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September 10, 2019
Register now for the fourth annual summit A Dose of Reality: Patients Redefining the Future of Health Care in Canada
Join the Save Your Skin Foundation, Schizophrenia Society of Ontario, Canadian Psoriasis Network and other patient groups for the fourth annual Summit titled: A Dose of Reality: Patients Redefining the...Read More
August 16, 2019 / Élections Provinciaux
Launch of #TellMe Manitoba Initiative
A new campaign called "Tell Me My Breast Density" has begun, and its goal is to inform politicians in the upcoming elections that breast density notification is a key part...Read More
August 8, 2019
Revised ODSP Guidelines Could Pose a Threat to Cancer Patients
In November 2018, the Ontario government announced its intention to change the definition of disability in the Ontario Disability Support Program (ODSP) to "align more closely with federal government guidelines."...Read More
August 8, 2019
Co-Founder of Myeloma Canada Passes Away
We are saddened to report on the passing of Aldo Del Col, M.S.M., Co-founder of Myeloma Canada on August 6th, 2019, due to complications related to multiple myeloma. He leaves...Read More
August 2, 2019
Highlights from ISMP Canada Safety Bulletin
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada has released another issue of their safety bulletin. Here are some of the highlights: Mandatory reporting of serious adverse drug reactions and medical...Read More
July 16, 2019
CADTH Announces Membership of Its Patient and Community Advisory Committee
Following a nationwide call for nominations, CADTH is announcing the membership of its new Patient and Community Advisory Committee. This committee intends to bring diverse patient, family, and caregiver voices...Read More
July 15, 2019
Inspiring Melanoma Patients and Survivors that Hope is Alive
The Melanoma Network of Canada (MNC) has created a video project to inspire hope for melanoma patients and survivors. This video documents testimonials of melanoma patients who received effective therapy...Read More
July 15, 2019
A Prescription for Canada: Achieving Pharmacare for All
In June 2019, the Advisory Council on the Implementation of National Pharmacare released their report concerning the recommendations on the implementation of a national pharmacare program. The final report recommends...Read More
July 11, 2019
Clinical Trials Ontario Launches Their New Clinical Trials Finder Tool
Clinical Trials Ontario is committed to developing ways to engage patients and the public with clinical trials, and have recently launched an easy-to-use and unique-in-Canada Clinical Trial Finder. Built with...Read More
July 9, 2019
Petition Campaigning for Full Coverage of Breast Prosthesis
BodyMedBoutique is a Burlington, ON business providing a specialized service. They cater to people having undergone cancer treatment, offering mastectomy bras and breast forms, post-surgical bras, and products to ease...Read More


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Move Of Taylor Swift In Leaving Spotify Is Difficult To Duplicate
The move of Taylor Swift in removing her music catalogue from Spotify appeared to be brilliant by industry watchers as sales projections of her latest album, 1989, gradually increased. The first-week sales of the album are expected to be the biggest since the release of The Eminem Show in 2002.
Selling the album through a format that is gradually losing its popularity may be a dangerous move that requires a star with the same status as Swift. The singer is a vocal critic against streaming services as she blames it for the decline in the music industry. The decline in album sales started in 2000 after Napster made it easier to steal music albums than buying them.
Although the decline in the sales of digital albums can be attributed to streaming services, industry watchers have indicated that there is no proof that iTunes Store sales can offset revenue losses in the CD market. Casual entertainment is considered to be one of the reasons for the decline since many teenagers prefer listening to music through YouTube. Diehard fans and casual fans who want to take part in cultural events are mainly the people who purchase albums to support artists.
Taylor Swift is among the few stars who can release an album through a cultural event. She hosted a number of listening sessions for her latest album that created the interest for her rebirth. Selling albums is more difficult for artists not in the same level as Swift, and their only option to reach fans is through streaming services. Removing albums from streaming services may result to piracy through peer-to-peer networks.
A social media campaign launched by Spotify was aimed at encouraging Swift to return, which may have no effect due to the stand of the artist against such services. In order to persuade the pop star to return, it will be necessary to provide proof that the service can provide considerable revenue for artists while promoting the paid version of its service.
The move of Taylor Swift cannot be duplicated by any other artists unless they have the same influence the pop star has on her fans, who readily purchase her music in any format she chooses.

subset: commoncrawl


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text: Sports Giants aim to sweep Cowboys, end Dallas' win streak Landon Collins, right, could be key to keeping Cowboys quarterback Dak Prescott in check. Photo Credit: TNS By Scott Fontana email@example.com @Scott_Fontana Updated December 9, 2016 3:40 PM Print Share fbShare Tweet Email Whenever the New York Giants face the Dallas Cowboys, there's always at least a little intrigue to the matchup regardless of records and standings. That these two longtime rivals are battling for the NFC East crown and, perhaps, the top seed in the conference makes game at MetLife Stadium a truly can't-miss Sunday night matchup. When last these two met in Week 1, the Giants (8-4) edged their rivals at AT&T Stadium, 20-19. The Cowboys (11-1) haven't lost since. With the chance to sew up a division title, the Giants know Dallas won't be complacent. Here are three keys for Big Blue to end the Cowboys' 11-game win streak. Wrangle the 'rookies' Quarterback Dak Prescott and running back Ezekiel Elliott are first-year players, but they sure don't play like rookies. Prescott ranks third in the NFL in passer rating and boasts a touchdown-to-interception ratio of 19-2. Elliott leads the NFL in rushing by 242 yards, averaging 107.1 per game and scoring 12 TDs on the ground. Both are protected by one of the league's finest offensive lines, so keeping them in check won't be easy. More than ever, Giants defensive end Olivier Vernon must create havoc in the backfield and ruin drives before the young stars find a rhythm. Filling the void Jason Pierre-Paul underwent surgery for a sports hernia this week, so he'll be out for several weeks. That, of course, includes Sunday's rivalry game. With 5.5 sacks over his last three games, JPP's loss is going to sting. No one player is going to replace what the former All-Pro brings to the field, but the Giants can't afford a subpar performance opposite Vernon. Dialing up more situations for standout safety Landon Collins (3.0 sacks) to rush Prescott could be a way to compensate for the loss of Pierre-Paul. Keep 'em guessing The Giants' greatest asset in their September win in Dallas was a sharp, balanced attack. Quarterback Eli Manning completed 19 of 28 passes (67.9%) for 207 yards, three touchdowns and an interception, and running backs Rashad Jennings and Shane Vereen combined for 113 yards on 24 carries. That was the first of just three games this season in which Manning completed at least 60% of his passes and the team ran for at least 100 yards. Vereen, a receiving threat and change of pace back, has been out since Week 3 but could return Sunday. If so, the G-Men are all the more versatile. By Scott Fontana firstname.lastname@example.com @Scott_Fontana Scott has been amNewYork's sports editor since 2012 and has more than a decade of experience covering sports. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Comments We're revamping our Comments section. Learn more and share your input.


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CY Urges Greater Efforts on Boosting Fire Alarm Installation Rate to Ensure Safety
- Hits: 106
Recommendations made by the Control Yuan in an investigation report issued last year has resulted in new measures by the Ministry of Interior (MOI) to boost the fire detection equipment installation rate in Taiwan households so as to better ensure people's safety. The investigation looked into the MOI's efforts in the period after Article 6 of the Fire Services Act was amended in 2010 by the Ministry with the aim of promoting installation of residential fire safety equipment for early detection and response. The amendment came about following a tragic hotel fire in Taipei City the previous year that caused seven deaths and one serious injury.
In its investigation, the Control Yuan discovered that as of the end of 2016, the installation rate of residential fire detection equipment remained at below 30% nationwide, and was as low as less than 10% in some counties. According to the investigation, the MOI had been focusing its efforts mainly on providing subsidies and conducting a publicity campaign for installation, and had neglected to set up mechanisms for government supervision and for holding residential owners personally responsible for installation. Furthermore, the MOI had failed to coordinate with relevant government agencies with respect to requiring residential owners to undertake installation, and had not provided sufficient assistance for the installation of fire detection equipment in economically-disadvantaged households and in alleys and lanes lacking fire hydrants.
Following the CY's investigation report, the MOI conducted a review of the situation and put forward the draft "Residential Fire Protection Measures 2.0." The measures include setting the target of increasing the fire detection equipment installation rate in Taiwan by 5% annually, and requiring the installation and maintenance of such equipment in newly-built non-public facilities during license-issuing. They also include increasing the frequency of safety assessment visits to off-campus student rentals, as well as prioritizing public advocacy for installation in narrow locations where fire trucks cannot access and rescue is difficult. Local governments will also implement various measures, such as increasing relevant budgets, integrating private resources and advocating fire safety.
As the institution protecting human rights, the Control Yuan will continue with follow-up monitoring of residential fire detection equipment installation efforts in order to ensure the safety of all the people.


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(Originally posted by asdzas 04-01-2006, 09:25 AM)
Gutemberg(Guto) de Souza- 22 years-old- 6'6''(1,96)-SG Team: Flamengo
Guto is a already a good player. He is a very good shooter and a good defensive player. He has improved a lot in the last years and surprised me, in the beginning of his career I never imagined he could became a good player.
Comparation: Leandro Palladinno(better defender)
Some stats
Win versus Brusque
Guto 22pts 2boards 1steal
Win versus São Paulo
Guto 17pts 3boards 2asts
Caio de Souza- 18years-old-6'4'' SG team: Pinheiros
Some stats
Win versus Sport
Caio 24pts 4boards 2asts
Vitor Faverani-17years-old- 6'11''(2,10)-C/PF- team: Axarquia(LEB2) on loan from Unicaja
Some stats
loss versus Huesca on LEB 2
Vitor 8pts 9boards
win versus Lliria on LEB 2
Vitor 11pts 5boards 2blocks
Win versus Celso Miguez on LEB 2
Vitor 22pts 7boards 2steals
Luis Felipe Gruber-20years-old-6'9''(2,06)- SF- Team: Castellon(LEB2) on loan from Etosa Alicante
Some stats
loss versus Cornella on LEB 2
Luis 14pts 4boards
loss versus Felix on LEB 2
Luis 19pts 7boards 1ast
Win versus Akasvayu on LEB 2
Luis 15pts 8boards 4steals 1ast
loss versus Ourense
Luis 11pts 13boards 4asts 1block
win versus Burgos
Luis 17pts 9boards 3asts 1block
Rafael Hettsheimeir- 19years-old- 6'10''(2,08)- PF/C- Team: Akasvayu(LEB2) on lon from Girona
some stats
Loss versus Gandia
Rafael 15pts 6boards 1ast 1block
loss versus Burgos
Rafael 23pts 5boards 1ast 2blocks
win versus Lliria
Rafael 16pts 7boards
win versus Canarias
Rafael 17pts 9boards 1block
win versus Burgos
Rafael 20pts 7boards


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If their candy is any bit of an indication, the Japanese have a very different view on sweets than Americans do. Varying from actually useful to just plain strange, their candy assortment is often designed with a dual purpose. Here are the twenty strangest sweets Japan has to offer:
1. Bust Up Gum
Are you a girl? Unhappy with your chest size? Well, the makers of Bust Up Gum claim chewing their product can make your boobies bigger and more firm. They also claim the gum can improve the look of your hair and nails.
2. Yuzu Kit Kat
It's safe to say Japan has some odd twists on an English and American favorite, the Kit Kat bar. In this version, they add Yuzu (a Japanese cross between a lemon and a lime) and . . . hot pepper. Yes, hot pepper.
3. No Time Gum
Out and about? No time to brush your teeth? This gum is a brilliant way to keep your teeth clean. Simply pop it into your mouth and chew after a meal.
4. Suplitol Tongkat Ali Gum for Men
The makers of Bust Up Gum also make a gum for men—this one to enlarge penis size.
5. Echizen Kurage Candy
Already reported by Weird Asian News, this candy is made from echizen kurage, a 6-foot, 440-pound jellyfish. Developed by students at Obama Fisheries High School, this confectionary comes in the flavor of a combination of jellyfish and caramel.
Also available as cookies.
6. Every Burger
Have you ever craved a bourbon chocolate cookie that absolutely must be shaped like a hamburger? Well, search no more. Every Burger has what you need.
If chocolate is not your thing, but Burgers still are, then you might enjoy some burger flavored hard candies… Yum!
7. Ika
This concoction consists of dried squid covered in chocolate. Hey, why not? The French did it with ants, you know.
8. Okonomiyaki Drops
Another candy drop based on okonomiyaki, or "Japanese pizza." Mayo, cabbage, and radish flavorings abound in this drop. Yum.
9. Grilled Lamb Caramels
That's right: grilled lamb flavored caramels.
10. Pepperfruits
This particular gum is made of different types of fruit mixed with peppercorn. Hold on : this isn't as crazy as it sounds. Supposedly, peppercorn is a fruit. See? Fruity, peppery. Totally works.


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Big thanks to Hot Machine for the great coverage, the article talks about my endeaver in Formula D USA as the only Chinese drifter from Hong Kong and my great 8 results in the last rounds. If you are from Hong Kong, you can't miss it at your local bookstore "Hot Machine".VOL481
2017-06-20Join us now at SoGun D-Tour!
2015-07-062015 Super Taikyu Japan - Results
2018 Wins
2017 D1GP in China
Bulut Akacan
Drift God 2018
SoGun D-tour in Honjo Circuit, Japan


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Koneenica blessed with a girl
Actress Koneenica Bandopadhyay and husband Surajit Hari they were blessed with a baby girl Wednesday morning. Both mother and child are well, Surajit reported. Koni was admitted to the nursing home on Tuesday and underwent a caesarean section a little before 11 am Wednesday. She was transferred to the OT bed around 12.30 in the afternoon, Surajit said. Both families were present at the nursing home in southern Calcutta during the operation. The actress continued working through her. the pregnancy period. He worked in the popular megaserial, Andarmahal, until Puja last year. When she wanted to give up the series, she gave them a notice. Meanwhile, she also made films like Mukherjee Dar Bou and Konttho . She even did the patch shoots and was busy with the promotions. Only for the last three days of her the pregnancy did she stay completely at home. Now the doctors have advised her not to work for the next three months, but I leave that up to her to decide," said Surajit. The two of them have been deciding on baby names for the past few months and have already named the newborn Kiah. "Kiah and Koni sound similar, but that's her pet name. We'll decide on the baby's good name very soon," informed Surajit, adding that Koneenica will be back home in three-four days.


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"House looks great with the new roofing installed, workers are friendly and polite. Project was done within a matter..."see more >
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"I requested a quote to replace my roof and they had it to me within a couple of days. I was happy with the price as..."see more >
"Horrible experience. Based on all the good reviews I decided to go ahead with Jayson to install vinyl siding on my..."see more >
"Quentin and his assistant did an outstanding job. I worked several years in the new home industry and Quentin was by..."see more >
"We hired Gienow about 4 years ago to replace our top floor windows. Like most of us, we could only afford one floor..."see more >
"Excellent work from all including Darcy, Heidy, Cory and Jason and his roofing crew. All were helpful and the options..."see more >
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Looking for the Ideal Space for Group Therapy and Mental Health Workshops in Singapore? Click here for more information
Date: 20 Apr 2019 - 28 Apr 2019
Thailand, Chiang Mai
The Dawn Medical Rehab and Wellness Centre is delighted to exclusively announce that we are hosting Trauma Reduction Training in Chiang Mai, the first of its kind in Asia. The training is a 4-day intensive course. The training will be held from 20-28 April, 2019. We open for two rounds: the first round is from Saturday 20th – Tuesday 23rd April, and the second round is Thursday 25th – Sunday 28th April. The session will run from 9 a.m. – 5 p.m.
The trauma training is organized by The Dawn Rehab with the overarching goal of strengthening the trauma therapy skill sets of therapists in the Asia region. The training will be based on Pia Mellody's Post Induction Therapy model which shaped The Meadows' Trauma Treatment "Survivor". The event will be facilitated by Sarah Bridge who has facilitated more than 65 trainings with Pia.
Venue: The Dawn Medical Rehab and Wellness Centre
Website: Go to event website
Contact: Email Organizer
Brochure: Download
The registration fee is USD 1,500 inclusive of onsite accommodation and meals. All necessary materials will be provided.
Language: English
*Psychology Matters Asia is not the organizer of the posted event. If you have any enquires, please direct them to the contact in the information.


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Terrapin Beer Company has added Sound Czech Pils to their year round releases. Sound Czech Pils is a traditional lager brewed with 100% Pilsner malt, and accompanied by Czech and German hops. Sound Czech Pils will hit the market in March/April 2016. If you are a follower of their Georgia Theater Sessions, you will remember Sound Czech from that series.
Also on the horizon for Terrapin Beer Company is a collection of four coffee stouts, each brewed with a coffee from a different region of this planet you call Earth. Each coffee has the same stout base, only the coffee changed. The four regions and coffees are Guatemala (Huehuetenango), Ethiopia (Hambela), Hawaii (Kona) and Sumatra (Wahana Natural).
Be sure to follow us on Social Media as we invade more breweries and discover more awesome craft beers from all over the world! Cheers humans!
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Hydroquinonoid ortho-alkylation polymers and the process of their production
Hydroquinonoid polymers having n recurring units of the General Structural Formula ##STR1## wherein n is 3 or greater, X and X' independently are hydrogen or methyl, R is a lower hydrocarbon, and R' and R" independently are lower hydrocarbons or hydrogens are disclosed as well as such polymers additionally containing phenolic copolymerizates. The preparation of these polymers by the one step copolymerization of a diolefinic hydrocarbon, a hydroquinonoid and optionally a phenolic, in the presence of an ortho-alkylation catalyst, and the use of these polymers as antioxidants, especially for foodstuffs, is also disclosed.
Latest Dynapol Corporation Patents:
Field of the Invention
This invention relates to hydroquinonoid group-containing polymers and their preparation. More particularly, it relates to ring polymerized hydroquinonoid polymers having antioxidant activity for foods and other oxygen-degradable materials and their preparation.
The Prior Art
Hydroquinonoid compounds, that is compounds having a 1,4-dihydroxybenzene structure, are well known. It is also known to be desirable to form polymers containing hydroquinonoids. These polymers find use as structural polymers, photographic film components and as oxidation inhibitors. One route to hydroquinonoid polymers which received attention as early as the nineteen forties involved condensing hydroquinone with an aldehyde such as formaldehyde in the presence of mineral acids to yield an insoluble, infusible resin having a crosslinked structure.
Another route to hydroquinonoid polymers developed in the nineteen forties and fifties involved free radical polymerizing an alkenylhydroquinone such as vinylhydroquinone either alone or with vinyl group-containing comonomers such as styrene or crosslinkers such as divinylbenzene. This route gives rise to materials having a structure ##STR2## wherein the hydroquinonoid groups are pendant from the polymer backbone.
A further route to hydroquinonoid polymers developed in the nineteen sixties employs Friedel Crafts catalysis to add hydroquinonoids to preformed polymers and copolymers, once again in a pendant configuration. For example, if poly(chloromethylstyrene) is the starting polymer, the hydroquinonoid product has a structure ##STR3## wherein the relative values for m and n depend upon the degree of halogen substitution on the backbone polymer.
We have now discovered a new process of preparing hydroquinonoid polymers. The products of this process are believed to be new materials, as well. In the preparation process of this invention a hydroquinonoid polymer is formed by contacting a diolefinic hydrocarbon with a hydroquinonoid and effecting alkylation reaction at a temperature of from 80.degree. C to 250.degree. C in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an ortho-alkylation catalyst. The diolefinic hydrocarbon may be represented by General Structural Formula I ##STR4## and the hydroquinonoid may be represented by General Structural Formula II ##STR5## wherein X and X' independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; R is a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbons and aryls, aralkyls and alkaryls of from 6 to 14 carbons; and R' and R" independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and aralkyls of from 8 to 12 carbon atoms. The polymer product formed from the starting materials so represented itself will have recurring units of the structure shown in General Structural Formula III ##STR6## If desired, other components such as phenolics may be present during the reaction and incorporated into the polymer product.
In accordance with the process of this invention, a diolefinic hydrocarbon is reacted with a hydroquinonoid in the presence of a hydroxybenzene ortho-alkylation catalyst under alkylation conditions to yield a polymer product.
The Diolefinic Hydrocarbon Reactant
The diolefinic reactant, as represented in Formula I, is a hydrocarbon having the formula ##STR7## wherein X and X' independently are hydrogen or methyl, R is a lower alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms. The diolefins have their olefinic groups in terminal positions rather than in internal positions. They may contain additional unsaturation beyond the two olefinic unsaturations in the form of aromatic rings, but otherwise are saturated.
Thus, typical diolefins include the lower alkadienes, both linear and branched such as, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 3-ethyl-1,5-hexadiene, 1,8-nonadiene and 3,5-dimethyl-1,7-octadiene; the diolefinic aryls, 1,4-diisopropenylbenzene and 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene, 1,4-divinylbenzene and 1,3-divinylbenzene; the diolefinic alkaryls 2-methyl-1,4-divinylbenzene, 2-isopropyl-1,3 or 1,4-divinylbenzene, 2-t-butyl-1,4-divinylbenzene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-divinylbenzene and 2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4-divinylbenzene; and the aralkyls 1-vinyl-4-(propyl-2-ene)benzene and 1-vinyl-3-(butyl-3-ene)benzene. These are merely illustrative and should not be interpreted as limiting the diolefin employed. Combinations of two or more diolefins can be employed, if desired. Butadiene, a very common diolefin, is not included within the definition of suitable diolefins. Butadiene does not work smoothly as a linking diolefin. This is believed to be due to the fact that butadiene, after attaching to one hydroquinone ring, is of a size to readily undergo cyclization into a five membered ring with the hydroquinolic hydroxyl and that this occurs preferentially to the desired linking. With this problem in mind, other diolefins which clearly can lead to simple five or six membered ring cyclization such a 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene or the like should probably be avoided.
Preferred among the diolefinic compounds are those compounds in accordance with Formula I wherein X and X' are hydrogen and R is an aryl or an alkaryl of from 6 to 14 carbons inclusive. Preferred among these are the divinylbenzenes including 1,4- and 1,3-divinylbenzene and the 1,4- and 1,3-divinylbenzenes which carry 1 or 2 alkyl ring substituents each of from 1 to 4 carbons inclusive such as 2-methyl-1,4- or 1,3-divinylbenzene, 2-t-butyl-1,4 or 1,3-divinylbenzene and 2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4 or 1,3-divinylbenzene. Most preferred diolefins include 1,4- and 1,3-divinylbenzene and mixtures thereof.
Divinylbenzene is a refinery product available in several degrees of purity. Dow Chemical Company currently markets 50% and 75% pure materials. Both of these materials contain diethylbenzene and/or ethylvinylbenzene as major diluents and minor amounts of naphthas, heavy ends, and other unidentified hydrocarbons which distill with divinylbenzene. Shell Oil Company has available as a developmental chemical a 95+% pure grade of divinylbenzene, containing the same impurities but in smaller amounts. Also, it is possible, if desired, to increase the divinylbenzene content of any of these materials up to essentially 100% purity by extractive distillation and other techniques known to the art.
Most surprisingly, however, it is not necessary (or even desirable) to use high purity (such as 95% or greater purity) divinylbenzene. Any of these grades can be used with material containing 10 to 50% of non-diolefinic impurities being preferred. In virtually all other reactions where divinylbenzene is employed as a polymer linking agent, use of the impure divinylbenzenes results in rapid chain termination and very low molecular weight. With the other diolefins as well, it is acceptable to use material containing up to say 50%, i.e., from 0 to 50%, by weight of non-diolefinic impurities and preferred to use diolefinic materials containing from 10 to 50% of non-diolefinic materials.
The Hydroquinonoid Reactant
The hydroquinonoid reactant, as represented by Formula II, is a 1,4-dihydroxybenzene selected from the group consisting of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene(hydroquinone) itself and alkyl-and-aralkyl-substituted 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes, wherein the alkyl groups have from 1 to 6 carbons inclusive and the aralkyls have from 8 to 12 carbons inclusive. Suitable hydroquinonoid compounds contain at most two such alkyl or aralkyl substituents, at least two sites on the hydroquinonoid benzene ring remaining unsubstituted so that ring alkylation by the diolefinic hydrocarbon can occur at at least two sites, thereby yielding polymerization in accordance with this invention. Suitable hydroquinonoid reactants include, for example, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 2,3- or 2,5- or 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 2-ethyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 2-t-butyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 2-methyl-5-t-butyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 2-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, and 2,4-di(2-(4-vinyl) phenylethyl)-1,4-dihydroxybenzene. Preferred hydroquinonoid reactants include hydroquinone and 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes carrying one lower branched or linear alkyl group of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Such preferred materials may be further defined as being in accordance with Formula II wherein R' is hydrogen and R" hydrogen or a 1 to 5 carbon atom alkyl. Hydroquinone, 2-methyl-, 2-t-amyl- 2-t-butyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene are most preferred hydroquinonoid reactants. Mixtures of two or more hydroquinonoid reactants may be employed.
The Optional Phenolic Reactant
While it is very suitable to react a diolefinic hydrocarbon with a hydroquinonoid reactant to yield a polymer product, it is often desirable to incorporate phenolic reactant in the reaction mixture and reaction product. Phenolic may be added for cost reasons, being lower in price than the primary reactants, or it may be added so as to vary or improve the properties of the polymer product.
Suitable phenolics are those monohydroxybenzenes having 2 replaceable aromatic hydrogens ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl. They thus may be represented by Formula IV ##STR8## wherein R' and R'" independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms inclusive and aralkyls of from 8 to 12 carbon atoms inclusive and R"" is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and 1 to 12 carbon atoms inclusive alkyls. Examples of phenolic reactants are phenol, the cresols (i.e., 3- or 4-methylphenol), 3-methyl-4-t-butylphenol, 3- or 4-t-butylphenol, nonylphenol (generally available as a mixture of isomers), 3- or 4-[1-(4-ethyl)phenylethyl]phenol; 3-t-butyl-4[1-phenylethyl]phenol and the like. Mixtures of such phenols may be employed as well.
Generally, phenolics wherein R' and R'" are hydrogen and R"" is hydrogen or a 1 to 12 carbon atom alkyl are preferred with most preferred phenolics consisting of phenol, cresol, 3,4-dimethylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-t-butyl- and 4-n-butylphenol, and bisphenol-A.
Ortho-Alkylation Catalyst
A catalyst is employed to effect reaction between the hydroquinonoid and diolefinic compounds. This catalyst may be any of the materials known to catalyze the ring alkylation of hydroxybenzenes in the ortho position. Such materials include for example, the metal phenolates described by Ecke and Kolka in U.S. Pat. No. 2,831,989 issued April 22, 1958 i.e., phenoxy derivatives of Al, Mg, Fe, Zn, P, As, Sb, Bi and Sn; the polymeric or supported aluminum alcoholates set forth by Yeakey et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,733,365 issued May 15, 1973; the aluminum mixed salts described by Hokama in U.S. Pat. No. 3,267,154 issued August 16, 1966; and the metals of the 5th and 6th Periods of Groups IV-B and V-B taught by Leston in his U.S. Pat. No. 3,331,879 issued July 18, 1967, i.e., Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta. Aluminum is a preferred catalytic material. The exact form of its addition is believed to not be critical. It is considered, but not known with certainty that the aluminum, whether added initially as metal, as a salt such as aluminum isopropoxide or butoxide or as a complex such as triethyaluminum or the like, reacts with the hydroquinonoid reactant and, if present, the optional phenolic to yield as actual active species, the corresponding aluminum hydroquinonate and phenolate. A similar conversion likely occurs in the case of other catalysts useful herein. Most preferred catalysts are the aluminum hydroquinonates and phenolates corresponding to the hydroquinonoid and phenolic reactants.
The Preparation Process Conditions
In accord with the present invention, a diolefinic reactant as is shown in General Formula I is contacted with a hydroquinonoid compound such as is shown in General Formula II in the presence of an ortho-ring alkylation catalyst and a reaction is effected to yield a polymer product. Optionally a phenolic reactant as shown in General Formula IV is present as well and incorporated into the final product. The preparation reaction is carried out under ortho-ring alkylation conditions. Such conditions may be summarized as being in liquid phase, preferably in a liquid reaction solvent; being at elevated temperature; being for a relatively long period of time such as for at least an hour and being in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst for alkylation of hydroxyaromatic rings in the ortho position.
As solvent for the reaction are preferably employed organic liquids having an essentially aprotic character. Ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons are representative of suitable solvents. Examples of suitable solvents include lower aliphatic ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, and di-n-butyl ether; other ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, glyme (1,2-dimethyoxyethane), diglyme, anisole, diphenyl ether and phenetole, and the aromatic and cycloaliphatic liquid hydrocarbons of up to about 12 carbon atoms such as the xylenes, mesitylene, ethylbenzene, pseudocumene, benzene, cyclohexane, diethylcyclohexane and the like. Preferred solvents include di-n-butyl ether, xylenes and trimethylbenzenes, with mixtures of ethers and alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons being more preferred. Mixtures of 5 to 25% ethers with aromatic hydrocarbons, especially xylenes, are most preferred solvents.
The preparation reaction is carried out at elevated temperatures such as 80.degree. C or above. Generally temperatures of from about 80.degree. C to about 250.degree. C are usable, with temperatures of from about 100.degree. C to about 200.degree. C being preferred. It is often convenient to employ the reflux temperature of the solvent system as the reaction temperature. Such temperatures range from about 100.degree. C to about 180.degree. C at atmospheric pressure. Superatmospheric pressures may be employed if it is desired to use temperatures above the atmospheric reflux point.
The reaction times employed to effect production of the present hydroquinonoid polymers are inversely dependent upon the reaction temperature employed. Generally times of from about 1 hour to about 48 hours are employed, with times of from about 2 hours to about 20 hours being preferred.
The relative amounts of reactants and catalyst are controlled. The molar ratio of diolefinic hydrocarbon reactant to total hydroquinonoid reactant plus optional phenolic reactant can range from about 1:2 to about 2:1 and preferably ranges from about 1:1.5 to about 1.5:1. In general, product average molecular weight increases as the ratio of diolefinic hydrocarbon to hydroquinonoid plus phenolic increases above 1:1. Gross excesses of diolefinic reactant are to be avoided as they can lead to formation of undesired diolefin homopolymer products. Generally, ratios of from about 1:1 to about 1:1.5 give best results.
The molar ratio of hydroquinonoid reactant to phenolic reactant can be 1:0 in view of the optional nature of the phenolic reactant and it can also range to a value of about 1:10. If the mole ratio of hydroquinonoid to phenolic is maintained between about 1:0 and about 1:1, however, an unexpected advantageous property is observed. Within this range the product has essentially uniform antioxidant activity. Since phenolics are generally of lower cost than hydroquinonoids, this enables a lower priced product to be made. As phenolic content is increased beyond this range, there is a gradual drop in antioxidant activity to a level consistent with phenolic antioxidants. When making polymers of this invention for use as antioxidants, it is most preferred to maintain the ratio of hydroquinonoid to phenolic reactants between about 10:1 to about 1:1.
A catalytically effective amount of catalyst is employed which amount may range from about 0.001 moles of catalyst per mole of diolefinic hydrocarbon up to about 0.1 moles of catalyst per mole of diolefinic hydrocarbon. Larger amounts can be employed but are not seen to offer any advantages. Preferred amount of catalyst range from about 0.005 moles of catalyst per mole of diolefinic hydrocarbon to about 0.075 moles of catalyst per mole of diolefinic hydrocarbon reactant.
The initial and maximum concentration of reactants in the reaction solvent should be controlled from about 0.1 to about 20 moles of diolefinic hydrocarbon per liter of solvent and preferably is from about 3 to about 20 moles per liter.
The reaction mixture should be stirred during the reaction. The reaction can be carried out batchwise or with continuous feed of one or more of all of the feedstocks and continuous removal of product.
In a batch mode, especially if the ortho-alkylation catalyst is formed in situ in the reaction mixture, it is desirable to contact the catalyst or precursor with the hydroquinonoid and optional phenolic reactants and solvents at or about the reaction temperature for a brief period, such as from 0.01 to 2 hours, preferably 0.02 to 2 hours, prior to adding the diolefinic reactant.
The product can be isolated by dilution with additional solvents and precipitation with non-solvents, or by washing with aqueous acid to remove the catalyst and thereafter extracted with water to remove residual acid. The polymer product may be fractionated into molecular weight cuts, if desired. Typical product work up schemes are illustrated more fully in the Examples.
The Polymer Product
The polymer products of this invention have recurring diolefin-hydroquinonoid units structurally depicted by General Structural Formula III ##STR9## wherein X, X', R, R' and R" are as already defined. "Recurring" as used herein is defined as "repeating-optionally after incorporation of other polymerizable units". When an optional phenolic reactant is present, the products will contain, as well, recurring phenolic units depicted by General Structural Formula V ##STR10## ,wherein X, X', R, R', R"' and R"" are as already defined. This lends to an overall polymer product having a structure as illustrated in General Structural Formula VI ##STR11## It should be noted that in the case of products containing no phenolic reactant, the product is essentially an alternating diolefin-hydroquinonoid copolymer. When phenolic is present the product is an alternating diolefin-hydroxyaromatic polymer. However, there is no special ordering between the phenolic and hydroquinonoid components, to wit, the product does not necessarily have regular alternation in its structure between phenolic and hydroquinonoid groups.
The polymer product is depicted in General Structural Formula VI as a linear polymer. It is believed that the polymer product is of a substantially linear structure, however, the definitions of the R' and R" substituents on the hydroquinonoid and phenolic components of the polymer allow for additional alkylation of these components by additional diolefinic groups. Such additional alkylation could lead to formation of a limited number of branches, say up to one branch for every four hydroxy-aromatic rings in the polymer product backbone.
In view of the solubility properties of these polymer products in organic liquids, it is considered that there is very little crosslinking alkylation between polymer product chains by the diolefinic hydrocarbon. Also, in view of viscosity data from solutions of the polymer product, it is considered that the polymer product, while not purely linear, is not highly branched.
The polymer product contains n recurring hydroquinonoid structural units of the type shown in General Structural Formula III. n Has a value of from about 3 to about 1000, preferably from about 3 to about 100. The product optionally also contains m phenolic structural units as shown in General Structural Formula V. m May range from about 3 to 1000 as well with m's of from 3 to 100 being preferred. The ratio of n to m, hence the mole ratio of hydroquinonoid to phenolic components, can range from 1:0 (since the phenolic is optional) to 1:10, preferably the ratio of n to m is from 1:0 to 1:1.
Use of the Polymer Products as Antioxidants
The present materials are useful as antioxidants. When they are admixed with oxidizable substances such as plastics, rubbers, or deterioration-prone foodstuffs in an amount of from about 2 to 50,000 parts per million by weight (basis oxidizable substance) they function to retard oxidation of the substances. In rubbers and plastics these materials offer the advantage of being substantially nonvolatile and thus unlikely to be lost by vaporization. They are also less likely to migrate through these substrates. In oxidizable consumables, as exemplified by pharmaceuticals, vitamins and food products and food components such as edible oils, fats, essential oils, nuts and flavorings, an effective amount of these antioxidant materials, such as from 2 to 10,000 parts per million by weight or preferably from 5 to 1000 parts per million by weight, is generally employed. In such use, the high molecular weight and concomitant low migration and volatility greatly enhance product possessing such as by reducing steam distillation of the antioxidants and eliminating the need to continually add additional antioxidant to compensate for the loss. Also, the antioxidants of this invention because of their large molecular size present the advantage of nonabsorptivity through the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby eliminating any risk of toxicity.
When used as antioxidants for oxidizable substances, these materials are intimately admixed with the oxidizable substance such as by being dissolved in the oxidizable substance, by being mixed as solid particles through the oxidizable substance, by being added as a solution in a suitable carrier, or the like.
The materials of this invention, their production and their use are further illustrated in the following Examples. These are intended only to demonstrate the invention and are not to be construed as limiting its scope, which scope is instead defined by the appended claims.
Aluminum isopropoxide (204 mg, 1 mmole), hydroquinone (3.3 g, 30 mmole) and about 20 ml of distilled xylene were combined and heated in a 130.degree.-140.degree. C oil bath. After 10 minutes, the reaction vessel was evacuated to strip off isopropyl alcohol formed in the reaction of the isopropoxide with hydroquinone. After 45 minutes, 3.9 g (23 mmoles) of divinylbenzene (75% pure) was added and the mixture heated to reflux temperature (160.degree.-165.degree. C) and there maintained overnight. A solid glassy mass formed which dissolved in the organic layer of an ether and 1N hydrochloric acid mixture. The organic layer was extracted with aqueous sodium hydroxide until the aqueous phase was clear, extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate and water and then dried. The organic phase was evaporated to dryness to yield an organic residue which was analyzed by NMR, infrared analysis, and hydroquinone content titration and shown to be consistant with Structural Formula VII ##STR12## The product (I) was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography relative to a series of polystyrene materials of known molecular weight, and by such analysis shown to have a peak molecular weight corresponding to 1,300 molecular weight polystyrene (i.e., n equals about 6). This method of determining molecular weights was checked using a universal calibration technique and found to yield values at worst .+-. 20% of true values.
Aluminum metal (13.5 mg, 0.5 mmole), p-cresol (204 mg, 1.9 mmole) and about 1.5 ml of p-xylene were heated in a 160.degree.-170.degree. C oil bath until all the metallic aluminum reacted to form an aluminum-cresol complex. About 15 ml additional p-xylene, 1.68 g (15 mmole) of hydroquinone, and 2.5 ml of diisopropyl ether were added and the mixture was refluxed for about 2 hours. Then 2.23 g of 75% pure divinylbenzene (about 13 mmoles) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 22 hours (at 128.degree.-130.degree. C) to yield a gum-like material and an almost colorless liquid. The gum-like material was dissolved in a 1N hydrochloric acid/diethyl ether and combined with the liquid in a separatory funnel. The organic phase was rinsed four times with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by precipitation. Three times the residue was dissolved in diethyl ether and precipitated in 20:1 hexane:ether to yield 3.53 g of final product (II) which by infrared, NMR, hydroxyl titration and redox potential exhibited properties consistant with the structure shown in Formula VIII ##STR13## Molecular weight, determined by the method used in Example I, had a peak at 4,500 such that n + m equals 17-19. Based on the proportions of p-cresol and hydroquinone fed, n should equal 17-18 and m should equal 1-2.
Phenol (6.048 g, 64.4 mmoles), p-xylene (1 ml), and aluminum metal (0.099 g, 0.57 mmoles) were heated at 140.degree. C for 4 hours to form aluminum phenolate. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and 10.7 g of t-butylhydroquinone (64.4 mmoles), 20.5 g of 75% pure divinylbenzene (123 mmoles) and 24 ml of p-xylene were then added and the mixture heated to reflux (151.degree.-153.degree. C) and there maintained for 12 hours. It was cooled to room temperature to yield a viscous reaction mixture. This material was divided into two portions. One (product IIIa) was analyzed, the other (product IIIb) was heated for 6 hours at reflux. The products were worked up by extraction, drying, and precipitation according to the general method set out in Example II. The two materials exhibited properties, upon analysis, consistent with the structure shown in Formula IX ##STR14## These analyses and molecular weight determinations indicated that for peak components of product IIIa, n + m equals 20 while for peak components of product IIIb, n + m equals 24. Based on feed ratios, it is expected that n is about equal to m.
The general preparation of Example II was repeated varying the feed components to use the following:
______________________________________ aluminum metal 2 mmoles p-cresol 6.7 mmoles t-butylhydroquinone 53 mmoles divinylbenzene 60 mmoles xylene 15 ml ______________________________________
The reaction temperature was 144.degree.-146.degree. C. The reaction time was about 22 hours. The reaction product (IV) had a molecular weight of 3,800 such that n plus m in Structural Formula IX had peak values of 14-16. As with all the products prepared by the process of this invention, there was a range of the values for n and m.
The General Preparation of Example II was repeated twice varying the ratios of feed components to the following:
______________________________________ Run Va Run Vb ______________________________________ aluminum metal 0.67 mmoles 0.67 mmoles p-cresol 47.5 mmoles 47.5 mmoles hydroquinone 2.5 mmoles 2.5 mmoles divinylbenzene 37.5 mmoles 43.8 mmoles ______________________________________
The products which resulted following extraction and recovery were consistent with the structure of Formula VIII and had the following values for n and m:
______________________________________ Product Va Vb ______________________________________ n + m 6-8 16-18 ______________________________________
p-ethylphenol (0.367 g, 3 mmoles), aluminum (0.018 g, 0.67 mmoles) and about 1 ml of xylene were heated at 160.degree. C until the aluminum dissolved; additional xylene (20 ml) was added, the mixture was heated to reflux and methylhydroquinone (2.08 g, 17 mmoles) was added along with 5 ml of n-butyl ether. Next 2.60 g of pure divinylbenzene (17 mmoles) was added and the mixture was refluxed for about 18 hours. The reaction mixture was extracted with an ether/hydrochloric acid mixture. The organic phase was rinsed with saturated salt solution, dried, and evaporated to yield a product which by analysis was consistent with the structure ##STR15##
The reaction of hydroquinone and p-cresol with divinylbenzene following the general procedures of Example II was carried out several times varying the reactant ratios and reaction conditions. Products substantially as shown in Structural Formula VIII were formed. The reactions and their resulting products are given in Table I.
TABLE I __________________________________________________________________________ REACTANTS Quantities, mmoles SOLVENTS RUN Divinyl-.sup.(1) Hydro- Diisopropyl NO. benzene quinone p-cresol Aluminum Solvent ml ether, ml __________________________________________________________________________ VII a 37.4 30 6 1 Xylene 32 5 b 37.4 30 6.1 1 Xylene 32 5 c 18.8 16 3.1 0.5 Xylene 16 0 d 18.8 15 6.6 1 Xylene 16 2.5 e 34.2 23 14.2 1 Xylene 32 5 f 34.2 30 3.1 0.5 Mesitylene 16 3.5.sup.(3) g 17.2 15 3.1 0.5 Mesitylene 14 2.5 PRODUCTS CONDITIONS Molecular Weight RUN Preheat.sup.(2) Reaction NO. Temp, .degree. C Time, min Time, hrs. Crude Precipitated __________________________________________________________________________ VII a 128 5 16 1,700 b 128 5 22 7,200 8,000 c 145 10 22 2,800 3,500 d 128 10 22 2,100 1,400 e 128 30 22 5,000 f 128 30 22 6,400 4,500 g 128 30 22 6,400 4,300 __________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(1) 75% pure - mmoles includes about 25% diethylbenzene, ethylvinylbenzene, etc. .sup.(2) Time at temperature prior to adding divinylbenzene .sup.(3) diethyl ether
The reaction of t-butylhydroquinone and p-cresol with divinylbenzene following the general procedures of Example III was carried out several times varying reactant ratios and reaction conditions. Products substantially as shown in Structural Formula IX were formed. The reactions and their resulting products are given in Table II.
TABLE II __________________________________________________________________________ REACTANT SOLVENT PRODUCT Quantities, mmoles (Xylene), ml CONDITONS Molecular Weight t-butyl RUN Divinyl-.sup.(1) hydro- Preheat Reaction NO. benzene quinone p-cresol Aluminum Temp, .degree. C Time, min Time, hrs Crude Purified __________________________________________________________________________ VIII a 16 15 2.8 0.5 15 145 60 20 1,900 b 37.3 30 3.4 1.0 15 145 120 23 4,500 c 68.5 15 45 2 15 145 5 22 4,100 3,200 d 68.5 30 30 2 15 145 5 22 2,800 4,000 e 68.5 45 15 2 42 145 30 22 1,500 2,600 f 18.5 18.sup.(2) 2 0.7 3 145 10 18 3,000 g 32.sup.(3) 10 10 0.7 3 145 -- 20 1,500 3,600 h 29.sup.(3) 10 10 0.7 3 145-150 -- 20 1,500 2,400 i 37.4 30 3.2 1.0 7.5 145 90 23 -- 4,700 __________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(1) 75% pure - remainder approximately 20% ethylvinylbenzene, and inert hydrocarbons (5%) .sup.(2) 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone was used instead of mono-t-butylhydroquinone .sup.(3) 55% pure - remainder approximately 40% ethylvinylbenzene and inert hydrocarbon compounds (5%)
A principal utility of the products of this invention is as agents to inhibit the oxidation of substrates susceptible to oxidative attack. The activity as antioxidants of a number of the products prepared in Examples I through VIII was determined as follows: 50 ml of substrate (freshly opened Wesson.sup.TM Oil - a blend of cottonseed and soybean oils containing no additives and packed at the site of manufacture under nitrogen) containing 0.5 ml of benzene and 10 mg of a test material (200 ppm concentration) was placed in a 6 cm diameter by 8 cm high round glass jar and placed open in a forced air draft oven maintained at 80.degree. C. A one ml sample was taken every 10-15 hours and analyzed for peroxide content by iodometric tritration.
The iodometric titration involved adding a constant amount of acetic acid - chloroform solution followed by a constant amount of potassium iodide and back titrating with sodium thiosulfate to a starch indicator endpoint in accordance with A.O.C.S. (American Oil Chemists Society) method Cd 8-53. It is generally regarded that peroxide content and the rate of build up of peroxides in oils are a measure of the stability of oils. The slower the rate of peroxide value increase in oils with heating -- the less prone to oxidation or more stabilized the oil is. (See for example, A.O.C.S. tentative method Cd 12-57 for more information on peroxides and oil stability). The test results as well as comparative results obtained with plain oil and with oil containing conventional antioxidants are given in Table III. These results show that the present products do exhibit substantial antioxidant activity.
TABLE III ______________________________________ MEQ Peroxide/Liter Hours ______________________________________ Test Material 0 15 39 63 140 ______________________________________ Plain Oil 1-2 7 20 32 90 Oil + 200 ppm BHT 1-2 7 16 27 65 Oil + 200 ppm BHA 1-2 6 17 28 65 Oil + 200 ppm III b 1-2 3 6 9 84 Oil + 200 ppm V a 1-2 7 18 29 65 Oil + 200 ppm VII e 1-2 -- 5 8 50 Oil + 200 ppm VII g 1-2 2 6 9 46 Oil + 200 ppm VIII a 1-2 3 5 8 50 Oil + 200 ppm VIII b 1-2 3 5 12 58 Oil + 200 ppm VIII c 1-2 3 7 16 55 Oil + 200 ppm VIII d 1-2 2 5 10 55 Oil + 200 ppm VIII e 1-2 2 4 9 52 ______________________________________
The general preparation of Example II is repeated twice with variations.
A. In the first variation the 13 mmoles of divinylbenzene is replaced in the reaction mixture by 13 mmoles of 1,5-hexadiene such that the reaction product has the General Structure ##STR16##
B. In the second variation, 1 mmole of zirconium phenoxide, prepared in accord with Example I of Leston's U.S. Pat. No. 3,331,879 issued July 18, 1967, is employed as catalyst. A reaction product in accord with the present Example II is obtained.
1. A polymer comprising from about 3 to about 100 recurring hydroquinonoid structural units of the formula ##STR17## wherein X and X' independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl, R is a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbons and aryls, aralkyls and alkaryls of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and R' and R" independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and aralkyls of from 8 to 12 carbon atoms.
2. The polymer of claim 1 further characterized as an essentially linear polymer having an average no more than about one branch for each four said hydroquinonoid structural units.
3. The polymer of claim 2 wherein R is phenylene and X and X' are hydrogens.
4. The polymer of claim 2 wherein R' is hydrogen.
5. The polymer of claim 3 wherein R' is hydrogen.
6. The polymer of claim 5 wherein R" is hydrogen.
7. The polymer of claim 6 consisting essentially of said hydroquinonoid structural units.
8. The polymer of claim 5 wherein R" is t-butyl or t-amyl.
9. The polymer of claim 8 consisting essentially of said hydroquinonoid structural units.
10. The polymer of claim 2 additionally comprising recurring phenolic structural units of the formula ##STR18## wherein R'" is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and aralkyls of from 8 to 12 carbon atoms and R"" is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and wherein there is, on average, for each hydroquinonoid structural unit not more than 1 phenolic structural unit.
11. The polymer of claim 10 wherein R is phenylene and R' is hydrogen.
12. The polymer of claim 11 wherein R'" is hydrogen.
13. The polymer of claim 12 wherein R" is hydrogen and R"" is hydrogen.
14. The polymer of claim 12 wherein R" is hydrogen and R"" is methyl and said R"" is positioned para to the phenolic OH moiety.
15. The polymer of claim 12 wherein R" is t-butyl and R"" is hydrogen.
16. The polymer of claim 12 wherein R" is t-butyl and R"" is methyl and said R"" is positioned para to the phenolic OH moiety.
17. The process for preparing a hydroquinonoid polymer which comprises intimately contacting a diolefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon of the formula ##STR19## wherein X and X' independently are hydrogen or methyl groups, R is a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbons aryls, alkaryls and aralkyls of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, with a hydroquinonoid of the formula ##STR20## wherein R' and R" independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and aralkyls of from 8 to 12 carbon atoms and optionally a phenolic of the formula ##STR21## wherein R"' is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyls of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and aralkyls of from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a hydroxyaromatic ortho alkylation catalyst and effecting ortho-alkylation reaction under suitable reaction conditions.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein said diolefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon is present in an amount of from 1/2 to 2 moles per mole of hydroquinonoid and said catalyst is present in an amount of from 0.001 to 0.1 moles per mole of diolefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon.
19. The process of claim 18 wherein the conditions for effecting reaction comprise a reaction time of from 1 to 20 hours, a reaction temperature of from 80.degree. C to 250.degree. C, an organic liquid reaction solvent in an amount such as to yield maximum concentration of diolefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon of from about 0.1 to about 20 moles per liter of solvent.
20. The process of claim 19 wherein said catalyst comprises aluminum.
21. The process of claim 18 wherein said phenolic is present in an amount of from about 0 to about 10 moles per mole of hydroquinonoid and said diolefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon is present in an amount of from about 1/2 to 2 moles per mole of hydroquinonoid plus phenolic.
22. The process of claim 21 wherein the mole ratio of hydroquinonoid to phenolic reactants is maintained between about 10:1 and about 1:1.
23. An oxidizing substance selected from the group consisting of plastics, rubbers and deterioration-prone foodstuffs stabilized against oxidation by containing an intimate admixture therewith an effective amount of from 2 to 50,000 parts per million, basis oxidizable substance, of the polymer of claim 10.
24. The process of stabilizing an oxidizable substance selected from the group consisting of plastics, rubbers, and deterioration-prone foodstuffs which comprises adding to said substance an effective stabilizing amount in the range of from 2 to 50,000 parts per million of the polymer of claim 10.
Referenced Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
|June 1954
|November 1954
|January 1955
|June 1955
|February 1956
|August 1958
|April 1958
|September 1959
|October 1961
|January 1965
|June 1967
|July 1969
|December 1970
|February 1972
|September 1973
Patent History
Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 24, 1975
Date of Patent: Dec 7, 1976
Assignee: Dynapol Corporation (Palo Alto, CA)
Inventors: James A. Dale (Menlo Park, CA), Patricia C. Wang (Palo Alto, CA)
Primary Examiner: Samuel W. Engle
Assistant Examiner: Donald P. Walsh
Attorney: William H. Benz
Application Number: 5/552,017
International Classification: C09K 1508; C08F 1224;


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Procrastination can hold us back in many ways — professionally, personally, even physically in the context of fitness and health. Although it creates very real negative consequences, procrastination is all in our heads.
Recent findings link procrastination to mood, self-regulation, and negative reinforcement.[1] As with other challenges that originate in the brain, procrastination may be helped by brain-boosting nootropics.
This guide discusses some of the best nootropics for beating procrastination and taking care of business. Let's swing into action.
Table of Contents
Psychologists define procrastination as a voluntary, irrational delay, enacted despite the expectation of a potential negative outcome.[2]
Although we are aware that procrastinating will most likely have negative consequences, we put off doing something important and do something frivolous instead. Procrastination may be defined as being:[3]
Sometimes people misuse the word procrastination to describe what are actually useful delays.
But we are not always procrastinating whenever we put something off.
"All procrastination is delay, but not all delay is procrastination." ~ Psychologist and procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl
Many times, proper timing demands that we save our efforts for another day. After all, we don't throw a surprise birthday party months before the recipient's actual birthday.
And sometimes we're truly very busy with other, more important things.
However, when you intend to do something and nothing's stopping you from doing it but you still keep putting it off, that's procrastination.
It's not a time management issue. You're the only thing standing in your way. You know the delay will likely have negative repercussions, but you do it anyway.
The limbic system is responsible for emotions, stress response (fight or flight), and survival instincts. It is the first responder of the brain.
When we don't feel like doing something, the limbic system sees that thing as a threat. It responds by drumming up anxious feelings in order to avoid the threat. Anxiety diminishes cognitive function, depresses mood, and prompts evasion.
The prefrontal cortex is the part of our brain that essentially makes us human. It is the rational, reasonable part of the brain where future planning takes place. But it takes time for the prefrontal cortex to evaluate the situation and put its two cents in.
By the time the prefrontal cortex sends the message to proceed, the rest of the brain has already been amped up by the limbic system and has come up with a plan to avoid the task at all costs. The plan is – do it later.
Self-regulation is the ability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors, stem emotionally-driven urges, and spur motivation. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates the executive functions that support the cognitive processes related to self-regulation.[5]
The anterior cingular cortex (ACC) is also involved with self-regulation and cognitive control. Insufficient activity in the ACC can lead to extreme apathy, listlessness, and difficulty with goal-driven behaviors like completing a project.[6]
Poor self-regulation can result in weakness of will and the classic negative reinforcement of giving in to feel good. Self-regulation failure may manifest as:
Psychologists think procrastination is linked to mood.
If you don't feel like it, you may begin a self-deceptive inner dialogue in order to justify putting it off until later. It's not necessarily about having fun, but more about avoiding a perceived threat.
Researchers have found strong links between stress and procrastination, noting that:
Habitual procrastination can turn into a depressing cycle. When you know you're consistently not living up to your potential, unhappiness can become the norm, leading to more procrastination, and on and on.
Nootropics for procrastination could help break the cycle.
Once we begin a project it's usually not as bad as we thought it would be. Finishing even a small part of a project can create a positive mood and motivate us to continue.
When you feel like procrastinating, use that feeling as a mental cue to work on your project for just ten minutes. And you could try nootropics for motivation to give yourself an edge.
Other things you can do to conquer procrastination and get in a more productive zone include:
Brain-boosting nootropic supplements can help cognition in many ways. Among the many nootropic benefits are apparent advantages for energized, dynamic thinking than can launch you into action and leave procrastination in the dust.
Citicoline increases mental energy – enhancing attention, concentration, and focus.
These versatile brain-boosting bioactivities may help to spark motivation and confidence, especially when stacked with other nootropics for procrastination. And, studies suggest citicoline may also help improve self-regulation through cognitive inhibition.[8]
More on Mind Lab Pro® Citicoline
Rhodiola rosea supports a positive mood by optimizing dopamine and serotonin levels, so you can feel good about taking on a task you were not too excited about. It also fights the mental fatigue that can drain motivation, restoring energized cognitive performance that makes it easier to tackle daunting tasks (instead of avoiding them).
In addition, natural herbal nootropic Rhodiola rosea helps sustain acetylcholine, a brain chemical that augments cognitive flexibility and inhibits excitatory feedback in cortical circuits resulting from the stress response that can lead to procrastination.[9]
More on Mind Lab Pro® Rhodiola Rosea
NALT may combat procrastination by reducing the detrimental effects of stress and fatigue on cognitive performance.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine is a more bioavailable form of Tyrosine, an amino acid involved in cell communication. It is also a precursor to dopamine, a neurotransmitter linked to improved focus, alertness, and mood.
With these attributes, NALT may help to promote an active, productive and energized minstate before you can say procrastinate.
More on Mind Lab Pro® N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine
L-theanine may be one of the best nootropics for beating procrastination. It inhibits excessive neuronal response to stress by increasing GABA levels — calming brain activity, improving focus, and blocking distractions that can protract procrastination.
L-theanine also supports dopamine — decreasing anxiety and improving mood to encourage motivation and help get you going.
More on Mind Lab Pro® L-Theanine
Mind Lab Pro®'s whole-brain-boosting Universal Nootropic™ stack is formulated to unlock 100% Brainpower™, a peak-performing mind-state that can help you do everything better, no matter who you are or what your lifestyle is like.
By helping to remove the insidious obstacle of procrastination, Mind Lab Pro® opens yet another natural pathway for unleashing peak productivity and realizing superior life performance.


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Detraditionalization: critical reflections on authority and identity / edited by Paul Heelas, Scott Lash, and Paul Morris. Other Authors. Heelas, Paul. Lash, Scott. Detraditionalization: Critical Reflections on Authority and Identity, (red. Paul Heelas, Scott Lash i Paul Morris, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford ). Front Cover . Get this from a library! Detraditionalization: critical reflections on authority and identity. [Paul Heelas; Scott Lash; Paul Morris; Centre for the.
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Continuing my fascination with people who colour-code their bookshelves, I bring you part 2 in my 2-part series. This time I'm having a quick chat with interior blogger, ex-music industry professional and all-round cool person Fiona from StylophileUK...Read More
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Supporting the Most Exciting and Meaningful Missions in the WorldSenior Contracting Specialist (PSC Team Lead)
This position will support the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), an office within USAID that is responsible for providing emergency non-food humanitarian assistance in response to international crises and disasters. OFDA is part of the Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA) and is organized into six divisions. To successfully execute its mandate, OFDA is comprised of a professional team of staff including senior managers, experienced disaster responders, and technical experts, working to implement OFDA's mandate at OFDA's headquarters in Washington, DC and in regional and country offices, Combatant Commands, and coordination hubs strategically located around the world.
The primary duties of this position are to implement and execute an effective and strategic pre-award contract process of U.S Personal Services Contractors (USPSCs) and other possible mechanisms; participate in the engagement and retention of candidates and to participate in a variety of staffing projects. In performing these primary duties, the individual will exercises discretion and independent judgment with respect to helping to translate company goals into action plans, reinforcing the culture and values, assisting with resolving a variety of recruitment issues and implementing policies, guidelines, and plans.
Key Internal Interfaces: OFDA PSC Acquisition Team, OFDA Senior Managers
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Individual will serve as a Deputy to the PSC Contracts Manager supporting PSC Recruitment for the US Agency for International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance.
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Whether you need it for livestock or other uses, growing hay at home is a cheap and easy alternative to purchasing it in bulk. Depending on your preferences, you can use grass, alfalfa, or a mixture of both to make hay. Once you've grown your crop, all you have to do is cut, dry, and store your hay for use as needed. Given seven months and plenty of care, you're sure to have plenty of homegrown hay for your needs!
Part One of Three:
Planting Hay
1Use grass or alfalfa to grow hay. Typically, hay is made from either grass or alfalfa. Depending on your needs, plant grass, alfalfa, or a mixture of the 2 for use as hay after growing.[1]Can you please put wikiHow on the whitelist for your ad blocker? wikiHow relies on ad money to give you our free how-to guides. Learn how.
2Plant your grass or alfalfa in a nitrogen-rich soil. Hay grows best in soil with plenty of organic matter. Test the soil's nitrogen content with a home soil test kit and, if low, mix it with a nitrogen-rich compost.[4]
- You can buy home soil test kits from some plant nurseries or agricultural supply stores.
- To make your compost nitrogen-rich, add coffee grounds, plant clippings, chicken droppings or aged manure, or bone meal.
3Till the ground with a rotary tiller. Turn on the tiller and push it through the dirt in a straight row. Work your way through the dirt in straight lines until you till the entire area.[5]
- If you don't have a rotary tiller or are tilling a small area, you can loosen the dirt and smooth out any clumps with a shovel.
4Spread grass or alfalfa around the tilled dirt. Grab a handful of grass, alfalfa, or mixture seeds and spread them evenly along the tilled dirt. Rake the entire tilled area to work the seeds into the soil using light strokes.[6]
- If you're growing grass, you can also plant grass plugs or [[lay sod instead.
- Water the seeds immediately after planting to help them adjust to their new environment.
Part Two of Three:
Caring for Hay
1Water the grass or alfalfa daily. For the first 10 days after planting, water the grass or alfalfa 3 times a day for 10 minutes each time. After 10 days, you can decrease this number to just once a day for 20 minutes.[7]
- After watering the grass or alfalfa, the soil should be moist but not waterlogged.
2Fertilize the grass or alfalfa once a month. Hay grows best if it has plenty of nitrogen and organic matter. Purchase a nitrogen-rich liquid fertilizer and spray the plant and the soil, reapplying the fertilizer monthly to encourage growth.[8]
3Spray the grass or alfalfa with a non-toxic pest repellent. Hay crops are prone to weevil, blister beetle, and other insect infestations. To keep insects from damaging your crop, spray your crop with a non-toxic insect repellent once a month or as you notice infestations.[9]
- You can buy non-toxic pest repellents online or from some plant nurseries.
- Do not spray toxic repellents on the hay. Non-toxic is important, particularly if you plan to use the hay for livestock feed.
4Weed the soil regularly for a healthier crop. Weeds can steal moisture and soil nutrients from your grass or alfalfa. Inspect the soil every day for weeds and pull any as you notice them.[10]
- Do not use herbicides on the weeds, as some may kill your hay as well.
Part Three of Three:
Harvesting Hay
1Harvest the grass or alfalfa before it flowers. The best time to harvest grass or alfalfa for hay is while it's green but not yet flowering. If you notice your crop beginning to flower, harvest the crop within several days if possible.
- Alfalfa usually flowers 7-8 months after planting. Plan on harvesting your hay within this time frame.[11]
2Cut the grass or alfalfa using a scythe or shears. Depending on the size of your harvest, chop the grass or alfalfa about 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) from the roots. After cutting the hay, gather it in a container for curing later on.[12]
- For larger crops, you can use a rotary disk or sickle mower instead.[13]
3Dry the grass or alfalfa for 2-3 weeks. Lay the grass or alfalfa out on a dry, warm spot with plenty of sunlight. Leave the harvest to dry for at least 2 weeks or until it is completely dry to the touch.[14]
- If you live in a windy location, dry your crops in a greenhouse or a shed with windows.
4Store your hay in a dry location. Hay is especially prone to mold or mildewing. To prevent this, choose a place with low humidity to store your hay (like a shed or garage).[15]
- If you have to store your hay outside, you can cover it with a tarp to protect it from moisture.
- As long as your hay is stored away from moisture, it should last indefinitely.
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Things You'll Need
- Grass or alfalfa seeds
- Nitrogen-rich soil
- Rotary tiller
- Water
- Nitrogen-rich liquid fertilizer
- Non-toxic pest repellent
- Scythe or shears
About This Article
- ↑ https://www.hobbyfarms.com/how-to-grow-hay/
- ↑ https://www.hobbyfarms.com/all-hay-is-not-equal-choose-your-livestocks-carefully/
- ↑ https://www.hobbyfarms.com/all-hay-is-not-equal-choose-your-livestocks-carefully/
- ↑ https://www.hobbyfarms.com/how-to-grow-hay/
- ↑ https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/how-to/a9557/7-steps-to-seeding-a-new-lawn/
- ↑ https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/how-to/a9557/7-steps-to-seeding-a-new-lawn/
- ↑ https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/how-to/a9557/7-steps-to-seeding-a-new-lawn/
- ↑ https://riseandshinerabbitry.com/2012/07/20/the-benifits-of-feeding-and-growing-hay-for-rabbits/
- ↑ https://www.hobbyfarms.com/how-to-grow-hay/
- ↑ https://www.noble.org/news/publications/ag-news-and-views/2009/september/common-mistakes-in-growing-alfalfa/
- ↑ https://riseandshinerabbitry.com/2012/07/20/the-benifits-of-feeding-and-growing-hay-for-rabbits/
- ↑ http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2011/07/01/making-hay/
- ↑ https://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/growing-harvesting-baling-hay-zmaz75jazgoe
- ↑ http://myfarmeducation.ca/new-farmers-info/a-beginners-guide-to-hay/
- ↑ http://myfarmeducation.ca/new-farmers-info/a-beginners-guide-to-hay/
- ↑ http://www.therabbithouse.com/blog/2011/07/01/making-hay/
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Unit Converter
Convert 1050 Cubic Centimeters to Quarts
To calculate 1050 Cubic Centimeters to the corresponding value in Quarts, multiply the quantity in Cubic Centimeters by 0.0010566882049662 (conversion factor). In this case we should multiply 1050 Cubic Centimeters by 0.0010566882049662 to get the equivalent result in Quarts:
1050 Cubic Centimeters x 0.0010566882049662 = 1.1095226152145 Quarts
1050 Cubic Centimeters is equivalent to 1.1095226152145 Quarts.
How to convert from Cubic Centimeters to Quarts
The conversion factor from Cubic Centimeters to Quarts is 0.0010566882049662. To find out how many Cubic Centimeters in Quarts, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Volume converter above. One thousand fifty Cubic Centimeters is equivalent to one point one one Quarts.
Definition of Cubic Centimeter
A cubic centimeter (SI unit symbol: cm3; non-SI abbreviations: cc and ccm) is a commonly used unit of volume which is derived from SI-unit cubic meter. One cubic centimeter is equal to 1⁄1,000,000 of a cubic meter, or 1⁄1,000 of a liter, or one milliliter; therefore, 1 cm3 ≡ 1 ml.
Definition of Quart
The quart (abbreviation qt.) is an English unit of volume equal to a quarter gallon. It is divided into two pints or four cups. The US liquid quart equals 57.75 cubic inches, which is exactly equal to 0.946352946 liters.
Using the Cubic Centimeters to Quarts converter you can get answers to questions like the following:
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11. After Article 13A of the 1992 Order (which is inserted by Article 10) there shall be inserted—
13B.—(1) A trade union shall secure that a person does not at any time hold a position in the union to which this Article applies if—
(a)within the period of five years immediately preceding that time he has been convicted of an offence under paragraph (1) or (5) of Article 13; or
(b)within the period of ten years immediately preceding that time he has been convicted of an offence under paragraph (4), (7), (8) or (9) of that Article.
(2) Subject to paragraph (4), the positions to which this Article applies are—
(a)member of the executive;
(b)any position by virtue of which a person is a member of the executive;
(c)president; and
(d)general secretary.
(3) For the purposes of paragraph (2)(a) "member of the executive" includes any person who, under the rules or practice of the union, may attend and speak at some or all of the meetings of the executive, otherwise than for the purpose of providing the committee with factual information or with technical or professional advice with respect to matters taken into account by the executive in carrying out its functions.
(4) This Article does not apply to the position of president or general secretary if the holder of that position—
(a)is not, in respect of that position, either a voting member of the executive or an employee of the union;
(b)holds that position for a period which under the rules of the union cannot end more than thirteen months after he took it up; and
(c)has not held either position at any time in the period of twelve months ending with the day before he took up that position.
(5) In paragraph (4)(a) "a voting member of the executive" means a person entitled in his own right to attend meetings of the executive and to vote on matters on which votes are taken by the executive (whether or not he is entitled to attend all such meetings or to vote on all such matters or in all circumstances).
13C.—(1) A member of a trade union who claims that the union has failed to comply with the requirement of Article 13B may apply to the Certification Officer or to the High Court for a declaration to that effect.
(2) On an application being made to him, the Certification Officer—
(a)shall, where he considers it appropriate, give the applicant and the trade union an opportunity to be heard;
(b)shall ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the application is determined within six months of being made;
(c)may make or refuse the declaration asked for; and
(d)shall, whether he makes or refuses the declaration, give reasons for his decision in writing.
(3) Where an application is made to the Certification Officer, the person who made that application, or any other person, is not prevented from making an application to the High Court in respect of the same matter.
(4) If, after an application is made to the Certification Officer, an application in respect of the same matter is made to the High Court, the court shall have due regard to any declaration which has been made by the Certification Officer.
(5) Where the High Court makes a declaration it shall also, unless it considers that it would be inappropriate, make an order imposing on the trade union a requirement to take within such period as may be specified in the order such steps to remedy the declared failure as may be so specified.
(6) Where an order has been made, any person who is a member of the trade union and was a member at the time the order was made is entitled to enforce the order as if he had made the application on which the order was made.".
F1functions transf. by SR 1999/481
Non-textual amendments applied to the whole Legislation can be found in the Introduction


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The Veterinary Referral and Emergency Center (VREC) is currently seeking an Emergency Clinician to join our great family; new graduates strongly encouraged to apply, but preference given to either an internship trained, or experienced applicant.
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Consumers must or want to ship often anonymous posts not to reveal anyone's identity; some telephone companies such as Tim, wind, Vodafone and 3 Italy allow their customers to send anonymous text messages with simple codes.
For this reason it is not necessary to rely on online or advertising services applications from our smartphone; in fact to send an anonymous text message Tim, wind, Vodafone or 3 Italy it is sufficient to know a specific code.
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All clients Vodafone anyone who has to send an anonymous SMS must enter the following code: s(Space)recipient number(Space)text; after the sms has been written, the sender must send it to the number 4895894 and costs a price of 0.50 cents.
All clients wind If you want to send an anonymous SMS, you must enter a different formula: *k[spazio]k # s[spazio]message text; in this case, the sender must send the anonymous message directly to the recipient's number and bear the cost of 0.15 cents.
customers Tim To send one or more anonymous SMS messages, type the following formula: ANON(Space)recipient number(Space)text from message; customers must pay 0.31 eurocents and send the message to the number 44933.
Finally customers 3 Italy will have to enter a different formula to send one or more anonymous text messages: recipient number(Space)message text; the sender will have to send his anonymous sms to the number 48383 and the costs are equal to 0.50 eurocents.
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