text: Antonette Goroch is a singer, songwriter, writer, mother and world traveler. A vocalist and storyteller since the age of 5, she has partaken in many musical styles including musical theater, opera, classical, eastern european folk, punk, rock, blues and Americana. Her sound has been compared to contemporary folk artists including Neko Case and Penelope Houston, but she draws inspiration from artist revolutionaries like Kathleen Hanna and Bertolt Brecht, musical poets like Patty Smith and Leonard Cohen, and reflective observers like John Steinbeck and Jack Kerouac. Her music is equal parts celebration and seduction, pleasure and provocation,– but always an inquisitive dissection of human connection and the power that flows from it.


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Oregon at Michigan State football 2015 live stream: Time, TV channel, point … – AL.com
Oregon and Michigan State meet in a key 2015 early-season football game at 7 p.m. Central on Saturday, Sept. 12, at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan.
ABC will broadcast the game live, with live streaming available via Watch ESPN.
Michigan State is an 3.5-to-4-point favorite in the game, according to Las Vegas. The Ducks won last year's meeting, 46-27 in Eugene, Oregon.
Michigan State, ranked No. 5 nationally, comes in at 1-0 after beating Central Michigan 37-24 in their season-opener. Quarterback Connor Cook passed for 256 yards and two touchdowns for the Spartans.
Oregon, ranked No. 7 nationally, is also 1-0 after beating Eastern Washington 61-42 last week. Quarterback Vernon Adams passed for 246 yards and ran for 94 in his debut with the Ducks.
Radio listeners can find the game on affiliates of the Spartan Sports Radio Network or the Oregon Sports Network. Many of those stations are available via the TuneIn Radio or IHeartRadio apps.
Satellite radio subscribers can catch the game on Sirius channel 84 and XM channel and 84.
Saturday's full schedule (all times Central):
In-state games
Jacksonville State at Auburn, 11 a.m., SEC Network (Watch ESPN)
Middle Tennessee at Alabama, 3 p.m., SEC Network (Watch ESPN)
Mississippi College at North Alabama, 6 p.m., ESPN Extra (espn3)
Alcorn State at Alabama State, 6 p.m., no TV (Bama State Sports)
Charleston Southern at Troy, 6 p.m., no TV (espn3)
South Alabama at Nebraska, 7 p.m., Big Ten Network (BTN 2 Go)
SEC games
Georgia at Vanderbilt, 2:30 p.m., CBS (CBS Sports video)
Fresno State at Ole Miss, 2:30 p.m., ESPN2 (Watch ESPN)
Toledo at Arkansas, 3 p.m., SEC Network Alternate (Watch ESPN)
Oklahoma at Tennessee, 5 p.m., ESPN (Watch ESPN)
East Carolina at Florida, 6 p.m., ESPN2 (Watch ESPN)
Ball State at Texas A&M, 6 p.m., ESPNU (Watch ESPN)
Missouri at Arkansas State, 6 p.m., no TV (espn3)
Kentucky at South Carolina, 6:30 p.m., SEC Network (Watch ESPN)
LSU at Mississippi State, 8:15 p.m., ESPN (Watch ESPN)
Other games
Oregon State at Michigan, 11 a.m., ABC (espn3)
South Florida at Florida State, 10:30 a.m., ESPN (Watch ESPN)
Buffalo at Penn State, 11 a.m., ESPN2 (Watch ESPN)
Miami (Ohio) at Wisconsin, 11 a.m., ESPNU (Watch ESPN)
Bowling Green at Maryland, 11 a.m., Big Ten Network (BTN 2 Go)
Western Illinois at Illinois, 11 a.m., Big Ten Network Alternate (BTN 2 Go)
Kansas State at Texas-San Antonio, 11 a.m., Fox Sports 1 (Fox Sports Go)
Houston at Louisville, 11 a.m., Fox Sports South (espn3)
Army at Connecticut, 11 a.m., CBS Sports Network (College Sports Live $)
Wake Forest at Syracuse, 11:30 a.m., ACC Network affiliates (espn3)
Appalachian State at Clemson, 11:30 a.m., no TV (espn3)
Sacramento State at Washington, 1 p.m., Pac-12 Network (Pac-12 Live)
Massachusetts at Colorado, 1 p.m., Pac-12 Network (Pac-12 Live)
UTEP at Texas Tech, 2 p.m., Fox Sports Southeast (Fox Sports Go)
Notre Dame at Virginia, 2:30 p.m., ABC (espn3)
Minnesota at Colorado State, 2:30 p.m., CBS Sports Network (College Sports Live $)
Washington State at Rutgers, 2:30 p.m., ESPNU (Watch ESPN)
Eastern Illinois at Northwestern, 2:30 p.m., ESPN News (Watch ESPN)
Tulane at Georgia Tech, 2:30 p.m., ACC Network affiliates (espn3)
Stephen F. Austin at TCU, 2:30 p.m., Fox Sports 1 (Fox Sports Go)
Hawaii at Ohio State, 2:30 p.m., Big Ten Network (BTN 2 Go)
Austin Peay at Southern Miss, 2:30 p.m., American Sports Network (affiliates)
Iowa at Iowa State, 3 p.m., Fox (Fox Sports Go)
San Diego State at California, 4 p.m., Pac-12 Network (Pac-12 Live)
Arizona at Nevada, 6 p.m., CBS Sports Network (College Sports Live $)
Memphis at Kansas, 6 p.m., ESPN Extra (Watch ESPN)
North Texas at SMU, 6 p.m., ESPN Extra (Watch ESPN)
Central Arkansas at Oklahoma State, 6:30 p.m., FSN (Fox Sports Go)
Lamar at Baylor, 6:30 p.m., Fox Sports Southeast (Fox Sports Go)
Oregon at Michigan State, 7 p.m., ABC (espn3)
Temple at Cincinnati, 7 p.m., ESPN News (Watch ESPN)
Florida International at Indiana, 7 p.m., Big Ten Network Alternate (BTN 2 Go)
Idaho at USC, 7 p.m., Pac-12 Network (Pac-12 Live)
Rice at Texas, 7 p.m., Longhorn Network (Watch ESPN)
Boise State at BYU, 9:15 p.m., ESPN2 (Watch ESPN)
San Jose State at Air Force, 9:15 p.m., ESPNU (Watch ESPN)
Central Florida at Stanford, 9:30 p.m., Fox Sports 1 (Fox Sports Go)
UCLA at UNLV, 9:30 p.m., CBS Sports Network (College Sports Live $)
Cal Poly at Arizona State, 10 p.m., Pac-12 Network (Pac-12 Live)
– Click Here To Visit Article Source

subset: commoncrawl


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I started playing through Metroid Fusion for the GBA yesterday. Being a fan of Metroid games, I've developed what I call the "Metroid Eye." Essentially, this technique allows me to play through Metroid games effortlessly while seemingly stumbling across every secret as if powered by serendipity. After playing so many Metroid games, I've internalize the creator's style which includes how the level design unfolds, how the abilities and challenges progress through counterpoint, boss types and attack patterns, and where they choose to hide powerups. The Metroid series is notorious for hiding powerups.
Some powerups are easily obtainable usually consisting of the abilities that are essential for progressing through the game. The developers make sure that these powerups are as easy to get as possible. Others, however, can be hidden behind rocks or other structures that must be blasted away to reveal their location. Others still can't be flushed out with randomly aimed firepower. There are walls that appear to be solid, but actually have a small tunnels running through them that the player can access. There may be nothing to clue the player into these hidden passageways except a small fish that swims back and forth out of the hole. In Metroid games, the enemies are organically placed within an environment to both threaten the player and to give a natural cover for certain secrets. What is most interesting about using the denizens to cover up a secret is, they also reveal the secret. Once you have the Metroid eye, it's like hiding a secret behind a bullseye.
Playing Metroid reminds me of how developers used to use the flat 2D perspective of their games to hide things. In Super Mario World, there's a hidden switch in the Forest of Illusion, where players must swim through a solid wall to find the hidden area. In this case, the fish hint at the secret by swimming through the wall. In Final Fantasy 6, there are specific moments when players can walk through the dark walls that surrounded a home only to find a secret room where treasure was stashed. Players also had to walk through walls to get to Setzers air ship. And for those of us who bravely ventured into Cyan's past to obtain his ultimate weapon, there is a section on the train where one must circumnavigate an obstacle by walking slighting into and through the walls. That puzzle had me stuck for what seemed like hours when I was a kid. But after conquering it, I never looked at 2D the say way again.
With all 2D games there is a certain level of 3D interpretation. Even with a game like pong, we assume that the ball and paddle are sliding on top of and across the black space. It's only natural. You would be hard pressed to find an individual who actually thinks the ball is being drawn repeatedly through the progression of converted black space to white space in small quantifiable bits (pixels). We're all human, not computers, and as humans we've been conditioned to perceive the world a certain way. Our eyes work together to create 3D space in our minds from two 2D images. Our perception of the 3D world is interpreted in our minds, but we also created 3D where there may be none. When we see a painting, we can interpret the light and dark areas as light and shadow created in a 3D space. Likewise, when we see Mario slide out from under some bricks because he was too large to walk under that space, we don't think he's melding with the bricks. We simply think that he was too big to fit and now he's being squeezed out.
The engagement from interpreting 2D games this way is something that I don't think gamers get from 3D games. When you render a room in 3D, furnish it, and add realistic physics, what's left to interpret? The room would be just like your own room. Furthermore, two problems are inherently added to 3D games: perspective and volume.
With a 2D room, all the information is set directly before the player. Everything the player must consider is within sight and neatly arranged (assuming the perspective isn't zoomed in or scrollable). Even if this player gets stuck, he/she can rule out possibilities by systematically checking the area of the room.
In a 3D room however, the player can only look at a small area at a time. Whether the game is in first person or third person, you can't see behind you. Getting the whole "picture" of the room requires changing the perspective. This alone substitutes the interpretation found in 2D games for memorization and spacial reasoning. With every change in perspective, the room is slightly different and the player sees the world in a slightly different way. And if the player wants to systematically explore a 3D area, the added vertical dimension multiplies the amount of work the player would have to do.
Ultimately, I've found that 3D games tend to hide and conceal things like in real life: simply behind something, out of the way, or obstructed from view somehow. And if you're human (something I still assume by the way), you've probably lost something in your house at some point in your life. And I bet searching for that item was not fun. It can be very frustrating the number of ways to inadequately look around desk. Because it exists in 3D space, it's easy to miss something because you didn't get all the way to the ground to look under it, or you didn't stand high enough on your toes to look over it. Sometimes, there's just too many places an object can be in a 3D world.
At this point in the discussion, it's necessary to highlight a few games that work well with 2D and 3D elements. Perhaps the true key to designing 3D games is still in the 2nd dimension.
To continue this topic, it would be interesting to compare the 2D Metroids to the 3D ones. I don't find it surprising that many of the 3D Metroid's powerups are hidden in 2D gameplay sections. Using 2D is a very versatile, powerful, and most importantly clean perspective. Perhaps if I ever get around to my Metroid study.... Until then, what if 3D games hid stuff like this.....


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Lavender is one of the most loved plants on the planet, known for its alluring and relaxing scent, and distinctive purple colour. With simple, understated beauty at its core, The Kensington is an exquisite arrangement of lavender at its best. Striking and elegant, this arrangement is perfect for a gift to brighten up someone's day, or simply as a textured and beautifully-scented addition to your home.
Extra information about The Kensington:
- Spring 2018 Planted Collection
- Arrangement made of lavender
- Luxury size box: 24 x 18 x 24cm
How to care for your herbs:
Your beautiful planted arrangement is designed to kept in its exclusive Maison de Fleurs box. The arrangement is delivered with the stems immersed in soil, please do not ingest the soil and keep away from animals and children. Please see your care card for further details.
When we deliver: We deliver in London Monday - Saturday between 9am and 5pm. Next day deliveries must be placed before 12pm. If you're looking for delivery outside of these times, contact us to find out what options are available. Unfortunately, we don't deliver on bank holidays.
Where we deliver: We currently delivery to London postcodes only.
Delivery policy: Delivery is charged at a flat rate of £15. All Central London bouquet deliveries Monday-Friday are carried out in person via one of our dedicated Maison De Fleurs vehicles. All other deliveries will be made by our trusted courier, DPD. To request a specific time slot, do get in touch. If the person you're sending your bouquet to isn't home, we'll leave it in a designated safe place and leave a calling card explaining where. If no safe space has been chosen, then we'll return the bouquet to our studio and rearrange delivery. Due to the nature of the product, redelivery can only be rearranged up to 24 hours after the original time slot. Please bear in mind that once left in a safe place, Maison de Fleurs can't accept liability for the bouquet.


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This smoked trout dip is such a lovely way to serve delicious smoked trout.
My husband Mike is a keen fisherman and loves to go fly fishing on the beautiful rivers around the Taupo area. We are so lucky to have such amazing rivers so close to our house.
We like to take our fresh trout to a local butcher and they smoke it to perfection, then we pick it up vacuum packed and ready to eat.
This is one of my favourite ways to serve smoked trout, you could also make this recipe with smoked salmon or any other type of smoked fish. The ingredients go so well together with sour cream, spring onion, cream cheese, lemon zest and juice it really brings out the delicious smoky fish flavours.
A new trick I found to flake the fish, was to use the whisk attachment on my KitchenAid mixer to shred it into small pieces. Then since I was already using my mixer I added the rest of the ingredients to the bowl and whisked it into a delicious paste.
I like to serve my smoked trout pate with crackers or crusty French bread. Make sure you season the mixture well with plenty of freshly cracked pepper. Store your smoked fish dip in an airtight container in the fridge or you can even freeze it for later if you have an excess amount.
Click here to pin this post on Pinterest and save it for later
Some of my easy dinner recipes to try:
Made this? Tag me on Instagram @vj_cooks and hashtag it #vjcooks
Check out the easy recipe below:
Smoked trout dip
This recipe would work with any type of smoked fish.
- 300g smoked fish
- 200g cream cheese
- 125g sour cream
- 1 lemon zest and juice
- 1 spring onion, sliced
- Black pepper
- Flake fish in a mixer or by hand until finely shredded.
- Add cream cheese, sour cream, spring onion, lemon zest and juice. Mix well until combined, scrape the edges and mix again.
- Add plenty of freshly cracked pepper to taste, mix once more and then it's ready to serve.
- Store in an airtight container in the fridge.


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Sunrise over India's mighty Ganges River provided a warm light over some boats moored at the water's edge. Nik's Color Efex Pro helped ...Read More
Girl with Parrot, Varanasi.
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A stack of pots, Varanasi
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"If someone is able to show me that what I think or do is not right, I will happily change, for I seek the truth, by which no one was ever truly harmed. It is the person who continues in his self-deception and ignorance who is harmed." ~ Marcus Aurelius
"But there was no need to be ashamed of tears, for tears bore witness that a man had the greatest of courage, the courage to suffer." ~ Viktor Frankl
It's a two pot morning. The second is brewing right now. Coffee. Dawn is coming up beneath a flat sky. The stars disappeared long back 'round 4 AM. It's 49º and I have powerful thoughts of New England running confidently in my mind. Memories. Those many times I walked along Browning Pond, in Central Mass., that's what I'm talking about. Thoreau held close to my imagination during those walks, and the best ones were when Autumn leaves colored the day with ease. A balm applied to that which was burned through social doings, the touch of ganga warming my veins, I was away, thus closer to the meaningful life. I've not been Back East since the millennium turned over. My loss, I'm sure. I could have found grounds for the future there. I'll have to do with what I've got, which is a fresh cup of coffee. Henry Thoreau gives way to Juan Valdez, one icon to another, one flesh and blood and the other a mass media minion. I love them both. Yes.
So what's with me this morning anyway? Listen, Henry David Thoreau has been and will be one of the greatest influences in my life. Mark Twain, Ellen Goodman, Al Burt, Neil Gaiman, Joe Bageant(!!!); but a few of the others, all writers. And Neil Young, but that's a different story. Go back and click on the Joe Bageant link. No really. Any of you who appreciate my writing might find some rich material there. My favorite article of his is "Algorithms and Red Wine":
"And I look at the faces of these young men and women, who are among the brightest, best educated and common good oriented the world has to offer. A taxi's headlights flash through the window of the darkened bottiliberia. Each face is illuminated for a moment, then golden dimness again prevails. And I am saddened." ~ Joe Bageant
I got an invitation to volunteer at the mobile spay and neuter clinic, at the Agricultural center, in early October. Of course I accepted! Why? Cats! The invitation came, through the ever darling Emma Lemon, from my favorite neurobiologist. What can I say, I've got some beautiful women in my life. But it's about the cats. At this point my sojourn at the animal shelter has the quality of a good dream. I was talking, over the phone, with my older brother, a few days ago. I mentioned how impactful my end there was, how severe and extended the resulting bout of screamin' PTSD has been, and he said "Yes, you got hit by a truck". Insightful stuff just tickles me. I'm still a little dizzy from it. Frown-ridden as well. Speaking of dizzy – listen peeps, I never drank on the job. I'm on meds. You could've just asked. But moving forward . . . I was reading some quotes from Viktor Frankl this morning. I totally grok his rap about suffering generating meaning in life. My New Age friends would remind me that pain is inevitable while suffering is an option. Boy howdy y'all gotta be kidding me. Now, back to the cats. One of the most amazing thing I witnessed in the shelter was how these clownish beasts resided in cages yet only a few were depressed. Through personal effort in an empathic mode I helped a few of them down and out kitties get their game back. Connecting, in a therapeutic mode, with a depressed cat is strikingly akin to connecting with a feral. You start by saying let me in and they're like fuck no. But it's a start. I'm sure y'all've dealt with people like that too, right? I could go on with the usage of expletives but let's not. A depressed cat needs way more than a hug. Repeated hugs won't even make a dent. Depression comes from a feeling of powerlessness. My way was to pick them up physically and stand them before me so that they had a chance to give me their best WTF look before they went back to lay down and dig back in. It's that one moment, that WTF moment, that makes the difference where a hug fails to achieve. Repeated applications of this methodology are required, of course. That's not the point. Now, about the ferals. It is a given that they are already pissed, and they might even have the desire to kill you. Their WTF moment is pretty much perpetual. I found that singing was the most effective way for me to connect with them. Music is Universal. We all get the vibes before we get the picture. No critter is exempt from that, yet humans have the maybe unique ability to stuff the vibes in their pocket in an attempt to draw their own picture and see who bites then plays along. We've all seen it happen. Deception and its nurturing companion denial are like stuffing the vibes in your pocket. But remember, big pictures sometimes vanish in a heartbeat, and like that depressed cat . . . well, let me put this way, a guy or a gal steps on my toe then offers me a hug ain't gonna get no hug. They get the WTF treatment. It's proactive. Says me.
My mind has upshifted into the writer zone. I've proffered many potential creative projects to myself but most never kick in. They never get that WTF mojo goin'. But the new book project, "Sing to the Deathlike Silence", has kicked in and said yes. So, I can now see the dimensions of writing that go well beyond simple syntax and lexicon. Right upfront and waiting are my semiotic pals, the gatekeepers to the realm of archetypes and mythos. I prevail in my Sisyphus charity marathon to meet these pals at the gate. And they are like dude you don't work here anymore so dude you can't just walk in dude so give us the password and yer good to go dude (Hipsters at the gate can be quite abrasive in their smoothness). And I'm like dude what the fuck. They bow and say in unison dude you may enter.
Peace out, y'all. Goof gloriously.


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References in periodicals archive ?
But small, sparrowlike Philetairus socius push together beakful after beakful of grass to create a haystack of apartments.
Benitez added: "All of us must push together in the same direction and with the same target in mind.
From now until the end is the time when we have to work hard, push together," said the Argentina defender.
They agreed that the 79 ACP countries and the 28 European Union Member States will push together for an ambitious agreement in Paris.
BARCELONA, Spain, Dhu-AlHijjah 13, 1436, September 27, 2015, SPA -- Pro-independence parties in Spain's Catalonia region were likely to win a majority of seats in the regional parliamentary election on Sunday, according to an exit poll, indicating that they must launch negotiations to find a way to push together for a plan to secede from Spain, according to AP.
We can all push together between now and the season and get where we want to be.
Whereas when it comes to the four-man, the guys in the back become a brotherhood and we all push together.
Sir Stan Yapp has given his understanding to help us get something done and if we all push together we may win.
When you press on it, you push together two metal contacts.
We will use this visit to push together the companies from our country and from yours and also to try to strengthen research at the level of universities in IT," said Fean.
Akol further urged the people to push together as South Sudanese and be united for a common objective of building the new State in a democratic, political, Religious and cultural diversity" In separate statements to the Nairobi-based Sudan Radio Service (SRS), Akol also opined that federalism is the best political system of governance for South Sudan.
Turn out on to a work top, push together well and divide into six pieces.
Legal browser ?
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Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety - BF
This website is driven by an alliance of several organisations to demonstrate the tremendous support for self-determination among minority groups in South Africa. The mandate will be used to obtain self-determination for the oppressed minority groups. According to international law, this process requires a mandate of more than 2 million votes.
On 26/2/2019, the Sheriff of the Court, on behalf of the ULA, delivered a final ultimatum to call a referendum for independence, to President Ramaphoza. This ultimatum sets out in no uncertain terms, that the collective punishment and racial discrimination will no longer be accepted or tolerated by minorities in South Africa.
This letter concludes the internal remedial process and proof that we have exhausted all internal remedies to seek a satisfactory solution. Independence is the only option forward!
Despite the current situation, the solution is simpler than many people may realise. There is a region in SA that is fundamentally different from the rest of the country. A region that was independent for almost 300 years until 1910, and by rights should never have been incorporated into SA. A region where the vast majority of the inhabitants are members of the oppressed brown and white minorities and speak the shared Afrikaans language.
The United Liberty Alliance (ULA) is a civil rights movement focussed on the self-determination of the oppressed minorities in Southern Africa. These minorities include the descendants of:
The ULA is an umbrella body that unifies a multitude of minority-led organisations through the common goal of independence. The ULA itself does not have any members, instead relying on the membership of its affiliate organisations.
Sign up to stay up to date on the independence process, and how you can contribute to ensure a successful referendum!


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HSGI Introduces New Pistol TACOs
By popular demand, HSGI has introduced two new pistol TACO designs – a double pistol TACO and a triple pistol TACO. Both the double and triple pistol TACO are available in MOLLE or belt mounted version. Get your TACOs here
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Estonia, EU – Baltic States, Financial Services, Railways, Transport
International Internet Magazine. Baltic States news & analytics
Sunday, 22.09.2019, 05:25
Estonia will not submit separate application besides joint one for Rail Baltica financing
The European Commission expects by 26 February latest the financial applications of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania for building the joint Rail Baltica railway line. While initially the plan was that the joint venture created by the three countries would submit also a joint application, Lithuania announced that it will ask for 30 million euros through the joint venture, but additionally 165 million euros separately.
Estonia will continue on the course of the joint application, confirmed the Rail Baltica Estonian project manager Miiko Peris, saying that this is the most beneficial for the joint project. "We have kept this position throughout the course of the negotiations, and in fact, we believe that, eventually, this is what happens," he said.
Lithuania has already started construction of the Rail Baltica section, which runs from the Polish-Lithuanian border to Kaunas.
Peris does not exclude the possibility that a plan B could emerge on the table, but hopes that this will not happen. While it is technically possible to submit separate applications for each country, it is not at all the best option. "It also shows how much joint activity logic there is in this project. In the long term, a common application is definitely better, and it also has a better chance of being funded by the European Commission," said the project manager.
Rail Baltica's estimated cost is approximately EUR 3.6 billion. In Estonia, building the infrastructure should cost 1.1 billion euros.


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Message-ID: <firstname.lastname@example.com> Subject: Exported From Confluence MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_Part_2119_2073597118.1569081854197" ------=_Part_2119_2073597118.1569081854197 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: file:///C:/exported.html
Example on how to use the epsilon/zeta OL1 and chi OL4 modificat= ions to run a DNA simulation.
The file with the modifications is available here: DNA-99bsc0-ezOL1-chiOL4.tar.gz
Download the tar.gz file that has the actual force field modificatio= ns. In linux, you can just type:
wget https://wiki.chpc.utah.edu/download/attachments/5395913= 72/DNA-99bsc0-ezOL1-chiOL4.tar.gz
After downloading, uncompress the file with:
tar xvfz DNA-99bsc= 0-ezOL1-chiOL4.tar.gz
This is an example of the tleap file:
source leaprc.ff14SB=
addPath Param-99bsc0-ez1-ol4-for-DNA
addAtomTypes {
{ "C7" "C" "sp3" }
{ "C1" "C" "sp2" }
{ "C2= " "C" "sp2" }
loadoff dna-chiOL4-ezOL1.lib
ez =3D loadamberparams frcmod-ez1-bsc0= .dat
chi =3D loadamberparams frcmod.OL4.chi
dna =3D loadpdb dna.pdb
-------------------------------------------= ---
This tleap file will load the most recent force field for proteins/DNA/R=
NA which is called ff14SB.
Then, it will set as a path the locati= on or the modified files. In this case, it is just the name of the director= y where we downloaded the file. Make sure you set the full path.
T= he addatomtypes is very important because the modifications requires new at= om types so add the section precisely.
The loadoff command loads the lib= rary files of the nucleotides with the new atom types and then the command = loadamberparams loads the individual modifications, one for the epsilon/zet= a dihedral angle and another for a revised version of the chi torsion. In t= he above example, a PDB file called dna.pdb is loaded to check that the par= ameters are loaded and everything works correctly.
After this, it is ready, you can= just load a PDB with a double stranded DNA and when you generate the AMBER= topology and coordinate file, it will be including the e/z OL1 and chi OL4= modifications.
The tleap file can be run using:
tleap -s -f <file name>


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I received an email from someone with some questions about information theory; they relate to some sufficiently common questions/misunderstandings of information theory that I thought it was worth turning the answer into a post.
There are two parts here: my correspondent started with a question; and then after I answered it, he asked a followup.
The original question:
>Recently in a discussion group, a member posted a series of symbols, numbers,
>and letters:
>The question was what is its meaning and whether this has information or not.
>I am saying is does have information and an unknown meaning (even though I am
>sure they were just characters randomly typed by the sender), because of the
>fact that in order to recognize a symbol, that is information. Others are
>claiming there is no information because there is no meaning. Specifically that
>while the letters themselves have meaning, together the message or "statement"
>does not, and therefore does not contain information. Or that the information
>content is zero.
>Perhaps there are different ways to define information?
>I think I am correct that it does contain information, but just has no meaning.
This question illustrates one of the most common errors made when talking about information. Information is *not* language: it does *not* have *any* intrinsic meaning. You can describe information in a lot of different ways; in this case, the one that seems most intuitive is: information is something that reduces a possibility space. When you sit down to create a random string of characters, there is a huge possibility space of the strings that could be generated by that. A specific string narrows the space to one possibility. Anything that reduces possibilities is something that *generates* information.
For a very different example, suppose we have a lump of radium. Radium is a radioactive metal which breaks down and emits alpha particles (among other things). Suppose we take out lump of radium, and put it into an alpha particle detector, and record the time intervals between the emission of alpha particles.
The radium is *generating information*. Before we started watching it, there were a huge range of possibilities for exactly when the decays would occur. Each emission - each decay event - narrows the possibility space of other emissions. So the radium is generating information.
That information doesn't have any particular *meaning*, other than being the essentially random time-stamps at which we observed alpha particles. But it's information.
A string of random characters may not have any *meaning*; but that doesn't mean it doesn't contain information. It *does* contain information; in fact, it *must* contain information: it is a *distinct* string, a *unique* string - one possibility out of many for the outcome of the random process of generation; and as such, it contains information.
The Followup
>The explanation I have gotten from the person I have been debating, as to what
>he says is information is:
>I = -log2 P(E)
>I: information in bits
>P: probability
>E: event
>So for the example:
>He says:
>"I find that there is no meaning, and therefore I infer no information. I
>calculate that the probability of that string occuring was ONE (given no
>independent specification), and therefore the amount of information was ZERO. I
>therefore conclude it has no meaning."
>For me, even though that string was randomly typed, I was able to look at the
>characters, and find there placement on a QWERTY keyboard, compare the
>characters to the digits on the hand, and found that over all, the left hand
>index finger keys were used almost twice as much. I could infer that a person
>was left handed tried to type the "random" sequence. So to me, even though I
>don't know the math, and can't measure the amount of information, the fact I
>was able to make that inference of a left handed typer tells me that there is
>information, and not "noise".
The person quoted by my correspondent is an idiot; and clearly one who's been reading Dembski or one of his pals. In my experience, they're the only ones who continually stress that log-based equation for information.
But even if we ignore the fact that he's a Dembski-oid, he's *still* an idiot. You'll notice that nowhere in the equation does *meaning* enter into the definition of information content. What *does* matter is the *probability* of the "event"; in this case, the probability of the random string of characters being the result of the process that generated it.
I don't know how he generated that string. For the sake of working things through, let's suppose that it was generated by pounding keys on a minimal keyboard; and let's assume that the odds of hitting any key on that keyboard are equal (probably an invalid assumption, but it will only change the quantity of information, not its presence, which is the point of this example.) A basic minimal keyboard has about sixty keys. (I'm going by counting the keys on my "Happy Hacking Keyboard". Of those, seven are shifts of various sorts: 2 shift, 2 control, one alt, one command, one mode), and one is "return". So we're left with 52 keys. To make things simple, let's ignore the possibility of shifts affecting the result (this will result in us getting a *lower* information content, but that's fine). So, it's 80 characters; each *specific* character generated is an event with probability 1/52. So each *character* of the string has, by the Shannon-based definition quoted above, about 5.7 bits of information. The string as a whole has about 456 bits of information.
The fact that the process that generated it is random doesn't make the odds of a particular string be one. For a trivial example, I'm going to close my eyes and pound on my keyboard with both hands twice, and then select the first 20 characters from each:
First: "`;kldsl;ksd.z.mdΩ.l.x`"
Second: "`lkficeewrflk;erwm,.r`"
Quite different results overall? Seems like I'm a bit heavy on the right hand on the k/l area. But note how different the outcomes are. *That* is information. Information without *semantics*; without any intrinsic meaning. But that *doesn't matter*. Information *is not language*; the desire of [certain creationist morons][gitt] to demand that information have the properties of language is nonsense, and has *nothing* to do with the mathematical meaning of information.
The particular importance of this fact is that it's a common creationist canard that information *must* have meaning; that therefore information can't be created by a natural process, because natural processes are random, and randomness has no meaning; that DNA contains information; and therefore DNA can't be the result of a natural process.
The sense in which DNA contains information is *exactly* the same as that of the random strings - both the ones in the original question, and the ones that I created above. DNAs information is *no different*.
*Meaning* is something that you get from language; information *does not* have to be *language*. Information *does not* have to have *any* meaning at all. That's why we have distinct concepts of *messages*, *languages*, *semantics*, and *information*: because they're all different.
[gitt]: http://scienceblogs.com/goodmath/2006/07/bad_bad_bad_math_aig_and_infor…
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More like this
There is a marvellous illustration to this called the Voynich manuscript. A book originally found in an Italian villa near Frascati, Italy. Like your example the book contains plenty of information - the question is if all the information in the book can be mapped to meaning. 350 years of attempts to hack it, ranging from Zipf's law over conditional entropy to all sort of esoteric ideas and even sophisticated demonstrations as a (mathematically very well done) hoax. Endless algorithms have been tried to prove (or disprove) if there is meaning encoded in the information of the book.
You can hardly imagine a better illustration to your point that the jump from information to language and meaning is nontrivial.
Here is a good starting point for this hilarious story:
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On the other side of the coin of the Voynich MS is the question of science itself. If nature were truly random, we could not build models to help us understand it. What is the correct term for the state of nature that when analyzed helps us model some aspect of nature?
PS - I also use a HH keyboard (well HH2.) Great keyboard
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Before we started watching it, there were a huge range of possibilities for exactly when the decays would occur. Each emission - each decay event - narrows the possibility space of other emissions. So the radium is generating information.
Hi Mark,
Wouldn't it be more correct to say that each emission narrows the possibility space of the whole sequence, but not of the other emissions, which are presumably independent?
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Unfortunately, I don't actually use a HH keyboard. I've collected a positively obscene number of keyboards; I have this very severe RSI which has caused me a lot of pain. It's not carpal tunnel, which is what most keyboards are designed for; I've got ulnar compression, both in the wrist and the shoulder. So I've tried a lot of keyboards to try to find something that would relieve my pain. I've wound up with a Kinesis countered keyboard for work; and a typematrix 2030 for home. (At home, I need something small for use with my laptop on my lap; at work, I have enough room for something as bulky as the kinesis.)
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The other problem here is that, colloquially, "information" does refer to semantic information or meaning, most of the time. The confusion arises when certain disingenuous ID-iots (e.g. Dembski) intentionally confuse the technical meaning with the colloquial meaning as part of their campaign to push their theology on everybody. Call it the "having your cake and eating it, too" fallacy.
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Yes, you're right. Each decay narrows the overall possibility space of the *sequence*, but no decay affects the possibility space of the time until the next decay.
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I have understood that data (say a string of bits) is NOT information (but rather noise) unless it has context. Does not a compressed zip file only contain information if you KNOW it's a compressed zip file?
If you say a statement in a comment is false, don't we also need to know to which statement you refer? [I hope it's not this one]
Like the quantum observer, information may be in the eye of the beholder. For example, a student receives a block of random bits (say from the lava lamps video source). This is a very meaningful gift since the she is trying to test a new statistics program (mean/std/...) for accuracy!
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You have understood wrong. "Data" is information. *Noise* is information. You're making the common mistake of mixing the concepts of information and meaning. Information *can* have meaning, but doesn't have to. Meaning can contain information, but it doesn't have to. Information is a mathematical concept; meaning a philosophical and/or linguistic one.
A binary file on disk contains information regardless of whether it's a bunch of randomly generated bits; a file that you know is compressed; a compressed file that you don't know is compressed; an encrypted file that you know is encrpyted and you know the password; an encrypted file that you know is encrypted but *don't* know the passwork; or an encripted file that you don't know is encrypted at all. And in fact, you can "measure" the quantity of information in the file *without knowing which one it is*.
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Ok, but I'm not convinced yet.
"*Noise* is information." To confirm, you assert that a random string of bits is information?
But one can only "measure" the quantity of information in a binary file if you know the file size. Is not this a minimal context?
I am surrounded by RF, power lines, CMB, Talk Radio (Ok, some Talk Radio seems just like random noise), but unless I tune in (frequency/AM/FM/etc) I don't get any information (signal)?
BTW: the block of random bits as a meaningful gift was an attempt at humor.
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If nature were truly random, we could not build models to help us understand it.
Of course we could. That's the whole point of probability theory.
The fact that an experiment is random (i.e. unpredictable) doesn't mean we can't study, analyse, and yes, even make models of it.
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Yes, a random string of bits is information.
No, the "file size" is not a context. In information theory, we talk about measuring the information content of a *string*. We don't care how or even if it's stored - the fundamental idea is that *anything* which can be in any way viewed as a string of symbols of any kind is something that contains information.
Just because you *don't receive* information from the things going on around you doesn't mean that *they don't generate information*.
Information has nothing to do with whether someone is listening to it, storing it, interpreting it, understanding it, or recognizing it.
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"*Noise* is information." To confirm, you assert that a random string of bits is information?
It's not information. It conveys (or contains, or carries) information.
I believe the problem is that you have not yet completely understood the definition of Shannon's information. It's really just a matter of definitions. (I don't claim full understanding myself, but I've been at it for some years now).
A string of bits that is not random doesn't have any information. To have information, the sequence *has* to be random (in the sense of Shannon -- the only one I've studied).
Here's a brief and informal explanation of how you determine the information content of a (random) sequence. I'm hoping this example is simpler an more concise than Mark's.
1. Define an alphabet. In Mark's example, list the keys in your keyboard.
2. Find the probability of each letter of the alphabet. Let's say our keyboard has only the keys 'a', 'b' and 'c'. The probabilities have to add to 1. For example:
P('a') = 0.5
P('b') = 0.3
P('c') = 0.2
3. Use the logarithmic formula to find the information content, in bits, of each letter:
I('a') = 1
I('b') = 1.74
I('c') = 2.32
Now, for a sequence, just add the information of each letter (that's why we used the log formula). So the information content of the sequence 'aabc' is 1+1+1.74+2.32, or 6.06 bits.
Note that in this definition, the origin of the sequence is not specified. It could come from some sort of noise process, from Mark hitting his keyboard, from a rat pushing buttons... it doesn't matter. At least it doesn't matter since the point of view of information theory.
I am surrounded by RF, power lines, CMB, Talk Radio (Ok, some Talk Radio seems just like random noise), but unless I tune in (frequency/AM/FM/etc) I don't get any information (signal)?
Again, refer to the definition. Nowhere does it say that somebody must read or decode or receive the sequence of letters in order for it to contain information. Of course, if nobody receives it, it will not be *useful* information.
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"...as a string of symbols of any kind is something that contains information." This sounds like a context to me. You seem to need symbols (smells like a language) and structure (a string is bounded and ordered) to "contain" information. What would, if anything, wild information be, i.e. not contained?
I'll concede the zip file point, on the basis of a "random string of bits is information", but I'm still stuck on the context issue.
I am concerned now that your definition of information contains little information!
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This discussion on the meaning of information :-) reminds me, though I'm sure it's an imperfect analogy, about the meaning of causation. Causation is also describable in a lot of different ways, starting with philosophy and religion over to physics where it starts to make sense.
But also here one finds that causality does not have an intrinsic meaning. The firmest formulation is lorentz invariance that describes causality as the relativistic timeordering of localised systems inside a lightcone. But that doesn't describe the causal mechanisms in a system. Those are described by the description of the system as it evolves in time. This as the meaning of the specific causality seems to be analogous to the meaning of the specific information.
It seems even philosophers of science are confusing information and meaning. The philosopher in biology John Wilkins said recently: "One of my favourite pet hates is "information". This is an abstraction that usually just means that there is a mapping between one sort of structure (like a DNA sequence) and another (like the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which gets its functional properties from the way it is folded into complex shapes, assisted by other molecules). But it is so attractive a notion, so strong in its grip on our mind, that we generalise it to include aspects of our human intentionality. We start to talk about the "meaning" of genes, to continue our example." ( http://evolvethought.blogspot.com/2006/04/abstract-and-concrete-in-biol… )
It seems to me the mapping he refers to is much like the discussion of meaning - meaning of information is perhaps what appears after a mapping or a language transforms a structure, an amount of information, to another? That would be somewhat analogous to the mapping of a system over time describing the meaning of causality.
BTW, Mark has also explained that "There are two ways of understanding information: the on-line perspective (which is the perspective of observing the event, and characterizing information in terms of "surprise"), and the off-line perspective (which is looking at the string that results, and considering its compressibility)." ( http://scienceblogs.com/goodmath/2006/06/dembskis_profound_lack_of_comp… )
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"Information *can* have meaning, but doesn't have to. Meaning can contain information, but it doesn't have to. Information is a mathematical concept; meaning a philosophical and/or linguistic one."
Um, I felt I forgot something. So either my analogy is restricted to a part of its colloqual meaning or completely off. Or/and perhaps some "structures" that are mapped for meaning doesn't contain information in the IT sense.
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And now I note Mark and Wilkins seems to have compatible views on the meaning of "meaning". But I'm still curious if some of that could be viewed as discussing mappings from one domain to another, ie interpretation.
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I am just looking for a formal definition of information. I see things as signal vs. noise, and I have an intuitive dislike of the idea that the noise is information in the same way as the signal. I don't need the signal to "mean" anything, only that it not be noise. The CMB is boring radio listening (all oldies) because it is random noise. Although, its slightly non-uniform distribution is interesting information!
Unless we can say that something (anything) is NOT information, what use is the definition?
Meaning can contain information, but it doesn't have to.
With all due respect, this sounds nonsensical to me.
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Semantic confusion reigns supreme;)
There are about six colloquial (i.e. used in everyday discourse) "meanings" of the word "information", and one technical. That one is the one that has to be used when discussing "information Theory" in Shannon's sense, and bears equivalence to "entropy". Here is a frinstance:
"For example, a string containing one million "0"s can be described using run-length encoding as [("0", 1000000)] whereas a string of random symbols (e.g. bits, or characters) will be much harder, if not impossible, to compress in this way"
In other words, technical "information" is related to the minimum number of symbols that are required to describe a particular sequence of symbols. The longer the minimum length, the greater the measure of its "information". A purely random string then is not likely to be compressible, therefore is likely to express the maximum information of the set of equivalent symbol strings it is a member of.
"meaning" OTOH is a life-associated philosophical notion; the "meaning" of an utterance (a string of symbols) is IMHO to be found only in the change its reception effects in the behavior of the listener. It is also entropically reversed to "information" as entropy - life appears to localy reduce entropy, and "meaningful messages" are best conveyed in minimal symbol strings. viz "sound bytes" of today.
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I stipulate to David's technical information frame.
Ok, So a video of static would be a lot of information, a Kurosawa film less so, a static test pattern very little, and finally Fox News, no information.
It seems the random bits are a little misleading, since it is the inability to compress them, no patterns, that is its salient feature.
But compression requires a common understanding between parties (a shared context). In the extreme, could I agree that a message with no bits (zero length string), i.e. no information, indicates the email server has new spam available?
technical "information" is related to the minimum number of symbols that are required to describe a particular sequence of symbols.
So does this mean that information IS a sequence of symbols?
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am just looking for a formal definition of information. I see things as signal vs. noise, and I have an intuitive dislike of the idea that the noise is information in the same way as the signal. I don't need the signal to "mean" anything, only that it not be noise. The CMB is boring radio listening (all oldies) because it is random noise. Although, its slightly non-uniform distribution is interesting information!
The problem is that you're insisting on making distinctions that simple *do not exist* in information theory. As far as measuring information goes, there is no difference between "signal" and "noise". Those are terms that only have meaning with reference to *semantics* and *meaning*.
"Static" is information; in fact, it's often *more* information that what you want to refer to as signal. Information is non-intentional: there does not have to be any *reason* for it; it doesn't have to be part of a message; it doesn't have to be deliberately created; it doesn't have to be deliberately observed. It's an abstract concept.
WRT the issue about strings and symbols implying context and language... Strings and symbols are the mathematical abstraction that we use to describe things. It doesn't mean that they're really an intrinsic part of anything. To repeat an example, we can observe a chunk of radium, and describe its decay pattern as a sequence of zeros and ones; there aren't any zeros and ones in the actual decay pattern of the radium. It's the *decay pattern* that is generating information; the zeros and ones are a way of *representing* the information generated by the decay.
Finally, wrt to my comment that "meaning can contain information, but it doesn't have to": I believe that my life has *meaning*; but that kind of meaning isn't informational. (We need to be careful here to distinguish between the *statement* "my life has meaning"; and the actual concept that is the meaning of my life. Any statement contains information in the mathematical sense; the abstract concept of the meaning of my life probably does *not*.)
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In the extreme, could I agree that a message with no bits (zero length string), i.e. no information, indicates the email server has new spam available?
In this case, you *are* utilizing context. A 0 all by itself is exactly one bit of information. An empty string is zero bits of information. If you take it to mean that the email server has new spam (which is at least more than 1 or 0 bits of information), then you're actually talking about the information in relation to the entire system.
What I mean is, in this case you have to include the information that the email server contains in order to assign. This is exactly the same as when you're defining the compressibility of something. In a purely incompressible number, the shortest program that can output it is the number itself. This is the amount of information that the number contains. A compressible number, on the other hand, is equal to the shortest compression program plus the compressed string.
In this case (the "New Spam" message), you are compressing information about the state of the mail. Because of this, you need to include the length of the compression program as well (the email program).
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am just looking for a formal definition of information. I see things as signal vs. noise, and I have an intuitive dislike of the idea that the noise is information in the same way as the signal. I don't need the signal to "mean" anything, only that it not be noise. The CMB is boring radio listening (all oldies) because it is random noise. Although, its slightly non-uniform distribution is interesting information!
I was going to respond to this, but Mark said the same thing that I was going to. ^_^
The difference you're making between 'signal' and 'noise' does not exist. It's purely a product of an outside context assigning meaning to the string.
Think about it this way. I play you a recording of random spoken syllables. Is this signal, or noise? What if I tell you that the seemingly-random syllables are actually a language that you don't know? Is this signal, or noise? What if I play you a recording a random high/low tones (essentially binary data) Signal or noise? What if I tell you that it's an encoding of random syllables (and I explain the encoding to you)? Signal or noise? What if I tell you that, once again, the random syllables are actually a language that you don't know?
Let's reiterate and simplify. You're given three things. After each one, you're asked whether it is signal or noise, without knowing what you are going to receive later.
1) Random static noise, like a dial-up modem produces.
2) A list of random syllables, and the information that the seemingly-random noise was actually encoding these syllables.
3) A translation into English of the syllables, and the information that the seemingly-random syllables were actually a foreign language.
At what point does it stop being noise, and start being signal? There isn't one. This is because the distinction between signal and noise doesn't exist. It's *all* information. Each of the three messages are equal in information content.
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So does this mean that information IS a sequence of symbols?
No. Information is a mathematical concept. We represent it as a sequence of symbols because it is easy to think about then.
In Mark's post, he says that the (Shannon) information content of the original message is 457 bits. That's it - that's information. It's a mathematical quantity. We can represent the information as a string of symbols, either as the 80 characters of the original message or as 457 characters of binary digits. Either way is just a simple way of expressing the actual quantity of information. Sort of like how we can use pebbles to count. Integers aren't pebbles, but pebbles help us work with integers and make it easier to think about them (to an extent).
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Okay, I see that we go for the widest possible meaning of meaning here. I guess that means that any precise technical usage of meaning has been found meaningless. :-)
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The best simple description of the information content of a string is: knowing the probabilties of the symbols occuring how many yes/no questions do you probably have to ask to determine if this was the string that was generated. This isn't exactly correct, but it gets the general idea across.
If there is one symbol that occurs 100% of the time then you will know the generated string without asking any questions.
If there are 2 characters which are equally likely. For a single character string you can't tell which of the 2 characters is there without asking. If it was 90/10 then you would have a much better idea about which letter was there without asking.
Another way to look at it is for a collection of of strings how varied are they likely to be. If you pick 1000 strings of ten characters each from an english text and 1000 strings of ten characters generated with each character equally likely generated by flipping a coin. The strings from the english text are more likely to have duplicates and the random strings are less likely so the english text will have less information then the randomly generated or noise strings.
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It seems we can talk about a measure of information (more, less, equal) without defining it. Is this as close as we can get?
It's the *decay pattern* that is generating information; the zeros and ones are a way of *representing* the information generated by the decay.
So if the bits accurately represent the information, are they the same?
Shannon talks about information in terms of communication, messages. From "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" SHANNON [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/shannon1948.pdf]
"THE recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication."
"The significant aspect is that the actual message is one selected from a set of possible messages."
"5. The destination is the person (or thing) for whom the message is intended."
However, "The Mathematical Theory of Information" JAN KÃHRE [http://www.matheory.info/], contains:
A fundamental, but a somehow forgotten fact, is that information is always information about something.
This number, the information measure, we will here introduce by the definition:
(1.2.1) inf(B@A) = the information B gives about A
Note: I don't know much about KAHRE, is he peer-reviewed?
Regarding the "meaning of life", I don't believe my life has meaning, it's a little scary, but I don't care for the alternatives.
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(1) Remember that information theory != Shannon. Shannon is one of the founders, and he specialized in one particular aspect that what relevant to the job he needed to do. He was working for a phone company trying to figure out what the information capacity of various mediums was. In that context, he was primarily focused on messages; although much of his work doesn't *depend* on there being a message: just on their being *something* that you can measure.
(2) Even in Shannon, with its focus on messages, *noise* is information. One of the fundamental things that Shannon did was work out how to tell when noise would start to obscure the message on a given medium; it's defined in terms of the information capacity of the medium. Noise always *adds* information to the message until the capacity of the medium is reached, and then adding noise starts to obscure some of the information.
(3) I'm not familiar with Kahre. Based on the reviews I can see online, it does not sound particularly good. The reviews frequently talk about how he "reimagines" things; "starts afresh", "leaps over received wisdom", etc; and how he has proposed a new rule that supplants Shannon theory using a "law of diminishing information". Published 4 years ago, 0 reviews on amazon, 0 citations on siteseer. In fact, the author has only one citation in the entire citeseer database, and that's for a paper on the performance of TDMA cellular radio.
(4) "So if the bits accurately represent the information, are they the same?". If the bits accurately represent the information, then as far as *information* goes, they're the same: they contain the same information. That doesn't mean that the string of bits *means* the same thing as the decay of the radium atoms.
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Thanks for answering my questions.
And, sorry, it looks like Kahre is nuts, he's a big fan of Steve Wolfram (of Mathematica fame and A New Kind of Science). I should have dug deeper before posting the reference.
I also share your fondness for Ω.
Cheers, 601
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Glad we could educate, 601! Misinformation about information is one of the deadliest weapons in the IDist's arsenal.
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I can't say I was educated beyond establishing the semantics of discourse, but this is certainly a necessary first step, and sincerely appreciated. I believe Information Theory / Science still has a long way to go. I have some nascent ideas (1/2 bit of information, information context time/space issues), but may lack the math chops to take them anywhere. I'm a hacker by trade and an amateur philosopher by night.
The IDist's are intellectual terrorists. They can't compete in the established science realm (peer review, testable hypotheses, etc.), so they engage in asymetric warfare, instilling fear is their greatest joy. It's all they know, the basis for superstition or faith is always profound fear.
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The confusion here is simple, but profound. Information capacity is what Shannon defined, not information per se. Information is, most simply put, a difference that makes a difference. The capacity for information of a carrier is the number of such differences it can hold, under the assumption that all such differences matter. Information and information capacity are not the same thing. Shannon, a good engineer, had nothing to say about the former, and everything to say about the latter. Unfortunately, everyone ever since has chosen to use the word information when they mean information capacity, so in common parlance the same word is used for both. Disaster!
Why is this distinction more difficult to comprehend then the difference between the capacity of a vessel to hold liquid, and the liquid it currently holds?
Surely anyone can grasp the difference between a brand new hard drive and the same hard drive after it has been in use for some arbitrary period of time. The information capacity of the drive has not changed. The information content of the drive (to it's owner) has.
It is easy to measure information capacity: there's an equation, and besides it says right there on the box: 250 Gb hard drive. Information per se: not so much. Who is to say that my collection of songs has more information than your collection of bacterial genomes, both housed on identical hard drives? That's when you get into the context and meaning questions: did that bits value make a difference, or not? Which is why engineers leave it alone, and focus on information capacity. Shannon didn't need or want to know anything about the actual content of a phone call, just how big the pipe had to be to hold one.
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RGH - Your comment contains some useful information, thanks.
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The Terrebonne Parish Council voted Wednesday to take no action on an ordinance that would make the Bayou Cane Fire Department a certified fire protection bureau.
The Terrebonne Parish Council voted Wednesday to take no action on an ordinance that would make the Bayou Cane Fire Department a certified fire protection bureau.
Since the council voted to take no action, the ordinance dies.
The ordinance would have empowered the department to conduct annual maintenance inspections on businesses within its district on behalf of the State Fire Marshal's Office.
Parish officials said the ordinance was not approved due to a lack of significant changes to its substance and language and because Councilwomen Beryl Amedee and Arlanda Williams, who represent much of the Bayou Cane area, were not present to discuss it.
Council Chairman Pete Lambert said even if all of the questions on the ordinance were resolved, it would have to be voted down so it could be reintroduced anew.
This is the second time the ordinance went before the council and did not pass the muster, Lambert said after the meeting.
If they so choose, officials from the Bayou Cane Fire Department have the option to bring the issue to the council again in a later meeting. But, Lambert said because the issue has been discussed at length, the council would likely vote to table the future ordinance for 60 days to allow ample time for public comment.
Confusion in the language of an ordinance caused the council to delay discussion on the measure for two weeks during its Feb. 11 council meeting.
In the Dec. 1 council meeting, when the ordinance was first introduced, Bayou Cane Fire Chief Ken Himel said a fire inspection division was created in 2000 through a resolution of the Parish Council. However, a resolution isn't enough for the division to receive full certification. An ordinance is required by the State Fire Marshal's Office.
Since each of his department's captains are certified to conduct inspections through LSU's fire school, Himel said his department can and has been conducting inspections as the parish permit office requests.
But, Himel said, without official fire marshal certification his department doesn't have any legal means to compel businesses to comply with its inspection findings. The certification is also necessary, Himel said, to keep Bayou Cane's departmental grade in good standing and fire insurance rates low.
In Wednesday's meeting, Alex Ostheimer, Houma resident and Bayou Cane business owner, spoke against the ordinance, as he had in meetings prior.
"To do annual maintenance inspections on all commercial property is a huge and costly increase in our bureaucracy. Depending on the inspector this could cost the businesses a substantial amount of money, which they would have to pass along to their customers," Ostheimer said. "I have seen no evidence locally that this is needed or provides any safety benefit whatsoever."
He was also concerned about the location requirements for fire hydrants and the specifications for water connections in the ordinance. Ostheimer said he thinks those requirements should be standardized throughout the parish.
State Fire Marshal Butch Browning, who was on hand in support of Bayou Cane Fire Department's creation of the bureau in the Feb. 11 council meeting, said the ordinance would "save lives and save property" in Bayou Cane.
Staff Writer Chris LeBlanc can be reached at 857-2202 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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