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Hood Sons v. Du Mond/Dissent Frankfurter
United States Supreme Court
Hood Sons v. Du Mond
Argued: Dec. 13, 14, 1948. --- Decided: April 4, 1949
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, with whom Mr. Justice RUTLEDGE joins, dissenting.
If the Court's opinion has meaning beyond deciding this case in isolation, its effect is to hold that no matter how important to the internal economy of a State may be the prevention of destructive competition, and no matter how unimportant the interstate commerce affected, a State cannot as a means of preventing such competition deny an applicant access to a market within the State if that applicant happens to intend the out-of-state shipment of the product that he buys. I feel constrained to dissent because I cannot agree in treating what is essentially a problem of striking a balance between competing interests as an exercise in absolutes. Nor does it seem to me that such a problem should be disposed of on a record from which we cannot tell what weights to put in which side of the scales.
In the interest of clarity, the controlling facts in this case may thus be fairly summarized.
Hood, the petitioner, is a Massachusetts corporation engaged in supplying the Boston market with fluid milk. In New York State, on the border of Vermont and Massachusetts, it operates two milk-receiving plants to which milk is delivered by local producers and whence it is shipped to Boston without processing. These two plants-at Eagle Bridge and Salem-are quite close together. On January 30, 1946, Hood applied to the Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets of New York for an extension of its New York license to purchase milk which would permit it to operate an additional receiving plant at Greenwich, New York. Greenwich is ten miles from Salem and twelve miles from Eagle Bridge. Hood proposed to divert to the plant at Greenwich milk deliveries of producers living in that vicinity who were then delivering to its more distant plants at Eagle Bridge and Salem and to take on at Greenwich twenty or thirty additional producers then delivering to competing dealers in the vicinity of Greenwich.
The Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets denied Hood's appl cation for extension of its license. In so doing, it rested its decision upon the following 'conclusions':
'If applicant is permitted to equip and operate another milk plant in this territory, and to take on producers now delivering to plants other than those which it operates, it will tend to reduce the volume of milk received at the plants which lose those producers, and will tend to increase the cost of handling milk in those plants.
'If applicant takes producers now delivering milk to local markets such as Troy, it will have a tendency to deprive such markets of a supply needed during the short season. * * *
'The issuance of a license to applicant which would permit it to operate an additional plant, would tend to a destructive competition in a market already adequately served, and would not be in the public interest.'
Hood instituted proceedings in the Supreme Court of New York to review the order which were transferred without hearing to the Appellate Division. The Appellate Division sustained the Commissioner's action in a per curiam opinion, and leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals was granted. That court considered Hood's claim that the order violated the commerce clause and denied it on the ground that 'any interference with the free flow of interstate commerce was incidental only.' 297 N.Y. 209, 215, 78 N.E.2d 476, 478-479.
Some of the principles relevant to decision of this case are settled beyond dispute. One of these is that the prevention of destructive competition is a permissible exercise of the police power. Nebbia v. People of State of New York, 291 U.S. 502, 54 S.Ct. 505, 78 L.Ed. 940, 89 A.L.R. 1469; United States v. Rock Royal Cooperative, 307 U.S. 533, 59 S.Ct. 993, 83 L.Ed. 1446; Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co. v. Adkins, 310 U.S. 381, 395, 60 S.Ct. 907, 913, 84 L.Ed. 1263. Another is that a State is not barred from licensing an activity merely because it is interstate commerce. [1] Even more basic is the principle that as to matters which do not demand that regulation be uniformly present or uniformly absent, see Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How. 299, 13 L.Ed. 996, the State may impose its own requirements 'even though they materially interfere with interstate commerce.' South Carolina State Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. 177, 188, 625, 58 S.Ct. 510, 515, 82 L.Ed. 734. And only recently, be it noted, this Court has characterized the buying of milk for out-of-state shipment as an 'essentially local' business. Milk Control Board of Pennsylvania v. Eisenberg Farm Products, 306 U.S. 346, 352, 59 S.Ct. 528, 530, 83 L.Ed. 752.
Behind the distinction between 'substantial' and 'incidental' burdens upon interstate commerce is a recognition that, in the absence of federal regulation, it is sometimes-of course not alway -of greater importance that local interests be protected than that interstate commerce be not touched.
'When Congress has not exerted its power under the Commerce Clause, and state regulation of matters of local concern is so related to interstate commerce that it also operates as a regulation of that commerce, the reconciliation of the power thus granted with that reserved to the state is to be attained by the accommodation of the competing demands of the state and national interests involved.' Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 362, 63 S.Ct. 307, 319, 87 L.Ed. 315.
'But the Commerce Clause does not cut the States off from all legislative relation to foreign and interstate commerce. South Carolina State Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. 177, 625, 58 S.Ct. 510, 82 L.Ed. 734; Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250, 58 S.Ct. 546, 82 L.Ed. 823, 115 A.L.R. 944. Such commerce interprenetrates the States and no undisputed generality about the freedom of commerce from state encroachment can delimit in advance the interacting areas of state and national power when Congress has not by legislation foreclosed state action. The incidence of the particular state enactment must determine whether it has transgressed the power left to the States to protect their special state interests although it is related to a phase of a more extensive commercial process.' Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U.S. 202, 209-210, 64 S.Ct. 967, 972, 88 L.Ed. 1227, 152 A.L.R. 1072.
'* * * in the necessary accommodation between local needs and the overriding requirement of freedom for the national commerce, the incidence of a particular type of State action may throw the balance in support of the local need because interference with the national interest is remote or unsubstantial. A police regulation of local aspects of interstate commerce is a power often essential to a State in safeguarding vital local interests. At least until Congress chooses to enact a nationwide rule, the power will not be denied to the State.' Freeman v. Hewit, 329 U.S. 249, 253, 67 S.Ct. 274, 277, 91 L.Ed. 265.
See also Southern R. Co. v. King, 217 U.S. 524, 533, 30 S.Ct. 594, 596, 54 L.Ed. 868; Illinois Natural Gas Co. v. Central Illinois Public Service Co., 314 U.S. 498, 506, 62 S.Ct. 384, 387, 86 L.Ed. 371. [2]
The Court's opinion deems the decision in Baldwin v. G. A. F. Seelig, Inc., 294 U.S. 511, 55 S.Ct. 497, 79 L.Ed. 1032, 101 A.L.R. 55, as most relevant to the present controversy. But it is the essential teaching of that case that 'considerations of degree' determine the line of decision between what a State may and what a State may not regulate, when what is sought to be regulated is part of the shuttle-work of interstate commerce. 294 U.S. at page 525, 55 S.Ct. at page 501. What was there held and all that was held was accurately defined in Milk Control Board v. Eisenberg Farm Products, 306 U.S. 346, 353, 59 S.Ct. 528, 531, 83 L.Ed. 752: 'In Baldwin v. (G. A. F.) Seelig, (Inc.), 294 U.S. 511, 55 S.Ct. 497, 79 L.Ed. 1032, 101 A.L.R. 55, this court condemned an enactment aimed solely at interstate commerce attempting to affect and regulate the price to be paid for milk in a sister state, and we indicated that the attempt amounted in effect to a tariff barrier set up against milk imported into the enacting state.' The nakedness of New York's purpose to reach into Vermont was ill-concealed by the tenuous justification that if Vermont farmers got cheap prices for their milk they would be tempted to save the expense of sanitary precautions and thereby affect the health of New York consumers. 'If New York, in order to promote the economic welfare of her farmers, may guard them against competition with the cheaper prices of Vermont, the door has been opened to rivalries and reprisals that were meant to be averted by subjecting commerce between the states to the power of the nation.' 294 U.S. at page 522, 55 S.Ct. at page 500. But guarding against out-of-state competition is a very different thing from curbing competition from whatever source. A tariff barrier between States, moreover, presupposes a purpose to prefer those who are within the barrier; where no such preference appears there can be no justification for reprisals and there is consequently little probability of them. In the determination that an extension of petitioner's license would tend to destructive competition, the fact that petitioner intended the out-of-state shipment of what it bought was, so far as the record tells us, wholly irrelevant; under the circumstances, any other applicant, no matter where he meant to send his milk, would presumably also have been refused a license.
As I see the central issue, therefore, it is whether the difference in degree between denying access to a market for failure to comply with sanitary or book-keeping regulations and denying it for the sake of preventing destructive competition from disrupting the market is great enough to justify a difference in result. But for that difference in degree, the judgment below would fully rest on the Eisenberg case. If, on the other hand, petitioner's competitors were like itself engaged in interstate commerce, Buck v. Kuykendall, 267 U.S. 307, 45 S.Ct. 324, 69 L.Ed. 623, 38 A.L.R. 286; and Bush & Sons Co. v. Maloy, 267 U.S. 317, 45 S.Ct. 326, 69 L.Ed. 627, would be powerful precedents in favor of reversal. See also Lemke v. Farmers' Grain Co. of Embden, N.D., 258 U.S. 50, 42 S.Ct. 244, 66 L.Ed. 458; Shafer v. Farmers' Grain Co. of Embden, N.D., 268 U.S. 189, 45 S.Ct. 481, 69 L.Ed. 909.
This case falls somewhere between these most nearly decisive authorities. It is closer to the Buck and Bush cases than to the Eisenberg case in that the denial of a license to enter a market because the market is 'adequately served' imposes a disqualification beyond the power of the applicant to remove. In that respect the effect upon the free flow of commerce is more enduring than is the case where all that is required is compliance with a local regulation. The State's interest in restricting competition, moreover, is less obvious than its interest in preserving health or insuring probity in business dealings. Yet the commerce involved in the Buck and Bush cases-the operation of busses between Seattle, Washington, and Portland, Oregon-was exclusively interstate. Here, however, it does not appear that any of Hood's competitors sent milk out of the State, and, in fact, only about 8% of New York's entire production of milk is sent out. [3] In this respect the case resembles the Eisenberg case, in which it appeared that only slightly more than 10% of the milk produced in Pennsylvania was exported. 306 U.S. at page 350, 59 S.Ct. at page 530, 83 L.Ed. 752. In upholding the State's licensing power in that case, the Court remarked that this percentage was 'only a small fraction of the milk produced by farmers in Pennsylvania' and concluded that as a consequence 'the effect of the law on interstate commerce is incidental.' 306 U.S. at page 353, 59 S.Ct. at page 531. But comparison could be carried further and still the similarities and dissimilarities of the facts in the record before us to the Eisenberg case and the Buck and Bush cases would be inconclusive. In an area where differences of degree depend on slight differences of fact, precedent alone is an inadequate guide.
It is argued, however, that New York can have no interest in the restriction of competition great enou h to warrant shutting its doors to one who would buy its products for shipment to another State. This must mean that the protection of health and the promotion of fair dealing are of a different order, somehow, than the prevention of destructive competition. But the fixing of prices was a main object of the regulation upheld in the Eisenberg case, and it is obvious that one of the most effective ways of maintaining a price structure is to control competition. [4] The milk industry is peculiarly subject to internecine warfare, as this Court recognized in sustaining against due-process attack the precursor of New York's present milk-control law. Nebbia v. People of State of New York, 291 U.S. 502, 54 S.Ct. 505, 78 L.Ed. 940, 89 A.L.R. 1469. A picture of ruthless and wasteful competition was painted in that case as in each of the other cases in which the Court has upheld the regulation of the milk industry. United States v. Rock Royal Co-operative, 307 U.S. 533, 59 S.Ct. 993, 83 L.Ed. 1446; H. P. Hood & Sons v. United States, 307 U.S. 588, 59 S.Ct. 1019, 83 L.Ed. 1478; United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co., 315 U.S. 110, 62 S.Ct. 523, 86 L.Ed. 726. And so far as appears, State action to maintain the price structure in conjunction with complementary regulation by the Secretary of Agriculture is no less necessary for the dairy industry than for the raisin industry. Compare Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 63 S.Ct. 307, 87 L.Ed. 315; see United States v. Rock Royal Co-operative, Inc., 307 U.S. 533, 548-549, 59 S.Ct. 993, 1001, 83 L.Ed. 1446. In view of the importance that we have hitherto found in regulation of the economy of agriculture, I cannot understand the justification for assigning, as a matter of law, so much higher a place to milk dealers' standards of bookkeeping than to the economic wellbeing of their industry.
As matters now stand, however, it is impossible to say whether or not the restriction of competition among dealers in milk does in fact contribute to their economic well-being and, through them, to that of the entire industry. And if we assume that some contribution is made, we cannot guess how much. Why, when the State has fixed a minimum price for producers, does it take steps to keep competing dealers from increasing the price by bidding against each other for the existing supply? Is it concerned with protecting consumers from excessive prices? Or is it concerned with seeing that marginal dealers, forced by competition to pay more and charge less, are not driven either to cut corners in the maintenance of their plants or to close them down entirely? Might these consequences follow from operation at less than capacity? What proportion of capacity is necessary to enable the marginal dealer to stay in business? Could Hood's potential competitors in the Greenwich area maintain efficient and sanitary standards of operation on a lower margin of profit? How would their closing down affect producers? Would the competition of Hood affect dealers other than those in that area? How many of those dealers are also engaged in interstate ommerce? How much of a strain would be put on the price structure maintained by the State by a holding that it cannot regulate the competition of dealers buying for an out-of-state market? Is this a situation in which State regulation, by supplementing federal regulation, is of benefit to interstate as well as to intrastate commerce?
We should, I submit, have answers at least to some of these questions before we can say either how seriously interstate commerce is burdened by New York's licensing power or how necessary to New York is that power. The testimony of the dealers with whom Hood seeks to compete is too inexplicit to supply the answers. Since the needed information is neither accessible to judicial notice nor within its proper scope, I believe we should seek further light by remanding the case to the courts of the State. It is a course we have frequently taken upon records no more unsatisfactory than this one. Compare Chastleton Corporation v. Sinclair, 264 U.S. 543, 44 S.Ct. 405, 68 L.Ed. 841; City of Hammond v. Schappi Bus Line, 275 U.S. 164, 48 S.Ct. 66, 72 L.Ed. 218; Borden's Farm Products Co. v. Baldwin, 293 U.S. 194, 55 S.Ct. 187, 79 L.Ed. 281; Polk Co. v. Glover, 305 U.S. 5, 59 S.Ct. 15, 83 L.Ed. 6; Gibbs v. Buck, 307 U.S. 66, 59 S.Ct. 725, 83 L.Ed. 1111; Mayo v. Lakeland Highlands Canning Co., 309 U.S. 310, 60 S.Ct. 217, 84 L.Ed. 774-all cases remanded to avoid constitutional adjudication without adequate knowledge of the relevant facts.
Nor should we now dispose of the case upon the claim that New York cannot discriminate against interstate commerce by keeping its milk for absorption 'by local markets such as Troy.' In support of this claim reliance is placed on State of Oklahoma v. Kansas Natural Gas Co., 221 U.S. 229, 31 S.Ct. 564, 55 L.Ed. 716, 35 L.R.A.,N.S., 1193, and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. State of West Virginia, 262 U.S. 553, 43 S.Ct. 658, 67 L.Ed. 1117, 32 A.L.R. 300, and there is much force in the argument that if a State cannot keep for its own use a natural resource like gas, as it can keep its wild game, Geer v. State of Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519, 16 S.Ct. 600, 40 L.Ed. 793; see People of State of New York ex rel. Silz v. Hesterberg, 211 U.S. 31, 41, 29 S.Ct. 10, 12, 53 L.Ed. 75, then a fortiori it cannot prefer its own inhabitants in the consumption of a product that would not have come into existence but for its commercial value. But compare Heisler v. Thomas Colliery Co., 260 U.S. 245, 43 S.Ct. 83, 67 L.Ed. 237; Oliver Iron Mining Co. v. Lord, 262 U.S. 172, 43 S.Ct. 526, 67 L.Ed. 929. It is only as to this aspect of the case, at any rate, that I can see the relevance of Baldwin v. G. A. F. Seelig Inc., 294 U.S. 511, 55 S.Ct. 497, 79 L.Ed. 1032, 101 A.L.R. 55, as dealing with what is characterized as 'the converse of the present situation.' Support is also sought in Foster-Fountain Packing Co. v. Haydel, 278 U.S. 1, 49 S.Ct. 1, 73 L.Ed. 147, and Toomer v. Witsell, 334 U.S. 385, 68 S.Ct. 1156, but in these cases what the State had done was to halt for the benefit of local processors a product already moving in interstate commerce without entirely withholding the product from interstate commerce.
Broadly stated, the question is whether a State can withhold from interstate commerce a product derived from local raw materials upon a determination by an administrative agency that there is a local need for it. For me it has not been put to rest by Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. State of West Virginia, supra. More narrowly, the question is whether the State can prefer the consumers of one community to consumers in other States as well as to consumers in other parts of its own territory. It is arguable, moreover, that the Commissioner was actuated not by preference for New York consumers, but by the aim of stabilizing the supply of all the local markets, including Boston as well as Troy, served by the New York milkshed. It may also be that he had in mind the potentially harmful competitive effect of efforts by ealers supplying the Troy market to repair by attracting new producers, the aggravation of Troy's shortage which would result from the diversion to Boston of part of Troy's supply. These too are matters as to which more light would be needed if it were now necessary to decide the question.
In the view I take of the issue of destructive competition, however, this question need not now be decided. It is impossible to say from a reading of the opinions below that the Commissioner's finding that extension of Hood's license would tend to destructive competition would not by itself have been a sufficient basis for his order; and it is a basis which evidence adduced upon remand might put upon solid constitutional ground. A decision at this stage of the question of preferment of local needs, assuming that the record presents it, would prove to be purely advisory, therefore, if when the case came back to the State court, it found the order adequately supported by the justification of preventing destructive competition. It may be answered, to be sure, that the State would have no reason to decide whether or not the latter justification was adequate in the absence of an indication by this Court that the former-the retention of locally needed milk-is constitutionally invalid. And such an indication would amount to decision of the very constitutional issue professedly left open. To which my reply would be that it is a very different thing to recognize the difficulty of a constitutional issue and to point out circumstances in which it would not arise than it is to decide the issue.
My conclusion, accordingly, is that the case should be remanded to the Supreme Court of Albany County for action consistent with the views I have stated.
^1 Among considerations of State concern which have been found sufficient to allow State licensing are the maintenance of sanitary conditions, Milk Control Board v. Eisenberg Farm Products, 306 U.S. 346, 59 S.Ct. 528, 83 L.Ed. 752; and adequate prices, see Brief of Petitioner in Milk Control Board v. Eisenberg Farm Products, supra, at pages 20-21; control of the transportation of liquor, Ziffrin, Inc., v. Reeves, 308 U.S. 132, 60 S.Ct. 163, 84 L.Ed. 128; Duckworth v. State of Arkansas, 314 U.S. 390, 62 S.Ct. 311, 86 L.Ed. 294, 138 A.L.R. 1144; the prevention of 'fraud and overreaching' by transportation agents, People of State of California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 109, 113, 61 S.Ct. 930, 932, 85 L.Ed. 1219; 'safeguarding the interests of its (the State's) own people in business dealings with corporations not of its own chartering but who do business within its borders,' Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U.S. 202, 208, 64 S.Ct. 967, 972, 88 L.Ed. 1227, 152 A.L.R. 1072; and protection of the public from 'fraud, misrepresentation, incompetence and sharp practice' on the part of insurance agents, Robertson v. People of State of California, 328 U.S. 440, 447, 66 S.Ct. 1160, 1164, 90 L.Ed. 1366.
^2 Every case determining whether or not a local regulation amounts to a prohibited 'burden' on interstate commerce belongs at some point along a graduated scale. Considering only those decided since Milk Control Board v. Eisenberg Farm Products, 306 U.S. 346, 59 S.Ct. 528, 83 L.Ed. 752, at one end are the tax cases; since a State has other sources of revenue, the need for a tax 'on' interstate commerce is hard to justify. It is to be expected, therefore, that State revenue laws should constitute the largest group of laws invalidated as 'burdening' commerce. And so they do. McCarroll v. Dixie Greyhound Lines, 309 U.S. 176, 60 S.Ct. 504, 84 L.Ed. 683; McGoldrick v. Gulf Oil Corporation, 309 U.S. 414, 60 S.Ct. 664, 84 L.Ed. 840; McLeod v. Dilworth Co., 322 U.S. 327, 64 S.Ct. 1023, 88 L.Ed. 1304; Nippert v. City of Richmond, 327 U.S. 416, 66 S.Ct. 586, 90 L.Ed. 760, 162 A.L.R. 844; Freeman v. Hewit, 329 U.S. 249, 67 S.Ct. 274, 91 L.Ed. 265; Joseph v. Carter & Weekes Stevedoring Co., 330 U.S. 422, 67 S.Ct. 815, 91 L.Ed. 993; Central Greyhound Lines of New York v. Mealey, 334 U.S. 653, 662, 68 S.Ct. 1260, 1265. Yet there has been an increasing recognition of the States' interest in seeing that interstate commerce 'pays its way,' and a consequent disposition to classify the object of the tax as intrastate. McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Co., 309 U.S. 33, 60 S.Ct. 388, 84 L.Ed. 565, 128 A.L.R. 876; McGoldrick v. Felt & Tarrant Mfg. Co., 309 U.S. 70, 60 S.Ct. 404, 84 L.Ed. 584; McGoldrick v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 309 U.S. 430, 60 S.Ct. 670, 84 L.Ed. 849; Nelson v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 312 U.S. 359, 61 S.Ct. 586, 85 L.Ed. 888, 132 A.L.R. 475; Nelson v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 312 U.S. 373, 61 S.Ct. 593, 85 L.Ed. 97; Northwest Airlines v. State of Minnesota, 322 U.S. 292, 64 S.Ct. 950, 88 L.Ed. 1283, 153 A.L.R. 245; General Trading Co. v. State Tax Comm., 322 U.S. 335, 64 S.Ct. 1028, 88 L.Ed. 1309; International Harvester Co. v. Department of Treasury of State of Indiana, 322 U.S. 340, 64 S.Ct. 1019, 88 L.Ed. 1313; Independent Warehouses v. Scheele, 331 U.S. 70, 67 S.Ct. 1062, 91 L.Ed. 1346; cf. Aero Mayflower Transit Co. v. Board of R.R. Com'rs, 332 U.S. 495, 68 S.Ct. 167. By the same principle, a regulation which makes a good deal of trouble for an interstate railroad must be struck down in the absence of any very convincing showing that the regulation is a reasonable response to a serious local need. Southern Pacific Co. v. State of Arizona, 325 U.S. 761, 65 S.Ct. 1515, 89 L.Ed. 1915; Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 328 U.S. 373, 66 S.Ct. 1050, 90 L.Ed. 1317, 165 A.L.R. 574. But a more impressive showing of such a contribution on the one hand and a less persuasive demonstration of inconvenience on the other has brought about the opposite result. Terminal Railroad Ass'n of St. Louis v. Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, 318 U.S. 1, 63 S.Ct. 420, 87 L.Ed. 571; Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. People of State of Michigan, 333 U.S. 28, 68 S.Ct. 358. Where motor carriers are concerned, a State is regarded as having a proprietary interest in its highways which justifies a generally more aggressive assertion of its self-interest. Welch Co. v. State of New Hampshire, 306 U.S. 79, 59 S.Ct. 438, 83 L.Ed. 500; Clark v. Paul Gray, Inc., 306 U.S. 583, 59 S.Ct. 744, 83 L.Ed. 1001; Maurer v. Hamilton, 309 U.S. 598, 60 S.Ct. 726, 84 L.Ed. 969, 135 A.L.R. 1347.
And the protection of its own citizens through maintenance of high standards of business dealing by such regulations as those involved in People of State of California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 109, 61 S.Ct. 930, 85 L.Ed. 1219; Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U.S. 202, 64 S.Ct. 967, 88 L.Ed. 1227, 152 A.L.R. 1072; and Robertson v. People of State of California, 328 U.S. 440, 66 S.Ct. 1160, 90 L.Ed. 1366, is a matter of local concern that has been given almost as much latitude as the protection of health, Clason v. State of Indiana, 306 U.S. 439, 59 S.Ct. 609, 83 L.Ed. 858. But at the opposite extreme from revenue measures, perhaps, is control of the transportation of intoxicating liquor, in the name of which quite confining hobbles have been put upon interstate commerce and sustained under the Commerce Clause, without resorting to the Twenty-first Amendment. Ziffrin, Inc., v. Reeves, 308 U.S. 132, 60 S.Ct. 163, 84 L.Ed. 128; Duckworth v. State of Arkansas, 314 U.S. 390, 62 S.Ct. 311, 86 L.Ed. 294, 138 A.L.R. 1144; Carter v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 321 U.S. 131, 64 S.Ct. 464, 88 L.Ed. 605.
^3 For this information I am indebted to the Department of Agriculture of the United States.
^4 Thus, in the Interstate Commerce Act of 1920, Congress gave the Interstate Commerce Commission power to limit competition both by withholding certificates of public convenience and necessity and by permitting consolidations beyond the reach of the antitrust laws and at the same time gave it power to prescribe minimum rates; the two forms of control supplement each other. See 41 Stat. 477, as amended, 49 U.S.C. § 1(18), (19), (20), 49 U.S.C.A. § 1(18-20); 41 Stat. 480, as amended, 49 U.S.C. § 5(11), 49 U.S.C.A. § 5(11); 41 Stat. 484-485, as amended, 49 U.S.C. § 15(1), 49 U.S.C.A. § 15(1); Bikle , Power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to Prescribe Minimum Rates, 36 Harv.L.Rev. 5, 26; see also Mr. Justice Brandeis, dissenting in New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262, 280, 308-310, 52 S.Ct. 371, 385, 386, 76 L.Ed. 747, and authorities there cited. Compare the Miller-Tydings Act, 50 Stat. 693, 15 U.S.C. § 1, 15 U.S.C.A. § 1.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).


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Rep footy taken by Force
An outstanding day of representative AFL action in Tamworth saw the North Coast Force teams claim wins in four of the five clashes to just miss a clean sweep.
Wins were recorded by the Under 13, Under 15, Youth Girls, and Under 17 teams, whilst the Women couldn't quite match the intensity of their North West rivals in the last match of the day.
Paul Taylor, Community Football Manager, said the performances were more important than the results. "It's always positive to win matches but the most pleasing aspect of the day for all involved with the Force program was the intensity and effort shown by all teams.
"These matches were a dress rehearsal for the Northern NSW carnival for the four underage teams and, based on the way they played today, we can expect to have a really successful carnival. The cohesion and teamwork was there from the outset and the focus from each individual was exactly what we want to see.
"The Women's match was a one-off so we now have to wait 12 months for a chance to win back the shield. Considering that we had eight players in the team who are only in their first season of playing AFL and have a combined total of less than 40 matches of experience, it was a fantastic performance by the team who matched the North West ladies for three of the four quarters."
Captain Christine Kirby was declared best on ground for the Force, with Sarah Vidler, Jayde Hancock, and Kayla McIntosh also performing strongly.
The Northern NSW representative carnival will be held in Coffs Harbour on Tuesday 9 and Wednesday 10 July. North Coast Force will be joined by teams from North West, Hunter, Central Coast, and Illawarra for a huge two days of quality footy action.
Results – Saturday 8 June
Under 13: North Coast Force 13.15 (93) defeated AFL North West 0.1 (1)
Under 15: North Coast Force 29.18 (192) defeated AFL North West 1.0 (6)
Youth Girls: North Coast Force 6.4 (40) defeated AFL North West 4.6 (30)
Under 17: North Coast Force 16.9 (105) defeated AFL North West 10.8 (68)
Women's: AFL North West 7.7 (49) defeated North Coast Force 1.3 (9)


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No, not the disease you can pick up when travelling to certain countries.I'm talking about when Caucasian men develop an acute sexual preference for East Asian women – even becoming a fetish, for some."I like to joke that San Francisco is the epicentre of the yellow fever phenomenon", says Debbie, who describes a general awareness of being looked at by men because she's Chinese.But Debbie also believes that Asian American women are paying a price for "positive" stereotyping.
"And let's not forget Hollywood's global influence", says Dr Sandy To, who specialises in gender studies at Hong Kong University.One acquaintance told me in wonderment that Chinese women are great in the bedroom – as if I wasn't one – to being casually asked if I'd be interested in a guy "who has been with Chinese girls and likes it".I've been left puzzled by the insensitivity, and the lack of awareness that such comments may cause offence.She notes the sexy Geishas, femme fatales and Kung Fu fighting seductresses in place of what she calls "ethnically neutral roles".
In the BBC's official response to BEA's letter, it stated its commitments to diversity (in a rather patronising, verbose manner). But Asian women are understandably in a rush to change the status quo.But while some gendered biases exist in all interracial dating, few have gained as much notoriety as so-called yellow fever.


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It's that time of the year again! The Freeza Push Start grand final is quickly approaching. On Feb 10th at St Kilda Festival, eight finalists from all over Victoria covering a range of genres will showcase on the Push Stage, with one winner taking home the winning title. Get to know our first four finalists and be sure to pop down and catch their sets before they become the next big thing in 2019! Stay tuned for part two of our Freeza Push Start final artist spotlights next week.
Disgruntled Architect (North Metro)
Disgruntled Architect are a sextet that combines the intensity and complexity of modern progressive music with classical and traditional themes referencing arabic, gypsy, flamenco, klezmer and folk styles to create an eclectic, vibrant and genre-breaking sound unlike anything else. The group formed at the start of 2017 and have quickly begun working hard creating insightful, original music as well as starting a growing reputation as one of the most unique bands in the local music scene.
Nomad (West Metro)
Damon Paraha, A.K.A. Nomad, is a Melbourne based artist of Maori/Samoan descent. At 21 years old, Nomad has been pursuing a career in performing arts since graduating from Tarneit Senior College in 2015. He is the second oldest of six children as well as a father and fiance`. The name 'Nomad' is a Moniker that originated when learning about the Indigenous Australians in his Outdoor Education class, who lived semi-nomadically, an approach that he would adapt with his music in order to stay current (Nomad backwards also spells out his first name, Damon). He is also currently working on a 7 track EP called "Intermission", a reference to his 2018 remix to J. Cole's "Sideline Story" where he said "This an Intermission but imma be back with more, 'cause it started off a battle but now we going to war"
Girl on the Hill (East Metro)
With a comprehensive string of songwriting, vocal and stage awards and over 20 festival appearances, Sadie (a.k.a. Girl on the Hill) offers a fresh salad day sound for summer. Recently launching her long-awaited debut EP "Up Left & Turn" in collaboration with Rangemaster Melbourne producer David Carr, her vibrant and joyous musical journey marries spirited harmonies and powerful vocals."Working with Sadie is what I imagine it would have been like working with a young Kate Bush … someone whose musical DNA is staggering", says Carr. "Up Left & Turn" is available digitally and online.
Isabella Fortuna (Northern Country)
Isabella Fortuna is an eighteen year old singer/songwriter based in Castlemaine. Her sound is influenced by many genres including folk and soul. She is fascinated by words and considers herself just as much a writer as a musician. Her stories are carried out through simple acoustic melodies and harmonies that create a sense of intimacy and atmosphere.


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Eat.Sleep.Work. has been a GoDaddy customer since…who knows, like 12 years now. Coincidentally, we've been hosting with Media Temple since 2007; and recently GoDaddy has acquired the Culver City based hosting company.
I just installed a SSL certificate for a client of ours and had a bit of trouble finding the right documentation to install it from GoDaddy into our Media Temple VPS' Plesk control panel. It took some digging: An hour of my time, 3 or 4 Google searches later and 5 or 6 tabs open in Google Chrome. This should have taken 15 min.
Purchase the SSL Certificate
So…started at GoDaddy.com and clicked on Web Security, then SSL Certificate. I purchased the 'Protect One Website' option. After adding it to my cart, I decided to go 'balls out' and purchase the holy grail of SSL Certificates, the Premium SSL EV. Cue the Ooos and Ahhs.
After going through the checkout process, I get this page:
Exciting right? Clicking on this button takes me to:
Note: I got a little freaked out after I made my purchase and this SSL Certificate section was blank. Give it a couple minutes and it'll auto-refresh. Also, you'll see that I have 2 SSL Certificates. That's because I bought the Premium SSL and the Standard SSL comes included.
Get the CSR
Click on Manage and you'll see the Certificate Setup page:
It's time to head over to your Plesk control panel now. I've already got my website hosted at Media Temple so I don't need to set anything up. If you have a new domain you're setting up, go to the Account Center and add your domain. And that domain is required to be added in Plesk also. This pertains to the DV accounts. It's probably a little different for Grid.
Assuming your website is already set up and you have a functional website hosted in your DV hosting account. Go to your website's hosting control panel in Plesk. You should be on a page that looks like this:
Click on Show More; then click on Secure Your Sites.
You're taken to the SSL Certificates page. Click on 'Add SSL Certificate'.
Fill out the form with your company info and click on 'Request'.
Now you're shot back to the page you were just at. You'll see C and A are greyed out. That's OK for now. You'll need to send over your CSR, which is basically a verification that this is the domain you want the SSL applied.
You'll take the CSR back to GoDaddy to connect your request. Click on the name of the account and on the next page, scroll down a bit until you see CSR. Copy (Ctrl+C) from and to:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST----- blah blah blah
blah blah blah
Go back to the GoDaddy Certificate Setup page and paste (Ctrl+V) into the textarea box and click on Next. Just as insurance, if you're not the main contact on for the SSL certificate, you're gonna want to set up an email address that you can access like firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com; whichever works.
After pasting the CSR, click on Submit. If you got the Premium, you're going to need to fill in more company info. Click on Finished.
Now we wait until the status has been verified.
Installing the SSL Certificate
From here, I followed the instructions from Media Temple Community. I'll jot down my exact process so you don't have to jump back and forth from tabs. And if you find the article on GoDaddy's website titled: INSTALLING AN SSL CERTIFICATE IN PARALLELS PLESK PANEL – avoid it. It's more confusing after reading it.
If you've ordered the Premium version, verification takes much longer than setting up the Standard version. The Premium version requires you to send GoDaddy business information to verify that your business is legit and for reals. The total time to get that done is somewhere in the 2-3 week zone.
Once you get an email from GoDaddy verifying you, click on the link and you'll get shot over to this page:
I'm on Apache; you can choose whichever your website is hosted on. Select the Server type and download the zip. You'll have 2 files in the zip file. One is the Certificate and the other is the CA Certificate. The one named 'gd_bundle-g2-g1.crt' is the CA Certificate.
You have two options. Upload the files to Plesk or open them up in TextEdit or Notepad and paste them into the textarea boxes. Whichever works just fine.
Send those files over into Plesk and you have just 2 more steps!
Go back to 'Website & Domains' and click on 'Hosting Settings'.
Check the box for 'SSL support' and select from the drop-down menu the SSL Certificate you just added.
Scroll down a bit and click on OK.
Last and final step, restart Plesk. It can be found on the left sidebar under 'Server Management', then 'Tools and Settings'. Find the link 'Restart Server'. Click it and voila! Look at the beautiful glowing green lock!
If you continue to have issues with getting the Green Lock to display; either it looks like
https or the https is greyed out, head over to Why No Padlock and debug your site for any calls to a http object or something.
Additional Reading
How To Protect your Server Against the POODLE SSLv3 Vulnerability
SSL v3 goes to the dogs – POODLE kills off protocol
- https://blog.nraboy.com/2014/12/force-https-pages-wordpress-site/


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> Slovenia
We have 1,752 hotels in Slovenia.
Hotel Ribno
Izletniska 44
Next to a pine forest, this straightforward hotel is 3 km from Lake Bled, 4 km from 11th-century Bled Castle and 7 km from the Vintgar Gorge.Simple rooms come with free Wi-Fi, cable TV and minifridges; most have balconies or terraces. Cribs and extra beds are available.
Gostilna Pri Katrci Hotel Ljubljana
26 Rožna Dolina
Gostilna Pri Katrci Hotel Ljubljana provides comfortable 3-star accommodation in Ljubljana. It is conveniently positioned for those wishing to visit local attractions.The hotel provides a laundry service and a 24-hour reception.
Vitranc Apartments
Borovska Cesta 93
With its central location, Vitranc Apartments is within easy reach of most tourist attractions and business addresses in Kranjska Gora. All hotel's guestrooms have all the conveniences expected in a hotel in its class to suit guests' utmost comforts. The guestrooms are equipped with television, shower, kitchenette, balcony/terrace, satellite/cable TV.
Otocec Castle
Grajska Cesta 2
The Otocec Castle Hotel is located in Otocec making it one of the best hotels to stay at while in town. The Otocec Castle Hotel boasts a convenient location with modern amenities in every guestroom and superb service. The guestrooms are equipped with non smoking rooms, air conditioning, bathrobes, inhouse movies, desk, hair dryer, ironing board, in room safe.
Turizem Loka
Stara Loka 8a
Situated in Stara Loka, Turizem Loka is an easy drive from Skofja Loka and offers a Jacuzzi, free Wi-Fi and a sauna. It features modern rooms with a private bathroom and a kitchenette.Turizem Loka Bed and Breakfast Skofja Loka offers comfortable accommodation and room service, as well as a buffet breakfast each morning.
Guest House Mesec Zaplana Vrhnika
Jerinov Gric 44
Set within the scenic countryside of Jerinov Gric, Guest House Mesec Zaplana Vrhnika offers art deco accommodation and a wide range of facilities, such as a playground, free Wi-Fi and meeting rooms. It also provides an airport shuttle, babysitting/child services and luggage storage.This 3-star guest house offers limited hours room service, a shuttle service and snow sports.
Garni Hotel Bukovica Rence-Vogrsko
Bukovica 1a
This comfortable guest house in Bukovica offers complimentary Wi-Fi, as well as an express check-in and check-out feature and a sauna. It also provides a tour desk, a 24-hour reception and luggage storage.There are 22 rooms at Garni Hotel Bukovica, each offering all the necessities to ensure a comfortable stay.
Apartments & Wellness Skok
Cesta na Lepo njivo 17
Apartments & Wellness Skok provides a comfortable setting while in Mozirje. It also features free Wi-Fi, a sauna and a Jacuzzi.This 4-star property provides a playground, massage services and free bicycle rental.
Hotel Strk
Polana 40
Hotel Strk offers a Jacuzzi and an indoor pool, as well as rooms with private terraces. This comfortable 4-star hotel is just a 10-minute drive from Murska Sobota.Strk provides a golf course, a playground and massage services.
Maygut Apartments
Letoviska pot 11
Situated in the countryside, Forgotten Garden Apartments and Rooms is a 10-minute drive from Portoroz Airport. Some of the facilities provided at this 3-star property include complimentary on-site parking and Wi-Fi.There are a variety of amenities available to those staying at Forgotten Garden Apartments and Rooms, including bicycle rental, airport shuttle and car hire.
More on Slovenia .
View all 1,752 Slovenia hotels
View all 354 locations in Slovenia
Slovenia, a country in Central Europe, is known for its mountains, ski resorts and lakes. On Lake Bled, a glacial lake fed by hot springs, the town of Bled contains a church-topped islet and a cliffside medieval castle. In Ljubljana, Slovenia's capital, baroque facades mix with the 20th-century architecture of native Joze Plecnik, whose iconic Tromostovje (Triple Bridge) spans the tightly curving Ljubljanica River.


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This weekend we celebrate Independence Day with cookouts, fairs, parades, fireworks and much more. All of this 4th of July fun will have you out and about in the July heat, and it's important for you to keep cool during this weekend's festivities. Here are some helpful tips to ensure you don't get overheated this weekend.
Carry water with you everywhere you go. Dehydration can ruin all of your 4th of July fun, but drinking lots of water will keep you going this weekend.
Every couple of hours find the nearest faucet and run your wrist under the cool water. Doing this will help you keep your core body temperature under control. There is a main vein that runs close to the surface of the skin on your wrist. Running cool water over this vein will help cool your blood, dropping your core body temperature.
Stick your sunscreen in the fridge or in your cooler. The lotion will get nice and cold, which will feel great to apply over your hot skin to help lower your core body temperature. Also, try applying cold lotion to the bottom of your feet, it will feel amazing and help cool you down.
Besides adding a lot of fun to your 4th of July festivities, water activities are a great way to cool down in the summer heat. Hook up a sprinkler to your hose and runthrough the water. Fill a pool (even if it's just a small one) and splash around. Load up on water balloons and squirt guns. Just make sure there's lots of water to play in!
Don't get so caught up in all of the 4th of July fun to forget to give yourself a break. Head indoors to enjoy some air conditioning every few hours. The cool air from your AC will feel amazing on your skin and help refresh you.
Double check that your sprinklers are working, your hose doesn't have a hole, your AC has enough Freon, your faucets are running properly and your pipes are free of clogs, before the holiday gets here. You don't want to be in the middle of your BBQ and discover that your air conditioner just gave out on you or your water supply isn't flowing like it's supposed to.
If you're concerned about the condition of your air conditioner, pipes or have any other plumbing or HVAC concerns, and you would like an inspection from a certified local professional before the 4th of July gets here: schedule an appointment online or give Tiger Services a call today at (877) 552-2326.
If you have any plumbing, heating, cooling or electrical needs, simply call us at:
Memorial Day marks the unofficial beginning of summer, but the rainy spring weather isn't ready to let go just yet. There is a lot of rain in the forecast this week and we are all crossing our fingers, hoping that the weather improves before the big holiday weekend. Unfortunately, along with the heavy rain falls, the temperature and humidity levels are also on the rise this week. One thing is clear as we head into Memorial Day weekend; the weather is not on our side. Don't panic just yet! Here are some steps you can take to help prevent the extreme weather from ruining your holiday weekend.
1. Avoid a Sump Pump Disaster
Sump pumps are designed to help prevent basement flooding, especially during periods of constant and heavy rainfall. The protection offered by sump pumps is especially important in finished basements with recreation rooms, home offices, bedrooms or rooms storing electronics or valuables. Like all other vital equipment in your home, your sump pump needs regular maintenance to ensure everything is functioning properly and so you can avoid a major disaster. We'll be happy to inspect and evaluate your sump pump needs, to give you peace of mind.
2. Battling the Humidity
With the heat rising and the rain falling, dealing with humidity this week is not going to be pleasant. To help you get through this muggy week, try out a few of these easy humidity-busting tricks.
3. Make Sure Your AC is ready for the Long Haul
Many people have been holding off on turning on their air conditioners, but the weather this week may mean it's finally time to flip on that AC. The temperatures will be in the 80's and the rain and humidity will mean that your windows will need to be closed. You'll likely need to turn on your air conditioner for some much-needed relief but will your AC be up for the challenge? Air conditioning units require yearly maintenance and inspections to keep them running properly. Call on our expert technicians here at Team Tiger to make sure that your AC can handle the heat.
4. Keep the Power On
Power outages are always a real concern during stormy weather. Having a Whole-Home Standby Generator installed will help you keep the lights on and your AC running during even the most severe weather. A generator is not only useful during stormy spring and summer weather, but it can also come in handy during the winter months if a blizzard blows in. Like your sump pump and AC, generators require yearly maintenance. So if you already have a generator for your home, make sure to have one of our Certified Electricians come out and ensure everything is running properly and safely this season.
If you have any plumbing, heating, cooling or electrical needs, simply call us at:
This past Autumn many of us found ourselves without power due to severe thunderstorms that had been hitting the area. Those of us who grew up in the Midwest have come to expect wild weather that can leave us without power for hours or even days. Strong winds and violent storms during the spring and summer months, blizzards in the winter months, and not to mention the extreme hot and cold temperatures that can cause issues and lead to power outages. Fortunately, you do not have to be at the mercy of Mother Nature any longer. Investing in a whole-house standby generator can keep the lights on when the weather starts to act up.
Standby generators connect right into your electrical system and are constantly monitoring for power outages. So when the power goes out, your standby generator will kick on. It's that simple!
Sump pumps are vital in the battle against the nightmare that is a flooded basement. Unfortunately, most sump pumps require electricity in order to operate and when the power stops flowing, your sump pump stops working. This leaves your basement vulnerable, especially during stormy weather.
A standby generator can keep your major appliances running when severe weather comes raging through. This means that your refrigerator will keep your food cold and fresh. Your AC and/or furnace will keep your family comfortable and your other vital electronics will stay with you until the power comes back on.
Power outages tend to mean that you're left sitting in the dark without a TV, home phone or any other way to communicate with the outside world, or entertain yourself, your kids, family, or loved ones. Sure, you may have your Smartphone, but what happens when the battery dies and you can't charge it? The correctly sized standby generator can help prevent you from becoming disconnected during extreme weather.
Stormy weather can be scary enough all on its own for small children, pets or even some adults. The situation can become outright terrifying if the lights suddenly go out. Keep the whole family a little calmer during rough weather, by ensuring the lights stay on!
A typical portable generator usually runs on gasoline and has to be manually setup each time the power goes out. A whole house standby generator connects right into your home's electrical system and will turn itself on automatically if the power goes out. Portable generators are extremely loud and require an exterior fuel source, thus are not safe inside or convenient in an emergency; whereas standby generators are much quieter and activate right away during an outage.
Plus, standby generators come in a variety of sizes, so you can find one that fits your needs. You can choose a smaller unit and only power your most important appliances and circuits, or you can purchase a unit large enough to power your whole home.
A generator provides peace of mind during dark times. If for any reason the electrical supply to your home is interrupted, a generator will power to multiple appliances for hours. While residents of the Metro East expect wild weather, strong winds and violent storms during the spring months, and harsh blizzards in the winter months, these weather conditions can leave many without power. Even this past autumn, many of us found ourselves without power due to severe weather.
Fortunately for you, Tiger offers true 24/7 emergency service and preventative maintenance programs and services, such as generator installations, to ensure you will no longer have to be at the mercy of Mother Nature. Investing in a standby generator can keep the lights on when the weather starts to act up.
Labor Day is coming at us fast and you may be looking at the Home Improvement To-Do List you planned to get done by the end of summer. No need to stress! You still have time to knock a few, if not all, of these home improvement projects off your list and get your home ready for the cooler months to come!
Whether you are planning on entertaining this Labor Day or not, your deck will benefit from a little TLC. Your deck spends each day battling the elements: rain, snow, ice, the sun, extreme hot and cold temperatures, there isn't much relief for your deck. Grab an approved deck cleaner and give your deck a quick scrub to remove dirt, debris, mildew, etc. Stain or paint your deck if needed. To protect your deck from water damage and the winter months ahead apply sealant. Then all you will have to do is sit back and relax on your newly refreshed deck.
Maybe you have been using your grill almost every weekend this summer or maybe you haven't fired it up since last Labor Day, either way, your grill would probably benefit from a good cleaning!
You will likely want to park your vehicles in your garage this winter since doing so will help prevent ice and snow from building up on your windshields. Waiting until the winter temperatures drop to start cleaning your garage may mean that you are less likely to complete the task. No one wants to be out in the cold, doing an unpleasant chore. It is best to check off 'clean the garage' from your to-do list now. Then your garage will be ready for you when you want to use it.
The weather is unpredictable in the Midwest and it can be hard to know when the temperatures will drop enough to run your furnace. However, when the time comes that you do want to use your furnace, you will want it to be in proper working order. The first hard freeze is not the time to discover that your furnace isn't up to the challenge. Call (866)844-3770 to schedule your Annual Furnace Safety Inspection and Super Tune-Up today and beat the fall rush!
Colder days are coming and you don't want to worry about a drafty home this winter. Take some time to caulk the seal around your windows. If there is a gap at the bottom of your front or back door, now might be a great time to address this issue as well, by replacing old worn out door trims or adding some fresh weather stripping. A well-sealed home will help save you money on your power bill down the road.
It can be easy to forget about your smoke and carbon monoxide detectors but they play a major role in keeping your home and family safe. If it's been awhile since you have changed out the batteries in these devices, now is the time to do so. Especially since there tends to be a greater risk of house fires and issues with carbon monoxide during the colder months.
Valentine's Day is coming up and it could be a chilly one. However, the cold weather outside doesn't mean you can't heat things up inside! Here are a few ideas to share the love and stay warm in every room of your home this Valentine's Day.
The best way to warm up someone's heart is through their stomach. If any of your Valentine's Day plans involve staying home and preparing a romantic dinner, you'll want to include these tips for a little extra heat.
Cuddling with your loved one on the sofa and watching a movie is a simple and romantic way to spend Valentine's Day. But include a few of these ideas to take things to the next level and create more heat between the two of you.
Remember that when you're getting ready for your Valentine's Day date that you can still stay warm.
Staying warm in the bedroom this Valentine's Day is easier than you might think!
In case your Valentine's Day isn't warm enough for you, here are a few more ideas to help you out.
Hosting friends and family during the holidays can be a lot of fun. But hosting can also cause a lot of stress. All of that running around and those last minute preparations can really suck a lot of the joy out of the hosting experience. The good news is that hosting doesn't have to be a major headache. Here are some simple tips to help make this holiday season a little less stressful.
1. Don't pass your stress onto your oven
If you're doing a lot of baking/cooking for the holidays, it's already too late for you to run your oven's self-cleaning mode. The self-cleaning mode puts a lot of stress on your oven. So if you follow a self-cleaning cycle with heavy oven usage; it's very likely that your oven won't perform at its peak levels. Even worse, your oven might flat out fail you, right when you need it the most.
2. Make sure there's plenty of room in your fridge
Before you get started in the kitchen, clean out your fridge and make sure you have enough room for everything. There's nothing that adds more stress than coming home from the store with all of your cooking supplies and having nowhere to put them.
3. Don't give your in-laws added ammunition
When cleaning your home, don't forget about the following areas:
4. Have your pipes fixed, before it's too late
Even the smallest plumbing issue can turn into a huge disaster once your home is overrun with visitors. Save yourself a major headache by having one of our plumbing experts address all of your plumbing concerns before your guests arrive!
5. Be a hosting superstar by having extras on hand
If you're having guests over, there's a decent chance that someone will forget something fairly important. Keep extra of the following on hand, to avoid a mad dash to store.
6. Make sure outlets are easily accessible
You can pretty much count on all of your guests bringing smartphones, tablets, portable video games, laptops, etc. And they will all need places to charge those electronics. So, makes sure that your outlets aren't blocked by furniture or decorations.
7. Make a list of things you don't want to run out of and make sure you stock up!
8. Don't underestimate the power of keeping it simple
It's tempting to see a ton of fun holiday ideas on Pinterest and want to do them all. But trying to over do it when hosting is the biggest cause of stress. Don't be afraid to trim a few things off of your to-do list. You'll be more relaxed and able to enjoy the festivities you helped create.
9. You won't win any hosting awards if you buy the cheapest toilet paper you can find
Toilet paper is something your guests will barely notice unless you select super cheap, thin and overall unpleasant feeling TP.
The holiday season has arrived and many of us are in decoration mode. All of these fun holiday decorations really do brighten our homes and neighborhoods. However, it is important to decorate with some caution, in order to protect your home and family from a potential holiday accident. Here are a few tips to make decorating your home for holidays safer 1. Inspect your holiday lights before going through the process of hanging them
Everyone loves holiday lights! They're festive, bright and available in so many different fun colors, but it's important to inspect each strand you use for frayed wires or loosened bulbs that could pose a fire hazard.
2. Remember to turn off your lights overnight
It's tempting to leave those cheery lights on all night long but it's best to let those lights rest. Plus, leaving that many lights on around the clock will leave you with an unpleasant surprise in January when you open your power bill.
3. Ensure that your lights are secure
Loose lights are a serious tripping hazard. Especially for small children or pets.
4. Use ribbon not wire hooks
If you have small children in your home, those wire hooks on your ornaments can be really dangerous. Instead, swap those hooks out for some festive ribbon or string.
5. Spring for the shatterproof ornaments
This is another tip for homes with children and/or pets (or clumsy adults). Glass ornaments are fragile and will likely break if they fall from the tree. And the last thing you want is broken glass everywhere.
6. Bells are a great defense
Holiday bells on your tree not only make great decorations but they're also a brilliant warning system if little hands or paws get too close to the tree.
7. Little mouths require larger ornaments
Pets and small kids sometimes can't resist grabbing a hold of colorful objects and popping them in their mouths. That's why it's wise to spring for larger ornaments.
8. Be smart when using candles
Candles unquestionably add a little extra holiday flare. Just remember to be smart and never leave them unattended.
9. Don't use a ladder by yourself
Ladders can be dangerous and you never want to use them to hang decorations unless someone is with you, just in case.
10. Choose your tree wisely
If you're opting for a real tree this year, you'll want to ensure to pick one that's not a dried out fire hazard. Look for a tree with green, healthy needles are that harder to remove. Check the trunk and make sure it's sticky to the touch. Give the tree a good shake or bounce on the ground, if a lot of needles fall, the tree is dried out.
11. Use caution when decorating around the fireplace
Don't place the tree or other decorations too close to the fireplace. And when decorating the fireplace, make sure that your stockings, garland and other decorations are hanging high and away from the flames.
12. Use electricity wisely (Bonus holiday lights tips)
On average each year there are 150 House fires caused by holiday lights.
Thanksgiving is this Thursday and that means lots of great food and a horde of family members running amuck all over your home. And all of that extra traffic in your kitchen and bathroom puts a lot of stress on your pipes. So much stress in fact, that the day after Thanksgiving is the busiest day of the year for plumbers.
You'd probably like to avoid a major plumbing disaster this Thanksgiving. The good news is that if you follow these simple tips, you can!
Garbage Disposal 101:
Do not, I repeat Do Not put any of the following items down your disposal.
(These items tend to wrap around the disposal blades)
(These absorb water and turn into a paste like substance in your drain, with can cause a clog)
Also, when using the garbage disposal it is important not to overload it with too much food at one time.
Protect your dishwasher
Make sure that all of the dishes are rinsed well before going into your dishwasher. Excess food can cause clogs and other plumbing problems.
Invest in a shower drain hair catcher
If you are having overnight guests this Thanksgiving, having a drain hair catcher for the shower will be handy, if you want to help prevent clogs.
Have any "small" plumbing issues fixed before the holiday
Even the smallest plumbing issue can turn into a huge disaster on Thanksgiving. Save yourself a major headache by having one of our plumbing experts address all of your plumbing concerns before your guests arrive!
Don't leave your toilets unprotected this Thanksgiving
Small children just seem to love flushing anything they can down the toilet. Additionally, it's easy for kiddos to slip past distracted adults at Thanksgiving dinner. Keeping a closer eye on them or simply keeping the bathroom door shut will spare you from a monster clog.
Additionally, don't allow guests to flush any of the following items:
Basically, anything that's not toilet paper, shouldn't be flushed.
Be prepared for an unforeseen plumbing disaster this Thanksgiving
Our plumbing experts, along with our heating and cooling experts and electricians will be on call for any emergencies this Thanksgiving and the day after. Just call us 1.888.9TIGER4 or feel free to check us out online at TrustTiger.com if the worst should happen this holiday!
This holiday season Tiger Plumbing, Heating, Air Conditioning & Electrical Services will be collecting NEW unwrapped toys for our local Toys for Tots chapter. The toys we collect will be donated to needy children in the Metro East St. Louis area.
Or call Tiger for immediate emergency assistance:
(833) 770-2019


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Increase productivity and agility with Cisco collaboration tools.
Cisco's collaboration tools empower your workforce to share ideas from anywhere at any time, maximizing business efficiency and productivity.
Our interactive, instructor-led training classes help you integrate Cisco collaboration technology into your organization's daily work life. Our portfolio includes Acano training, HCS training, and more.
|Delivery Options
|Cisco Meeting App
|Cisco Meeting App Foundation (COLLAB150)
This instructor-led, lab-based, hands-on course covers the operation and troubleshooting of the Cisco Meeting App to enable the support of end users
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|Cisco Meeting Server Intermediate (COLLAB250)
This course shows you how to install, troubleshoot, and maintain Cisco Meeting Servers. Through hands-on learning, you will learn how to install and configure Cisco Meeting Server in single combined and single split deployments, use troubleshooting tools, and integrate Cisco Meeting Server with popular communications applications.
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|Cisco Meeting Server Advanced (COLLAB350)
This course shows you how to install and configure a resilient and scalable Cisco Meeting Server deployment. Through extensive hands-on practice, you will learn how to install and configure components of Cisco Meeting Server using the API and Chrome Postman; configure clustering and load balancer features; and use additional features including H.323 Gateway, multitenancy, customization, and more.
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This course focuses on the entire Cisco Hosted Collaboration Service environment and introduces participants to the roles of the data center, aggregation, fulfillment, and application architecture.
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This course focuses on on-boarding Cisco Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS) customers in Cisco Unified Communications Domain Manager 10.1.2 environment.
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Gas-fired(oil-fired) boilers
SZS series gas-fired (oil-fired) steam boiler
SZS series gas-fired (oil-fired) hot water boiler
WNS series gas-fired (oil-fired) steam boiler
Coal-fired boilers
CFB (circulating fluidized bed) coal-fired steam boiler
SZL series coal-fired steam boiler
DZL series coal-fired steam boiler
Biomass-fired boilers
SZL series biomass-fired steam boiler
DZL series biomass-fired hot water boiler
DHL series biomass-fired steam boiler
E-mail: [email protected]
address:No. 76, Xin Da Road, Zhou tie Town, Yixing, Wuxi, China
Boiler name: water stem boilers in somaliland
Boiler Distributor:Boiler body uses the forced circulation in the high temperature area to make sure all heating areas can be cooled down and avoid vaporization
Email:[email protected]
Please email or call us for your inquiry
water stem boilers in somaliland
Boiler body uses the forced circulation in the high temperature area to make sure all heating areas can be cooled down and avoid vaporization; The explosion door and flame detector are equipped for safe and reliable operation. Comb plates are used between both sides of boiler and tube bundle to avoid leakage of condensate and gas caused by using refractory concrete as sealing material. Air proof test is done before delivery in the factory to guarantee any gas leakage problem.
Big combustion chamber equipped with Low emission combustion burner effectively reduce the NOx to 30mg/m3. Smoke duct and smoke outlet use internal insulation to reduce operating noise.Combustion chamber uses full membrane water cooling wall structure and pressurized combustion without smoke mixture.
Battle of Midway - Wikiped
The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II which occurred between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea.[6][7][8] The United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. SpruanceContact us


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ASL named as the new Visual Productions Distributor for Switzerland
20 November 2009
Visual Productions are pleased to announce the appointment of our new distributor for Switzerland, ASL Electronic AG.
Based in Basel the company has a 27 year long history working with many of the major brands as exclusive distributer working in German, French and Italian language areas of Switzerland.
During the recent PLASA show we were fortunate enough to be introduced to CEO David Scherz and his Sales Director, Sébastien Wira. They were at the show researching replacements for the Martin range of software lighting controllers.
Wira found the "versatility of Cuelux being made cross platform a very interesting contender" and with the "addition of VisualDMX and the stand alone units the Visual Productions range satises our customers demands".
The Cuelux Cable and VisualDMX and Canvix hardware collection are all available from stock at ASL.
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Rocks and Wood Product Photography
Pieces for wall hangings by Sheryl Cancellieri
A Bowl of Talisman
Clay Hearts Product Photography
Handmade heart dishes made by Sheryl Cancellieri at Studio Aida
Embroidery Product Photography
Linen Embroidery made by Sheryl Cancellieri at Studio Aida
Pottery Product Photography
Hand painted Love spoons made by Sheryl Cancellieri
Product Photography of Clay Adobe Home Charms
Rock and Fiber Product Photography
Fiber and Rocks by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Studio Table Photography
Collection of ceramics by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Clay Mask Photograph
Clay mask made by Sheryl Cancellieri
Studio Table Photograph
Little Taos Pueblos and Love Your Neighbor charms made by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Mini Clay Taos Pueblos
Mini Clay Taos Pueblos made by Studio Aida and Sheryl Cancellieri.
Ceramic Studio Photograph
Salt dishes and little woke clay people made by Sheryl Cancellieri at Studio Aida.
Clay Dolls Photograph
Woke Ladies made by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Photography of Shell Clay Bowls
Clay Shell bowls made by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Ladybird Clay Sculptures Photograph
Painted Ladybirds made by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Treehouse Charm Photograph
Treehouse Charms made by Sheryl Cancellieri.
My healer and business partner Rumi with some Treehouse Charms by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Adorned Driftwood Photograph
Adorned Driftwood by Sheryl Cancellieri at Studio Aida.
Love Your Neighbor Charm Photograph
Wall of Love Your Neighbor Charms by Sheryl Cancellieri.
Tailsman necklaces attracting high vibrations and bring you good juju.


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HOLLAND VILLAGE METHODIST CHURCH has vacancy for the following position:
We are looking for a ministry staff who likes reaching out to teenagers, as well as young adults, and helping them grow into Christ-like disciples.
1) It is a campus working environment
2) Working on Sunday is required (a weekday off in lieu will be given)
3) Seminary training is preferred
4) Must be a team player
5) Has the ability to dream dreams for the ministry work
The staff will be involved in:
A. Running of the youth ministry weekend worship service.
B. Running of weekly school chapel service.
C. Teaching and facilitating weekend youth ministry bible lessons as well as weekday school chapels.
D. Work in partnership with the Youth Ministry Committee as well as the School Chapel Committee on various ministry targets.
E. Ministering to existing Young Adults Groups at their fortnightly meetings
Interested candidates, please email your CV to firstname.lastname@example.com
Only shortlisted candidates will be notified.


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"Suicides" really honor killings?
Swedish police are being criticized for a lack of knowledge about suspected honor murders of young women and girls here - too easily assuming that these are suicides.
This wastes valuable time in the investigations - spoiling the chances of any successful prosecution of the potential culprits.
Swedish Radio News reports that the police in this Nordic sensation suspect a dozen cases of reported suicides since 2006 were possibly honor killings - the murder of young women and girls in mostly immigrant families - by parents or brothers outraged that the girl has refused orders to marry someone against her will … or defying the family's honor by dating a Swede or other boy friend not approved for cultural, ethnic or religious reasons.
Leif Franson is a policeman in the southern Swedish city of Malmö, and maintains that one case there concerned a 28-year old woman who arrived in this country only a few days before she was found dead - fallen or thrown from a high apartment building balcony.
He says the initial conclusion was that this was an accident.
He argues that such a conclusion can have devastating consequences for the investigation… that time can be lost and that it's hard to backtrack once those months are lost.
Both police, experts, researchers and the police themselves admit that they are sometimes missing the boat and letting possible killers escape.
A number of the deaths have involved victims falling from windows or balconies - giving them the gruesome general label of "balcony women" . But other cases have involved overdoses of pills - or hangings.
What can be missed by a wrong classification?
Franson says the first very obvious: fencing off the scene of the death to gather evidence. An accident simply doesn't require the same hawk-eye search as a suspected murder case.
Devin Rexvid is a sociologist at the University of Umeå in northern Sweden, and has been studying the cases of the balcony women. He insists that these are very difficult to study and demand special knowledge - something the police don't have.
He says the best thing to do is to rely on experts - and in the cases he knows where this has been done, the results have been much better.
The sociologist adds that he has nothing against general education in the police corpse - but that in the 2/12 years of police training, only a short time is dedicated to honor killings. It's better to rely on expert groups.
Ulrika Herbst is a department chief at the national police board and agrees that something has to be done to make sure more murders are not covered up as suicides.
Asked what kind of grade she would give to the police since not one of the 12 balanony women cases have let to a guilty verdict, she says a simple answer would be that this is a failing grade. But she adds that the police are trying to solve these cases in a legal and professional way.
In the meantime, defenders of both male and female victims of honor killing here in Sweden continue their campaigns and education programs - trying to convince the authorities to take such violence and tragedy seriously - and to convince both immigrant and Swedish families to give their children the freedom to choose their own life styles and partners - without the fear of retaliation.


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Class 3 Mosque Visit
Today, Class 3 visited one of the mosques in Derby and then went to the open centre to take part in some workshops.
When we got there, we had to put on our head coverings and take off our shoes. Did you know Muslims wash their face, hands and feet before entering into the mosque?
Once inside, Naz showed us the different parts of the mosque and explained all of the prayer mats face Mecca and that Muslims are expected to pray 5 times a day.
Then, we went back to the Open Centre and learnt about Arabic calligraphy and the Arabic alphabet. Do you know that they read from right to left? Next, we had a chance to practise writing the letters.
After lunch we learnt about Asian Marriages and spoke about Muslims and Hindus. Did you know that they have 2 wedding days? One for the bride and one for the groom. Then, Naz explained what a marriage ceremony would look like and what clothes/jewellery that they would be wearing. Take a look at our beautiful bride and handsome groom...
Finally, we had a chance to try on some of the clothes and Naz put some henna on us in a variety of designs. It took 10 minutes to dry and we had to be really careful not to smudge it. Muslims use henna on their hands and arms as decoration, just like make up.


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2019 B&O Yorkville Run
Early bird registration is now open for 2019 B&O Yorkville Run. The first 50 Wellspring participants to register before May 14 will be given a special discounted registration fee of $100 plus HST, before the event opens to the general public. Please note that after May 14, the registration fee will be $125 plus HST.
Join us on Sunday, September 8 and be part of this premier, boutique 5 km race that takes place in the heart of Yorkville. The event welcomes runners at every level. Register today and reach out to your family and friends to help raise funds for Wellspring.
The B&O Yorkville Run never disappoints with its amazing race kits and cool fundraising prizes. Please note in addition to the registration fee there is a minimum fundraising commitment of $100 to participate on race day and receive your fabulous race kit.
Date: Sunday, September 8, 2019
Time: 9 a.m.
Location: Jesse Ketchum courtyard at 61 Davenport Road
To receive your VIP discounted registration fee please click here to contact Maneet Toor.