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The eight case studies in this book -- each a synthesis of available knowledge about the origins of agriculture in a specific region of the globe -- enable scholars in diverse disciplines to examine humanity's transition to agricultural societies. Contributors include: Gary W. Crawford, Robin W. Dennell, and JackR. Harlan.
An International Perspective
with the assistance of Nancy L. Benco
The University of Alabama Press
The University of Alabama Press
Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380
Preface copyright © 2006 The University of Alabama Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The origins of agriculture :an international perspective / edited by C. Wesley Cowan and Patty Jo Watson with the assistance of Nancy L. Benco.
p. cm.
Originally published: Washington : Smithsonian Institution Press, c1992.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-5349-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Agriculture—Origin—Congresses. 2. Agriculture, Prehistoric—Congresses. 3. Prehistoric peoples—Food—Congresses. 4. Plant remains (Archaeology)—Congresses. I. Cowan, C. Wesley, 1951– II. Watson, Patty Jo, 1932– III. Benco, Nancy L.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-8270-4 (electronic)
To all those scholars, past and present, who have advanced our knowledge of the manifold and complex relationships between plants and people.
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Preface to the New Edition
1 Introduction
2 Prehistoric Plant Domestication in East Asia
3 The Origins of Plant Cultivation in the Near East
4 Indigenous African Agriculture
5 The Origins of Crop Agriculture in Europe
6 Prehistoric Plant Husbandry in Eastern North America
7 Earliest Plant Cultivation in the Desert Borderlands of North America
8 The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and Central America
9 The Origins of Plant Cultivation in South America
10 Some Concluding Remarks
2.1 Vegetation zones of East Asia.
2.2 Summary of Northeast Asian chronology.
2.3 Location of East Asian sites mentioned in the text.
3.1 The Near East and archaeological sites mentioned in the text.
3.2 Present-day distribution of wild einkorn wheat (Triticum boeticum).
3.3 Present-day distribution of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum).
3.4 Present-day distribution of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides).
4.1 Location of African sites mentioned in the text.
4.2 Distribution of wild races of sorghum in Africa.
4.3 Distribution of basic cultivated races of sorghum in Africa.
4.4 Diagram of early events in the evolution of sorghum.
4.5 Diagram of later events in the evolution of cultivated sorghum.
4.6 Distribution of pearl millets.
4.7 Distribution of wild Oryza barthii, the progenitor of African rice.
4.8 Location of yam and rice belts of West Africa.
4.9 Probable areas of domestication of selected African crops.
5.1 Location of European sites mentioned in the text.
5.2 The transition to agriculture in eastern Europe.
5.3 Three types of archaeological patterns for the transition to crop agriculture in Europe.
5.4 Radiocarbon dating and early European agriculture.
5.5 Types of frontiers that could have existed in Europe between early farmers and hunter-gatherers.
6.1 Location of archaeological sites and regions in Eastern North America.
7.1 Location of archaeological sites reported to have early maize remains in the Desert Borderlands.
8.1 Location of Mesoamerican and Central American sites mentioned in the text.
8.2 Natural regions of Mesoamerica and Central America.
8.3 Hypothesized proportions of subsistence components in the Tehuacan Valley inhabitant's diet.
8.4 Pathways to plant domestication.
9.1 Major physiographic regions of South America.
9.2 Location of South American sites with early plant remains.
9.3 Summary of cultural chronology for Ecuador, Peru, and the Southern Andes.
9.4 Early cultivars in South America.
9.5 Later cultivars in South America.
2.1 Domesticated plants and their relatives in East Asia.
2.2 East Asian wheat measurements.
3.1 Botanical reports from Epipaleolithic and Aceramic sites.
3.2 Simplified chronology for the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic in the Near East.
3.3 Some seeds of likely crops from Epipaleolithic and early farming sites.
4.1 Cultivated plants of the Savanna Complex.
4.2 Cultivated plants of the Forest Margin Complex.
4.3 Cultivated plants of the Ethiopian Complex.
5.1 Cereals and legumes from Early Neolithic (6200– B.C.) sites in Greece.
5.2 Cereals and legumes from Early Neolithic (5000–4600 B.C.) sites in Bulgaria.
5.3 Cereals and legumes from Early Neolithic (5000–4600 B.C.) sites in Yugoslavia.
5.4 Cereals and legumes from Early Neolithic (3500–3000 B.C.) sites in Switzerland.
5.5 Cereals and legumes from Franchthi Cave, Greece, and Grotta dell'Uzzo, Italy.
6.1 Cucurbita remains from Eastern North America prior to 2000 B.P.
6.2 The relative abundance of indigenous starchy-seeded and oily-seeded annuals in archaeobotanical seed assemblages from the Eastern Woodlands.
6.3 The nutritive value of indigenous seed crops of the prehistoric Eastern Woodlands of North America, compared with maize.
7.1 Two models of primary crop acquisition.
7.2 Domesticated plants in the Desert Borderlands.
7.3 Archaeological sites with possible early maize in the Desert Borderlands.
7.4 Earliest evidence for selected Mesoamerican cultigens.
8.1 Mesoamerican chronology showing terminological variations.
8.2 First appearance of plants in four regions of Mesoamerica.
8.3 Archaeobotanical remains from archaeological sites in Mesoamerica.
8.4 Archaeobotanical remains from sites in Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama.
9.1 Major crops of the South American region.
9.2 Archaeological plant remains from the Peruvian coast.
9.3 Archaeological plant remains from the Meridional Andean Sierra.
9.4 Archaeological plant remains from the Chilean coast and Sierran oases of the Atacama region.
9.5 Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from highland Peru and Bolivia.
9.6 Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from coastal Peru: new data.
9.7 Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from the Valliserrana region, Argentina: new data.
9.8 Archaeological remains of maize from Chile: new data.
9.9 Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from Ecuador and Venezuela.
9.10 Proposed areas of origin of major South American cultivated plants.
If the origins of agriculture remain somewhat shrouded by the millennia, the origins of this book have a more concrete beginning. Most of the chapters were originally prepared for a symposium held in 1985 at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meeting in Los Angeles. With the exception of the chapters by Bruce D. Smith and Emily McClung de Tapia, the rest were originally prepared for the AAAS symposium. All have been substantially updated since that time.
Considering the length of time that has elapsed since the Los Angeles symposium, we would like first and foremost to extend our deepest thanks to the individual authors who have endured what seemed like endless delays in the publication of papers written so long ago. Attempting to coordinate the efforts of scholars on two different continents and in three different countries has not been easy. We hope the results justify the wait.
When we submitted the manuscript that eventually resulted in the present volume, it was passed along to an anonymous reviewer by the Smithsonian Institution Press. The reviewer's comments were positive and constructive, and each paper has benefitted from those suggestions. Daniel Goodwin and the Press have been very patient and helpful, for which we thank them. Our editor at the Press, Nancy Benco, did a superb job of line-editing the individual chapter manuscripts, and working with the authors to produce the final revisions published in this book. The authors and the editors are deeply grateful to her.
Our individual institutions—the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Washington University—have been generous with resources for drafting, postage for bulky manuscripts, thousands of pages of xeroxes, overseas telephone calls, travel, and, above all, time. At Washington University, we are thankful to Jim Railey for undertaking the drafting of several maps and diagrams and to Dean Martin Israel, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, for providing funding for that and other pre-publication expenses. The final work on the book was done while the junior editor was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California; we are grateful for financial support to the Center from the National Science Foundation (BNS-8700864).
C. Wesley Cowan is Curator of Archaeology and Chair of the Department of Anthropology at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. His research interests include the archaeology of eastern North America and the origins of agriculturally based economies. Most recently his research has centered on late prehistoric and protohistoric Fort Ancient societies in the central Ohio Valley.
Gary W. Crawford is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto. His research encompasses the processes of plant domestication and the origins of agriculture, computer applications to archaeology, and the development of public policy relating to archaeology. His current research focuses on the origins of Japanese agriculture.
Robin W. Dennell is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology and Prehistory at the University of Sheffield. Dennell's research interests include paleoethnobotany and the origins of plant domestication in Europe and the Near East. For the past several years he has been involved in archaeological research in Pakistan.
Jack R. Harlan is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Crop Sciences at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. His research interests include the origins of domesticated cereal crops in the Near East and Africa.
Emily McClung de Tapia is Director of the Laboratoria de Paleoetnobotanica and Research Professor at the Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, in Mexico City. Her research interests include paleoethnobotany and the origins of agriculture in Mexico and Central America.
Paul E. Minnis is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma. His general research interests include the prehistory of the American Southwest and ethnobotany. He is currently codirecting an archaeological project near Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico, and is also pursuing a comparative study of famine food use.
Naomi F. Miller is Research Specialist at the Museum Applied Science Center (MASCA) at the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Her research focuses on environment, agriculture, and plant use in the ancient Near East. She is currently working on archaeobotanical remains from the museum's excavations at Gordion, Turkey.
Deborah M. Pearsall is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Her research interests include paleoethnobotany and the origins of plant domestication in South America. She is currently working in Ecuador, investigating the emergence of agriculturally based economies.
Bruce D. Smith is Curator of North American Archaeology and Director of the Center for Archaeobiological Research at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smith's research interests include the origins of plant domestication and agricultural economies, and the archaeology of Eastern North America, with an emphasis on Woodland and Mississippian period farming societies.
Patty Jo Watson is Professor of Anthropology at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. Her research interests include the origins of agriculture in Eastern North America. She is currently involved in the long-term study of human adaptation to the Green River valley of western Kentucky.
When this book first came out in 1992, there was lively interest in agricultural origins, not only in the classic area of western Asia first highlighted by V. Gordon Childe, but also in other parts of the Old World, such as Africa and East Asia, that were just beginning to be investigated. To add to the excitement, convincing evidence for several independent developments of agriculture in the western hemisphere was beginning to emerge. Since 1992, those trends have continued, but there is still no other single volume available in which the archaeobotanists and paleoethnobotanists who are carrying out the fundamental research systematically summarize the data themselves, region by region, around the globe. Because of that fact and because our book has been out of print for some time, we readily agreed to a proposal that the volume be reprinted to make those data easily accessible once more. We are very grateful to The University of Alabama Press for initiating and expediting this 2006 printing.
Those who wish to use this book in teaching a comparative approach to the origins of agriculture in world perspective may want to combine it with one or more publications that have appeared in the past several years. Some excellent potential complements or supplements are listed below.
C. Wesley Cowan
Patty Jo Watson
April 2006
Bellwood, P.
2005 First Farmers. Blackwell, Oxford.
Denevan, W.
2001 Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. Oxford University Press, New York.
Denham, T.
2004 The Roots of Agriculture and Arboriculture in New Guinea: Looking Beyond Austronesian Expansion, Neolithic Packages, and Indigenous Origins. World Archaeology 36(4): 610–620.
2005 Envisaging Early Agriculture in the Highlands of New Guinea: Landscapes, Plants and Practices. World Archaeology 37(2):290–306.
Diamond, J.
1997 Guns, Germs, and Steel. W.W. Norton, New York.
Harris, D. (editor)
1996 The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. University College London Press, London.
Marshall, F., and E. Hildebrand
2002 Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa. Journal of World Prehistory 16(2):99–143.
Pearsall, Deborah M.
2003 Plant Food Resources of the Ecuadorian Formative: An Overview and Comparison to the Central Andes. In J. Scott Raymond and Richard L. Burger (eds.) Archaeology of Formative Ecuador: 213–257. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C.
Piperno, D., and D. Pearsall
1998 The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. Academic Press, San Diego.
Price, T. D., and A. Gebauer
1995 Last Hunters, First Farmers. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.
Smith, B.
1998 The Beginnings of Agriculture. Scientific American Library & W. H. Freeman, New York.
van der Veen, M. (editor)
1999 The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa. Kluwer/Plenum, New York.
The transformation of human foragers into agriculturally based societies remains an enduring problem for scientists studying the human condition. Questions revolving around these transformations have been enough to launch entire expeditions to isolated valleys in the Near East and northern Mexico and to less remote places, such as the Green River valley of western Kentucky. Archaeologists, botanists, and crop scientists have collaborated to develop shadowy pictures of developmental processes that took place on every continent of the earth. This volume brings into focus these disparate pictures by presenting recent syntheses of agricultural beginnings at several places around the world.
Although worldwide in scope, this volume should not be considered an encyclopedic treatment describing all such transformations known (see Harris and Hillman 1989 for a more comprehensive and more technical set of papers). Rather, our intent is to make available a set of case studies from a variety of world regions, both tropical and temperate, to illustrate the diversity of specific details, as well as the processual similarities and differences, among several cases of shifts to horticultural and agricultural economies. We emphasize the New World evidence because it is less well-known internationally than such Old World cases as Europe and the Near East. It is also clear that the evidence for those transformations we associate with agricultural beginnings is most detailed and abundant in the New World.
This volume originated in a symposium we organized for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meetings in Los Angeles in 1985. The original versions of papers by Crawford, Dennell, Harlan, Miller, Minnis, and Pearsall were read at the symposium; those of McClung de Tapia and Smith were solicited later. We considered the AAAS meetings an appropriate forum for our symposium because few scholars outside the anthropological and botanical communities are familiar with the empirical data for agricultural origins, and because recent advances have made new information available that might prove of interest to other scholars. Indeed, our audience in Los Angeles consisted almost exclusively of scholars outside the disciplines that usually study agricultural origins.
With the exception of Harlan (a crop scientist), all of the authors in this volume are anthropologists. Without exception, all of the authors work with primary data bearing on the issue of early plant cultivation and are experts in the areas they represent here. Each chapter is as authoritative and up-to-date as possible, but also as clear and non-technical as possible. Each author summarizes the current archaeobotanical evidence for his or her area and offers interpretations of it.
Most chapters follow a relatively standardized outline. The history of investigations of plant domestication, the current archaeobotanical record, important sites, and current models treating the domestication process are discussed for each region. Although similar in basic format, the chapters vary considerably. This is, in part, a reflection of the writing style of the individual authors, but, more importantly, it is a reflection of the kinds and quality of available data. Harlan's chapter on African domestication, for example, does not contain the quantity of detail that Dennell is able to provide for the introduction and spread of domesticates in Europe. It was necessary for Dennell to sift a veritable mountain of information, gleaned from dozens of archaeological field projects, whereas Africa's archaeobotanical record is virtually unknown. In spite of these differences, the chapters provide accurate reflections of the current state of knowledge about early plant domestication in a series of different world areas. Although it was not a conscious goal of the authors or editors, we hope the inadequacies of the data from several areas will spur some much-needed research there.
Because the student and casual reader may not be familiar with all of the concepts and terms found in this volume, we devote the remainder of this first chapter to a summary of background information relevant to the data-oriented chapters that follow. It is not our primary purpose to review the history of intellectual thought surrounding agricultural origins or to provide a model of agricultural beginnings, but we believe the reader may find some historical perspective useful. We also include a brief discussion of the techniques used for obtaining data relevant to agricultural origins, as well as some consideration of the major problems in interpreting those data.
The Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle (1885) was the first to recognize that information from botany, philology, geography, and archaeology must be integrated and brought to bear if scholars were to understand agricultural origins. Using such data as were then available, de Candolle attempted to define the regions where most of the world's important crops were first domesticated.
The early- to mid-twentieth-century Russian botanist Nicolai Vavilov followed de Candolle's tradition of combining information from a variety of sources, including the rapidly developing field of genetics. Vavilov's work, supported by the Russian state, led him to many different parts of the world and enabled him to create formulations that are still influential.
Vavilov proposed that areas where both genetic and species diversity were highest were probably
centers of domestication, and he identified several such centers or
hearths. Although many of his ideas are not in favor today, his search for regions where agriculture began provided the impetus for further investigations. The initial searches for the origins of both Near Eastern and Mexican crop plants, for example, were heavily influenced by Vavilov's early ideas.
As archaeobotanical data began to be accumulated from various continental regions, it quickly became apparent that the concept of a
center of domestication was difficult to apply. When sites producing evidence of early domestication are spread out over an area that encompasses hundreds or thousands of square kilometers, how does one define a
center (see also Harlan 1971)?
As the science of archaeology grew in the twentieth century, prehistorians discovered that they could contribute directly to the study of agricultural beginnings. Not only tools and architectural features could be brought to bear on the topic, but also the charred or, in some cases, desiccated remains of early cultivated plants could be recovered and studied to provide direct evidence of the domestication process.
In the years after World War II, two projects explicitly designed to gather information about early agriculture were fielded: Braidwood's Iraq-Jarmo Project in the Near East from 1948 to 1955 (Braidwood and Howe 1960; Braidwood et al. 1983) and MacNeish's search for the origins of corn in Mexico (MacNeish 1964). Both scholars were influenced by Vavilov's concept of domestication
centers and de Candolle's multidisciplinary approach. In addition, Braidwood was seeking specific archaeological evidence of the
Neolithic revolution hypothesized by V. Gordon Childe (1936).
Interest in agricultural origins—and in
environmental archaeology in general—received tremendous impetus in the 1960s from growing global awareness of the human impact on the physical environment. This was particularly true in the United States where the 1960s saw the emergence of many subdisciplines of archaeology, most of which had an environmental and ecological emphasis. Paleoethnobotany was one of these and, thanks to the techniques routinely applied by today's generation of archaeologists to recover plant remains, more information related to the origins of agriculture has become available in the past decade than in the previous ten.
Paleoethnobotany is a word given currency in the 1960s by Hans Helbaek (1960), Richard Yarnell (1963), and others who perceived themselves as scholars applying ethnobotanical perspectives to the archaeological record of ancient plant use. That is, just as ethnobotany is the study of botanical knowledge and plant use cross-culturally (e.g., see Harshberger 1896; King 1984; Smith 1923, 1928, 1932, 1933; Stevenson 1915; Teit 1930), paleoethnobotany is the cross-cultural study of the interrelationships between prehistoric plant and human populations.
Until relatively recently, most plant remains recovered from archaeological contexts were the results of happenstance. If a large quantity of charred seeds, corn cobs, etc., was encountered during excavation, this material would be gathered up and saved; if something caught the eye of an excavator, it might be retained. These sorts of macrobotanical remains are obviously biased toward those plant tissues that are large and durable; in the field, small charred seeds and plant parts are not easily detected by the naked eye, and, as a consequence, specialized means are necessary to obtain such remains. The most common method by which these smaller macrobotanical plant fragments are concentrated and recovered is through the technique known as flotation.
Many different flotation systems have been devised in the past twenty years, but all of them depend upon the following basic principle: if archaeological sediment is released into a container filled with water, then the sediment sinks and the charred plant remains float. There is a considerable literature on flotation/water-separation (e.g., Dye and Moore 1978; Hastorf and Popper 1988; Minnis and LeBlanc 1976; Pearsall 1989; Schock 1971; Struever 1968; Wagner 1982; Watson 1976; Wiant 1983). Some techniques are multiple-operator, machine-assisted assembly lines, whereas others are simple, one-person bucket or barrel operations. It is sufficient to note here, however, that all of these systems are aimed at retrieving charred macrobotanical plant remains, and that the basic purpose is the same for all: to concentrate and collect charcoal that is dispersed throughout archaeological deposits.
The development of flotation as a technique to recover microbotanical remains has revolutionized our ability to collect data that are directly relevant to the study of agricultural origins. Although the use of flotation has found worldwide acceptance, not all archaeologists employ it as a technique to retrieve plant remains. In some areas archaeological sediments may not be amenable to flotation. Even in cases where flotation is not physically possible, however, attempts are often made to recover plant remains. Dry or water sieving of sediments, for example, is routinely used in some European countries to obtain plant remains. Another reason for this circumstance is doubtless that the recovery and study of paleoethnobotanical data is time-consuming and expensive; many archaeological projects simply do not have the necessary time and money. On the other hand, it is commonly noted by paleoethnobotanists that many archaeologists have been slow to recognize the value of studying plant remains, and for this reason do not collect
float samples or include archaeobotany in their research designs. Fortunately, this attitude seems to be disappearing.
When charred plant remains arrive at the paleoethnobotanist's laboratory, they are sorted, identified, weighed, counted, and described. Paleoethnobotanists use a variety of instruments to aid in these tasks, but most important is a high-powered binocular dissecting microscope; access to a scanning electron microscope, or SEM, is also frequently necessary. In addition, an accurate balance or scale and an adequate comparative collection, together with a set of key reference books specific to the region under investigation, are needed.
So far we have been referring to charred archaeobotanical remains, but in many parts of the world very old plant remains may be preserved in an uncharred, dry, or saturated state. In very arid and desert climates, like ancient Egypt or coastal Peru, dried plant parts may last indefinitely. Even in temperate climates, plants may be beautifully preserved in dry caves and rockshelters. Saturated sites (bogs, swamps, lakes, etc.) may also preserve fragile plant materials indefinitely. Obviously, identification and quantification of uncharred remains differs somewhat from work with charred, often distorted, flotation-derived fragments from an open archaeological site. Identification and dating problems are similar for both types of remains, however. There has been considerable success recently in the application of direct, accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) dating techniques to small plant fragments, both charred and uncharred (e.g., Conard et al. 1984; Fritz and Smith 1988; Harris 1986; Smith and Cowan 1987).
Although considerable progress has been made in interpreting ancient plant remains, many serious problems have yet to be solved. There is still insufficient standardization in recovery techniques and in quantification procedures. This means that the results of paleoethnobotanical analyses are often difficult to compare directly.
There are also many problems in basic identification of charred remains because of the often seemingly unpredictable distortion and size alteration caused by the original charring process, and then the further fragmentation and wear and tear before the charcoal is retrieved from its archaeological context. However, paleoethnobotanists in one geographic area or those focusing on a specific archaeobotanical question often form very effective working groups to trade information, provide access to comparative collections, share new techniques, etc., as they seek to reach the same interpretive goals. These working groups have made substantial progress toward solving a number of common problems.
One such archaeobotanical question is that addressed in this volume: the evolution of domestic plants. Obviously the paleoethnobotanist must be able to differentiate between wild and domestic forms of the same species. This is sometimes possible on the basis of size, shape, or other morphological attributes (e.g., see chapters by Miller and Smith in this volume), or sometimes the plant is found outside its area of natural distribution, or it may be found in such abundance and in such contexts (storage pits or containers, for instance) as to indicate that it was domesticated, or at least cultivated. Most paleoethnobotanists distinguish between a species that is simply tolerated or encouraged and one whose reproduction is carefully controlled or managed. Ultimately, the distinction between the two—cultigens versus domesticates—is based upon a single important factor. Whereas cultivated plants might continue to exist as a breeding population without the interference of humans, domesticated plants are so different genetically from their wild ancestors that their very existence depends upon human intervention in their life cycles. Ford (1985:6) has justifiably referred to domesticated plants as
cultural artifacts resulting from human selection.
The careful reader will note in the following papers that the appearance of a domesticate in the archaeological record is the end result of generations of cumulative genetic transformations. Hence, the discovery of early domesticates defines only the end point of a process that might have taken hundreds or even thousands of years.
Thus, it is impossible to delineate a single point in the past for any continent or geographic region that marks the
beginnings of agricultural economies there. Agriculturally based societies did not spring up overnight as the result of an idea proposed by some prehistoric genius. As will be seen in the chapters that follow, early agriculture is a process preceded by thousands of years of cultural and biological evolution.
Each of the following chapters summarizes the evidential base for a different part of the globe. We begin in the Old World with East Asia, then turn to the Near East, Africa, and Europe before moving to the New World where the Eastern Woodlands and the Southwest of North America, Mesoamerica, and South America are addressed. Although there is considerable variation in the quality and quantity of data for these eight regions, the authors have followed the same presentation format to enhance ease of comparison by readers not familiar with all eight. They also make frequent use of maps and tables to display relevant information in an efficient and readily accessible manner.
Braidwood, R. J., and B. Howe (editors)
1963 Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 31. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Braidwood, L. S., and R. J. Braidwood, B. Howe, C. A. Reed, P. J. Watson (editors)
1983 Prehistoric Archeology along the Zagros Flanks. Oriental Institute Publications, vol. 105. University of Chicago, Chicago.
de Candolle, A.
1885 Origin of Cultivated Plants. D. Appleton, New York.
Childe, V. G.
1936 Man Makes Himself. Watts, London.
Conard, N., D. Asch, N. Asch, D. Elmore, H. Gove, M. Rubin, J. Brown, M. Wiant, K. B. Farnsworth, T. Cook
1984 Accelerator Dating of Evidence for Prehistoric Horticulture in Illinois. Nature 308:443–46.
Dye, D. H., and K. H. Moore
1978 Recovery Systems for Subsistence Data: Water Screening and Water Flotation. Tennessee Anthropologist 3(1):59–69.
Ford, R. I.
1985 The Processes of Plant Food Production in Prehistoric North America. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by R. I. Ford, pp. 1–18. Anthropological Papers No. 75. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Fritz, G. J., and B. D. Smith
1988 Old Collections and New Technology: Documenting the Domestication of Chenopodium in Eastern North America. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 13(1):3–28.
Harlan, J. R.
1971 Agricultural Origins: Centers and Non-centers. Science 14:468–74.
Helbaek, H.
1960 The Paleoethnobotany of the Near East and Europe. In Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan, edited by R. J. Braidwood and B. Howe, pp. 99–118. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Harshberger, J.
1896 Purposes of Ethnobotany. Botanical Gazette 21(3):146–54.
Harris, D. R.
1986 Plant and Animal Domestication and the Origins of Agriculture: The Contribution of Radiocarbon Accelerator Dating. In The Results and Prospects of Accelerator Radiocarbon Dating, edited by J. Gowlette and R. Hedges. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Harris, D. R., and G. C. Hillman (editors)
1989 Foraging and Farming; the Evolution of Plant Exploitation. Unwin Hyman, London.
Hastorf, C., and V. Popper
1988 Current Paleoethnobotany. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
King, F. B.
1984 Plants, People and Paleoecology. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, vol. 20. Springfield.
MacNeish, R. S.
1964 Ancient Mesoamerican Civilization. Science 143:531–37.
Minnis, P. E., and S. LeBlanc
1976 An Efficient, Inexpensive Arid Lands Flotation System. American Antiquity 41:491–93.
Pearsall, D.
1989 Paleoethnobotany. A Handbook of Procedures. Academic Press, San Diego.
Schock, J. M.
1971 Indoor Water Flotation—a Technique for the Recovery of Archaeological Materials. Plains Anthropologist 16:228–31.
Smith, B. D., and C. W. Cowan
1987 Domesticated Chenopodium in Prehistoric Eastern North America: New Accelerator Dates from Eastern Kentucky. American Antiquity 52(2):355–57.
Smith, H. H.
1923 Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(1):1–174.
1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(2):175–326.
1932 Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(3):327–525.
1933 Ethnobotany of the Forest Potwatomi Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7(1):1–230.
Stevenson, M. C.
1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology 30th Annual Report (1908–1909):35–102.
Streuver, S.
1968 Flotation Techniques for the Recovery of Small-Scale Archaeological Remains. American Antiquity 33:353–62.
Teit, J. A.
1930 Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Bureau of American Ethnology 45th Annual Report (1927–28):441–522.
Wagner, P. J.
1982 Testing Flotation Recovery Rates. American Antiquity 47(1):127–32.
Watson, P. J.
1976 In Pursuit of Prehistoric Subsistence. A Comparative Account of Some Contemporary Flotation Techniques. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1:77–100.
Wiant, M.
1983 Deflocculants and Flotation: Considerations Leading to a Low-Cost Technique to Process High Clay Content Samples. American Archaeology 3:206–209.
Yarnell, R. A.
1963 Palaeo-ethnobotany in America. In Science in Archaeology, edited by D. Brothwell and E. Higgs, pp. 215–28. Thames and Hudson, London.
In earlier syntheses on the origins of agriculture, China was a necessary subject of some deliberation, but Korean and Japanese agricultural origins were largely ignored (e.g., Harris 1977; Ho 1969, 1977). Discussions on Korea and Japan were of interest only to small circles of local archaeologists; few others seemed to think it worthwhile to pay attention to these two subareas of East Asia. After all, in neither Korea nor Japan were there apparent indigenous agricultural origins. At present, archaeologists are still debating the existence of food production in pre-Bronze and Iron Age Korea and Japan. The prevailing view is that agriculture began in Korea and Japan in the third millennium B.P. with the initiation of rice-based agrarian societies by both the diffusion of crops and ideas and the migration of people. Evidence is mounting, however, for earlier agricultural origins in these two areas.
By 1977 North China had been established as an independent center of agricultural origins (Ho 1977). Yet, at that time, there were only six radiocarbon dated sites with domesticated remains (Kabaker 1977:968–69). Chinese agricultural beginnings, then dated to about 7000 B.P., seemed to be later than their initiation in Southwest Asia. Both Southwest Asian and Chinese agriculture appeared to have begun in an Artemisia steppe, yet the immediate predecessors of Chinese agricultural complexes were unknown (Reed 1977:903–4). No early Holocene cultures comparable to the Natufian (Miller, this volume), for example, had been reported in China, although a long, rich archaeological record of early Holocene cultures was known for Japan. Data on the origins of rice agriculture in China were not available in 1977, although the minimal available data led Ho (1977) to suggest that a South China rice domestication center was likely.
Some questions posed more than a decade ago remain unanswered. Evidence of an early Holocene population from which agrarian society arose in North China is still inadequately documented (Chang 1986). In the last decade a number of phases immediately predating the Yangshao have been uncovered but they are substantially involved with food production (An 1989; Chang 1986; Yan 1989). The onset of food production in Southwest and East Asia is likely to have occurred in similar periods, sometime before 9000 B.P. The origins of rice husbandry are better known today, and Ho's (1977) suggestion of a South China center of rice domestication appears more likely. Many more sites—close to 30—with domesticated plant remains are known in Neolithic China. In Japan, the introduction, development, and spread of agriculture is an active area of research, as is the search for a mid-Holocene record of cultigens. In Korea, the archaeology of agricultural origins is probably the least developed of North Asia, although Korea's role in understanding crop dispersals to the east from China cannot be underestimated.
Northern China, Korea, and Japan are centers of diversity and potential sources of many cultigens.¹ Zeven and Zhukovsky (1975) compiled a list of 284 taxa of cultigens and managed plants in this part of Asia (Table 2.1). Not all are native to northeastern Asia, of course, and the relative economic importance of these plants has varied over time. Rice (Oryza sativa), an important food plant throughout much of the present world, became economically significant in northern China, Korea, and Japan only recently. Rice is not native to any of these regions either. Indigenous cultigens include broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis), foxtail millet (Setaria italica ssp. italica), Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris), adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), soybean (Glycine max), hemp (Cannabis sativum), great burdock (Arctium lapa), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Tree crops, such as peach (Prunus


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A relative newcomer to the affiliate space, MaxBounty was founded in 2004 in Ottawa, Canada. MaxBounty claims to be the only affiliate network built specifically for affiliates. MaxBounty is exclusively a CPA (Cost Per Action/Acquisition) company that doesn't deal with ad banners or the like, just customer links that the publisher (blogger) chooses where to place on their website.
Bulk Selling: For all practical purposes, you can sell as many items as you like on Decluttr. If you reach the 500-item-per-order limit, just start a new order. This is a big advantage for folks staring down huge boxes of old DVDs, CDs, and textbooks. And it's a distinct competitive edge on retail trade-in platforms, which may require users to enter their items one at a time.
When beginning your affiliate marketing career, you'll want to cultivate an audience that has very specific interests. This allows you to tailor your affiliate campaigns to that niche, increasing the likelihood that you'll convert. By establishing yourself as an expert in one area instead of promoting a large array of products, you'll be able to market to the people most likely to buy the product.
Affiliates discussed the issues in Internet forums and began to organize their efforts. They believed that the best way to address the problem was to discourage merchants from advertising via adware. Merchants that were either indifferent to or supportive of adware were exposed by affiliates, thus damaging those merchants' reputations and tarnishing their affiliate marketing efforts. Many affiliates either terminated the use of such merchants or switched to a competitor's affiliate program. Eventually, affiliate networks were also forced by merchants and affiliates to take a stand and ban certain adware publishers from their network. The result was Code of Conduct by Commission Junction/beFree and Performics,[35] LinkShare's Anti-Predatory Advertising Addendum,[36] and ShareASale's complete ban of software applications as a medium for affiliates to promote advertiser offers.[37] Regardless of the progress made, adware continues to be an issue, as demonstrated by the class action lawsuit against ValueClick and its daughter company Commission Junction filed on April 20, 2007.[38]
Some commentators originally suggested that affiliate links work best in the context of the information contained within the website itself. For instance, if a website contains information pertaining to publishing a website, an affiliate link leading to a merchant's internet service provider (ISP) within that website's content would be appropriate. If a website contains information pertaining to sports, an affiliate link leading to a sporting goods website may work well within the context of the articles and information about sports. The goal, in this case, is to publish quality information on the website and provide context-oriented links to related merchant's websites.
Take good pictures. Some of the options below don't require you to actually take the picture and sell the product, but for the ones that do, make sure you take a clear picture that makes your product stand out from the others. If you're going to be taking a lot of pictures, set up a small "studio-like" area in your home with a backdrop and proper lighting to really make your pictures come across as professional. And of course, you'll want a good camera too.
Food. The second word in "Bed and Breakfast" is just as important as the first. Some B&Bs have tried to serve their guests muffins, juice, and coffee in the mornings, but the most successful hosts understand that the breakfast they serve will make a lasting impression on their guests. You can get creative and serve the type of breakfast traditional for the area that you're in. For instance, if your home is located in the South, then eggs, grits, and biscuits may go over well, while Southwest guests may appreciate a traditional Tex-Mex meal. Whatever you decide, make it memorable and make sure that your guests feel welcome and appreciated. Make it memorable, and they'll spread the word for you.
There are many ways to get people onto your list. Lead magnets are one such resource. For example, you can build ebooks, checklists and cheat sheets. But you can also do content upgrades, such as PDF versions of an article with added resources in them, four-part video training series, and more. Think about your audience and what you can offer them to better serve them, then treat them with some respect and you'll eventually reap the rewards.
Have an extra room in the house? Try renting it out on Airbnb.com. According to Smart Asset, you can pay up to 81% of your rent by listing one room in a two-bedroom home. If you're really looking to ring in the cash, renting out a private home or apartment is the way to go. According to Smart Asset's findings, rates for full apartments are significantly higher than those for just rooms, with annual profits ranging from $15,000 to $31,000 for a two-bedroom apartment.
Cost per click was more common in the early days of affiliate marketing but has diminished in use over time due to click fraud issues very similar to the click fraud issues modern search engines are facing today. Contextual advertising programs are not considered in the statistic pertaining to the diminished use of cost per click, as it is uncertain if contextual advertising can be considered affiliate marketing.
JVZoo lets you both host and create landing pages on their own website, so it's far better suited for professional marketers who want to flood the internet with offers, many of them for courses to make money. You don't need your own website to participate in JVZoo, but you will need to know how to drive traffic to a landing or squeeze page in order to profit from being a JVZoo affiliate.
Since the emergence of affiliate marketing, there has been little control over affiliate activity. Unscrupulous affiliates have used spam, false advertising, forced clicks (to get tracking cookies set on users' computers), adware, and other methods to drive traffic to their sponsors. Although many affiliate programs have terms of service that contain rules against spam, this marketing method has historically proven to attract abuse from spammers.
Forms of new media have also diversified how companies, brands, and ad networks serve ads to visitors. For instance, YouTube allows video-makers to embed advertisements through Google's affiliate network.[22][23] New developments have made it more difficult for unscrupulous affiliates to make money. Emerging black sheep are detected and made known to the affiliate marketing community with much greater speed and efficiency.[citation needed]
Can you make money with affiliate marketing? The short answer is yes, affiliate programs can earn extra money and even a full-time income from home. The long answer is a little more complicated. Like any home income venture, success comes not so much from what you choose to do to make money, but whether or not you do what needs to be done correctly and consistently.
Samples. You'll need some samples before you can really begin marketing yourself. Figure out which market you want to approach first, and then find or create some related samples. For instance, if you want to try your hand at blogging, study some successful blogs, and then write a few posts of your own to use as samples. Do this for any and every market you'd want to write for.
The implementation of affiliate marketing on the internet relies heavily on various techniques built into the design of many web-pages and websites, and the use of calls to external domains to track user actions (click tracking, Ad Sense) and to serve up content (advertising) to the user. Most of this activity adds time[citation needed] and is generally a nuisance to the casual web-surfer and is seen as visual clutter.[citation needed] Various countermeasures have evolved over time to prevent or eliminate the appearance of advertising when a web-page is rendered. Third party programs (Ad-Aware, Adblock Plus, Spybot, pop-up blockers, etc.) and particularly, the use of a comprehensive HOSTS file can effectively eliminate the visual clutter and the extra time and bandwidth needed to render many web pages. The use of specific entries in the HOSTS file to block these well-known and persistent marketing and click-tracking domains can also aid in reducing a system's exposure to malware by preventing the content of infected advertising or tracking servers to reach a user's web-browser.[citation needed]
Really good article with some great tips. Affiliate marketing has the potential to earn lots of money and I'm hoping I can make it happen. I have tried the matched betting and it DEFINITELY works. The one thing I would say is that you need to check that any bets have been accepted by the bookmaker. I have had on occasion bets which look like they have been accepted but don't register in my account. Always go into your account and check outstanding bets or your bet history.
Betfair Affiliates is the affiliate marketing program for the well known Betfair betting website. Betfair's primary market is sports betting. It's actually a betting exchange, so it allows gamblers to place lay bets too – in other words, bets that bank on the opposite outcome. Betfair also offers in-play betting that allows users to lock in profits before the match ends. They also have great offers for the new customers to Betfair Casino.
Affiliate marketing is a very large industry and has become a key source of online income for many thousands of professional bloggers. With more and more online businesses becoming involved in affiliate marketing, more opportunities have arisen for bloggers, like you and I, to make money with their blog. and to ultimately create passive income streams.
There are many ways to get people onto your list. Lead magnets are one such resource. For example, you can build ebooks, checklists and cheat sheets. But you can also do content upgrades, such as PDF versions of an article with added resources in them, four-part video training series, and more. Think about your audience and what you can offer them to better serve them, then treat them with some respect and you'll eventually reap the rewards.
An influencer is an individual who holds the power to impact the purchasing decisions of a large segment of the population. This person is in a great position to benefit from affiliate marketing. They already boast an impressive following, so it's easy for them to direct consumers to the seller's products through social media posts, blogs, and other interactions with their followers. The influencers then receive a share of the profits they helped to create.
"Great list! I especially like the tutoring stuff. I'm good at Math that's why I tutored once for my godparent's 8th grader. I had fun with the her and her mum cooks the most delicious brownies. I don't think I can donate a plasma or be a human guinea pig. But maybe you should add herb and vegetable planting. This job doesn't require too many technicalities and is so far the easiest thing to do. There's a method called square foot gardening for those who don't have big spaces. It's so simple to do and gardening in small boxes requires small maintenance. There is plenty of information on the web about how to do so. Once you get growing you can even sell your fresh produce to your neighbours at a cheaper price, and earn some fast money in the process . P.S. I also would want to partake in an online survey. Some people recommended Cash Crate but I'm also curious about what happened to you?
Storage. Depending on how big your business gets, you'll need ample room to store the books. You can't get lazy or disorganized about it, either. You have to keep the books in good condition, and you need to be able to find them when someone wants them. For instance, if you list a book in "like new" condition, and then the pages get smashed during storage, you'll be in a bind if someone places an order before you realize what happened.
Make the most of your spare space by listing it for short term rentals with Airbnb. If you know how to be an Airbnb host that wows their guests, you have an amazing opportunity to make money fast. By creating a wonderful experience for your guests, you're setting yourself up for great reviews and lots of repeat guests. Check out our complete guide on getting started as an Airbnb host.
Shopify is probably the most popular e-commerce solutions provider out there, but because there are so many products and options, newcomers can easily get confused. If you believe your audience has products to sell and could benefit from Shopify's products and are able to elucidate the benefits of signing up for Shopify, you can definitely earn some big money with their affiliate program.
Tradedoubler was founded in 1999 by two young Swedish entrepreneurs. They have offices in the UK and multiple countries throughout Europe, including Sweden, Germany, France, Poland and Spain. Their focus has always been to provide smarter results for both clients and affiliates through technology. In 18 years, they've amassed an army of 180,000 active publishers, connecting them to over 2,000 merchants in Europe and the UK. Many of these merchants are household names.
Service. Another key aspect of successful B&Bs is the level of service that the hosts provide. You're not just offering room and board, but an experience. If they need help planning a day seeing the sites, offer to sit down with them and help them plan their itinerary. If a businessperson needs copies for a presentation, offer to go and make them. Remember, your job as host will be to make your guests' stays as comfortable and pleasurable as possible. If you succeed, they'll remember you the next time they travel through your town.
According to Lynne Norris of NorrisBusinessSolutions.com, who works out of her home in Pennsylvania as a virtual assistant, the rates for VAs run about $25 to $75 or more an hour, though ZipRecruiter calculates the average hourly rate at $19. According to Norris, the startup costs of this work from home job can range from about $500 to $1,000, assuming you have an up-to-date computer and printer.
Do you love getting refunds? How cool would it be to get money back on stuff you've already bought? Paribus is a service that lets you find out if stores you've shopped at online owe you a refund. It's free to sign up. Paribus connects to your email account and checks your receipts. If they find out a retailer has dropped their price they file a price adjustment claim for you. Try out Paribus.
When it comes to at-home income, selling your unwanted stuff is the definition of "low-hanging fruit." Even if you're resolutely intentional in your purchasing habits, you surely have possessions that you can do without: old kids' clothing and toys, disused sporting goods, out-of-fashion wardrobe accessories, electronics, entertainment, valuable but non-sentimental keepsakes such as watches and jewelry, broken-in furniture, dusty tools and outdoor equipment, and perhaps even big-ticket items like a motorcycle or second car.
In 1994, Tobin launched a beta version of PC Flowers & Gifts on the Internet in cooperation with IBM, who owned half of Prodigy.[10] By 1995 PC Flowers & Gifts had launched a commercial version of the website and had 2,600 affiliate marketing partners on the World Wide Web. Tobin applied for a patent on tracking and affiliate marketing on January 22, 1996, and was issued U.S. Patent number 6,141,666 on Oct 31, 2000. Tobin also received Japanese Patent number 4021941 on Oct 5, 2007, and U.S. Patent number 7,505,913 on Mar 17, 2009, for affiliate marketing and tracking.[11] In July 1998 PC Flowers and Gifts merged with Fingerhut and Federated Department Stores.[12]
Considering that you have a finite amount of time, passive income should make up a large part of your work. If you're serious about generating any semblance of income online, then passive income should be one of your sole goals and ambitions. Why? Wouldn't you prefer to do the work one time and get paid repeatedly as opposed to relying on your time to generate that income? Invest the time at the front-end so that you can reap the benefits on the back-end. This means putting in a bit of sweat equity and not getting paid today. Rather, you'll get paid somewhere down the road. And you'll continue getting paid whether you keep building that passive income stream or you stop.
Some advertisers offer multi-tier programs that distribute commission into a hierarchical referral network of sign-ups and sub-partners. In practical terms, publisher "A" signs up to the program with an advertiser and gets rewarded for the agreed activity conducted by a referred visitor. If publisher "A" attracts publishers "B" and "C" to sign up for the same program using his sign-up code, all future activities performed by publishers "B" and "C" will result in additional commission (at a lower rate) for publisher "A".
The ego is the driver making the decisions. It decides between the devil (the id) and the angel (the super-ego) on either shoulder (yes, all those cartoons you've ever seen are partly true). We have voices in our mind, and it's up to the ego to decide which one to fulfill. Its goal is to satisfy the id in some way while also attending to the super-ego.
What does that mean for you? It means Nielsen will pay you $50 a year to keep their app on your favorite internet browsing device. The app itself collects statistics on your internet usage anonymously, so you never have to worry about any data being linked to you. And the best part is, the app takes up barely any space and doesn't slow down your phone or tablet at all!

subset: commoncrawl


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Just like all magicals in the casters rank, enchanters look very human like, but what does this actually mean? The biggest difference between magicals and humans when it comes to appearance is the perfection of their looks. Magicals have an airbrushed beauty about them that can only be described as mystical and fault-free. Humans on the other hand do not have this feature, and therefore are unable to escape their physical imperfections. Because of this, humans are seen as the ugliest of all beings, not to mention the weakest due to not being magical and physically frail. However, it is undeniable among the magical community that the humans' fault-filled appearance has a strange but natural beauty to it that is in no way mystical, and this naturalness to their beauty is sometimes coveted by magicals.
So when a magical is defined as looking human like, it means that their natural physical makeup is imperfect, thereby giving them a physical imperfection mixed with the airbrushed beauty of the magicals. This puts them in an awkward middle ground where they have the fault-filled appearance of the human mixed with the mystical appearance of the magical, thereby robbing them of either beauty. Enchanters stand around nine feet tall, have a medium skin tone that can range anywhere from light to dark tan, medium to dark brown hair, and bluish green hazel eyes. Their curves are undefined, and they have a small but broad build. Finally, their senses are no better than humans, and their physical abilities are only just noticeably better than the most physically capable human alive today.


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What Does Your Favorite Musical Say About You?
The students of Attaway High are gearing up to perform their original Western musical, Rodeo and Juliet! Scroll to learn what your favorite musical says about you:
Hamilton: You love to learn new things, and have an impressively open mind.
Bye Bye Birdie: Your vibrant personality sets you apart from the crowds. You're good at handling the spotlight, but prefer to live in the shadows.
Annie: You often feel like an outsider, but almost never let it get you down. Your friends and family love you for your charisma and your big heart!
The Sound of Music: You're wise beyond your years. Sixteen going on seventeen, some might say.
West Side Story: While you can't help but appreciate some good drama, what you really want is for love to conquer all.
Mean Girls: You have a sharp sense of humor and a bit of an edge, but you're a genuinely good person. Your friends know you'd never want to hurt somebody's feelings on purpose.
Chicago: You're rebellious, and you never let yourself get taken advantage of.
The Lion King: Adventure calls your name at all hours of the day, but your friends and family keep you grounded.
Legally Blonde: Ambition is your path in life. You conduct yourself with grace and dignity, even when going to war with your enemies.
Mama Mia: You savor the unpredictable moments in life, and have a wild streak not many people know about.


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I Own a Vita Mix now!
Yes, I am the proud owner of a brand new (actually, reconditioned) high speed blender. Creating veggie smoothies and composting my discarded rinds for the garden were pretty alluring reasons enough, but the YouTube video of peanut butter making put me over the top. The cookbook of whole foods included has some awesome recipes. So do several 'smoothie queen' friends of mine. I'll pass them along in the next few weeks as I play with my new toy.


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Flood Threat Escalates Over The Weekend
Over the weekend, Bracebridge Mayor Graydon Smith called the flood an "historical event" that has surpassed high water levels of 2013. In addition, Smith called in the military to help with relief efforts. About 60 reservists arrived on Sunday to take over sandbagging operations from local volunteers.
In Huntsville, Mayor Scott Aitchison said that water levels are expected to stay high for a least a week before seeing any noticeable reduction in water levels.
On Sunday, Muskoka Lakes Township declared a state of emergency as high water and ice began to take their toll on the community.
Later in the day, the District declared an emergency and activated their Emergency Control Group.
Environment Canada says mother nature may have other plans for the area with rain in the forecast.
pic courtesy of Sandra Rosewarne


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Hello -
So, it has finally happened - the phone has been dropped accidentally and the curved glass has splintered into 3 pieces. Nowhere on the internet at all seems to say whether this screen can be repaired or not, and none of the mobile repair websites even have it listed!
I have spoken to Carphone Warehouse who claim the repair will cost "anywhere between £85 and £170" and Samsung Mobile who say "We can't qive quotes you will need to send the phone to us to have a look at first".
Has anyone in the UK smashed their screen and had it replaced anywhere for a half-decent price? I'm struggling to find anywhere!


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Tsunami-like flashfloods raced toward Australia's third-largest city of Brisbane on Tuesday, prompting the evacuation of thousands of residents from its outskirts, Reuters reported on Tuesday.
After a surging two-meter wall of water killed at least eight people overnight in the town of Toowoomba in west Brisbane, a flood warning was issued for the financial district in Brisbane.
Australian authorities have also predicted that the death toll is likely to climb. Nearly 70 people have been reported missing after flood waters inundated Toowoomba.
Queensland State Premier Anna Bligh said four children lost their lives and there were "grave concerns" for at least 11 of the 72 missing.
The flood threat is expected to peak in the country's third largest city in the coming days.
Officials say some 6,500 properties are at risk of being submerged in Brisbane's worst flooding in 118 years, while, a further 16,500 properties would be partially affected. The country's prime minister has also warned of a grim situation ahead.
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard has warned Queenslanders that there are more dark days ahead as they try to deal with massive flooding across the South of the state.
Queensland has been in the grip of its worst flooding for more than two weeks, after tropical downpours across a vast portion of the state covered an area the size of France and Germany combined.
Entire towns have been swamped, with more than 200,000 people affected, and the coal and farming industries virtually shut down.
The state estimates the deluge will cost $5 billion and has earmarked $680 million for emergency repairs.


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So you are interested in doing a bit more in society and you have decided that becoming a Notary Public is what you want to do. It will give you the authority to oversee a variety of contracts and transactions as a legal witness. When you notarize, that document becomes official.
Of course, this is not something you can just do on a whim. You have to meet certain standards. As you learn how to become a notary, you will find that there are classes you can take and some basic training and learning that you can do on your own time that will qualify you to be a notary in no time.
It is just a matter of contacting the right services and getting set up with all the tools that you need. First of all, you will need just a bit of time to learn and that will be the main thing. You do need to pay for some fees and that sort of thing but the cost is nominal compared to what you get.
Once you have been certified as a notary, you will be able to charge for you services. This can be just a bit of extra income on the side for you. It also gives you the authority to oversee all sorts of contracts. You can do with that what you like but it is particularly useful in politics.
For whatever reason you wish to become a notary, just be sure to go with a good organization to help you to reach your goal. It is not as if you are getting another degree or that you are going to have to do a lot of memorization. Basically, you are just meeting the requirements and applying for the position.
Enjoy the benefits of being a notary and expand your business skills today.


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Mr Sutton, Hertfordshire
You're simply the best! I instructed eight other agents months before you, you found a buyer in one week and we completed in six!
Taylors Estate Agents are delighted to offer for sale this one bedroom flat situated a stones throw from the A5. The accommodation comprises of a entrance hall, lounge, kitchen, bedroom and bathroom. The property benefits from gas central heating, double glazing and a garage.
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Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria. That's why it's important that you speak to one of our Mortgage and Protection Consultants from Countrywide Mortgage Services. They will be able to give you information, talk you though your mortgage and protection needs and find the best products for you, using a wide range of lenders and its insurance partners.


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Natasha Crown, 25, piled on 3st 2lb before her second surgery - by gorging on pizza, more pizza and six kilos of Nutella a month - so doctors would h
Natasha Crown, 25, piled on 3st 2lb before her second surgery – by gorging on pizza, more pizza and six kilos of Nutella a month – so doctors would have more fat to inject into her six and a half foot (80ins) bum.
The curvy model, who's from Surbia but moved to Sweden when she was 10, now has a staggering 4,500ccs of fat in each buttock – the equivalent of five litres.
Appearing on Botched this week, she said: "I think bigger is better. I will never ever be slim again. My bum is like a different dimension.
"I have broken chairs with my butt, I have broken beds, I have broken people.
"I have always been different and in Sweden women think slimmer is more beautiful. But I think people need to see this is how real women should look."
After deciding she wanted to boost her bum five years ago, Natasha started going to the gym – but soon reached her peak potential.
Sarah Massey currently believes herself to have the world's biggest butt, and hers measures seven feet in circumference, meaning Natasha was setting her sights high.
So she went under the knife with a doctor taking fat from her back, arms and inner thighs to go in her bum.
Natasha said: "After my first surgery, I was so happy. Six months later I told him he did a great job but I wanted to have more and he was like 'OK'.
"We planned the second surgery. I knew the more fat I had, the bigger I was going to be. So I decided to gain a lot of weight.
"I love to eat, I gained 20kgs (3st 2lbs) and then I did the second surgery."
Natasha has since had a third butt lift, as well as a boob job and fillers in her chin, lips and cheekbones – and now has 318,000 followers on Instagram.
She said: "Over the last four years I have had three Brazilian butt lifts, one breast augmentation and then I've done some fillers in my chin, lips and my cheekbones.
"That's not surgery, it just completed my look. People came to me and said 'are you a plus size model?' So I thought 'OK I'll do that'.
"Right now I work out three to four times-a-week. Everyone wants to be size 0 and I'm size 50."
Natasha made an appointment with Drs Terry Debrow and Paul Nassif to appear on the reality show – but her concerns were nothing to do with her oversized bum.
She said: "I'm having a consultation to see if they can fix my breasts because they're really saggy now. I want to lift them up and make them bigger.
"My goal is to have the world's biggest bum and nothing is going to stop me."
Source: thesun.co.uk


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I saw an interesting comment on a Facebook stream the other day…
Someone posed the following question…
Serious question: if everyone is doing social media, is it still relevant? Back in the late 90's, having a website put you ahead of the pack. In the early 2000's, not really ahead of the pack, anymore. Now, everyone *does* social…Is it a differentiator?
It struck me as odd in that I have never thought of social media as a tool for differentiation (at all). It's always been a tool to connect me to others, a tool to get a particular message out in front of more eyeballs. Along the way, yes it might set me apart from the rest but I look at that not because I'm 'doing it' but because of the content, the conversations. Does that make sense?
Although I am an early adopter of sorts, I don't see that as putting me above the person that just joined. The message is the important part.
I'll be at REBarCamp Orlando tomorrow and while there will be quite a few people interested in technology and how to create and foster real relationships, there will also be a few people completely focused on the technology of SEO, Lead Capture and the like. There's value in those conversations but many of these people are only concerned with how social media is going to differentiate them from the next person trying to game the system.
What kind of tool is Social Media for you?
Mike Mueller
He's an avid hockey fan, rides a mountain bike, a few motorcycles (he had a really fast one,bought a cool orange one, and still rides a really slow one), he loves strong beer and good red wine.
Latest posts by Mike Mueller (see all)
- Are You a "Tool"? - August 27, 2019
- Setting Up in the new IDXBroker Dashboard - May 14, 2019
- How to Embed a Video - February 12, 2019


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A: We are factory and trading together.
A: Generally it is 3-5 days if the goods are in stock. or it is 15-30 days if the goods are not in stock, it is according to quantity.
A: Yes, we could offer the sample for free charge but do not pay the cost of freight.
A: Payment<=1000USD, 100% in advance. Payment>=1000USD, 30% T/T in advance ,balance before shippment normally.If you have another question, pls feel free to contact us as below:


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Title Reveal
DIRECTOR: Jeremy Wabiszczewicz
Iron Claw
Iron Claw director Jeremy Wabiszczewicz creates a tabletop mystery sequence with the title reveal for NBC's "Believe," a show created by Alfonso Cuarón.
Inspired by the opening title sequence for "To Kill A Mockingbird," the methodically photographed items suggest not only story lines in the show, but suggest the main character's supernatural powers. In one shot, a child's jacks can be seen subtly levitating off the surface, and dead flowers reanimate to become alive.


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Designing a logo is more than just creating a pretty looking icon or choosing fonts and colors. A lot of time and consideration should be put into how you want your logo to look and {more importantly} WHY you want it to look a certain way. Before you even get started on the design, you should take some time to decide on the design direction of your new logo to make sure that you are properly representing your business and starting your brand off on the right foot. Here are a few steps to get you started on creating a design direction for your logo:Read More
Face to face in the real world, it's fairly easy for people to get a feel for what it'd be like to work with you. But online, it's harder to get the full picture of who you really are and what you're like. And if you don't have any presence online at all, it can be a red flag for someone who might not think you're not a legitimate business because they Googled you, and the only thing that came up was your Xanga page from 7th grade (yiiiiiiikes!). So start here if you're looking for a way to look more professional online, level up your online presence or maybe even just get started with the basics.Read More
I've been freelancing for 6 years now. And I think that I've finally come to accept that there are ebbs and flows when it comes to the amount of work I have. I used to panic every time I had a little lull (ask any of my business besties about the frantic phone calls they'd get). But nowadays I try to embrace the slower times and have faith that it'll come back around. So when you find yourself coming down from a peak into one of these valleys, here are 3 things you can do when business is slow that continue to build your business and help you get more work coming down your funnel.Read More
Did you know that blogging is one of the best ways to improve your search engine rankings so you'll appear higher on Google? Everyone poo poos on blogging, but it could be the one thing that truly helps you get in front of more people. I get it, I get it…you don't think you have anything good to say that anyone would be interested in. Or you feel stupid talking on the internet when it feels like you're just shouting into the void. But if even one person makes it to your blog, then it's worth it if you ask me. So whenever you're ready to pull up your big girl pants and share your expertise, here are 10 fresh ideas to help get you started on your new blog.Read More
Obviously in my opinion, your visual brand is what makes the very first impression on your website and hooks your audience. But once they've decided to stay and look a little closer, your content is what's going to keep them there. First off — what is website content? Your content is the meat of your site. It's all the writing that tells people about you + your business. It's the literal voice of your company, and it can be one of the hardest parts to nail down during the web design process. To help you get started on what can be a super daunting task, I've put together my top tips to help you write your website content and hopefully make the process a little less overwhelming.Read More
One of the biggest jobs your website has is to build credibility for you. And there are lots of ways to do that, but social proof is a super powerful one. That means showing that other people have had a great experience using your product or working with you. Testimonials are one great way to do that (and you can see how I create a fancy-pants testimonials slideshow here), but another great way to do that is to display the logos of big companies you've worked with or been featured by. Why does this help build credibility? Well, because if those companies trusted you enough to work with you, then so can Suzie who found you on Instagram!Read More
Every once in awhile an email floats into my inbox asking me about how to get started freelancing. "Where do you get your clients from? How do you price your services? What's the most important skill you've learned?" All great questions and I love to answer them when I have the time. So, I thought I'd put together some of my thoughts and give you my (possibly unsolicited) advice on getting started as a freelancer.Read More
We as humans are visual people, so it makes sense that by adding images to your website you immediately make it more dynamic. But you don't have to just plop an image in and call it good. With the Squarespace image block there are 6 different layouts to choose from to add more creativity to your site. And they work the same no matter what template you're on! Watch the video for a crash course on the Squarespace images block or read below for a description of each layout style.Read More
Let's get excited about file types! No really. It probably sounds pretty darn lame, but knowing which file type to use for your new logo + when can be super helpful if you want it to always looks its best. I like to make sure my clients have a variety of file types for their new logos so they can get the best use out of it. And in my experience, I've found these 3 types of files are an absolute must-have to get the best bang for your buck.Read More
Okay, maybe they're not exactly deadly. But these 7 common website mistakes can potentially make the difference between a visitor checking you out + taking action or peace-ing out because they don't connect with you. Keep reading below to find out what they are and correct them before you lose more customers.Read More


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Free Radio Code Entry Help for Grundig Chorus Audi Radios.
The A3 is a compact family car manufactured by the German car manufacturer Audi from 1996 to the present. It has received numerous awards, including the 2006 "Best Luxury Small Car Pick" by... 23/11/2016 · I had the one hour switch off on my TT and on my wife's A3, I thought it was a design feature . Had my ignition switch replaced recently as the radio was switching off when the ignition was switched off not when the key is removed.
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How do you take an Audi A3 radio off safe mode? how to fix safe mode . Turn on radio. The radio display shows "SAFE". . Press the P.Scan and RBDS buttons simultaneously and hold until "1000" shows on the display. Releas … e the buttons. Do NOT press these buttons again, otherwise the radio will consider "1000" to be the code. . Use Preset buttons 1 4 to enter the four-digit code number... Audi Radio Codes from Serial Number We are able provide you with the original manufacturers security code required to activate your Audi car radio after power loss. Its fast and easy to obtain the radio code for your Audi stereo, simply follow the 3 simple steps on the right.
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How To Get Audi A3 Radio Of Safe Mode
Audi A3 Audi a3 stuck in safe mode Ask an Expert & Get
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- Audi Audio Upgrades Pulse Car Audio
- 2007 audi concert radio safe mode - Audifans.net
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How To Get Audi A3 Radio Of Safe Mode
4/09/2011В В· So I have a question, if the radio stores the VIN and if the radio has never been taken out, how the hell did mine get stuck in safe mode. I will say the car was low on battery power and I had to jump start it but it wasn't a total loss of power.
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Subscribe: iTunes Sticher SoundCloud
Travis Hansen is the director of the Reno Speed School in Reno, Nevada. He's currently the leading authority on speed development for the International Sports Sciences Association, and has worked with athletes of all ages and abilities.
In this show, Travis and I talk about his minimalistic approach to coaching acceleration, the biggest programming mistakes he sees with speed training, and the role low-level plyos can play in your program.
Show Outline
Here's a brief overview of what was covered in this show:
- My best tip for improving your speed coaching (and everyone can start doing this ASAP!).
- How Travis got started in physical preparation.
- How his start as a point guard in basketball got him interested in speed development.
- The evaluation process Travis takes his athletes through.
- The super simple, yet highly effective acceleration progression he uses with his athletes.
- Travis' thoughts on top-speed training, and how to coach and cue it effectively.
- The biggest issues he sees with regards to not only coaching, but programming for speed training.
- High-frequency plyos – what role do ankling and agility ladder drills have in a program?
- The BIG Question.
- The lightning round, where we discuss what Travis is excited about with regards to training, the book(s) he's reading right now, and his favorite athlete to watch sprint.
Related Links
Connect with Travis
Books Referenced
Get 3 days of my best coaching materials — for free.
Write better programs
Learn how to motivate clients outside the gym
My most popular resets for instantly improving movement quality


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MM40 - Jon Kaplan : Founder at Burnbud/
On episode 40 of the Montreal Marketeers podcast, we talk product development and branding with Jon Kaplan.
Jon is an architect turned entrepreneur. In 2017, he took a leap of faith and started his own company: Burnbud. The Burnbud is an all-in-one smoking accessory that was designed to be sleek, compact, and convenient. What's fascinating about Jon's story is that he has always been involved in every aspect of his business. He worked on everything from the original product design to the current sales strategy.
Jon now spends most his time on growing the Burnbud brand through marketing. His unique approach to branding has peaked the interest of many companies that are hoping to hire him as a consultant. Using the Burnbud as his first success story, he is now working on establishing himself as a reputable brand strategist.
Check out this week's episode to find out more about Jon Kaplan and Burnbud!
Duration: 36 minutes
- Developing a product
- Choosing the right business partners
- Dealing with unpredictability
- Understanding financial metrics
- Establishing pricing strategies
- Focusing on the now
- Learning by trial and error
Montreal Marketeers Episode 40 is now live and available for download. You can also subscribe and view our podcast on iTunes, Google Play, SoundCloud or through your RSS feed.


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Ship - Sea and Pool View apartment with 4 bedrooms over 2 floors
This 4 bedroom duplex in the Gilma Facho complex has a central position within the Gilma Facho holiday retreat complex.
With just spectacular views over the Atlantic from its 1st and 2nd floor (with balconies) and it also has a view over one of the pools so you can keep an eye on the kids.
Its arrangement over 2 floors allows for great and versatile living.
There are 4 bedrooms. 2 of the bedrroms have a King sized bed, the third has a double bed and the fourth has a twin bed.
There is a further folding bed and a cot for use so the apartment can sleep 9 people plus a baby easily.
There are also 2 highchairs for use.
The two bathrooms, both have a bath and shower over.
There is also a third WC room for use too.
The apartment has ample space to dine guests at a large table with plenty of chairs and there is also a comfy lounge/living space with Satellite TV.
The owner has even left a games console with games for guests to use and also provided free Wi-fi in the apartment.
You have two great balconies overlooking the sea/pool and a private BBQ to use. The complex itself has a lot to do within it's beautiful grounds and you only need to walk along the coast line by 1km (10 mins) to get to the bay of São Martinho do Porto.
In the complex itself you have a tennis court, 3 lovely pools, 2 child pools, a squash court, a games room and a mini-golf course.
All of the facilities are free to use for residents/guests of the complex. There is also free Wi-Fi for guests in the communal areas of the complex.
Property License:Portuguese Licence No: 44987/AL
Property Type
- Apartment
- 4
- 9
- Bathroom 3
Want a Sea View?
- Yes, has a sea view
- Duplex
Need a Pool?
- Yes, has a pool
Swimming Pool
- Communal
- Children's shallow pool or area
- Outdoor
- Cooker and Hob, Microwave, Dishwasher, Fridge, Freezer, Iron and Ironing Board, Coffee Machine, Cooking Utensils and Cutlery, Kettle
- TV, Satellite TV, XBox Console, WIFI (free inside the property)
- Sea Views, Private Balcony, BBQ, Outdoor Dining Table and Chairs, Indoor Dining Table and Chairs, Bathroom Towels, Bed Linen is Provided, Washing Machine, Central Heating, Hair Dryer, Highchair, Cot available on request, , Free parking on street
Complex Facilities
- Swimming pool/s (communal)
- Children's pool (communal)
- Gardens (communal)
- Sun Loungers (communal)
- Tennis Court (communal)
- Games Room (communal)
- Mini-Golf (communal)
- Squash Court (communal)
- Children Welcome
- Non-Smoking Property
- Beach
- Cycling
- Watersports
- Diving Snorkelling
- Hiking/Walking
- Tennis
- Waterpark
- Horse Riding
- Fishing
Nearest Airport
- Lisbon
Need Satellite or Cable TV?
- Yes, has Satellite or Cable TV
WIFI (communal areas)
- Yes, has free WIFI in communal areas
Need free WIFI?
- Yes, has free WIFI inside the property
Bedroom 1
- King Sized bed
Bedroom 2
- King Sized bed
Bedroom 3
- Double Bed
Bedroom 4
- Twin Bed (2 single beds)
Other beds
- Folding Bed
Bathroom 1
- Bath, Shower over Bath, WC
Bathroom 2
- Bath, Shower over Bath, WC
Bathroom 3
Holiday Extra
Final clean - €105
Compulsory charge covering the cleaning of the property following each stay.
Travel cot - €25
A travel cot can be arranged by request for the cost of €25.
Highchair - €20
A highchair can be arranged by request for the cost of €20.
Discover Lisboa Wine Tour - €54
Lisboa Wines Tour with lunch & tastings. €54 per person. Minimum 2 people.
Premium Discover Lisboa Wine Tour - €70.05
Premium Lisboa Wines Tour with 5 course lunch paired with wines. €70.05 per person. Minimum 2 people.
Discover Lisboa Wine Tour With Driver - €70.05
Lisboa Wines Tour with driver inc. lunch & tastings. €106.03 per person. Minimum 2 people.
Premium Discover Lisboa Wine Tour With Driver - €123.09
Premium Lisboa Wines Tour with Driver inc. 5 Course Lunch paired with wines. €123.09 per person. Minimum 2 people.
|Week (€)
|Min. Rental
|16 Sep 2019
|31 Oct 2019
|4+ nights
|01 Nov 2019
|21 Dec 2019
|4+ nights
|22 Dec 2019
|02 Jan 2020
|4+ nights
How To Get Here:
By plane
We recommend international travellers fly into Lisbon airport. A number of airlines (including budget airlines) fly direct to Lisbon from all major European destinations. You can find and compare flight prices at http://www.skyscanner.net or download their app for your android or apple device. Alternatively you can fly to Oporto (2.5 hour drive) or Faro (3.5 hour drive).
By Road from Lisbon
São Martinho do Porto is an easy 1 hour drive from the airport on the A8. Taxis and transfers are available (around € 75-100), as well as a number of car hire options. We will provide detailed directions for your car journey.
By train from UK to Lisbon
For Lisbon you can take the 10:23am Eurostar from London to Paris and then the 15:50 TGV service to Irún on the Spanish border. Then connect with the 22:00 overnight Sud Express to Lisbon which arrives at 11:03am the following day. The cheapest return fare is about £209 and can be booked through Spanish Rail (020 7725 7063). Please check timings as they may have changed. For information about travelling to Portugal by train, we recommend this excellent website: www.seat61.com
From Lisbon to Sao Martinho do Porto by public transport
Coaches to São Martinho do Porto run several times a day from Lisbon's Sete Rios coach terminal and the journey time is around 90 minutes. The coach station is a short taxi ride away from the airport (around € 15). Coach information and ticket sales are available at www.rede-expressos.pt
By boat from UK to Santander
Santander is 880km (7.5 hour drive) away from Sao Martinho do Porto on the Northern coast of Spain. It is served by 8 weekly crossings from the UK ports of Plymouth, Portsmouth and Poole. Crossings take between 20-24 hours and prices can vary considerably. http://www.aferry.co.uk has details of prices and timetables.
When you've confirmed the booking with us, you will receive your specific Holiday Information Pack with more detailed information about how to get to the property "Ship".
What To Do On Holiday?
Preview your VIP Card giving you information and discounts in the region.
View Travel Guides for the area written specially for us by author Colleen Mariotti.
Lisboa & Tejo Wine Tours from Sao Martinho Do Porto & Nazare.
Small Print
Management Charges:
- There's a mandatory final cleaning charge of € 105.
- Please note that arrivals after 22:00 will be charged at € 25 to be paid on arrival.
Refundable Security Deposit: € 100
- The refundable security deposit is returned to you 3 days after your stay.
- The security deposit increases to € 300 over the Christmas and New Year period.
Cancellation Policy:
- Cancellation fee of 20% of the booking up to 5 weeks before the holiday, and 100% when the holiday is less than 5 weeks away.