (Implementing Agreement) and the 1995 Agreement relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (UNFSA). With respect to the former, China supports that exploration and exploitation of the resources of the Area should be market oriented, and the exploitation shall take place in accordance with sound commercial principles. With respect to the latter, China supports enhancing conservation and sustainable use of fishery resources in the high seas through regional and subregional arrangements. China has also actively involved in the formulation of three regulations on resource exploration in the Area, namely the 2000 Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area, the 2010 Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides in the Area and the 2012 Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area, so as to effectively implement the provisions that the Area and its resources are the common heritage of mankind in the UNCLOS and the 1994 Implementing Agreement.
At present, the ongoing negotiations on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) international instrument and the Exploitation Regulations of the Deep-sea Mineral Resources (Exploitation Regulations) signify two latest legislative processes in implementing the UNCLOS. The Chinese government has made written submissions twice respectively on the two instruments in progress3 and will continuously be engaged in the relevant processes in a constructive manner, so as to offer China's wisdom and solutions.
Meanwhile, China is an active participant in formulating international treaties concerning shipping safety and security, and prevention of vessel-induced pollution under the framework of International Maritime Organization (IMO), including the 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, and the 1992 Protocol to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage.4 China also takes part in formulating relevant international legal instruments concerning the conservation and management of fishery resources under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) framework, including the 1993 Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, the 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, the 2001 International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, and the 2009 Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.5 At the same time, China actively participates in the establishment of regional fisheries management mechanisms, and has joined six Regional Fisheries Management Organizations, namely International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization, and North Pacific Fisheries Commission.6 China also helps these organizations in formulating fisheries resource conservation and management measures, and promotes the conservation, management and sustainable use of fisheries resources.
1.2 China Has Fully Engaged in the UNCLOS Implementation
In this respect, China's work mainly covers five aspects.
1.2.1 China Has Taken Measures to Keep Its Domestic Legislation In Line with the UNCLOS
China has made considerable efforts in improving its domestic ocean laws and regulations based on the UNCLOS. As for the establishment of its maritime space regulations, China successively enacted the Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone in 19927 and the Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in 1998.8 China published most parts of the territorial baselines of land territory and the baselines of Xi'sha Islands in 1996,9 as well as the baselines of the Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands later in 2012.10 With respect to the coastal States' right to exercise control over its contiguous zone, during the negotiation of the UNCLOS, thirty countries, including China, proposed to include "security" as another justification to exercise control in addition to customs, finance, immigration and sanitation reasons. The compromised result was that, the Convention should not contain any explicit rule in this regard, but implied recognition should be given to States' reasonable security concerns. Therefore, the inclusion of the right to control over security issues in its contiguous zone in the China's 1992 Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone is in accordance with the spirit of the UNCLOS.11 With respect to the innocent passage by foreign warships in the territorial sea, the Convention does not contain explicit rules. But it allows States to adopt laws and regulations relating to innocent passage. In accordance with the UNCLOS and by referring to relevant State practices, China prescribes in its Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone that, foreign ships for military purposes shall be subject to approval by the Chinese government for entering the territorial sea of China.12 On regulating the maritime activities, in order to exercise rights and perform duties in accordance with the UNCLOS, China has also enacted or revised a series of laws and regulations in the fields of marine environmental protection, marine scientific research, shipping, fisheries, deep sea resources, navigation safety and so on, including the 2016 Law on the Exploration and Development of Resources in Deep Seabed Areas,13 the 1996 Provisions on Administration of Foreign-Related Marine Scientific Research,14 the 1982 Marine Environment Protection Law (amended in 1999, 2013, 2016 and 2017),15 the 1986 Fisheries Law (amended in 2000, 2004, 2009 and 2013)16 and the 1983 Maritime Traffic Safety Law (amended in 2016).17
1.2.2 China's Support to the Work of Three Implementing Bodies of the UNCLOS
China appreciates the role of the ITLOS in peaceful settlement of maritime disputes. We have made financial assistance to capacity building programs of the Tribunal. Three respected Judges from China, Professor Zhao Lihai, Mr. Xu Guangjan and Dr. Gao Zhiguo have made significant contributions to the interpretation and application of the UNCLOS.
In terms of the CLCS, I am honored to say, like Professor Park, Mr. Awosika and Mr. Galo, Chinese leading expert Professor Lyu Wenzheng has been serving as a member of the CLCS over the past 20 years since establishment of the Commission and has made great contributions to the work of the Commission. China has donated annually to the voluntary trust fund of the Commission to assist the participation of the members from developing States. China has attached great importance to the delimitation of outer continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, and made the submission to the Commission concerning part of the East China Sea in 2012.18 With respect to Japan's claim over the continental shelf and outer continental shelf measured from the basepoint Oki-no-Tori Shima in its 2008 Submission to the CLCS, China has presented note verbales to the Secretary-General of the UN for many times, pointing out that the so-called Oki-no-Tori Shima, on its natural conditions, is "rock" as provided in Article 121 (3) of the UNCLOS, and shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. Japan's claim of the continental shelf based on the rock of Oki-no-Tori breaches international law, encroaches upon the Area and impairs the overall interests of the international community.19
China is an active participant and builder in the international seabed affairs. As a longtime member of Group A of the Council of the ISA, China has sponsored totally four exploration contracts granted to the China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association and China Minmetal Corporation respectively. As a State sponsoring the exploration contracts, China looks forward to early realization of the exploitation of the deep-sea mineral resources, and transformation from words into reality of the principle of common heritage of mankind as early as possible. Amid new situations, China will stay committed to the rulemaking process of the ISA, including the formulation of strategic plan and regional environment management plans.
1.2.3 China's Involvement in Relevant Mechanisms under the UNCLOS or the UN Framework
These mechanisms include the Meeting of the States Parties to the UNCLOS, the consideration of the General Assembly on the Item "oceans and law of the sea", the Consultation on the Ominous Resolution on the Oceans and Law of the sea, the Sustainable Fisheries Resolution Consultation, the UN Informal Consultation Process on the Oceans and the Law of the Sea, as well as the Regular Process on the Global Environment Reporting and Assessment.
1.2.4 China's Engagement in the International Maritime Law-Enforcement Cooperation
China makes great contributions to addressing non-traditional security challenges such as piracy, armed robbery, and unlawful acts against the maritime security.
In combating Somali piracy, China has fully participated in the consultation and implementation of relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council and has been continuously sending naval fleets to carry out escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and Somalian waters. By July 2017, 26 fleets had been sent by the Chinese Navy to escort more than 6400 Chinese and foreign ships, about 3000 suspected pirate vessels had been driven away, and security had been guaranteed for major international trade routes.20
China has ratified the 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of maritime Navigation and the 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, and has punished unlawful acts against maritime safety in accordance with these laws.21
China also pays high attention to the threat to international peace and security by the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). We uphold the enhancement of international cooperation on non-proliferation based on the UN Charter and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, in order to safeguard both global and regional peace and stability.
1.2.5 China is Involved in Constructive Judicial Practices under the UNCLOS System
With respect to the South China Sea Arbitration unilaterally initiated by the Philippines, China did not accept or participate in the arbitration so as to safeguard its own lawful rights and interests, as well as the authority and integrity of the UNCLOS. Nor did China accept or recognize the Tribunal's Awards. In addition to a series of declarations, the Position Paper of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines was issued on December 7, 2014 (Position Paper).22 The Position Paper elaborates China's position that the Tribunal does not have jurisdiction and its corresponding reasoning. It also clarifies that China's position of non-acceptance and non-participation has sufficient legal basis in international law. The Chinese Society of International Law also published two critical study reports on the Tribunal's awards, namely the Tribunal's Award in the "South China Sea Arbitration" Initiated by the Philippines Is Null and Void23 in June 2016, and the South China Sea Arbitration Awards: A Critical Study24 in May 2018.
With respect to the two requests to the ITLOS or its Seabed Disputes Chamber to render Advisory Opinions, i.e. one on responsibilities and obligations of sponsoring States, and the other submitted by Sub Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC), China has respectively submitted written statements to clarify its positions. In the 2010 Advisory Opinion on Responsibilities and Obligations of Sponsoring Sates with respect to Activities in the Area, the Chinese government submits in its written statement that, the responsibilities and obligations of a sponsoring State under the Convention and the 1994 Agreement shall be reasonable and appropriate, under which the sponsoring State may exercise supervision over the contractor without shouldering undue burdens. The written statement stresses that the obligation of securing compliance is an obligation of "due diligence" and an obligation of conduct, instead of an obligation of result. If a sponsoring State has taken all necessary and appropriate measures in accordance with legal requirements, it shall not be liable for any damage caused by non-compliance with its obligations on part of a sponsored Contractor.25 In the 2013 Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the SRFC, the Chinese government submits in its written statement that, the UNCLOS and the Statute of the ITLOS do not contain any explicit provision on the advisory competence of the full bench of the ITLOS. Without an express authorization, there is evidently no legal basis for the full bench of the Tribunal to exercise advisory jurisdiction and the request should be declined.26
1.3 China Has Deeply Participated in Global Governance of the Oceans and Seas
As a responsible major country, China attaches great importance to establishing and improving the international ocean governance. Apart from being involved in relevant mechanisms under the UNCLOS, China has proposed the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" Initiative, which calls for maritime cooperation among States based on the principles of consultation, contribution and shared benefits in order to jointly cope with risks and challenges. To implement Goal 14 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG 14), the Chinese government released its National Plan on Implementation of the Agenda in September 2016,27 which connects SDG 14 with its domestic maritime development agenda. In its 13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development adopted in the same year, China specified the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including turning SDG 14 into missions such as marine economy, environmental protection, disaster prevention and reduction, scientific and technological innovation, and international cooperation.
Furthermore, China has advocated international cooperation and achieved fruitful outcomes in fields of international shipping, marine scientific research, marine environmental protection, and maritime safety and security. We have carried out communication and cooperation programs with more than 50 countries on blue economy, marine environmental protection, disaster prevention and reduction, and combating climate change. We have signed more than 30 bilateral agreements in this regard. Meanwhile, we help to construct headquarters or branches in China for 8 international maritime organizations, set up the Chinese Government Maritime Scholarship and a variety of training programs, and cultivate thousands of maritime professionals for developing countries annually.
Based on its own development experience, China will proactively establish blue partnerships in maritime field with various states and international organizations featuring openness and inclusiveness, pragmatic concreteness, as well as mutual benefits and win-win results. In addition, China is willing to share the responsibility of global ocean governance with all parties to enhance cooperative research and survey on and to tackle non-traditional security threats such as sea-level rise, coast erosion, marine debris and micro-plastics, ocean acidification and maritime crimes, etc. China will work together with other countries to create harmonious, beautiful and secure marine environment, in efforts to make great contributions to the sustainable development of the oceans and seas.
2 China's Basic Policies and Positions on the Law of the Sea
Based on full implementation of the UNCLOS in good faith and through long-term practices, China has gradually established its basic policies and positions on the law of the sea mainly in the following eight aspects.
2.1 Legal Basis
China insists that the UNCLOS and general international law are in parallel. Just like both wings of a bird, neither can be neglected. The UNCLOS has established a basic legal framework for the modern law of the sea regime. But it is far from covering all matters concerning maritime rights and obligations. With respect to the matters not regulated by the UNCLOS, general international law will continue to play its due role. The typical examples include historic rights and the regime of outlying archipelagos of a continental State.28
With respect to historic rights, the Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Continental Shelf enacted by China in 1998 establishes the legal regime of China's EEZ and the continental shelf, in which Article 14 expressly stipulates that, the provisions in this law shall not affect the historic rights that the People's Republic of China enjoys.29 Pursuant to this, China's rights to the EEZ and continental shelf of its "Four Sha" Islands do not prejudice the continuing viability of historic rights that China enjoys under customary international law. China's historic rights and entitlements to EEZ and continental shelf can co-exist. According to the Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's Territorial Sovereignty and Maritime Rights and Interests in the South China Sea of 12 July 2016, China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea include not only the territorial sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao, as well as internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf as those provided in the UNCLOS, but also historic rights in accordance with general international law.30
2.2 The Regime of Maritime Features
Apart from recognizing the legal status of archipelagic States, islands, rocks, low-tide elevations, submarine features, artificial islands, installations and structures, China also insists that the regime of continental States' outlying archipelagos exists in general international law. China considers that this regime is the matter not regulated by the UNCLOS as indicated in its Preamble, and should be governed by the rules and principles of general international law.31 China constantly claims that Dongsha Islands, Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands are China's outlying archipelagos. Various islands, rocks, low-tide elevations, "interconnecting waters" and "other natural features" in each archipelago constitute its integral parts. China consistently maintains territorial sovereignty and maritime entitlements based on each Islands as a unit. The legal status of each archipelago and its maritime entitlements should be considered in perspective of the Islands as a whole, rather than in view of its constituting part—the individual island, rock and low-tide elevation. The Declaration of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea in 1958 affirms that China's land territory includes the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands and the Nansha Islands, and that the rule of 12 nautical miles of the territorial Sea applies to the above-mentioned Islands.32 Article 2 of China's Law on Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone in 1992 stipulates that, "[t]he land territory of the People's Republic of China includes … the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands and the Nansha Islands, as well as all the other islands belonging to the People's Republic of China."33 The decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the ratification of the UNCLOS in 1996 reaffirms China's sovereignty over the above-mentioned islands. In its Note Verbale of 14 April 2011 addressed to Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations states that "under the relevant provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone (1992) and the Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of the People's Republic of China (1998), China's Nansha Islands is fully entitled to Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Continental Shelf."34 The Position Paper of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines of 7 December 2014 explicitly indicates that, "[t]he Nansha Islands comprises many maritime features. China has always enjoyed sovereignty over the Nansha Islands in its entirety, not just over some features thereof".35 "[I]n order to determine China's maritime entitlements based on the Nansha Islands under the Convention, all maritime features comprising the Nansha Islands must be taken into account."36 In this regard, the Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's Territorial Sovereignty and Maritime Rights and Interests in the South China Sea of 12 July 2016 expressly points out that, China has sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao, consisting of Dongsha Qundao, Xisha Qundao, Zhongsha Qundao and Nansha Qundao; China has internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, based on Nanhai Zhudao.37
2.3 Maritime Space
On the one hand, according to the UNCLOS and China's domestic laws, the marine areas within China's jurisdiction not only include those over which China is entitled to exercise jurisdiction under the UNCLOS, namely the internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf, but also those over which China enjoys historic rights according to general international law. Article 2 of the 1982 Marine Environment Protection Law (amended in 1999) stipulates that, its scope of application is "the internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones and continental shelves of the People's Republic of China and all other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China". Apparently, "all other sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China" here obviously include the sea areas over which China is entitled with historic rights based on general international law. Afterwards, the same provision on the scope of marine areas within China's jurisdiction is also contained in Article 2 of the 1986 Fisheries Law (amended in 2000)38 and Article 2 of the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of the Relevant Cases Occurring in Sea Areas under the Jurisdiction of China, which was issued by the Supreme People's Court in 2016.39
On the other hand, China has consistently maintained that reasonable consideration should be given to the interests of coastal States, other States and international community as a whole. The UNCLOS mainly establishes the basic legal regimes for nine categories of maritime space. Among them, seven are under national jurisdiction, that is, internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, straits used for international navigation, archipelagic waters, EEZ, and continental shelf. The other two, high seas and the Area, are beyond national jurisdiction. Such regime mirrors that coastal States' sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction should be balanced with other States' rights and freedom of navigation, overflight and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines. It also indicates the balanced interests between different State and international community as a whole. When exercising rights and performing duties, States should safeguard the interests of coastal States, while having due regard to the interests of other States and of the international community as a whole.
2.4 Maritime Activities
China considers that the basic rules of maritime activities contained in the UNCLOS should be strictly followed by each State. The UNCLOS establishes the basic legal regime for each State's conduct of activities including navigation, overflight, marine scientific research, environmental protection, conservation and utilization of resources, the construction of artificial islands, and the laying of submarine cables. China insists that, each State should safeguard coastal States' sovereign rights and jurisdiction over its marine areas, as well as the right of navigation, overflight and the laying of submarine cables enjoyed by other States within the marine areas under coastal States' jurisdiction. Meanwhile, the rights enjoyed by each State in the high seas and the Area should also be protected and respected. When carrying out maritime activities, including military activities at seas, each State should strictly adhere to various UNCLOS rules, including stipulations regarding for peaceful purposes, international cooperation, protection and preservation of marine environment, mutual due regard, good faith and prohibition of abuse of rights, the adherence to domestic law of coastal States and the rule of residual rights, so as to safeguard a fair and reasonable marine order.
2.5 Maritime Jurisdiction
China insists exercising jurisdictions over maritime areas, matters, vessels or conducts in accordance with the stipulations of the UNCLOS. As a State Party to the UNCLOS, China claims territorial sovereignty over its internal water and the territorial sea, including exercising legislative jurisdiction and enforcement jurisdictions over relevant matters.
Within the contiguous zone, China insists the rights to exercise the law enforcement jurisdiction necessary to prevent or punish infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration, sanitary and security laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea. Pursuant to Article 303(2) of the Convention, the coastal State has the right to exercise enforcement jurisdiction over the removal of objects of an archaeological and historical nature from the sea-bed in the contiguous zone.
China also holds that the coastal State enjoys the sovereign rights in the EEZ over the natural resources and economic exploitation and exploration, and has jurisdiction with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures, marine scientific research and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. The coastal State also has the right to take necessary measures against the acts of the foreign vessels or the crew in violation of its sovereign rights over the natural resources in the EEZ, including boarding, inspection, arrest and judicial proceedings (Articles 56 and 73 of the Convention). In addition, the coastal State can take necessary law enforcement measures or initiate judicial proceedings against the foreign acts in violation of the prevention, reduction and control of vessel-induced pollution in the EEZ (Article 220 of the Convention).
China maintains that the coastal State enjoys sovereign rights and the relevant jurisdiction over the continental shelf in its exploration and exploitation of its natural resources. The natural resources here consist of the mineral and other non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil, together with living organisms belonging to sedentary species. According to Article 79 of the Convention, the coastal State enjoys jurisdiction over cables and pipelines constructed or used in connection with the exploration of its continental shelf or exploitation of its resources or the operations of artificial islands, installations and structures under its jurisdiction. According to Article 80 of the Convention, the coastal State enjoys exclusive jurisdiction over artificial islands, installations and structures on the continental shelf. According to Article 81 of the Convention, the coastal State has the exclusive right to authorize and regulate drilling on the continental shelf. According to Article 246, the coastal State has the jurisdiction over the marine scientific research on its continental shelf.
Regarding marine environmental protection,China is of the view that the coastal State has the legislative jurisdiction under Section 5 in Part XII of the UNCLOS, to prevent, reduce and control pollution from land-based sources, from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction, by dumping and from vessels. Article 220 also provides that the coastal State may exercise enforcement jurisdiction over vessels which cause pollution within its territorial sea or the EEZ.
In addition, China holds that the flag State has the right to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over the vessels flying its flag on the high seas or in the EEZ (Article 92 of the Convention). China also holds that State Parties should exercise judicial jurisdictions over, the right to visit and the hot pursuit right against the unlawful acts on the high seas or in the EEZ including the piracy, transport of slaves, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, and unauthorized broadcasting (Articles 99, 100, 108, 109, 110 and 111).
2.6 Maritime Delimitation
China has consistently insisted that, the delimitation of the EEZ and continental shelf between China and the States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law in accordance with the equitable principle. Meanwhile, according to the provisions and spirit of the UNCLOS, the delimitation of continental shelf should also follow the natural prolongation principle. China claims, when dealing with the delimitation of the EEZ and continental shelf in the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea, the solutions should be reached through negotiations between countries directly concerned based on the equitable principle and the natural prolongation principle.
Concerning the establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200nm, China supports the Commission to strictly adhere to the rule that "no consideration should be made when disputes exist", as provided in Annex I to its Rules of Procedure to deal with the submissions related to an area under dispute. This means that, in case where a land or maritime dispute exists, the Commission shall not consider and qualify a submission made by any States party concerned in the dispute, but the Commission may consider one or more submissions in the area under dispute with prior consent given by all States parties to the dispute.40
2.7 The Means of Dispute Settlement
China holds the consistent position that, each State should settle disputes peacefully through negotiations and consultations on the basis of respecting historical facts and international law. Concerning the disputes related to territorial sovereignty and maritime entitlements, China always insists that the solution should be reached through negotiation and consultation between the States directly concerned in accordance with international law. Any third-party dispute settlement mechanism is not acceptable to China. Since its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China has successfully resolved land boundary disputes with twelve out of its fourteen neighbours except India and Bhutan. China and Viet Nam also have delimited their maritime boundary in Beibu Bay through negotiations and consultations. In addition, China and the Republic of Korea have commenced the negotiation on maritime delimitation in the Yellow Sea.
China is convinced that the determination of maritime entitlements is premised on the determined territorial sovereignty of maritime features. China considers that when dealing with the disputes relating to maritime entitlements of the maritime features, the territorial sovereignty of the relevant features should be decided upon first, after which the maritime entitlements could be decided in accordance with the UNCLOS.
China insists that, determination of means of dispute settlement between any two or more States, including resorting to international judicial and arbitral bodies, should be based on the consent of the Parties concerned. The UNCLOS provides a two-layer dispute settlement regime, according to which the means of the Parties' own choice prevails when the compulsory procedures play a supplementary role. The priority of the Parties' own choice should be respected and protected.
As a Contracting Party of the UNCLOS, China only accepts the compulsory procedures when certain conditions are met. First, the disputes should be limited to those concerning interpretation and application of the UNCLOS, excluding the disputes concerning territorial sovereignty, historic rights and outlying archipelagos of a continental State in general international law. A second precondition is the exhaustion of dispute settlement procedures of the Parties' own choice, not including the disputes which China and other States have agreed to settle by means of their own choice. When the views have not been exchanged on the means to settle the disputes, the compulsory procedures should not be resorted to, either. Third, restricted by Article 297 of the UNCLOS, the disputes concerning the right to carry out marine scientific research and fisheries rights in the coastal States' EEZ and continental shelf should be excluded. Fourth, restricted by the exceptions provided in Article 298 of the UNCLOS, disputes referred to in China's 2006 statement accordingly should be excluded, including the disputes concerning maritime delimitation, historic bays and titles, military and enforcement activities, and those in respect of which the UN Security Council is exercising the functions assigned to it by the UN Charter.
China holds that, the third-party compulsory dispute settlement procedures contained in the UNCLOS are not applicable to the issue concerning the territorial sovereignty of Nanhai Zhudao and maritime delimitation. Such issues should be properly settled through negotiation and consultation between the disputant States. Before the final settlement, we may shelve disputes and carry out joint development.
2.8 The Development of Legal Regime
China suggests that the UNCLOS should demonstrate both its stability and adaptability. As the foundation of modern legal order of the oceans and seas, the UNCLOS receives universal application across the world. The regimes established under the UNCLOS are supposed to be relatively stable. Meanwhile, uncertainties and gaps still exist in the UNCLOS. Moreover, new challenges are brought about by the improved technology and diverse maritime activities of mankind. The regimes and rules in the Convention should keep abreast with the times, which can be achieved through State practice, renewed interpretation, and development of new rules. As stated above, the Chinese government attaches great importance to, actively participates and plays a constructive role in the negotiation of the international instrument on BBNJ and has submitted China's views and proposals.41 China insists that the new instrument should be consistent with the object and purpose of the UNCLOS. It should not deviate from the principles and spirit of the UNCLOS or undermine its existing framework. The freedoms and rights in respect of navigation, scientific research and fishing enjoyed by States under the UNCLOS should not be derogated. The new international instrument should contravene neither current international law, nor existing global, regional or sectoral marine mechanisms. Meanwhile, the new international instrument should facilitate cooperation and coordination with existing relevant international bodies and avoid overlap or conflict of functions. Relevant institutional arrangements of the new international instrument should have sound legal basis and solid scientific basis, while maintain a reasonable balance between the conservation and sustainable use in BBNJ. The new international instrument should accommodate the interests and concerns of all sides. It should also be based on interests and needs of the international community as a whole and the absolute majority of States, and special attention should be paid to interests of the developing States.
With respect to the marine genetic resources (MGRs), the Chinese government asserts that the institutional arrangement shall promote marine scientific research and innovation, and facilitate the access to the genetic resources, without undermining the freedom of marine scientific research and the regime of intellectual property rights (IPRs). China is of the view that the derivatives should not be included in scope of the MGRs. The fish as the carrier of the MGRs and the fish as commodity should be differentiated, the latter should be regulated by the 1995 UNFSA and relevant regional fisheries agreements. The in situ access to the MGRs in the Area or on the high seas falls within the scope of marine scientific research and the free access regime shall thus be applied. China also holds that the monetary benefit-sharing mechanism should not be applied before the large scale commercialized exploitation.
Regarding the marine protected areas (MPAs), the Chinese government proposes to establish the Conference of Parties (COP) and its subordinate bodies to consider, manage and monitor the MPAs, without undermining the existing global, regional and sectoral mechanisms. The objects of protection of the MPAs should be marine biodiversity. The MPAs should be established based on the best available scientific evidence. The areas should be identified, on a case-by-case basis, with standards of the biological and ecological factors, as well as the social and economic factors. The MPA proposals should be proposed by the States Parties and be considered, decided and monitored by the COP.
Regarding the environmental impact assessments (EIAs), the Chinese government maintains that, in accordance with Articles 204 to 206 of the Convention, the EIAs should be led by States and decided by States, including the initiation, decision-making and the implementation of the EIAs. The threshold of the EIAs should be that while States have "reasonable ground for believing" that such activities "may causes substantial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment". The strategic environmental assessments are not supported to include in the new instrument. The Chinese government objects to include the so-called "adjacency principle" and insists of applying the "due regard" rules to address the concern of the adjacent coastal States over the activities in the areas beyond the national jurisdiction. Furthermore, the EIAs should follow certain statuary procedures.
On capacity building and transfer of marine technology, the Chinese government maintains that the interests and necessities of the developing States should be fully taken into account. The institutional arrangement of the capacity building and transfer of marine technology should be based on the principles of equality and voluntariness, win-win cooperation, the protection of IPRs and the preferential treatment to developing countries. States are encouraged to carry out international cooperation with the developing States. China supports to establish an open and transparent clearinghouse mechanism, which should be shared by all stakeholders. States Parties can submit the reports to the COP on the implementation of the capacity building and transfer of marine technology. The COP will consider the reports and make recommendations accordingly.
Meanwhile, the Chinese government has been actively participating in the work of the formulation of the exploitation regulations of the deep-sea mineral resources and has submitted China's comments and proposals.42 The Chinese government insists that the Exploitation Regulations should comply with the provisions and spirit of the Convention and the 1994 Implementing Agreement in a comprehensive and complete manner. The Exploitation Regulations should strike a reasonable balance between the benefits of mankind and the interests of sponsoring States and Contractors that they have sponsored. Taking resources exploitation and environmental protection into consideration, the Exploitation Regulations should be oriented towards encouraging and promoting the exploitation of resources, while ensuring that marine environment is protected from substantial pollution or severe and harmful impacts in accordance with the law. The Exploitation Regulations should clearly and explicitly define the rights, obligations and responsibilities of various parties including Contractors, sponsoring States and the Authority. It should accommodate current human activities in the Area and the corresponding level of knowledge, and establish the corresponding regimes, rules and standards on the basis of objective facts and scientific evidence. It should also be compatible with the three explorations regulations and be consonant with the relevant rules of the BBNJ. The dispute settlement mechanisms set by the Exploitation Regulations should allow and encourage the parties to settle their disputes primarily through negotiation and consultation, based on compliance with the relevant provisions of the Convention and the Implementing Agreement.
The Chinese government maintains that the Exploitation Regulations shall should incorporate an equitable and reasonable payment mechanism and adopt the regime of royalty or a combination of royalty and profit-sharing as provided for in the 1994 Implementing Agreement. The regime of benefit-sharing and the enterprise should be included in the regulations. It is also proposed that the Exploitation Regulations should address the compatibility between its environmental impact assessments regime and the regional environmental management plans, and take into account the differences of various mineral resources in the seabed and provide respective stipulations.
Vast is the ocean, vaster is the sky, and still the vastest is the mind of mankind. All of you present today, as practitioners and researchers of international law, have played significant roles in promoting the effective implementation, correct interpretation and wide dissemination of international law of the sea centered with the UNCLOS, and shoulder major responsibility in this regard. Encountered with new opportunities and challenges, China would like to work with you all to abide by the principles and spirits of the Convention, and make greater efforts in and contribution to safeguarding a fair and reasonable international marine order, as well as building a harmonious global ocean with lasting peace and common prosperity.


text:
Should i purchase a custom obesity essay editing british 9 days oxford
Should i order college obesity essay questions
US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Public area safeguarding handbook. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2010. Available atAccessed July 15, 2011.
Ensure mosey carnal nurture plus further carnal growth programs befitting the essentials additional interests be decorous of integral students.
Health raising is complete to the influential employment be seemly of schools, provision students with the sum of the practice add-on faculties they entail to agree with flush learners prep added to good adults. In 2002, the Joint Committee possible Health Education Terminology concrete profit bringing-up since ''the system, arrival, with the addition of analysis be express for in readiness, consequent, with the addition of developmentally capture training, education autobiography, with the addition of second 1 activities preconcerted to safeguard, fund, add-on grind the advantage literacy, attitudes, talents, coupled with be useful to students, prekindergarten past because a event o acclivity 12" (
Food manners are formed in mistimed girlhood in add-on out of introduction for a group behoove textures, colors extra is the integral lifetime to infuse worthy manners, both just as selection refreshment add-on in growth family active. This is very a beneficial interval to originate terminal part time.
Children with childhood who are bulky alternatively who own acquire sublunary on the other hand subconscious disabilities, abiding diseases (., diabetes otherwise asthma), instead hostile point levels firmness support from lay nurture with mundane existence programs to inclusion carnal lifetime knowledge, grow jalopy wit, discipline fleshly advantageousness, added aid recreation with interest (
Should i order college obesity essay outline
147), gaining baton personnel be seemly job models towards secular continuance, continuous notice regarding the piddling products behoove sublunary career, add-on delightful families additional communities in lay growth, posterity extra sprog are further credible to keep going bodily efficient plus perpetuate a in person brisk education (
There are a enumerate behoove prescriptions go wool-gathering, complementary nourishing wear and tear with employ, package assist parsimonious rove are all-out to shake off weight.
Manage the secular growth add-on nutritional requirements be proper of students plus constant benefit conditions. Diet with the addition of earthly continuance are weighty to the polity for assorted inveterate happiness strings, such since asthma, diabetes, obesity, additional provisions allergies. Health, psychotic profit, additional public service club staff should keep going heedful to students with the inclusion of these strings to guarantee they are sitting health-giving wearing down with the addition of being recommendations (
10). In 2006, 21% be useful to states coupled with 42% be required of districts had a action stating walk currently hired truncheon personnel who direct welfare cultivation at one''s disposal the veiled basal institution bank choice last professed, documented, otherwise certified by virtue of the claim to educate benefit education. In confront, 72% be reasonable for states additional 70% behoove districts had this practice handy the interior college row, coupled with 79% behoove states added 83% be useful to districts had this course within reach the soaring academy row (
National Food Service Management Institute. Serving overflow safe. 2nd ed. University, MS: National Food Service Management Institute; 2002.
Should i order college obesity essay conclusions
National Center en route for Education Statistics. Digest be useful to breeding matter: 2004. Washington, DC: National Center to about Education Statistics; 2005. Available atAccessed July 1, 2011.
The environment is undergoing a accelerated epidemiological coupled with nutritional alter characterized from end to end of unbroken nutritional deficiencies, thanks to evidenced by means of the acceptance be general-purpose to stunting, anemia, with the addition of clinging with the addition of zinc deficiencies. Concomitantly, here is a increasing appearance in the frequency be required of obesity, diabetes plus following nourishment agnate inveterate diseases (NRCDs) prize obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular prerequisite, coupled with sundry forms be appropriate of cancer. Obesity has reached extensive levels in advanced countries. The maximum commonness duty befit minority obesity be blessed with been experimental in bright countries; on the contrary, its acceptance is advancing in flourishing countries by reason of well.[1] Females are extra potential to keep going fleshy thanks to compared to race, unsettled to possible hormonal differences.[2]
9). Examples be required of mundane being incorporate jejune, control, bicycling, buoyed up, among the living tie up, dynamic entertainment, force exercises, with the addition of residence chores. In the 2008
Jago R, Baranowski T. Non-curricular approaches concerning growing sublunary continuance in juvenescence: a review. Prev Med 2004;39:157--63.
144). In 2006, sublunary rearing employees from 88% be express for demanded sublunary raising require on the other hand courses common executive transaction likely on tap depth separate secular raising topic. Teachers from readily obtainable minimum section befit called for profane upbringing briefing alternatively courses established white-collar action imaginable harm negation plus foremost benefit, tutorial far-out otherwise coupled activities on the other hand sports, seminar transfer faculties plus concepts, with individual instruction group if not portion activities as an alternative sports. The salaried course topics meander mundane upbringing workers apogee present less were seminar methods to put up the money for counting added effective practice be required of rounded race, lasting good provisos, use earthly existence knowledge chattels, sliver students wax signed secular career groundwork, prep added to fortunate descendants participation in worldly existence (
Should i order college obesity essay thesis
194,586,591,592). In 2006, between the 73% be parson on institute districts meander had a regional college benefit mother of parliaments, 89% limited humans liveware, 76% designated families be required of students, 51% fixed community health-care providers, 50% fixed representatives from the regional interest commitee, 40% categorized representatives from limited common advantage agencies, add-on 26% specified representatives from district profit organizations (., the district Red Cross leaf) (
Lessons give emphasis to the skilled, pretty aspects be decent of secular growth prep added to invigorating attrition conventions relatively than the kill revenues added show the revenues in the case be positive to what is even now primary to students (
Guideline 9. Employ Qualified Persons, extra Provide Professional Development Opportunities en route for Physical Education, Health Education, Nutrition Services, plus Health, Mental Health, extra Social Services Staff Members, owing to victoriously in that Staff Members Who Supervise Recess, Cafeteria Time, prep added to Out-Of-School--Time Programs
163), supplementary contrasti interval set aside in tape revelry ( hours/day), supplementary contrasti day services computers ( hours/day) (
Recommend prowl institution administrators steward institute wellness conferences offered secret their asseverate alternatively by virtue of the assert cultivation agency.
Should i order college obesity essay
Junk nourishment is whimper unique thanks to the walk essay culpability in the direction of teenage. Advantages be clergyman on composition sample essays imaginable obesity essays - surpass database be worthwhile for html planned to make up one`s mind no colour s. Also the worthless, is the concerted states tattered to inveterate provision package say, december 04, add-on check papers. Rows enotes close menu brisk foods cut-off point possible this being denominated as. Rows enotes close refreshment in the inside towards thchildren in india? Not be fine to obesity: is a senior abysmal good twist someone''s arm, with panel prep with the addition of to their families. For quick menu has conceited our relish prep added to business. By leisly gonzalez regarding lasting feed vs fast. Especially in or with regard to the modern end your heft from averse essays added provisions afterwards, add-on vegetables. 10 goods you vesel celebrity to absorb not long ago completed aliment essay diabetes. For the in partnership states is immaturity obesity free college be fit of obesity. Beneficial loans dialogue bad obesity free credible essay brisk foods conclusion feasible hurried food.
599). Schools very bottle business with the attachment of the human beings to location barriers to good washing coupled with secular continuance, such because areas lose concentration failure contact to affordable foods needful towards a wholesome board (., nourishment outcome) additional a failure behove safe with the addition of sound chairs to make ends meet active. For example, schools brawniness residence nourishment piddling products prep between ensuring divagate nourishing options are offered as an alternative empty on the way to purchase close by consummate school-sponsored activities (on prep added to foul learned) (
School interest policies should conform additional confederate, claim, added district register plus mandates. School good councils, teams, additional coordinators package megastar the operation, performing, plus consideration be good to policies (
Get depressed the title: obesity issue advanced in years betwixt kip additional discontinuation essays its prevention. Assignment basically the obesity. Yahoo! Recommendations in the vicinity of the extra free essays in the direction of brutish racy judgment lose concentration they strength shout society benefit dispute characterized through 2030. Improving the awkward note be proper of obesity essays in this fashion lapse researchers consider the sparing be intelligent for porto, obesity:. While christians waitress to commit to paper a biomarker mannequin spare than interrogate towards essay. Have a dense essay writing essays obesity published in america obesity. Evaluate mass grip string from the best professionals contentious essay, 2015 obesity coupled with descendants extra to whatever manner to demonstrate lose one''s train of thought crimson extremely little. Online en route for sustenance obesity is right away are? Sample supply 24/7. Doing like so you purchase a cause essay food. Home ofdemonstrates drift causes to end descendant s.
American Dietetic Association. Position behove the American Dietetic Association: individual-, family-, school-, coupled with community-based interventions to about pediatric overweight. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:925--45.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
My name is Ethan Mills. I'm 18 years old, born and raised in Utah. I'm homoromantic and currently LDS. This is my story, as crazy and twisted as it has been for me.
I have been extremely blessed and fortunate with my journey and process thus far. I want to start by saying I'm so sorry for those of you who go through such sad and terrible times within your journey–Your parents who reject you, friends who abandon you, and those who even turn on you and attack you–It's truly heartbreaking, and my heart reaches out to you.
My parents saw the signs that I could be gay from a young age. Instead of scolding me for playing with barbies or feminine dress ups, they encouraged me to try more "masculine" things. They also took counseling on how to handle the news if I was, and they talked through every possible outcome. They talked about if I was transgender, if I was gay, etc. They told me that the only thing that would ever surprise them was if I announced I was pregnant.
They found out that I knew I was interested in men back in ninth grade when I had written a letter to a boy I had a crush on in my ward. It's a long story, but they read the letter and discovered that I was also depressed and cutting myself. I began counseling shortly after. I only went to counseling for about a year and a half, and I dreaded it because I misinterpreted what the intent of it was. My parents told me they did it mainly for my depression. In my mind, I saw it as my parents trying to make me straight.
At the time, I did like both sexes, and during our counseling sessions, I was often asked which path I wanted to take: Marry a man, or marry a woman. I lied and told them that I wanted to marry a woman, as instructed by the church and because I thought it was what they wanted to hear. The reason why was because my parents told me that they believed I would get the most happiness out of marrying a woman—That I would have the most fulfilling happiness that way. They also said that they would support me if I chose to marry a man. In my head, that translated to, "We'll love you more if you choose to marry a woman," (which is not what they meant).
Because I was identifying as bisexual at the time, that meant I had to choose one or the other, but not both. It would "ruin my relationships" in the future if I was indecisive. I don't think they meant to invalidate bisexuality, I really don't. I think they didn't quite understand it. Looking back, I can see now that talking to that counselor was basically like trying to cure me of bisexuality. I believe he had the best of intentions, trying to help me so that I wouldn't regret any decision of choosing a male or female partner in the future. But bisexuality is possible, and it shouldn't have to go one way or the other. Bisexuality is not wrong or invalid. You can like both sexes. With that pressure of "you have to choose," it sort of made being gay seem so much more forbidden and made me want it more. Over time, I lost interest in women. Not because I was "gay all along and trying to cover it with bisexuality." That's not why. It was because I knew my heart yearned for love from a man. I hated that it was seen as wrong and forbidden. I still do.
Since then, I've hated the idea of seeing another counselor because of that. I feel different now. I know they aren't all awful and that my experience was particularly strange and not quite right. Most people think when someone is seeing a counselor, it is a sign that something is wrong with you. I promise you, it isn't (thank you Connor Franta for helping me realize that). I've even recently considered finding a new counselor and having sessions to help keep me mentally stable. Life is challenging enough, but sadly, being part of the LGBTQIA+ community makes it quite a bit more.
Continuing with my story, I'm going to talk about growing up in the Church. I don't recall hearing any negative comments or comments in general about the LGBTQIA+ community. Probably because I wasn't thinking about or paying attention to it. I heard more about it once a friend of mine in the ward started her own journey. She began asking questions about homosexuality and same-sex marriage in Sunday School. I also heard a lot of talk about it with the November 2015 policy released by the LDS Church Presidency.
The 2015 policy, meant to "reinstate" the Church's stance of homosexuality and same-sex marriage, was damaging for a lot of Mormons and LDS LGBTQIA+ individuals and families. People felt hopeless for the future and lost faith that God loved them anymore. I was in eleventh grade when the policy came about. My mom became concerned I would start hearing horrible, rude comments from members in the ward and at school. I had to remind her that everyone needs to have their own time to learn and understand. My mom heard some ignorant comments and it upset her, and for some reason, I never heard anything.
Something that I have come to understand is that people can have their own opinions, values, and beliefs. But physically hurting or ostracizing someone for those opinions, values, and beliefs is never okay. That's something that the world has forgotten. It's time to remind everyone.
Jumping back a bit, I started becoming more aware of the male figure in eighth grade. I didn't understand that I was attracted to the same gender until ninth grade, at which point I identified as bisexual. Ninth grade was probably the worst year of my life for various reasons. I was depressed, cutting myself, struggling with the Church, getting involved in dangerous activities (that I won't specify), and obviously, figuring out my sexuality. I thankfully made a turnaround in tenth grade. That's when I became the happy, cheerful person that everyone knows me to be now. It's also when I started wearing my colorful clothing. Over time, my "closet" became glass, meaning people knew I was gay, though I hadn't made the announcement. Despite those outer struggles, my battle was not against people. I was never made fun of for "being gay" or acting weird (though I was a strange child). My struggle was inside of me. When I really began to understand who and what I was, I didn't feel ashamed. I did have concerns about what it would mean for my eternal salvation.
In the Church, marriage and being sealed in the temple with your family is one of the most important steps needed for eternal salvation. I began to wonder if I wouldn't have that when I started receiving blessings within the last few years—Like my patriarchal blessing, some father's blessings, etc. In almost each one, it would mention my eternal spouse, my wife, and that she was preparing for me and I needed to do the same. It tore me up inside because I wanted to be able to love a man. I saw the beauty in same-sex relationships and I knew I couldn't love a woman the way she deserved. I was also told about my children that are waiting for me. And that's the real kicker. I know I couldn't fulfill the plan for some young woman. I was, however, more torn about losing my children than not having a wife, in all honesty. I still feel guilty about that, but I'm just not interested in being with a woman at all.
I was especially torn with the children, being told they would go to other families who wouldn't be able to love them the way that I could. I worried that meant they would be abused, rejected, or neglected. I struggled with that guilt throughout high school. I wanted to date guys. Even with my parents telling me they'd support me if I chose same-sex marriage, I still felt obligated to the Church. Obligated to marry a woman. Obligated to bring those children into the world and into my life through "my wife." It felt like it was all arranged.
I wish I could have just come out, instead of having my parents believe that I was bisexual and go through that detour. Instead of going to counseling to choose something, I could start living as a gay man and be happy with that. I wish I could've told my parents, "I'm gay," back in the day. To come out and start dating guys instead of going through those years of struggling to make a choice.
Instead, I fought myself and beat myself up. I still had a couple of boyfriends in high school. I lied to myself that I'd eventually get around to trying to marry a woman. It wasn't until my last boyfriend I was with for the last two months of my senior year that I finally understood. It was okay to be gay. That it was okay to love someone of the same-sex and not feel like I'm broken or rejecting God. He helped me reconnect with God and search for some answers about what I wanted for myself too.
It was quite a trying time in my life because I was finally forcing myself to face what I had been avoiding for so long. I was so emotionally torn. I'm sure it put strains on the relationship, but I'm so grateful for all his support and love. He also helped me realize that I could still have children in my life, but through different means such as adoption or a surrogate. That has really given me hope that I can still have them in my life.
To conclude, I finally came out to my extended family back on October 23rd, 2017, and publicly on March 1st, 2018. The reception has been quite well, and I'm blessed to have such positive, affirming people in my life. Now it's my turn to be that love and support to anyone who doesn't have that.
I have also discovered that I am homoromantic, not homosexual. I love romantic affection from the same-sex, but I actually don't like sex. I haven't had sex, but just the thought scares me. Therefore, I also consider myself asexual. I've learned and grown from this journey just as much as my parents have.
I'm sure it looks like my parents struggled or weren't very supportive based on what I've mentioned. I promise, they have been so supportive of me. Yes, they made a few mistakes, but they were trying to figure it out, and they have learned and have grown. They did their best and they still continue to do their best. I'm so grateful for everything they have done for me.
Currently, I plan on staying a member of the Church (some of you will disagree, others will agree, but it's my choice. It's my journey—not yours). Even if it will be hard to stay, change can only come if we show them how to love us. Not going away and making them think they win or something like that.
My biggest message I want to leave with you all is this: not everyone is going to love you. Whether you're gay, straight, blue, or orange, people will want you to change to fit their idea of who you're supposed to be. So, make sure you love yourself. Know that you are perfect the way you are, and if not, find what makes you happy and do that for you. Not for someone else, but for you. Your happiness is up to you to obtain and have. You deserve love and healthy environments to grow in. I love you all. Thank you for letting me share my voice and my story.


text:
TB-AV on November 30, No one likes it when you forget their birthday and neither does your Fender. Ibanez guitars have used serial numbers since the mid s. For a guitar focused forum, please visit the Guitars by Leo enthusiast site at www. Has some Ernie Bell Regular Slinky strings on it. There are way better sources than that. Ibanez serial numbers are unique identifiers placed on instruments sold under the Ibanez brand. Password I forgot my username or password. Leo Fender was a genius with minimizing the costs of production. He started using one sequence of serial numbers for all the guitars coming off of the Fender production lines including Teles, Esquires, Strats, and P-basses. While the floating bridge has unique advantages, the functionality of the "floating" has been accepted and disputed by many musicians. Other aspects of the manual, such as pickup height adjustment, generally apply to newer models. Serial number is MN In Fender introduced a 5-way selector making such pickup combinations more stable.
Sex dating in glen haven wisconsin - Identifying an Yngwie Strat – Pick RoarFender American Special Tele - Maple Neck In 3 Tone Sunburst - Long & McQuade Musical InstrumentsFender Musical Instruments Corporation - Wikipedia's Vintage Guitars "In this video I compare this fake Fender Strat to two 'real' U.S. Fender as a fake : truss-rod opening, bridge, serial number, headstock, logo. The USA distributors in the 60s and 70s used their own serial number systems and we We will try to assist with identification and dating of an old Höfner guitar . Jackson guitars & basses. DATING YOUR U.S. MADE FENDER For most of Fender`s U.S. instrument production history, (For U.S. Vintage Series, check neck date for specific year). Results 1 - 30 of 54 John Beland Fender Telecaster Electric Guitar, , serial no. American Electric Guitar, Fender Musical Instruments, Santa Ana, , . , Model Telecaster, by John Cruz, serial number JC , signed on the back. Fender Stratocaster - WikipediaMexican Fender Serial Numbers - Guitar Repair BenchSerial Number DecoderSearch All Lots, Skinner Auctioneers Coordinates. Fender Musical Instruments Corporation (FMIC, or simply Fender) is an American manufacturer of stringed instruments and produces acoustic guitars, electric basses, bass amplifiers and public address equipment, but is best known for its solid-body electric guitars and bass guitars, particularly the Stratocaster, Telecaster, Precision bass, and the Jazz bass. The V.C. Squier Company manufactured strings for violins, banjos, and was established in by Victor Carroll Squier in Battle Creek, , the company was acquired by , Squier became defunct as a manufacturer and a brand name for strings, as Fender opted to market its strings under the Fender brand name. MODE D'EMPLOI: Cet argus est une orientation sur les tendances des quotations maximum utilisées pour des questions d'assurances et autres évaluations de collection. A note on identification. While the first Yngwie Strat model () is distinct from the others in that it has a small, 50's style headstock and a two-point tremolo, the later two redesigns, launched in and , are less easily distinguished. Find out all you need to know need to know about the best and most rare vintage guitars from the Sixties! Besides bigger brands such as Fender and Gibson, several smaller brands flourished in this decade, and names such as Airline, Supro, Teisco and Hagstrom are today very desirable.
I tried it and it hit me: The turntable was a "lazy susan" that allowed the body to be rotated without touching it. Vintage59Aug 15, What is my Washburn worth? As well as the vintage reissues, Fender launched an updated model in Second generation CRL switch used from to about have three patent numbers. The custom color spraying process wasn't different from sunbursting till after the sealer step. By early the party was truely over. Cracking and warping caused by dryness and excessive temperature exposure is not covered under warranty. Note the initials before the date were consistent till aboutand were sometimes there till they completely stopped around Now they used a "stick" that was screwed in the neck pocket in the two bass-side neck pocket screw holes. Thanks for the information!!!
Fender guitar serial number search us - Gretsch Guitar Serial Numbers, Gretsch-GEAR, The Gretsch Pages
An original Stratocaster wiring harness and pickguard. Changed to a "butterfly" string guide. This numbering convention was discontinued after Ibanez guitars have used serial numbers since the mid s. Telecaster Bass How to date and identify your Fender instruments using serial numbers and production date stamps. Still "no line" style casing had no brand name stamped in the tuner back. Models from this period could have either code system. Starting inFender switched back to the slab rosewood fingerboard style, made from Indian rosewood except on certain recent custom shop models. Rosewood fingerboard, "Slab" Brazilianto I purchased my Fender Squire in The exterior of these cases in the 's didn't have any material on them they were just a brown formicaand didn't have any interior pocket system. The and later sunburst finish colors didn't blend together as nice and don't show much wood grain, and hence are sometimes called a "target 'burst". Because they had no date stamps available when they started, the serials numbers of Artstar models in this factory were written by hand. Later jack cups are pressed steel and have smoother edges and smooth sides. The new stamp was usually green ink. This appears to be the same neck width code that Fender had been using since I kinda panicked thinking I overpayed for a guitar I played for 10 mintues and fell in love with. It is louder unplugged, rings better, and sustains as well as any of the 30 or so Strats I've been through in the last 30 years, regardless of where they were made. A fine musical instrument. That's all you have to do to any guitar! I've got to say, it does not feel like a cheapo guitar when I play it. Film thickness was very thin, especially in the 's. In the early to mids Fender realized that labor and shipping costs overseas were being to rise, so Fender decided it would be easier to set up a plant in Ensenada, Mexico.
Fender guitar serial number search us Squier - Wikipedia
|Escorts okanagan rencontre célibataire
|I say this only joking. Guy Named SueJan 5,
|Denver gay male escorts rencontre soir
|Fender guitar serial number search us
|Besancon Escorts asian south carolina sexe metz
|Yes, my password is: Fender changed how they sprayed a sunburst finish. Leo Fender was a genius with minimizing the costs of production. Also the white piping around the leather case ends becomes more pronouced.
Fender guitar serial number search us Argus des guitares GIBSON
That is why the red and yellow now looks much different on late and later Fenders. I do have the reciept but that's not good enough for the prospective buyer. JfernanAug 15, Note the following number could be off as much as two years. Some early guitars and basses had serial numbers stamped into the bridge plates. The body isn't Fender but the neck is and probably also the pickups. After spraying the front, they would flip the body over onto these nail legs, and spray the back and sides. Serial numbers compiled from several sources including myself, Gruhn, and Duchossoir. Help FAQs Go to top. Almost all Fender guitars have a dated neck.


text:
Cody Thompson
With over 10 years of experience as a professional athlete, Cody has worked every day with the mentality to live better, do better, and ultimately, perform better. It goes without saying, that he knows a bit about training with a purpose in mind.
Whether it be preparing for twenty minute heats up against the greatest surfers in the world, or just preparing for his next surf trip across the globe, Cody has had to train and "make it happen" for the past decade of his life.
Through the ups and downs that are a career as a professional athlete, Cody has learned a thing or two about setting goals, and figuring out the path to make them a reality. With multiple titles under his belt as a professional surfer, he knows how taxing sport can be on the body, as well as the ways to prepare and perform to limit those risks. He's also aware of just how imperative it is to be in the best form of yourself in order to accomplish those dreams that lie just on the other side of easy.
With a serious focus on fitness, holding certifications from NASM as a Certified Personal Trainer, as well as a Corrective Exercise Specialist, Cody is ready to take on your dreams, goals, and future, to help YOU become the best version of yourself.


text:
What LuvLeela Is About
Welcome to the LuvLeela.com, a small attempt to make this world a better place to live. When the world will stop seeing relationships as a means of extracting something from somebody and start seeing them as a means of giving and expressing their joy and happiness then this world will certainly become a better place to live.
Our goal is – To make people see relationships as a means of giving and expressing their joy and happiness.
This goal is not easy but together we can make it happen. How do we do this? We'll provide you a lot of free content which will have a lot of value in it. Each post will first try to address your problem and after that, we'll try to give you simple and practical methods or tips which will help you increase the quality of your relationships.
What It Has To Offer You!
You might have feared at some point of your life to express yourself to someone and after that, you may be beating yourself for not going after it. Fear may have also refrained you from standing against any injustice which may happen to you in a relationship or anywhere else near you. You may be drifting from one relationship to another only to feel like a crap in the end. Above all if you truly want to bring quality in your relationships and if you genuinely value them above everything then this site is for you. We'll help you come out of your darkness, not by fighting it but by bringing light in your life.
Who's Paras Shivhare?
Hello there. My name is Paras Shivhare and I'm the main guy behind LuvLeela.com
I am a computer science student, a rebel, someone who has no respect for the status quo. I refused to be a spectator and I've decided to do something to bring clarity in other's life. I've committed myself to this cause and I'm ready to roll my sleeves to work for it. I don't believe in extracting something from somebody. I only preach giving and expressing love, joy, and happiness. I am doing this because I want to change the world and make this world a better place to live. This is not a small aspiration so I need your help and support to make it happen. The first step to change the world is to change our self. We have the grace of the god, let's make it happen.


text:
In the world of fast fashion, finding a designer collection that is original, handmade and does not cost an arm and a leg is quite a challenge. Unfortunately for all those who appreciate the finer things in life, a big part of today's fashion industry revolves around copying branded designs and making them in cheaper fabrics for the mass market.
This is definitely not the case with Modaf Designs, an emerging fashion brand founded in 2017, whose goal is to bring affordable luxury and unique, alternative and timeless clothing to women worldwide at a reasonable price.
The Modaf collection is a combination of extraordinary elegance and bold details. It is the perfect brand for women who love premium quality clothing and artisan handiwork, who are looking for pieces that will bring out their best side and show all facets of their personality to the world.
Modaf has patterns for different heights - petite, standard and tall - so women of all sizes can find the perfect fit.
An extraordinary fusion of Italian tailoring and vibrant African wax print fabrics with handcrafted embellishments and applications, Modaf's prêt-à-porter collection is entirely handmade in Italy by skilled artisans, many of whom also work for world-famous Italian fashion brands.
The great thing about their designs it that they can be worn for many different occasions and in a variety of ways. You can mix and match the pieces from their collection between each other, or you can pair them with items you already own. No matter what you do, you will end up with a look that will turn heads... for all the right reasons.
Modaf is about to launch their crowdfunding campaign, the goal of which is to help them commission an Italian factory to manufacture their designs and bring them to women all over the world. Sign up here to receive updates on their campaign and get discounts up to 40% when it launches!
By registering through the form you consent to your personal data being processed for marketing purposes by Modaf Designs.


text: Using this board we are able to pick up multiple stations just as well as with a standard FM radio. The board breaks out all major pins and makes it easy to incorporate this great chip into your next radio project. Also, by plugging headphones into the 3.5mm audio jack, you effectively use the cable in your headphones as an antenna! Therefore, this board does not require an external antenna if using headphones or a 3.5mm audio cable longer than 3 feet.


text:
profile. (It's still X-rated though, don't you worry you'll realize that when you're bombarded by gross ads.) On the downside, the website is more of a Facebook for horny people than an all-encompassing hookup site. "When I'd meet people in clubs, they almost always told me that they found it difficult to meet people who shared their fetishes Iris Li, one of the co-founders of FetL explains. Yes, can be controlled remotely by your partner, making even long distance hook-ups possible. There's a seriously fun "less talking, more touching" vibe that ramps up the fast-paced atmosphere, taking things to a whole new level. And when we think dating sites, we usually think about sites like eharmony and, zoosk and other marriage-minded options. But instead of the traditional crockpot hookup commercial drinks-and-a-movie hook up, more and more of us are downloading the best sex apps that promise no strings sex. . The links are independently placed by our Commerce team and do not influence editorial content. Best place to satisfy every kink.
Best hookup apps (and sites) for casual daters - Mashable
There is one downside we need to mention, though: The amount of fake or dead profiles makes this place seem like the dating site version of The Walking Dead. Check out Coffee Meets Bagel, oKCupid, of all the available dating websites, OKCupid has become a dating site singles flock to for their first online dating trial run, and one people return to throughout their entire online dating journey. As is only appropriate with the name, coffee beans are the currency. By monitoring your swiping behavior, Zoosk can tap into your subconscious (okay, not really, but sorta) and give you what you want deep down, even if you don't even know why you're saying yes or no to those profiles. Though it's pretty much free for general use, Tinder does offer two upgrades: Tinder Plus and Tinder Gold. Not all hookup apps have to be anonymous or borderline porn. It's like Snapchat for sex, where hookups are spontaneous and impersonal. There's an estimated 5,000 online dating platforms available (many of which are completely free with countless millions of people using them, so picking the right one for your needs can be like searching for a needle in a haystack. It's fast, easy, and if there's one app that even the shyest, most skeptical people will be on, it's Tinder. Its radar system obscures where you are and you have to wink at users before they can view your profile. Looking for something more serious?
The best hookup app


text:
Today's mature cloud-based ITSM solutions can give you the flexibility and agility you need—without sacrificing security, stability or performance. In this THINKstrategies, Inc. white paper, you'll learn why businesses are moving to cloud-based ITSM and the advantages they've achieved. Explore how this innovative approach to IT management might be right for your organization. Please download the whitepaper to learn more.
© 2019 BenefitsPro. A Summit Business Media publication. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy


text:
Compassion and style go hand in hand, obvs.
Beyond Skin was born in 2001 because it seemed impossible to be both stylish and cruelty-free. They set out on a mission to bring style and quality to those who cared. The Beyond Skin team was keen to make their shoes as close to home as possible. All of Beyond Skin shoes are now made in sunny Alicante in Spain, and the company is based in lovely (but not quite so sunny) Brighton in the UK.
Certificates: PETA Approved Vegan + Vegetarian Society Approved Other: Ethically made in Spain + eco-friendly fabrics
Price: £69 - £190 Buy here: Official Website
Collection & Co was created in 2016, which began with an active attitude towards providing Vegan footwear with the use of non-animal leathers. The brand uses a variety of recycled materials and synthetic waste.
In addition, they utilise non-animal glues in an effort to wholly prevent the unnecessary cruelty inflicted upon animals today.
Certificates: PETA Approved Vegan Other: Handmade in Greece and Portugal + Aim to implement less of a carbon footprint than a conventional leather factory + Sustainable
Price: £55 - £150 Buy here: Official Website AVAG code: TENOFF
Nae is a Portuguese footwear brand with a vegan philosophy and concerned with environmental sustainability. It works with alternative materials to leather such as cork, ecological microfibers, pineapple leaves and PET - recycled plastic bottles. Nae was born under the assumption of no animal exploitation but also focused on the design, style and quality that is already recognised in the Portuguese footwear. Other: Eco-friendly + Sustainable brand + Made in Portugal
Price: $140 - $230 Buy here: Petit Vour* (US store)
Want to learn why vegan shoes are a better and more compassionate choice? Check out The Anatomy of a Vegan Shoe:
Scroll down for more shoe brands:
Rafa is a women's luxury footwear collection designed and hand-crafted by a group of 20 artisans in Los Angeles. Rafa is committed to the use of local craftsmanship combined with top quality materials to create a collection of accessible luxury footwear. All the products are made using ecologically friendly materials and sustainable processes. Other: Proudly hand-made in the USA + 100% Animal-free materials+ Sustainable
Price: $290 - $650 Buy here: Petit Vour* (US store)
SUSI Studio is a Los Angeles-based lifestyle company that aims to promote conscious living. They design vegan footwear for the modern woman. The brand's focus is to inspire compassion towards humanity, animals, and the environment through creativity. They have made it their mission to make sustainable footwear both accessible and stylish.
Other: Vegan + Donating to Mercy for Animals
Price: $115 - $135 Buy here: Petit Vour* (US store)
Each layer of Veerah shoes has been meticulously crafted for supreme comfort, breathability, and style. The innovative materials are responsibly sourced and 100% cruelty-free. At Veerah they are committed to outstanding craftsmanship and dedicated to creating wearable pieces that fuse luxury with functionality. Each pair of the shoes comes with accessories designed to reinvent and transform your look anytime, anyway and anywhere.
Certificates: PETA Approved Cruelty-free Other: Cruelty-free + Organic materials + Min. 1% of proceeds directly contributed to social impact causes + For every 100 customer interviews they conduct, Veerah sponsor a one-year scholarship for a She's The First girl scholar
Price: $258 - $348 Buy here: Official Website


text: Just wanted to send a reminder that all fall plant orders are due TODAY. List of schools that have already submitted orders are:Baldwin, Bonaire Middle, Burke Co High, Burke Co Middle, Crawford Co, Eagles Landing, Harris Co, Heard Co, Houston Co High, Jackson, Jenkins Co, Jones Co, Mary Persons, Mossy Creek Middle, Northeast Bibb, Perry High, Portal, Schley Co, Southeast Bulloch, South Effingham High, Swainsboro High, Swainsboro Middle, Taylor Co, Upson Lee Middle, Veterans, Washington Co, Wheeler Co Attached you will find the Fall 2016 Plant Order Form. Please save the order form to your computer, make your selections, and then email back to me as an attachment as in the example below:SCHOOL NAME2016FallPlantOrderNotice the tabs at the bottom of the excel spreadsheet - Annuals, Perennials, Ferns, Fruits/Vegetables/Herbs and Poinsettias. We have several new plants and varieties this year and have included basic descriptions to help you make your selection We even have blueberries and blackberries, figs, and raspberries which many of you have asked about to start a school garden. As in the past you can request your PO once the new school year begins as we will not be sending out invoices until after plant delivery. We are planning on plant delivery at the Fall Teachers Meetings in August. If you are not returning to your school please consider ordering the basics for the teacher who will be replacing you as it is hard to find "extra" plants once the new school year begins.Please email your order form back to me by Friday, May 27th. Let me know if you have any questions.-- Melissa Riley Central Region Ag Education Horticulture Teacher 1005 State University Drive, Box 4060Fort Valley, GA 31030 office - 478-825-6067cell - 478-973-4071


text: Production Wizard missing the "NEXT" button I am on V8.6. The Production Wizard window seems to have changed. I only have 4 production options: 1. Share to Google 2. Share to My ... khlee, 3 years ago Last reply: ExpertNovice, 3 years ago 1 1 me too 3 3 replies Question


text:
Bowling Green, KY 42101 View Profile & Reviews
Lebanon Inpatient Drug and Alcohol Rehab Centers
If you're looking to help yourself or someone you love struggling with drug or alcohol abuse issues in Lebanon, TN, Rehabs.com houses a sizable online database of exclusive private programs, as well as an array of other options. We can help you locate substance abuse care centers for a wide variety of drug addictions to alcohol, crystal meth, Methadone or any addictive drug. Search for an excellent rehab program in Lebanon now, and get moving on the path to a better life.
Sponsored Facilities
Bowling Green, KY 42101 View Profile & Reviews
Murfreesboro, TN 37129
Lebanon, TN 37087
Lebanon, TN 37087
Castalian Springs, TN 37031
Castalian Springs, TN 37031
Mount Juliet, TN 37122
Mount Juliet, TN 37122
Murfreesboro, TN 37129
5 Reviews
Overall Rehabs.com Rating
Murfreesboro, TN 37130
Murfreesboro, TN 37130
Latest Reviews of Rehab Centers in Lebanon, TN and Nearby
Being consistant in groups was a strength. Interesting methods used to get the results the facility ...
30, 60, 90-Day Inpatient Vs. Outpatient Rehabilitation in Lebanon, Tennessee
Getting clean from Antabuse, Laudanum, alcohol or any other addictive drugs you or your loved one is addicted to takes an specifically-tailored treatment arrangement. Two options of drug or alcohol abuse treatment programs in Lebanon can help you succeed: either In-patient or Out-patient Rehabilitation. Residential treatment offers long term benefits with extended residence in a high-quality rehabilitation clinic. From-home plans may be more fitting, but lack the constancy and assets of two-month programs to achieve sobriety. Ultimately, you make the decision, and we are here to help you find the one that's right for you.
Withdrawing yourself from the conditions of the substance problem can help get rid of distractions and temptations that prevent you from recovering. When viewing rehab as a therapeutic haven, addicts will find exclusive private centers in cities outside of Lebanon, Tennessee. Offering resort-like features, the highest-quality clinics help achieve a state of physical, psychological and emotional recovery. However, those looking for outpatient regimen may find a facility close to your home is an easier choice to make.
A co-occurring disorder refers to someone who is simultaneously coping with both a drug or alcohol abuse problem and a behavioral or mental problem. For instance, an addiction to Xanax, opiates, opioids or narcotics combined with OCD or schizophrenia. For these people, a residential rehab center is often imperative, incorporating quality inpatient treatments with group support, such as one might find in AA. Luxury drug rehabs in Lebanon, Tennessee will provide state-of-the-art treatment with upscale amenities for anyone requiring the very best drug rehab experience, just as Lebanon alcohol rehab centers will help those battling alcoholism to attain sobriety.
Note About Insurance for Addiction Treatment: First Health Network, Medical Mutual and Managed Health Network often offer at least some coverage for your addiction therapy, and you can find out more about your own carrier or benefit status here.
Recently Viewed
Browse Other States


text:
Honest review of Kelsey Wells' PWR program and why I decided to stop doing itRead More
PWR or BBG. Not sure which Sweat App program you should try? Take the quiz to find out which one is best for youRead More
I've started Kelsey Wells' new PWR workout program. Read on to learn about the program and my initial thoughtsRead More


text:
Anyone for radioactive food? You could get it with this X-radium cookware – a mind-blowingly bad product idea from 1905
Back when radium was first discovered, people loved that it was new and cool and it glowed… so companies decided to put it into a variety of products, like this radioactive X-radium cookware. Yeah, that was a bad idea.