text:
Journal of Engineering
Volume 2016, Article ID 5836107, 11 pages
Acoustic Absorption of Natural Fiber Composites
School of Engineering, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Received 27 November 2015; Revised 21 February 2016; Accepted 17 April 2016
Academic Editor: Mariatti bt Jaafar
Copyright © 2016 Hasina Mamtaz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The current study is a bibliographic observation on prevailing tendencies in the development of acoustic absorption by natural fiber composites. Despite having less detrimental environmental effects and thorough availability, natural fibers are still unsuitable for wide implementation in industrial purposes. Some shortcomings such as the presence of moisture contents, thicker diameter, and lower antifungus quality hold up the progress of natural fiber composites in staying competitive with synthetic composites. The review indicates the importance of the pretreatment of fresh natural fiber to overcome these shortcomings. However, the pretreatment of natural fiber causes the removal of moisture contents which results in the decrease of its acoustic absorption performance. Incorporation of granular materials in treated fiber composite is expected to play a significant role as a replacement for moisture contents. This review aims to investigate the acoustic absorption behavior of natural fiber composites due to the incorporation of granular materials. It is intended that this review will provide an overview of the analytical approaches for the modeling of acoustic wave propagation through the natural fiber composites. The possible influential factors of fibers and grains were described in this study for the enhancement of low frequency acoustic absorption of the composites.
1. Introduction
The advancement of controlling noise by sound absorption offers a great opportunity to study the acoustic attenuation technique of various porous materials. The available commercial sound absorptive materials used in outdoor and indoor applications can be classified as granular, cellular, and fibrous. Fibrous materials can be either natural or synthetic. The acoustic panels made from natural fibers are less hazardous to human health and more eco-friendly than those made of conventional synthetic fibers [1]. Therefore, growing concern for human health and safety issues has encouraged manufacturers and engineers to seek alternative materials from natural fibers as a replacement for synthetic fibers.
In recent years, researchers like [2–4] started working on the fabrication of fiber composites with the combination of plastic and rubber based granular materials. The incorporation of granular materials such as rubber crumb increases the bulk density and flow resistivity of the composite material, which has a significant effect in enhancing low frequency acoustic absorption. In addition, chemical concentration, fiber-grain composition ratio, fiber size, and grain size may also be vital factors for improving low frequency sound absorption. The combination of natural or conventional fiber and rubber granular materials exhibits an encouraging sound absorption performance at low frequency region when compared with either pure natural fiber or granular composites. But from the point of environmental impact and health hazard issues, these nonrecyclable conventional absorptive materials do not only cause environmental pollution but also contribute to global warming by emitting CO2 gas.
To eliminate these problems, a few researchers like [5–8] directed their attention in finding sustainable eco-friendly composites with the combination of natural fiber and rubber granular materials or conventional fiber and biogranular materials, which can be named as fibrogranular composites. An encouraging performance of these fibrogranular composites was observed in the evaluation of many indoor and outdoor applications.
A handful of researchers have focused on natural fiber composites with the combination of natural fiber and granular materials. The objective of this review is to present research development in the area of sound absorption of natural fiber composites combined with granular materials. The aim of the review is to observe the expansion of this field from conventional fibrogranular composites to natural fibrogranular composites for acoustic absorption purposes. The effective physical parameters for enhancing the low frequency absorption in the materials are also highlighted in this review. In addition, three well-known models were demonstrated for evaluating the acoustic parameters of fibrogranular composites.
2. Natural Fiber Composites
Due to their biodegradable, lightweight, cheaper, nontoxic, and nonabrasive qualities, natural fibers are receiving much attention in composites as a substitute for synthetic fibers for acoustic absorption purposes. The natural fibers with desirable physical and mechanical properties are exhibited as high performance composites with environmental and economic advantages [15]. Many potential candidates are available in the form of natural fibers for use as sustainable acoustic absorbers. The fibers of coir, corn, paddy, sisal, and banana are some examples. Fiberglass, mineral wool, and glass wool are examples of synthetic fibers. The acoustic performance of synthetic sound absorptive materials is higher than that of natural sound absorptive materials because of their thinner diameter and antifungus quality, but they have a higher environmental impact than the natural fibers [16].
In recent years, natural fiber reinforced resin/polymer composites have earned a lot of attention due to their lightweight, abundant, cost efficient, biodegradable, and eco-friendly nature. Moreover, these materials are cheaper and environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites [26]. However, due to low interfacial adhesion, poor moisture resistance, and the low antifungus quality of natural fiber composites, these materials are still not quite as popular as synthetic based composites.
Researchers are trying to improve the quality of natural fibers through chemical treatment prior to composite production to overcome these shortcomings. It was reported that mercerization or alkaline treatment reduces the fiber diameter and upgrades the quality by improving its adhesive and antifungus quality [17]. The reduction of fiber diameter enhances low frequency sound absorption by providing a more tortuous path and higher surface area, which in turn increases the air flow resistivity of fibrous material. The increase of air flow resistivity causes loss of sound energy through friction of sound waves with air molecules and thus improves low frequency sound absorption [9].
The study analyzes the limitations of natural fibers to achieve their acoustic absorption performance at a desired level. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of natural fibers are furnished in Table 1 [17, 18].
3. Pretreatment of Natural Fiber
To achieve fiber fitness, fiber quality, fiber strength, and a better fiber-matrix adhesion in the composite, pretreatment of natural fiber is needed for commercial use in parallel with synthetic fiber. There are various pretreatment techniques available to tune the fiber according to the research requirements. Examples include mercerization or alkaline treatment, graft copolymerization, and plasma treatment. Among them, alkaline treatment or mercerization serves the purpose of this research, as this process reduces the fiber diameter. It is a common method of producing high quality fibers. Mercerization increases the surface roughness of fiber by removing some important substances like lignin, pectin, and hemicelluloses of the fiber. Although the removal of these substances lowers the acoustic absorption performance of the material, it allows better fiber-binder interface adhesion, fiber fitness, longevity, and antifungus quality and most importantly reduces the diameter of the fibers [11, 17, 27].
Figures 1, 2, and 3 demonstrate the inner structure of coir fiber and the appearance of coir fiber before and after alkaline treatment, respectively. It is evident from these three images that alkaline treatment causes a reduction in fiber diameter with the removal of moisture contents.
Figure 3 shows the reduction in fiber diameter due to the alkaline treatment at the cost of the removal of moisture contents. Figure 4 shows that the increase in chemical concentration results in the decrease of fiber diameter and fiber strength as well. It was reported that 6% of alkali treated coir fiber-epoxy resin composite showed a satisfactory fiber diameter reduction with better mechanical strength compared to untreated composites [11].
4. Fibrogranular Composites
Fibrous materials are usually composed of groups of orifices formed by interfiber voids and within-fiber voids. The sound absorption of fibrous materials is controlled by these inner and within-fiber voids. Two common kinds of fibrous materials are natural and synthetic. The granular materials are widely accepted as porous sound absorptive material for their sustainability, longevity, and noncombustible and moisture resistant qualities. The granular materials contain pores in their grains where the sound absorption takes place due to viscosity. Usually, there are two kinds of granular materials, consolidated and unconsolidated or loose granular materials. In consolidated granular materials, the particles are relatively rigid and macroscopic and their dimensions are greater than those of the internal voids by many orders of magnitude. Unconsolidated materials are assemblages of loosely packed individual particles. The example of some granular absorbing materials are granular clays, sands, gravel, limestone chips, and soil, which are perfect for controlling outdoor sound propagation [1, 28, 29].
Fibrogranular composites are the incorporation of granulates made of natural, rubber, or plastic materials into a fibrous matrix. The performance of the fibrogranular composite is the summation of the individual components in which there is a more favorable balance between intrinsic advantages and disadvantages. In a fibrogranular composite, the advantage of one component supplements the lacking of the other to get a resultant balanced performance. Furthermore, in a fibrogranular composite, each component helps in optimizing the acoustic properties of the other material in order to absorb the sound at the desired frequency, so as to yield the highest overall sound absorption. Swift et al. [13] reported that in a rubber granular composite the binder fills the small pores and forms bridges between the grains. This reduces overall porosity and increases the tortuosity and flow resistivity of the material. The investigation confirmed the considerable effect of the binder in predicting the acoustic properties of the granular composite.
A fibrogranular composite is usually a high resistive material with low permeability. This phenomenon causes the material to acquire higher flow resistivity, resulting in higher acoustic absorption at low frequency region. However, low permeability can be a useful factor for the enhancement of low frequency acoustic absorption but it should be within a limit which will allow the material to go through the composite. Otherwise, the compactness of the material may cause the reflection instead of the absorption of the sound waves. A numerical simulation was reported by Berbiche et al. [30], in order to reconstruct the permeability by solving the inverse problem using waves reflected by some high resistive plastic foam samples at different frequency bandwidths in the Darcy regime. Their method is considered as simple compared to the conventional method, as it is independent of frequency and porosity.
Generally, natural fibers need to be mixed with additives to improve their characteristics for commercial acoustic absorption uses. Some natural fibers such as kenaf, hemp, coir, corn, date palm, sugar cane, and jute composites are made with resin coated fiber, particulate particle strands, veneers, and rubber granular materials. These natural fiber composites have good sound absorption properties by themselves. The effective sound absorption of any composite material can be achieved when it has a more tortuous path, higher surface area, higher flow resistivity, and low porosity within it at the optimal range [31]. A general rule of thumb states that the free spaces within and between fibers can be significantly diminished by the incorporation of any granular materials to achieve effective sound absorption performance. The chronological details on the sound absorption coefficient of some fibrogranular composites are furnished in Table 2.
The information illustrated in Table 3 opens scenarios of possible applications of natural fiber composite with the combination of biogranulates as new sound absorbing materials and points to areas of research for further improvement of their sound absorption performance in the low frequency range.
5. Theoretical Considerations
5.1. Delany-Bazley Model
The Delany-Bazley [32] model is a simple and fast approximation technique for the estimation of acoustic parameters of a layer of isotropic and homogenous porous material. The acoustic parameters such as characteristic impedance , the propagation constant , and surface acoustic impedance can be obtained as [33, 34] Having surface acoustic impedance , the sound absorption coefficient at a normal incidence of the porous layer while backed with a rigid wall can be calculated as where is air density; is speed of sound in air; is sound wave frequency; is thickness of porous layer; = which is dimensionless parameter; the model is applicable only for 0.01 ≤ ≤ 1.0.
The technique depends on only one intrinsic property of the material, which is flow resistivity to a certain range of 1000 ≤ ≤ 50000 N·s m−4 and porosity close to 1.
5.2. Johnson-Champoux-Allard Model
Johnson-Champoux-Allard model is a rigid frame model, where the solid phase of the frame remains motionless. Five nonacoustical parameters, flow resistivity, porosity, tortuosity, viscous characteristics length, and thermal characteristics length, are involved in this model. Later two parameters relate the viscous and thermal losses, respectively.
Including the effects of viscosity, the frame geometry dependent parameter viscous characteristic length () was defined by Johnson et al. [35] as follows:In (17), the numerator denotes the velocity of fluid over the pores surface area A and the denominator denotes the velocity inside the pores volume V.
The relation between the viscous characteristic length and flow resistivity was noted by Johnson et al. [35] as follows:where c is a constant and is close to 1.
The expression of the effective density of rigid framed porous materials, which was proposed by Johnson et al. [36], is stated inAccording to Champoux and Allard [37], the thermal characteristic length (), which characterizes the high frequency behavior of the bulk modulus , is given bywhere A and V are the surface area of and volume of the pores, respectively.
In the case of fibrous materials with porosity close to 1, and can be stated as in (7) and (8), respectively [38]: where is total length of fiber per unit volume; is cross-sectional radius of fiber; is bulk density of porous material; is density of fiber; is fraction of fiber existing in porous material.
The expression of the bulk modulus of rigid framed porous materials, which was proposed by Champoux and Allard [37, 38], is stated inwhere is viscosity of air; is thermal characteristic length; is angular frequency; is ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to specific heat at constant volume; is atmospheric pressure; is Prandtl number; is density of air.
The expression for characteristic impedance , the complex wave number , and surface acoustic impedance can be estimated by the following equations [38, 39]:
5.3. Biot-Allard Model
Allard's model [40], in addition to his extension to Biot [41], is an elastic frame method for the porous material which is saturated with viscous fluid. In this model the frame (fiber) is assumed as elastic cylindrical fiber, which deals with the study of the frame-fluid interaction. Hence, both frame (fiber) and fluid (air) are in motion.
The frequency dependent bulk modulus of fluid, inside the pore, which is assumed to be the only parameter to characterize the air filling pores, is defined as [40]Allard [40] derived the elasticity coefficients , and in terms of Biot's experiments as follows: The bulk modulus of frame can be evaluated aswhere is shear modulus; is Poisson coefficient.
The dynamic rigidity of the elastic solid was characterized by the shear modulus and Poisson coefficient. The derivation of the kinetic energy helps in the evaluation of the equation of motion in an elastic medium. The parameters , and , which help to identify the inertial coupling between frame and fluid, can be estimated as [40]where is the tortuosity of the frame, which is defined as [42] According to Biot [41], there are two compression waves and one shear wave which propagate in porous media. One compression wave is air borne, which mostly transmits in air, and another one is frame borne, which propagates in both of them. A rotational wave called shear wave is also frame borne, which is considered when the sound waves propagate at oblique incidence. The study only analyzes the propagation of sound at normal incidence, and hence only two compression waves are considered here.
To calculate the ratio of frame and fluid velocity, the squared wave numbers of two compression waves can be evaluated as whereThe squared wave numbers are useful to calculate the ratio of frame and fluid velocity:As two compression waves simultaneously propagate in both media, four characteristic impedances related to the propagation in air or frame can be evaluated as where in the case of (20) and (21).
The surface acoustic impedance at normal incidence of the material with thickness , which is the function of the above characteristic impedances, can be calculated aswhereHence, the sound propagation in elastic materials is modeled by implementing the above-mentioned formulation.
Having the surface acoustic impedance (), the absorption coefficient ( at a normal incidence of the porous layer while backed with a rigid wall can be calculated as where = which is impedance of the air.
The effectiveness of any porous material depends on the value of its sound absorption coefficient which is close to one, with an absorption plane on a large frequency range.
6. Effective Factors for Low Frequency Acoustic Absorption
6.1. Fiber Size
Fiber diameter is the most important physical geometrical parameter for enhancing the sound absorption performance of any fibrous material. The decrease in fiber diameter leads to an increase in the value of the sound absorption coefficient. This is because more fibers are required to reach the same volume density at the same thickness of the sample material. This results in a more tortuous path and higher airflow resistance. As a result, the acoustical performance of the sample material increases due to the viscous friction through air vibration [31].
The accession of thinner fibers due to the reduction of fiber diameter results in a high specific surface area and more micropores in equal volume density of the sample material. This increases the value of the sound absorption coefficient due to more friction of air molecules with a larger surface area [43]. Furthermore, thin fiber moves more easily than thick fiber in sound waves, which causes vibration in the air, and this enhances absorption by means of more viscous losses due to air vibration [44].
These observations indeed help us to show that fiber diameter is an important parameter in enhancing the sound absorption in the low frequency region. The significant enhancement in low frequency absorption was found due to the reduction of coir fiber diameter in the numerical simulation of Nor et al. [9] for the range of fiber sizes from 100 to 250 µm at 50 mm constant thickness of the sample material. The study reported the gradual increase and shift of the peak of the sound absorption coefficient with the decrease of fiber diameter towards the low frequency region.
A strong influence of fiber fineness on the sound absorption performance of the nonwoven fabrics was reported by Shahani et al. [12]. They stated that finer fiber with reduced diameter absorbed the sound more efficiently than the thick, coarse fiber. The finer fibers enhance the sound absorption performance of nonwoven fabric material by reducing the possible connectivity of pores. The variation of the sound absorption performance at different fiber diameters is illustrated in Figure 5.
6.2. Grain Size
Voronina and Horoshenkov [45] developed a new empirical model which relates the characteristic impedance and propagation constant with characteristic particle dimension, porosity, tortuosity, and the specific density of grain base. The study reported a reliable prediction of the acoustic performance of a loose granular mix of grain base 0.4–3.5 mm and specific densities between 200 and 1200 kg/m3, in the frequency range 250–4000 Hz.
Sakamoto et al. [6] investigated the sound absorbing characteristics of two biogranular materials, rice and buckwheat husks. They revealed the effectiveness of rice husk and buckwheat husk as sound absorbing materials. They found that the value of the sound absorption coefficient of rice husk is 0.5 and buckwheat husk is 4.5 at 500 Hz and 40 mm thickness.
Swift et al. [13] reported that the flow resistivity is directly proportional to the internal surface area of the granular composite material, while the internal surface area is inversely proportional to the grain size. They confirmed that unconsolidated granulates of grain sizes between 0.71 and 1 mm and consolidated material of grain size <2 mm contribute higher flow resistivity, on the condition of applying the binder at a suitable ratio. Their report can be explained by the fact that smaller grains show higher flow resistivity than larger grains, leading to higher acoustic absorption performance.
A comparison study of flow resistivity of consolidated and unconsolidated grain materials is shown in Figure 6 for each grain size.
Their report can be explained by the fact that smaller grains show higher flow resistivity than the larger grains, resulting in higher acoustic absorption performance for both grain types.
6.3. Bulk Density
The density of a material is often a significant factor governing its sound absorption qualities. The investigation of materials density is very important, as the current study is dealing with the combined density of two materials such as fibrous and granular material. Koizumi et al. [31] stated that the increase in sample density causes an increase in sound absorption at medium and high frequency regions. They explained that, with increases in the number of fibers per unit area, the sample density increases. As a result, energy loss of sound waves increases due to the increase of surface friction, which leads to an increase in sound absorption performance.
Tiuc et al. [46] reported that the sound absorption coefficient for flexible polyurethane foam with a density of 60 kg/m3 was higher than glass wool with a density of 15 kg/m3 at medium and high frequency ranges. The influence of the bulk density was observed in the acoustic performance of bamboo wool materials. The increase in bulk density of the bamboo wool material moved the peak value of the sound absorption coefficient from the high to the low frequency range [14]. Figure 7 presents the variation of the sound absorption coefficient at different bulk densities of bamboo wool material.
6.4. Sample Layer Thickness
According to general guidelines of absorption phenomena inside a porous material, a long dissipative process of viscosity and thermal conduction between the air and absorbing material within the composite improves the absorption. This improved sound absorption is due to the increased thickness of the sample material. Nor et al. [9] demonstrated the significant role of fiber layer thickness on acoustic absorption of fresh and industrial coir fiber. They implemented the Johnson-Allard rigid frame model to estimate the acoustic absorption performance of coir fiber at different thicknesses. They found that for both cases increasing the coir fiber layer thickness increases the absorption and moves the absorption peak towards the low frequency region.
Increasing the sample layer thickness has a significant effect on enhancing the sound absorption at the low frequency region of the porous material, while there is an insignificant effect at the higher frequency range [47]. The effective absorption of the incident sound wave occurs when the thickness of the material is one-tenth of its wavelength [48]. The influence of layer thickness on the sound absorbing properties of various fibrous and granular materials is furnished in Table 3 at the frequency of 500 Hz for five-layer thicknesses.
From the information provided in Table 3, it is clearly evident that increasing sample layer thickness of any porous sound absorption material promotes the sound absorption coefficient at the low frequency region.
7. Results and Discussions
Based on the investigation of various analytical and experimental overviews, various potential factors were found to enhance the low frequency acoustic absorption. These factors are fiber size, grain size, bulk density, sample layer thickness, and so forth. According to researchers, decreasing fiber diameter resulted in the increase of fiber content in the composite and absorption by means of more viscous friction of air molecules with a larger surface area. Hence, the decrease in fiber diameter causes the dramatic increase in the flow resistivity as well as sound absorption performance of the fiber materials towards low frequency [31, 49]. The variation of the values of sound absorption coefficients with the values of various fiber diameters is furnished in Table 4.
Investigations carried out by many researchers confirmed the clear relationship between the absorption spectra and the size of the granular particles. Pfretzschner [4] stated that the sound absorption efficiency of rubber granular materials depends on its particles' size and layer thickness. The absorption increases to its maximum with decreases in grain size, and most optimum sound absorption is acquired for rubber grain sizes between 0.5 and 1 mm [13].
A comparison study was made by Mahzan et al. [50] among rice husk, rubber granulate, and woods shaved materials to validate the effectiveness of rice husk as an acoustic material. Their result demonstrated that the acoustic performance of 25% rice husk together with a polyurethane binder is superior to rubber and woods shaved material. Table 5 presents the comparison study of sound absorption coefficients for rice husk with rubber and woods shaved materials.
The acoustic absorption performance of a fibrogranular composite was better among simple rubber granulates, cotton fiber, and cotton fiber-rubber granulate composites. A comparison study is furnished in Table 6 for the sound absorption coefficient at frequency 500 Hz and different layer thicknesses of these three materials [23].
The information provided in Table 3 is also a clear indication of the significant contribution of the increase in sample layer thickness for enhanced acoustic absorption performance of three types of materials.
8. Conclusion
Natural fibers have already confirmed their potentiality in replacing common synthetic fibrous materials for acoustic absorption purposes. However, in real world applications, natural fibers should be pretreated to improve their antifungus quality and life expectancy. The study highlighted the possible ways to improve the acoustic behavior of natural fiber composites as high quality absorbers, in combination with biobased granular materials.
The alkaline treatment process causes the reduction of fiber diameter at the cost of the removal of moisture absorbents such as oil, cellulose, and wax of the natural fiber, thus improving adhesion and antifungus qualities of the composite. However, limited research was reported on the effect of the sound absorption performance due to alkaline treatment. More research is needed on the effect of the mercerization or alkaline treatment for acoustic absorption performance.
In fibrogranular composite materials, there is good potential in filling the small pores by the granular component and the formation of bridges between the fibers as well. This contributes a higher surface area within the composite. Materials with higher density show increased absorption performance, since the density has a great influence on the porosity and flow resistivity of the composite.
The acoustic absorption of natural fiber composites can be estimated by using the Delany-Bazley, Biot-Allard, and Johnson-Champoux-Allard analytical models. The Delany-Bazley model is the only method that shows the general absorption pattern at overall broadband frequency without giving any information on the peaks and resonance of the frame. The other two models give accurate information about peaks and resonance of the frame.
Reduction in fiber diameter causes an increase in the fiber content and hence a high specific surface area in the composites. Thus, the loss of more energy due to the viscous friction of air molecules with higher surface area increases the value of the sound absorption coefficient at the low frequency region.
Influence of grain size has a considerable effect on the acoustic properties of granular composite materials. For large grains, the absorption is generally low due to low flow resistivity, but for smaller grains the absorption increases due to high flow resistivity and tortuosity. The maximum sound absorption 0.95 was found for rubber grain sizes 0.5–1 mm. Biogranular materials such as rice husk have a better potential for commercialization as low frequency sound absorbent material compared to rubber and wood shavings at its optimum percentage with polyurethane binder.
Sample layer thickness also plays an important role in enhancing low frequency sound absorption. The reason is the increase in layer thickness, causing the incident sound waves to lose more energy as they take a longer path through the material. In thicker materials, the impinged sound waves have to undergo a long dissipative procedure of viscosity and thermal conduction in the air within the composite.
The review rests great hopes in developing the new natural fiber composite material with the use of biobased grains for acoustic absorption purposes. The manufacture of these new materials by combining waste residues will contribute to environmental protection and sustainable acoustic absorption solutions that are cheaper than the traditional alternatives. Extensive investigation is needed for the improvement of lower frequency sound absorption performance, considering the various effective physical parameters of the material.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Swagger Adelaide (RnB & Hip Hop Party)
Gay & Lesbian RnB & Hip Hop Night
SWAGGER returns to Adelaide on Friday 14th June from 10pm.
Swagger is the gaylord of the gay, gay-friendly and friendly gay scene. It's huge in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane and Adelaide. Pay homage to your RnB queens and your hip hop heartthrobs as the SWAGGER DJ's, serve them to you in their pure, unadulterated glory. Having swagger is a must. Take some cues from Obama and you'll be entering an oval office in no time.
From the likes of Nicki, Rhianna, Beyonce and TLC. It's time for something different, it's time to get you SWAGGER on!
Doors open 10pm
Get tickets online to skip the queue.
Must arrive before 1130pm
Wenn ?
Fr 14. Juni, 2019 22.00 bis 03.00
Wo ?
SA 5000 Adelaide AU


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Building Soft Wash - Mobile Museum of Art
Building Services
Bid #: SC-026-19
Date Posted: Wednesday, Jun 05, 2019
Date Due: Wednesday, Jun 19, 2019
Time of bid opening: 2:00pm
Note the following important dates:
Wednesday, June 12, 2019, 10:00am - MADATORY Pre-Bid Conference, meet in main lobby of the Mobile Museum of Art, 4850 Museum Drive, Mobile, AL 36608. Only bidders that attend will be allowed to submit a bid.
Wendnesday, June 19, 2019, 2:00pm - Quotes are due.
Please Click for File Attachment
It is the responsibility of the BIDDER to check for, download and to include with their BID RESPONSE any and all ADDENDUMS that are issued for a specific BID issued by the City of Mobile. Failure to download and include ADDENDUM(s) in your BID RESPONSE may cause your bid to be rejected. This is a sealed bid. Any responses faxed or e-mailed will be rejected. This is a sealed bid. All responses must be submitted in a sealed envelope with the bid number on the outside of the envelope with the bid opening date. Any response that arrives improperly marked or with no bid number and opening date on the outside of the delivery or express package and opened in error will be rejected and not considered. It is the responsibility of the bidder to insure that their bid response is delivered to and received in the at the location or address specifically directed in the specification by the date and time prescribed.


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Rather Severe
Based in Portland, Oregon, Jon Stommel and Travis Czekalski are the team behind "Rather Severe". They've worked together professionally since 2010 to bring their combined aesthetic styles to the worlds of murals, illustrations, and public art, in an effort to inspire the community and enrich the experience of being in public spaces.
Website - http://www.rather-severe.com/
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/ratherseveremuralpainters/
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/rather_severe/


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Spikes fall to ValleyCats despite late surge
Down as much as 10-0, State College takes 14-7 defeat
By State College Spikes | July 11, 2019 12:09 AM
TROY, N.Y. - The State College Spikes scored seven runs over the last four innings of Wednesday night's game, but an early double-digit deficit was too much to overcome in a 14-7 defeat at Joseph L. Bruno Stadium.
Jonatan Machado extended his on-base streak to 14 games with a pair of walks but saw his hitting streak end at six games.
Donivan Williams drove in three runs for the Spikes (14-12). Williams drew a walk with the bases loaded in the seventh, then notched a two-run single in the eighth.
State College fell behind early, going down 9-0 after Tri-City (10-14) plated seven runs in the second. The ValleyCats expanded the lead to as much as 10-0 in the fourth before the Spikes' surge.
Scott Politz (1-2) took the loss after yielding 10 runs, nine of them earned, on 10 hits and four walks over five innings. Politz struck out two batters in the effort.
Tri-City reliever Peyton Battenfield (1-1) picked up the win. Battenfield pitched the longest of the six ValleyCats hurlers, going 3 2/3 scoreless innings over which he gave up one hit and two walks while striking out six batters.
Korey Lee went 3-for-3 with three RBI and scored four runs for Tri-City. Lee knocked in two of the seven ValleyCats runs in the second with a bases-loaded single. Joe Perez contributed a three-run double in the same frame.
Zach Biermann also knocked in three runs, while Wilyer Abreu went 3-for-5 and drove in one run.
The Spikes will meet the ValleyCats for the second game of their three-game series at Joseph L. Bruno Stadium on Thursday at 7 p.m. Right-hander Adrian Mardueno (1-0) gets the ball for State College, with right-hander Jeremy Randolph (0-1) set to follow him on the mound. Tri-City will go with right-hander Manny Ramirez (0-0).
Following the road trip, the Spikes return home for a big series at Medlar Field at Lubrano Park against the Staten Island Yankees (New York Yankees). The homestand begins with a Beanie Cap Giveaway presented by McClure Company to the first 500 fans on Autism Awareness Night at Saturday's 7:05 p.m. game.
Sunday, fans can look forward to the return of David "The Bullet" Smith as he brings his record-setting Human Cannonball act back to Medlar Field at Lubrano Park, with a post-game blast-off after the 6:05 p.m. game. In addition, FIREWORKS presented by Penn State Health Medical Group will light up the skies after the contest.
Plus, it will be Military Appreciation Night as Lion Country Kia presents the festivities. The Spikes will also wear their special Patriotic Hats for the game, which are up for bids now in a Patriotic Hat Auction benefiting Local Military Personnel, also presented by Lion Country Kia. Bidding will take place on the LiveSource app, which can be downloaded at LiveSourceApp.com.
Monday, the series concludes with the first Super Splash Day of the season. The Spikes and Yankees will meet at noon, and Ike's Kids Zone will turn into the Splash Zone. In addition, it's a Monday Buck Day presented by 95.3 FM 3WZ, with $1 hot dogs, peanut boats and small sodas, and a MillerCoors Monday featuring half-price Miller Lite and Coors Light from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Tickets for all three games, as well as every game on the 2019 home schedule, are currently on sale through the Spikes Ticket Office. Tickets can be purchased by calling (814) 272-1711 or by visiting the Ticket Office in person from 9 a.m. to the end of the game on gamedays Monday through Friday, 10 a.m. to the end of the game on gamedays Saturday and Sunday, and 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on non-gamedays Monday through Friday.
Fans can also buy and download single-game tickets by visiting StateCollegeSpikes.com.
Catch all of the action on Thursday via the Spikes Radio Network, presented by Penn State Sports Medicine, Official Healthcare Provider of Penn State Athletics, at 6:45 p.m. with Spikes Live, presented by Mount Nittany Health, on the air from Joseph L. Bruno Stadium. The Spikes' radio broadcast can also be heard worldwide through the "Listen Live" link on StateCollegeSpikes.com, provided by the club's flagship radio home, NEWSRADIO 1390 WRSC, as well as the TuneIn Radio app.
This story was not subject to the approval of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues or its clubs.View More


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Walking the Walk: NASPA Policy Staff as Constituents on Capitol Hill
Just over a year ago, NASPA held our first Hill Day in recent memory, bringing 45 student affairs professionals, including three NASPA interns, representing 19 states from Alaska to Ohio to Florida, to participate in more than 50 meetings with Congressional Members and their staff on July 17, 2018. Participants in the 2018 NASPA Hill Day braved the steamy streets of DC in mid-summer and gained broader understanding of their role in advocating for students and student affairs at the federal level. As staff who organized the 2018 Hill Days, the excitement of our participants was both infectious and gratifying and we were excited to be able to offer the opportunity again.
Following the 2018 NASPA Hill Days, our participants were generous with their feedback about what worked well for them and what didn't. We heard from our advocates that they wanted more detailed information about their Congressional delegations earlier. They also shared that getting more of an opportunity to get to know the other advocates they'd be heading into meetings with would help them plan more effective meetings. With such rich feedback and suggestions, we set about rethinking our approach to advocate preparation to better meet the needs of our participants.
We're excited to offer 2019 NASPA Hill Days participants[1] more than a simple fly-in advocacy day. Through the late summer and fall, participants will engage with NASPA policy and advocacy and civic learning and democratic engagement staff to build a strong foundation of knowledge about key public policy issues, their individual Congressional delegations, and techniques for engaging in advocacy in order to prepare them for their visits with Congressional members and staff in early December. Part of this work will include participants reaching out with their team mates to schedule their own meetings with their own delegations, which we know can be a little daunting the first time. We know this because as we were planning the 2019 NASPA Hill Days, we realized that it was something we'd never done ourselves, as constituents[2]. So, we decided it was time to walk the walk we were asking of our participants.
Diana lives in Illinois 2nd District, and reached out to both Illinois's Senators, Richard J. Durbin (D) and Tammy Duckworth (D), as well as her Representative Robin Kelly (D). Teri lives in Maryland's 5th District, and reached out to both Maryland's Senators, Chris Van Hollen (D) and Benjamin L. Cardin (D), as well as her Representative Steny Hoyer (D), who is also the House Majority Whip. Of the six possible meetings, we were able to schedule time with staff from five offices on Monday, May 20, 2019. We've each taken some time to reflect on our meetings, specifically what it was like as a constituent speaking to those who represent us in the halls of Congress.
Little Fish, Big Nation's Capitol?
Diana Ali, Assistant Director of Policy Research and Advocacy, NASPA
It started to really dawn on me about a week out of our visit to the Capitol that I had never gone to D.C. before with the specific agenda to talk to my elected officials. While I have had a chance, as a part of community-based organizations in my area, to advocate in support of the passage of crucial legislation at my state capitol, and I have also visited DC a number of times in my youth spurred by the effort of my teachers to help my classmates and me understand our role in our representative democracy, I had never before combined these disparate activities together. I questioned how much I would really be valued as a constituent outside of my little political bubble in Chicago. I knew, however, that it was important for me to find out, given how often I share messaging around the power and the privilege of being able to vote and shape policymaking.
The process of scheduling office visits turned out to be both easier and more complicated than I had previously imagined. The process was more complicated in that it wasn't obvious to me as to who I should contact and the method of appropriate contact. The process was easier in some ways, such as when I was unsure which staffer conducted scheduling and my message was forwarded to the correct individual who could assist me. I was able to quickly schedule a meeting with Senator Durbin's office via email, and was redirected to fill out a contact form on Senator Duckworth's website as her scheduler had recently changed positions.
None of my elected officials were available to meet with me on the day I would be in DC, but I was able to schedule meetings with staff familiar with education policy instead. While initially disappointed in this, I quickly learned that staffers on the Hill, regardless of past experience, have an astounding knowledge of the evolving policy landscape. I felt that the staffers I met with were incredibly informed and were able to efficiently use the NASPA position statements provided to parse out the information most valuable for their respective Senators.
Overall, I felt heard by the offices of Senator Durbin and Duckworth, and felt that having the power of NASPA's 16,000 membership behind me certainly helped. Staffers in Senator Duckworth's office treated Teri and I as experts in the field and offered to send over legislative text for us to provide feedback. Senator Durbin's office expressed interest in consulting over specific talking points on Higher Education Reauthorization. Given that staffers cram as many visits with constituents into a day as possible, my meetings felt productive and I didn't feel rushed for time. Most of the staffers we met with were also interested in the work of NASPA, which made me hopeful for future partnerships and solidified for me the multi-faceted value of our upcoming Hill Days in December.
Visits with the Maryland Delegation
Teri Lyn Hinds, Director of Policy Research and Advocacy, NASPA
Living in the DC metro area and working in policy for the last seven years means I've had plenty of opportunities to interact with policymakers on the Hill. As a born-and-bred Minnesotan, I remember feeling a little star-struck when I got to watch my homestate's Senator ask witnesses thoughtful and insightful questions in person during hearings of the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. I've long known, however, that the brilliance of those legislators rides on the shoulders of their staff. Congressional staff are often tasked with monumental responsibilities like understanding enough of the complexity and nuance of our massive post-secondary education system to be able to advise and craft legislative text that will accomplish a stated goal without introducing innumerable unintended consequences.
It's a tall order and a tough job and I was immediately impressed and, as a constituent, put at ease by the staff in both Senators Cardin and Van Hollen's offices. They were welcoming and interested in the positions Diana and I were sharing on behalf of NASPA on the Higher Education Act reauthorization. They spoke to specific legislation their bosses had sponsored or supported that would further our priorities of meeting the needs of today's students, such as support for campus childcare grants through the Child Care Access Means Parents in School Program (CCAMPIS) or extension of the Second Chance Pell program, which opens Pell funding for incarcerated individuals. They were curious to know the experiences of our members in responding to growing hate speech on campus, particularly increases in anti-Semitism. We took notes and followed up with additional resources and information they requested by email.
I'd be remiss in talking about our meeting with Representative Hoyer's staff by not acknowledging his role with the Democratic Party. Representative Hoyer serves as the Majority Whip in the House of Representatives, a position of party leadership that is frequently mentioned in the media, but sometimes little understood. A whip is a position of enforcement within a political party, working to ensure that party members are voting in accordance with the party's stated policy platform on key issues. As such, the whip is similarly expected to act first with the interests of the party in mind. Our meeting with Representative Hoyer's office represented that role perfectly with repeated statements that the Representative supported legislation that was passed out of the House Committees and few statements about his own views or positions.
As a constituent, I will admit that the requirement that my representative be loyal to the Democratic party first makes me a little unsettled. He is, after all, elected by the residents of our district to represent our best interests in federal matters. Maryland's 5th District comprises nearly all the southern peninsula, bounded by the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay, and includes St. Mary's County, which at the state level has been represented by Republicans since 2014. I left the meeting wondering how well my neighbors to the south feel their interests are represented in DC.
Ultimately, regardless of policy expertise or familiarity with the Hill, we found that meeting with our elected officials as a constituents offered an enriching one-of-a-kind experience. We're thankful for the opportunity! Want to meet with your representatives in Washington, DC? Applications are open now for the 2019 NASPA Hill Days!
[1] Want to join us for the 2019 NASPA Hill Days? Applications are open through June 30!
[2] NASPA staff work with staff and members of Congress throughout the year on behalf of the association, but in those settings we are representing the association, not speaking as constituents to our own individual Congressional representatives.


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Every first Saturday of October, hundreds of galleries and shops throughout New Orleans open their doors late night for Art for Art's Sake, the second largest art event of the year in New Orleans. We are excited to be opening our October exhibition "Options" by Zona Wainwright on this chic and exciting evening. Degas Gallery will be open from 6-9 pm tonight, October 6. Please come by to enjoy the show and meet artist Zona Wainwright!
Art for Art's Sake is a phrase that emerged in the 19th century arguing that art can be "good" because of its formal qualities rather than having a "deeper" context rooted in something deemed more important such as history or religion. This phrase led to ground-breaking artistic movements that forever changed the art world as we know it. Today it is used more casually, to defend the freedom of artistic expression. Either way we are a fan - Happy Art for Art's Sake! Hope to see you tonight.


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News release from Fairfax County Fire and Rescue
A family dog died and two firefighters narrowly escaped injury when a floor buckled beneath them as they battled a house fire Monday morning in the Burke area.
Fairfax City and County firefighters were called to 9700 block of High Water Court in the Burke area of Fairfax County at about 11:45 a.m. Monday.
Units arrived to find smoke coming from the front of the middle-unit townhouse. Crews located a fire in the basement. As units worked to extinguish the fire, two firefighters conducted search and rescue operations on the first floor. During their search both firefighters partially fell through a hole in the floor. They quickly pulled themselves out of the hole and exited the home uninjured. There were no reports of civilian or firefighter injuries.
No residents were home at the time of the fire but the family dog was at home and passed away after being removed by firefighters.
The fire was reported by a neighbor who smelled smoke and called 9-1-1. Smoke alarms were present in the home and sounded.
Fire investigators determined the fire was accidental and originated in the space under the floor between the basement and first floor. The cause of the fire was an electrical event involving the wiring supplying an electrical outlet.
Two adults and one infant were displaced because of the fire. Red Cross assistance was offered and accepted. The damages as a result of the fire were estimated to be $125,000.


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What If Slaughter-House Had Been Decided Differently?
29 Pages Posted: 19 Mar 2012
In The Slaugherhouse Cases, the Supreme Court gutted the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Though academics continue to argue that Slaughterhouse was wrongly decided and should be overruled, the practical consequences of doing so might not be enormous. The constitutional rights the dissenters found in the Privileges or Immunities Clause are part of our current law anyway, through the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. But this does not mean that Slaughterhouse cost us nothing. This article explores how our law might be different had Slaughterhouse been decided differently. Rather than taking up the role that Privileges or Immunities should have played, it suggests, Due Process and Equal Protection might be doing very different things.
Keywords: Slaughterhouse Cases, privileges or immunities clause, Fourteenth Amendment, Slaughter-House, incorporation, constitutional interpretation, 14th Amendment, Due Process, Equal Protection, privileges and immunities, sovereignty, federalism, fundamental rights, police power
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


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Hydro Systems Designer Lacey 66" x 30" Soaking Bathtub
Material: Acrylic Soaking Depth: 17.5" Drain Placement: Reversible Overall: 66" L x 30" W Tub Design: Back to Wall
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Thru Hiking: 21 Things to Pack
Often whenever we go on a hike, be it a thru hike or just a really long one, we always end up having a discussion with someone about what we're carrying. For some hikers there is a lot of pride taken in becoming as ultralight as possible. You'll see some people on the PCT or AT carrying a 10lb pack which, in my opinion, is totally wild and I don't quite know how they get it that small.
My pack normally comes in between 18-25lbs. It's normally always heavier towards the end of the hike because I have a bad habit of acquiring books while I'm traveling and then resigning myself to the fact that now I have to carry them around. You'd think that would make me stop but alas…no.
So, here in another list is what I normally carry in my pack for a hike in which we have to camp. This is pretty much everything save for my water and food and books (of course).
Sleeping Quilt/Bag- This is a stuff-able sleeping bag that can unzip into a full blanket if it's too hot or, like me, you can zip it all the way up and pull the drawstring tightly around your head so that you disappear inside.
NEMO 2P Tent- The amazing, ultralight 2 person tent that Justin and I split up and carry in our bags. He carries the groundsheet, tent poles and stakes and I carry the body of the tent and the rain fly. It helps to make our packs less heavy but sucks when Justin's bag gets left in Boston by Virgin Atlantic Airlines….. Then they say they'll send his bag to us when it gets into London..to our tent where we were going to stay. The tent that is in the bag. We have half a tent. Anyways…it ended up working out.
REI Lightweight Compression Stuff Sack-This is how I pack my clothes. Yes, all of my clothes. Whenever you're on a hike you want to, ideally, bring the least amount of stuff as possible. Especially heavy clothes. If you're second guessing whether you need it, the answer is no. I normally bring: a. 2 Columbia hiking shirts b. REI hiking shorts c. Fjallraven trekking tights d. 2 under things e. a cotton shirt to sleep in f. a lightweight sweatshirt g. camp short. I also bring my Mammut mid-layer and my REI rain jacket. That's literally all the clothes I'll have for 2-4 weeks. I normally also bring a pair or camp socks and shoes (tevas). It's important to have something to change into that is different than you're hiking stuff at the end of a long day.
Guidebook/Maps- For the last two hikes we've been on Justin navigated. This time, however, I was the one with the maps. Sometimes you can get lost if you've lost the trail blaze or arrow or whatever it happens to be. Your maps are essential to figuring out where to camp/stock up on food/cool things to see, etc.
Big Agnes Sleeping Pad- A top quality investment right here. While a bit pricey, it was totally worth it as it's lightweight and easily compacted into a pack and also quite comfortable when inflated. I never touched the ground or lost air while sleeping on it.
Inflatable Camp Pillow- Inexpensive, small, necessary, super lightweight, very comfortable, easily inflatable. Everything about it is amazing. Game changer right here, folks. I love that dumb little pillow thing.
Sea to Summit Waterproof Bag- This small bag is super important as it keeps all of my important toiletries. I normally just grab the entire thing whenever we found a bathroom or a shower. It's small enough to carry around but big enough to carry everything. Super important when you're in a hostel and there are limited showers and your shower time is running out. Just grab the whole bag and take it with you.
Inflatable Luci Light- Justin's dad got this for him a few years ago and we love it. It's solar powered, inflatable and gives off a nice, warm and bright glow. I normally just strap it to the back of my pack to let it charge throughout the day and it's able to go for several hours after a good charge. We put it in the tent for some nice light while I'm reading all of my heavy books I'm carrying…
REI Pill Organizer- My convenient and lightweight way to carry tons of vitamins. Those of you who know us know that we both take massive amounts of various vitamins.
Path Passport- Some of the paths we take have something called a path passport. It's basically just a fun thing to do and collect while you're hiking. They'll have various stamping locations throughout the path and you can find them as you go. It can help to get more traffic through an underpopulated area or get you into a museum or ruin of some sort. They're pretty fun to do and nice to keep once you're done.
Camp Towel- I don't remember what brand this is but it's amazing. It's lightweight, portable and works very well. I had another kind prior to this one that was awful. It was like carrying around a giant whiteboard eraser. It was terrible. This one, however, is amazing.
UV Yosemite National Park Buff- The amazing Buff. Super versatile, lightweight (have I said that enough yet?) and helps to keep hair and sweat out of your face. I normally wear it around my neck to keep sun off my chest and neck and also because it gives me a headache because it squeezes my big head. But maybe you have a normal sized head and it won't do that for you.
Lewis n Clark Eye Mask- I've talked about this thing before on here and I still can't say enough about it. It's so important in order to get a good night's sleep. Whether you're camping or in a hostel, you'll want it. I prooooomise.
Various Hip Pocket Things- Some packs (like my Osprey 46 liter Kyte) have hip pockets. It's super helpful so that you can get to things easily. I normally keep chapstick, napkins (not pictured), hand sanitizer, aspirin (not pictured), and vaseline. What is the vaseline for? For thru hikers and long distance section hikers, it's gold. You use it to keep your skin on your feet (and anywhere else) protected that could get blisters or chafes. For those of you who have followed my hikes in the past you know I've suffered from horrible foot problems. I would get blisters on top of blisters and heat rashes running up my ankles. I think I've finally figured out the fix! I switched from Brooks to Altras and from wool Darn Toughs to synthetic Injinjis. This past hike I didn't have ONE BLISTER! Not one! Which, for me, is a freaking miracle considering during the Camino I was in the hospital for my poor, jacked up feet.
Altra Trail Gaiters- Meant to go with my Altras, these attach to your ankles and your shoes to help keep out dirt and rocks. I intended on using these but didn't but they were in my pack so I figured I should include them. So, uh…maybe next time.
Black Diamond Headlamp- Super nice headlamp and way better than my other one. It's useful for night hiking or super early morning hiking which we did a lot on the Camino in order to beat the heat. I have to say, I am not a fan of pre-dawn hiking. It freaks me out, to be honest.
Passport- A passport. Obviously. Necessary. Please don't soak it in seawater like I did and now every TSA agent says, "what happened to your passport…?"
Headphones- Very important for when you're wanting to watch something on your phone and not disturb anyone else around you. Don't be that guy that watches annoying shows on the train out loud. It's so obnoxious.
Pen- You wouldn't think you'd need one but you'd be surprised. Whenever you're flying internationally you'll need to fill out a customs form before you land and having a pen will be super helpful. It's pretty frustrating when you know you need it filled out and no one around you has a pen or will let you borrow one.
Stuff-able Food Sack- I normally use a gallon ziploc bag to hold our food but this time around I forgot my bag so I bought this stuff-able Marks & Spencer grocery bag. It was pretty useful because I would go grocery shopping with it and then just keep the food in that bag. We normally buy fruits, candies, breads and other high protein things if we can find them. There are these things in the UK called Flapjacks and they're awesome. They're full of calories, sugar, fat and they're amazing to pep you back up during a 12 hour slog.
Earplugs- These are the most amazing, wonderful and important thing I think I've ever packed. They're earplugs that are on a string so they won't get lost and they're able to be wrapped up and put in a little canister. When someone in the next campsite is being loud or there are tons of people snoring in the hostel, you'll be so thankful for these things.
So, that's pretty much everything. I hope you found the list informative and/or helpful. Let us know if there is anything else you'd like covered about section hiking or thru hiking! We can definitely do an entire post about how to hoard candy bars for thru hiking. Super informative, obviously.


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Mazda Finance became the new brand of UniCredit Leasing in November. Cooperation between the companies includes not only entire Czech, but also the Slovak market, where UniCredit Leasing has become the exclusive provider of branded financing.
In addition to funding Mazda cars to individual customers under the Mazda Finance, the co-operation will also include financing of regional dealer inventories in both countries.
" Our long-term strategy is to just develop brand-financing , where we have the opportunity to work closely with importers. Thanks to personal approach to individual brands, we can better understand the needs of our clients and therefore we manage to fulfill our long-term vision. We are successful in attracting new cooperations. In the near future we plan to introduce the first campaign to finance cars Mazda," said Jaroslav Jaroměřský , Vice Chairman and CSO of UniCredit Leasing.


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