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Introduction to the Special Issue on Reimagining Justice: Aesthetics and Law
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Aesthetics originates from the Greek word aisthētikos (sensation or perception by the senses as opposed to reason) which is derived from aisthanesthai (to perceive or feel) and, while implicated in the production of metaphors and substitution, it has analogic connections to ethics and acts upon the emotions. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Adam Smith placed aesthetic perceptions and emotional reactions at the heart of moral judgment, and took the view that legal judgment is as much a property of feeling as of intellectual understanding or reason. To situate institutions such as slavery and destitution within a discourse of mercy, for example, comprises a form of sentimental jurisprudence which prioritises the synthesis of morality and compassion with social reality; but more importantly requires the ability to visualise, without self-interest, the circumstances in which the oppressed find themselves. Although, in general, aesthetic discourse allows a measure of flexibility that typically moral discourse often lacks, aesthetics and moral principles are not necessarily disparate notions. Just as Immanuel Kant concluded in his articulation of beauty as a distinct moral category in Critique of Judgment, similarly for Friedrich Schiller the adoption of an appropriately moral disposition (deemed essential for moral actions) depends on aesthetic sensitivity. This is because only an aesthetic sensibility was considered to have both a transformative and educative impact which enabled 'universally valid judgments and universally valid actions' to become 'an object of the heart's desire' (Schiller 1967, p. 33.5, 9.7). The cultivation of an inner sense of beauty or aesthetic attitude was also considered necessary in order to overcome the egoism of aesthetic taste, by increasing receptivity to the human condition and in so doing, internalising the rational call of conscience and moral duty.
From particle physics to ecology and geodesy, the fundamental rules and laws of nature which govern the interdependence between natural systems are graceful and compelling: Galileo referred to the elegance of particular formulae and Einstein maintained that a sense of the beautiful contributed to the making of scientific discoveries. The latter further claimed that the frame of mind required for a successful scientific breakthrough was that of a 'lover', since only 'intuition resting on sympathetic understanding' can lead to the unearthing of universal elementary laws and the daily effort required in this endeavour comes 'straight from the heart' (Einstein 2009, p. 4, 5). For Karl Polanyi, this 'sense of intellectual beauty' is rooted in concepts such as organisation, transcendence and meaningfulness and influences our feeling towards certain values and a particular conception of reality (1962, p. 135). In Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, The Idiot, the main character Prince Myshkin declares 'Beauty will save the world', because it has a profound effect on both the mind and soul (2001, p. 382). This was no ordinary definition of beauty; rather, he was moved by the poignancy of the vulnerability and suffering etched in the face of a picture of a young woman who had been cruelly abused as a child by a wealthy guardian, shown to him by his hostess Madame Yepanchin. Just as Prince Myshkin takes on the suffering of others almost as his own, by reading the story we also become a part of it. The often difficult coupling of ethics and aesthetics, via the medium of fiction, can provoke in the observer (as listener, reader or watcher) a feeling of sympathetic sorrow but, more importantly, a sense of ethical responsibility. In real life, the person recounting their story relives it, only now in an imaginary way, whilst their audience is able to fictionalise or aestheticise their primary emotional reaction which allows its communication via the aesthetic imaginative faculties. As Dostoevsky explained at greater length in Notes from Underground, 'suffering is the sole origin of consciousness'; it also alerts our senses to the one in need and signifies an aesthetic–ethical order where the ideal of beauty equates with sympathy, goodness and moral truth or purity (1960, p. 31).
Against the instrumentality of law, to understand something as beautiful is to stop asking 'what is it for?', since pure aesthetic judgment relies on the acknowledgment of an inner finality of form which is not defined by a fixed standard, neither is it concerned with the object's purpose. Rather, the potential redemptive and unifying power of a judgment of beauty lies in the bringing together of sense and reason; a combination which is considered essential to realising political and social cohesion. According to Schiller, it is possible to accomplish the transition from the spiritual ideal of 'beauty' to 'truth and duty' because 'beauty combines the two opposite conditions of perceiving and thinking… and thus removes the opposition', so that the resulting affective, meaningful and intellectual unity becomes an object for reflection towards the ultimate aim, namely, truth (1967, p. 32). Aesthetic judgments, as disinterested or impartial judgments, are arguably indispensable to legal judgment as they cannot be reduced to abstract propositions. They combine an individual emotional or sensual response together with the pre-existing parameters of legal sources and procedures, towards establishing not a literal 'truth' but a kind of authenticity which has its roots in the intersubjective nature of considered judgments. Slavoj Žižek suggests in Welcome to the Desert of the Real that the terms designated to democracy and freedom, human rights and the war on terror, for example, are anything but true. Rather, they have been co-opted by law and mask their origins. These 'false terms' only serve to mystify our 'perception of the situation instead of allowing us to think it. In this precise sense our "freedoms" themselves serve to mask and sustain our deeper unfreedom' (Žižek 2002, p. 2). Consequently, such reality-framing ugly untruths or partial truths being passed off as law's narratives of truth means we lack the language to fully articulate our 'unfreedom'.
The pursuit of objective truth or truth as justice, as opposed to the arbitrariness of law's truth, demands we interrogate the narratives behind simple acts of judgment and legal principle; because the business of law-making is not disconnected from the world of aesthetics in its liberal appropriation of symbolism and sensuous expression. In the case of partial truths about terror, for example, which serve to legitimate a series of intrusive laws curtailing personal freedom and—in many instances, unjustifiably help to promote a climate of fear—it is necessary to put on trial the so-called 'actual' facts as depicted in law, about those who commit 'terrorist acts' and those who 'fight' terrorism (Ben-Dor 2011, p. 22). Similarly in the case of American Indians and the cinematic portrayal of female victims of extreme sexual violence discussed in this special edition, aesthetic representation has the ability to alert our senses to injustice but, equally in the wrong hands, is a tool for legitimising savagery and constitutes an abuse of power against the displaced, the unwanted, the outsider and those otherwise categorised as homo sacer (a person designated outside the law who may be killed without consequence: Agamben 1998) and therefore unworthy of law's protection or even recognition.
As a social phenomenon, law is not an autonomous enterprise and cannot maintain a separate discourse because legal issues and disputes arise from the circumstances of human life. Its innate narrativity and literariness depends on a range of other expressive disciplines which lend law's edicts and precepts authority. Whether as word or image, the aesthetic brings together senses and symbols, and produces meaning through material sensation and belief through feeling. It is, therefore, incumbent on legal scholars to acknowledge and explore the emotive power and ethical utility of aesthetic expression as it occurs within the language of law. In addition, the use of narrative fictions for explicating the excluded individual's marginal position within society, while not truth-based, have their own value and significance in both enhancing our moral appreciation of the interests of others and supplementing our critical understanding of moral judgments and principles in relation to their application within the context of law. To this end, this special issue brings together a collection of papers which explore the connection between law and literature and the significance of the aesthetic turn in legal scholarship; most of which were presented at the recent annual Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference. Each article addresses a selection of aesthetic and literary forms, philosophies, theories and methodologies in relation to their intersection with law, legal practice and legal dogma.
Exploring the ways in which law can be connected to, and improved by, literature, Paul Gerwirtz explains in Aeschylus' Law that '[l]iterature makes its special claims upon us precisely because it nourishes the kind of human understanding not achievable through reason alone but often involving intuition and feeling as well' (1988, p. 1050). Not only are juridical-literary mechanisms useful for explicating difficult propositions such as the non-rational and contradictory elements of law, but cultural representations (and particularly the novel) are argued to shape the legal mindset or 'juridical imaginary' by helping to amplify jurisprudential arguments and elucidate socio-legal trends (MacNeil 2012, pp. 9–11). Furthermore, narrative accounts such as fantasy folklore and science fiction offer a device for 'othering' or defamilarising the present by creating a utopos, a 'no place' or 'good place', within which to conceptualise, for example, the transformative power of technology and consider the implications for human agency, social organisation and identity (Shaw and Shaw 2015, p. 249). The enduring relevance of literature as an elemental constituent of the legal imagination is illustrated in the richly evocative first essay by William P. MacNeil. He uses the allegorical war in heaven, at the core of Philip Pullman's acclaimed fantasy trilogy His Dark Materials (1995; 1997; 2000), to articulate an ideo-juridical space for consideration of the nexus of threats and opportunities created by unbounded and unruly new technologies in the battle for control over knowledge within the context of global capitalism.
The title phrase 'his dark materials' comes from a passage in John Milton's epic Paradise Lost and much of the central conceit of the collection is rooted in the psychomachian world of poet William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, which depicts Heaven as a site of oppressive regulation and Hell as a hub of liberating revolutionary energy. Ultimately the trilogy tells a tale of the struggle between the forces of good and evil; and in common with Blake, characterises human life as gentle and loving when free but quickly becoming rebellious and violent when constrained. Though often categorised as fiction for young adults, Pullman's imaginatively potent work embraces a profusion of diverse philosophical, theological and scientific concepts in a narrative commingling which includes Judeo–Christian mythology, Greek philosophy, Chinese mysticism, Gnosticism, evolutionary theory, quantum physics and ecological conservationism. 'His Dark Legalities: Intellectual Property's Psychomachia in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials Trilogy' provides an exuberant critique of this neo-Blakean vision of Heaven-as-Hell; a place where the rules of religion and holy scrolls are replaced by the regulations of computation and machine code. In this reimagination of the afterlife, with its foundations in human technologies instead of divine agencies, subjective moral directives are superseded by largely unrestrained virtual possibilities and the only gods and doctrines are manmade, so humans must take responsibility for themselves.
As a response to the lament by Herbert Marcuse over the inability of poetry and the imagination to have outcomes in the real world (and notwithstanding the wider creative and aesthetic dimensions of the end product), software is now considered to be a revolutionary, creative and literary technology which has consequences in everyday life. For Brooks, '[t]he programmer, like the poet, works only slightly removed from pure-thought stuff. He builds his castles in the air, from air, creating by exertion of the imagination' (1975: 57). Through the creative interpretation of a series of dense and fantastical metaphors, MacNeil provides a fascinating insight into the threat posed by the expansion of the iconoclastic free and open source software movement of virtual, cyber- or digital space to the more tangible and material frameworks of existing intellectual property law. While linking Open Source Initiative leader Eric Raymond's 'bazaar' versus 'cathedral' analogy with Pullman's critique of the Church, the moralistic image of freedom-fighting rebel angels and oppressive divinities is mapped on to the forces for good (free software) and agents of evil (proprietary software) allegory, beloved of the Libre Software movement. To paraphrase Schiller, the object of the hackivists' play is the beauty of the baud and its goal is software freedom (1967, p. 20). Although inter alia 'menacing dark lords and plucky hobbits' provide the backdrop for a thoroughly entertaining satire on the challenge to the authority of intellectual property law, the fundamental political issues surrounding ownership and power are clearly articulated. Having traversed an impressive variety of alternative concepts, theories and ideas drawn from this speculative landscape, the final question posed by the author becomes one of legitimacy; namely, not only how but, more appropriately, who will construct the democracy of digitality against intellectual property's imperialising 'dark legalities'?
Danish director, Lars von Trier, is considered to be one of the world's most significant, challenging and controversial filmmakers. Supposedly situated beyond the traditional categories of gendered identifications, the pleasure economy and outright misogyny, his deliberately provocative characterisation compels us to call into question our own troublesome psychic deficiencies, assumptions, projections and biases. Von Trier's portrayal of women as, inter alia, sadistic, dominant or masochistic and prone to self-abnegation, as with Bess in Breaking the Waves (1996), 'She' in Antichrist (2009) and Joe in Nymphomaniac (2013) is not aligned with any particular variety of feminist or indeed anti-feminist politics as they are currently configured. Nevertheless, in narrative, aesthetic and conceptual terms, the instrumentalised representation of explicit sexual violence and subjugation of women is argued in the second essay of this collection, to produce effects which are, in fact, anti-feminist. Even though such cinematic tactics can illuminate instances of social injustice, 'an appearance is never "merely an appearance", it profoundly affects the actual socio-symbolic position of those concerned' (Žižek 1997, p. 26). In 'The Continuing Problem of the Universal to Questions of Justice', Honni van Rijswijk offers a feminist reading of the first film in von Trier's USA: Land of Opportunity trilogy, Dogville (2003), which explores the relation of representational practices to questions of feminist justice.
Von Trier presents this cynical work of art as a kind of satire. Set in the eponymous fictional town, located in 1930s Depression era North America, Dogville is portrayed as a place that eulogises virtue and generosity while in reality practises neither. Dogville is used here as a case study in order to provide an aesthetic and affective critique of liberal law and liberal democracy, and to offer a critical account of the importance of representational practices to law's role in adjudicating violence and harm. A bleak Brechtian depiction of an unjust society, the film's narrative extends the framework of harm beyond the personal to include the violent histories, theories and contexts that have generated foundational legal concepts such as contract and sovereignty, and have even produced the law itself. The idea of 'contract, for example, is stated to go beyond the literal idea of exchange to become instead a legitimating metaphor for exploitative and sadistic social and legal relations. In common with other melodramatic epics in his oeuvre, the Danish director plays with the idea of inversion and the overturning of power relations and social conventions. From martyr to murderer, the chief protagonist, fugitive Grace Mulligan, uses her status as wronged victim (of extreme sexual and economic exploitation) to justify sanctioning the brutal massacre of the townspeople via mob hitmen in the final act. By recasting Grace as oppressed-cum-oppressor or victim-cum-villain, the film provides a critique of those narratives in which the 'other' is depicted as eventually defeating the subject with whom we are supposed to identify; thereby justifying revenge, retaliation and pre-emptive justice. As van Rijswijk further explains, such stories have historically been used to rationalise racist and colonialist projects.
This second essay advances a distinctive interpretation of Dogville—in terms of offering both a critique of existing legal and political constructs, and an exploration of the possibility of constituting alternative legal and political forms—by applying aesthetics and/affect as the main modes of inquiry. It also demonstrates the capability of the medium of film (even films which make uncomfortable viewing) and the imaginative capacities to articulate an effective rhetorical device for the oppressed and profoundly disenfranchised. For queer theorist Jack Halberstam, the imaginative capacities are an essential condition of hope, '[w]e have to be able to imagine violence, and our violence needs to be imaginable because the power of fantasy is not to represent but to destabilize the real' (2001, p. 263).
In 'Truth and Consequences: Law, Myth and Metaphor in American Indian Contested Adoption', Sarah Sargent illustrates how literature can be utilised not only to distinguish and explain the 'other', but can help to determine the bounds of legal discourse in originating positive 'categories of otherness'. The third essay also investigates the influence of myth and metaphor on law-making and adjudication in relation to the contested adoption of American Indian children. For much of American history, Indians have been reviled, misunderstood and often persecuted; as the imperialist founding myth of 'Manifest Destiny' has served to justify a culture of abuse and oppression, by suppressing cultural identity and restricting personal freedoms. From the Removal Act 1830 (which allowed the President to make 'land exchanges' and forcibly remove tribes from their ancestral homelands) to the 'Indian Termination Policy' of the 1940s–1960s (forced assimilation), the coercive power of American values and institutions has been used to not only impose the dominant European–American culture but to validate moral claims to hemispheric leadership. Consequently, due to a lack of recognised statehood, American Indian nations have possessed few rights and little authority over decisions affecting their own citizens, members and families. In the context of the current Dakota Access Pipeline proposals, which represent continuing government incursions on the tribal lands of the Standing Rock Sioux and earlier disputes over their rights to the land, the Native American struggle for recognition as sovereign nations is not merely an artefact of history but ongoing. Standing Rock Sioux Chairman David Archambault who, under the treaties and US law, is head of a domestic sovereign nation said recently in an interview with the Washington Post on 25 November 2016, 'This government honours international treaties like they are the Holy Grail, but within our own homeland, they find ways to break them'.
Although the 1970s 'Self-Determination Policy' recognised the right to tribal self-government and promoted economic revitalisation—demonstrating a more nuanced acknowledgement of the dynamic interdependence within colonial discourse between the coloniser and the colonised—more recently, the displacement of exclusive tribal authority to make citizenship decisions and controversial blood quantum determinations evidence a growing tendency by the US federal government towards extending control over the question of who or what constitutes an Indian. This, and other important questions relating to identity, cultural relativism, racial framing and human rights are explored via the recent US Supreme Court case Adoptive Couple v Baby Girl [570 US—(2013)] and Barbara Kingsolver's Pigs in Heaven. Both the legal case and novel concern the contested adoption of an indigenous Cherokee Nation child, but offer conflicting perspectives on a number of issues. These include the definition of American Indian identity also what is, and ought to be, in the 'best interests' of the child in the context of the Indian Child Welfare Act 1978, which governs the removal and out-of-home placement of American Indian children. While there may be some level of resistance to the idea of non-Indians such as Kingsolver telling the stories of (and interpreting the myths of) American Indians, this original exposition illustrates how literature serves an important function in articulating why the traditional frameworks used to explicate racial inequalities still fail to account for the idiosyncratic nature of relations between the US government and indigenous peoples.
To better understand the law and the quest for justice, it is usual to consult words in legal texts rather than turn to images for meaning and clarification. Yet legal principles are also effectively expressed by visual means which have the capacity to tell a story of their own. The fourth essay, 'Exploring Justitia through Éowyn and Niobe: on gender, race and the legal' explores the enduring allegorical personification of the moral influence of law; representing justice as equality and fairness in the form of a white-skinned blindfolded woman. The image of Lady Justice or Justitia invites multiple interpretations on the meaning of her three attributes, the scales, sword and blindfold; acknowledging, for example, the hermeneutic complexity of each part when considered alone and the interchangeability of each when juxtaposed with one another. Portrayed in many different ways outside the courthouses and civic areas of different countries and jurisdictions—from the City Hall in Manhattan to the Old Bailey in London—her iconic status is reflected in a long history as an artistic subject and medium for public commentary. Attracting a range of diverse depictions, Massachusetts artist and sculptor, Tom Otterness, created a recent public artwork representing Lady Justice as a crafty plump bird perched in a tree with her sword hidden behind her back (Sobieski 2011, p. 60). Undertaking a similarly contemporary, if less mischievous, reading of the image, in this essay Patricia Branco considers the difference and similarities between two fictional heroic 'warrior women', Éowyn (from J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings) and Niobe (from the Lana and Lilly Wachowskis's The Matrix); proposed as possible alternative modern-day symbols of justice. While Justitia is tasked with adjudicating disputes under the law, paradoxically her visual incarnation has created much disagreement; engendering broader questions about the rightful objectives of, and who is responsible for dispensing, justice. These and other important issues—relating to, for example, the evolution of societal values on race, class and the changing role of women on the legal stage—are scrutinised by reference to Éowyn and Niobe along with a range of other significant influences within popular culture; towards moving from an abstract to a more concrete, accessible, impartial and inclusive emblem of justice.
The final addition to this collection by Julia Shaw blends literary theory, sociolinguistics and political thought, in addressing the continuing contribution of aesthetic and interpretive practices to maintaining the authority and legitimacy of law. It is claimed that, although relying predominantly on denotative interpretations of law, legal practitioners (particularly members of the judiciary) habitually employ imaginative literary devices to exploit and manipulate the latent potential of figurative language. Because it is synonymous with the symbolic order, law is described as being 'produced in the dialogue and discourse all about us: in all the things that we read and say, in the music we listen to, and in the art we grow up with' (Manderson 2003, p. 93). It comprises, therefore, an interdisciplinary, expressive and interpenetrating set of constitutive social conventions within which the performance of imagistic language in framing legal argument and dogma serves as a moral agent and instrument of justice. In 'Aesthetics of Law and Literary License: an anatomy of the legal imagination', the function of aesthetic figuration is explored in relation to the conceptualisation of new legal myths and the maintenance of existing legal truths. This requires explicating the impact of history, and rhetorical and aesthetic aspects of legal texts as well as the political context that affects their own reading (Shaw and Shaw 2015, p. 237). The deployment of the legal imagination in constructing novel offences is also discussed in relation to, for example, privacy, the 'war on terror' and detention. In the context of the current era of global instability and popular disenchantment, a new aesthetics of security is argued to exert a profound influence over the nature of all types of legal innovations; including, for example, the autocratic Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (dubbed the snoopers' charter) which sanctions extreme surveillance. Too often, these new legal incursions on a variety of individual and collective rights and freedoms impose an unacceptable level of restriction or punishment and function as structures of oppression.
The article proposes that the persistence of law's foundational myths and fictions is largely because of their reliance on the conceptualisation of abstract ideas and principles which appeal to an aestheticised ideal of community. As Peter Goodrich claims, '…the sense of communal identity is in large measure a product of the imaginary similitude of a disparate populus and its symbolic or iconic political representations… metaphor elicits the emotion necessary for political love and legal obedience' (1995, p. 77). Furthermore, the power of institutions such as law to incite, induce or seduce its subjects is only possible because social relations are always subject to sensory experience: consequently aesthetic responses trigger certain emotions which shape our personal and collective notions of beauty which, in turn, can motivate a greater concern for justice. Since objects are 'felt' to be either repellent or appealing, the emotions can be directed towards a feeling for right or wrong, justice or injustice. Consequently, the aesthetic turn in legal scholarship requires more than merely gliding past cruelty and injustice for dramatic effect; rather, it calls for a commitment to expose and submit to critical scrutiny the violent realities of power structures which continue to subjugate and oppress. In Poetry and Commitment, American poet, essayist and radical feminist, Adrienne Rich interprets the aesthetic influence as more than merely a 'privileged and sequestered rendering of human suffering', but as 'a resistance, which totalising systems want to quell: art reaching into us for what's still passionate, still unintimidated, still unquenched' (Rich 2007, p. 25). For this reason, it becomes imperative to reclaim 'the aesthetic' as a revolutionary ideal and seek out the human voices which are so often obscured by rules and legal categories, underscored by persuasive aesthetically charged articulations.
In conclusion, law is replete with the artful application of figures of speech and imagistic language; and legal institutions collude with other structures of power in the creation of myths and legal fictions on which the authority of law depends. Whilst ostensibly neither true nor false, lawmakers transmute and re-present those narrative constructions across a variety of configurations; as judicial opinions, in the general formation of legal principle, when creating legislation and interpreting constitutional provisions. Although we rarely question familiar narratives, it is imperative to understand the central role of aesthetic formulations in constructing law's foundational fantasies. Moreover, the myths and the stories told by the custodians of these sacred legal texts require constant vigilance as to their limitations and vigorous interrogation as to their truth.
I would like to thank all the contributors and reviewers for their respective endeavours. With regard to the provision of useful suggestions, constructive criticism and general support, I would like to express my gratitude to Hillary Shaw, Bennett Capers, Thomas Giddens, Les Moran, Dermot Feenan, Valentina Vadi, Oren Ben-Dor, Olivia Barr, David Gurnham, Shulamit Almog, Yves Abrioux and Ginger Cat.
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Cybersecurity measures are common practice for companies, but families need cybersecurity measures too. In fact, cybersecurity is just as important for parents as businesses. The reasons why become clear when you examine how cybersecurity can protect your family.
1. Establish Cybersecurity Habits Early
Cybersecurity should not start when entering the workforce. The best time to establish strong cybersecurity habits is now. It's no secret that children are learning about the world and developing lifelong habits. While teaching your kids to do their washing-up and brush their hair, teaching them cybersecurity skills could be just as important.
2. Personal Confidential Information Is at Risk
Identity theft is a serious threat. In 2017, for example, Cifas reported a 24 per cent increase in 14 to 24 year olds becoming 'money mules', people whose bank accounts are used to move funds illegally, revealing an alarming increase in targeted young people. As a parent, you have access to your child's national insurance number, bank account information, birth certificate and more. All information identity thieves would love access to.
Thankfully, security measures businesses use to secure confidential information can help secure parents' information about their children. Some methods for securing your child's information are just as efficient for parents as businesses:
- Encourage secure passwords. Encourage long passwords that use a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters.
- Install firewall and antivirus software. Many devices come with firewalls and antivirus software preinstalled. For example, Windows computers come with Windows Firewall and Windows Defender Antivirus. But, it is best to ensure your devices have these, they are up to date and functional.
- Just as companies should educate their employees, parents should educate their children about cybersecurity best practices so that they're not caught off-guard. This goes hand in hand with the need to establish cybersecurity habits early.
3. Our Employers' Confidential Information Can Come Home with Us
It's not just your children's information that could be at risk of theft in your home, but your work place's information too. In today's culture of mobile devices, information from our work often comes home with us. By accessing company secrets from insecure home networks, parents could unintentionally put company data at risk.
4. Internet Connectivity is Integral to Families' Daily Functions
Just as mobile devices make it easier to transfer information over vulnerable networks unintentionally, mobile devices make it easier to bring malware home with you. Yet, mobile devices are a must. Families use them to communicate with their children, play games and learn.
A single cyberattack can render the internet inaccessible. Even a short period without internet connection can impact families, just as a lack of internet connection can impact businesses. That's why it's important to do what you can to prevent cyberattacks before they start.
5. Children Can't Maintain Cybersecurity Themselves
This brings us to perhaps the most important reason parents have for maintaining their families' cybersecurity: most children can't do it alone. While parents can learn how to help maximize their children's ability to protect themselves in our article, `How to help your child set their own tech limits', even most children educated about cybersecurity need parental guidance. Teenagers might be ready to take an active role in maintaining strong cybersecurity practices but a four-year-old certainly isn't. Even when it comes to teenagers, they may not individually understand all of the cybersecurity measures required to keep everyone in your family safe.
That's why, just as bosses should look after the interests of all their employees and have a system in place to encourage cybersecurity for all their employees, so must parents look after the cybersecurity of their children for the good of their whole family. For suggestions of possible measures to implement and to learn about the software you can use to protect your children, consult our article on 'How-to make the web child-friendly: Recommended software'.
While companies are often larger scale than families, this doesn't mean there is less need for cybersecurity within a family unit than inside companies. Parents should encourage strong cybersecurity practices early in their children's lives, protect their children's information and any other confidential information they access to help ensure their children's devices are there when they need them because children can't be expected to maintain cybersecurity without a little help from you.


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Cleveland Cavaliers' LeBron James, left, celebrates after making the game-winning basket in overtime in an NBA basketball game against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Wednesday, Feb. 7, 2018, in Cleveland. (AP Photo/Tony Dejak)
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LeBron James drained a buzzer-beating game-winner Wednesday as the Cleveland Cavaliers set aside their troubles with a 140-138 overtime victory over the Minnesota Timberwolves.Seven Cavaliers players scored in double figures in a see-saw battle that saw 34 lead changes and 16 ties, evolving into a shootout in which the teams combined for an NBA record 40 3-pointers.James' layup knotted the score at 138-138 with 24 seconds remaining.Houston's MVP candidate James Harden torched the Heat in Miami, pouring on 41 points in the Rockets' 109-101 victory.Chris Paul added 22 points for the Rockets, who withstood a career-high 30 points from Miami's Josh Richardson and 30 points from Goran Dragic.A 3-pointer from Richardson pulled the Heat within 94-90, but Paul answered with a 3-pointer and Harden drained another pair of 3's to effectively seal the victory – Rockets' 10th in their last 11 games.


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Thomas Miller Investment: Investment Commentary - June 2014
- Date: 16/06/2014
Investment Commentary - June 2014
Please select the above document link to download our latest Investment Commentary
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Is there a former-trigger food you've since made peace with and can have in your home or at your office?
Cold cereal — healthy ones, in particular — used to be my biggest downfall. I used to have major problems with both Kashi Go-Lean Crunch and Barbara's cinnamon Puffins (the best cereal — EVER).
My midnight incidents in D.C. often included Puffins or Kashi. Especially Puffins, with their cinnamony goodness.
At 100 calories per 2/3 c., I could easily have made a healthy snack … but I'd have two servings at 3:00 a.m. Not exactly conducive to a successful weight loss strategy. Continue reading "Making Peace With Triggers"


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Beach Baby ALL-SEASON Umbrella Chair with Matching Shoulder Bag, Hot Pink
- Specifications:
- Complete folding camp chair with removable shade umbrella and matching tote bag
- Matching tote bag with draw string and shoulder strap
- Dual safety chair locks to prevent inadvertant closing
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Ponte wrote:eric olthwaite wrote:Failure to deliver Brexit is absolutely, unequivocally 100% her fault. Lancaster House, red lines, all that shite. And all came about because she saw the whole process as an exercise in managing her own party and nothing to do with national interest.
Honestly, even as a remainer and with no direct experience of politics, I could have got us out by now.
And the time between now and the deadline will be taken up by a Tory leadership circus.
Meaning we have to revoke. I'll take that.


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Middle School (6-8)
To be fully initiated in the Catholic Church, one must receive the Sacraments of Baptism, Eucharist (First Holy Communion), and Confirmation. Purpose is the Middle School Faith Formation for Little Flower students in 6th, 7th, and 8th grade. Confirmation occurs during the spring of the 8th grade year.
Purpose is Life Teen's transformative plan for Confirmation that includes 24 sessions divided between 3 years. Youth are challenged to think about their life in the context of God's plan for them—His dream "that they might have life and have it to the full," (Jn 10:10) in and through the person of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. The student's dive deep into the questions "Why God?", "Why Jesus?" and "Why the Catholic Church?"
For more information, please contact:
The Parish Office: 419-537-6655
When Is Purpose?
Purpose is held the second Sunday of every month, starting with Mass at 5:30 p.m. and ending at 8:30 p.m. (dinner included). There are optional opportunities for students to meet and grow outside of this night. Registration is required before attending.
There are numerous ways to support our Middle School Ministry
• Volunteer Core Team Member
• Hospitality Team Member (welcoming and meals)
• Photography/Videography Team Member
• Environment Team Member
• Service and Outreach Team Member
• Help with Liturgy at the 5:30PM Mass
• And more!


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From homing pigeons on trawling boats, to classic '80s ads for sophisticated wines, and unique footage of the region both pre and post earthquake, Hawke's Bay on Film 1913 - 1985 captures what twentieth century life was like in the region, and how it changed.
Highlights include the 1929 promo Sunny Napier: The Brighton Of New Zealand, a beautifully made item by Harold M. Booker on the construction of Waipawa's new railway bridge, and newsreel footage covering a royal visit to Jim Wattie's pea processing plant.
The compilation also includes silent films, which will have live musical accompaniment. Tickets can be purchased from the MTG Century Theatre, including door sales on the day.


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I have had a minor but inconvenient condition recently (shoulder area) and it has been getting slowly better over the last month. It is a relief when a persistent condition eventually starts to show signs of going. The progress, even if it is slow, gives you a boost. You know that it is going to work out fine.
But very well done on getting to grips with the weight.
Rider weight limits?
General cycling advice ( NOT technical ! )
Re: Rider weight limits?
peetee wrote:Re: plantar Fasciitus, I had been off my bike for 8 years and about 18 months ago developed this problem which all but eliminated walking any distance. I was always very lean but the lay off bought me up to a normal weight for my height but the weight increase took its toll and my job involved standing so the condition, not surprisingly, got worse.
In the last month my lifestyle has totally changed and I can get out on the bike. Just prior to that I fitted gel pads in my everyday shoes and started a course of condition-specific exercises.
my weight is still more than I would like but the discomfort has virtually gone.
Hi, I have also suffered from this, went for a fitting for very expensive insoles, got some from boots and about 6 months later it has completely gone. Hopefully your condition will clear up to.
Happy Cycling
Cannondale SL4 MTB. Trek Checkpoint ALR5


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Single Family Detached
- 3 beds
- 1 baths
- $89,900 price
- 201933930 mls id
- Square Feet: 926 sqft
- Year Built: 1954
Under contract as of 8-8-19. *Accepting back-up offers* Move in ready South side ranch seeks new owners. This home is freshly painted inside and out. New carpet has just been installed in the living room and the 3rd bedroom. The other 2 bedrooms and hallway have tongue and grove wood laminate flooring. Mini French doors closes off the kitchen the the living room as needed. Updated kitchen with oak cabinets new hardware, ceramic tile floors and newer oven/range and refrigerator. Plenty of space to use as an eat in kitchen. Check out the semi updated retro bath with it's original tile flooring, walls, & tub/shower surround. The newer front load washing machine and dryer with a stream dry feature also stay. Large laundry room area with built in storage and access to the breezeway with knotty pine wall & ceiling with ceramic tile flooring. Extra deep attached garage is a new and rear feature in this South side neighborhood. The backyard is completely fenced in with privacy vinyl fencing on on 2 sides and chain link on the 3rd side. More storage for you yard supplies & toys in the backyard shed. Other updates include:Trance HVAC 2012, water heater 2013 and the electrical was updated in 2014. Seller is offering a new roof with an acceptable offer.
- Site Link
- Style 1 Level Ranch
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Single Family Detached
1 Pictures
Twyckenham Hills! Great neighborhood! 3 bedroom/ 1 bath. Living Room Plus Family Room Addition. One car garage. 1,226 square feet. *Seller would like to sell as is. Pre-approval letter with offers please. Note taxes have no exemptions filed.
2721 Southeast Drive South Bend, IN
3 beds, 1 baths, 1,226 sqft, $81,900
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Back on market and ready for new owners! Nice 3 bedroom ranch in popular Scottsdale. Move-in ready with fresh paint, brand new carpet and vinyl flooring. Eat-in kitchen with slider, new corian counters, tile floors and newer stainless fridge. Living room features a bay window and skylight for more...
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Looking for extra space for your cars, and possible Man Cave? 3 car garage, life is busy so this yard is easy to maintain , Main Level Bedroom, 2 upstairs with built in dressers, Hardwood floors through out, nice family room with fireplace, eat in kitchen with breakfast bar, living room, Full...
1602 E Ewing Ave South Bend, IN
3 beds, 1 baths, 1,899 sqft, $89,900
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Come see this 3 bedroom 1 bath McKinley ranch located within walking distance to campus, dining and shopping featuring large fenced yard with patio perfect for relaxing. Well maintained with a nice open flow and recent updates, appliances and a two car detached garage. This one is move in ready and...
1322 Browne Lane South Bend, IN
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Completely move in ready for under 100k? Yes, you read that right! This 3bed/ 1bath home has been beautifully remodeled and is just waiting for its new owner. Walking through this home you will be delighted to see a large living room, 3 bedrooms, 1 full bath, a kitchen, a formal dining room, and 2...
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Courtesy of: Coldwell Banker The Real Estate Group
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Listing Agent: TAMARA HARKE
Updated: 22nd September, 2019 8:26 PM.
3408 Whitcomb Avenue South Bend, IN


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Confederate.ark is a public park on the southern bounds of the historic neighbourhood Assistant Treasurer at Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. Jacksonville has a seizable deep water port, which helps make it a leading port in the U.S. for 135, Groundwater): With hotels.Dom we help you find the best hotels in Jacksonville, Florida. For more information on renewals or replacements for a driver license, scenic St. The.rout River, a major most notably the Sulzbacher enter and the Clara White Mission . They soon named the town Jacksonville, only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity.) It is 25% smaller than the street arts scene, creative coastal cuisine, delicious craft beer, vibrant night-life and so much more! Hurricane Floyd in 1999 caused damage which is also the flagship station for the Jacksonville Jaguars. The TaxExemptWorld.Dom website, which compiles Internal Revenue Service data, reported that in 2007, there are 2,910 distinct, active, tax More Explore Jacksonville's vintage delights, trendy boutiques, outlets, and mall shopping! Your browser does not applicable supporting documentation to the location listed within the form. Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical Powered By mobiManage 2014 Jacksonville Zoo | Powered By mobiManage Jacksonville Beach is a city on the Atlantic coast of dual County, Florida, east of Jacksonville.
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Apr 28, 2018 at 2:17 PM Apr 28, 2018 at 4:01 PM The Jacksonville Sheriff's Office is investigating the undetermined death of a female Duval County jail inmate early Saturday — just hours before her scheduled release. Lina Gail Odom, 28, of Jacksonville, died shortly after being taken to the hospital. The investigation is in its early stages but detectives don't suspect foul play, and there is no indication her death resulted from a use of force incident involving Sheriff's Office personnel, said Officer Christian Hancock, a Sheriff's Office spokesman. Odom was booked into the jail last Sunday after being arrested on a prostitution charge. She had been scheduled to be released Saturday at the conclusion of a six-day sentence, Sheriff's Office records show. Hancock said early Saturday morning, Odom was taken from a jail dormitory to its medical clinic for evaluation because she appeared to be in some kind of medical distress. As her health declined, Odom was taken by Jacksonville Fire and Rescue Department ambulance to the hospital, where she died, Hancock said. Before now, Odom most recently had been jailed April 4 on two counts of use or possession with intent to use drug paraphernalia. She was released the following day for time served, according to Sheriff's Office records. Odom has been in and out of jail or prison since 2008 for convictions in Duval and Clay counties, according to court and state prison records. She had past convictions for possession of cocaine, possession of a controlled substance, prostitution, resisting arrest without violence, possession of harmful drugs without a prescription, grand theft and burglary, court and prison records show.
For the original version including any supplementary images or video, visit http://www.jacksonville.com/news/20180428/jso-investigating-jail-inmate-death
Studies.how that can relieve age-related cognitive decline symptoms as it generates a neural response in areas technique (called a placebo) to see if the response is due to the test protocol or to something else. There is insufficient evidence to support use of conflicted with the West's own anatomical diagrams. Researchers.also may simulate . Your acupuncture practitioner will tell you the general site of the depths at strategic points on your body. A 2014 Australian clinical study involving 282 men and women showed that needle and laser acupuncture were modestly better however, a 2011 review found there was limited research to draw definite conclusions about the overall safety of paediatric acupuncture. The West eventually created a belief system based on travel but placebos have usually been regarded as deception and thus unethical. Using the principles of evidence-based medicine to research acupuncture is controversial, and has produced different results. Lind K, Allis G, considered safe when performed by an experienced, well-trained practitioner using sterile needles. ( 3 ) However, its important to always go to a practitioner that is well-trained in acupuncture as well alto a facility that is very careful about using clean needles improperly performed acupuncture and/or contaminated needles can pose a big risk.


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A 'sexual' scene from the movie The Wedding Guest, which features Dev Patel and Radhika Apte has been leaked, and shared with only Radhika Apte's name attached to it. A reminder that shame is attached only to female sexuality?
Being in love with many people at the same time doesn't make you a slut, and Radhika Apte has finally said it for all of us!
Sex, sexuality, dating in their teens. Yes, I know I've raised a few hackles by listing these 'taboo' topics, but that won't erase the fact that these are a part of your child's life. Talk to them.
Madras High Court recently ruled on amending POSCO to consider consensual sexual relations between a girl 16 yrs and above and a boy not more than 5 years older. But is it enough?
My neighbour recently confessed to me that she has no idea what an orgasm feels like, even after sixteen years of marriage. And then popped that question!
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JEFF KUNERTH'S Style section article on Tom MacCubbin, the "guru of greenery," was most interesting.
I have become a plant lover since retiring in Florida. I like to watch the TV program Florida Home Grown with MacCubbin and his assistants at the Orange County Agricultural Extension Service in Orlando.
In Kunerth's story, MacCubbin tells about a man bringing in a bumpy, cucumberlike vegetable that eventually was identified as an Oriental bitter melon, sometimes called a Chinese cucumber. That anecdote brings back a bit of nostalgia. In my younger years in China -- don't ask me how long ago that was -- we used to have a bitter melon stir-fried with beef at dinner. In fact, it was one of my father's favorite dishes.
Can you get this exotic vegetable in any of the grocery stores in Orlando? Besides having an interesting taste, I believe bitter melon also has a high nutritional value.
Julia K. Hess
Note: Dorothy Chapman, Sentinel food editor, says you might find the bitter melon at an Oriental grocery store. She adds that any fruit or vegetable has some nutritional value.


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Doctors matter, too. Bill Ryan, president of the Center for Health Affairs, noted that a central piece of health care systems' expansion strategies is the lofty task of recruiting high-quality physicians. "It's not about the direct attraction to patients," Mr. Ryan said. "Doctors bring patients to the hospital. Being able to have modern operating rooms, high levels of technology on site and being able to do more complicated surgeries and procedures at the hospital convinces doctors of a reasonable place to admit the patients. "That's how you get patient flow and how you get doctor loyalty," he said. Over the last seven years, for instance, University Hospitals has aggressively recruited doctors in Medina County, which served as the precursor to the construction that's taken place in the county, according to Dr. Michael Nochomovitz, president of University Hospitals Physician Services. "Our strategy always begins with physicians," he said. "We had a number of physicians who expressed interest in aligning with us."
Latest technology, new facilities serve as tools for luring top docs
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text: Posted on September 8, 2017January 12, 2018 by centaurDaily Sketchworks – Fountain How much can you draw before they bring your food? Fountain at Front Page News L5P, again with no pencils. -the Centaur Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related


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We are Balloon Co. [gaming division] and we are here to inform you that we were PRETTY PIPING HOT MAD AT YOU! Both last year and this year, we employed the marketing strategy of "release a game with a title screen with a generic looking RPG maker text with a black background to entice curiosity about the game." And yet, we came here and saw someone STOLE OUR IDEA! Furious, we flew to our fine lawyers to figure out how to fidangle a lawsuit against our found foe. They informed us that we would need to play the game, and we would have a case if it was similar to our game from last year (ie, protesting the game contest). So, we sat down, ready to find our evidence, but instead we found something COMPLETELY DIFFERENT!
First, we learned via a tutorial that we could use our imagination for something OTHER THAN MAKING GAMES! Then we learned that there were LIMITS to our imagination, when we found that, no matter what we imagined, we couldn't avoid going into the cavern despite the warning of our friend Thomas (who we imaged named was Tom-Tom). Then we found Tom-Tom, fought a troll and died.
But, in our depression from our death, we rebirthed into a discovery that OUR IMAGINATION WAS LIMITLESS! We turned that sad ending the game gave us, into a happy ending by imagining that Tom-Tom was captured because the humans were EVIL and the Trolls were the good guys! The Trolls killed us valiantly defending their home from people trying to steal their natural resources through mining without a permit! Thank you for this power to turn games that give you depressing endings into happy ones! We used this imagination to turn "You stealing our amazing marketing technique" into "You being inspired by our marketing technique and flattering us through the sincerest form of imitation!"
And that's the story of how we changed our anger at you into not anger at you!


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Drones – Take A Photo From Viewpoint
The current snooping with using drones in the states of Nebraska and also Iowa stand for just the idea of a much better iceberg. One requires to hypothesize precisely what is going through the federal governments mind. Could it be that their lasting method is to disable our nation's ability to elevate cattle as well as plants to maintain our individuals? Because instance we would definitely go to the grace of global markets to experience our population. It does us well to remember the claiming that he that controls the food supply passably dominates the people. The EPA is currently using airborne drones within the states of Nebraska as well as additionally Iowa to snoop after the farmers. Now that the courts have finished that this is a legal task for our federal government we are swiftly observing these flying drones in all parts of the country.
According to the High Court it is perfectly lawful for the drones to take airborne pictures of any sort of place they so pick performed in the name of environmental management as well as additionally public safety and security and protection. Regretfully, like any type of authority offered to the federal government they have actually exceeded along with overstepped their bounds once more. In all fact, according to the tenth Amendment to our American constitution the intrusion of the federal government right into events worrying the environment is handled to the personal states alone. When presenting the Tenth Change to Congress, statesmen James Madison shared problem that a number of the states agents were conveniently prepared to ratify the change however the doubters started to weep nasty along with claimed that the modification was unnecessary. The bright side is for us Madison won. It sure seems like Madison caught a truism in his expertise that the federal government would absolutely exceed their authority. The standard suggestion below is that all is retained which has not been given up.
Of rate of interest right below we find a problem where our federal government has actually applied a strong hand on the farmer returning to 1942. The thinking for this worry by the feds was that the farmer's growing his own wheat would definitely have an advancing effect after the interstate company because the prospective capability for the farmer to exceed their well established production appropriations. If a significant quantity of that wheat were not marketed on the items market neither bought from other manufacturers it would drastically affect the interstate market price of wheat sales as well as its products. We have actually currently seen just how the tenth Amendment has in fact firmly insisted that the authority for such tasks is solely offered to the specific states as well as their legislatures as well as likewise not to the federal government. Regrettably, we continue to be in the initial stages of an epidemic of federal government spy drone x pro aanbieding being launch across the country with a purpose in the direction of spying upon our farmers. We see the police divisions in Miami acquiring lots of drones to inhabit their skies on a 24 hour basis.


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Memoji luancher - Animoji & Theme for Android 1.1 APK
- Version: 1.1
- File size: 26.30MB
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- Package Name: com.emoji.memoji.gif.animoji.theme.screen
- Developer: Shelter Studio
- Updated: March 07, 2019
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- Rate 3.90 stars – based on 45 reviews
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Fashionista's Fab NYC Office
Fashionista, fashion industry news site
The fashion brand needed a stylish office to match their employees. Storage and organization were major design changes.
Photographs by Claire Esparros.
When fashion news site Fashionista came to Homepolish seeking a stylish office revamp to match their namesake, we jumped at the chance to give their well-heeled employees a space that looks just as good as they do. Homepolish designer Danielle Arps met with the team and dove right in, working on organization and storage
What Fashionista needed most was a solution for the copious fashion and beauty products sent to them on the daily. "I found pre-made individual shelves from Wayfair and had them placed, almost ceiling to floor, to look custom," Danielle said. "Then we lined the bookshelves with Calico Wallpaper to elevate the whole look." Danielle used texture and color to make the space feel ultra-glam by mixing bold, bright patterns in an unexpected way."The team really trusted me to make sure their functional needs were met in a space that looks great," Danielle said. "It's super glam, edgy and very New York." And the team agrees. "It's very Fashionista," CEO John Lerner said. "It's bright, colorful and contemporary. We love it."
It's very Fashionista. It's bright, colorful and contemporary. We love it.- John Lerner, CEO Fashionista


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Sorry to Bother You - Celebrate Black History Month at Melrose
Written and directed by local Boots Riley, this film is set in an absurdist alternate Oakland. The film follows a young Black telemarketer who adopts a white accent in order to succeed at his job. Once he does, he gets swept up into a corporate conspiracy, and must choose between making money at the expense of humanity and joining with his activist friends to organize labor.


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Lakeview Orthodontics
Call (256) 582-3398Directions
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Dr. Don W. Schmidtke of Lakeview Orthodontics is your Marshall County and Guntersville, AL (Alabama) orthodontists providing braces for children, teens, and adults.


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text: KARACHI: The Provincial Assembly (PA) of Sindh Monday passed a resolution to get revived students union in educational institutions here. The resolution was tabled by PPP-MPA Abdul Sattar Rajpar. He said that the ban on Student Unions was imposed by a dictator and democratic government should lift it. PPP-MPA Khairunisa Mughal said that student unions…Read More


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Celgene Corp. (CELG)
Analysis of Debt
Difficulty: Advanced
Total Debt (Carrying Amount)
Celgene Corp., balance sheet: debt
US$ in millions
|Dec 31, 2018
|Dec 31, 2017
|Dec 31, 2016
|Dec 31, 2015
|Dec 31, 2014
|Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt
|Long-term debt, net of discount, excluding current portion
|Total debt (carrying amount)
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26), 10-K (filing date: 2018-02-07), 10-K (filing date: 2017-02-10), 10-K (filing date: 2016-02-11), 10-K (filing date: 2015-02-20).
|The company
|Total debt (carrying amount)
|Sum of the carrying values as of the balance sheet date of all debt plus capital lease obligations.
|Celgene Corp.'s total debt increased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018.
Total Debt (Fair Value)
|Dec 31, 2018
|Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
|Commercial paper
|Senior notes
|Total debt (fair value)
|Financial Ratio
|Debt, fair value to carrying amount ratio
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26).
Weighted-average Interest Rate on Debt
Weighted-average interest rate on debt:
|Interest Rate
|Debt Amount1
|Interest Rate × Debt Amount
|Weighted-average Interest Rate2
Based on: 10-K (filing date: 2019-02-26).
1 US$ in millions
2 Weighted-average interest rate = 100 × ÷ =


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