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Technique for coupling CTOS units to non-CTOS host
An adapter arrangement for internetworking a non-CTOS computer with a network of CTOS terminals, including a system-bus, this arrangement being adapted for introduction into, and cooperation with, the non-CTOS computer and comprising CTOS-net bus for transferring signals from the system-bus plus a communication control stage for controlling and transferring signals to/from the CTOS network and a net-interface stage.
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This case involves an adapter system facilitating integration of a computer (e.g. a PC) into a network, particularly a CTOS network.
This case also involves software (e.g. for use in such a network) enabling such integration and to associated securing means for frustrating the ready copying of such systems and software.BACKGROUND, FEATURES
Workers are aware that the computer software is often supplied to data processing users with the code embodied in a read only memory (ROM). The use of ROM based software is common in personal computers and other applications of microcomputers (e.g. video games). ROM based software for these systems includes systems software and application software. Significant investment is required to develop the programs for such devices, (e.g. those incorporated into ROM's); thus the ease with which ROM contents can be read and copied becomes a concern.
The copying of programs stored in ROM chips can be frustrated by various approaches. One approach is to encrypt the addresses and the data transmitted between the ROM and the central processor unit (CPU) of a data processing system; but here, a person who knows, or can determine, the encryption circuitry can defeat the encryption. Another approach is to monitor program flow and generate address signals within the ROM itself; so that an attempt to read information from the ROM, without executing the program itself, can be detected, and only valid execution paths allowed.
A program providing such monitoring is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,377,844 (issued to Kaufman on Mar. 22, 1983). The Kaufman patent teaches an apparatus which translates an address from a conventional address register, in a conventional central processing unit, to an internal address for addressing the internal ROM memory. The address translating apparatus includes means which are responsive to a current external memory address and a signal generated in response to a previous memory address to provide the current internal memory address. This address translating apparatus also requires the use of an auxiliary memory device. But a problem with this address translator is that it requires a complicated arrangement of counters and address-generation circuits. The circuit complexity makes it impractical for an inexpensive ROM based software package.
Another approach (e.g. see U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,829 to Koo) is to use a digital memory system in which nonvolatile memory (ROM) will have a 2n addressable memory locations. Thus, an n-bit address is required to address each of the memory locations of the ROM. A buffer memory, or equivalent, is also provided. The buffer memory is a read/write, or random access memory (RAM), memory which is smaller than the ROM memory, i.e., has fewer addressable memory locations. Both the ROM memory and the buffer memory store the same number of bits in each addressable memory location. An external address of n-m bits is applied to the memory system from a central processor unit, for example, and is used to address the buffer memory. The value of m is determined by the relative size of the buffer memory.
An address controller is provided to which external addresses are applied. In response to certain predetermined external addresses, the controller will cause the contents of a portion of the read only memory to be transferred into the buffer memory. The address controller, however, will only apply the external addresses received by the address controller to the buffer memory. As a result, the external address on the address bus is the address of a memory location in the buffer memory, the contents of buffer memory changing as a function of certain predetermined conditions occurring; i.e., certain addresses or address sequences being applied to the address controller.
Thus, attempts to obtain the contents of a memory location from the buffer memory will not necessarily reproduce the same data each time an addressable location in the buffer memory is addressed. This arrangement can also expand the size of the memory addressable by a system with n-m address signals. Also, the address controller is provided with means for detecting certain addresses which should not be used at any time, such as that of an unused location, or for detecting when the external addresses are applied to the controller in an improper manner or sequence.
When improper attempts to address the memory system are executed, the addresses applied to the buffer memory are no longer in proper sequence (although the deviation from a correct program sequence is not immediately evident). The data read-out from the memory system will then no longer have a reproducible correlation between the externally applied addresses and the information stored in the ROM memory. But this (Koo) approach is unduly complex and expensive.
Thus, a need is recognized for a relatively simple system to prevent programs stored in ROM devices from being copied, a system that is relatively economical and which doesn't interfere with the operation of the associated computer system.
Accordingly, it is an object hereof to address at least some of the foregoing needs and to provide one or several of the foregoing, and other, solutions. A more particular object is to provide a secure memory system in which attempts to improperly access the programs stored therein are frustrated. Another object is to provide a secure memory system which is relatively simple and inexpensive to implement.
Another object is to provide a secure ROM memory system in which improper ("illegal") attempts to access memory will "lock up" the associated computer operation.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be appreciated by workers as they become better understood by reference to the following detailed description of the present preferred embodiments which should be considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference symbols denote like elements.
FIG. 1 is a schematic simplified block diagram of a "non-CTOS" (e.g. -DOS) type personal computer (PC) and associated network, along with a CTOS-server and associated CTOS network.
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram showing of such a personal computer as modified by a CTOS network adapter unit according to the invention, along with a CTOS-server and associated CTOS network coupled to this unit;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of salient elements of the adapter unit of FIG. 2, while FIG. 4 is a more generalized functional block diagram of FIG. 3; and
FIGS. 5-10 show preferred circuit implementation of portions of the adapter unit of FIGS. 3, 4.
The aforementioned and other objects, or some thereof, may be realized according to this disclosure by providing a Boot ROM programmed to include a prescribed "signature code" which is used to enable operation of the CTOS operating system and associated network. Preferably, the same code is also embedded in the CTOS operating code which is to be transferred into the subject PC (non-CTOS type, to be integrated into a given CTOS network, e.g. via a CTOS server, by an adapter card inserted into an open slot in the PC, this card including the subject Boot ROM). This CTOS operating code is adapted to compare its own "signature code" with that of the Boot ROM--and prevent CTOS operation unless it finds a "match".
FIG. 1 functionally illustrates a relatively conventional "non-CTOS" personal computer (e.g. preferably-DOS type) including a slot for a "Network Adapter" card (or "NET card" NC) adapted according to this invention, to integrate the PC into a network, N-W, of CTOS Terminals (i.e. workstations).
This array will be understood as particularly adapted for use with (interface with) a "CTOS Telecluster Network" (to be understood as illustrated functionally in FIG. 2).
"NET card" NC will be understood as an "expansion board" adapted for use in (insertion into any expansion slot of) a PC/AT or EISA compatible computer. It operates only in 16-bit mode. "NET card" NC will preferably connect such a computer to a Unisys/Convergent "CTOS Cluster Network", allowing the sharing of resources available through a Master Workstation or server (see in FIG. 2). Special software is provided at both the Master and the PC-NC terminal to enable operation in the CTOS environment.
As a salient feature, "NET card" NC includes a Boot ROM to allow diskless workstations to boot from memory resources of the Master Workstations (e.g. as in FIG. 2).
As another feature, "NET card" NC preferably incorporates a CTOS "TeleCluster" network, while continuing to support an RS485 cabling scheme. "TeleCluster" is a Local Area Network (LAN) product (e.g. see U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,688) that communicates high speed data (e.g. over twisted pair lines at 3.7 Mbps, 1.8 Mbps, and 307 Kbps). "TeleCluster" products are capable of communicating over a variety of cable media and are designed to be compatible with CTOS-based RS485 Clusters, and PC workstations networked with related (e.g. ClusterCard and ClusterShare) network products; being a transparent alternative for the RS485 cluster cabling scheme, and therefore needing no software or hardware changes. Using "NET card" NC changes the Bus topology of the Cluster into a "Star configured" network.
"Telecluster" capabilities include transmission over an unshielded twisted pair, as well as over shielded cable, plus automatic configuring connections for up to 23 stations from one server, or up to two servers, and their stations, per Hub; it has increased distance capabilities when compared with standard LANs.
"NET Card," Block Diagram, FIG. 3:
FIG. 3 is a block diagram functionally interrelating salient elements of "Net Card" NC, which will be understood to receive/send (address, data, control) signals via a ISA/EISA bus 1.
Bus 1 is coupled to an Address Buffer stage 3 (for driving the local address bus), to a Data Buffer stage 7 (for driving the local data bus) and to a Buffer Control Block 5 (for signal flow control). The buffers isolate busses (e.g. to prevent a loading problem).
System commands from bus 1, plus address signals (from Buffer 3) and data (from 7) are applied to control a Boot ROM 17 via an associated Memory Control block 19; and also applied to operate CTOS I/O Mapper stage 13 (chip I/O M, FIG. 4) via an associated I/O Control block 9. System commands are also applied to a DMA/interface Control block 11 to generate local DMA (direct memory access) and interrupt signals.
Output from blocks 11, 13, 17 are applied to a CTOS Cluster Controller stage 15 (chip CL, FIG. 4) to operate the CTOS Cluster Controller.
Mapper 13 will be understood to receive conventional address-inputs and organize them in the usual way to map memory and apply a mapped address output to CTOS Cluster Controller stage 15, where the parallel inputs are converted to serial output (clock and data) for transmission over network twisted pair lines (e.g. within an office suite).
An FMO stage 23 (ASIC chip) preprocesses these signals for transmission over the twisted pair lines (e.g. to encode, transmit clock and data into an "FMO format").
Telecluster Interface 21 functions to filter-out noise and to pulse-shape signals before such transmission over the unshielded twisted pair; as well as to filter signals at T.C. Interface 21 (from an interface 27).
Stage 25 is the RS485 interface ("Gray cable") and functions to interface the CTOS Cluster Controller to shielded "multi-drop Gray cable".
"NET Card" NC can be used in several types of environments such as RS485 Cluster, "TeleCluster", or a mixed environment. Depending on the connection desired there will be different cable assemblies to make the "NET Card" compatible with existing products as well as new products.
There are two RJ45 shielded connectors (jacks) on "NET Card" NC. Both jacks accept 1-pair, 2-pair, 3-pair, or 4-pair, RJ45/RJ11 type plugs. For each connector, the two center conductors are used (#4, 5, below) for connection to TeleCluster; while the outer pins (#1, 2, 7, 8--below) are used for RS485 signals. Pins #3, #6 are not connected.
The connector pin assignments for the RJ45 Jack Interface may be tabulated as follows:
______________________________________ Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name ______________________________________ 1 CLK (clock) 5 RING 2 CLK- 6 NC2 (no conn.) 3 NC1 (no conn.) 7 DAT 4 TIP 8 DAT-(data) ______________________________________
"NET Card" NC may be connected via in-house telephone wiring to a Hub (e.g. max. distance: 1200 feet at 307 Kb/1.8 Mb, 800 feet at 3.7 Mb rate).Boot ROM
As a feature of "NET Card" NC, Boot Rom 17 (B-R) provides the required software for the system to boot from a Master. The Boot Rom is accessed in byte mode only, and stores 16 Kbytes (max.), with the last 64 bytes used for memory mapped I/O. A four-position dip switch SW2 (FIG. 8) maps the Boot Rom in one of eight locations between OCOOOH-ODFFFFH; thus an address may be selected that does not conflict with another resident I/O expansion board. Because values of these locations are variable, the last 64 bytes should not be included in the checksum.
For purposes of identification, locations 0006H-001CH of the Boot Rom are to contain the following information.
______________________________________ BASE ADDRESS DATA COMMENTS ______________________________________ 0000H 55 0001H AA 0002H Length 512 byte blocks 0003H-0005H Jump Inst. 0006H-000FH "Unisys" Company ID 0010H-001AH "Net Card" Card Name 001DH Program Area ______________________________________
Thus, where a PC with disk storage could normally run--DOS adding Card NC with the Boot ROM, alternatively, enables the PC to boot-in CTOS (from CTOS Server) to allow it to dialogue (only) with a CTOS Server or like Master,--and, thereby, with a CTOS network. Or this PC can simulate a CTOS terminal, and run CTOS. (Net Card never functions as a Server here; though it could if appropriately modified.) If the Server has dedicated hard disk memory, it can function as Master Memory, and can be accessed (shared) by all disk-less terminals in the network.
Boot Rom, B-R, provides firmware adapted to be enabled by appropriate ("signature") software signals to allow card NC to operate--and operation cannot proceed without receipt of the correct prescribed "signature signals" at B-R, (otherwise cannot "boot" the PC, i.e. cannot run the CTOS software downloaded from the server to the PC). Rom B-R is adapted, as known in the art, to be given a preset "signature code" in its memory, this to be automatically compared with the "signature code" input from CTOS; thus, a decision is made as to whether there is a "match" ("Go") or "no match" ("No Go"),--the "match" responsively enabling the downloaded CTOS software to operate on the PC. (Signature-check will not block downloading, but only prevent running of CTOS operating system in main memory; i.e. it its signature code is not "matched" it will "lock" the system, and indicate this condition; e.g. on screen.)
As workers will realize, one may substitute a reprogrammable unit (e.g. PROM) for ROM B-R, allowing the "signature code" to be changed.
FIG. 4 is a rather generalized functional block diagram of portions of card NC (see also in FIG. 3), with "ISA bus" understood as delivering address/data/control signals (e.g. from the PC system bus) to an associated interface stage N-IF which is adapted, as known in the art, to transfer these address/data/control signals to/from a related communication controller stage N-cc. Stage Ncc functions as a communication controller and will be seen as adapted to generate Tx clock signals and Tx data (transfer from bus logic stage N-IF and convert, e.g. from parallel to serial, and "packetize") and transfer them to a cluster-interface stage N-CI adapted to handle signals to/from the net connections A-1: i.e. the "twisted pair" connector (Tx, Tx) or the "Grey cable" (clock, data ). Tx: stands for Transmit; Rx: for receive.Operation
"NET Card" NC is characterized by three main operations; initialization, transmit mode, and receive mode. Once card NC has been initialized, it will assume either transmit mode or receive node.Initialization
Board NC is initialized on "power up", or "system reset". Then the I/O addresses are determined (see system BIOS); next, the Interrupt and DMA (direct memory access) channels are determined. As part of initialization, an AT type computer will locate the Boot Rom on Net Card NC. The software in the Boot Rom will then read the switches to determine the status of the board--by this the software is made aware of the hardware I/O addresses and the DMA and Interrupt channels which the user has selected by the switches.Receive Mode
Before serial data can be received, the CPU must set up the system to be in "receive mode". First, the Parameter Control Register (PCR) and the Address Register (AR) of the Cluster Controller chip 15 (FIG. 7) are initialized. Then, activation of the Receive Enable (RXE) and DMA Receive Enable (DMARXE) signals set the data path and the internal FIFO of Chip 15 for "receive mode". The data on Receiver Serial Input (RXSI) is shifted in on the rising edge of the Receiver Clock signal (RXC). The hardware will then receive data and transfer it into memory.
An interrupt will occur when the DMA is completed, or if any errors occur during the receive cycle. When the last DMA cycle is completed, "External End of Cycle" (XEOP) and "DMA Acknowledge" (DACK, see chip D-C also) are issued to the Controller Chip 15; in turn, the Communications Interrupt Line (COMMINTR) is asserted (to DMA chip D-C, FIG. 7), signifying "end-of-transmission". Then, "Receive Enable" (RXE) and "DMA Receive Enable" (DMARXE) should be de-asserted (RX: net signals, input to card NC).Transmit Mode
Transmitting is like "receiving-in-reverse", except that, in addition to moving the data to be transmitted, the DMA Manager must write some of the bits into the transmit control register (inside chip 15). First, the Parameter Control Register (PCR) of the Controller chip 15 is initialized, and the external DMA Controller is set up to fill DMA (from memory) with the characters to be transmitted.
Then, activation of the "Transmit Enable" (TXE) and "DMA Transmit Enable" (DMATXE) signals set the data path and the internal FIFO of the Controller Chip 15 for "transmit mode". The Transmit Data Buffer (TXDB) should be loaded with the first character of the message. Each character is serialized in the Transmitter Shift Register (TXSR, within Controller chip) and transmitted on occurrence of "Transmit Serial OUT" (TXSO).
After the last character has been loaded into the TXDB and sent to the TXSR, "Transmit End Of Message" (TEOM) is set. When the DMA Controller has counted-down, an internal "End of Process" (EOP) signal will be generated, and in turn the Communications Interrupt Line (COMMINTR) will be asserted, signifying "end-of-transmission" (at DMA chip D-C). Then "Transmit Enable" (TXE) and "DMA Transmit Enable" (DMATXE) should be de-asserted.
The eight-position dip switch SW-1 (FIG. 8) is used for the I/O location, INT level, and DMA (Direct Memory Access) channel. Positions P5 and P6 select the DMA channel, P7 and P8 select the interrupt level, and P1-P4 map the location of the I/O addresses. Some switch combinations are not legal per the AT bus specification.
The four-position dip switch SW-2 (FIG. 8) maps the Boot Rom in one of eight locations between OCOOOOH-ODFFFFH. There are no preferred switch settings. Some switch combinations are not legal per the AT bus specification.Circuits, FIGS. 5-10
FIG. 5-10 give preferred circuit implementation of salient aspects of "NET Card" NC described above (correlated with Block Diagram of FIG. 3). FIG. 5 is a capacitive anti-noise filter circuit. FIG. 6 is the ISA Bus Interface. FIG. 7 shows the CTOS Cluster Controller chip 15 and associated elements, including DMA chip D-C and switch-inputs SW. FIG. 8 shows Boot ROM B-R and associated elements, including the Boot ROM interface IF, clock control stage cc (adapted to select any of three clock rates), 8-position dip-switch SW-1 and 4-position dip switch SW-2. FIG. 9 shows the Buffer Interface (e.g. see Buffer-data interface 7 and Buffer Address Interface 3) plus CTOS I/O Mapper stage 13 (see I/O mapper Im, I/O Address stage 13A and switch-inputs thereto). FIG. 10 shows analog circuits, including a Telecluster stage T-C (interface to UTP, or unshielded twisted pair), RJ45 Jacks J1, J2 and associated interface; Gray cable input G-C, lightning arrester stage L-A and FMO Asic.
It will be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are only exemplary, and that the invention is capable of many modifications and variations in construction, arrangement and use without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Since modifications of the invention are possible, for example, the means and methods disclosed herein are also applicable to other computers, to other network arrangements, and to other related systems. The present invention is also applicable for enhancing other related CTOS network arrangements.
The above examples of possible variations of the present invention are merely illustrative. Accordingly, the present invention is to be considered as including all possible modifications and variations coming within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
1. A method for internetworking non-CTOS computer means with a network of CTOS terminals, this method including:
- providing said computer means with system-bus means, with CTOS-net bus means coupled and arranged to transfer signals to/from said system-bus with communication control means and net-interface means coupled and adapted to transfer signals between said CTOS-net bus means and said communication controller means and also providing associated network connections via a cluster-interface stage which is adapted to handle signals to/from said network connections;
- said CTOS-net bus means being made to comprise ISA-bus means adapted to deliver address, data and control signals, plus associated interface logic means; wherein said communication controller means is coupled and adapted to transfer clock and data signals; and include a CTOS cluster controller chip intercoupling said cluster-interface stage and said CTOS-net bus means;
- wherein said interface means comprises address buffer means, data buffer means and intermediating buffer control means for controlling signal flow to/from both buffer means; and wherein said data buffer means is coupled to said CTOS cluster controller chip via CTOS Boot ROM means which is made to include memory-control input means thereto; and
- wherein said interface means comprises address buffer means, data buffer means and intermediating buffer control means for controlling signal flow to and from both said address-buffer means and said data buffer means; and wherein said memory-control input means is inputted from both said Buffer means and said Buffer Control means; and wherein said Boot ROM is also coupled directly with both said Buffer means.
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said CTOS-net bus means comprises ISA-bus means adapted to deliver address, data and control signals, plus associated interface logic means.
3. The invention of claim 2 wherein said communication controller means is coupled and adapted to transfer/generate clock and data signals.
4. The invention of claim 3 wherein said communication controller means is also arranged to convert signals from parallel to serial and "packetize" them for said cluster-interface stage.
5. The invention of claim 4 wherein said cluster-interface stage comprises connector means for unshielded "twisted-pair" conductors and/or connector means for "grey cable" conductors.
6. The invention of claim 5 wherein said communication controller means comprises a communication controller integrated circuit chip.
7. The invention of claim 6 wherein said cluster-interface stage is adapted to transmit and receive data and clock signals.
8. The invention of claim 7 wherein said cluster-interface stage comprises one or two like RJ45 shielded connector-plug means.
9. The invention of claim 8 wherein each said plug means is arranged and adapted to accept up to four pairs of RJ45/RJ11 type plugs.
10. The invention of claim 3 wherein said interface logic means comprises address buffer means, data buffer means and intermediating buffer control means for controlling signal flow to/from both buffer means; and wherein said communication controller means includes a CTOS cluster controller chip intercoupling said coupling-interface stage and said CTOS-net bus means; and wherein said data buffer means is coupled to said CTOS cluster controller chip via CTOS Boot Rom means.
11. The invention of claim 10 wherein said Boot ROM means includes memory-control input means thereto.
12. The invention of claim 10 wherein said CTOS cluster controller ship is provided with CTOS I/O Mapper means as input thereto.
13. The invention of claim 2 wherein said interface logic means comprises address buffer means, data buffer means and intermediating buffer control means for controlling signal flow to an from both said buffer means.
14. The invention of claim 2 wherein said cluster-interface stage comprises a first channel including RS485 interface means and a second channel including interface means for an unshielded twisted pair of conductors.
15. The invention of claim 14 wherein said second channel includes means to pre-process, noise-filter and pulse shape signals for transmission over said twisted pair conductors.
16. The invention of claim 15 wherein each second channel includes FAO-ASIC means, in serial with Telecluster UTP interface means.
17. The invention of claim 2 wherein said interface logic means comprises address buffer means, data buffer means and intermediating buffer control means for controlling signal flow to/from both buffer means; and wherein said cluster-interface stage comprises a first channel including RS485 interface means and a second channel including interface means for an unshielded twisted pair of conductors, and wherein said second channel includes means to pre-process, noise-filter and pulse shape signals for transmission over said twisted pair conductors.
18. The invention of claim 2 wherein said CTOS network is a telecluster type and where said cluster-interface stage is coupled to the CTOS-Telecluster network.
19. The invention of claim 2 wherein said cluster-interface stage is coupled to RS485 cluster means.
20. The invention of claim 1 wherein said communication controller means includes a CTOS cluster controller chip intercoupling said cluster-interface stage and said CTOS-net bus means.
21. The invention of claim 1 wherein said network of CTOS terminals is accessed via CTOS server means which is arranged and adapted to transfer the CTOS operating system codes to said non-CTOS computer means.
22. The invention of claim 21 wherein said CTOS operating codes includes a selectable security-access code and wherein said communication control means includes security-verification means including security-memory means for storing the same selectable security-access code as is included in said CTOS operating codes plus compare means for comprising these access codes and generating "OK-to-operate" signals responsive to match of said access codes, and wherein said communication control means is also adapted to disable operation of said CTOS operating codes in said non-CTOS computer means unless/until such "OK-to-operate" signals are generated.
23. The invention of claim 22 wherein said security-verification means is prescribed Boot ROM means.
24. The invention of claim 1 wherein said communication control means includes a Boot ROM for limiting CTOS operation to instances where a given security code in the CTOS software is matched by the same security code in the Boot ROM.
25. The invention of claim 1 wherein said CTOS operating codes includes a selectable security-access code and wherein said communication control means includes security-verification means including security-memory means for storing the same selectable security-access code as is included in said CTOS operating codes plus compare means for comprising these access codes and generating "OK-to-operate" signals responsive to match of said access codes, and wherein said communication control means is also adapted to disable operation of said CTOS operating codes in said non-CTOS computer means unless/until such "OK-to-operate" signals are generated.
26. The invention of claim 25 wherein said security-verification means is prescribed Boot ROM means.
Type: Grant
Filed: Dec 23, 1992
Date of Patent: Apr 30, 1996
Assignee: Unisys Corporation (Blue Bell, PA)
Inventors: George W. Harris, Jr. (Mountain View, CA), Shari J. Nolan (San Jose, CA)
Primary Examiner: Alyssa H. Bowler
Assistant Examiner: Alpesh M. Shah
Attorneys: John J. McCormack, Mark T. Starr
Application Number: 7/996,986
International Classification: G06F 1300;


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I believe that every single one of us came here to live a full life. Not to play small or stay in a job or relationship that we intuitively know is wrong, but to live a life that makes us want to jump out of bed each morning excited for what the day holds!
A bit about me...I am a metaphysical junkie, dance enthusiast, fashion appreciator, jewelry maker wannabe and craver of magical, cozy spaces. My life's work is to help create a world where people deeply and passionately love themselves. I wake up each morning with a full heart, excited to support people on their personal journies to their truest selves.
As a child, I was in touch with my super powers of insight, empathy and deep listening. I was aware of my intimate connection with the trees, plants and animals and acutely awake to the inner working of people and their emotional experiences. I felt what others felt and understood way more than what was spoken in words between people. My adolescence was a time of quiet knowing, still remembering and embodying all that I intuitively knew, but having no context to understand what I was experiencing. As I grew, books became my spiritual teachers and I voraciously read every metaphysical book I could get my hands on, feeling a deep resonance with the topics of Intuition, Shamanism, Energy and Spirit Guides. Becoming a therapist felt like the most direct way to "healing" that I knew at the time and I entered The University of Michigan to earn my Master's Degree in Social Work. I became a trained Internal Family Systems Therapist early on in my career, which seamlessly supported my interests and studies in metaphysics. I became certified in Reiki I,II, III and Master Level Reiki. I began to intensively study the psychic arts through classes, personal teachers and mentorships. I attended a Shamanic Immersion course and felt like I had come home. I was then led to California to complete an Advanced Shamanic Healing Training through the Foundation for Shamanic Studies. All the while I was attending Sonia Choquette's Level I, II, III, IV and Teacher Training Courses as I was also feeling deeply connected to the Intuitive work she taught. I have completed Sabrina Choquette's Intuitive Apprenticeship program and I continue to work closely with her as one of my spiritual teachers.
In addition to my metaphysical studies and experiences, I have had many clinical experiences which have contributed to the Soul Coaching work I do today. I have worked with children and their families at Temple University in the Department of Psychology and with opiate addicted individuals through the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Vermont. I provided counseling for women in a health clinic in Atlanta and was the head therapist for the adolescent boys in Chicago's largest emergency shelter. I worked with the Jewish Federation in Skokie providing therapy for teens and their families. Most recently I have been in private practice for over 15 years both in Pittsburgh, PA and in Evanston, IL.


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Three Essays in Health, Education, and Retirement. 2014;3644859:132..
How does dementia onset in parents influence unmarried adult children's wealth. Social Science and Medicine. 2016;152:156-165. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.042..
Is There a Trade-off Between Parent Care and Self-care?. Demography. 2014;51(4):1251-70. doi:10.1007/s13524-014-0309-6..
Effects of Recent Stress and Variation in the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on Depressive Symptoms: A Repeated-Measures Study of Adults Age 50 and Older. Behavior Genetics. 2016;46(1):72-88. doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9740-8..
Genetic variants specific to aging-related verbal memory: Insights from GWASs in a population-based cohort. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182448. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182448.
Smoking, education and the ability to predict own survival probabilities. Advances in Life Course Research. 2018;37:23 - 30. doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2018.06.001..
Workforce Downsizing and Restructuring in the Department of Defense: The Voluntary Separation Incentive Payment Program Versus Involuntary Separation. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2016:106. doi:10.7249/RR1540..


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Safaris which combine interesting and often rare wildlife with wonderfully wild places.
Tuesday, 22 December 2009
Iberian Lynx close encounter
Our Man in Spain (Jules)recently returned from guiding a small group of clients in search of the Iberian Lynx and managed to get a great sighting of a Lynx which was spotted at around 6o mtr, Jules managed to get a few photos which are wonderful as they are of a completly wild Lynx , most photos are of captive animals. Contacty us if you would like to join one of these interesteing Wildlife/birding short breaks, we have dates available in Feb .
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A beautiful book that's painful to read
There is a pile of books about the Holocaust on my night table, and they don't make for restful sleep. Sometimes it's all I can do to just dip into one, because the subject is so painful.
One book in particular – which has been waiting for me since December, far too long – is exceptional, extraordinary. I can take it only in small doses, but those doses are stunning.
An interesting word, that. When you are stunned, you are shocked still.
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At any rate, "The Seventh Well," by Fred Wander, is, as the blurb that came with it notes, "an autobiographical but fictionalized account of his experiences in 20 different concentration camps in France, Germany, and Poland."
It was first published in East Germany in 1971, then republished in a united Germany in 2005, and now, in a masterful translation by Michael Hofmann (who's translated Kafka, Brecht, and Joseph Roth), in the United States by W.W. Norton.
It's told in heart-breaking miniatures, distilled like water melted from icicles.
Early on, the unnamed narrator is given a lesson in telling stories by "the master of words, the magician, Mendel Teichmann," as are we, the unnamed readers, and the lesson has clearly been learned. He tells by – you have to read this for yourself – telling.
The master of words, the magician, Fred Wander, died in 2006, but his book and the murdered people in it are brilliantly alive.
If you read just one book for Yom HaShoah, it should be this one.


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With its soaring archways and beautiful Arabian antiques, Mejhana feels more like a palace than a restaurant – and its spectacular menu is suitably decadent.
The delectable hot and cold mezze is perfect for sharing, along with tasty tagines, grills and koftas from across the Middle East. For a sweet finale, feast on syrupy baklava – served with Arabic coffee, of course.
To modify your reservation, refer to the confirmation email in your inbox
Contact Details:
+971 6 714 2222
Hours of Operation:
12:00pm - 2:00am
Copyright © 1996 - 2019 Marriott International, Inc. All rights reserved. Company Proprietary Information


text:
noun, plural coun·try·men.
Nearby words
Origin of countryman
SYNONYMS FOR countryman
ANTONYMS FOR countryman
Usage note
Examples from the Web for countrymen
So, as far as Mexican officials like Peña Nieto are concerned, the goal is to keep their countrymen here — and keep them happy.Why Mexicans Are Enraged by Obama's Big Tuesday Meeting|Ruben Navarrette Jr.|January 6, 2015|DAILY BEAST
One group of British-born recruits to the so-called "Islamic State" has killed two Americans and one of their own countrymen.Inside the Mind of an ISIS Jihadi|Jamie Dettmer|September 21, 2014|DAILY BEAST
Most countries take a special interest in their countrymen abroad.Europe's Jews Punished for Israel's War|Eli Lake|July 25, 2014|DAILY BEAST
To them, their countrymen who aligned themselves with the Kremlin qualified for that term.Poland's Warmed-Over Cold Warrior|Andrew Nagorski|May 29, 2014|DAILY BEAST
Long before my countrymen went to the streets in a peaceful protest calling for freedom.Syrian Rebel Wants a New Ally: Israel|Kamal Labwani|May 9, 2014|DAILY BEAST
In thus acting they could make themselves sure of the sympathy of their countrymen.Life and Work in Benares and Kumaon, 1839-1877|James Kennedy
It will be remembered that Carthage was originally founded by a Tyrian Princess and her countrymen.
His Flemish countrymen remained loyal to the last: it was his Castilian subjects who were driven to rebellion.History of The Reign of Philip The Second King of Spain|William H. Prescott
This French Sallust, as his countrymen have named him, has been of use to many dramatists.The Life of Friedrich Schiller|Thomas Carlyle
Another of his countrymen, who stood by him, was then asked, whether it was their custom to eat those killed in battle?


text: 13th century England. Robert Godwinson, former lover of King Richard, lives with his band of Merry Men in Sherwood Forest, away from the watchful eye of Prince John, who has outlawed homosexuality. Though isolated, the men live in peace–that is, until a stranger approaches their camp asking for aid to a nearby town under siege by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robert–nicknamed Robin–is reluctant to help, but equally eager to get rid of this perplexing stranger… and to put his formidable bow-and-arrow to use. It's Robin Hood like you've never seen him before, based on scholarly speculation about what's really behind the outlaw's legend.


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NO.3 Blog Posts about Video Project #2
G4 Girls4
A "travel" or "Restaurant Review" video witn on camera narration
We introduced at least 1 restaurant per person so we could introduce 4 different nice places.
Video No.1- Eunsna JO-introducing Dishes and Café in Ikseong-dong
Video No.2- Jiyoung Han- introducing pasta kitchen and Lake around the Kunkuk UNIV.
Video No.3-Jung hwa Yeo -Introducing Boneless chicken feet and sparkling wine around Wangsimni
Video No.4-Narae Joo – Introducing Chicken buritto and sparkling soda near the Erica campus


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Located in the Northern region of Italy, rising up from the horizon into the clouds`, are the beautiful Dolomites. This mountain range, with its snow-capped peaks, are part of the Alps and an ideal tourist destination for those seeking to get away from the bustling tourist centres and enjoy the many outdoors adventures or engaging in a favourite sport.
The highest peak in this mountain range is known as Marmolada and is 10,968 feet high. On a clear day, it's summit can be seen reaching up into the clouds. No photo album is complete without a picture of this stately mountain gracing its pages.
The Dolomites are perhaps best known for the ample sports that are available to participate in there. Every season offers a different outdoor activity and something for every type of outdoorsman. Winter is the perfect season for those who love to ski or snowboard. The temperatures in this region combined with sufficient snow, create the perfect conditions for hitting the slopes. With more than 12 different skiing areas, numerous lodges and accommodations, over 450 ski lifts and over 1200 km of ski hills and trails, the Dolomites are a must for every avid skier out there.
Be surrounded by the unspoiled beauty of the Italian Alps with this private day trip to the Dolomites from Venice. Leave the crowds and the city behind as you ride in a luxurious Range Rover Evoque through a landscape of alpine lakes and mountains like Cortina d'Ampezzo, Mount Civetta, and Mount Pelmo. Whether you seek adventure or relaxation, the itinerary can be customized to suit your interests for a memorable day among the spectacular UNESCO-listed range.
There are many mountain paths throughout the Dolomites that are perfect for anyone looking to put on their hiking shoes, and take in the great outdoors. Or if biking is your thing, you can take in the annual Maratona dles Dolomites. This bike race takes place through the mountains every year during the first week of July.
Mountain climbing and free climbing are another popular recreational sport that many visit the Dolomites to participate in. Scaling these rocky cliffs can be adventurous and exciting but it's not for the faint at heart!
Perhaps your trip to the Dolomites Italy has brought you here to participate in more extreme activities. If so, BASE jumping, hang gliding and paragliding may be more your style. The high cliff ledges of these rocky mountains make them the perfect location to jump off wearing a wingsuit or soar off of with a hang glider. Although dangerous, many still flock to this region to partake in these sports as the Dolomites offer breathtaking views that can't be found anywhere else. When visiting the the Italian Dolomites also know as Tofane, keep in mind that their cable cars and chair lifts are an essential part of the transportation system at such high altitudes.
After a long day outdoors, experiencing all that these beautiful mountains have to offer, why not relax at one of the many spas in Dolomites Italy? Pampering yourself and taking time to relax and unwind is easy to do here. The Dolomites are filled with many luxury hotels and dazzling spas, offering a wide range of different services from massages and facials to manicures and body scrubs. The list of ways you can indulge here is endless.
A visit to the Dolomites is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. The fresh air and sweeping views of peaks and valleys is something that every Italy tourist needs to experience. Whether you're an outdoorsman or prefer to take it easy inside, these beautiful mountain ranges have a unique experience to offer every traveler.


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This House, located North of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia, was conceived as three discrete timber boxes linked by external amenity space. The design faced many onerous challenges: strict bushfire mitigation measures; a detailed bushland management plan restricting footprint and construction type and complex geotechnical measures to cope with the slip potential of the steeply sloping site.
The three pavilions form a house which maximizes the northern aspect of the site with all habitable rooms facing north, thus benefiting from direct solar gain (Southern Hemisphere). The living areas in the two lower pavilions face each other across a large deck with a swimming pool spatially linking the two creating a single large inside/outside living area.
Narrow floor plates facilitate natural cross ventilation throughout whilst under-floor heating within the exposed concrete floor provide the principal winter heat source. Storm water retention and rainwater collection tanks are located in the undercroft of the lowest pavilion.
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People are interested in stories. When there is no story built there is no income or intrigue. Your brand is the story that your customers tell.
What are people saying?
What do we want them to say?
What are we doing to get them to say it?
When an individual speaks of a company or product they like the company name is quickly replaced with the pronoun they. If there is no they story, there is no preference. We tend not to discuss products and things, we talk about how they treated us. Companies and products become humanized once we are comfortable with them.
You can sell people things, but how do you make them a vocal advocate of your brand? This has been what marketing has been trying to figure out for decades. Getting rid of flashy sales terminology will help people be more comfortable. Just tell an honest story about what your brand is trying to achieve and you'll be surprised.
Visible passion is a magnetic reaction for everything. Give people a reason to choose your dealership. Tell your customers your story. If no story gets told, no demand gets built. Keep it simple. If people have to engage, think, or process data, information or technology then you have already lost.
To tell a compelling story focus on your audience. They are the single most important factor in determining if a story is good. Do your research, see what competitors are doing, then begin. Some A/B testing will be necessary to determine what sits well with your audience. It will also be important to create different stories for different demographics.
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Mos Def Says America Is A Very Difficult Place For Him To Create Music. Hop into the post for his exclusive interview with Beats By Dre and his explanation for why he has been "out of the game" for a while #IFWT!!
Mos Def had recently did a interview with Beats By Dre that really gave us a unknown understanding about how much he desires to not be boxed in as a "Conscious " rapper. Mos Def breaks down his songwriting process as well and covers the hardships he comes across when creating music in America due to many social , political and economic friction in its current state.
Mos Def said :
"The writing process has become positively slower not in the sense that it is harder for me to come up with material," Bey said. "But that I find myself these days spending more time on one piece. So by the time I get to the studio now, the material—the writing—is really in me. I feel really confident and relaxed and excited."
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Mos Def continued with his beliefs about America's chaotic nature and how it has deeply affected his life.
"America is a very challenging place for me. Sure, there [are] great business opportunities and familiarity and all of that," he said. "Given the social, political and economic climate, it is very difficult—unnecessarily difficult—to create to the degree of fullness. The type of robust creativity that I like to have. It is very difficult for me to produce right here."
It was just around last year that Mos Def was denied reentry into the United States reportedly due to Legal/immigration issues after living down in South America for a very long period of time. Mos Def is back in America to show love to his fans , performing in selected cities across the country.
Check out the full interview below as Mos Def explains how social issues effect his music. He also shares a recent moment he has with his long time friend Kanye West.


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CBD is short for cannabidiol oil. It is utilized to treat different symptoms although its use is quite controversial. There is also some confusion regarding how exactly the oil affects the body. The oil might have health and fitness benefits and such items that have the compound are legal in lots of places today.
What it is – CBD is actually a cannabinoid, a compound seen in cannabis plant. The oil contains CBD concentrations as well as the uses vary greatly. In cannabis, the compound which is popular is delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol or THC. It is really an active ingredient present in marijuana. Marijuana has CBD and THCA and both have different effects.
THC alters the mind when one is smoking or cooking by using it. This is because it really is divided by heat. Unlike THC, CBD isn't psychoactive. Which means that your mind-set fails to change with use. However, significant changes could be noted within the human body suggesting medical benefits.
Source – Hemp is an element of the cannabis plant and usually, it is far from processed. This is when many of the CBD is extracted. Marijuana and hemp originate from cannabis sativa, however are quite different. Today, marijuana farmers are breeding plants so that they can have high THC levels. Hemp farmers do not require to modify plants and are employed to create the CBD oil.
How it works – Cannabinoids change the body by attaching themselves to several receptors. Some cannabinoids are designed from the body and there are the CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are situated all through the body with a lot of them finding yourself in the brain. The receptors are responsible for mood, emotions, pain, movement, coordination, memories, appetite, thinking, and many other functions. THC affects these receptors.
With regards to CB2 receptors, they are mainly in one's immune system and affect pain and inflammation. Despite the fact that CBD does not attach directly here, it directs our bodies to use cannabinoids more.
The benefits – CBD is effective to human health in a different way. It is a natural pain reliever and has anti-inflammatory properties. Non-prescription drugs are used for pain alleviation and a lot people want a more natural alternative and this is when CBD oil comes in. Research has revealed that CBD supplies a better treatment, especially for those who have chronic pain.
There is also evidence that advise that the usage of CBD can be extremely helpful for anyone who is wanting to give up smoking and working with drug withdrawals. In a study, it absolutely was seen that smokers who had inhalers who had CBD tended to gzjmsm under what was usual to them and with no further longing for cigarettes. CBD can be quite a great solution for persons with addiction disorders especially to opioids.
There are many other medical conditions that are aided by CBD and they also include epilepsy, LGA, Dravet syndrome, seizures and so forth. More scientific studies are being conducted on the outcomes of CBD in the human body and also the outcomes are quite promising. The possibility of combating cancer and other anxiety disorders can also be being checked out. CBD oil is proving as a great remedy for different kinds of conditions and ailments which affect the body, information is power, and you ought to discover more about the product and possibly try it out.


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Now, blame Tony for this, he got me thinking after talking about the mafia.
Any mafia, mobster, crime boss or hood, needs a suitable car. These guys often used 4 door hardtops.
This is my thoughts on a "Murdered Out Fleetwood."
Picture, if you will, a 64 Fleetwood (No mafia/crime-boss would be seen dead in a De Ville), so it has to be the Fleetwood. (Luxury plus)
First thing, would be a subtle 2 to 3 inch roof chop to punch that roofline down.
We'd need to shave the door handles, locks etc and use electronic poppers to open the car. We need to emphasize the bold flat sides of these big ol girls.
Of course, we're going black paint, a really wet look, shiny jet black bottom half with a contrasting satin black upper half. The prominent swage line of the car would see the colour split. As a throwback to the days of the razor gangs, we'll run a blood red pinstripe from the front leading edge to the finish of the front door. Here, we'll give the "bloodline" a nasty jagged slash as it jumps onto the rear door and follows the start of the fins to the rear. (maybe a bit of blood dripping around the tail lights)
Maybe, with the odd drip/run coming away from the swage line, sort of like a slashed throat look.
I'd be inclined to leave the current stainless and chrome trim, so as not to go too far with the black.
The wheels, would need to no larger than 17's, satin black 5 spokes with a polished band to blend with the stainless trim mentioned above. Big wide whitewalls are a given.
The Fleetwood would have to be bagged for the lowered look and to compliment the roof chop.
The interior, to mimic the outside, would be classic Fleetwood fair, with black Drexel cloth and shiny jet black leather, to follow the gloss/satin theme. Maybe, use a blood red stitching through the whole interior.
The dash, is easy, just a black dash top with some blood dripping off the gauges and dials. I'm not sure here, but a deep blood red carpet on the floor would make it appear as blood is pooling in there. You could go black carpet I guess, but I think maybe redish maroon for that dried blood look.
The drive line is easy, 429 cubic inches of Cadillac's finest, but with a sheet metal intake manifold to accept twin 4 barrel carbs. Back it up with a the ever reliable turbo 400, Cadillac diff and 3:36 diff gears.
The grill, I would leave alone, as the 64 has the nicest grille ever put in a car.
The rear end treatment, do some cutaways in the rear bar for a duel pipe set up, in the style of a shot gun each side, complete with sights above the twin outlet and tuck the pipes up into the cutouts in the rear bar.
With airbags, the car can be raised or lowered as required, would drive like a Cadillac should and would look just "pure evil" going down the road.
The final and finishing touch would the plates. MAFIA 1
What do ya reckon...... what would you change..... love it.... hate it.
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History of Target Corporation
This article covers the history of Target Corporation, a discount retail chain.
1902–61: Dayton Company[edit]
The Westminster Presbyterian Church in downtown Minneapolis burned down during the Panic of 1893; the church was looking for revenue because insurance would not cover the cost of a new building. Its congregation appealed to George Dayton, an active parishioner, to purchase the empty corner lot adjacent to the original church so it could rebuild; he eventually constructed a six-story building on the newly purchased property.[1] Looking for tenants, Dayton convinced the Reuben Simon Goodfellow Company to move its nearby Goodfellows department store into the newly erected building in 1902, although its owner retired altogether and sold his interest in the store to Dayton.[2] The store was renamed the Dayton Dry Goods Company in 1903, and was shortened to the Dayton Company in 1910.[1] Having maintained connections as banker yet lacking previous retail experience, Dayton operated the company as a family enterprise over which he held tight control and enforced strict Presbyterian guidelines. Consequently, the store forbade the selling of alcohol, refused to advertise in newspapers that sponsored liquor ads, and would not allow any kind of business activity on Sundays. In 1918, Dayton, who gave away most of his money to charity, founded the Dayton Foundation with $1 million.[1]
By the 1920s, the Dayton Company was a multimillion-dollar business and filled the entire six-story building. Dayton began transferring parts of the business to his son Nelson after an earlier 43-year-old son David died in 1923. The company made its first expansion with the acquisition of the Minneapolis-based jeweler J.B. Hudson & Son right before the Wall Street Crash of 1929; its jewelry store operated in a net loss during the Great Depression, but its department store weathered the economic crisis. Dayton died in 1938 and was succeeded by his son Nelson as the president of the $14 million business, who maintained the strict Presbyterian guidelines and conservative management style of his father.[1] Throughout World War II, Nelson Dayton's managers focused on keeping the store stocked, which led to an increase in revenue. When the War Production Board initiated its scrap metal drives, Dayton donated the electric sign on the department store to the local scrap metal heap. In 1944, it offered its workers retirement benefits, becoming one of the first stores in the United States to do so, and began offering a comprehensive health insurance policy in 1950. In 1946, the business started contributing 5% of its taxable income to the Dayton Foundation.[1]
Nelson Dayton was replaced as president by his son Donald after his death in 1950; he ran the company alongside four of his cousins instead of under a single person, and replaced the Presbyterian guidelines with a more secular approach. It began selling alcohol and operating on Sundays, and favored a more radical, aggressive, innovative, costly, and expansive management style. The company acquired the Portland, Oregon-based Lipman's department store company during the 1950s and operated it as a separate division.[3] In 1956, the Dayton Company opened Southdale Center, a two-level shopping center in the Minneapolis suburb of Edina. Because there were only 113 good shopping days in a year in Minneapolis, the architect built the mall under a cover, making it the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall. The Dayton Company became a retail chain with the opening of its second department store in Southdale.[1]
1962–75: Founding of Target[edit]
While working for the Dayton company, John F. Geisse developed the concept of upscale discount retailing. On May 1, 1962, the Dayton Company, using Geisse's concepts, opened its first Target discount store located at 1515 West County Road B in the Saint Paul suburb of Roseville, Minnesota. The name "Target" originated from Dayton's publicity director, Stewart K. Widdess, and was intended to prevent consumers from associating the new discount store chain with the department store. Douglas Dayton served as the first president of Target. The new subsidiary ended its first year with four units, all in Minnesota. Target Stores lost money in its initial years but reported its first gain in 1965, with sales reaching $39 million, allowing a fifth store to open in Minneapolis.
In 1966, Bruce Dayton launched the B. Dalton Bookseller specialty chain as a Dayton Company subsidiary.[2] Target Stores expanded outside of Minnesota by opening two stores in Denver, and sales exceeded $60 million. The first store built in Colorado in 1966,[4] and the first outside of Minnesota is located in Glendale, Colorado and is part of Denver Metropolitan area. The store was upgraded to a SuperTarget in 2003 and is still open.[5] The next year, the Dayton holdings were reorganized as Dayton Corporation, and it went public with its first offering of common stock. It opened two more Target stores in Minnesota, resulting in a total of nine units.[citation needed] It acquired the San Francisco-based jeweler Shreve & Co., which it merged with previously acquired J.B. Hudson & Son to become Dayton Jewelers.[1]
In 1968, Target changed its bullseye logo to a more modern look, and expanded into St. Louis, Missouri, with two new stores. Target's president, Douglas J. Dayton, went back to the parent Dayton Corporation and was succeeded by William A. Hodder, and senior vice president and founder John Geisse left the company. Geisse was later hired by St. Louis-based May Department Stores, where he founded the Venture Stores chain. Target Stores ended the year with 11 units and $130 million in sales. It acquired the Los Angeles-based Pickwick Book Shops and merged it into B. Dalton Bookseller.
In 1969, the company acquired the Boston-based Lechmere electronics and appliances chain that operated in New England, and the Philadelphia-based jewelry chain J.E. Caldwell.[1] It expanded Target Stores into Texas and Oklahoma with six new units and built its first distribution center in Fridley, Minnesota.[6] The Dayton Company merged with the Detroit-based J.L. Hudson Company that year, to become the Dayton-Hudson Corporation, the 14th largest retailer in the United States, consisting of Target and five major department store chains: Dayton's, Diamond's of Phoenix, Arizona, Hudson's, John A. Brown of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Lipman's. The company offered Dayton-Hudson stock on the New York Stock Exchange. The Dayton Foundation changed its name to the Dayton Hudson Foundation, and Dayton-Hudson maintained its 5% donation of its taxable income to the foundation.[1]
In 1970, Target Stores added seven new units, including two units in Wisconsin, and the 24-unit chain reached $200 million in sales. Dayton-Hudson acquired the Team Electronics specialty chain that was headed by Stephen L. Pistner.[7] It acquired the Chicago-based jeweler C.D. Peacock, Inc., and the San Diego-based jeweler J. Jessop and Sons.[1] In 1971, Dayton-Hudson acquired sixteen stores from the Arlan's department store chain in Colorado, Iowa, and Oklahoma. Two of those units reopened as Target stores that year. Dayton-Hudson's sales across all its chains surpassed $1 billion, with the Target chain only contributing a fraction to it.[1] In 1972, the other fourteen units from the Arlan's acquisition were reopened as Target stores to make a total of 46 units. As a result of its rapid expansion and the top executives' lack of experience in discount retailing, the chain reported its first decrease in profits since its initial years. Its loss in operational revenue was due to overstocking and carrying goods over multiple years regardless of inventory and storage costs. By then, Dayton-Hudson considered selling off the Target Stores subsidiary. In 1973, Stephen Pistner, who had already revived Team Electronics and would later work for Montgomery Ward and Ames, was named chief executive officer of Target Stores, and Kenneth A. Macke was named Target Stores' senior vice president. The new management marked down merchandise to clean out its overstock and allowed only one new unit to open that year.
1975–81: Early prosperity[edit]
In 1975, Target opened two stores, reaching 49 units in nine states and $511 million in sales. That year, the Target discount chain became Dayton-Hudson's top revenue producer. In 1976, Target opened four new units and reached $600 million in sales. Macke was promoted to president and chief executive officer of Target Stores. Inspired by the Dayton Hudson Foundation, the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce started the 5% Club (now known as the Minnesota Keystone Program), which honored companies that donated 5% of their taxable incomes to charities.[1] In 1977, Target Stores opened seven new units and Stephen Pistner became president of Dayton-Hudson, with Macke succeeding him as chairman and chief executive officer of Target Stores. The senior vice president of Dayton-Hudson, Bruce G. Allbright, moved to Target Stores and succeeded Kenneth Macke as president. In 1978, the company acquired Mervyn's and became the 7th largest general merchandise retailer in the United States. Target Stores opened eight new stores that year, including its first shopping mall anchor store in Grand Forks, North Dakota.[8] In 1979, it opened 13 new units to a total of 80 Target stores in eleven states. Dayton-Hudson reached $3 billion in sales, with $1.12 billion coming from the Target store chain alone.[1]
In 1980, Dayton-Hudson sold its Lipman's department store chain of six units to Marshall Field's, which rebranded the stores as Frederick & Nelson.[3] That year, Target Stores opened seventeen new units, including expansions into Tennessee and Kansas. It acquired the Ayr-Way discount retail chain of 40 stores and one distribution center from Indianapolis-based L.S. Ayres & Company. In 1981, it reopened the stores acquired in the Ayr-Way acquisition as Target stores. Stephen Pistner left the parent company to join Montgomery Ward, and Kenneth Macke succeeded him as president of Dayton-Hudson.[9] Floyd Hall succeeded Kenneth Macke as chairman and chief executive officer of Target Stores. Bruce Allbright left the company to work for Woolworth, where he was named chairman and chief executive officer of Woolco. Bob Ulrich became president and chief executive officer of Diamond's Department Stores.[10] In addition to the Ayr-Way acquisition, Target Stores expanded by opening fourteen new units and a third distribution center in Little Rock, Arkansas, to a total of 151 units and $2.05 billion in sales.
1982–99: Nationwide expansion[edit]
Since the launch of Target Stores, the company had focused its expansion in the central United States. In 1982, it expanded into the West Coast market by acquiring 33 FedMart stores in Arizona, California, and Texas and opening a fourth distribution center in Los Angeles.[11] Bruce Allbright returned to Target Stores as its vice chairman and chief administrative officer, and the chain expanded to 167 units and $2.41 billion in sales. It sold the Dayton-Hudson Jewelers subsidiary to Henry Birks & Sons of Montreal.[1] In 1983, the 33 units acquired from FedMart were reopened as Target stores. It founded the Plums off-price apparel specialty store chain with four units in the Los Angeles area, with an intended audience of middle-to-upper income women. In 1984, it sold its Plums chain to Ross Stores after only 11 months of operation, and it sold its Diamond's and John A. Brown department store chains to Dillard's.[12][13][14] Meanwhile, Target Stores added nine new units to a total of 215 stores and $3.55 billion in sales. Floyd Hall left the company and Bruce Allbright succeeded him as chairman and chief executive officer of Target Stores. In May 1984, Bob Ulrich became president of the Dayton-Hudson Department Store Division, and in December 1984 became president of Target Stores.[10] In 1986, the company acquired fifty Gemco stores from Lucky Stores in California, which made Target Stores the dominant retailer in Southern California, as the chain grew to a total of 246 units. It opened a fifth distribution center in Pueblo, Colorado. Dayton-Hudson sold the B. Dalton Bookseller chain of several hundred units to Barnes & Noble.[2]
In 1987, the acquired Gemco units reopened as Target units, and Target Stores expanded into Michigan and Nevada, including six new units in Detroit, Michigan, to compete directly against Detroit-based Kmart, leading to a total of 317 units in 24 states and $5.3 billion in sales. Bruce Allbright became president of Dayton-Hudson, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as chairman and chief executive officer of Target Stores.[10] The Dart Group attempted a takeover bid by aggressively buying its stock.[15] Kenneth Macke proposed six amendments to Minnesota's 1983 anti-takeover law, and his proposed amendments were passed that summer by the state's legislature. This prevented the Dart Group from being able to call for a shareholders' meeting for the purpose of electing a board that would favor Dart if their bid were to turn hostile.[16] Dart originally offered $65 a share, and then raised its offer to $68. The stock market crash of October 1987 ended Dart's attempt to take over the company, when Dayton-Hudson stock fell to $28.75 a share the day the market crashed.[1] Dart's move is estimated to have resulted in an after-tax loss of about $70 million.[17] In 1988, Target Stores expanded into the Northwestern United States by opening eight units in Washington and three in Oregon, to a total of 341 units in 27 states. It opened a distribution center in Sacramento, California, and replaced the existing distribution center in Indianapolis, Indiana, from the Ayr-Way acquisition with a new one.[18] In 1989, it expanded by 60 units, especially in the Southeastern United States where it entered Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, to a total of 399 units in 30 states with $7.51 billion in sales. This included an acquisition of 31 more stores from Federated Department Stores' Gold Circle and Richway chains in Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina, which were later reopened as Target stores.[11] It sold its Lechmere chain that year to a group of investors including Berkshire Partners, a leveraged buy-out firm based in Boston, Massachusetts, eight Lechmere executives, and two local shopping mall executives.[6]
In 1990, it acquired Marshall Field's from Batus Inc., and Target Stores opened its first Target Greatland general merchandise superstore in Apple Valley, Minnesota. By 1991, Target Stores had opened 43 Target Greatland units, and sales reached $9.01 billion. In 1992, it created a short-lived chain of apparel specialty stores called Everyday Hero with two stores in Minneapolis.[11] They attempted to compete against other apparel specialty stores such as Gap by offering private label apparel such as its Merona brand. In 1993, it created a chain of closeout stores called Smarts for liquidating clearance merchandise, such as private label apparel, that did not appeal to typical closeout chains that were only interested in national brands. It operated four Smarts units out of former Target stores in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Des Moines, Iowa, El Paso, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, that each closed out merchandise in nearby distribution centers.[19] In 1994, Kenneth Macke left the company, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as the new chairman and CEO of Dayton-Hudson.[7] In 1995, Target Stores opened its first SuperTarget hypermarket in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed the four Smarts units after only two years of operation.[19] Its store count increased to 670 with $15.7 billion in sales.[20] It launched the Target Guest Card, the discount retail industry's first store credit card.[1]
In 1996, J.C. Penney Company, Inc., the fifth largest retailer in the United States, offered to buy out Dayton-Hudson, the fourth largest retailer, for $6.82 billion. The offer, which most analysts considered as insufficiently valuing the company, was rebuffed by Dayton-Hudson, saying it preferred to remain independent.[1][21] Target Stores increased its store count to 736 units in 38 states with $17.8 billion in sales, and remained the company's main area of growth while the other two department store subsidiaries underperformed.[20] The middle scale Mervyn's department store chain consisted of 300 units in 16 states, while the upscale Department Stores Division operated 26 Marshall Field's, 22 Hudson's, and 19 Dayton's stores.[1] In 1997, both of the Everyday Hero stores were closed.[22] Target's store count rose to 796 units, and sales rose to $20.2 billion.[20] In an effort to turn the department store chains around, Mervyn's closed 35 units, including all of its stores in Florida and Georgia. Marshall Field's sold all of its stores in Texas and closed its store in Milwaukee.[1]
In 1998, Dayton-Hudson acquired Greenspring Company's multi-catalog direct marketing unit, Rivertown Trading Company, from Minnesota Communications Group, and it acquired the Associated Merchandising Corporation, an apparel supplier.[23][24] Target Stores grew to 851 units and $23.0 billion in sales.[20] The Target Guest Card program had registered nine million accounts.[1]
In 1999, Dayton-Hudson acquired Fedco and its ten stores in a move to expand its SuperTarget operation into Southern California. It reopened six of these stores under the Target brand and sold the other four locations to Wal-Mart, Home Depot, and the Ontario Police Department, and its store count rose to 912 units in 44 states with sales reaching $26.0 billion.[8][20][25] Revenue for Dayton-Hudson increased to $33.7 billion, and net income reached $1.14 billion, passing $1 billion for the first time and nearly tripling the 1996 profits of $463 million. This increase in profit was due mainly to the Target chain, which Ulrich had focused on making feature high-quality products for low prices.[1] On September 7, 1999, the company relaunched its Target.com website as an e-commerce site as part of its discount retail division. The site initially offered merchandise that differentiated its stores from its competitors, such as its Michael Graves brand.[26]
2000–11: Target Corporation[edit]
In January 2000, Dayton-Hudson Corporation changed its name to Target Corporation and its ticker symbol to TGT; by then, between 75 percent and 80 percent of the corporation's total sales and earnings came from Target Stores, while the other four chains—Dayton's, Hudson's, Marshall Field's, and Mervyn's—were used to fuel the growth of the discount chain, which expanded to 977 stores in 46 states and sales reached $29.7 billion by the end of the year.[8] It separated its e-commerce operations from its retailing division, and combined it with its Rivertown Trading unit into a stand-alone subsidiary called target.direct.[27] It started offering the Target Visa, as consumer trends were moving more towards third-party Visa and MasterCards and away from private-label cards such as the Target Guest Card.[1]
In 2001, it launched its online gift registry, and in preparation for this it wanted to operate its upscale Department Stores Division, consisting of 19 Dayton's, 21 Hudson's, and 24 Marshall Field's stores, under a unified department store name. It announced in January that it was renaming its Dayton's and Hudson's stores to Marshall Field's. The name was chosen for multiple reasons: out of the three, Marshall Field's was the most recognizable name in the Department Stores Division, its base in Chicago was bigger than Dayton's base in Minneapolis and Hudson's base in Detroit, Chicago was a major travel hub, and it was the largest chain of the three.[1] Target Stores expanded into Maine, reaching 1,053 units in 47 states and $33.0 billion in sales.[20][28] Around the same time, the chain made a successful expansion into the Pittsburgh market, where Target capitalized on the collapse of Ames Department Stores that coincidentally happened at the same time as Target's expansion into the area.
In 2002, it expanded to 1,147 units, which included stores in San Leandro, Fremont, and Hayward, California, and sales reached $37.4 billion.[8] In 2003, Target reached 1,225 units and $42.0 billion in sales.[8] Despite the growth of the discount retailer, neither Marshall Field's nor Mervyn's were adding to its store count, and their earnings were consistently declining. Marshall Field's sold two of its stores in Columbus, Ohio, this year.[1] On June 9, 2004, Target Corporation announced its sale of the Marshall Field's chain to St. Louis-based May Department Stores, which would become effective July 31, 2004. As well, on July 21, 2004, Target Corporation announced the sale of Mervyn's to an investment consortium including Sun Capital Partners, Cerberus Capital Management, and Lubert-Adler/Klaff and Partners, L.P., which was finalized September 2. Target Stores expanded to 1,308 units and reached US$46.8 billion in sales. In 2005, Target began operation in Bangalore, India.[29] It reached 1,397 units and $52.6 billion in sales.[8] In February 2005, Target Corporation took a $65 million charge to change the way it accounted for leases, which would reconcile the way Target depreciated its buildings and calculated rent expense. The adjustment included $10 million for 2004 and $55 million for prior years.[30]
In 2006, Target completed construction of the Robert J. Ulrich Center in Embassy Golf Links in Bangalore, and Target planned to continue its expansion into India with the construction of additional office space at the Mysore Corporate Campus and successfully opened a branch at Mysore.[29] It expanded to 1,488 units, and sales reached $59.4 billion.[31] On January 9, 2008, Bob Ulrich announced his plans to retire as CEO, and named Gregg Steinhafel as his successor. Ulrich's retirement was due to Target Corporation policy requiring its high-ranking officers to retire at the age of 65. While his retirement as CEO was effective May 1, he remained the chairman of the board until the end of the 2008 fiscal year. On March 4, 2009, Target expanded outside of the continental United States for the first time. Two stores were opened simultaneously on the island of Oahu in Hawaii, along with two stores in Alaska. Despite the economic downturn, media reports indicated sizable crowds and brisk sales. The opening of the Hawaii stores leaves Vermont as the only state in which Target does not operate. In June 2010, Target announced its goal to give $1 billion to education causes and charities by 2015. Target School Library Makeovers is a featured program in this initiative. In August 2010, after a "lengthy wind-down", Target began a nationwide closing of its remaining 262 garden centers, reportedly due to "stronger competition from home-improvement stores, Walmart and independent garden centers". In September 2010, numerous Target locations began adding a fresh produce department to their stores.[32]
2011–present: Initiatives[edit]
On January 22, 2014, Target "informed workers that it is terminating 475 positions at its offices globally."[33] On March 5, 2014, Target Corp.'s Chief Information Officer Beth Jacob resigned, having been in the role since 2008; this is thought to be due to the company's overhaul of its information security systems.[34]
On June 15, 2015, CVS Health announced its agreement to acquire Target's pharmacy and retail clinic businesses. The deal expanded CVS to new markets in Seattle, Denver, Portland and Salt Lake City. The acquisition includes more than 1,660 pharmacies in 47 states. CVS will operate them through a store-within-a-store format. Target's nearly 80 clinic locations will be rebranded as MinuteClinic, and CVS plans to open up to 20 new clinics in their stores within three years.[35]
In July 2015, the company opened Target Open House, a retail space in San Francisco that shows connected home products which can purchased at select Target stores.[36][37] The space, located in the Metreon Shopping Center, adopts the same layout as a house so it can show real world use cases for the showcased products.[38] In addition, the space hosts interviews with company founders which have their products on display at the store.[39]
Target Canada[edit]
On January 13, 2011, Target announced its expansion into Canada, when it purchased the leaseholds for up to 220 stores of the Canadian sale chain Zellers, owned by the Hudson's Bay Company. The deal was announced to have been made for 1.8 billion dollars. The company stated that they aimed to provide Canadians with a "true Target-brand experience", hinting that its product selection in Canada would vary little from that found in its United States stores.
Target opened its first Canadian stores in March, 2013, and at its peak, Target Canada had 133 stores. However, the expansion into Canada was beset with problems, including supply chain issues that resulted in stores with aisles of empty shelves and higher-than-expected retail prices. Target Canada racked up losses of $2.1 billion in its short life, and the store's botched expansion was characterized by the Canadian and US media as a "spectacular failure",[40] "an unmitigated disaster",[41][42] and "a gold standard case study in what retailers should not do when they enter a new market."[43]
On January 15, 2015, Target announced that all 133 of its Canadian outlets would be closed and liquidated by the end of 2015.[44] The last Target Canada stores closed on April 12, 2015, far ahead of the initial schedule.[42]
2013 security breach[edit]
On December 18, 2013, security expert Brian Krebs broke news[45] that Target was investigating a major data breach "potentially involving millions of customer credit and debit card records." The report quickly spread across news channels. On December 19, Target confirmed the incident via a press release,[46] revealing that the hack took place between November 27 and December 15, 2013. Target warned that up to 40 million consumer credit and debit cards may have been compromised. Hackers gained access to customer names, card numbers, expiration dates, and CVV security codes of the cards issued by financial institutions. On December 27 Target disclosed that debit card PIN data had also been stolen, albeit in encrypted form, reversing an earlier stance that PIN data was not part of the breach. Target noted that the accessed PIN numbers were encrypted using Triple DES and has stated the PINs remain "safe and secure" due to the encryption.[47] On January 10, 2014, Target disclosed that the names, mailing addresses, phone numbers or email addresses of up to 70 million additional people had also been stolen, bringing the possible number of customers affected up to 110 million.[48]
On March 13, 2014, Bloomberg Businessweek published an article[49] asserting that Target's computer security team was notified of the breach via the FireEye security service they employed, had ample time to disrupt the theft of credit cards and other customer data, but did not act to prevent theft from being carried out.
Target is encouraging customers who shopped at its US stores (online orders were not affected) during the specified timeframe to closely monitor their credit and debit cards for irregular activity. The retailer confirmed that it is working with law enforcement, including the United States Secret Service, "to bring those responsible to justice." The data breach has been called the second-largest retail cyber attack in history,[50] and has been compared to the 2009 non-retail Heartland Payment Systems compromise, which affected 130 million credit cards, and to the 2007 retail TJX Companies compromise, which affected 90 million people.[51] As an apology to the public, all Target stores in the United States gave retail shoppers a 10% storewide discount for the weekend of December 21–22, 2013. Target has offered free credit monitoring via Experian to affected customers.[52][53] Target reported total transactions for the same time last year were down 3-4%, as of December 23, 2013.[54][55]
According to TIME Magazine, a 17-year-old Russian teen was suspected to be the author of the Point of Sale (POS) malware program, "BlackPOS", which was used by others to attack unpatched Windows computers used at Target.[56] The teen denied the allegation.[57] Later, a 23-year-old Russian, Rinat Shabayev, claimed to be the malware author.[57][58]
On January 29, 2014, a Target spokeswoman said that the individual(s) who hacked its customers' data had stolen credentials from a store vendor, but did not elaborate on which vendor or which credentials were taken.[59]
As the fallout of the data breach continued, on March 6, 2014, Target announced the resignation of its Chief Information Officer and an overhaul of its information security practices. In a further step to restore faith in customers, the company advised that it will look externally for appointments to both the CIO role and a new Chief Compliance Officer role.[60]
On May 5, 2014, Target announced the resignation of its chief executive officer, Gregg Steinhafel. Analysts speculated that the data breach, as well as the financial losses caused by over-aggressive Canadian expansion, contributed to his departure.[61]
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- ^ "Targeted by Dart Group, Dayton Hudson Gets Defensive". Los Angeles Times. June 20, 1987.
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- ^ a b "Target Stores to Close Experimental [sic] Clearance Outlets". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 2005-07-27.
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- ^ "Associated Merchandising Corporation". The American Chamber of Commerce in Thailand.
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- ^ "Target Corporation Discusses Two Accounting Matters Expected to Impact Fiscal 2004 Results".
- ^ "Target Corporation Fourth Quarter Earnings Per Share $1.29". Target Corporation. February 27, 2007.
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- ^ "Target says chief information officer resigning". Bergen County Record. Associated Press. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- ^ Dan Gould (2014-06-15). "CVS Health and Target Sign Agreement for CVS Health to Acquire, Rebrand and Operate Target's Pharmacies and Clinics". CVS Health. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
- ^ Bell, Karissa (10 July 2015). "Target bets on the smart home with new futuristic 'Open House' lab". Mashable.
- ^ Baldwin, Roberto (11 July 2015). "Target attempts to unravel the connected home with new showroom". Engadget.
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- ^ Stinson, Liz. "New Target Store Takes You Inside the Connected Home". Wired. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ "Target admits it missed the mark, but what does it mean for Canadian retail? - Business - CBC News". Cbc.ca. 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
- ^ "Hey Target, here's how you expand into Canada, courtesy of Wal-Mart". Macleans.ca. 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
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A place to sing.
To any aspiring songwriters out there, or just anyone who feels a creative itch and wants to have fun, let me introduce you to Study Beats. One of the hardest aspects of making music is writing lyrics that fit well with a song. This is especially true if you don't know how to make music. That's where Study Beats comes in. With the free version of Study Beats you get 8 tracks that have already been made for you, each from one different genre. With Study Beats Pro you get 80 tracks to write lyrics to. The only thing you have to do is create a song title and write or sing lyrics to the track of your choice. When you decide to record your voice over the backing tracks, you have the choice to use reverb and delay to get the best possible sound and with enough practice I know you'll be writing fantastic songs in no time.
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Happy Songwriting!