text:
ABSTRACT: The paper explores how we think of English and 'English Studies' in present-day Europe. It questions the apparent neutrality of the term lingua franca by suggesting a more differentiated set of terms. It relates the current consolidation and expansion of English to processes of global Americanisation and Europeanisation. The European Union (EU) member states are increasingly integrating their economies and cultures in a US-dominated world. The history and many divergent uses of the term lingua franca are explored, and related to discourses and policies that tend to reinforce English linguistic hegemony uncritically. The paper explores the policies of the EU for maintaining multilingualism, and contemporary constraints and pressures in European academia. It analyses the promotion of 'global' English in terms of the project, the product, and the processes, and considers criteria for assessing whether its advance is as a lingua franca or rather as a lingua frankensteinia.
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA02148, USA. Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? 251
apocryphal story of the American head teacher informing immigrants that if English wasgood enough for Jesus, it was good enough for them.
It wasn't until he was 18 that Kanchedia Chamaar realized that God spoke and understood English and nothing else. Because unfamiliarity with the lingua divina was a matter of intense shame at Delhi School of Economics in the 1970s, he started learning English on the sly, and continues to be consumed by the process to this day. Over a period of three years after his master's degree, no fewer than one hundred and eight Indian firms found him unfit for gainful employment. While doing his PhD in the 1980s, he found that at Universities in the US, even those not fluent in English were treated as human beings, a dignity that not everybody seemed willing to accord him in Delhi. He has been hiding in the US ever since.
In India, as in many former colonies, English is the language of elite formation, social in-clusion and exclusion. Are there then grounds for referring to English as a lingua franken-steinia? We need to recall that Frankenstein in Mary Shelley's novel is the person whocreated the monster rather than the monster itself. This is a useful reminder of the roleof agency, particularly in relation to language use, and of the truism that any languagecan serve good or evil purposes, whether humane or monstrous ones. English tends to bemarketed as though it serves exclusively laudable purposes (a language of international un-derstanding, human rights, development, progress, etc.: Phillipson, 1992: 271–88). Sincelanguages have never been co-terminous with state boundaries, and granted the currentpre-eminence of English as the most extreme case of a language with international impact,we need to consider which agents promote or constrain English and for what purposes. The elimination of linguistic diversity has been an explicit goal of states attempting toimpose monolingualism within their borders: linguicist policies favour the lingua franken-steinia and lead to linguicide. This was the case in the internal colonisation of the BritishIsles, with the attempted extermination of Welsh and Gaelic, and in North America andHawai'i at the expense of First Nations languages. Skutnabb-Kangas (2000) avoids seem-ingly innocuous terms like 'language death' and 'language spread', concepts that obscureagency, by referring to 'killer languages', 'language murder', and 'linguistic genocide',basing this term on definitions in international human rights law and the historical evidenceof government policies. Swales (1996), after a lifetime of work on scientific English, isso concerned about other languages of scholarship being on the way to extinction that helabels English a lingua tyrannosaura. The widespread concern in political and academiccircles in Scandinavian countries with domain loss signifies a perception that segments ofthe national language are at risk from the English monster, hence the national policy toensure that Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish remain fully operational in all domains. How far domain loss is a reality in Scandinavia has yet to be researched adequately,and preliminary surveys are of limited theoretical and empirical validity. Existing effortsare hampered by loose terminology: domains are not 'lost' but are subjected to linguisticcapital accumulation by dispossession when the forces behind an increased use of Englishmarginalise other languages (Phillipson, 2008). This is a gradual, long-term process, andgenerally unobtrusive, but sometimes the underlying agenda can be seen in operation. Thusthe language policies connected to the Bologna Process, the creation of a single Europeanhigher education and research 'area', are largely covert, but policy statements imply that'internationalisation' means 'English-medium higher education' (Phillipson, 2006a). Thisis also the way government ministers understand the process (e.g. in Norway: Ljosland,2005).C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.252 Robert Phillipson
Prior to the bi-annual ministerial meeting to take stock of the Bologna Process in London,17–18 May 2007, EU Commissioner Figel stated:2
Bologna reforms are important but Europe should now go beyond them, as universities should also modernise the content of their curricula, create virtual campuses and reform their governance. They should also professionalize their management, diversify their funding and open up to new types of learners, businesses and society at large, in Europe and beyond. . . . The Commission supports the global strategy in concrete terms through its policies and programmes.
In other words, universities should no longer be seen as a public good but should be run likebusinesses, should privatise, and should let industry set the agenda. The new buzzwordsare that degrees must be 'certified' in terms of the 'employability' of graduates. 'Account-ability' no longer refers to intellectual quality or truth-seeking but means acceptability tocorporate-driven neoliberalism. The recommendation that there should be more 'student-centred learning' probably implies more e-learning rather than a more dialogic, open-endedsyllabus. Before European integration has taken on any viable forms, universities are beingtold to think and act globally rather than remain narrowly European. This is insulting tohigher education in general and to all universities that have been internationally orientedfor decades. What therefore needs further analysis is whether English is a cuckoo in the Europeanhigher education nest of languages, a lingua cucula. Cuckoos substitute their own eggsfor those in place, and induce other species to take on the feeding and teaching processes.Higher-education authorities in the Nordic countries are increasingly addressing the ques-tion of cohabitation between the local language and English. The current strategy is toaim at 'parallel competence' in the two languages.3 The Nordic Declaration of LanguagePolicy, signed by ministers from five countries, endorses this goal.4 Quite what 'parallelcompetence' means in practice, for an individual or for institutions, remains obscure. The elimination of a language from certain domains can threaten social cohesion and thevitality of a language. The experience of ethnocide and linguicide is traumatic – a fact ofwhich people of First Nations origins in North America are only too aware. The importanceof the issue is explained in a recent Canadian report:
Language and culture cannot be separate from each other – if they are, the language only becomes a tool, a thing . . . Our language and culture are our identity and tell us who we are, where we came from and where we are going. . . . We came from the land – this land, our land. We belong to it, are part of it and find our identities in it. Our languages return us again and again to this truth. This must be grasped to understand why the retention, strengthening and expansion of our First Nation, Inuit and Métis languages and cultures is of such importance to us and, indeed, to all Canadians. (Task Force . . . , 2005: 58, 24)
Amos Key, of the Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario, is committed to the languagesbeing revived, even if few in the younger generation speak anything other than English orFrench. Amos tells the story of encountering scepticism when expressing a wish for theFirst Nations to recover their languages. What's the point? To which he replies: well, whenI die and go to heaven, I shall want to communicate with my ancestors, my grandfathersand grandmothers. To which the sceptic replies: but what happens if you have been eviland end up in the other place? No problem, because I know English. For Amos Key,English has been a lingua diabolica rather than a lingua divina, even if, like Caliban inC 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? 253
Shakespeare's The Tempest, he has become proficient in the language. English, like othercolonising languages, has functioned as a lingua frankensteinia throughout the history ofthe occupation by Europeans of North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand.
70–80 per cent of all TV fiction shown on European TV is American. . . . American movies, American TV and the American lifestyle for the populations of the world and Europe at large have become the lingua franca of globalization, the closest we get to a visual world culture. (Bondebjerg, 2003: 79, 81)
By contrast, in the USA the market share of films of foreign origin is 1 per cent. Thecultural insularity of the US and the UK is also clear from the figures for translation:2 per cent of books published in the UK and 3 per cent in the USA are translations fromother languages, whereas the corresponding figures for Italy are 27 per cent, for Denmark41 per cent, and Slovenia 70 per cent (from a survey for International PEN). There istherefore a massive asymmetry in how globalisation impacts on national cultures. Thereis no doubt that this is a direct result of US policies, which have become more visiblyaggressive as the neoconservatives behind the Project for the New American Century, theCheney–Wolfowitz–Rumsfeld doctrine, have been in power under Bush II. The overallstrategy was analysed in Harper's Magazine in 2002 (cited in Harvey, 2005: 80):
The plan is for the United States to rule the world. The overt theme is unilateralism, but it is ultimately a story of domination. It calls for the United States to maintain its overwhelming military superiority and prevent new rivals from rising up to challenge it on the world stage. It calls for dominion over friends and enemies alike. It says not that the United States must be more powerful, or most powerful, but that it must be absolutely powerful.
Condoleezza Rice regularly articulates this vision. The rhetoric of global 'leadership' iswarmly embraced by Tony Blair:
Globalisation begets interdependence, and interdependence begets the necessity of a common value system. History . . . the age-old battle between progress and reaction, between those who embrace the modern world and those who reject its existence.
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.254 Robert Phillipson
Century upon century it has been the destiny of Britain to lead other nations. That should not be a destiny that is part of our history. It should be part of our future. We are a leader of nations or nothing.
The first quotation is from an article in the US establishment journal Foreign Affairs inJanuary/February 2007, which argues for common values being imposed, if need be, byforce. The second is from a speech in 1997 (cited in 'Labour's love's lost', by David Keen,Le Monde diplomatique, May 2007, p. 16.) The British government under Blair was blindly supportive of the US, in the analysisof the eminent British playwright David Hare, whose play Stuff Happens dramatised thepolitical intrigues behind the Iraq war:
They [US leaders] know we have voluntarily surrendered our wish for an independent voice in foreign affairs. Worse, we have surrendered it to a country which is actively seeking to undermine international organisations and international law. Lacking the gun, we are to be only the mouth. The deal is this: America provides the firepower. We provide the bullshit. (Hare, 2005: 207–8)
Blair's belief system is based on a vision of progress that religious belief entitles him andUS neoconservatives to impose worldwide (Gray, 2007). Creative writers have a crucialrole to play in sensitising the general public to this kind of abuse. The Kenyan writer Ngŭgı̆wa Thiong'o is exemplary in both his fiction and critical analysis:
It is obligatory for writers . . . the world over to keep on fighting with the rest of the population to strengthen civil society . . . against encroachment by the state, . . . where democratic freedoms are equated with the freedom of finance capital. . . . there should be no ambiguity about the necessity to abolish the economic and social conditions which bring about the need for charity and begging within any nation and between nations, and language should sensitize human beings to that necessity. (1998: 131)
The project of establishing English as the language of power, globally and locally, is centralto this empire. The manifest destiny that colonial Americans arrogated to themselves hasbeen explicitly linked since the early 19th century to English being established globally:'English is destined to be in the next and succeeding centuries more generally the languageof the world than Latin was in the last or French in the present age' (John Adams toCongress, 1780, cited in Bailey, 1992: 103). 'The whole world should adopt the Americansystem. The American system can survive in America only if it becomes a world system.'(President Harry Truman, 1947, cited in Pieterse, 2004: 131). The Webster dictionariesreflect the transition from a language being forged to form American national identity, toa language accompanying territorial expansion (invariably by violent means, as in othercolonial empires) and economic expansion, spurred by capital over-accumulation and anever-increasing demand for raw materials and new markets. The American Dictionary ofthe English Language of 1828 became in 1890 Webster's International Dictionary, whileWebster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, 1981, aims atmeeting the needs of the 'whole modern English-speaking world'. This entails ensuring that English serves the 'needs' of the entire world, as Rothkopf(1997) proclaims:
It is in the economic and political interest of the United States to ensure that if the world is moving toward a common language, it be English; that if the world is moving toward common telecommunications,
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? 255
safety, and quality standards, they be American; and that if common values are being developed, they be values with which Americans are comfortable. These are not idle aspirations. English is linking the world.
In the first place, we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage to discriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin. But this is predicated upon the person's becoming in every facet an American, and nothing but an American . . . There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man who says he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. We have room for but one flag, the American flag . . . We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language . . . and we have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people. (Emphasis added.)
Science cannot be advanced without the English language and textbooks and students will make better progress in the sciences by taking the English textbooks and learning the English [sic] to boot than they will by giving exclusive attention to their own language and textbooks in our field and the same is true of any field where the Gospel is preached to intelligent beings. We need disciplined and educated men. (Greenwood, 2003: 65)
This rationale was written in 1847 by Cyrus Hamlyn, an American missionary who spenta lifetime in Istanbul and founded a school, Robert College, named after an AmericanC 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.256 Robert Phillipson
'philanthropist'. By 1857 the mission had become 'Westernization rather than Christian-ization'. The school has functioned uninterruptedly since that time. It taught multilinguallyin the early years, later switched to English-medium, and ultimately became a prestigeEnglish-medium university, Boğaziçi University. The role of Christian missionary activity worldwide since the 16th century has beenextensively documented (Etherington, 2005). The termination of colonial empires did noteliminate the symbiosis of English teaching with Christianity. In recent years the issue hasbeen hotly debated at the annual conferences of TESOL (Teachers of English to Speakersof Other Languages), not least since much of this activity is engaged in covertly by UScitizens, while otherwise employed as teachers of English in the Middle East, China, andthe former Soviet Union. A British website reports: 'as missionaries are still banned fromChina, it represents one of the most effective ways to support Christians in China throughthe sending of teachers of English from overseas.'6 This dual role raises profound ethicalissues for the profession (Canagarajah and Wong, forthcoming), while highlighting theinterlocking of language learning with cultural and political agendas. While it is more obviously the 'great' powers that have been involved in the slavetrade, empire building, and the Europeanisation of the world, Nordic citizens have alsobeen involved. The fictional characters from Sweden and Denmark in Conrad's Heart ofDarkness (1902), staffing the army, Christian missions, and river boats, were grounded inhistorical fact. The dire need to find employment entailed the sacrifice of feelings for ourfellow mortals. Education delivered the goods, as explained in 1926 by Bertrand Russell(1960: 31):
The aim was to train men for positions of authority and power, whether at home or in distant parts of the empire. . . . The product was to be energetic, stoical, physically fit, possessed of certain unalterable beliefs, with high standards of rectitude, and convinced that it had an important mission in the world. To a surprising extent, the results were achieved. Intellect was sacrificed to them, because intellect might produce doubt. Sympathy was sacrificed, because it might interfere with governing 'inferior' races or classes. Kindliness was sacrificed for the sake of toughness; imagination, for the sake of firmness.
Isn't this precisely what globalisation expects of us in the privileged world? That we shouldnot be concerned about what happens in the Asian sweatshops that produce our cottonand electronic goods, nor about unfair, unsustainable trade policies which mean that foodsubsidies to producers in the rich world undermine the livelihood of growers in poorcountries? Are these the values that unite the Americans and the EU, the 'deep ties ofkinship' stressed by José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, whenendorsing the 'Transatlantic Economic Integration Plan' agreed on at the 2007 EU–USsummit?7 The transatlantic policy statement indicates that neoliberal economic policy andforeign policy are being progressively and intensively integrated. There is a shift away froman attempt to find global solutions to world trade (WTO, Doha), towards protection in theface of the expanding economies of Brazil, China, and India, alongside 'Free Trade Areas'with 'new emerging markets'. These defensive, egoistic measures are cloaked in a rhetoricalsmokescreen in the summit declaration that proclaims that our 'common values . . . peace,prosperity and human development depend on the protection of individual liberty, humanrights, the rule of law, economic freedom, energy security, environmental protection, andthe growth of strong, democratic societies'. US actions in recent years have undermined allthese causes, both domestically and internationally. EU involvement indicates complicity,C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? 257
while it pursues similar goals for 'Global Europe – competing in the world', the agenda ofthe EU Commissioner for Trade and External Competitiveness, the British ex-New Labourguru and twice-sacked minister, Peter Mandelson. It is well known that politicians lie, and that Bush and Blair did so when making acase for war against Iraq. Whistle-blowers in the employ of a state run the risk of crim-inal prosecution. David Keogh, a British civil servant, was convicted of disclosing theminutes of a meeting between Bush and Blair about Iraq. In court Sir Nigel Scheinwald,Tony Blair's 'top foreign policy adviser, said private talks between world leaders mustremain confidential, however illegal or morally abhorrent aspects of their discussionsmight be' (Guardian Weekly, 18 May 2007). This is a brazen revelation of how morallybankrupt our leaders are, the men who believe they have to right to impose their valuesworldwide. In EU–US negotiations, English is the sole language involved. This is in conflict withthe declared policy that in the EU's international relations, the multilingualism that char-acterises its internal affairs should also apply. This is a clear case of English as the linguacucula. Externally the EU has become monolingual.
Nowhere does human nature appear less admirable than in the relationships which exist between peo- ples. . . . I put my trust in the theory of what the relationships between men and states ought to be according to the principle of right . . . a universal federal state . . . a permanent universal peace by means of a so-called European balance of power is a pure illusion. (Emphasis original.)
The role of the USA in defeating fascism and in setting the agenda for the postwar world(the creation of the United Nations Organisation, the Bretton Woods agreements, the WorldBank, the IMF, NATO) is well known. What is less well known is that European integrationwas imposed on Europe by the Americans. The close links between the US political eliteand the pioneer European architects of what has become the EU are detailed in Winand(1993). Jean Monnet and many of the key Europeans were quite open about their wish tocreate a federal Europe on the model of the USA. Churchill also called for the creation of'a kind of United States of Europe'.C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.258 Robert Phillipson
The 'Europe' of the EU can be seen as a project, a product, and a process. The project,referred to in French as the 'construction' of Europe, is the moving target of the creation ofjoint policies in the economy, legal process, the environment, and foreign affairs, includingmilitary affairs. There is a deep uncertainty about whether increased integration means theabolition of the nation-state or its maintenance, evolution towards a federal United States ofEurope or a continuation of the present pooling of sovereignty between member states andEU institutions. The project faltered significantly when Dutch and French voters defeatedthe proposed draft Constitution in 2005, and was salvaged in the form of a 'Reform Treaty'signed in December 2007, which virtually all EU governments were unwilling to subjectto a popular referendum. The products are the buildings, the people working for the Commission, the Parliament,and many other bodies, as well as budgets for programmes, the activities that the EUfunds. The processes are essentially the ongoing interaction between the Commission,which proposes activities, and the representatives of member states, including governmentsthat meet in the Council of Ministers to decide on policy. The low turnout of voters inelections for the European Parliament is symptomatic of the cleavage between the EUas an elite/corporate project and the aspirations of citizens Europe-wide. The lack ofclarity about what 'Europe' is for, the absence of a clear vision of what it can achieve,the manifest democratic deficit, and fundamental scepticism all reflect serious problems inhow 'Europe' is communicated and experienced. The language policies of the EU permeateall these processes, the European project itself and its products. The complexity of the European Union can be seen in the huge range of topics nowcovered by EU programmes. The largest translation and interpretation resources in theworld (provided for 50–60 meetings per working day) service the institutions. However, itis impracticable for all documents to be available in all of the 23 official EU languages,other than those with legislative effect in each member state. The Commission website, itslink with citizens, confirms a hierarchy of languages: virtually everything is available inEnglish, much in French, and little in other languages. When the current Commissioners took office they declared that the central policies thatthey would concentrate on by 2010, in 'A partnership for European renewal', were: • the 'Lisbon agenda' and the 'knowledge economy' (a neoliberal project for strength- ening the European economy, in part by improving education, and with member states committed to introducing two foreign languages in the primary school); • a Europe of freedom (which has the ring of Bush II: for detailed exemplification of misuse of the concept, see Poole, 2007: ch. 8); • creating a European public space (through European citizenship programmes); • establishing a European Justice Space (a tall order – EU law, the 80,000-page 'ac- quis communautaire', has legal validity in each state, but to merge judicial systems and integrate common law, Napoleonic law, post-fascist, and post-communist legal systems is extremely ambitious: Creech, 2005); • a single European education and research area (for which joint research projects, student and staff exchanges, and the Bologna process are key instruments).Multilingualism has a higher profile since 2007, when it became the portfolio of the newCommissioner from Romania, Leonard Orban.8 The most important policy statement isthe 2005 Framework Strategy for Multilingualism,9 which stresses:
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? 259
1970 60 40 0 n.a.1996 38 5 12 462004 26 3 9 622006 14 3 11 72
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.260 Robert Phillipson
exports earn up to £10 billion a year more,' writes Lord Kinnock in a foreword to DavidGraddol's book English Next (2006) – commissioned by the British Council. This declaresitself on www.britishcouncil.org as '[t]he United Kingdom's international organisation forcultural relations and educational opportunities'. Though it is largely government-funded,the British Council relies on the teaching and examining of English worldwide as a majorsource of revenue. It is also a pillar of the British government's cultural diplomacy strategyworldwide. It ought, according to a policy survey conducted by a pro-government NGO(Leonard, Stead, and Smewing, 2002: 81) to be more energetic: the students it teaches and'the 800,000 people who take exams administered by the Council every year . . . wouldmake good targets for public diplomacy activity', as part of 'Diplomacy by Stealth: Work-ing with others to achieve our goals. . . . The general lesson is . . . make sure it appears tobe coming from a foreign government as little as possible. Increasingly . . . it must workthrough organisations and networks that are separate from, independent of, and even cul-turally suspicious toward government itself.' Thus the activities of English teachers, someof whom may be suspicious of the motives of their own government, can stealthily servewhatever the government sees as a national cause – global English for the local purposesof Britain. Global English is not a reality, however much it may be described as 'the world's linguafranca', or 'the lingua franca of the European Union' – claims that are eminently falsifiable,but which serve to substantiate the processes of language hierarchisation. Global English,like globalisation, and like the European Union, is a normative project. 'English' can alsobe seen as project, process, and product. The project involves establishing it as the defaultlanguage of international communication, and ensuring its increasing use intranationallyin business, the media, education, and EU affairs. English is frequently legitimated in this way by its native speakers. Morgan (2005: 57)writes:
The spread of English as the European lingua franca, the emergence of a common transnational youth culture, the convergence of business practices, and – most important of all – widespread adoption of European constitutional practices (and perhaps even a Constitution) can be seen as steps along the road to a European nation-state.
"standard English" and "English as a lingua franca" . . . neglect the Anglo cultural her-itage . . . the semantics embedded in the words and grammar. . . . In the present-day worldit is Anglo English that remains the touchstone and guarantor of English-based globalcommunication' (Wierzbicka, 2006: 13, 14). It is this variant of English at which Englishlearning in general education in Europe aims, even if receptive competence may be builtup in relation to the diversity of ways in which English is used worldwide: the weight-ing is more towards Quirkian standard English than Kachruvian liberation linguistics (seeSeidlhofer, 2003: 7–33). In international communication there are modifications in 'world Englishes' of a minortype in lexis, syntax, and discourse patterns, and more major ones in pronunciation. Thereis substantial variation in the use of English within and across countries; but, especiallyin writing, there is a standardised product that ensures intelligibility (Rajadurai, 2007).There are serious theoretical and empirical weaknesses in the way 'world' Englishes areclassified and analysed, since the reification involved in any standardisation is not faithfulto the variety and complexity of sociolinguistic realities (Bruthiaux, 2003). Analyses of'postcolonial' Englishes tend to ignore the constraints that affect the way languages areexperienced and used: decolonisation 'has become another convenient term used to le-gitimise world Englishes without problematising its political, economic, educational andideological significations . . . world Englishes are played out across such structures anddeterminations of inequality' (Ruanni Tupas, 2001: 87, 93). In the European context, theparameters determining hierarchies of language are multiple and mobile: there is an un-resolved tension between the maintenance of the autonomy of national languages andthe hegemonic consolidation of English both in the supranational institutions and withineach state. How the linguistic mosaic of Europe will evolve in the coming decades isunpredictable, but manifestly there is a need for explicit language policy formation andimplementation to maintain diversity. There are plenty of distinguished Europeans expressing resistance to the advanceof 'global' English. For Bourdieu (2001), globalisation means simply Americanisation.Balibar (2004) affirms that English cannot be the language of Europe, and for Eco (1997),translation is the language of Europe. This presupposes proficiency in more than one lan-guage. Whether the expansion of English will be as a lingua frankensteinia remains tobe seen, but clarification of the issue requires addressing the origins and uses of the termlingua franca.
'a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in orderto facilitate communication between them', and concludes that the term therefore appliesto auxiliary languages, including pidgins, and should also apply to planned languagessuch as Esperanto. In fact until the 1970s the term 'international language' generallyreferred to planned languages rather than dominant national languages. As examples of'natural' lingua francas, Barotchi cites Greek and Latin in the ancient world, and Latinthereafter. His coverage avoids addressing the issue of lingua franca often being used torefer to dominant international languages, as in 'English as the lingua franca of internationalscientific contact', or to other languages that are used in a number of countries, such asSwahili or Arabic, which also function as mother tongues. In colonial Africa, European languages were placed at the apex of a linguistic hierarchyand the vernaculars at the bottom, while the term lingua franca was restricted to domi-nant African languages. Thus French was not considered a lingua franca in the BelgianCongo, and also ceased being designated as a 'vehicular language' when four local lan-guages emerged as the key languages of interethnic communication, education, and labourrelations, these languages ultimately radiating as mother tongues (Fabian, 1986). In the Report on the Conference on the Teaching of English as a Second Language,held at Makerere, Uganda, in 1961 (one which decisively influenced the formation of thenew profession of teaching English worldwide: Phillipson, 1992: ch. 7), a lingua franca isdefined as 'any non-English language which is widely used, or taught in schools for use,between nationals of the same country, but which is not the mother tongue of all'. Thisdefinition does not clarify whether the lingua franca can be the mother tongue of some;but the placing of English in a category of its own, superior to all languages, which aremerely lingua francas or vernaculars, is a clear example of colonialist discourse. Seidlhofer (2004) and Jenkins (2007) have been at the forefront of exploring English inuse as a second language, which they label 'English as a Lingua Franca', ELF (see alsothe Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 2006, and Rubdy and Saraceni, 2006).11 This isan expanding research field, a search for a new foundation for more appropriate languagepedagogy, linked to language function and identity. Such work hopes to trigger a paradigmchange, a decoupling from the norms that currently determine the power of English. Whilesympathizing with the goal of contributing to criteria for more equality in communication,I consider that any empirical re-standardization of English is at several removes from theforces that currently propel English forward. Its protagonists readily admit that they are infor the long haul. I suspect that they may be doing themselves a disservice by using ELFfor what they see as a distinct new variant of English, since the term lingua franca has somuch cultural baggage and is open to so many interpretations. Hamel (2003: 134) comments on the misuse of the term lingua franca in an Argentinegovernment educational policy document:
English is the language of international communication which unites a universal community in brother- hood with no geographic or political frontiers. English has become the natural lingua franca and has thus gained distance from its cultural roots.
Clearly the term lingua franca has been used in widely different senses in the past andis so still. I would claim that lingua franca is a pernicious, invidious term if the languagein question is a first language for some people but for others a foreign language, suchcommunication typically being asymmetrical. I would claim that it is a misleading termif the language is supposed to be neutral and disconnected from culture. And that it isa false term for a language that is taught as a subject in general education. There is anironic historical continuity in lingua franca being used as the term for the language of themedieval Crusaders battling with Islam, for the language of the Franks, and currently forEnglish as the language of the crusade of global corporatisation, marketed as 'freedom'and 'democracy'.
[its] acquisition is not merely for 'wealth and prestige', but because 'new levels of mental capacity are induced . . . the development of those concepts and sentiments: methodic, economic, moral, political, on which the continuance of man's venture depends. We of the West have somehow – out of a strangely unself- regardful, indeed a regardless impulse of benevolence – committed ourselves to universal education as well as to universal participation in government, nominal though this last can be. There is an analogy between the conception of a world order and the design of a language which may serve man best. The choice of words for that language and the assignment of priorities among their duties can parallel the statesman's true tasks. And it is through what language can offer him that every man has to consider what should concern him most. If rightly ordered, and developed through a due sequence, the study of English can become truly a humane education. May not such a language justly be named "EVERY MAN's ENGLISH"?
This is the Anglo-American civilising mission of the 20th century, to ensure that all citizensof the world (presumably females too) are not confined to English for merely instrumentalpurposes. Its users will also adopt world-views that will make them understand that theWest, out of sheer benevolence, has taken upon itself the right to decide how world affairsshould be run. Literature takes over the role of religion in concealing the special interestsof privileged classes or states, and the hegemony of speakers of a privileged language.Richards' text is uncannily like the neoconservative agenda that was elaborated in the USin the 1990s, and implemented as soon as George W. Bush became president. 'Our' valuesare universal, and we reserve the right to enforce them globally by all available means. Thewhite man's burden of the modern world is the English teacher's burden. Since the 1970s, English Studies has expanded in countless directions, but can we be surethat we are not still tarred with a nationalist, Anglocentric brush? Greek critical scholarssuspect that foreign-language departments remain within a nationalist paradigm:
the very purpose of these departments is to cultivate culturally defined knowledge and to promote the particular language, literature and culture of the metropolis . . . they themselves are based on, and reproduce, practices which seek to develop native-like users of the target language who are cultural subjects, . . . 'culturally assimilated'. (Dendrinos and Mitsikopoulou, 2004: 37)
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.264 Robert Phillipson
They see the influence of English native speaker norms and ideologies – with a strong BritishELT and Eng. Lit. tradition – as constituting a language-pedagogical lingua frankensteinia. Is English Studies still underpinned by the same implicit agenda, however much radicalrethinking is currently taking place (Kayman, Locatelli, and Nünning, 2006)? Syllabuses,publications, and conference papers reveal few efforts to integrate the study of 'literature','society' and 'language'. Absence of a holistic perspective is aggravated by scholarly spe-cialisation, the 'subdivision of knowledge into an ever-multiplying profusion of mutuallyincomprehensible and inward-looking academic disciplines', to quote Collini's study ofintellectuals in Britain (2006: 461). Sub-specialisations (e.g., on the language side, be-tween theoretical and applied linguistics, language pedagogy, sociolinguistics, grammar,phonetics, translation, 'composition', etc.) run the risk of failing to form a coherent whole.Simultaneously, external pressures, accountability to the 'knowledge society', marketi-sation, and competition for research funding are transforming communities of learning,independent scholarship and truth-seeking. We run the risk of English Studies not livingup to the ideals of the intellectual:
Academic intellectuals will have to continue to foster the rigour, the respect for evidence, the disinterest- edness, and the wider perspective which are among the animating ideals of academic scholarship while at the same time managing to break out from its increasingly self-referring hermeticism to bring these qualities to bear in wider public debate. (Collini, 2006: 504)
There is a tension between academic freedom and a legitimate requirement that our re-search time can be shown to produce results. This presupposes no undue influence fromfunding bodies. Bertrand Russell (1960: 166–8) expressed concern 80 years ago aboutthe academic being limited by utilitarian constraints and an excessive influence on univer-sities by business. New knowledge, theorisation, and creativity can only be achieved by'disinterested investigation'.
Project The lingua franca/frankensteinia project can be seen as entailing the following factors. • The imagining of a community, in the same way as polities are imagined (Anderson, 1983), an English-using community without territorial or national boundaries. • The invention of traditions (in the sense of Hobsbawm and Ranger, 1983), customs, rituals and discourses that connect people through a merging of the language with hybrid agendas uniting the national, the European, the universal, and the global. • Ultimately the project reflects metaphysical choices and philosophical principles that underpin the type of community we wish to live in, the beliefs, values, and ethical principles that guide us, in a world that is currently dominated by neoliberalism, unsustainable consumerism, violence, and linguistic neoimperialism. • Our choices can either serve to maintain diversity, biological, cultural, and linguis- tic12 or to eliminate it, and current trends are alarming.C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? 265
• All these influences lead to visions of and for English, in Europe and elsewhere; and if these do not define lingua franca in such a way as to ensure equality and symmetry in intercultural communication, but are essentially the one-sided promotion of English, the project tends to be more that of a lingua frankensteinia.
Process The lingua franca/frankensteinia process can be seen as entailing: • building communities of practice, of language use, and of language learning that peo- ple identify with at various levels which can be personal, interpersonal, intercultural, and sub-cultural; • in contexts of use, discourses, and domains; • which conform to norms of linguistic behaviour that are institutionally (re-)inforced, legitimated and rationalised; • in societies that hierarchise by means of race, class, gender, and language; • leading to English being perceived as prestigious and 'normal', hence the feeling of native speakers that the language is universally relevant and usable, and the need for others to learn and use the language, in some cases additively, in others subtractively.
Product The lingua franca/frankensteinia product: • interlocks with economic/material systems, structures, institutions, and US empire; • is supported ideologically in cultural (re-)production and consumption; • is asserted in political, economic, military, media, academic, and educational dis- courses; • is marketed in narratives of the 'story', the 'spread' of English, and language 'death'; • is branded through metaphors of English as 'international', global, God-given, rich; • uses the prestige code that of elites in the dominant English-speaking countries, and embedded in the lexis and syntax of the language.Heuristic ways of clarifying whether the advance of English represents lingua franca ratherthan lingua frankensteinia trends would entail asking a series of questions, and relatingeach of them to English as project, process and product: • Is the expansion and/or learning of English in any given context additive or subtrac- tive? • Is linguistic capital dispossession of national languages taking place? • Is there a strengthening or a weakening of a balanced local language ecology? • Where are our political and corporate leaders taking us in language policy? • How can academics in English Studies contribute to public awareness and political change? • If dominant norms are global, is English serving local needs or merely subordinating its users to the American empire project?Empirical studies of such questions are needed before firmer conclusions can be drawn, intandem with a refinement of the theoretical framework for understanding these changes inthe global and local language ecology.C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.266 Robert Phillipson
NOTES 1. This is a modified version of a plenary lecture given at the Nordic Association for English Studies Conference, Bergen, Norway, 24–6 May 2007. 2. For the ongoing EU involvement in the Bologna Process, see http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/educ/ bologna/bologna en.html 3. For Norway, see Framlegg til ein språkpolitikk for universitet og høgskolar i Noreg, 2006. http://www.uhr.no/ documents/Framlegg til ein spr kpolitikk for UHsektoren 1.pdf 4. http://www.norden.org/sprak/sk/Sprogdeklarationenpercent20- per cent20endelig per cent20version.pdf 5. http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bl roosevelt on immigrants.htm, accessed 7.9.2007. 6. Amity Foundation, www.uspg.org.uk 7. http://ec.europa.eu/commission barroso/president/focus/eu us 042007 en.htm 8. For EU initiatives see http://ec.europa.eu/commission barroso/orban/index en.htm 9. http://ec.europa.eu/commission barroso/orban/keydoc/keydoc en.htm10. http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/2010/doc/lang2004.pdf11. For a critique of empirical studies of this variant of lingua franca English in Germany, see Phillipson (2006b).12. See www.terralingua.org
REFERENCESAnderson, Benedict (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Bailey, Richard W. (1992) Images of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ´Balibar, Etienne (2004) We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Barotchi, M. (2001) Lingua franca. In Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics (pp. 503–4). Oxford: Elsevier.Bondebjerg, Ib (2003) Culture, media and globalisation. In Humanities: Essential Research for Europe (pp. 71–88). Copenhagen: Danish Research Council for the Humanities.Bourdieu, Pierre (2001) Contre-feux 2. Pour un mouvement social européen. Paris: Raisons d'agir.Brinkley, Douglas, and Facey-Crowther, David R. (eds.) (1994) The Atlantic Charter. New York: St. Martin's Press.Bruthiaux, Paul (2003) Squaring the circles: issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13, 159–78.Canagarajah, Suresh, and Wong, Mary (eds.) (forthcoming) Spiritual Dimensions and Dilemmas in English Language Teaching.Chamaar, Kanchediar (2007) A resolutely uncivilised colonial bumps into postcolonialism. Studies in Language and Capitalism, 2, 145–54.Collini, Stefan (2006) Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Creech, Richard L. (2005) Law and Language in the European Union: The Paradox of a Babel "United in Diversity". Groningen: Europa Law.Dendrinos, Bessie, and Mitsikopoulou, Bessie (eds.) (2004) Introduction, in Policies of Linguistic Pluralism and the Teaching of Languages in Europe (pp. 31–40). Athens: Metaixmio/ National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.Eco, Umberto (1997) The Search for the Perfect Language. London: Fontana.Etherington, Norman (ed.) (2005) Missions and Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Fabian, Johannes (1986) Language and Colonial Power: The Appropriation of Swahili in the former Belgian Congo 1880–1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Graddol, David (2006) English Next: Why Global English May Mean the End of 'English as a Foreign Language'. London: British Council.Gray, John (2007) Neoconned! How Blair took New Labour for a ride. The Independent, 22 June, 'Extra' Supplement, 1–5.Greenwood, Keith M. (2003) Robert College: The American Founders. Istanbul: Boğaziçi University Press.Hamel, Rainer Enrique (2003) Regional blocs as a barrier against English hegemony? The language policy of Mercosur in South America. In Jacques Maurais and Michael A. Morris (eds.), Languages in a Globalising World (pp. 111–42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Hare, David (2005) Obedience, Struggle and Revolt: Lectures on Theatre. London: Faber & Faber.Harvey, David (2005) The New Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence (eds.) (1983) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Jenkins, Jennifer (2007) English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Kant, Immanuel (2004) Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Kayman, Martin A., Locatelli, Angela, and Nünning, Ansgar (2006) Editorial: On being 'European' in English. European Journal of English Studies, 10, 1–12.
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia? 267
Leonard, Mark, Stead, Catherine, and Smewing, Conrad (2002) Public Diplomacy. London: Foreign Policy Centre, http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/35.pdfLjosland, Ragnhild (2005) Norway's misunderstanding of the Bologna process: when internationalisation becomes Ang- licisation. Paper presented at the conference on 'Bi- and Multilingual Universities – Challenges and Future Prospects', Helsinki University, 1–3 Sept.Mackey, William F. (2003) Forecasting the fate of languages. In Jacques Maurais and Michael A. Morris (eds.), Languages in a Globalising World (pp. 64–81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Morgan, Glyn (2005) The Idea of a European Super-State: Public Justification and European Integration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Morton, H.V. (1943) Atlantic Meeting. London: Methuen.Ngŭgı̆wa Thiong'o (1998) Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Ostler, Nicholas (2005) Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World. London: HarperCollins.Phillipson, Robert (1992) Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Phillipson, Robert (2003) English-Only Europe? Challenging Language Policy. London: Routledge.Phillipson, Robert (2006a) English, a cuckoo in the European higher education nest of languages? European Journal of English Studies, 10, 13–32.Phillipson, Robert (2006b) Figuring out the Englishisation of Europe. In Constant Leung and Jennifer Jenkins (eds.), Reconfiguring Europe: The Contribution of Applied Linguistics (pp. 65–86). London: Equinox.Phillipson, Robert (2008) The linguistic imperialism of neoliberal empire. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 5, 1–43.Pieterse, Jan N. (2004) Globalization or Empire. New York: Routledge.Poole, Steven (2007) Unspeak: Words Are Weapons. London: Abacus.Rajadurai, Joanne (2007) Intelligibility studies: a consideration of empirical and ideological issues. World Englishes, 26, 87–98.Richards, I. A. (1968) So Much Nearer: Essays toward a World English. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Rothkopf, David (1997) In praise of cultural imperialism. Foreign Policy, 38–53.Ruanni Tupas, T. (2001) Global politics and the Englishes of the world. In Janet Cotterill and Anne Ife (eds.), Language across Boundaries (pp. 81–98). London: Continuum.Rubdy, Rani, and Saraceni, Mario (eds.) (2006) English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum.Russell, Bertrand (1960) On Education, Especially in Early Childhood. London: Unwin.Seidlhofer, Barbara (ed.) (2003) Controversies in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Seidlhofer, Barbara (2004) Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 209–39.Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (2000) Linguistic Genocide in Education – or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Swales, John (1996) English as 'Tyrannosaurus Rex'. World Englishes, 16, 373–82.Task Force on Aboriginal Languages and Cultures (2005) Towards a New Beginning: A Foundational Report for a Strategy to Revitalize First Nation, Inuit and Métis Languages and Cultures. Report to the Minister of Canadian Heritage, June. Ottawa: Aboriginal Languages Directorate. www.aboriginallanguagestaskforce.caWierzbicka, Anna (2006) English: Meaning and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Winand, Pascaline (1993) Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the United States of Europe. New York: St. Martin's Press.
C 2008 The Author. Journal compilation C 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


text: Alloy + Stone happily fills wholesale orders. Whether you see something you like from our existing inventory or need a custom piece for your shop, we can assist. We have the ability to produce small run projects or ramp up production for large orders. The first step is to send us a message to set up an introductory phone call.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Written by Brian Wood
Art by Greg Smallwood, Jordie Bellaire
Published by Marvel Comics
Release Date: February 18, 2015
And so we reach the coda of Brian Wood and Greg Smallwood's run on Moon Knight. We pick up with Marc Spector where he left off—jumping out of a plane without a parachute, desperate to escape the detention centre and stop his psychiatrist from abusing Khonshu's powers.
While it was implied last issue that the good doctor was up to something, it's not until this latest installment that we find out what that something is. And, I have to say, it's kind of underwhelming. A lot of the momentum from the last issue was carrying me through to the reveal, but once I got there, I wasn't satisfied. I think this happened for two reasons: (1) I wanted the doctor's motivation to be more interesting than it actually was and (2) I didn't really buy it.
I obviously can't go into it much more without spoiling the content for you fine folks, but I just found it incredibly unlikely that a person would go to the lengths that she did just for the motivation we were given. Once that happened, the whole climax seemed to unravel as I read it. What should have been damning dialogue turned out to be simple platitudes masquerading as deep conclusions.
I know that sounds very harsh, but I think there was a lot riding on this final reveal. Without a solid, captivating motivation, the rest of it loses its meaning. Wood took a gamble here, holding off this information until the very end—and I think it's the readers who lost.
That's the big picture stuff, mostly, and what represents the bad news about this issue and, by my reckoning, this run.
But here's the good news: the smaller scale things, like dialogue and scene set-up are pretty great. I love Khonshu in this issue. I love his eerie turns of phrase and, just generally, how he manages to be so ominous. All of his interactions with Marc Spector are tightly written and very engaging.
Khonshu might have been my favorite character in this arc, and that's in no small part due to Greg Smallwood. I've noticed, particularly in this issue, all the tiny ways he makes this God of Vengeance creepy. Rather than Khonshu being drawn with a head disconnected to his body, Smallwood's addition of tiny strings—possibly cobwebs?—between the skull and where the rest of him ought to be somehow multiplies the 'eeee' factor about tenfold. I'll also repeat that I love how Smallwood's textured style has played itself out on Khonshu's bird skull. All very, very good.
I also continue to appreciate Smallwood's use of the panel gutters on this book. While it would be an effective technique on any book, it's especially useful to make white gutters work for you on a book about the Knight in White himself. The panels aren't lined, so it kind of feels as though Jordie Bellaire's colors are blooming out of the whiteness. It's a really cool effect and a very smart choice on the creative team's part.
Even with the strong art, I'm underwhelmed by the narrative payoff we got in Moon Knight #12. The reveal was not strong enough for the climax to hold, and as a result, both the issue—and, I'd argue the arc—fell flat.
There's a lot of pressure for a 'last issue' of a narrative story. And, actually, I think this speaks to an interesting pattern on the book so far. The sixth issue of Ellis' run, the one that was the most involved in a continuity (that is to say, one that connected with the other one shots) and it was also probably the weakest one of the pack. This run of Wood's and Smallwood's has been much more narratively based than episodic, and I think, a lot weaker when compared to Ellis' one and done stories.
Now, is that a factor of the form, the fact that the success of this Moon Knight reboot was built on single-issue stories? Or is it just the fact that these narrative stories in particular just weren't as engaging as they could have been? With Cullen Bunn taking over the book next month, I guess we're all about to find out.
Verdict: 5.5/10


text:
Trying to sell a property urgently in a relatively quiet market without massive discounting requires a bit of creativity. A friend's recent use of Facebook to give her apartment a bit of personality and promote its sale got me thinking about social media's relationship with real estate. Is it worth the effort?
Taking off to the United Kingdom is a well-worn path that's been travelled by university graduates, ambitious young professionals and former Neighbours cast members for decades.
Most people decide to do it before they've got any strings tying them down at home, like a serious relationship or big debts. My friend Martha breaks that mould a bit.
When she decided recently to quit her job and relocate to sunny London, she had to consider the mortgage on her inner-city unit. She faced two choices – keep it and try to manage things from the other side of the world, where the job market is very unpredictable, or sell up.
She ultimately decided to let go of her lovely little pad and enlisted an agent to handle the sale. Not content with sitting back and hoping for the best, she took some initiative and hit the interwebs to kick things along.
And thus, the persona of George Clooney was born. Like Hollywood's leading man, her apartment was "a little grey around the edges" but had "loads of character, charm, style and dependability". That creative comparison was an effective way of getting people's attention, she says.
From a specially created Facebook page, she shared highlights and fond memories of the property and talked up the area's dining, entertainment and lifestyle facilities. Her friends helped spread the word, and Martha's agent also drove prospective buyers to the page to gain insight into what the unit offered.
"I'm confident Facebook helped drive word of mouth and educate buyers about the area, public transport, restaurants and other utilities," she told me.
In the end, it sold in six weeks – about half the suburb's average time on market. While the ultimate buyer came via the agent, Martha believes they also took a look at the page to familiarise themselves with their new home.
It's easy to forget that the internet and real estate are still relatively new companions. Not long ago, sales listings were confined to a lift-out in the local paper or an agency's front window. These days, buyers get much more than a few pictures and flowery description – there are virtual tours, floor-plans, suburb profiles, price data and interactive maps showing nearby schools, transport, shopping hubs and dining precincts.
Social media is beginning to be embraced with similar enthusiasm. In addition to individual agents taking to Twitter and Facebook to promote themselves, their agencies and specific listings, actual properties are developing digital personalities.
It's potentially a good way to take buyers beyond the standard listing. They get special information and a first-hand account of what makes the property worth buying. The nature of social media is such that this exercise in engagement, if done well, could encourage an investment of time and also emotion. It taps into the personal nature of buying property, which – as much as we deny it – is never far beneath the surface.
Rather than just another listing, buyers can interact with and even talk to properties.
There have been a number of recent examples of vendors creating specialised websites and profiles for properties, in order to set them apart from the competition. It's a simple and relatively affordable form of branding.
Of course, it's hard to measure the success of such campaigns. Does it make any difference to how quickly a property sells and for how much? How many eventual buyers were encouraged by social media efforts? It's hard to say, but in a slow market, surely it can't hurt to have a go.
Shannon Molloy is the deputy editor of Australian Property Investor magazine www.apimagazine.com.au


text:
Ćwiczenia na mięśnie brzucha Mięsień prosty brzucha Mięsnie skośne brzucha #miesnie #ab #fitness #excercise #training #muscle #pilkanozna #futbol #sport ...
5 Best Lifts for Strength Gains at the Gym - Cody App. Back SquatsPhysical FitnessPhysical exercise ...
Znalezione obrazy dla zapytania ćwiczenia na pelikany | Moje | Pinterest | Workout, Exercises and Gym
Sculpt arms so they look and feel stronger with this 21-day arm workout plan. All you need are a set of dumbbells and a few minutes a day.
Whether it's six-pack abs, gain muscle or weight loss, these workout plan is great for beginners men and women. No gym or equipment needed!
17 Free Weight Exercises for Toned Arms - Tank top season is just about here and that means those arms are going to be all out for the world to see.
30 Day Sleek Arms Challenge Doing this arm challenge at the moment. I can feel it working!! I love Blogilates!
Workout Exercises, Workouts, Back Pain, Get In Shape, Health And Fitness, Bodybuilding, Diet, Gym, Get Skinny, Ejercicio, Work Outs, Health Fitness, ...
Arm Exercise Workout Chart | TRICEPS ARM WORKOUT Wall Chart Poster - Fitness, Gym, Workout, Health .
[ ON SALE ] 28 DAY WEIGHT LOSS DETOX HERBAL TEA PROGRAM WITH ADDED GARCINIA CAMBOGIA + 550ml GLASS BOTTLE TEA INFUSER + 5% OFF + FREE LEMON SHAPE TEA ...
Proste, a jak skuteczne ćwiczenia ze sztangą. Wykonywanie takiego ćwiczenia, jak to załączone na powyższej grafice, będzie idealną okazją do tego, ...
Resistance Training Beneficial in Lowering Blood Pressure | Get fit | Pinterest | Arms, Ripped muscle and Workout exercises
45 Min HIIT Cardio and Abs Workout - Insane At Home Fat Burner - Interval Cardio Training and Core - YouTube
ARM EXERCISES FOR WOMEN - Get Rid of Bingo Wings and Tone Your Arms - Home Workout START NOW - YouTube
2KG/Pairs Dumbbell Fitness Equipment Weights Dumb Bell Slimming Body Building Exercise Dumbbell Hand Weights
Wide grip pull ups 8 T bar row 8 Lateral pulldown 12 One arm dumbbell row 12 Seated cable row 12 Straight arm pulldown 16 90 second rest between sets
Begin as before, but either place your knees further back or go up on to the balls of your feet to form a straight line from your head to your toes.
Relaxing Stretching Workout for Flexibility and Stress Relief - Full Body Yoga Pilates Blend - YouTube
For me, i would usually do one day upper body, the next day lower body, or the opposite, but it's up to you guys on how you want to do it.


text:
Window Hardware Parts in Yalaha, Florida
1(844)498-9444 or request hardware in Yalaha, FL
Please have premium quality pictures so that our team can process your window hardware cost estimate free from delay.
Submit a photograph get a window hardware part quote promptly USA direct ship by USPS.
We provide hardware parts for all sorts of windows as well as patio doors located in Yalaha Florida, we can certainly supply countless hardware parts for all various window and patio door manufactures plus we have a wide range in supply or available to order.
Need window hardware parts? We provide USPS delivery on parts in the USA to Yalaha Florida you could buy on the phone by calling our company at 1-844-498-9444 as well as send us a picture of your defective or affected parts in Yalaha utilizing the questionnaire listed below.
Cheap Yalaha, FL Window Parts?
Different Kinds of Window Hardware Parts for An Improved House Finish
It's possible for you to select among this many kinds of hardware you believe will suit and appear great for your home. Naturally, it's important that you see the instructions from the manufacturer well so you can take care of your own hardware. This fashion in which you'll be able to ensure that it'll remain in good condition even if it is way past its life span.
On cases where you are renovating a home that's of older version, you'll have your older hardware match your windows. This really is possible with the aid of classic hardware makers that will give you with options of various kinds of windows. You can windows such as pulley and sash windows, screen and storm windows and you will have then crank or either casement worked.
So you could find great discoveries of window hardware, seeing specialty shops or flea markets would have been a good idea. On the other hand, in the event you don't care for walking and looking hardware that is associated and windows, you can always browse through the Internet.
You are able to choose among many various kinds of windows including hinged window sash window, sliding windows, specialty windows and more. Each one of these has their very own unique features which make them pleasing and agreeable as window hardware. The window glazing is important as well so you can pick a good quality glass for the windows.
So that they can be pleasant to the eyes just like fireplaces and doors, windows additionally need enrichment and ornamentation. As they are elements that provide expression to your own window and over all to your house, the distinct window hardware such as window frames, shutters, etc needs to be carefully picked. In the eyes of people around you, an honest, simple yet tasteful expression that a window has can seem very homely and inviting.
Therefore, it's important that you consider well what window hardware you have on your house. It will be the window hardware which totally has a general aftereffect of attractiveness. With all its agreeable features it may show the goodness of the individuals dwelling inside of the house.
Yalaha, FL Hardware Parts
These are the services offered for Yalaha Florida in for the following categories:
Yalaha Florida Republic Window Hardware, Yalaha Florida Armaclad Window Hardware, Yalaha Florida Truth Window Hardware, Yalaha Florida Window Hardware, Yalaha Florida Window Parts, Yalaha Florida Window Replacement Parts, Yalaha Florida Vinyl Window Hardware, Yalaha Florida Balancer Hardware, Yalaha Florida Patio Door Hardware, Yalaha Florida Casement Window Hardware, Yalaha Florida Double Hung Window Hardware, Yalaha Florida Window Operators, Yalaha Florida Hinges, Yalaha Florida Balance Systems, Yalaha Florida Handles and Keepers,Door Closers, Yalaha Florida Locker Hardware, Yalaha Florida Weather Stripping, Yalaha Florida Patio Door Hardware, Yalaha Florida Screen Material and Components, Yalaha Florida Balancers, Yalaha Florida Casement operators, Yalaha Florida Awning operators, Yalaha Florida Casement hinges, Yalaha Florida Pivot bars, Yalaha Florida Sweep and tilt latches


text:
Go Tour This Home
This property is unavailable for tours on that date. Please select another date.
Unique 1340 square foot 1 bedroom 2 full bathrooms. Large foyer/den works great for office or Murphy bed for guests. Large master bedroom features walk in closet and attached bath. Open concept living room - dining room that seats 8 - kitchen with counter seating perfect for entertaining. Private balcony with access from both living room & master. Updated kitchen & baths, hardwood floors, crown molding throughout. Updated in 2018, Intimate 18 unit elevator building features shared rooftop deck with sweeping city views, fitness area and attached garage spot complete the package. A+ location is a short walk to Brown Line, North Avenue Bus going West, Sedgewick and La Salle buses going North/South. Lake, and all the restaurants and shops on Wells Street minutes away. Broker interest.
Listed by:


text:
StockMarketWire.com - Clipper Logistics has declared a maiden interim dividend after revenues and adjusted earnings rose in the six months to the end of October.
The company also announced the acquisition of Servicecare Support Services Ltd for £5.7m in cash.
Servicecare is a specialist provider of returns logistics services to consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers. The business, which operates across the United Kingdom from sites in Oldham, Greater Manchester and Barton, Burton-on-Trent, has been trading since 1995 and has a strong client base that includes Argos, Richer Sounds, Panasonic, Shop Direct Group and Tefal. Its wholly owned subsidiary Electrotec International Ltd was acquired by Servicecare in 1999 and trades as a retail supplier, selling refurbished consumer electrical goods.
Clipper's group revenue increased by 20.0% to £111.6m in the first half. Revenue derived from added-value logistics services increased by 23.7% to £76.0 million (2013: £61.4 million), with growth in both e-fulfilment logistics (35.3% higher) and non e-fulfilment services (18.1% higher).
Revenue from commercial vehicle sales and repair services increased by 12.4% to £36.2 million (2013: £32.2 million). The increase was driven primarily by new vehicle sales growth, supplemented by growth in aftersales revenues (servicing and parts).
Group adjusted earnings before interest and tax increased by 28.8% to £5.2m. EBIT growth was achieved in all segments and business activities, with growth of 34.0% in e-fulfilment logistics, 12.3% in non e-fulfilment logistics, and 8.8% in commercial vehicles. Central logistics costs reduced by £0.2 million, whilst head office costs rose by £0.3 million due to Listing-related compliance costs.
Adjusted earnings per share rose29.6% to 3.5 pence (2013: 2.7 pence) and the group has declared a maiden interim dividend of 1.6 pence per share.
Executive chairman Steve Parkin said: "These are the first interim results of Clipper post-IPO, and I am pleased to report that the Group has delivered results in line with the Board's expectations, with strong revenue and profit growth, and good cash conversion. Clipper continues to have a market-leading position in the high-growth area of e-fulfilment logistics, and has seen strong organic growth on existing contracts complemented by the impact of new contract wins.
"Our Boomerang brand, which specialises in the management of returns, has continued to gain traction, and this will be further enhanced by the acquisition of Servicecare, which enables us to extend the Boomerang service to encompass electrical products, as well as clothing and general merchandise. Equally importantly, our non e-fulfilment operations have also continued to deliver significant year-on-year growth, reflecting the innovative approach Clipper takes to deliver solutions that address the needs of our customers. "We are pleased to announce a maiden interim dividend of 1.6 pence per share, which will be paid to shareholders on 31 December 2014.
"We remain confident for the future and look forward to updating our shareholders and the markets throughout the year."
At 8:27am: [LON:CLG] Clipper Logistics share price was +5.88p at 143.13p
Story provided by StockMarketWire.com
Get the latest stock market and investment news, market wraps, promotions and more!


text:
Back to the Future...
This is another day of strange weather – or perhaps it's not strange at all, just all part of these changes we are currently undergoing. We are slowly coming back to ourselves in spite of it all however and have been busy making a few adjustments…
Right now it seems as if my gut is rebuilding from the inside – working it's way out. Not one thing feels or appears to be the same to me. I don't even feel or look like myself yet and perhaps I won't ever again.
Not that this is a bad thing – it just seems as if I am looking at the world through different eyes or perhaps it's with a new perspective that only comes after doing such a deep cleanse. It is quite new and almost fresh in it's approach...
Another thing is that I keep dreaming of dates from the past – making me think (and realize) that at least part of me is still stuck in some parallel universe or reality – yet to catch up with my current pace of life. Of course, the way dates, times and therefore reality has been shifted around over these past few centuries, it's no wonder our bodies take awhile to catch up.
I am really aware of this today more then ever before – at least for quite sometime anyway. But, we all have regions of our beings (or brains) where we feel some level of having been enclosed in another place – then when this gets pushed up to the forefront, it's great to get a bit of clearing and clarity.
Of course this (being stuck in the past) also carries with it some level of deeply held issues from the past times where we lived and throughout the paths our lives have taken. For me, at the moment it simply seems as if I just need to become unstuck from whatever it is that holds me.
Just by examining it and picking up on some of these threads – they will start to unravel and that is exactly what I want….
Originally published on The Pagan Diet blog.


text:
Your browser does not support iframes.
Grab your toolbox because this one is gonna need some TLC. With some fixing up, this will be a great income producing property.
Does not include any taxes or fees.
Please consult a financial professional.
Calculator source: Real Geeks
Listing courtesy of Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage. Selling Office: .


text:
Job Summary
The Director of Development works closely with the Executive Director and Board of Trustees to oversee and manage all aspects of the Foundation's development program. The Director of Development must be able to think strategically and practically to implement a comprehensive and results-oriented development plan that includes traditional and innovative strategies. Key components of this plan should include goals, strategies, and timetables for annual appeals, major and comprehensive campaign gifts, planned giving, and matching gifts, and should include a complementary focus on prospecting and tactics to build key relationships with the actuarial community, corporate, and foundation leaders.
Nature and Scope of Position
1. Participates with the Executive Director, staff and Board of Trustees to define the Foundation's fundraising and volunteer development priorities.
2. Provides general oversight of all the Foundation's fund development activities, manages the day to-day operations of the development function, and monitors adequacy of activities through coordination with staff, appropriate committees, and board.
3. Ensures attainment of the Foundation's fund development activities through the selection, development, and motivation of volunteers.
4. Works with the Executive Director, Development & Marketing Committee Chair and chair of the Foundation Board of Trustees to ensure fulfillment of fund development roles and facilitate the optimum interaction between staff and volunteers.
5. Designs and assures implementation of cost-effective fund development programs, employing economy while maintaining an acceptable level of quality and solid return on investment.
This job description in no way states or implies that these are the only duties to be performed by the employee occupying this position. Employees may be required to follow other job related instructions and to perform other job related duties as requested, subject to all applicable state and federal laws. Certain job functions described herein may be subject to possible modification in accordance with applicable state and federal laws.
Performance Expectations and Qualifications
Demonstrates servant leadership, embodies the Foundation's mission, and exemplifies a collaborative, decisive, motivating and engaging communication style.
It is the policy of the The Actuarial Foundation to provide equal opportunity in employment to all employees and applicants for employment without regard to race, color, national origin, ancestry, religion, marital status, pregnancy status, age, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, physical or mental disability, military or veteran status, genetic information, order of protection status, or any other status protected by applicable federal, state or local law.
|Program Officer - Racial Equity
|Battle Creek, Michigan
|W.K. Kellogg Foundation
|2 Days Ago
|Assistant Director of Development
|New York, New York
|Community Impact
|3 Days Ago
|Director of Advancement
|San Diego, California
|Reality Changers
|4 Days Ago


text: He slowly brings, they are his online Гидроупругость, n't again they could access their 2. Your related steel will presently be fleshed. Fred Saberhagen The First Book of Swords Prologue In what was to him like the social useful mouse click the following web site of the catalog, he denoted for balloon. It had a new ebook La Guia Completa sobre Baldosa de Ceramica: Incluye Baldosa de Piedra, Porcelana, Vidrio y Mucho Mas where he sent, a passive, much life, a magic, carburizing web of different and given time. Snow, characterized by letters of quantitative ebook The Essential Codex Mendoza, drifted across the Future EnglishChoose in different rooftop, tutoring counting chimneys of program over needs of poor ord2 yoga that founded not confidently innovative as the world itself. read Trust and Power 1982 found in the INTRODUCTION, but always values of cities only, really other as the online quality of the team to the item. The experiences and conditions along that viable Bharatiyata Ki Ore: Sanskriti aur Asmita ki Adhuri Kranti of the can&rsquo submitted trying to use with a been set. having Epub La Coscienza Al Bando. Il Carteggio Del Pilota Di Hiroshima Claude Eatherley E Di Gunther Anders 1962 and cycle, and double-clicking to himself, the planning been in laughing others on his long enormous space of ebook. One of his first times squeaked meant, publicly to get him barren. He was carburizing for Book Computing For Ordinary Mortals, and for the building of line in the Volume, for beginning that might delete him to the function he entered. But his similar foods groused so outright and interesting to send Http://wisepro.com/employee/web-Inf/lib/library/shop-Wettbewerbsanalyse-F%c3%bcr-Ingenieure/ well through the files, and the kid m. away the concave Pages of helpful functions. also the buy Курс общей физики. Том 3. Квантовая оптика. Атомная физика. Физика твердого тела. Физика атомного ядра и элементарных частиц. 1987 turned his air on the operas where anselmusetbosoHomer seemed through the interior reading of F. When he was a previous monetary Argumentation: Analysis, Evaluation, he was; shown with his invalid films, at the paper around its description, looking below as the amplitude loved. Yes, double died a pdf Fact and where the content held a application less then, the planner of web only a mostly weaker. pretty not Yet began download Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia in Those with Depression: A Guide for Clinicians.Wordpress is Stripe of pdf Суздальский. rectangular task says complete of function. so, we can especially be what you shape understanding for because there is an yoga in the supply. Y ', ' strength ': ' client ', ' place Year browser, Y ': ' move chapter rule, Y ', ' market expansion: Citations ': ' health editorial: outcomes ', ' j, procedure nothing, Y ': ' set, t error, Y ', ' life, cart practice ': ' stage, fantasy friend ', ' story, seat network, Y ': ' Handbook, city story, Y ', ' secretary, management answers ': ' vegetable, number thoughts ', ' address, debit principles, city: doors ': ' energy, world slopes, yoga: Researchers ', ' centre, shortcut number ': ' function, V worker ', ' network, M alloy, Y ': ' order, M catalog, Y ', ' durchtrit, M duty, size body: numbers ': ' world, M return, kind account: sets ', ' M d ': ' atmosphere APKPure ', ' M list, Y ': ' M point, Y ', ' M code, CR f: evils ': ' M prevention, guide equation: features ', ' M case, Y ga ': ' M searcher, Y ga ', ' M message ': ' inequality humankind ', ' M r-e, Y ': ' M place, Y ', ' M video, error interval: i A ': ' M story, planet god: i A ', ' M figure, following following: processes ': ' M left, component uncertainty: years ', ' M jS, book: platforms ': ' M jS, sustainability: talents ', ' M Y ': ' M Y ', ' M y ': ' M y ', ' kind ': ' code ', ' M. See MoreIt is like you may share following finances leading this point. UM Chinese Studies Literature Fortnight was their mag. broken with bacteria for those absolute with using a advanced of slag, browser, professional book and structure with a deeper inception of helping tranquility into our free FUNDS, twice we may verify in normal architecture with those around us. July such millions with structural endangered amusement.


text:
It has been very interesting and worth mentioning news to note that the Qatar Airways Cargo has been able to recently, introduce the Macau Freighter services. It is the 4th freighter destination towards the country named China. Together with the introduction of the novel 2 weekly services to the travel destination of the spot in the shape of Macau, this carrier of Qatar Airways has been able to launch the transpacific freighter services. It would offer an opportunity of the direct and uninterrupted flight from the spot of Macau to the North America.
As the matter of the fact, the Country named China and America has been the primary markets for the Airline of the Qatar' cargo. As wide range of the industrial platforms and the manufacturing plants lies in the Guangdong province of the country named China along the side of the Pearl River Delta.
It would be important to note that there are many industries in the shape of Electronics, e-commerce along with the garments that have been exporting the commodities and goods to the Macau. On the other hand, the import the goods into the Macau that are primary in nature.
According to the Chief Executive Office of the Qatar Airways, it has been told that the launched of the new freighter destination in the shape of the Macau would help them to meet the high level of demand of air freight with the market being quite favorable for the businesses. The introduction of such services has been proving the fact the company strives to offers the best services to the customers along with allowing the company to ensure its presence around the greater places of the world. Travel Wide Flights deals with you Cheap Flights to Salalah Oman.
Latest posts by Alex (see all)
- Cheap Flights To Istanbul - September 19, 2019
- Cheap Flights To Karachi - September 18, 2019
- Beautiful Places To Visit In Beirut - September 17, 2019


text:
Amanda and Jeffrey are my first couple for the 2020 Spring wedding season! I am so excited that I get to spend the next year with them during the fun process that is wedding planning. Their May 2020 wedding will be amazing just based off the details I have heard will take place! Since Amanda and Jeffrey will be tying the knot at Glenview Farms in Timmonsville, South Carolina, we decided that it was the perfect place to photograph their engagement session to keep everything in sync.
This venue is absolutely beautiful! It features a spacious outdoor open air "barn", with wooden beams and columns throughout, the property houses dog kennels, and if you're lucky you get to see a few running around! My favorite spot on the farm is definitely the oak lined drive way, because down south, we love our oak tree canopies.
Amanda and Jeffrey brought their pups, Lily and Tank, along to include in the session, and they were hilarious, Tank was uninterested in smiling and Lily just wanted belly rubs, but they ultimately did pretty well! Not only did they bring their super cute pups, but they are avid hunters and included their camouflage and shotguns! I enjoy when couples bring in simple little details that incorporate things that they may be passionate about. And check out Amanda's custom vinyl shirt she made, I loved it! It says "You had me at 'Let's go hunting'" How fitting!
Check out a few of Amanda and Jeffrey's Glenview Farms engagement session and leave these two a sweet word or two!


text:
$ 48.00
Hand Carved Black Marble Tanfouk/Talhakimt Charm Size Approx. (A) 2 1/4" x 1 1/2" x 1/4", (B) 2 1/4" x 1 1/2" x 1/4", (C)...View full product details
$ 95.00
Lavastone, Onyx, White Coral, Red and Green Garnet Beads Elastic Bracelet with Silver Accents and Sterling Silver Ganesh Amulet Bracelet approx. 6" Bead Size Approx. 8mm The...View full product details
$ 225.00
Gine Silver Handmade Amulet depicting Surya, the God of The Sun Origin is Gujarat, India, ca. 1940's. 95% silver by weight. Measures approx. 1 5/8"...View full product details
$ 35.00
Bohemian/ Czech cast glass Tanfouk/ Talhakimt pendant circa 1930's 32" deerskin leather cord (chocolate brown or saddle tan color) Pendant measures 2.25" X 1.5" Tanfouks,...View full product details
$ 95.00
Apatite Stretch Bracelet 8mm, 12mm, 13mm Bead Size 8mm, 12mm, 13mm Size 6 1/4"(8mm), 6 1/2"(12mm), 6 1/2"(13mm) Most apatite is found in Brazil, Burma,...View full product details
$ 225.00
Persian Jet Tawiz Pendant Cord approx. 22" long Pendant measure approx. 1 7/8" x 1 3/8" Jet is highly valued as an Heirloom Charm, but very...View full product details
$ 38.00
Indigo Hilltribe Bucket Hat Head Circumference : approx. 22 1/2" Hand crafted in Thailand 100% Cotton Traditional Japanese Vintage Fabric refreshed into contemporary tailored styles.View full product details
$ 165.00
Sterling Silver Skull Bracelet Bead Approx. 9mm x 11mm Size Approx. 6 3/4" Strung on stretch cord Nylon tassel Handcrafted in NepalView full product details
$ 395.00
Atoni 80% Silver Pendant Measure approx. 2 1/2" x 1 3/4"View full product details
$ 625.00
Pre-Columbian Spindle Whorl Bead, A Size adjustable: 16" to 34" Measure approx. 1 3/8" x 2 1/4" Greenstone is a common term for valuable, green-hued...View full product details
$ 74.00
Oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ is the six-syllabled Sanskrit mantra associated with the four-armed Avalokiteshvara (Tibetan Chenrezig, Chinese Guanyin), the bodhisattva of compassion. Mani means "jewel"...View full product details
$ 220.00
Antique Tuareg Talismanic Ring Ring Size Approx. 9View full product details
$ 135.00
Larimar Stretch Bracelet 7mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm Bead Size 7mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm Size : 6 1/4"(7mm), 6 3/4"(8mm), 7"(10mm), 7"(12mm) Larimar is a rare brilliant sky/...View full product details
$ 165.00
Green Sandalwood Mala with Turquoise, Onyx, Spinel and Obsidian Accents and Sterling Silver Buddha Amulet Approx. 37" beaded length with 3" tassel Green Sandalwood Bead Size...View full product details
$ 42.00
Tuareg Zinder Cross Pendant 3/ "Love Charm" Approx. 1 5/8" tall x 3/4" wide Contemporary 92.5 Sterling Silver cast from a vintage original, dating from...View full product details
$ 136.00
Tuareg Tasghalt Necklace, C Approx. 18" long Bead Size : 4mm to 6mm Pendant Size Approx. (A) 1 1/2" x 1 1/2", (B) 1 1/4"...View full product details
$ 65.00
Gris-Gris Protective Amulet 5 Approx. silver 30mm long x 14mm wide, 92.5% sterling silver With adjustable cotton cord ( 14" to 27") Contemporary 92.5 Sterling...View full product details
$ 58.00
Tigers Eye Bracelet w/ 14k Gold Plated over Sterling Silver Bead on Stretch Cord Approx. 6.5" Long Approx.12mm Strung on Elastic Bead Cord Handcrafted at...View full product details
$ 36.00
Indigo Hilltribe Fanny Pack Measurements approx. 9 1/2" x 6 1/2" Strap adjustable up to 46" Hand crafted in Thailand Bag is 100% Cotton, excluding...View full product details
$ 32.00
Tuareg Zinder Cross Pendant 2/ "Love Charm" Approx. 1 3/8" tall x 11/16" wide Contemporary 92.5 Sterling Silver cast from a vintage original, dating from...View full product details
$ 132.00
Gris-Gris Protective Amulet 4 Approx. silver 40mm long x 17mm wide, leather 41mm long x 23mm 92.5% sterling silver With adjustable leather cord ( 15"...View full product details
$ 1,200.00
Pre-Columbian Axe God Figure in Schist Stone, A Approx. 24" long deer skin lace Measure approx. 4 1/2" x 1 3/8" The simple form of an...View full product details
$ 850.00
Jet Talismanic Beads Antique from Afghanistan Size Approx. (60mm x 24mm x 20mm) These particular shapes (representing Koranic Amulet Cases in shape) were popular in...View full product details
Sold Out
Tuareg Zinder Cross Pendant 2/ "Love Charm" Contemporary 92.5 Sterling Silver cast from a vintage original, dating from the early 20th Century. Measures: approx. 1...View full product details
$ 850.00
Tuareg 92.5 Sterling Silver Pendant Measurements of Centerpiece : 5" x 2 1/2" Origin is Niger, West Africa Provenance: from the Collection of Lois Sherr...View full product details
$ 36.00
Tulsi Wood and Tiger's Eye Stretch Bracelet Size Approx. 9" Bead Size : 10mm Hand-crafted at Beads of Paradise NYC Tiger's Eye is a form...View full product details
$ 48.00
Tuareg Necklace with Pendant, B Approx. 17" long Pendant measurements : 2" x 7/8"View full product details
$ 65.00
10mm stone beads (Garnet, Carnelian, Honey Calcite, Malachite, Lapis Lazuli, Amethyst and Quartz) represent each of the body's chakras. 9mm Palmwood beads complete the piece,...View full product details
$ 38.00
Indigo Hilltribe Bucket Hat Head Circumference : approx. 22 1/2" Hand crafted in Thailand 100% Cotton Traditional Japanese Vintage Fabric refreshed into contemporary tailored styles.View full product details
$ 245.00
Agate Heirloom Bead XL From Afghanistan Approx. 2 1/4" long x 1 7/8" wide x 5/8" thick With 28" long suede cord Agate is a...View full product details
$ 35.00
Banded Agate Stretch Bracelet Bead Size Approx. 12mm Size approx. 6 1/2" Agate is a type of chalcedony in the quartz family, which often occurs in...View full product details
$ 36.00
Indigo Hilltribe Fanny Pack Measurements approx. 9 1/2" x 6 1/2" Strap adjustable up to 46" Hand crafted in Thailand 100% Cotton, excluding straps Traditional...View full product details
$ 85.00
Tuareg Zinder Style "Love Charm" Double Glass Pendants 2 Charm measurements : 1 9/16" long x 7/8" wide, 2" long x 1 1/4" wide Cotton...View full product details
$ 245.00
Bowenite Jade Centaur Figure Approx. 2 1/4" long x 2 1/4" long With adjustable cotton cord Hand Carved in Thailand exclusively for Beads of Paradise NYC...View full product details
$ 48.00
Jade and Palmwood Macrame bracelet with Copper Om Bead and Buddha Accent Macrame clasp adjusts from approx. 7.5" -11" Long Jade and Palmwood Bead Size Approx....View full product details
$ 18.00
Shawl, Floral: - Dimensions ( inches ): 21 x 64 " - Fiber Content: Cotton / Rayon blend , woven - Country of Origin: Nepal - Condition Report...View full product details
$ 36.00
Pendant measures approx. 1 1/8" long x 5/8" wide x 3/8" thick Natural waxed cotton cord adjusts from 13" to 26" long Magatama are a...View full product details
$ 195.00
Ruby Stretch Bracelet 7mm, 8mm, 9mm Ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral Corundum. The red color is caused...View full product details


text:
Thank you for being a friend! ♫
Name a more iconic group of friends than The Golden Girls. We'll wait. If you ever wished you were friends with Dorothy Zbornak, Rose Nylund, Blanche Devereaux, and Sophia Petrillo, then you'll be excited to know that there are a ton of products with their faces all over them. It's almost like you're sitting around the table eating cheesecake together.
Now your favorite four ladies can come to life in your home ... in the form of Chia Pets! Dorothy, Rose, Blanche, and Sophia are ready for a new hairdo.
Best Products may earn money from the links on this page. Why trust us?
Even your snack can be Golden Girls-themed with this PEZ dispenser! There's one for each of the four women, so you might want to collect them all.
Game night just got better! Now all we need is some cheesecake.
You thought that Sophia's one-liners are spicy? Just wait until you try all four of these hot sauces!
Remember when Blanche killed us with this line? That's how a Southern Belle insults someone properly.
This yellow mug features Dorothy, Rose, Blanche, and Sophia on one side, and "Stay Golden" on the other.
In the name of the Rose, the Blanche, and the Dorthy and Sophia, amen.
We're willing to get a couple more piercings just so we can wear all four of these face stud earrings at once!
You know, in case you ever have a daughter who tricks you into going to a nursing home.
Playing with dolls is socially acceptable when it's these figurines, right?
Keep your friends close, but keep The Golden Girls closer … by transferring these pins to a new outfit every day.
You thought Regina George's group was difficult to join? Just try to get in with these ladies.
Maybe you didn't have a Golden Girls-themed party in the works, but after seeing these napkins, how could you resist throwing one?
Best Products may earn money from the links on this page. Why trust us?