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5.2: Components of the Digestive System
- Page ID
- 9563
Skills to Develop
- Compare and contrast digestive system structures in sample animal systems
Animals maintain work and energy demands on their body through nutrition. They obtain their nutrition from the consumption of other organisms. Depending on their diet, animals can be classified into the following categories: plant eaters (herbivores), meat eaters (carnivores), and those that eat both plants and animals (omnivores). The nutrients and macromolecules present in food are not immediately accessible to the cells. There are a number of processes that modify food within the animal body in order to make the nutrients and organic molecules accessible for cellular function. As animals evolved in the complexity of form and function, their digestive systems have also evolved to accommodate their various dietary needs.
Herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores
Herbivores are animals whose primary food source is plant-based. Examples of herbivores, as shown in Figure 5.11 include vertebrates like deer, koalas, and some bird species, as well as invertebrates such as crickets and caterpillars. These animals have evolved digestive systems capable of handling large amounts of plant material. Herbivores can be further classified into frugivores (fruit-eaters), granivores (seed eaters), nectivores (nectar feeders), and folivores (leaf eaters).
Figure 5.11. Herbivores, like this (a) mule deer and (b) monarch caterpillar, eat primarily plant material. (credit a: modification of work by Bill Ebbesen; credit b: modification of work by Doug Bowman)
Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. The word carnivore is derived from Latin and literally means "meat eater." Wild cats such as lions, shown in Figure 5.12a and tigers are examples of vertebrate carnivores, as are snakes and sharks, while invertebrate carnivores include sea stars, spiders, and ladybugs, shown in Figure 5.12b. Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients; examples of obligate carnivores are members of the cat family, such as lions and cheetahs. Facultative carnivores are those that also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food. Note that there is no clear line that differentiates facultative carnivores from omnivores; dogs would be considered facultative carnivores.
Figure 5.12. Carnivores like the (a) lion eat primarily meat. The (b) ladybug is also a carnivore that consumes small insects called aphids. (credit a: modification of work by Kevin Pluck; credit b: modification of work by Jon Sullivan)
Omnivores are animals that eat both plant- and animal-derived food. In Latin, omnivore means to eat everything. Humans, bears (shown in Figure 5.13a), and chickens are examples of vertebrate omnivores; invertebrate omnivores include cockroaches and crayfish (shown in Figure 5.13b).
Figure 5.13. Omnivores like the (a) bear and (b) crayfish eat both plant and animal-based food. (credit a: modification of work by Dave Menke; credit b: modification of work by Jon Sullivan)
Invertebrate digestive systems
Animals have evolved different types of digestive systems to aid in the digestion of the different foods they consume. The simplest example is that of a gastrovascular cavity and is found in organisms with only one opening for digestion. Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Ctenophora (comb jellies), and Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, and sea anemones) use this type of digestion. Gastrovascular cavities, as shown in Figure 5.14a, are typically a blind tube or cavity with only one opening, the "mouth", which also serves as an "anus". Ingested material enters the mouth and passes through a hollow, tubular cavity. Cells within the cavity secrete digestive enzymes that break down the food. The food particles are engulfed by the cells lining the gastrovascular cavity.
The alimentary canal, shown in Figure 5.14b, is a more advanced system: it consists of one tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Earthworms are an example of an animal with an alimentary canal. Once the food is ingested through the mouth, it passes through the esophagus and is stored in an organ called the crop; then it passes into the gizzard where it is churned and digested. From the gizzard, the food passes through the intestine, the nutrients are absorbed, and the waste is eliminated as feces, called castings, through the anus.
Figure 5.14. (a) A gastrovascular cavity has a single opening through which food is ingested and waste is excreted, as shown in this hydra and in this jellyfish medusa. (b) An alimentary canal has two openings: a mouth for ingesting food, and an anus for eliminating waste, as shown in this nematode.
Vertebrate Digestive Systems
Vertebrates have evolved more complex digestive systems to adapt to their dietary needs. Some animals have a single stomach, while others have multi-chambered stomachs. Birds have developed a digestive system adapted to eating unmasticated food.
Monogastric: single-chambered stomach
As the word monogastric suggests, this type of digestive system consists of one ("mono") stomach chamber ("gastric"). Humans and many animals have a monogastric digestive system as illustrated in Figure 5.15. The process of digestion begins with the mouth and the intake of food. The teeth play an important role in masticating (chewing) or physically breaking down food into smaller particles. The enzymes present in saliva also begin to chemically break down food. The esophagus is a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Using peristalsis, or wave-like smooth muscle contractions, the muscles of the esophagus push the food towards the stomach. In order to speed up the actions of enzymes in the stomach, the stomach is an extremely acidic environment, with a pH between 1.5 and 2.5. The gastric juices, which include enzymes in the stomach, act on the food particles and continue the process of digestion. The further breakdown of food takes place in the small intestine where enzymes produced by the liver, the small intestine, and the pancreas continue the process of digestion. The nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream across the epithelial cells lining the walls of the small intestines. The waste material travels on to the large intestine where water is absorbed and the drier waste material is compacted into feces; it is stored until it is excreted through the rectum.
Figure 5.15. (a) Humans and herbivores, such as the (b) rabbit, have a monogastric digestive system. However, in the rabbit, the small intestine and cecum are enlarged to allow more time to digest plant material. The enlarged organ provides more surface area for absorption of nutrients. Rabbits digest their food twice: the first time food passes through the digestive system, it collects in the cecum, and then it passes as soft feces called cecotrophes. The rabbit re-ingests these cecotrophes to further digest them.
Avian Digestive System
Birds face special challenges when it comes to obtaining nutrition from food. They do not have teeth and so their digestive system, shown in Figure 5.16, must be able to process un-masticated food. Birds have evolved a variety of beak types that reflect the vast variety in their diet, ranging from seeds and insects to fruits and nuts. Because most birds fly, their metabolic rates are high in order to efficiently process food and keep their body weight low. The stomach of birds has two chambers: the proventriculus, where gastric juices are produced to digest the food before it enters the stomach, and the gizzard, where the food is stored, soaked, and mechanically ground. The undigested material forms food pellets that are sometimes regurgitated. Most of the chemical digestion and absorption happens in the intestine and the waste is excreted through the cloaca.
Figure 5.16. The avian esophagus has a pouch, called a crop, which stores food. Food passes from the crop to the first of two stomachs, called the proventriculus, which contains digestive juices that break down food. From the proventriculus, the food enters the second stomach, called the gizzard, which grinds food. Some birds swallow stones or grit, which are stored in the gizzard, to aid the grinding process. Birds do not have separate openings to excrete urine and feces. Instead, uric acid from the kidneys is secreted into the large intestine and combined with waste from the digestive process. This waste is excreted through an opening called the cloaca.
Parts of the digestive system
The vertebrate digestive system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms.
Oral cavity
The oral cavity, or mouth, is the point of entry of food into the digestive system, illustrated in Figure 5.17. The food consumed is broken into smaller particles by mastication, the chewing action of the teeth. All mammals have teeth and can chew their food
The extensive chemical process of digestion begins in the mouth. As food is being chewed, saliva, produced by the salivary glands, mixes with the food. Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of many animals. There are three major glands that secrete saliva—the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual. Saliva contains mucus that moistens food and buffers the pH of the food. Saliva also contains immunoglobulins and lysozymes, which have an antibacterial action to reduce tooth decay by inhibiting the growth of some bacteria. Saliva also contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that begins the process of converting starches in the food into a disaccharide called maltose. Another enzyme called lipase is produced by the cells in the tongue. Lipases are a class of enzymes that can break down triglycerides. The lingual lipase begins the breakdown of fat components in the food. The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and saliva prepare the food into a mass called the bolus for swallowing. The tongue helps in swallowing—moving the bolus from the mouth into the pharynx. The pharynx opens to two passageways: the trachea, which leads to the lungs, and the esophagus, which leads to the stomach. The trachea has an opening called the glottis, which is covered by a cartilaginous flap called the epiglottis. When swallowing, the epiglottis closes the glottis and food passes into the esophagus and not the trachea. This arrangement allows food to be kept out of the trachea.
Figure 5.17. Digestion of food begins in the (a) oral cavity. Food is masticated by teeth and moistened by saliva secreted from the (b) salivary glands. Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starches and fats. With the help of the tongue, the resulting bolus is moved into the esophagus by swallowing. (credit: modification of work by the National Cancer Institute)
The esophagus is a tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach. The chewed and softened food passes through the esophagus after being swallowed. The smooth muscles of the esophagus undergo a series of wave-like movements called peristalsis that push the food toward the stomach, as illustrated in Figure 5.18. The peristalsis wave is unidirectional—it moves food from the mouth to the stomach, and reverse movement is not possible. The peristaltic movement of the esophagus is an involuntary reflex; it takes place in response to the act of swallowing.
Figure 5.18. The esophagus transfers food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic movements.
A ring-like muscle called a sphincter forms valves in the digestive system. The gastro-esophageal sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus. In response to swallowing and the pressure exerted by the bolus of food, this sphincter opens, and the bolus enters the stomach. When there is no swallowing action, this sphincter is shut and prevents the contents of the stomach from traveling up the esophagus. Many animals have a true sphincter; however, in humans, there is no true sphincter, but the esophagus remains closed when there is no swallowing action. Acid reflux or "heartburn" occurs when the acidic digestive juices escape into the esophagus.
A large part of digestion occurs in the stomach, shown in Figure 5.19. The stomach is a sac-like organ that secretes gastric digestive juices. The pH in the stomach is between 1.5 and 2.5. This highly acidic environment is required for the chemical breakdown of food and the extraction of nutrients. When empty, the stomach is a rather small organ; however, it can expand to up to 20 times its resting size when filled with food. This characteristic is particularly useful for animals that need to eat when food is available.
Figure 5.19. The human stomach has an extremely acidic environment where most of the protein gets digested. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false?
- Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach.
- Food enters the large intestine before the small intestine.
- In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats.
- The stomach is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter.
The stomach is also the major site for protein digestion in animals other than ruminants. Protein digestion is mediated by an enzyme called pepsin in the stomach chamber. Pepsin is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach in an inactive form called pepsinogen. Pepsin breaks peptide bonds and cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides; it also helps activate more pepsinogen, starting a positive feedback mechanism that generates more pepsin. Another cell type—parietal cells—secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine in the lumen to form hydrochloric acid, the primary acidic component of the stomach juices. Hydrochloric acid helps to convert the inactive pepsinogen to pepsin. The highly acidic environment also kills many microorganisms in the food and, combined with the action of the enzyme pepsin, results in the hydrolysis of protein in the food. Chemical digestion is facilitated by the churning action of the stomach. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles mix the stomach contents about every 20 minutes. The partially digested food and gastric juice mixture are called chyme. Chyme passes from the stomach to the small intestine. Further protein digestion takes place in the small intestine. Gastric emptying occurs within two to six hours after a meal. Only a small amount of chyme is released into the small intestine at a time. The movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the pyloric sphincter.
When digesting protein and some fats, the stomach lining must be protected from getting digested by pepsin. There are two points to consider when describing how the stomach lining is protected. First, as previously mentioned, the enzyme pepsin is synthesized in the inactive form. This protects the chief cells because pepsinogen does not have the same enzyme functionality of pepsin. Second, the stomach has a thick mucus lining that protects the underlying tissue from the action of the digestive juices. When this mucus lining is ruptured, ulcers can form in the stomach. Ulcers are open wounds in or on an organ caused by bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) when the mucus lining is ruptured and fails to reform.
Small intestine
Chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine. The small intestine is the organ where the digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed. The small intestine is a long tube-like organ with a highly folded surface containing finger-like projections called the villi. The apical surface of each villus has many microscopic projections called microvilli. These structures, illustrated in Figure 5.20, are lined with epithelial cells on the luminal side and allow for the nutrients to be absorbed from the digested food and absorbed into the blood stream on the other side. The villi and microvilli, with their many folds, increase the surface area of the intestine and increase absorption efficiency of the nutrients. Absorbed nutrients in the blood are carried into the hepatic portal vein, which leads to the liver. There, the liver regulates the distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body and removes toxic substances, including drugs, alcohol, and some pathogens.
Figure 5.20. Villi are folds on the small intestine lining that increase the surface area to facilitate the absorption of nutrients.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false?
- Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food.
- The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi.
- Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels.
- The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen.
The human small intestine is over 6m long and is divided into three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The "C-shaped," fixed part of the small intestine is called the duodenum and is shown in Figure 5.19. The duodenum is separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter which opens to allow chyme to move from the stomach to the duodenum. In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juices in an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidity of chyme and acts as a buffer. Pancreatic juices also contain several digestive enzymes. Digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, as well as from gland cells of the intestinal wall itself, enter the duodenum. Bile is produced in the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Bile contains bile salts which emulsify lipids while the pancreas produces enzymes that catabolize starches, disaccharides, proteins, and fats. These digestive juices break down the food particles in the chyme into glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids. Some chemical digestion of food takes place in the duodenum. Absorption of fatty acids also takes place in the duodenum.
The second part of the small intestine is called the jejunum, shown in Figure 5.19. Here, hydrolysis of nutrients is continued while most of the carbohydrates and amino acids are absorbed through the intestinal lining. The bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum.
The ileum, also illustrated in Figure 5.19 is the last part of the small intestine and here the bile salts and vitamins are absorbed into bloodstream. The undigested food is sent to the colon from the ileum via peristaltic movements of the muscle. The ileum ends and the large intestine begins at the ileocecal valve. The vermiform, "worm-like," appendix is located at the ileocecal valve. The appendix of humans secretes no enzymes and has an insignificant role in immunity.
Large intestine
The large intestine, illustrated in Figure 5.21, reabsorbs the water from the undigested food material and processes the waste material. The human large intestine is much smaller in length compared to the small intestine but larger in diameter. It has three parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. The cecum joins the ileum to the colon and is the receiving pouch for the waste matter. The colon is home to many bacteria or "intestinal flora" that aid in the digestive processes. The colon can be divided into four regions, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon. The main functions of the colon are to extract the water and mineral salts from undigested food, and to store waste material. Carnivorous mammals have a shorter large intestine compared to herbivorous mammals due to their diet.
Figure 5.21. The large intestine reabsorbs water from undigested food and stores waste material until it is eliminated.
Rectum and anus
The rectum is the terminal end of the large intestine, as shown in Figure 5.21. The primary role of the rectum is to store the feces until defecation. The feces are propelled using peristaltic movements during elimination. The anus is an opening at the far-end of the digestive tract and is the exit point for the waste material. Two sphincters between the rectum and anus control elimination: the inner sphincter is involuntary and the outer sphincter is voluntary.
Accessory organs
The organs discussed above are the organs of the digestive tract through which food passes. Accessory organs are organs that add secretions (enzymes) that catabolize food into nutrients. Accessory organs include salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are regulated by hormones in response to the food consumed.
The liver is the largest internal organ in humans and it plays a very important role in the digestion of fats and detoxifying blood. The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that is required for the breakdown of fatty components of the food in the duodenum. The liver also processes the vitamins and fats and synthesizes many plasma proteins.
The pancreas is another important gland that secretes digestive juices. The chyme produced from the stomach is highly acidic in nature; the pancreatic juices contain high levels of bicarbonate, an alkali that neutralizes the acidic chyme. Additionally, the pancreatic juices contain a large variety of enzymes that are required for the digestion of protein and carbohydrates.
The gallbladder is a small organ that aids the liver by storing bile and concentrating bile salts. When chyme containing fatty acids enters the duodenum, the bile is secreted from the gallbladder into the duodenum.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Compare and contrast components of the digestive system among nematodes, rabbit, and chicken.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
If a structure contains thin epithelium, hydrogen pump, and many folds, what could it be good for during digestion? Explain your reasoning.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)
How do plants obtain nutrients?


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Talking to young children about autism wasn't something I even thought about when my twin boys were in nursery, even though unbeknown to me one of my children was autistic.
Certainly signs of his autism did surface when he was there. Not making friends, a dislike of sticky art materials, getting really upset when the music class was changed to the other room and a passionate dislike of colouring in and learning to 'write' over yellow lines.
He didn't have a full diagnosis of Aspergers for another four years, but I so wish it had been earlier.
The safe nursery space would have been a perfect place to help him and his peers gently understand autism. My book therefore is the quite simply the book we never had when he was small.
Autism is a 'hidden' disability that is quite frankly useless at hiding. Young children soon spot those classmates who act differently. As very young children are wonderfully accepting of difference they are also curious, this is why this is great age to introduce autism in a simple, gentle and positive way.
My children went to primary schools where simple sign language was taught to the students to help communicate with with those with hearing difficulties. How great it would have been if students were given simple strategies to help communicate to children with autism who have their own communication difficulties.
I was also very keen to talk about the abilities of children with autism. Children with ASD do have challenges but they also have great strengths too. Isaac the boy in this book, is bright and curious, he's good at running and jumping, he has great memory and he loves to play. He however does find making friends hard and has a literal use of language, he also has sensory difficulties which can effect his behaviour.
When planning the book with my editor at Walker Books it was important to make it accessible to the three plus age group. As early awareness and diagnosis increases it make it the perfect age for newly diagnosed children, siblings families and classmates.
Autism is lifelong, there is no 'cure'. However with early interventions and support the ASD child can flourish.
Helping the 'neurotypical' children to be more accepting of their classmates in their early years can only help the 'neurodiverse' thrive into adulthood.
Isaac and his Amazing Asperger Superpowers! by Melanie Walsh is published by Walker Books.
School Autism Awareness week is from 14-18 March.

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Darat al Funun
Darat al Funun aims to provide a platform for the visual arts from the Arab world, to nurture creativity and critical discourse, and to reveal the dynamism of contemporary ideas and art practices.
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Dar al Anda
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The National Gallery of Fine Arts
The Royal Society of Fine Arts (RSFA) is a cultural, non-governmental, non-profit organization, founded in Amman, Jordan, in 1979. Its goal is to encourage cultural diversity, disseminate artistic knowledge and promote art from the Islamic and Developing worlds. In 1980 it established the contemporary museum collection of artworks from the Developing World.


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My Money Regrets
Why didn't I invest more in my 20s, when the impact of compounding would have been even greater than it already will?
Why didn't I ensure I earned the company match in my first 401k, losing out on the free money?
Why didn't I look towards homeownership earlier since it's one of the best buys of my life?
Why didn't I read more, beyond the basics of finances, as my professional career began?
Why didn't I diligently budget when I had less money to spend?
Why didn't I ignore those fancy investing tools and apps, which did little to secure my future?
Why didn't I look at fees when I finally placed my money in those early investment vehicles?
Why didn't I view my investments as powerful now, as opposed to something that I could only utilize at the end of my life?
It's quite simple, really.
For too long, I feared money, which held more power over me than my desire to have it.
Once I knew what I wanted from it, though, the fear dissipated. Now, only regrets remain.
All these regrets, luckily, can still be rectified.


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Only half of Gaza evacuees working
Tani Goldstein
Published: 11.03.07, 19:11
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8 Talkbacks for this article
1. money
This article proves what these settlers were actually looking for in the occupied territories... money... quite typical
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2. As if they really worked
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3. Quite apart from a drop in income
Shomera ,
I understand many marriages are broken and behaviour problems occuring amongst the children as a result of this expulsion. All this for what? What have the arabs done with the Gush Gatif, nothing but cause destruction. What a disgrace.
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4. Despicable comments by #1 and #2
Raymond from DC ,
Washington, DC USA
Comments by anonymous posters #1 ("settlers were actually looking for ... money") and #2 ("as if they really worked") are beneath contempt. The settlers were encouraged to take part in a national enterprise, and supported by both Likud and Labor administrations. They worked hard, they built, they were productive, they took care of their families, they contributed to their nation. They also provided jobs and income to those living around them. All that is now lost. Their demonization by the liberal elites and their leftist fellow travelers, and their abandonment by the state's agents, is shameful.
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5. This shows what the expulsions were about
Jeff ,
They were not about security. That has been proven already. The expulsions were about sheer hatred, hatred from the Jewish Left. Their behavior was shameful, and now, after witnessing how badly these people were treated, they still don't find enough compassion in their hearts to help them get on with their lives. I bet those anonymous comments were from Leftist Jews. The Arabs most likely miss the jobs they had while the Jews were in Gaza. The Left's real goal is the destruction of Israel.
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6. Stop giving them governmental allowances
Alissa ,
Tel Aviv
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It sshould not be mention as Gaza!! Nothing good is there now!!! They, the Palestinian converted into a terrible dessert again..
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8. settlers not working
roxy ,
Boo hoo,they had it so good all these past years and now they cry because the benefits they are receiving are vastly different than that of the past? Things change,it is about time they came to the realization that now they live exactly like the rest of us, the way we have always had to live. The Gov says there is an increase in jobs ,so theey should quit their complaining, get jobs and live like the rest of us do from pay check to pay check, after all they also gave the monies the government paid them to leave their houses and jobs that were in the terrorities. Live in the present not in the past!
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Wii dance 2018
Just Dance® 2018 Game | PS4 - PlayStation
Just Dance 2018 is an upcoming dance rhythm game developed by Ubisoft.Just Dance is a rhythm game series developed and published by the French video game company Ubisoft.The game was revealed at E3 2017 on June 12, 2017, and is set to be released on October 24, 2017 for North America,October 26, 2017 for Europe and Australia, and October 27, for Asia.It is the year 2018 and Ubisoft is releasing Just Dance for the Wii.All it takes to turn any room into a crazy dancefloor is an internet-connected screen and a smartphone to use as a controller.
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Versions of Just Dance 2018 have released on the Switch, Wii U, and yes, even the original Wii where the series began.Just Dance 2018 is available now on a variety of platforms including Xbox One, Xbox 360, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Nintendo Switch, Wii U and Wii.At its press conference E3 and will be released in October 2017.
Just Dance 2017 creates a social atmosphere where every dancer takes queues from a screen, and the embarrassment from utter lack of coordination is usually laughed at as a group as you watch video replays of your collective mistimed moves.This page contains Cheats for Just Dance 2018 organized by sections for Nintendo Wii.The best place to get cheats, codes, cheat codes, walkthrough, guide, FAQ, unlockables, trophies, and secrets for Just Dance 2018 for PlayStation 3 (PS3).
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Whether people like it or not, it has became a part of a relatively new wave of gaming that became huge with the Wii and DS, games that makes boring healthy things fun for everyone.My kids started playing some of their old Wii games with the Wii U and they decided to play Dance Dance Revolution 3.Download the Just Dance Now app on the App Store Download the Just Dance Now app on the Google Play store.


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- Age limit Minimum of 10 years
What you'll experience.
Join this amazing exploration of a secret ice cave located by the South Coast of Iceland. On the way to the cave from Reykjavík, you will see a picturesque landscape that features the stark contrast of black sandy earth, mossy green mountains, and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier. After enjoying these gorgeous views, you will arrive at the ice cave nestled in a location known only to few. As you follow the path into the cave, you will notice the glistening walls and high ceiling made of ice that has been artfully sculpted by glacial water. The sounds of black sand crunching beneath our feet and water dripping inside the ice cave is the soundtrack for your adventure. You will weave along a path before entering an epic opening in the ice cave that features its own sunroof. The light shining on the icy walls showcases the unique characteristics of this secret gem. Later on, you will follow the front of the outlet glacier where it is standing high with ash covered ice wall, which forms the high contrast between the surrounding mountains and the glacier itself. The location of this cave allows for stunning views of the surrounding scenery.
Those who are coming from Reykjavík will also enjoy one more scenic stop at Seljalandsfoss waterfall before heading back to their accommodation.
Attention ice caves are a natural phenomena and the conditions can change depending on weather. Your safety is our first priority so sometimes the tours may be canceled with short notice due to weather conditions or safety concerns. If this happens we will always do our best to offer you an alternative tour if weather permits.
Please note:
If you are meeting the tour guide on location then the meeting point is at the Ice Cave Café in the Icewear/Vík Wool Store in Vík. Your guide will meet you there between 11:30-11:45 am. Dropoff at Vík is between 15:30-15:45.
Tour operator
This tour is operated by our friends at Icelandic Mountain Guides. IMG manages an environmental fund that aims to preserve and restore the Laugavegur hiking trail, one of the most popular hiking trails in Iceland. They are also powerful advocates for environmental awareness on various platforms.
Icelandic Mountain Guides' certifications:


text:
100% Pure Therapeutic Cistus Essential Oil
Unadulterated (undiluted/unchanged)
Size: 15ml
Botanical Name: Cistus ladanifer
Location: Spain
Extraction Process: Steam Distilled
Part of the Plant Used: Leaves and Stalk
Description: Cistus Essential Oil has a herbacious, sweet aroma. This plant, also known as Rockrose, grows wild throughout the Mediterranean region. This very fragrant bush was sought after highly by the Grecians. They used the resin of this plant for menstrual problems, colds, coughs, rheumatism, and they also used it as an aphrodisiac. The process of gathering the resin was hard and long. When heated down they had made a crude essential oil. They used this crude oil in many perfumes and sold it across the Mediterranean sea, making it very popular. When correctly steam distilled, Cistus essential oil is used for many different things from perfume to face healing oils.
Common Use: Cistus has been traditionally applied to help acne, age spots, skin tightening, meditation, infections, and anxiety.
Blends Well With: Balsam Fir, Cedarwood Himalayan, Cinnamon, Ylang Ylang, Basil, Lavender
Directions: Recommended to properly blend in a carrier oil prior to topical applications. Patch test before use in case of sensitivity.
Cautions: Possible skin sensitivity. Keep out of reach of children. If pregnant or under a doctor's care, consult your physician.
Disclaimer: These statements and products have not been evaluated by United States Food and Drug Administration and are not approved to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease. The information given is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional.


text:
There is no better way to live life, than in all its fullness. A Little Book of Live Laugh Love is a collection of quotes from Adèle Basheer reminding us to delight in the extraordinary and create a life to love.
Adèle believes in the power of words and their ability to guide us through life's journey, acknowledging that in a heartbeat we can change our focus, gain clarity, move in a new direction. Within this Book, you will find the inspiration to be your best self and create a life to love.
140 x 140mm
Find a stockist near you
To add some Intrinsic inspiration to your life, use our stockist locator to browse our top retailers in Australia, New Zealand and Sinagpore.
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For all orders containing pre-order items, it will be sent all together in mid-Septemeber.
All our postage options include tracking.
We ship all orders from Adelaide, Australia. Please note we do not offer express shipping.
Cost of shipping within Australia
Est arrival is 2-7 business days.
Orders from $0 - $25 = $9.95
Orders above $25 = $14.95
Cost of International Shipping
International shipping is calculated on the weight of our products and will vary for each order.
Standard Postage - Est arrival in 6+ business days.
Express Postage - Est arrival in 2-4 business days between major metro areas.


text:
Power of Pentecost
Power of Pentecost
Acts 2:1-21
Rev. Dr. Donna Giver-Johnston
June 9, 2019
If you could be re-born as a superhero, who would you be? If you could have any super power, what would it be?
Superman--x-ray vision
Ironman--powered armor suits
Wonder Woman--omnilingualism: speak the language of any person you encounter
Captain American--indestructible shield
Black Panther--superhuman acute senses
Hulk--superhuman strength and invulnerability
Captain Marvel--ability to fly at 6 times the speed of sound
The book of Acts is filled with stories of power! In Chapter 1, we are told by Jesus, along with the disciples of God's promise: "You will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth" (Acts 1:8).
And sure enough, in chapter 2, God keeps the promise. Of all of the super hero forms God could have taken, God takes the form of the Holy Spirit--the greatest power of all.
The Greek word for spirit is pneuma, which literally means "wind." Whether it is a breeze, a gust, or a tempest, it is moving. It doesn't stay still or static, it doesn't preserve the status quo. It shakes things up.
The Greek word translated as power is dynamis, the root word of dynamite. It is charged bursting, explosive and uncontrollable.
The Holy Spirit is poured out on all people gathered,
The Holy Spirit gives them the ability to speak in different languages, to tell the /good news in every language and to empower the disciples to go out and to shake things up and change the world for good, for God.
What a glorious day! What a powerful birth of the church!
That was then…but this is now. Much has changed in the church.
This week, a pastor shared with me a revealing and sad story. He said he went to the hospital to visit a church member. He was wearing his collar that day, and got into the elevator. He saw a young girl there and he said, "hello sweetheart." The mother pulled her child closer to her and said nothing. The church is not seen as a safe trusted place today.
Today is it marked by disagreements, divisions, decline….some people are asking if this is the beginning of the end of the church. What good is it anyway? It seems to have lost its power and its spirit for good.
Barney Zwartz, Senior Fellow at the Centre for Public Christianity (Melbourne)....
As is evident in the new documentary, For the Love of God: How Christianity is better and worse than you ever imagined, it is woefully easy to find Christians behaving badly, certainly from the time they ceased being oppressed and began gaining secular power in the fourth century. The Inquisition and institutional cover-ups of clergy sexual abuse figure high on the charge sheet, along with persecution, rapacity, collusion with power, and much more.
Nevertheless, in a post-Christian culture in which some suggest Christians' influence has been minimal or malign, I argue strongly that Christianity has overwhelmingly been a force for good in every century for nearly 2000 years.
The modern West could not function as it does in its understanding of human dignity, rights, democracy, politics, the rule of law, health, hospitals, welfare, charity, education, science, language, arts, architecture, capitalism, vocation, morals or social justice without the profound contribution of Christian thinkers/ activists.
I discussed this recently at a public meeting, and a questioner observed that I had left out perhaps the most important positive contribution Christianity has made to the world: personal transformation. He told the story of Christian worker Hugh Price Hughes and National Secular Society founder Charles Bradlaugh. Bradlaugh challenged Hughes to debate the claims of Christianity. Hughes agreed on one condition: that each bring to the debate concrete evidence for their beliefs in the form of people whose lives had been turned round by their teaching. He would bring 100, and Bradlaugh should do the same. No? How about 20? One? Bradlaugh withdrew the challenge. The Secular Society founder could not come up with even 1 person whose life had been turned around by secularism.
The church, despite its starts and stops and missteps over the centuries, has never lost its power for good, because the power was given by God. And it never runs out. It never quits. There is enough for you and for me and for all who believe.
Today we celebrate Pentecost-the day of the birth of the church. It's good to go back and remember the beginning, when there was so much power and a promise from God that even when it seems like it is at the end, "In the last days it will be, God declares, that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams."
What this says to me is that God will never give up on us--God still believes that God's children will still have visions and dreams. How can God be so sure? Because it is God who provides the source of these visions and dreams; it is God who provides the Spirit and the inspiration to imagine something better.
How we need a re-birth, the spirit to blow through the church and remake it in Christ's image, fill it with power to help people understand and appreciate each other, work together to change the world for good, for God.
As I was thinking about preaching on Pentecost this week, I was on the look out for the Spirit, and I am happy to report that the Spirit is alive and well today. I saw super heroes at work, using their powers for good.
A 6 year old boy in Brazil woke up his parents at 5:00 AM on a Sunday morning about going to church (which didn't start until 9:00 AM). He was so excited he couldn't wait! His parents sent him back to bed, but he kept coming in to wake them up. Finally they let him walk the block to church and sit on the steps until the Pastor came to let him in. He just couldn't wait to get to church! The Holy Spirit is still empowering people today!
A Pastor started a new church in California--the Beloved Everybody Church, where people of different abilities meet to worship. She shared the story of a young woman who was upset and crying. A young man with disabilities went to the woman and tried to comfort her with words. Then he gave her a hug. And then he started crying with her. Together they cried until they found their way to peace. While the world sees this man as disabled, he showed that he had more compassion than many able-bodied people. The Holy Spirit is still empowering people today!
A man who grew up in inner city Philly. His father was in jail and murdered. His step-father was abusive. His best high school friends died of drug overdoses, were shot and killed, and went to prison. He was the only one who got out. Some say he was lucky. But he says otherwise. He says he was invited to church, but thought it was weird, until someone prayed for him and he felt the Holy Spirit come upon him, his heart opened, and he accepted Jesus into his heart. Since then he has a power and purpose in his life. He is now a teacher at Avonworth High School and at the Baccalaureate service on Tuesday he testified that his power comes from Jesus and his love. The Holy Spirit is still empowering people today!
A young woman is having surgery which will likely wire her jaw shut, and she won't be able to eat food for 4-6 weeks. She went to the butcher shop in Beaver Falls to pick up some bacon to put in blender, for protein. The old woman working in the butcher shop asked, "Can I pray for you?" The young woman said ok. Right there in the butcher shop, the old woman anointed her with oil, put her hands on her and prayed for the Holy Spirit to come upon her and heal her. The Holy Spirit is still empowering people today!
There are superpowers at work in the world today. In our church, we have people with superpowers.
Men and women who sing in the choir every Sunday have the power to inspire us for God.
Women and men who are being ordained and installed today as elders and deacons of the church have the power to inspire us for God.
People who make suppers for people in need, visit those in the hospital, take flowers or send a card to brighten someone's day, or say a prayer.
On that first Pentecost, of all of the super hero forms God could have taken, God took the form of the Holy Spirit--the greatest power of all--poured out on ALL people, giving people many different super powers.
And it never runs out, it is renewable, rechargable, and can re-generate with a little faith, hope, and prayer.
If we unite our powers, we do have the power to not only grow the church, but to change the world for good, one transformed person at a time.
Superpowers unite!


text:
Dongfeng Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. (DETC) Business Report FY ended Dec. 2012
Business Highlights
Financial Overview
|(in million yuan)
|FY ended Dec. 31, 2012
|FY ended Dec. 31, 2011
|Rate of Change (%)
|Operating profit
|-Slowdown of domestic automobile market.
|Ordinary profit
|Net profit
1) Sales
-The decrease in sales was due to the reduction in OEM market share and reduction in orders stemming from the Diaoyu Islands incident.
-The Company plans to reach sales of 2.5 billion yuan in FY 2013.
Transfer of Shares
-Dongfeng Automobile Electronics Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, transferred a 37 percent stake in Xiangfan Dongchi Auto Parts Co., Ltd. to Shanghai Hujing Microelectronics Co., Ltd. After the transaction, Dongfeng Automobile Electronics still held an 18 percent stake in Xiangfan Dongchi Auto Parts.(From the Company's 2012 annual report)
-The Company sold part of the shares it owns in Shanghai Kongsberg Automotive Dong Feng Morse Co., Ltd., which reduced its shareholding ratio in the company from 49 percent to 25 percent. The Company hoped to raise at least 19.8 million yuan from the transaction. (From a press release, April 21, 2012)
-Dongfeng Visteon Automotive Trim Systems Co., Ltd., a joint venture established by the Company, Yanfeng Visteon Automotive Trim Systems, and Visteon in 2003, developed a series of new products in the first half of 2012. These products were well-received by customers. The Company supplied 8 new products to Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen, including two items to be exported, the Company's proprietary door trims for the Dongfeng 2CN, fenders for the GAC Mitsubishi 3X45, door trims for the Dongfeng Nissan Teana, instrument panel modules for the Venucia D50, and instrument panels for the Dongfeng Motor S30 and A60. (From a press release, September 26, 2012)
-In March 2012, the procurement team of Baotou Beiben Heavy-Duty Truck visited the Company's Automobile Braking System Company. The Company's officials gave a presentation on its development activities, production capacity, and quality levels, and gave a tour of its production facility to the procurement team. The representatives from Baotou Beiben demonstrated their intent to improve their relationship with the Company. 60 percent of the ABS systems manufactured by DETC Automobile Braking System Company are supplied to Baotou Beiben, which as been a customer of the Company since March 2012. (From a press release, March 21, 2012)
Subsidiary Name Change
-On October 8, 2012, Dongfeng Xiangfan Instrument System Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, held a ceremony to celebrate its name change to Dongfeng Automobile Electronics Co., Ltd.(From a press release on October 10, 2012)
-The Company's R&D activities include constructing a new, first-class technical center and cooperating with OEMs to develop various products.
-Products that are currently under development include:
- Integrated instrument panels
- ABS/ASSR systems
- Air pressure disc brake assemblies
- Car ECUs
- CV/PV trim
- Car generator and starter motors
- Car navigation systems
- Sensors
-In 2012, the Company had 38 of its patents approved. In 2011, the Company had 27 of its patents approved. In 2010, the Company developed and started mass production of 25 new products. Also, the Company had 33 of its patents approved in 2010.
Investment Activities
Major Investment Projects for 2012
|(in million yuan)
|Planned Amount of Investment
|Amount Invested in FY ended Dec. 31, 2012
|Percentage of Planned Investment Already Spent
|Caohejing R&D Center
|Construction of Zhanjiang DENI Carburetor Co., Ltd Mazhang Plant
|Renovations to older plants


text:
Golden Hills Pest Control
Business address:
1544 Santa Ana Avenue, Suite 100
Sacramento, CA, 95838
Golden Hills Pest Control specializes in the control of ants, cockroaches, beetles, bed bugs, fleas, spiders, rodents, and a whole host of other pests. When you give us a call or email us, we will listen to your needs and handle your pest problem efficiently and promptly. We Provide Pest Control Service in the Following Areas: Antelope, Arden, Carmichael, Citrus Heights, Elverta, Fair Oaks, Natomas, North Highlands, Rio Linda, Roseville, Rocklin and Sacramento. Call us today at (916) 333-3738.
|Related Link: Click here to visit item owner's website (0 hit)
|Target State: California
Target City : Sacramento
Last Update : Mar 06, 2019
Number of Views: 64
|Item Owner : Warren Tater
Contact Email:
Contact Phone: 916-333-3738
|Friendly reminder: Click here to read some tips.


text:
Dealing with the Big 4 Parasites in Cattle
Wyatt Bechtel
Parasite control isn't a once-a-year thought to contemplate prior to spring grazing. It is constant management consideration throughout the year with different parasites popping up depending on weather and location. For cattle producers there are four major parasites to contend with during the year: lice, worms, ticks and flies.


text:
T-Mobile Microsoft Lumia 435 priced at just $50 at Walmart off-contract
That money will get you a brand new Microsoft Lumia 435 that only works on T-Mobile, but you don't need to sign a contract to take advantage of the offer.
While camera performance is certainly not something to write home about, the Lumia 435 will get the job done if you're not looking beyond basic tasks. The handset doesn't come with a 4G LTE modem, but it is compatible with T-Mobile's HSPA+ network.
The Microsoft Lumia 435 currently runs Windows Phone 8.1, but the handset is set to receive Windows 10 Mobile when the new operating system launches later this year.
What do you guys think of this offer? Is the Lumia 435 underpowered by your current standards?
source: Walmart


text:
By Karis Ryan
The Western Roar gatecrashed Lisa Millman's 300th game celebrations to make a 2-0 start to the Gold Industry Group West Australian Netball League (WANL).
The Roar were able to overcome a huge build up to beat the sentimental favourites, Millman's ECU Souwest Jets, 62-51 at the State Netball Centre on Friday night.
Both teams started the match well as Roar's Tess Cransberg and Jets' Giselle Taylor went goal-for-goal in the first term.
The Roar put the foot down midway through the quarter, with long and fast passes between the experienced trio of Lindal Rhodes, Bella McLernon, and Eliza Vlasich making sure the ball lived in their attack end.
Cransberg and Molly Warne captilised as the Roar went to the quarter time four goals up.
The Roar started the second term where they left off, coming out with intensity and the Jets struggled to keep up.
Warne's height proved tough to match for Riley Culnane, as the tall shooter took her teammates high passes with ease to create repeated scoring opportunities. But the Jets wouldn't go away, with goals from Taylor and lady of the hour Millman spurring them into action. Culnane also came up with a big win as Souwest moved within six goals.
But the Roar steadied to push to a 32-23 half-time advantage.
The third term saw some positional changes, with Warne replaced by Larissa Harrison and Sarah Leitch coming on as the Jets' new Centre.
Taylor kept the Jets in the match with impeccable scoring, and down the other end Harrison made her presence known by nailing her first six goals.
The physicality lifted another level as multiple players hit the floor in contests. Millman copped a knock to the face but soldiered on, before Leitch also took a high hit and was forced from the court with a blood nose.
The Jets responded with three goals in a row as Paris Newman and Culnane came up with defensive ball.
A wayward throw from Jessica Repacholi was all the Roar needed to steal back the momentum late, pushing ahead by 12 goal at the last change.
The Roar injected the fresh legs of Maddison Schultz and Oshi Vale to start the final term.
The Jets got the first goal of the quarter but were never able to get close enough to challenge the Roar on the scoreboard.
Things got worse as Millman was involved in another physical contest, which saw her limping off with an ankle injury.
Roar Coach Andrea McCulloch said her team's consistency and attacking was a bit patchy but said they were still building early in the season.
"We have a lot of speed in our attack line and when it all gels together and we get our timing right, it's beautiful to watch, but it's just getting that consistency to do it for the full 15 minutes and then for the full game, sometimes we just need to control it better," McCulloch said.
"It was an emotional game for them and we knew they'd come out strong wanting to win the game for her. We knew we had to apply that pressure right from the start because if we let them get a lead then they'd probably run away with it."
"It was just about making sure that we focused on ourselves. We felt that last week we probably focused a bit too heavily on what Warriors were doing and not about what our strengths were."
"So we really wanted to make sure we stayed focus on what we could do well and we felt if we focused on that and kept building with what we were doing then the game would come to us and it did."
The Western Roar take on the Curtin Hamersley Comets in Round 3, and McCulloch was wary of the winless Comets.
"Every team is a challenge in this competition, it's quite an even competition with the new teams coming in so it's really important that again we just build on our consistency," McCulloch said.
"We know with Sarah East at their shooting end they've got a nice tall at that end so we've got to work really hard defensively to try and turn some ball over early before it gets to her because she's pretty accurate. It will be really focusing on that we're doing our job early."
Shooting Statistics
ECU Souwest Jets
Giselle Taylor 44/57 (77%)
Lisa Millman 5/8 (63%)
Brooke Gibson 2/5 (40%)
Western Roar
Larissa Harrison 27/30 (90%)
Tess Cransberg 25/33 (76%)
Molly Warne 10/20 (50%)


text:
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I have a credit card dispute with my capital one card and the ** days is up cant get th...
GetHuman-davisonr's customer service issue with Capital One from September 2018
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I have a credit card dispute with my capital one card and the ** days is up cant get through on the phone to you can you tell me when my refund will be paid to me please?*Regards Rosalind Davison ***********
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Denios Ltd
( 0 )
Denios Ltd are specialists in supplying hazardous chemical storage units for drums & IBCs, stores for flammable chemicals & peroxides, sumps & bunds for drums & IBCs, absorbents for containing & absorbing leaks and handling equipment to suit most substances for industrial, pharmaceutical and laboratory applications.
The Approved Business review system is based on honesty and impartiality. These reviews are written and submitted by real people, which we believe will help businesses and customers to buy with confidence from the reviewed company.
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text:
Oh... my...
This is by far the BEST piece of work ON EARTH. Congrats 'Sir' ZJ.
I'm sure in no time the mona lisa guy will be forgotten.
Oh... my...
This is by far the BEST piece of work ON EARTH. Congrats 'Sir' ZJ.
I'm sure in no time the mona lisa guy will be forgotten.
XD Nice try, my friend... It's so bad that it's good so far...
Your banned?
Surprised you got banned from the art portal. I only know one person who got banned and it was for a good reason.
What I like about the drawing is it makes no sense. His legs are mutated snakes, his wings are all messed up and uneven, you have his arms labeled east and west, and I can't tell if thats fire coming out of his eyes or its just his eyebrows.
Its so simple that it looks like a 3 year old drew it. Im sorry if that insults you but I love simple art like this. The way you filled it in looks like you scribbled and did it in 10 seconds.
And when authors sign there name on the art there making like in the corner, I like how you did hat and it makes you look silly. I love this art just cause how crappy it is.
Drawings - 5
Colors - 3
Details -3
Overall - 3.66666667 (rounded to 4)
Sorry bro, but this looks like something a little kid drew. The fact that you wrote your name and age on it like that makes it even worse. The scribbling and the labeling....I don't really know what kind of feedback you're looking for here. Did you really even try to make this? Is this a joke?
Sorry, scribblings like this won't get you scouted. The art portal is for quality drawings, not stuff like what you present here.
I have to agree with SeeD419, this picture looks like if a 4 year old drew this and all this lableing makes the picture even worse. Don't lable the drawings, leave room for interpretations to the viewer.
Also, if you colour your drawings make sure you get an even colouring. The creature in the picture still has some blank spots while other parts of the body are coloured in a dark green (and yet other parts are a lighter green). This does really look very childish.
Then, there are no backgrounds. Just a white canvas. Apart from the mountain tops where the creature is standing on (which too looks very bad) there's not much else to see in the picture.
{ Review Request Club }


text:
§ Mr. LLOYD
asked the Postmaster-General whether he is aware of the inconvenience cause to the inhabitants of the town of Stone by the closure of the sub-post office in the Stonefields districts of that town; whether he is aware that repeated representations have been made without effect; and whether he will give instructions for its restitution without further delay?
§ The POSTMASTER - GENERAL (Mr. Herbert Samuel)
I am aware of the facts set forth by the hon. Member, and, after making inquiries, I am satisfied that present conditions justify me in giving instructions for the re-establishment of the sub-post office in the Stonefields district of Stone.


text:
Book Views: 2352
Jessica Ames
Publish Date: Jun 08, 2018
Genre: Contemporary Romance, Romantic Suspense, Romance
avg rating4.5 - 63 reviews on Amazon
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Jessica Ames resides in a small market town in the Midlands, England. She lives with her crazy mongrel terrier and when she's not writing romance books, she's playing with crochet hooks!...
Publish Date: 08, Jun 2018
Language: English
Page Count: 458
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"You are never so far that love can't reach you." A response to Jonah 3 and the redemption of Nineveh.Read More
A doodled response to 2 Corinthians 12.Read More
A doodled response to Romans 5.Read More
Download a book of my Follower sketches and notes.Read More
Wake. Coffee and Water. Sit. Pray. Read. Respond.Read More


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Oxfam Trailwalker
Event collateral, social media graphics
Oxfam Trailwalker is one of the most inspiring team challenges in the world. You and three mates will journey through 100km of bush trail within 36 or 48 hours depending on the state. Some states now offer alternate distances – 50km or 55km within 24 hours. It's not a relay. Your team has to start together, stick together and finish together — it's tough, but with the right training and attitude you'll be amazed at what you can achieve. The feeling when you cross the finish line will be something you'll never forget.
Oxfam Trailwalker is a life-changing experience and every step you take helps raise vital funds to support people living in poverty. You'll be part of a global phenomenon where ordinary people achieve something extraordinary and make a lasting difference by supporting Oxfam's work around the world. Oxfam works with local communities to help them create their own sustainable solutions to poverty. Together we are promoting education, ensuring access to clean water, teaching skills to grow food and advocating for their basic rights.
Event photos by Sam Biddle/OxfamAUS
Celebration night photos by Stina Johansson
Design by Stina Johansson
Content and introduction copyright Oxfam Australia.
For more information about Oxfam Trailwalker, visit:


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In the Dolomites every tree trunk tells a story of the light altering nuances of colors. The fresh alpine winds hiss over hill and dale while singing soft harmonies of liberty. The shimmering sun shines frame the beautiful picture in a moment painting the limestone of the mountains in lively red.
Tamara und Werner Call


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- How are reviewers describing this item?
nice, sturdy, beautiful, color and easy.
- Our engine has profiled the reviewer patterns and has determined that there is minimal deception involved.
- Our engine has discovered that over 90% high quality reviews are present.
- This product had a total of 183 reviews as of our last analysis date on Apr 21 2019.
My husband was the one who put this together remind you it did take about a minute because he had no help but it was pretty sim... Read More
Crib went together fairly easy, took about an hour. Quality is good for the price, we weren't about to spend 500+ on a crib, we... Read More
Helpful Insights
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
Only reason we bought this is for daytime bed design.
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
And it's not 4-in-1 it's basically 3-in-1 because you have to buy the guard rail separately.
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
So read carefully before buying.
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
Paint didn't chip as being assembled.
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
We did go through a plug all the little holes and they do appear to be slightly off center on one piece (it doesn't affect the assembly of any bed stage, the holes are for the side bars on adult bed, but it meant we were unable to plug them).
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
If you can look at a picture you can put this crib together.
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
Absolutely gorgeous crib, but be warned that they do not correctly update/list their stock, and it may arrive with fumes rendering it unusable for several days after assembly.
Posted by a reviewer on Amazon
Perfect beautiful crib, just some scratches from shipping


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Brantford invites very few tourists to its land. This city is connected to many popular cities of Canada. Brantford has a limited number of tourist attractions which one can visit. Below is the list of tourist cities which one can visit from Brantford, the distance between cities and time taken to travel from Brantford to other cities. Total population of Brantford is 87759. Add Brantford to your travel plan and view the virtual travel map being create on the right. Read some authentic reviews of Brantford and also share you experience of your stay.
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from USD 38.53
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Many cities are accessible from Brantford. We have selected the most popular tourist cities that you can visit after Brantford. Based on number of days in hand for vacation these cities have been listed and can be added to your travel itinerary by selecting "Add to Trip" displayed on the right of each city name.


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There is no celebrity that can shock, amaze, entertain, bewilder, and infuriate quite like Kanye West. No matter what your stance on the rapper is, there is no denying that he is one of the biggest personalities on the planet. He's definitely not one to shy away from the spotlight. He is more famous for his astonishing ego and unbelievable quotes than he is for his music, and he is never far away from the headlines for very long. Of course, this is exactly what he wants. They say there's no such thing as bad publicity, and here are 10 times Kanye put that saying to the test.
"I don't even listen to rap. My apartment is too nice to listen to rap in." – Source
Kanye West will claim that he is the best rapper on the planet, but would still separate himself from the entire genre and put it down by stating that he does not listen to any other artists. This is furthered by claiming that his apartment is too nice for him to listen to rap in, suggesting that he feels that rap music is dirty and not appropriate for those that have wealth. Not only does he disrespect and separate himself from a genre that he is a part of, he then claims that there are certain conditions where the music can and can't be listened to. This disconnects millions of listeners and creates further divides within the music industry.
"By not giving my album a classic rating, you diminish your magazine's credibility. And that's real." – Source
After not receiving five stars out of five from Vibe magazine, Kanye West was clearly furious and stated that the magazine's credibility would diminish because of it. Artists cannot get hung up on each and every different review, as this would drive them mad. As a creative person, you cannot (and shouldn't) try to please everyone. Four of out five stars is still a fantastic review, so to be angry about it comes across as slightly immature and petulant. The scoring is not likely to diminish the magazine's credibility, but narcissistic quotes such as this are a quick way for Kanye to lose fans and diminish his own credibility. He would say a similar thing to The Guardian in 2005 when he claimed that any magazine that doesn't give The College Dropout a perfect score is "lowering the integrity of the magazine."
"George Bush doesn't care about black people." – Source
Just days after Hurricane Katrina struck, Kanye West and Mike Myers appeared before millions on a live telethon to help raise money for relief efforts. The rapper would decide to go off the teleprompter and deliver his own scathing and shocking message, ending with the statement that "George Bush doesn't care about black people." Mike Myers stands stunned and dumbfounded next to West as the show's producer quickly moves on to the next presenter. This sparked a national debate surrounding the White House's response to the disaster. George Bush would later state that it would be one of the low points of his presidency and that it was a "disgusting moment."
"I am God's vessel. But my greatest pain in life is that I will never be able to see myself perform live." – Source
There is something unsettling about Kanye's claim to be God's vessel, and it is these bizarre and outlandish claims that make him a much loathed figure by many people all around the world. He would go on to state that his biggest pain is that he will never be able to see himself perform live, which is remarkably arrogant and narcissistic. Whether you are a fan of Kanye West or not, there is no denying that he does put on an excellent show. They will often unpredictable and eventful. He drew a gigantic crowd at the Glastonbury Festival in June. Although it was a controversial choice, it was generally well received by those at the festival and critics.
"I feel like I'm too busy writing history to read it." – Source
Kanye West has often stated that he does not read books. This statement suggests that he thinks he is too important to brush up on world history and all the important events and developments that got the world to where it is today. He also often states that he is writing history or that people will look back on him as some kind of prophet, which suggest delusions of grandeur. It is not quite clear to us how he is writing history, and he is perhaps not as pioneering as he thinks. He is a popular rap star, no doubt, but he is more famous for these outlandish statements. He's not exactly doing anything revolutionary outside of the entertainment industry. He provides entertainment to the world, but those who have actually written history have made incredible changes to the world. Kanye has not done anything more than many other musicians.
"As a man I am flawed, but my music is perfect." – Source
For once it appeared that Kanye was being humble, after admitting that he was flawed as a man. But then he would negate this by claiming that his music is perfect. He would make this extraordinary claim during a gig in Atlantic City. It was part of a lengthy rant which left the audience somewhat perplexed and most likely wanting him to carry on with his "perfect" music instead of venting his frustration. Kanye is widely praised for his music and he has legions of fans, but claiming perfection is incredibly egotistical and not something that many would agree with. As it turns out, the flaws that he mention include making outlandish statements like this which infuriate and irritate. Many people, including his own fans, who would prefer he just let his music do the talking instead.
"In my humble opinion, that's a prophetic statement. Gandhi would have said something like that." – Source
There is no denying that Kanye West is his own biggest fan. He also sees himself as much more than an entertainer. When asked about the song "Everything I Am," West stated that the song could relate to a girl in high school and that "everything I'm not made me everything I am." He would then claim that it was a "…prophetic statement. Gandhi would have said something like that." The statement is certainly interesting, but even if Gandhi would say something like that, he wouldn't follow it up with such a self congratulatory statement that diminishes the impact of what was just said.
"I am the greatest living rock star on the planet." – Source
Kanye recently performed a headlining slot at Glastonbury Festival, and although he put on a good performance, it was also a hugely controversial choice. The festival organizer even received death threats once he was announced. Kanye would close the show claiming that he was the greatest living rock star on the planet. This understandably caused somewhat of a controversial reaction and left many fans of rock music both baffled and infuriated. The likes of Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Paul McCartney, David Bowie, Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, Steven Tyler, Bruce Springsteen, Ozzy Osbourne, Eric Clapton and Prince would all beg to differ. West was arguably not even the biggest rock star at the festival, with The Who headlining the following night (they would hilariously mock the rapper's outrageous claims). Many feel that Kanye is not even the best rapper on the planet, let alone the best of a genre he is not a part of.
"I am a vessel, and God has chosen me to be the voice and the connector." – Source
Another reference to being God's vessel and a chosen one, not only are these quotes ominous and foreboding, but also narcissistic. His music may have a profound impact on a number of avid fans, but he is an enormously polarizing figure, largely due to statements like this. Consequently, many people oppose everything about him or just simply ignore him. This is the opposite of what a connector would do and another example of an idea that would be best kept to himself if he truly believes it. Kanye certainly knows how to make headlines and stay in the public eye, but more often than not it is for controversial statements such as this, which upset many.
"One day the light will shine through and one day people will understand everything I ever did." – Source
Although this quote is slightly unsettling and ominous, it is in fact much more extreme when put into context. At a festival appearance in England, West would state that "I walk through the hotel and a walk down the street and people look at me like I'm f***ing insane, like Hitler. One day the light will shine through and one day people will understand everything I ever did." The audience was understandably somewhat disturbed by what they had heard and a few boos rang out. This was perhaps one incident where Kanye had not properly thought about what he was saying before it came out of his mouth. It is an alarming quote on its own, and another one that suggests he sees himself as some kind of higher force to those around him.


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Raw Dog: Comedy Uncensored was the flagship comedy channel at SiriusXM during most of my run there (until we added Comedy Central Radio in 2013).
Jimmy Fallon with afternoon drive host Jim Breuer
Remember that time Bruno Mars met The Fonz?
Gallagher smashes things…on the radio. What a mess we made.
A tribute to the late great Mitch Hedberg.
One of many cool folks we met on their way up…here's Kristin Schaal who we first met when she won the Kaufman Award
This was a great premise by Steven Van Zandt. Try to capture the "back room at the Bada Bing." I used to ask SVZ about once a year if I can reboot this thing but let me run it (tighter, shorter.) I had him intrigued one time but we couldn't figure out the budget. Oh the stories I can tell about this one…great memories and I miss these guys.
Thanks for stopping by. Please check out my portfolio while you're here!
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When time to design and deliver is critical, we have the automated test systems and test fixtures to get the job done
Today Circuit Check has evolved into one of the largest totally integrated test solution providers with the largest engineering staff in the industry. We also have the broadest support infrastructure and the largest in-house drilling, machining, assembly, and verification capability in the industry. All of these resources support customized product lines to efficiently provide the highest quality solutions for all your test needs.
Latest News
September 6
Circuit Check Photo Contest Submissions
Thank you to our customers for participating in our photo contest. With over 40 years of experience and hundreds of thousands of fixtures throughout the world, we are thankful to our loyal customers. Here are just a few of the photo submissions.
August 8
Circuit Check Photo Contest
To commemorate our 40th anniversary, we would like to invite our customers to help us celebrate. Circuit Check has provided hundreds of thousands of fixtures and test systems throughout its 40 year history and we would like to see them.
July 31
Circuit Check Celebrates 40 Years in Business
Circuit Check is celebrating its 40th anniversary as a leading edge provider of custom engineered test solutions to the electronics industry.
Our goal is to increase our customers shipped quality while decreasing overall test costs.
Test System Engineering
Looking for a test solution beyond the typical test fixture?Look No Further


text: Due to being so anti-social very little is actually known about pixies. In a way this could be considered their most widely known characteristic, along with being very distrusting and vicious. If nothing else is known about them, it is no secret that pixies are by far the worst magical species to anger for you will be lucky if you live to tell the tale.


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The Effectiveness of Hylan GF-20 on Joint Reaction Forces and Kinematic Patterns During Gait in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis - Article Degenerative Joint Disease; Osteoarthritis arthritis
Clinical Trial: The Effectiveness of Hylan GF-20 on Joint Reaction Forces and Kinematic Patterns During Gait in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
This study is no longer recruiting patients.
The use of Hylan G-F 20 as a treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee has become popular in recent years. Typical treatment of OA of the knee includes NSAIDs and physical therapy protocols to strengthen local muscle groups and decrease pain. When these conservative treatment modalities have been exhausted, the next step is arthroplasty of the knee. Hylan G-F 20 treatments provide physicians with an intermediate mode of treatment prior to surgery. Hylan G-F 20 is a cross-linked, high molecular weight derivative of hyaluronan which can be found within the synovial capsule of the knee. This form of viscosupplementation is intended to reduce the pain suffered by those with OA by increasing the fluid levels within the synovial space, providing a cushion between the bony surfaces within the knee joint. Current studies have only looked at self-reported pain relief or Outcomes Inventories. This study aims to determine the ability of Hylan G-F 20 treatment to improve the parameters of gait of individuals who suffer from OA.
| Device: Hylan G-F 20
MedlinePlus related topics: Osteoarthritis
Study Type: Interventional
Study Design: Non-Randomized, Open Label, Uncontrolled, Single Group Assignment
Further Study Details:
Primary Outcomes: Gait kinematics, kinetics, WOMAC, VAS
Study start: January 2000; Study completion: May 2005
Data entry closure: May 2005
Typically, when an adult suffers from OA of the knee, they are presented with two choices: conservative treatments consisting of NSAID therapy and physical therapy or surgical intervention to replace the affected knee joint. There is a third avenue of treatment that has become available in recent years. This treatment modality is viscosupplementation. Viscosupplementation consists of replacing hyaluronic acid in the synovial fluid contained in the knee joint. It has been observed that the synovial fluid of OA sufferers has less hyaluronic acid (HA), and the HA that remains is of lower molecular size and concentration Replacement of the HA contained in the synovial fluid through the use of Hylan G-F 20 has been shown in clinical studies to be clinically safe, and have the ability to provide pain relief with a minimum of adverse reactions. Clinical studies concerning the use of Hylan G-F 20 have focused on safety and efficacy in regards to pain relief in those who suffer OA. To date, there have been few studies performed looking at the efficacy of Hylan G-F 20 on the kinematics and kinetics of gait. This study will provide data on the ability of Hylan G-F 20 treatment to improve the temporal-spatial parameters of gait in those who suffer OA, as well as the ability of Hylan G-F 20 to reduce joint reaction forces in the affected knee.
Ages Eligible for Study: 41 Years and above, Genders Eligible for Study: Both
Inclusion Criteria:
- ambulatory, unilateral knee OA of at leas 3 months confirmed by radiography, pain requiring NSAIDS for at least 2 months
Exclusion Criteria:
- no trauma to target knee within last 5 years, prior viscosupplementation therapy, allergy to avian products, inflammatory disease, joint sepsis,varus/valgus >12 degrees, clinically apparent tense effusion, oral corticosteroids, intra-articular injection in any joint within the last 3 months, venous or lymphatic stasis in the leg, claudication or PVD, major surgery, arthroplasty in the target joint, arthroplasty in non-target knee within the last 6 months, current malignancy or treatment within the last 5 years, except for non-melanoma skin cancer, planned surgery during the study period, diabetes requiring insulin, use of an investigational device or drug (including glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate) within 90 days before entering the study, significant psychiatric or neurological disorder, active alcohol abuse or drug abuse within the past year.
Location Information
New Jersey
Kessler Medical Rehabilitation Research and Education Corporation, West Orange, New Jersey, 07052, United States
Study chairs or principal investigators
Sue A Sisto, Ph.D., PT, Principal Investigator, Kessler Medical Rehabilitation Research and Education Corporation
More Information
Study ID Numbers: 100653
Last Updated: September 6, 2005
Record first received: September 6, 2005
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00147186
Health Authority: United States: Institutional Review Board
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on 2005-09-13
Last Updated: September 6, 2005
Record first received: September 6, 2005
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00147186
Health Authority: United States: Institutional Review Board
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on 2005-09-13
- 10 Ways You Can Protect Your Joints (Arthritis Foundation)
- 2004 Drug Guide (Arthritis Foundation)


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More InformationHouse sitting since 2011, Andrew & I have references from people whose homes, property, pools, plants & most importantly, pets we've cared for over the past 8+ years of full-time housesitting. Genuine animal lovers we've minded cats, kittens, dogs, puppies, rabbits, hens, hermit crabs, fish (inside tanks & outdoor ponds) and both wild & caged birds.
Our referees will confirm to returning home to contented pets, sparkling home, well maintained pool, garden, potted plants & lawns. Andrew has experience with all types of pools (solar, salt, chlorine) and maintaining lawns, edges & hedges. I find tending the garden therapeutic – a pleasant distraction from sitting, working on my little laptop.
We maintain regular contact with you while away so you have your finger on the pulse of things at home. Since commencing this lifestyle choice we have pretty much enjoyed seamless sits and often have the pleasure of returning to care for pets we've grown to know & love.
We take our role of House and pet sitters seriously, considering it a privilege to be entrusted with the responsibility of your much loved pets and home.
We are careful not to incur costs, and restrict our use of dishwashers & washing machines to off peak. Non-smokers, responsible, houseproud, security conscious, quiet living, lavish affection on our surrogate fur kids, fit & active. As we both have a car, access to parking close by is essential.
House sitting as a lifestyle choice, we aim to do a good job so we're invited back the next time you go away. :)
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I'm not sure i would agree that the post needs to be pulled, but it does bear careful thought. that's a 1" piece of rebar firing .22LR: a small diameter low pressure cartridge if there ever was one. You certainly wouldn't want to do that with higher pressure cartridges. The minimum yield strength of rebar in the US is 60,000 PSI, and the fact that the chamber portion is encircled with the high grade steel of that Yost action is even more of a safety factor.
Let's not get carried away with concern, eh?
All said, this is a very cool application, and there have been a multitude of rebar projects from all over!
Last edited by Howder1951; 08-22-2019 at 10:49 AM.
While in Kuwait I had my own QA&QC department with testing facilities in the factory that I had built to my specs by our own staff. the Head office was forever getting requests by our much larger competitors to do 3rd party testing since we had a letter of approval as a testing lab from the ministry of building and construction.
All too frequently my engineers would have to tell those companies engineers that whole batches of sequential lot numbers of materials would have to be rejected. or used only in specific non structurally demanding areas.
There has been many uses of odd materials and like Frank it is a go to metal and bed frames. Something we are overlooking is the man that did the rifle barrel is in Sweden. There metal might be of better quality than ours. And if he is a gunsmith, he might have done a good heat treat that could have brought the stress factors up. I do not think it would be my choice but interesting the same.
Most newer fed frames are made from hot rolled sheets then sheared and formed
Pretty easy to spot the ones that may have ball bearings in the steel because at the break in the metal you will spot tiny little stress cracks once in a while.
It is the older mill formed frames that look like actual angle iron that are the real mystery metals. you might start to drill a hole and not even a cobalt bit can penetrate all the way through but move as little as half an inch and a bargain counter bit that will bend before breaking will drill through like drilling a hole in a tin can.
Have a band-saw that you don't like the blade that is in it toss an old bed frame in it then try and make the cut all the way through while still having enough teeth on the blade to recognize.
I've even seen them glaze over a disk in a chop saw.
As far as the rifle barrel goes due to it being a full bull barrel bored for .22 ammo I wouldn't worry much about that.
Yes there are folks trying to build a gun or rifle barrel who have no business doing so. Anyone who does not understand the effects of combustion pressures of a given caliber has absolutely no business attempting to manufacture a fire arm.
We had a young man on HMT.Net a few years back who was wanting to build a M6 Scout. a very simple little survival weapon that anyone with "MEDIUM" gunsmithing skills should be able to make, as long as they also possess some knowledge in the many different types of metals there are out there GALVANIZED water pipe is NOT one of the accepted mediums to make a .410 shotgun barrel out of.
Fortunately he posted some pictures of some pipe fittings he had tried to weld together and without shaming him too badly the members of theses forums managed to empress upon him that he needed to acquire some better skills before even considering such a build. Sadly though he left before we were able to help him much more than that.
I'm not a gunsmith don't claim to be and have never played one on TV but I have bought dozens of non operational guns over the years and repair them to safely fire their intended ammunition and yes I often have to make my own parts sometimes by having a blank piece of stock or a freshly machined part clamped in a vice and file away with jewelers files with a loop over my eyes to get the part just right. I've never had a repair to go bad but I don't use mystery metals in making those parts either, I don't take chances when it comes to working on fire arms.
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This article was originally written for blavity.com by Tiffany Stewart.
It's exhausting being black.
I'm sure it's tiring being a human in general, but the struggles we encounter on a daily basis (from both black and non-black communities) while being black is unmatched. Cultural expectations such as thinking and speaking and acting a certain way are required. Stereotypes like how athletic one should be or a requirement to prefer certain kinds of music become expectations we put on ourselves. By doing so, are we giving ourselves a chance to get to know and even love the real us, not the person society has told us to be?
Emory University in Atlanta, GA is offering a new course the remind its students that self love is key. "The Power of Black Self-Love" is taught by Dr. Dianne M. Stewart, Associate Professor of Religion and African American Studies and Dr. Donna Troka, associate director at the Center for Faculty Development and Excellence.
The class was designed to explore overlapping areas of two courses: "Black Love" taught by Stewart, and "Resisting Racism: From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter," taught by Troka. The course drew students from both classes who studied theories of black love and the histories of black social movements. The class was an invitation for students of all cultures to dip deeper and investigate the topic through their own research, while analyzing the world of public scholarship through a personal lens. Class discussions and delved into topics such as the influence of Black Twitter over the last decade, the impact of social media on the Black Lives Matter movement and the phenomenon of Black Girl Magic, one of my favorite hashtags used to celebrate the empowerment of black women.
For their final research projects, they were asked to showcase ways that black self-love can serve as an act of resistance, embodying transformative power. The final projects turned out to be personal yet necessary. A few of the stunning projects included the following:
"Black Girl Magic" by Aiyanna Sanders, a sophomore in political science and African American studies. She wanted to explore what exactly #BlackGirlMagic looked like on Emory's campus. Check out the photo gallery here.
Gretel Nabeta, a junior in interdisciplinary studies and film who is from Uganda, was inspired to examine how African cultures influence and promote self-love and the empowerment of women. She interviewed Emory students with backgrounds from West and East Africa. Watch the full video here.