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Charmouth Court Fairfield Park, Lyme Regis Guide Price £267,500
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This bright and airy apartment is situated in Fairfield Park in a quiet and sought after residential area, The property has two double bedrooms a modern kitchen, bathroom, living room with views over the gardens and along the Jurassic coast.
Lyme Regis DT7 3DS
The accommodation, with approximate measurements, comprises:
Communal entrance hall: Steps lead down to the UPVC front door:
Laminate flooring. Radiator. Coat hooks. Door onto:
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18' 0'' x 11' 2'' (5.48m x 3.40m)
UPVC double glazed sliding patio doors to the front overlooking the gardens, with superb views over the Jurassic coast, Lyme Regis town and the sea beyond. Fireplace with tiled hearth and inset fitted log burner style electric heater. TV aerial point. Telephone point. Feature radiator. Coved ceiling. Doors to:
11' 4'' x 6' 10'' (3.45m x 2.08m)
UPVC double glazed window. Modern fitted kitchen with grey fronted wall and floor mounted units. Laminate work surfaces with upstands, inset stainless steel sink and drainer. Four ring gas hob with extractor hood above, feature tiled splash back. Built in electric fan oven, eye level microwave/grill. Slimline dish washer. Appliance space and plumbing for a washing machine. Space for a fridge/freezer. Wall mounted gas fired central heating boiler. Spot lights. Laminate flooring.
Inner hall:
Large cupboard with hanging rail and shelving above. Doors to:
Bedroom one:
12' 3'' x 8' 9'' (3.73m x 2.66m)
Large UPVC double glazed window with fine views over the town and Lyme bay coast. Television point. Feature radiator. Laminate flooring.
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8' 11'' x 8' 11'' (2.72m x 2.72m)
Window to side. Radiator. Laminate flooring.
Obscure UPVC double glazed window. Fully tiled walls with modern white suite comprising: Large walk in shower with glass side screen and mains pressure shower. WC with concealed cistern and vanity unit with inset basin with storage below and illuminated mirror above. Chrome heated towel rail. Extractor fan and tiled floor.
Well maintained communal gardens to the side and rear of the block are laid mainly to lawn with some mature trees and shrubs. The garden offers an open southerly aspect with views over the town and coast.
16' 0'' x 9' 0'' (4.87m x 2.74m)
In block, with metal up and over door. Parking in private car park.
All mains services. Gas central heating.
Local Authority:
West Dorset District Council. We are advised that this property is in band B.
Leasehold. A 999 year lease from 2013. The tenants have acquired the freehold interest and this is held by the resident run management company with each apartment having an equal shareholding. There is a maintenance fee of £250.00 a quarter. This includes: Building insurance, external maintenance, upkeep of the common areas, gardens and window cleaning. Please note holiday letting is not permitted under the terms of the lease.
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Lyme Regis DT7 3DS
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Anger provocation increases limbic and decreases medial prefrontal cortex connectivity with the left amygdala in reactive aggressive violent offenders
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Neurobiological models propose reactive aggression as a failure in emotion regulation, caused by an imbalance between prefrontal cortical control and excessive bottom-up signals of negative affect by limbic regions, including the amygdala. Therefore, we hypothesize a negative correlation between PFC and amygdala activity (pre/post resting-state scans) in violent offenders. In this study resting-state fMRI was administered before and after an emotion (anger and happiness) provocation or engagement task within 18 male violent offenders scoring high on reactive aggression, and 18 male non-offender controls. Research in emotional pre/post resting-state showed altered connectivity by task performance. Therefore, bilateral amygdala region of interest (ROI) whole brain functional connectivity analysis tested dynamic change differences between pre and post resting-state connectivity between groups. Self-reported anger showed a positive significant relationship with medial prefrontal cortex activity in the pre-task scan and significantly increased during the emotion task in both the violent and control group. Imaging results showed a significant decrease in amygdala – medial prefrontal functional connectivity in the violent offenders and an increase in the non-offender controls after the emotion task. The opposite pattern was found for amygdala connectivity with the (para) limbic regions: violent offenders showed increased connectivity and non-offender controls showed decreased connectivity. The present results indicate that reactive aggression might stem from a focus on emotion processing, as indicated by an increase in limbic functional connectivity. The combination of a focus on emotion, along with a lack of medial prefrontal cortex regulation, has the potential to grow out of control e.g. in reactive aggression.
KeywordsImpulsive aggression Emotion regulation Resting-state fMRI Functional connectivity Amygdala seed
Violence is a significant problem in our society. Reactive aggression, as opposed to proactive aggression, has been reported to be one of the major causes of violent behavior (World Health Organisation 2007).
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and especially resting state functional connectivity analysis might help in unraveling the 'default mode network' of reactive aggression (Shen 2015). Resting state functional connectivity focusses on the functional organization of both healthy and abnormal brain activity while 'in rest'. Research conducting resting-state scans pre and post an emotional experimental task, testing for brain differences in functional connectivity has shown that pre and post resting state connectivity can be altered by fMRI task performance (Tung et al. 2013).
Emotion regulation research (Kohn et al. 2014) based on the theoretical framework of Gross and Ochsner (Gross 1998; Ochsner et al. 2012), suggests that the prefrontal cortex is the core brain structure in the neural network of cognitive emotion regulation (Kose et al. 2015; Marxen et al. 2016). Research in offender populations linking the origin of reactive aggression to specific brain regions, indicate that a combination of decreased prefrontal activity along with increased, hyperactive limbic activity (amygdala) is related to reactive aggression (e.g. Blair 2012; Coccaro et al. 2016; da Cunha-Bang et al. 2017, 2018; Diano et al. 2017; Heesink et al. 2018; Marxen et al. 2016; McCloskey et al. 2016; Skibsted et al. 2017). And research in youths with conduct problems link callous-unemotional traits to aberrant amygdala activity as a risk factors for aggression (Cardinale et al. 2017) and adolescent antisocial behavior (Dotterer et al. 2017).
Empirical neuroimaging findings indicate that aggressive people have functional (Anderson and Kiehl 2012; Bobes et al. 2013; Raine et al. 1998) abnormalities in the PFC and limbic structures, especially the amygdala (Buades-Rotger et al. 2017). Research on maladaptive emotion regulation shows a negative correlation between limbic regions, with a main focus on the amygdala, and the PFC (Coombs 3rd et al. 2014; McCloskey et al. 2016; Quaedflieg et al. 2015; Roy et al. 2009; Varkevisser et al. 2017). Maladaptive emotion regulation can take two forms: 1) under-regulation, which refers to the inability to contain emotional experiences sufficiently to engage in goal-directed behavior, and 2) over-regulation, which occurs when emotion regulation strategies are used to consistently stop emotion experience from unfolding (Greenberg and Bolger 2001; Roberton et al. 2014). At the present, much of the aggression research has focused on the hypothesized emotion under-regulation of anger, and seems to support this theory by findings of prefrontal hypo-metabolism and prefrontal serotonergic hypoactivity (New et al. 2002; Siever et al. 1999).
However, to our knowledge, no resting-state study has yet investigated the hypothesized abnormalities in functional connectivity between limbic structures and the PFC in reactive aggressive offenders, independent of any comorbid mental disorder. Moreover, the use of resting state scans before and after an emotion task gives the opportunity to investigate whether the negative correlation between limbic regions and the PFC (Coombs 3rd et al. 2014; McCloskey et al. 2016; Quaedflieg et al. 2015; Roy et al. 2009; Varkevisser et al. 2017) is related to maladaptive under-regulation or over-regulation in violent offenders.
Violent offenders are characterized by extreme aggressive behaviour (Grochowska and Kossowska 2012), with past aggression as a risk factor for violent recidivism (Mooney and Daffern 2011, 2015). Therefore, we investigate a paradigm that is able to provoke anger (Tonnaer et al. 2017), resulting in reactive aggression (Blair 2012). We focused on anger engagement, because anger is the emotional drive or motive behind reactive aggression (Averill 1983). As the reactive aggression diathesis is generally interpreted as a breakdown in amygdala - PFC connectivity causing under-regulation, it was predicted that emotion engagement (including anger) would decrease amygdala resting-state connectivity with the PFC in the violent offender group, compared to non-offender, age- and education matched controls.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample
t-test p value
χ2 p value
Age, M (SD)
35.17 (7.12)
37.06 (15.24)
Education, N (%)
15 (83.33)
10 (55.56)
1 (5.56)
4 (22.22)
2 (11.11)
3 (16.67)
Axis-I disorder, N (%)
Alcohol abuse
4 (22.22)
Alcohol dependence
5 (27.780)
Substance dependence
13 (72.22)
< .001
Depressive episode past
6 (33.33)
1 (5.56)
8 (44.44)
< .001
Axis-II disorder, N (%)
Antisocial PD
11 (61.11)
< .001
Borderline PD
3 (16.67)
Paranoid PD
3 (16.67)
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R, Hare 2003) data was collected for a subsample of N = 12 VOF of which data was available. PCL-R total scores in general ranging from 0 to 40, ranged in the current sample from 12 to 28 (M = 21.2, SD = 6.2, showing that this is a sample displaying psychopathy characteristics). However, using the PCL-R as a diagnostic tool for the assessment of psychopathy (Acheson 2005; Lynam and Gudonis 2005, p 383), with scoring 30 or above indicating the diagnosis of psychopathy (Cooke et al. 2004) indicates no diagnostic psychopathic individuals within the tested sample of violent offenders.
Experimental paradigm (Tonnaer et al. 2017)
Two 6 min resting-state scans were administered, one before and one after an emotional provocation or engagement (anger and happy) and distraction paradigm. Participants were instructed to lie still, relax and keep their eyes open. An adapted MRI version of the Anger Articulated Thoughts during Simulated Situations (ATSS) paradigm (Davison et al. 1995) was utilized in order to elicit anger and happy provocation and regulation. The current study focuses on data of the resting-state scans pre and post the experimental paradigm, testing for brain differences in functional connectivity as previous research has shown that pre and post resting state connectivity can be altered by fMRI task performance (Tung et al. 2013). FMRI data results on the experimental task, along with a more detailed description of the paradigm, its instructions and the immediate effects are reported elsewhere (Tonnaer et al. 2017). In this task participants were presented with audio audiotaped (anger, neutral and happy) stories, each within an Engagement condition instructing participants to focus on one's emotional feeling, and a Distraction condition instructing participants to distract themselves from the presented stories during fMRI scanning. The order of these stories was randomized per participant. Each story was divided into seven segments of 15–20 s. At the end of each segment there was a tone, followed by a silence of 15 s. During this silence the participant either focused on one's emotional (emotion engagement), or tried to distract himself from whatever he was feeling or thinking at that moment (emotion distraction). The order of the engagement and distraction task was randomized per participant and counterbalanced. The silence was followed by a visual analogue scale (VAS; 9 s), which participants used to rate the emotion intention at that moment (0 = very happy and, 100 = very angry).
The two anger stories were especially designed to elicit cognitions and feelings of anger. One anger story tells how the participant's colleagues are spreading untrue rumors; the principal actor gets reprimanded by the boss because of these rumors; that one of these colleagues harasses the principal actor on the way home from work; the principal actor gets involved in a car crash because of this and is unrightfully blamed for the crash. The other anger story tells how the principal actor is waiting for the train, which is delayed, to go to the club. In the train the principal actors` partner is harassed by a drunken man and other people behave obnoxious. In the club it is impossible to order drinks and the man from the train punches the principal actors' partner in the face. The happy stories include situations about the weather being sunny, being in love and winning the lottery. The neutral situations are about going grocery shopping or going through the routine of a normal workday.
Reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire (RPQ, Raine et al. 2006)
To validate the expected difference in reactive aggression between the VOF and the NOC, the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (Raine et al. 2006) was administered. The RPQ consists of 23 items: 11 items that measure reactive (i.e. impulsive) aggression and 12 items that measure proactive (i.e. instrumental) aggression, rated on a 3-point likert scale (0 = never and 2 = always). The internal reliability coefficients of the RPQ reactive and proactive-subscales are α = .81, and α = .84 respectively (Raine et al. 2006).
The exit-questionnaire consisted of 100 mm visual analogue scale, assessing representing variables that might influence resting-state functional connectivity other than the intended emotion engagement-distraction manipulation. These variables included physical discomfort inside the scanner (0 = no physical complaints and, 100 = a lot of physical complaints), nervousness (0 = very nervous and, 100 = not nervous at all), disturbance by the scanner noise (0 = no annoyance at all and, 100 = very annoying) or concentration problems (0 = could not concentrate and, 100 = could concentrate very well). In addition, participants were asked about difficulty (0 = very difficult, and 100 = not difficult at all) and success (0 = not at all successful, and 100 = very successful) in performing the emotion engagement and distraction tasks.
Image acquisition
Anatomical images were acquired using a Magnetom Allegra 3 T scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Netherlands) located at the Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University with a T1-weighted gradient echo (196 slices, TR = 2250 ms, TE = 26 ms, flip angle = 90°, field of view = 256 mm and voxel dimensions 1 × 1 × 1 mm). T2*-weighted functional measurements were acquired using a standard echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence. Repetition time (TR) was set at 2000 ms, TE 30 ms, flip angle = 90°, 32 slices, 180 volumes, 3 × 3 × 3 mm. A slice tilt correction of −30 degrees was used to minimize inhomogeneity artefacts (Weiskopf et al. 2006).
fMRI data preprocessing
Data preprocessing and analyses were conducted with Brainvoyager QX v2.4 (Brain Innovations, Maastricht, The Netherlands). The first two volumes of the functional images were omitted due to magnetization artifacts. Preprocessing of the remaining functional data included slice time correction using sinc interpolation, 3D motion correction using sinc interpolation, spatial smoothing (Gaussian kernel with full-width-at-half-maximum of 4 mm) and temporal filtering (linear trend removal). Individual functional datasets were then co-registered with structural images of the same participant and subsequently normalized using the Talairach and Tournoux transformation procedure (Talairach and Tournoux 1988). A quality check of functional brain coverage indicated that one of the violent offenders had insufficient amygdala coverage. This participant was removed from further analysis. Talairach coordinates were subsequently transformed to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates based on the ICBM−152 brain template (Lancaster et al. 2007) and all coordinates reported in this article are MNI coordinates. Individual volume time course (VTC) datasets were then averaged to create a group-based VTC functional brain mask to exclude voxels belonging to the outside of the functional brain.
Resting-state functional connectivity analysis
The strategy of separate left versus right amygdala seed analysis was chosen due to the often reported strong correlational activity found between bilateral brain structures, resulting in multicollinearity and therefore reducing reliability when entering these two independent variables into the same model. To confirm this assumption we performed a post-hoc correlation analysis on the left and right amygdala seeds, which indeed showed significant correlations before (r = .61, p < .001) and after (r = .60, p < .001) the emotion task between the two seeds.
The Pearson correlation coefficients (r) maps resulting from the RFX GLM analysis were transformed using Fisher's R-to-Z transformation (Z = .5 Ln [(1 + R)/(1-R)]), which yields variates that are approximately normally distributed. Then an F-group map was created, showing all voxels that had a significant correlation with the amygdala seeds at a conservative false discovery rate (FDR) of.001 for all participants over all runs. This map was transformed into a bilateral amygdala seed functional connectivity network mask (Fig. 2), which was used to limit the final main and group x time effects.
In the final analysis, a repeated measures ANOVA analysis with group (VOF vs. NOC) as a between subject factor and emotion task (pre/post) as a within-subject factor was conducted for the left and the right amygdala seed separately, to test for the hypothesized difference in amygdala connectivity. The resulting two F-maps were thresholded at a p value of.01 and a cluster size threshold of 108 mm3 (4 voxels) as determined by the calculation of a minimum cluster which protected against false positive clusters at 5% after 1000 Monte Carlo simulations (Forman et al. 1995). The Talairach coordinates of the peak voxels of the resulting functional regions of interest (ROIs) of these maps were converted into MNI space. Post-hoc analyses of simple effects within and between groups within these ROIs were corrected for multiple comparisons using Bonferroni.
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Self-report data
Reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire (RPQ, Raine et al. 2006)
Results indicated a significant difference (p < .001) between the reactive aggression score of the VOF (M = 14.67, SD = 5.17) and the NOC (M = 5.17, SD = 3.43), with only one control participant falling within the 1 SD range of the VOF. These results confirmed the expectation of higher reactive aggression in the VOF. The VOF also scored significantly higher on proactive aggression than the NOC (NOC, M = 1.00, SD = 1.61; VOF, M = 7.62, SD = 4.74; p < .001). However, analysis of group differences in proactive aggression while controlling for reactive aggression (i.e. ANCOVA) showed that group differences in proactive aggression were no longer significant (p = .07). On the contrary, group differences in reactive aggression were still significant when controlling for proactive aggression (p = .004), indicating that differences in reactive aggression in this study are primary.
On average there were no self-reported differences between the groups for physical discomfort (VOF, M = 22.11, SD = 27.60; NOC, M = 28.47, SD = 25.96; p = .49) and concentration (VOF, M = 72.24, SD = 24.05; NOC, M = 77.74, SD = 19.18; p = .47). There was a trend for a difference in nervousness, with the NOC scoring higher than the VOF (VOF, M = 65.24, SD = 34.63; NOC, M = 82.59, SD = 17.43; p = .08). The VOF reported being significantly more disturbed by the scanner noise (VOF, M = 55.00, SD = 33.37; NOC, M = 30.76, SD = 17.43; p = .02). Both groups indicated that the task was not too difficult, with no significant difference between the groups for the emotion engagement (VOF, M = 73.35, SD = 27.68; NOC, M = 69.35, SD = 29.94; p = .69) and the emotion distraction task (VOF, M = 89.18, SD = 10.02; NOC, M = 87.53, SD = 15.86; p = .72). However, the VOF did report that they expected to be significantly less successful in performing the emotion engagement (VOF, M = 64.88, SD = 33.27; NOC, M = 84.29, SD = 15.52; p = .04). Difference in expected success between groups was almost significant for the emotion distraction task, again with the VOF expected to be significantly less successful in performing the emotion distraction (VOF, M = 57.76, SD = 31.66; NOC, M = 77.41, SD = 22.36; p = .05). Further, no participants reported falling asleep. Pearson correlation coefficients analysis on the exit-questionnaire data and scan results indicate a significant negative correlation between disturbance by scanner noise and the superior temporal gyrus (r = −.37, p < .05), only for the pre resting state scan.
fMRI results
Right amygdala connectivity
The mixed effects ANOVA, with group as the between subject factor and emotion task performance as the within-subject factor, for the right amygdala seed did not reveal any significant results.
Left amygdala connectivity
ROI details identified for interaction between group and within subject factor
Average connectivity change Fisher's z
Cohen's d (change within groups)
Brain region
MNI (x,y,z)
p value*
Medial prefrontal cortex
−1, 64, −4
< .001
−20, −6, −27
< .001
Posterior insula
46, −9, 9
< .001
Superior temporal gyrus
52, −12, 9
< .001
For the (para) limbic regions (i.e., the left uncus/amygdala, the right posterior insula and the right superior temporal gyrus) the opposite pattern was found; the VOF showed a significant pre- to post-task increase in left amygdala functional connectivity with the right posterior insula (p = .018) and right superior temporal gyrus (p = .022), but not the left uncus/amygdala (p = .18). The NOC showed a significant pre- to post-task decrease in left amygdala functional connectivity with the right posterior insula (p = .028), the right superior temporal gyrus (p = .014) and the left uncus/amygdala (p = .004).
Post-hoc simple-effects analysis revealed that the largest difference between groups were pre-task, with a larger left medial prefrontal connectivity with the left amygdala seed in the VOF compared to the NOC (p = .004). Post-task the difference in left medial prefrontal connectivity with the left amygdala seed between groups was no longer significant (p = .34). There were also significant pre-task differences in left amygdala functional connectivity between groups in the left uncus/amygdala (p = .006) and the right posterior insula (p = .006), and during the post-emotion engagement condition in the right superior temporal gyrus (p = .034).
Correlation baseline left amygdala and subjective measures
To investigate whether the significant difference between groups in self-reported noise hindrance and also nervousness (almost significant) related to group differences in left amygdala functional connectivity in the resulting ROIs, a correlation analysis was performed on self-reported scanner noise disturbance and nervousness with the change z-scores in amygdala functional connectivity (post-task minus pre-task) in the resulting ROIs. This analysis also did not reveal any significant correlation (all rs < .21; all ps > .24), indicating that changes in connectivity from pre- to post task cannot be explained by influences of noise disturbance or nervousness.
Correlation aggression and baseline resting scan results
Since post-hoc simple-effects analysis revealed that the largest difference between groups were pre-task, we performed correlation analyses between aggression questionnaires and the baseline resting scan results to explore whether differences in aggression might relate to general differences already reflected in the pre-task scan results. Results showed a significant relation between activity in the medial PFC connectivity during the pre-task scan and (reactive as well as proactive) aggression (r = .36, p < .05 for reactive aggression and r = .45, p < .01 for proactive aggression). Moreover, results showed a significant negative relation between reactive aggression and activity in the posterior insula and the amygdala during the pre-task scan (r = −.45, p < .01 for the posterior insula and r = −. 35, p < .05 for the amygdala) and a significant negative relationship between proactive aggression and activity in the superior temporal sulcus (r = −.42, p < .05).
The aim of the present resting-state fMRI study was to investigate brain connectivity using the amygdala as a region of interest (ROI) before and after an emotion task in reactive aggressive violent offenders (VOF, N = 18) versus non-offender controls (NOC, N = 18, age and education matched). We used resting-state scans pre and post an emotional task, testing for brain differences in functional connectivity as earlier research has shown that pre and post resting state connectivity can be altered by fMRI task performance (Tung et al. 2013). This emotion task required participants to listen to anger, happy, and neutral stories while paying attention to whatever they were feeling or thinking at that moment (i.e. anger engagement) or to distract themselves from whatever they were feeling or thinking at that moment (i.e. anger distraction). By measuring functional connectivity using the amygdala as a ROI, we investigate the inter-relationship of other brain regions simultaneously engaged with the amygdala in this emotion task (Rogers et al. 2007). Previous research on maladaptive emotion regulation has indicated that a combination of decreased prefrontal activity along with increased, hyperactive limbic activity (amygdala) is related to reactive aggression (e.g. Blair 2012; Coccaro et al. 2016; da Cunha-Bang et al. 2017, 2018; Diano et al. 2017; Heesink et al. 2018; Marxen et al. 2016; McCloskey et al. 2016; Skibsted et al. 2017).
In line with the study's primary hypothesis results showed that left amygdala – medial PFC connectivity was decreased from pre- to post-emotion task in the VOF and increased in the control group. No changes in right amygdala functional connectivity were found. In addition, significant interactions were also found in (para) limbic regions, including the uncus/amygdala, posterior insula and superior temporal gyrus. These effects were opposite from that found in the medial PFC; the emotion task significantly increased amygdala connectivity with (para) limbic regions in the VOF and decreased connectivity in the NOC.
Interestingly, additional analysis indicated that group differences in amygdala – medial PFC were present only prior to the emotion task, with stronger connectivity in the VOF. It could be speculated that the pre-task scan differences reflect general differences in aggression as a correlational analysis between aggression questionnaires and pre-task scan activity showed a relationship between medial PFC functioning during the pre-task scan and (reactive as well as proactive) aggression. This is in line with earlier research showing a link between mPFC functioning or prefrontal cortical control and anger or aggression (Lotze et al. 2007; Potegal et al. 2010; Takahashi et al. 2014). Further, as it proposed that amygdala – PFC connectivity is the neurobiological correlate of emotion regulation (Ochsner and Gross 2005). This suggests that the VOF were regulating their emotions. However, the NOC did not show this connectivity pattern. In other words, VOF were regulating emotions in a situation in which the NOC did not find it necessary to do so. Therefore, these results can be interpreted as emotional over-regulation in the VOF. Emotional over-regulation occurs when an individual uses emotion regulation strategies in an effort to consistently stop the emotion experience from unfolding (Greenberg and Bolger 2001). Although speculative, current self-report measures suggest that the VOF might have attempted to hide, avoid or suppress signs of nervousness. In addition, previously it has been suggested that aggressive acts of the over-regulated people are typically of greater intensity, because a greater level of anger arousal is necessary to overcome the intense over-regulation strategies (Willner and Blackburn 1988). This proposition fits with the general observation of increased emotional intensity of reactive aggressive acts compared to that of proactive aggressive acts.
At first instance, the present additional indications of over-regulation might seem contradictory to previous findings of emotional under-regulation in reactive aggressive people. However, in our opinion, these findings are not necessarily incongruous and can be explained twofold. First, while using emotional avoidance or expressive suppression can be beneficial in certain situations (Butler et al. 2003), for example in macho-environment where emotions like sadness and anxiety are interpreted as signs of weakness, the constant use of these strategies require considerable effort and energy (Kashdan et al. 2006). If much of the available processing resources are used for continuous default over-regulation, this also means that less resources are available when more active executive control is required, e.g. when the person is provoked, resulting in emotion under-regulation. This hypothesis nicely fits with the passive paradigm used in this resting-state study which indicates overregulation already visible in the pre-test scans, compared to a more active neuroimaging paradigm (i.e. instructing participants to perform an executive functioning task), indicating under-regulation in aggressive people (Raine et al. 1998). A second explanation is that trait aggressiveness is higher in the VOF, requiring constant regulation. This argument is in line with the model by Megargee (later augmented by Blackburn (1993), which proposes that VOF can be classified into either the under-controlled type or the chronically over-controlled type. In this model the over-controlled type is inhibiting angry feelings until stress may exceed his ability to resist. As a result of provocation their defense breaks down and consequently, violent behavior occurs. Future studies should address these different hypotheses.
The mechanism of over-control of anger is also worked out in more recent cognitive theories (Denson et al. 2011; Rusting and Nolen-Hoeksema 1998), emphasizing the role of rumination regarding provocation. Indeed, the present results reported additionally that left amygdala functional connectivity with the superior temporal gyrus was increased after emotion engagement, in the VOF only. Increased activity in the superior temporal sulcus has been previously linked to rumination (Cooney et al. 2010), which may be broadly defined as a pattern of recursive thinking focused on one's negative mood. Rumination is associated with the worsening of negative mood states, greater affective responding to negative material, and increased access to negative memories (for a review see Cooney et al. 2010). For example, self-reported rumination has been found to be associated with amygdala activation during the up-regulation of negative affect in healthy people, suggesting that an increased tendency to ruminate exacerbates the neural processing of negative information (Ray et al. 2005). Therefore, it is possible that reactive aggressive people are more likely to ruminate after being exposed to an emotionally challenging situation. In turn, this may lead to increased negativity bias (Cima et al. 2014; Lobbestael et al. 2013), making them more sensitive to negative stimuli and consequently and increasing the change of reactive aggressive behavior. This proposition is in line with neurobiological models of reactive aggression (Blair 2004; Davidson et al. 2000; Phelps et al. 2004; Raine and Yang 2006) stating that individuals with faulty regulation of negative emotions propose a serious risk for aggressive behaviour.
As this is, to our knowledge, the first study to examine the dynamics in amygdala functional connectivity in people with reactive aggressive behavior before and after an emotion engagement and distraction task. Present results should be interpreted with caution and replication studies are encouraged. In addition, the following limitation should be considered. Although both groups followed the exact same experimental procedure, the exit questionnaire revealed that the VOF were significantly more disturbed by the scanner noise. Interactions in amygdala resting-state functional could therefore also be attributed to other factors than the emotion engagement (e.g. time), which remains a general limitation of resting-state studies. However, the increased disturbance by the scanner noise might also be explained by a decrease in frustration tolerance, which seems characteristic for those with reactive aggressive behavior and therefore highly dependent. In addition, self-report of scanner disturbance and nervousness did not correlate with pre-task connectivity or pre- to post-task change scores in any of the implicated ROIs, and could therefore not explain present results. In addition, as the whole brain analysis revealed a network known to be involved in emotion regulation it is assumed that the present results can indeed be attributed to the emotion engagement. Moreover, the use of one VAS with anchors of very happy to very angry within the experimental task is unfortunate, given that these do not represent opposite poles of a single construct. In future research two VAS scales are needed indicating not at all happy to very happy, and not at all angry to very angry. Another limitation is the fact that although substance use is prohibited for all incarcerated offenders and regularly drug tests are executed randomly during their stay by means of breathalyzers and urine tests, no arrangements have been made in advance for standard substance use testing within the day of the fMRI testing session.
In conclusion, the current study investigated dynamic changes in amygdala connectivity resting-state functional connectivity in violent offenders showing reactive aggression, before and after an emotion (engagement and distraction) task. In line with neurobiological models of reactive aggression, results indicate that there is a decrease in amygdala – medial PFC functional connectivity in the VOF and an increase in the NOC. An opposite pattern was found in (para) limbic regions. Present results indicate that reactive aggression can be seen as resulting from a dominance of emotion processes, as indicated by an increase in limbic functional connectivity. This is especially problematic given the combination of emotion processing dominance along with a lack of medial prefrontal cortex regulation, leading to a loss of behavioral control when aroused with reactive aggression as a result. In addition, an increase in amygdala – superior temporal gyrus connectivity was found after the emotion task, which has been previously linked to rumination. Most treatment protocols regarding reactive aggression have focused on improving anger control with the underlying impression of decreasing violence. In line with the current finding it is suggested that treatment of reactive aggression should focus on rumination, acceptance, skills to handle anger expression and adaptive regulation of emotions.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
No financial or potential conflicts of interests.
Ethical approval and informed consent
The Ethical Committee of Maastricht University and the Research Committee of de Rooyse Wissel approved the methods and procedures described in the research protocol, all of which were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2009. All participants enrolled in the study received verbal and written information about the purpose and procedure of the study and signed written informed consent.
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Breast Cancer Survivors
About Us
Harbor of Hope, Inc. was established in 2011. Its mission is to encourage, support (spiritually and financially), connect with, and minister to women (and their families) with breast cancer. Through fellowship our goal is to spread hope, faith, and love throughout the cancer journey. We also provide a secure environment for cancer survivors, their caregivers, and families.
Teresa Garmon, President. M y name is Teresa Garmon and I was diagnosed with stage 2A Infiltrating ductile carcinoma breast cancer in November, 2009. After doing eight rounds of chemo, I had a double mastectomy with reconstruction. After that I had six other surgeries, and during that period of time God opened up a door for me to begin to minister and encourage other cancer patients at my oncologist's office, Atlanta Cancer Care (Dr. Sidhu). I go every month to encourage, give out information and a devotion book called "Jesus Calling" (given out almost 800 copies) to all cancer patients, sit at the hospital with families--while their family member is undergoing surgery--to let them know there is life after cancer. My husband, David, and I are owners of a moving company, Pridgen's Moving, for over 30 yrs. I now lead Harbor of Hope, Inc. breast cancer support group with a board of seven including myself, while encouraging and giving hope to all while walking their journeys.
Harbor of Hope Inc. became a non-profit organization in November, 2014 to assist breast cancer patients and their needs. We also are big supporters of the free cancer wellness programs at Piedmont Henry Hospital for all cancer patients and their families. One of my favorite scriptures that gave me such encouragement is Jeremiah 29:11: "For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans to prosper you, not to harm you but to give you a hope and a future." God will never take you to a place that He has not prepared a way for you.
I thank God for an opportunity to give Him praise for walking, carrying, and loving me through this journey. I also thank Him for such a Godly husband, David, son Shane and wife, and our daughter, Heather and husband Tim. I praise Him for my amazing grandchildren: Noah, Emma, Kali, Sydney, Kelton, Sadi, and all of my family members that were such great supporters during my cancer journey. I thank Him for His healing in my body and for all of my amazing doctors, Dr. Scott Timbert (breast surgeon), Piedmont Physician Breast Surgery Specialty; Dr. Gurinderjit Sidhu (oncologist), Atlanta Cancer Care; and Dr. Alan Larsen, (plastic surgeon), Buckhead Plastic Surgery.
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Shirley Johnson, Treasurer. I have been a breast cancer survivor since 2012. I am employed at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport for the Parking Operation. As a single mother of a beautiful daughter, I enjoy family time, beach time, and shopping. Since my cancer journey, it is my pleasure to serve on the Harbor of Hope, Inc. board, as well as encourage other ladies diagnosed with cancer. My favorite scripture is Luke 1:37: "For with God nothing shall be impossible."
Vicky Batten. I was 46 when I was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2011. I did chemo, surgery, and radiation with the help of my family, friends and my church Glen Haven Baptist. My awesome breast doctor, Dr. Timbert, my chemo doctor, Dr. Sidhu, and their office staff helped me as well. I am also in a very awesome support group Harbor of Hope, Inc. I was chosen to be Face of Hope in 2014 to represent this group of ladies, which was a great honor. Our group is a non-profit organization that helps ladies going through breast cancer. I volunteer in our boutique that offers wigs, hats, scarves, bras, and prosthesis, all free for women diagnosed with cancer. We also take donations to help our boutique in giving back to the community.
Debi Kirkland. I am a divorcee with a teenage daughter (Shea) and son (Garrett). I am employed full-time with the State of Georgia and attend college in the evenings at Mercer University's McDonough campus. I was diagnosed with Stage 1 hormone receptor positive breast cancer in June 2013. I immediately began doing research and talked to several different women who had been diagnosed with different types of breast cancer, which required different types of treatment. One of the best decisions I ever made was to attend a Harbor of Hope breast cancer support group meeting before my mastectomy. The ladies shared their breast cancer journeys with me and gave me hope. Their encouragement and prayers gave me peace. Teresa and Sonia were there to pray with me before and after surgery and through chemo. I would not have met these wonderful, caring ladies if I had not been diagnosed with breast cancer. I am so grateful to have them in my life and want to give back to the group of ladies who have given so much spiritual encouragement to me and my family. I am also very grateful for my wonderful surgeons, Dr. Timbert and Dr. Larsen, and my oncologist Dr. Sidhu. I was also blessed beyond measure by my family, friends, coworkers, and church family while undergoing surgery and chemo. Even though I was diagnosed six years ago, I still enjoy playing a part in the Harbor of Hope breast cancer support group meetings, so that I can offer hope and encouragement to ladies whose journeys are just beginning.


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Ok, this one probably won't be top on everyone's list, but it would be cool to add support for 3 or 4 players and have some added options for each. Possibly some rules that can be established for the relationships between different people/sexes/whatever. And although I wouldn't want it personally, I'm sure that there are same sex couples who would like to be able to specify different relationships.
I guess it depends on how conservative you are, but I can see a lot of potential for this program as an ice breaker for swingers. I purchased the program and everything and my wife and I will use it, but sometimes we like to invite others to join us and I think that this game would be a fun way to do it.


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"Don't assume that every Mr. Fix-it advertising his services in the local Pennysaver or on Craigslist is a licensed plumber," says one New York plumber. There is no national standard for issuing licenses. Some plumbers are licensed by the state, others by the counties they work in. Check with your local city hall or chamber of commerce. They should be able to direct you to the appropriate source for a list of licensed plumbers in your area.
This information is not intended as an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, a franchise. It is for information purposes only. Read More Currently, the following states regulate the offer and sale of franchises: California, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. If you are a resident of or want to locate a franchise in one of these states, we will not offer you a franchise unless and until we have complied with applicable pre-sale registration and disclosure requirements in your state. Read Less Mr. Rooter is a registered trademark of Mr. Rooter LLC Copyright © 2017 Mr. Rooter, All rights reserved. All Mr. Rooter Plumbing Franchise Locations Are Independently Owned And Operated.
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Nikon Japan officially lists the D and D as discontinued. Sony fixes data loss issues with firmware v2. Be the first to write one! Dec 20, SD card, xD-Picture Card. Zeiss shows hands-on footage of its ZX1 camera with Lightroom integration. Lens System Optical Zoom.
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Exposure Parameters Exposure Metering. Dec 18, In this interview, Simon looks back at his time at the helm. Dec 22, video. Dec 19, It is currently out of production. Fujifilm FinePix S – digital camera.
Fujifilm FinePix S Series S MP Digital Camera – Black | eBay
Well it turned out the upgrade and more expensive camera didnt do what this little beauty could. Shutter Max Shutter Speed.
Thefirst of all, takes excellent quality pictures! Views Read Edit View history. I love this d5700 for many reason not the least of which that you can shoot across a canyon and still get a decent picture. Pictar Pro makes your phone feel more like a premium camera It even adds a viewfinder.
Both photos are then displayed side by side for quick comparison so users will never again be left struggling with flash settings long after the moment has passed. Fujifilm FinePix S Zoom. Specifically, two series of 8MP images.
We are confident that this camera will once again set the standard for compact SLR style cameras.
E5700 Length Equivalent to 35mm Camera. Want to take better photos and videos? For weeks, we've been getting hammered with the question "Will Chris and Jordan continue their tradition of doing a Best and Worst year-end episode? Senior Editor Barney Britton's pick this year is the camera that he describes as "close to perfect" for the kind of photography he does.
Fujifilm FinePix S Series S5700 7.1MP Digital Camera – Black
If it's time for a bit better camera, this is your Canon If it's time for a bit better camera, this is your Canon by Lori Grunin. Reproduction in whole or part in any form or medium without specific written permission is prohibited.
A recently published patent fujl Canon details the schematics for a medium telephoto macro lens with image stabilization for its new RF mount.
Dec 19, review. The integrated Fujinon lens also means users will never have to contend with dust on the sensor or need to invest in more equipment. Skip to main content. Whether you've grown tired of what came with your DSLR, or want to start photographing different subjects, a new lens is probably in order.
The best lenses for Sony mirrorless cameras. Roger Cicala and his team at Lensrentals tore down Canon's third-generation mm F2.
FujiFilm FinePix S5700 Zoom (Finepix S700)
Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. Certified for Windows Vista.
Thanks to an improved menu system and button layout, rocker zoom and mode dial, the FinePix S can be operated easily with one hand. Sony fixes data loss issues with firmware v2. Dec 19, camera news.
fjui Fujifilm introduces FinePix HS10 with 30x optical zoom. The modifications to the FinePix S mean it is easier to use than anything that has gone before.


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As a Carrier Factory Authorized Dealer, Edwards Heating & Air provides superior quality products and workmanship to home and business owners in Acworth and across Acworth, Alpharetta, Cummings, Cartersville, Kennesaw & Woodstock, GA. Our NATE-certified technicians adhere to strict installation and service procedures, and are uniquely qualified to recommend the most cost-effective solutions to meet your exact needs and expectations. Whether you are in the market for an HVAC system for new construction, a replacement unit, ductless options, heat pumps, or air conditioning, Edwards Heating & Air ensures a refreshingly cool and healthy home and work environment. Through accurate sizing, precision installation, and conscientious maintenance, we help you enjoy maximum return from your investment and reliable operation, year after year. For any cooling challenge you may face, the team from Edwards Heating & Air are your problem solvers, and we are always here when you need us, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
We're here to make your life a lot less hectic, and a lot more productive. As a local HVAC and Mechanical Contractor, MacDonald-Miller is committed to delivering true peace of mind. We perform regular inspections and maintenance of your building systems to ensure a greater level of operational excellence. We test, align, calibrate, and record performance to ensure your building's equipment quality and reduce downtime or emergencies. When it comes to dedicated HVAC service & maintenance, MacDonald-Miller is unmatched.
During the coldest months of winter—even more so in Longmont—a heating system repair is probably not something you want to think about, but it likely will be if you need it on a bone-chilling day. You are lucky though, because Service Experts Heating & Air Conditioning is dedicated to completing expert quality furnace and heat pump repair, maintenance and installation in Longmont. It's our job to be sure you are left with complete comfort in your home.
Before selecting the installation location of air conditioner, several main factors need to be considered. First of all, the direction of air flow from the indoor units should not fall on the place of rest or work area. Secondly, there should not be any obstacles on the way of the airflow that might prevent it from covering the space of the premises as much as possible. The outdoor unit must also be located in an open space, otherwise the heat from the house will not be effectively discharged outside and the productivity of the entire system will drop sharply. It is highly advisable to install the air conditioner units in easily accessible places, for further maintenance during operation.
Beacon Plumbing, Heating and Mechanical is a residential and commercial HVAC contractor. We make heating and air conditioning affordable for Puget Sound area homeowners and business owners. We are heating and cooling experts. We are able to install, repair, service and retrofit all HVAC brands. If your home or business needs heating, ventilation or air conditioning then we are a residential and commercial HVAC contractor that installs the most modern and advanced HVAC technology in the Seattle, WA area.
Pay by Experience for an HVAC Service Technician has a positive trend. An entry-level HVAC Service Technician with less than 5 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $38,000 based on 2,151 salaries provided by anonymous users. Average total compensation includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay. An HVAC Service Technician with mid-career experience which includes employees with 5 to 10 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $47,000 based on 1,397 salaries. An experienced HVAC Service Technician which includes employees with 10 to 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $53,000 based on 1,643 salaries. An HVAC Service Technician with late-career experience which includes employees with greater than 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $59,000 based on 1,021 salaries.
HVAC pros are busy, especially in the summer. Just because you need an AC repair right now, that does not mean an HVAC pro will be available. Additionally, if they are free, your cost to repair the AC unit just went up. Emergency situations call for changes in schedules, surprise road trips and many other sudden situations. As such, air conditioning contractors tend to charge more.
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I have a tankless water heater that began to leak. I called around and settled on Bill Howe. Jason came out on Monday and immediately pinpointed the issue. He called the manufacturer, explained what he saw, took a couple of pictures and said he will be back in a couple of days with replacement parts. A few days later Jason called to say he was on his way. He showed up and completed the work in about an hour.
Before opening the electrical cover on the A/C unit, be sure to shut off all power to the compressor unit and the indoor furnace or air handler, and verify that it is off. Note that this may mean shutting off a circuit breaker that serves the furnace and air handler, and then, near the compressor, pulling out the disconnect block (or shutting off the 220-volt power) to the outdoor compressor.
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This information is not intended as an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, a franchise. It is for information purposes only. Read More Currently, the following states regulate the offer and sale of franchises: California, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. If you are a resident of or want to locate a franchise in one of these states, we will not offer you a franchise unless and until we have complied with applicable pre-sale registration and disclosure requirements in your state. Read Less Aire Serv is a registered trademark of Aire Serv LLC © Aire Serv | All rights reserved | All Aire Serv franchise locations are independently owned and operated.
All AC repairs were not created equal. While a new filter could cost as low as $20, a refrigerant leak repair can cost up to $1,600. Just like any aspect of the house, certain repairs will mostly depend on the damage. Clearly, the more serious issues will cost more. That not only means more time for the HVAC pro, but more complexity and materials as well. Sadly, neither come without a hefty markup.


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The caramel stain applied to the Florence engineered oak flooring is already proving popular due to the dark, yet warm colour it gives. The light brown has an ever so slight red tinge to it and remarkably actually has a similar colour to caramel. Although I'd still consider this to be dark wood flooring, it's certainly less over powering than others and can work well in any interior.
Due to it's relatively thin and narrow planks, this is extraordinarily cheap engineered flooring currently costing just £18.49 sq.m (November 2012). However, the planks are still adequately thick at 10.5mm and are extra stable due to the their 3 ply construction and the relative narrowness of 90mm of the planks really just comes down personal taste. As does the choice of nature grade oak for the surface wear layer which while being the cheapest timber grade, also bears the most natural features such as knots and graining and is actually the preferred choice of many.
Florence Engineered Caramel Oak 90mm Brushed & Lacquered Flooring is incredibly easy to install as it features the innovative click system. This groundbreaking development in wood flooring works on the same principle as tongue and groove but the shape of the 'tongues' allows them to click and lock in place with the adjacent groove. This makes it possible to lay this as a floating floor with adhesives or nails with a suitable subfloor and coupled with the appropriate underlay.
To emphasise the natural features present in the nature grade oak used in this floor which is now known as Fusion Caramel Oak 90mm Brushed & Lacquered Engineered Flooring, the surface of the wood has been brushed. This treatment abrades the surface with a wire brush roller and scrapes away softer sections of the wood to give a pleasing texture that follows the grain. A highly durable matt lacquer has been used to finish the caramel oak which creates a natural looking seal over the wood that protects it from scratches and stains.Florence Engineered Caramel Oak 90mm Brushed & Lacquered Flooring,


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A Wakefield convenience shop has applied for a licence to sell alcohol.
Wakefield Council has received two letter of objection to Euro Mix on Doncaster Road being granted permission to sell beer, wine and spirits.
Writing to the council in opposition to the application, one resident said: "There win be drunken people and loud noise at a late time when me and my children will be trying to go to sleep.
"I have a busy job and my sleep is essential and I feel this may affect my sleep. This win also have an effect on my work and home life my children are also affected."
Another resident, opposed to the application, said: "I have kids and also I work, don't want drunk people around."
The applicant asked for a licence to sell alcohol Monday to Friday 8.30am until 10pm, and 8am until 10pm on Saturdays and Sundays.
Under the terms of the licence, if it is granted, the shop would not be allowed to sell beer stronger than 6.5 per cent and CCTV would have to be installed.
A decision is due to made at Wakefield Council's licensing committee on Wednesday, March 6.


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- Y Diweddaraf sydd Ar Gael (Diwygiedig)
- Gwreiddiol (Fel y'i Deddfwyd)
Scotland Act 1998, Section 90B yn gyfredol gyda'r holl newidiadau y gwyddys eu bod mewn grym ar neu cyn 23 Medi 2019. Mae newidiadau a all gael eu dwyn i rym yn y dyfodol. Changes that have been made appear in the content and are referenced with annotations.
Revised legislation carried on this site may not be fully up to date. Changes and effects are recorded by our editorial team in lists which can be found in the 'Changes to Legislation' area. Where those effects have yet to be applied to the text of the legislation by the editorial team they are also listed alongside the legislation in the affected provisions. Use the 'more' link to open the changes and effects relevant to the provision you are viewing.
Whole provisions yet to be inserted into this Act (including any effects on those provisions):
(1) The Treasury may make a scheme transferring on the transfer date all the existing Scottish functions of the Crown Estate Commissioners (" the Commissioners ") to the Scottish Ministers or a person nominated by the Scottish Ministers (" the transferee ").
(2)The existing Scottish functions are the Commissioners' functions relating to the part of the Crown Estate that, immediately before the transfer date, consists of—
(a)property, rights or interests in land in Scotland, excluding property, rights or interests mentioned in subsection (3), and
(b)rights in relation to the Scottish zone.
(3)Where immediately before the transfer date part of the Crown Estate consists of property, rights or interests held by a limited partnership registered under the Limited Partnerships Act 1907, subsection (2)(a) excludes—
(a)the property, rights or interests, and
(b)any property, rights or interests in, or in a member of, a partner in the limited partnership.
(4)Functions relating to rights within subsection (2)(b) are to be treated for the purposes of this Act as exercisable in or as regards Scotland.
(5)The property, rights and interests to which the existing Scottish functions relate must continue to be managed on behalf of the Crown.
(6)That does not prevent the disposal of property, rights or interests for the purposes of that management.
(7)Subsection (5) also applies to property, rights or interests acquired in the course of that management (except revenues to which section 1(2) of the Civil List Act 1952 applies).
(8)The property, rights and interests to which subsection (5) applies must be maintained as an estate in land or as estates in land managed separately (with any proportion of cash or investments that seems to the person managing the estate to be required for the discharge of functions relating to its management).
(9)The scheme may specify any property, rights or interests that appear to the Treasury to fall within subsection (2)(a) or (b), without prejudice to the functions transferred by the scheme.
(10)The scheme must provide for the transfer to the transferee of designated rights and liabilities of the Commissioners in connection with the functions transferred.
(11)The scheme must include provision to secure that the employment of any person in Crown employment (within the meaning of section 191 of the Employment Rights Act 1996) is not adversely affected by the transfer.
(12)The scheme must include such provision as the Treasury consider necessary or expedient—
(a)in the interests of defence or national security,
(b)in connection with access to land for the purposes of telecommunications, or with other matters falling within Section C10 in Part 2 of Schedule 5,
(c)for securing that the management of property, rights or interests to which subsection (5) applies does not conflict with the exploitation of resources falling within Section D2 in Part 2 of Schedule 5, or with other reserved matters in connection with their exploitation, and
(d)for securing consistency, in the interests of consumers, in the management of property, rights or interests to which subsection (5) applies and of property, rights or interests to which the Commissioners' functions other than the existing Scottish functions relate, so far as it affects the transmission or distribution of electricity or the provision or use of electricity interconnectors.
(13)Any transfer by the scheme is subject to any provision under subsection (12).
(14)The scheme may include—
(a)incidental, supplemental and transitional provision;
(b)consequential provision, including provision amending an enactment, instrument or other document;
(c)provision conferring or imposing a function on any person including any successor of the transferee;
(d)provision for the creation of new rights or liabilities in relation to the functions transferred.
(15)On the transfer date, the existing Scottish functions and the designated rights and liabilities are transferred and vest in accordance with the scheme.
(16)A certificate by the Treasury that anything specified in the certificate has vested in any person by virtue of the scheme is conclusive evidence for all purposes.
(17)The Treasury may make a scheme under this section only with the agreement of the Scottish Ministers.
(18)The power to make a scheme under this section is exercisable by statutory instrument.
(19)The power to amend the scheme is exercisable so as to provide for an amendment to have effect from the transfer date.
(20)In this section—
" designated " means specified in or determined in accordance with the scheme;
" the transfer date " means a date specified by the scheme as the date on which the scheme is to have effect. ]
Textual Amendments
F1 S. 90B and cross-heading inserted (23.3.2016) by Scotland Act 2016 (c. 11), ss. 36(1), 72(1)(b)
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This timeline shows the different points in time where a change occurred. The dates will coincide with the earliest date on which the change (e.g an insertion, a repeal or a substitution) that was applied came into force. The first date in the timeline will usually be the earliest date when the provision came into force. In some cases the first date is 01/02/1991 (or for Northern Ireland legislation 01/01/2006). This date is our basedate. No versions before this date are available. For further information see the Editorial Practice Guide and Glossary under Help.
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