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Life in France: Where I have been and what is next.
Hi Friends!
I am returning from a brief hiatus from social media and I would like to share what the past two months have been like for our family as we all adapt to living in France.
Adjusting to life in a new country has been all consuming! Between finding a permanent home, school and childcare for my girls, transportation, paperwork for residency, making new friends, and how to simply feed my family without the American conveniences of takeout, fast food, and DoorDash – there has not been much time or energy left over. "Work-Life Balance" has taken on a whole new meaning, especially since it was a surprise to me how long it took to find childcare for my youngest.
I have a love hate relationship with Instagram – on one hand I can share resources for moms and connect with amazing women online. On the other hand the pressure to post clever and consistent content is not my favorite part of my business. What I love, more than anything, is genuinely connecting with moms and having authentic conversations about motherhood. I feel fortunate to have these conversations both via video call and in-person with some amazing moms I have met over here in France. Connecting one-to-one (whether online or in-person) is where I thrive, and where I know I make the most impact.
When I have had room to work on Mamaste I have been 100% focused on my current clients first and foremost, while also reflecting and daydreaming on how I can better serve mothers moving forward.
I have some exciting ideas in the works and I look forward to sharing a new coaching program I am developing, specifically for working moms. It is still in beta-mode as I refine how to best support career mamas. If you are a working mom I would love to hear from you – what are some of your biggest challenges and where could you use more support?
Send me a DM on Instagram with your thoughts or email me a firstname.lastname@example.com
I look forward to "showing up" more often here online but truly, the best way to stay connected is to email me or set up a call.
I'm sending love and light to all the mamas out there!


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Today we are speaking at Ground Gas 2019 from Environment Analyst Ltd.
The event offers its delegates new research and policy updates, cutting edge case studies providing practical insights to current projects and Q&A opportunities with the speakers. Peter Atchison will be speaking about Ground Gas measures and Guidance at 14:20 today. We hope to see you there.

subset: commoncrawl


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You are here
New report targets women's participation in agribusiness
The African Development Bank has launched a report that seeks to empower women to take the lead in agribusiness and agriculture value chains thus participating in Africa's economic growth process.
The report, Economic Empowerment of African Women Through Equitable Participation in Agricultural Value Chains, identifies opportunities for women that can increase Africa's competitiveness and participation in global value chains.
"Women's presence in the agricultural labour force is significant at 50% and produces 80% of Africa's food. There is no better overlapping opportunity to support women's economic empowerment and to strengthen a critical sector on the continent," Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi, AfDB's Bank's Special Envoy on Gender (SEOG), said Thursday.
The study, jointly commissioned by the Office of the SEOG and the Bank's Department for Agriculture and Agro-industry, identifies opportunities for women in four subsectors including cocoa, coffee, cotton and cassava sectors in Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and Nigeria, respectively. These sectors account for US $43 billion in production and US $12 billion in export value across the focus countries. "They present opportunities to expand the export market share by improving processing techniques and integrating production into regional and global value chains," the report indicates.
The report says women can seize the opportunities if backed by the right policies, technologies, training, and access to financing. In Côte d'Ivoire, Africa's largest cocoa producer, generating one third of the world's cocoa, "land is available, but women do not have the right training and appropriate funding to modernise agricultural systems," according to Irié Lou Colette, Chairperson of the National Federation of Croppers Cooperatives .
"To be active in agriculture it requires huge investments, and we as women are ready to move when given the right support. Women provide the most labour in agriculture; therefore it is important that they are facilitated accordingly if Africa is to feed itself," she said.
The same facilitation is required for Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and Nigeria, which are Africa's largest producers of coffee, cotton and cassava, respectively.
Fred Kawuma, Secretary General of Inter-African Coffee Organisation, called for public-private partnerships in agribusiness that target women's groups, integrating them into value chains. "In the case of coffee, for example, there is need to offer support in processing, packaging, and market access in order to make women farmers in coffee-producing countries more competitive," he noted.
The AfDB reiterated its support to agriculture. "Investing in agriculture is a sure way of reaching majority of women in Africa, as well as helping achieve sustainable development goals," said Chiji Ojukwu, Director of the Bank's Agriculture and Agro-industry Department, noting that the Bank's Strategy centres on improving investments in agriculture with a focus on women.


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HIGH MOBILITY and the IOTA Foundation both sign a Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate on the integration of IOTA content, blueprints and tutorials into HIGH MOBILITY´s developer platform.
A Perfect Startup to Accelerate IOTA's Technology
HIGH MOBILITY, a multiple-award winning API platform company focusing on digital developer tools for connected cars, has partnered with IOTA Foundation.
The IOTA Foundation is the supporting company behind IOTA, an open-source distributed ledger powering a secure, scalable and feeless transaction settlement layer.
According to the company's press release, HIGH MOBILITY aims to bridges the gap between car manufacturers and app developers by integrating IOTA content, blueprints and tutorials into their developer platform.
The API Developer wants to enable big corporates to engage and work with thousands of independent developers simultaneously and enable developers to use standardized car APIs for seamless prototyping.
Joint Project Exploring Putting Vehicle Data on a Blockchain
IOTA's open source technology will reportedly offer new opportunities for autonomous and electric vehicles and infrastructure, fostering ride and car-sharing applications and connecting mobility participants in a new peer-to-peer ecosystem.
Alisa Maas, Head of Mobility and Automotive at the IOTA Foundation said:
"As the industry begins to recognize the huge potential of distributed ledger technology it is essential to establish collaborations that enable permanent innovation and the growth of a multi-player ecosystem"
Kevin Valdek, the chief technical officer at HIGH MOBILITY said that the company has seen a lot of interest from developers in combining vehicle data with distributed ledger technologies. He further stated that their development team is currently looking into how vehicle data can be put onto a ledger, but also how it can be combined with charging infrastructure and payments.
According to the press release, with the rollout of the integration of IOTA into the HIGH MOBILITY platform both parties have agreed to provide lightweight and easy to understand documentation and webinars.
Cover Photo by Guillaume Jaillet on Unsplash
Disclaimer: Our writers' opinions are solely their own and do not reflect the opinion of CryptoSlate. None of the information you read on CryptoSlate should be taken as investment advice, nor does CryptoSlate endorse any project that may be mentioned or linked to in this article. Buying and trading cryptocurrencies should be considered a high-risk activity. Please do your own due diligence before taking any action related to content within this article. Finally, CryptoSlate takes no responsibility should you lose money trading cryptocurrencies.


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Save the John A MacDonald Statue
0 have signed. Let's get to 100!
The City of Victoria is planning on removing the John A MacDonald statue outside City Hall. John A is Canada's Founding Father and a symbolic figure of authority. He was our first Prime Minister and the architect of Confederation. He built the railway which connected our country together and without which it is likely that Western Canada would have been swallowed by the US. His statue is a symbol of the British pioneers who colonised Canada which has become one of the best countries in the world to live.
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Vince Neil Not Eating Or Sleeping in Jail
The Motley Crue singer started a 15-day prison sentence last Tuesday following a drunk-driving conviction in Las Vegas. That followed his jail time in 1984 for killing Hanoi Rocks drummer Razzle Dingley while driving under the influence.
Now his other half, TV reported Alicia Jacobs, says she's worried about his lifestyle although Neil says things are going reasonably well behind bars. more on this story
RockNewsDesk.com is an official news provider for the Day in Rock.
Preview and Purchase Vince Neil CDs


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All last fall I was serious about doing the Grand Traverse Ski race despite the fact that I've not skied in 20 plus year...
Category outdoor camping equipment
Technavio Broadcasts Top Five Vendors In The Global Arduous Journey Sports activities Equipment Market From 2016
PANAJI: The Defence Ministryis working on an idea ofstrategic partnership withoriginal gear manufacturers to give a boost to indigenisation of defence- associated manufacturing, Union minister Subhash Bhamre mentioned at the moment. The report begins with a brief overview of the Global Arduous Journey Sports Tools market and then strikes on to guage the key tendencies of the market. Outdoor Adventures offers prime-quality rental equipment at nice costs for all of your outdoor needs.
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All last fall I was serious about doing the Grand Traverse Ski race despite the fact that I've not skied in 20 plus years but by no means could find a companion to do it with, sure they require you to have a partner for this race. For those who're serious about tenting and outdoor equipment I would look at buying whenever you're on trips to the US or Europe (with Asia Japan and Taiwan are in all probability your finest bets) or get visiting mates to carry it over for you.
On-line shops clearly lurk down close to the evil end of the spectrum on account of the fact that a big proportion of their international orders are sold tax-free with excessive transport miles, making it difficult for local shops to compete on worth (and eco-conscious customers to maintain their carbon footprints low).Read More


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Interviewing Alpha Man
Update: winners, randomly drawn, is: CAROLINE ALLEN. Email me and let me know print or ebook, and don't forget your addy! Original post: So RT Magazine recently interviewed Alpha Man here if you'd like to see. For those of you not likely to click, I'm posting here. :smile:
RT: What's the biggest misconception about having a romance author for a spouse?
AM: That it's all sunshine and puppies and hearts all the time. :)
RT" What's the silliest thing anyone's ever said to you about having a romance author for a spouse?
AM: There's two: "Are you the cover model on her books?" and "Are you the inspiration for all of the love scenes?" And, by the way, my favorite answer to that question is "No, but we do have fun making sure all the positions are possible."
RT: What's the biggest perk that comes from having a romance author for a spouse?
AM: All the women who know what my wife writes look at me different. :)
RT: Has your spouse ever put you in a book? She denies this, but I know it's me. :)
RT: Brag about your spouse, what are you most proud of them accomplishing in this difficult industry?
AM: The success she's had even when it hasn't been easy, she never gives up.
RT: Does everyone in your life know what your spouse does for a living?
AM: Yes, and everyone wants to be put in one of her books. Even the mailman, who likes to ask what she's writing about.
RT: If you ever had to write a book, what kind of book would it be?
AM: A how-to-deal-with-too-many-teenagers-in-your-life [book]. Or a home-fix-it book.
RT: What's your coping mechanism when your spouse is on deadline?
AM: Duck. And keep cookies in the cupboard.
:razz: One random commenter will win a copy of my upcoming STILL THE ONE!


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Because you made a decision to concentrate on unfaithful rather I'll offer my 2 cents.
If any kind of individual were to be wrongfully implicated of a criminal offense, they would most likely really hope to have a protection lawyer there to represent them instead than dealing with down the prosecution themselves. And also, a defense lawyer's function is to maintain the lawful civil liberties of all their customers, guilty or otherwise, to see to it that the constitution is promoted. Due to the fact that protection lawyers might have the capability to vindicate guilty customers does not imply that the function of promoting the constitutional civil liberties of the implicated ends up being outdated, simply.
For me directly, it's actually not that challenging to warrant sustaining the legalisation of hooking. When contrasting something like extramarital relations to something like rape as well as attack, I'm mosting likely to toss my hat in the area that quits rape as well as attack.
There are a number of points in this globe which that have the capability to do trigger both damage as well as great in a culture.
There might be instances where criminal activities are devoted as well as the guilty celebration is captured. A protection lawyer will possibly direct out this unfairness and also therefore, obtain also a guilty customer off scathe complimentary.
It has actually not been discovered to have actually considerably decreased hooking and also penalties as well as apprehensions have actually been inadequate techniques of prevention as several woman of the streets are repeat culprits and also will merely offer sex to pay off their penalties (Carrasquillo, 2014). While it is outlawed nevertheless, it substantially restricts females due to the fact that after they are detained for hooking, it makes it a lot harder for them to obtain a task with a criminal document also if they do desire to leave sex job.
It has actually enhanced threat of Sexually Transmitted Disease's and also wellness threats for the woman of the streets operating in these problems.
What this research located was that complete legalisation was the most effective approach due to the fact that it permitted woman of the streets to operate in more secure problems, with much less opportunity of getting a Sexually Transmitted Disease than the basic populace as well as without threat of misuse and also rape.
Historically, one the loudest strictures of hooking was that it was a risk to the household by motivating adultery. Criminalization is merely not efficient in quiting hooking.
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Palma Outdoor Chair
$138.00 inlc. GST
The Palma Chair is both comfortable & graceful, in the eye-catching two-tone colour combo of White & Taupe or Charcoal. An outdoor dining chair with arms, manufactured in Italy with UV & weather resistant polypropylene & fiberglass resin. Its faux timber slat design pays homage to its wooden predecessors, but unlike those that came before it, this contemporary European piece is ultra-low maintenance season after season.
- Specifications
- Designer
- Finance
- Reviews (1)
- Nardi Video
- Downloads
Additional information
|Chair Dimensions
D565mm X W590mm X H860mm | Seat: 455mm
White & Taupe
|Material Properties
100% Recyclable, Anti-static, Non-toxic, Waterproof
|Resistant To
|Foot Properties
|Assembly Required
|Cleaning Instructions
|Chair Weight
|ISO 9001 Certified
Nardi Outdoor Furniture Designer – Raffaello Galiotto
Born in Chiampo (Vicenza – Italy) in 1967. After studying Fine Arts at Accademia di Belle Arti, in Venice, he founded & opened his own industrial design studio in 1993. His areas of specialization involve designing injection moulded plastic products, indoor & outdoor furniture, and stone & marble work. His projects have been exhibited in prestigious museums & international events, as well as being published in books & magazines. He currently teaches design at the University of Ferrara.
You can find more information about the designer on Nardi Outdoor's Raffaello Galiotto – Designer Profile.
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Customer reviews
1 review for Palma Outdoor Chair
We have just purchased four "Net Chairs - Charcoal". Our existing deck furniture was worn out and we had seen these chairs on the deck at the Maraetai Beach Boating Club. They looked really good and had been there for almost 2 years exposed to the sun, rain and sea spray. It made our decision to buy the same chairs very easy.
Excellent table, chairs and serviceWe are so happy with this table and chairs. it's given our outdoor area a big lift. Super speedy delivery - 3 days I think. Easy easy to assemble the table. The unpacking took the longest and that was only 10mins !
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Director: Phyllida Lloyd
The Iron Lady begins and spends much screen time on the least interesting part of Margaret Thatcher's life. Her husband Denis (Jim Broadbent) has passed away, and she still sees and has conversations with him. It is not clear that she is losing it, just coping with his passing and reflecting on her life. The framing device is entirely unnecessary, a MacGuffin to humanize the polarizing conservative politician and Great Britain's longest-reigning Prime Minister.
Her rise to power and corresponding relationships are what is interesting, not her marriage. I have a problem with marriage plots within otherwise-interesting narratives. This film ought to be more than just about a marriage, wasting a brilliant-as-usual Meryl Streep performance. Perhaps this is more a question of point of view. Abi Morgan's screenplay attempts to take us inside the head of Thatcher, who is reflecting on her time at 10 Downing Street in a memoir she signs copies of. However, some of these devices, employed by Morgan and the film's director Phyllida Lloyd, feel like lazy storytelling. In one instance she signs her maiden name, Roberts, instead of Thatcher, which leads us into several flashbacks.
A grosser's daughter, (Alexandra Roach plays Thatcher as a young woman), she is forced to overcome a certain shyness, perhaps from her schooling at Oxford, to become and become the Iron Lady, the union busting, small business-encouraging PM. For those unfamiliar with Thatcher (I know the spirit of the times from 1980s British social realism – Mike Leigh's Life is Sweet and Stephen Frears' My Beautiful Launderette are the first that spring to mind) the film is a challenge. She is working to build a party, but we learn little about the others standing in her way; they are equated to the mean girls in her neighborhood in a flashback within a flashback.
The weakest link isn't the performances, which are very good, but the editing. There are several non-linear films that I've felt have been diminished using this structure. J. Edgar, another recent biopic, used this structure well, showing both the construction of persona and institution. The Iron Lady is a biopic unworthy of the unapologetic Thatcher, who surprisingly engages in household tasks, including an opening scene of her purchasing milk, noting the price has increased.
The film has no political agenda; it is instead a soap opera told in flashback with a few moments hinting at the drama that could have been mined from this politician's work. And while a biopic need not take side, nor be political to the point where a filmmaker's agenda overshadows the narrative, it should mean something. The Iron Lady feels like an exercise that could very well be retooled into something brilliant. If the film has loyal fans, perhaps it will inspire a group of online collaborators to retool the picture into something effective.
The Iron Lady is now in limited release.
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New Delhi -°C
Tuesday, Sep 24, 2019
Milky Way's black hole may soon eat up a gas cloud
A newly found object hurtling towards the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Milky Way is likely to be consumed by it in about 18 months, predict astronomers.india Updated: Dec 28, 2011 18:27 IST
The expected 2013 rendezvous of the object the size of a small planet, which is rushing towrads the black hole at a speed of five million miles an hour, may offer scientists first ever opportunity to witness such an event.
Initially, the object, which was discovered using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, was thought to be a gas cloud formed from material from nearby stars.
Now, an analysis from the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics suggested that the newly found object could have a different origin -- and form a disc of material that would have gone on to form planets, had its parent star not been pulled towards the supermassive black hole.
The scientists think that the star might have been pulled out of a ring of young stars, hinting that many planet-forming discs and even planets could exist in the heart of our galaxy.
"Essentially, we have never seen before how any black hole in the universe is being fed," said study co-author Stefan Gillessen, an astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany.
"Now we have the chance to watch something fall in," he was quoted as saying by the 'scientificamerican.com'.
The 2013 impact will allow us to determine, whether the object is a gas cloud or a star complete with proto-planetary material, the scientists said.
They believe that the black hole might rip the gas cloud apart and pull it inward, producing a detectable surge in x-ray emissions as the gas compresses and heats up.
Depending on how the cloud breaks up, the black hole may feed on it for years to come, significantly brightening the faint glow that emanates from just outside the edge of the black hole, its event horizon, and providing astrophysicists a unique view of black hole digestion, they reported in the journal Nature.
First Published: Dec 28, 2011 18:21 IST
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Join us at the Poteet Ranch April 11-12! View the catalog here:
Keeping Up
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Doguet's go to Florida for a herd visit to the Lykes Bros. The Lykes Bros. calves in the pictures are sired by Doguet bulls. View more pictures from our trip here on our Facebook page!


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Marketing Communications Campaign Manager
- Recruiter
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- Location
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- Posted
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- Closes
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- Ref
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- Job Function
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Hays Specialist Recruitment Limited acts as an employment agency for permanent recruitment and employment business for the supply of temporary workers. By applying for this job you accept the T&C's, Privacy Policy and Disclaimers which can be found at hays.co.uk


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Shenmue creator, Yu Suzuki has provided a statement concerning the questions about Shenmue 3's funding and Sony's involvement.
In an open letter to fans on the Project's Kickstarter page, Suzuki said that all the funds that have been raised, will go straight towards the third installment and not to Sony.
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text:
A1 King et al (2007) refer to the
need for an intervention that would "reduce the prevalence
of disease in both cattle and wildlife". Detailed analysis
of the prevalence of M. bovis infection among badgers culled in
the RBCT demonstrated that prevalence was increased following
both proactive and reactive culls, where prevalence is the proportion
affected (Bourne et al, 2007; Woodroffe et al, 2006b).
We note that Sir David King's oral evidence to the Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs Committee suggests that his team were envisaging
a policy entailing reductions in badger density (ie the numbers
of badgers per unit area) similar to those achieved in the RBCT
(Q407, Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee, 2007). In
this context, and in the absence of any data on the level to which
population densities would need to be suppressed in order to reduce
disease transmission among badgers in TB-affected areas of Britain,
we do not consider badger culling able to fulfil King et al
(2007) criteria for appropriate intervention.
A2 Proactive culling, as conducted in the
RBCT, substantially reduced the density of badgers (Woodroffe
et al, 2007), and thus it probably reduced the density
of M. bovis infected badgers despite increased prevalence. However
localised reactive culling produced smaller reductions in overall
badger density (Woodroffe et al, 2007) yet was still associated
with elevated prevalence (Bourne et al, 2007); hence the
density of infected badgers may not have been reduced and could
have been increased.
A3 We believe that clarity is critical to
this scientific debate, and therefore note that the statement
that "removal of badgers is the best option... to reduce
the reservoir of infection in wildlife" is imprecise and
potentially misleading. "Reduc[ing] the reservoir of infection
in wildlife" could refer to reducing wildlife density, to
reducing the prevalence of infection within the wildlife population,
or to both. If this wording is intended to refer to a reduction
in the prevalence of infection in wildlife, then it is erroneous:
as described in paragraphs ISG25 and A1 above, there is strong
evidence showing that RBCT culling increased, rather than reduced,
the prevalence of infection in badgers (Bourne et al, 2007;
Woodroffe et al, 2006b). If the wording is intended to
refer to a reduction in the density of badgers, it is important
to recognise the very strong evidence that such a reduction could
decrease or increase TB risks to cattle (or both, Donnelly et
al, 2006; Donnelly et al, 2003), depending on the form
of culling. There is consistent evidence that if badger culling
were to be conducted in a patchy, inefficient, or uncoordinated
manner, then subsequent risks of transmission to cattle would
probably be no lowerand could possibly be higherthan
they were before culling even though badger densities were being
suppressed (Bourne et al, 2007).
A4 We are unsure of the evidence used by
King et al (2007) to select 100 km2 as the minimal area
for badger removal. While this was the scale of RBCT areas, it
was clear from our analyses that, when surrounding areas were
also considered, the benefits within the 100 km2 culled area were
largely offset by the detrimental effects on surrounding land
(Donnelly et al, 2007). Two extrapolations that we considered
could be supported by the RBCT data indicated that the minimal
area required to obtain a statistically significant overall benefit
was either 265 km2 (Paragraph 5.41 and Figure 5.4A in Bourne et
al, 2007) or 455 km2 (Paragraph 5.42 and Figure 5.4B in Bourne
et al, 2007), depending on the assumptions used. Any such
extrapolation requires untestable assumptions (by the very definition
of extrapolation), yet it is clear from the RBCT data that 100
km2 is too small an area to be confident of an overall beneficial
effect on cattle TB incidence.
A5 As noted in paragraphs ISG13-ISG15 above,
we strongly disagree with King et al(2007) statement that
the evidence for a detrimental effect is limited to the area between
0.5 and 1 km outside the removal area.
A6 Further, on the basis of RBCT and other
data we consider it highly unlikely that the "soft boundaries"
mentioned would either "reduc[e] the migration of badgers
into the removal area" as stated, or markedly reduce detrimental
effects on neighbouring land. These arguments are outlined in
paragraphs ISG19 and A34-A35 of this document.
A7 While King et al (2007) recommend
monitoring of cattle TB incidence in the proposed culling areas,
we are concerned that no detailed consideration has been given
to the precision of the analysis of such monitoring data. Without
knowing the spatial extent over which any such culling would occur,
it is impossible to provide statistical guidance. More importantly,
it would be extremely difficult to obtain reliable estimates of
the effects of culling on TB incidence (particularly any detrimental
effects in neighbouring areas) if no unculled comparison areas
were available. Indeed, this is one of the reasons why Krebs et
al (1997) recommended that a randomised controlled experiment
be conducted, on an appropriate temporal and geographical scale,
to evaluate the impacts of badger culling on cattle TB.
A8 As noted in paragraphs ISG20-ISG22 above,
the results of Cox et al (2005) have been misinterpreted.
A9 King et al (2007) comment that
"...cattle movements alone cannot explain the persistence
of the geographically compartmentalised areas of high incidence
of cattle TB, nor their gradual expansion over the last decade..."
but provide no evidence in support of this statement. In considering
the potential contribution of cattle movements to the geographical
spread of TB, it is worth noting that, in western England and
Wales, 43% of cattle movements occur over a distance of less than
20 km (Mitchell et al, 2005). Hence, cattle movement is
likely to contribute to local as well as long-distance spread
of infection.
A10 This paragraph notes that "most
of the areas had only four removal operations". This is incorrect.
The number of proactive culls conducted in each triplet were:
A five culls, B seven culls, C six culls, D four culls, E six
culls, F five culls, G five culls, H five culls, I four culls,
J four culls, giving a mean of 5.1 and a mode of five culls per
A11 Consideration is given in this paragraph
to the non-significant trend for the benefits of culling within
trial areas to increase on later culls. While mathematical modelling
could be used to extrapolate the likely benefits of conducting
further annual culling operations, this would again require untestable
or uncertain assumptions (including, but not limited to, how badger
recolonisation and birth rates might change with repeated culling,
what proportion of breakdowns were due to badger-to-cattle transmission,
and how badger ranging behaviour might change with badger density).
While detailed mathematical models of the cattle-badger disease
system have been constructed (eg Smith et al, 2001), considerable
detailed sensitivity analyses of parameter values and model structure
would be required before their predictions of future benefits
could be considered reliable.
A12 The RBCT did demonstrate that repeated
culling carried out by skilled members of the Defra Wildlife Unit
delivered significantly decreased TB incidence in cattle within
the 100km2 RBCT trial areas (Donnelly et al, 2006). However,
these beneficial effects were accompanied by detrimental effects
in neighbouring areas (Donnelly et al, 2006).
A13 With regard to extrapolation of effects
of culling over larger areas, paragraphs 5.41-5.42 and Figure
5.4 of Bourne et al (2007) provide what we consider to
be reliable extrapolations from our results.
A14 We are unsure why the increased incidence
of cattle TB observed on land neighbouring RBCT trial areas was
judged "hard to interpret". We have published a body
of research on this issue and the evidence is considered "substantial"
and "strong" by scientific authorities (eg Royal Society,
2006; Shepherd, 2005; Shepherd et al, 2005). We have published
a number of peer-reviewed papers showing that culling leads to
disrupted territorial organisation and expanded ranging by badgers
(Pope et al, 2007b; Woodroffe et al, 2006a), as
well as immigration of badgers into culled areas (Woodroffe et
al, 2007). These ecological changes are associated with reduced
clustering of infection in both badgers and cattle (Jenkins et
al, 2007), and with increased prevalence of infection in badgers
(Bourne et al, 2007; Woodroffe et al, 2006b). The
causality of the relationship between culling-induced changes
in badger ecology and increased TB incidence in cattle is suggested
not only by these broad patterns, but also by details including
modification of the effects by factors such as geographic barriers
to badger movement, and the practice of non-simultaneous culling
(Woodroffe et al, 2006b). Indeed, it was the observation
of expanded ranging by badgers living immediately outside proactive
culling areas (Woodroffe et al, 2006a) that prompted us
to investigate cattle TB incidence on these lands (Donnelly et
al, 2006). It is unfortunate that none of this ecological
work is cited by King et al (2007).
A15 King et al (2007) go on to recommend
that "measures... should be put in place to minimise that
increase [in cattle TB]". This appears to ignore the detailed
consideration in paragraphs 10.8-10.48 of Bourne et al
(2007) which concludes that no practical measures are likely to
be able to achieve this. Further details are given in paragraphs
A33-A35 below.
A16 As mentioned in paragraph ISG16 above,
we consider it inappropriate to exclude data from the period between
the first and second culls. The reason for this is detailed in
the peer-reviewed Supplementary Information of Donnelly et
al (2006), which we reproduce here.
The main text presents analyses from two time
periods, one dating from the completion of the initial cull (which
shows statistically significant effects both inside and outside
trial areas), and one dating from completion of the first follow-up
cull (which shows a significant effect inside, but a non-significant
trend outside). The reasons for considering these two time periods,
and their implications for the interpretation of our findings,
merit further comment.
We used incidence from the date of the initial
cull as our primary analysis, mainly because this measure is the
most relevant to policy: the effects detected reflect what one
could expect to achieve from a proactive culling policy implemented
on the timescale measured. As described briefly in the main text,
there were two reasons for performing secondary analyses which
excluded data from before the first follow-up cull. First, this
excluded breakdowns that might have originated prior to the onset
of culling, even though (given annual testing) they were not detected
until after culling had begun. Such breakdowns would lead to under-estimation
of culling-induced effects on incidence in the first yearessentially
this would bias estimates of increases or reductions toward no
effect. Our findings of statistically significant effects dating
from completion of the initial cull, both inside and outside trial
areas, therefore indicate the strength of both positive and negative
effects of culling.
An additional reason for performing the secondary
analyses was that a more complete badger removal would have been
achieved from the date of the first follow-up cull. This more
complete cull would be expected to generate a greater reduction
in cattle TB inside trial areas, and the results of the secondary
analysis are indeed consistent with this prediction, albeit with
a wider confidence interval due to the smaller dataset.
In contrast with the situation inside trial
areas, however, the circumstances of incomplete badger removal
that would have occurred between the initial cull and the first
follow-up could be expected to increase any detrimental effects
of culling, if such effects were caused by disruption of badger
territorial organisation at artificially reduced population densities.
The frequency of potentially infectious contacts between cattle
and badgers will be related to both the density of badgers, and
the ranging behaviour of those badgers. We have hypothesised that,
where densities are substantially reduced, contact rates will
be reduced despite expanded ranging behaviour, but that smaller
reductions in density will generate increased contact rates if
(as observed) they are also accompanied by expanded ranging. In
this scenario, we would expect detrimental effects to be particularly
marked following the initial cull since densities were probably
reduced to a lesser extent during this period. Our secondary analysis
excluded this potentially important time period and this, along
with the reduced sample size, helps to explain why the culling
effect in `neighbouring areas' was found to be weaker.
A17 As noted by King et al (2007),
"the detrimental effect was not spread over all of the area
[up to] 2km outside the removal area" although we wish to
clarify that the analyses to which this comment refers considered
distance from the boundary of the trial area, rather than the
treatment area (Donnelly et al, 2007). Trial area boundaries
were delineated mainly along property boundaries, so that herds
could in principle be classified unambiguously as located inside
or outside the trial area. Treatment areas, within which culling
was conducted, were slightly larger than trial areas, and delineated
according to the estimated boundaries of social group territories
so that all badgers using farms inside the trial areas could be
targeted (Bourne et al, 2007). As a consequence, some culling
was conducted on land immediately adjoining trial areas, but outside
their boundaries, and this almost certainly explains the (non-significant)
beneficial effect of proactive culling among herds on land 0-0.5
km outside RBCT trial areas.
A18 Our decision to analyse data from all
land up to 2 km outside trial areas (except when it was within
2 km of more than one trial area), rather than treatment areas,
was a deliberate one, taken to be conservative and to avoid any
accusations that data were selected or excluded in order to obtain
a particular result. However, the occurrence of apparently beneficial
effects within 500m of the trial area boundary would be expected
to offset, to some extent, the detrimental effects observed at
greater distances and could therefore lead to under-estimation
of detrimental effects on unculled land.
A19 To provide further clarity on this point,
we have repeated our analyses of the incidence of cattle TB on
land up to 2km outside trial area boundaries, excluding herds
occupying land outside the trial area but inside the treatment
area. These analyses, which are presented in Table 1 below, reveal
estimated detrimental effects slightly stronger than those reported
in our published papers. These results confirm that our inclusion,
in primary analyses, of herds outside the trial areas but inside
the treatment areas was conservative and probably led to slightly
under-estimation of detrimental effects on unculled land.
A20 As discussed in paragraphs ISG13-ISG15
above, it is inappropriate to judge the overall detrimental effect
of culling by considering confidence intervals for individual
subgroups of data. Also, as noted in paragraphs ISG16 and A16
above, and in paragraphs A40-A44 below, we consider it appropriate
to include all data, from the completion of the initial proactive
cull, in primary analyses of the effects of culling.
Comparison of estimated detrimental effects
of proactive badger culling on the incidence of cattle TB on farms
up to 2km outside RBCT areas, when herds falling outside the trial
areas but inside the treatment areas are included (as in our published
analyses, Bourne et al, 2007; Donnelly et al, 2007)
or excluded. Confidence intervals and p values are adjusted for
overdispersion as described in our published work.
A21 King et al (2007) found it "hard to compare
data" from our report as "figures are presented as percentages
rather than as absolute numbers of herd breakdowns". We are
surprised at this concern. It is standard to report percentage
differences in risks, and then for these to be translated into
absolute numbers for specific considerations, such as cost benefit
analyses. Indeed, we give specific calculations for 100 km2 areas
in Bourne et al (2007) paragraph 5.39. These indicate that,
over a five-year period of culling, 116 fewer confirmed breakdowns
would have occurred within 10 circular 100 km2 areas, and 102
additional breakdowns would have occurred in the 10 associated
83.5 km2 neighbouring areas. This gives a net overall benefit
of 14 fewer confirmed breakdowns (Donnelly et al, 2007).
Detailed consideration of the costs and benefits of this scale
of operation was presented in Chapter 9 of Bourne et al
A22 King et al (2007) suggest that the potential
role of cattle herd densities was not considered in our analyses.
In fact, the inclusion of the (ln transformed) number of herds
as an independent variable in our log-linear regression analyses
allowed us to characterise the relationship between herd density
and the incidence of cattle TB, since all trial areas were of
similar size.
A23 The full raw data on the numbers of herds, breakdowns
and historic breakdowns were provided in supplementary data files
published with both papers on the effects of proactive culling
(Donnelly et al, 2007; Donnelly et al, 2006). While
we did not specifically report herd densities (per km2, for example)
in Bourne et al (2007), we did provide the number of cattle
herds at baseline in Tables 5.1 and 5.7, and the sizes of trial
areas are given in the peer-reviewed Supplementary Information
of Donnelly et al (2006). Hence, relevant data have been
publicly available since December 2005 (when Donnelly et al
(2006) was published online), allowing interested parties to examine
herd density effects in further detail had they so wished.
A24 As noted in paragraphs A33-A35 below, King et
al (2007) comment that "the overall beneficial effect
on incidence of cattle TB will be maximised if steps are taken
to minimise that detrimental effect" fails to take account
of the absence of practical measures likely to minimise detrimental
A25 As noted in paragraph A7 above, we are concerned
that it would be extremely difficult to obtain reliable estimates
of the effects of badger culling on the incidence of cattle TB
by "monitoring of these effects up to 2 km outside the removal
area" if no comparable unculled comparison areas were available.
Indeed, this is one of the reasons why Krebs et al (1997)
recommended that a randomised controlled experiment be conducted
to measure the impact of badger culling on cattle TB.
A26 We consider the evidence for the reduction in badger
density achieved through proactive culling to be considerably
stronger than "an informed guess". Multiple indices
of badger abundance gave similar estimates of the impact of proactive
culling (Woodroffe et al, 2007). Several of these indices
were based on densities of badger field signs; these were shown
to correlate with the numbers of badgers captured per unit area
on initial culls, indicating that they are likely to be reasonable
measures of badger abundance (Woodroffe et al, 2007). Another
index used, the density of road-killed badgers retrieved, is a
more direct measure of badger abundance and gave similar results
(Woodroffe et al, 2007). Improved methods for measuring
badger density were developed while the RBCT was in progress (Frantz
et al, 2004; Hounsome et al, 2005; Wilson et
al, 2003) but were not available at the start of the study
and so could not be used to monitor culling effects throughout
the course of the study. Nevertheless we consider the close agreement
between estimates based on different measures to indicate that
the effects of culling on badger density were estimated reasonably
reliably (Woodroffe et al, 2007).
A27 King et al (2007) rightly note that clustering
of M. bovis infection in badgers "was disrupted over the
course of the trial and... the prevalence of infection in badgers...
increased". Their report fails to note, however, that similar
changes in the clustering of infection were also observed in cattle:
in reactively culled areas, and on land neighbouring proactively
culled areas, cattle infections became less clustered as successive
badger culls were conducted (Jenkins et al, 2007). This
change in the geographical distribution of cattle infections reflects
expanded ranging behaviour by badgers in the same areas (Woodroffe
et al, 2006a), contributing to the large body of evidence
linking detrimental effects of culling to disruption of badger
social organisation.
A28 The conclusions reached in this paragraph are difficult
to interpret since it is not clear whether they refer to badger
populations inside the culling areas, to those immediately outside,
or to both. In either case, the statement that "The ISG considered
that the disruption of badgers and the increased ranging behaviour
was a permanent effect... However, there is a reasonable possibility
that the disruption is transient" is misleading in that it
implies that the ISG gave no consideration to temporal trends.
In fact, Woodroffe et al (2006b), Woodroffe et al
(2007) and Pope et al (2007a) sought evidence for temporal
trends in the effects on badgers, Donnelly et al (2007)
and Bourne et al (2007) sought evidence for temporal trends
in the beneficial and detrimental effects on cattle, and Jenkins
et al (2007) evaluated temporal trends in the relationship
between infections in the two host species. In particular, the
Discussion section of Donnelly et al (2007) includes several
paragraphs proposing an ecological mechanism that might explain
the temporal trends observed in cattle.
A29 The first investigation of any transience of the
effects on cattle was not a "simple regression" as stated,
but rather a detailed consideration of the stratified data presented
in Figure 5.2A of Bourne et al (2007). Any modelling beyond
the linear regression suggested by the pattern observed over the
first four culls would require untestable assumptions and would
thus be unlikely to give consistent results over the possible
range of parameter values and model structures consistent with
the known data. The evidence of the RBCT is clear over the first
four annual culls.
A30 While King et al (2007) are correct that "the
data do not discount this theory" [that disruption of badger
spatial organisation is transient] outside culling areas where
data are limited, data from inside culling areas suggest that
disruption was sustained. As successive proactive culls were conducted,
an increasing proportion of badgers were captured close to culling
area boundaries, indicating sustained badger immigration into
culled areas with no evidence of this effect levelling off on
later culls (Woodroffe et al, 2007). Genetic studies likewise
show an increasing proportion of the badger population engaging
in long-distance movements following successive culls, confirming
sustained disruption of badger populations (Pope et al,
2007a). Finally, the prevalence of M. bovis infection among badgers
rose, and the spatial distribution of infection became less clustered,
on successive culls, once again with no evidence of lesser effects
on later culls (Jenkins et al, 2007; Woodroffe et al,
2006b) despite declining badger density over the same time period
(Woodroffe et al, 2007). All of this evidence indicates
that "disruption of badgers" was sustained throughout
the course of the RBCT, contrary to King et al's suggestion.
In contrast, evidence cannot discount the hypothesis that detrimental
effects for cattle may have declined on later proactive culls
(Donnelly et al, 2007) as the suppression of badger densities
was sustained. The reduction in spatial clustering of cattle infections
likewise appears to have been greatest between the first and second
culls (Jenkins et al, 2007).
A31 As in paragraph 37 of King et al (2007), it
is not clear whether the conclusions reached in this paragraph
refer to badger populations inside, or immediately outside, the
culling areas. If they refer to badgers inside the culling area
then, as detailed above, the statement that "the likelihood
of uninfected badgers being exposed to infectious badgers will...
be reduced, ideally to a level at which TB cannot sustain itself
within the badger population" is at odds with the available
evidence, which has been published in peer-reviewed scientific
journals. Woodroffe et al (2006b) showed that the prevalence
of infection among badgers increased as successive proactive culls
depressed badger density (Woodroffe et al, 2007). Moreover,
the finding that these infections were also less spatially clustered
on later culls (Jenkins et al, 2007) is consistent with
the hypothesis that disruption of badger spatial organisation
led to increased badger-to-badger transmission (Woodroffe et
al, 2006a). While in principle it is to be expected that extremely
low population densities would limit contact between badgers and,
hence, badger-to-badger transmission of infection, there are no
data to indicate the level of population reduction needed to achieve
this in TB-affected areas of Britain. Moreover, there is evidence
for widespread cattle-to-badger transmission in Britain (Jenkins
et al, 2007; Woodroffe et al, 2006b), and this could
well contribute to continued infection in very low-density badger
populations despite low badger-to-badger transmission rates.
A32 As noted in paragraphs A2 and A3 above, substantially
lowering badger density by sustained, simultaneous, coordinated
culling across very large areas could reduce the incidence of
cattle TB inside culled areas, even though the remaining badgers
might experience increased prevalence of infection. However, since
the relationship between badger density and TB risk to cattle
is strongly non-linear, culling in smaller areas, for shorter
time periods, or in an uncoordinated manner will all seriously
undermine any beneficial effects of culling and have the potential
to generate detrimental effects.
A33 All of the measures proposed in this paragraph were
considered systematically in Chapter 10 of Bourne et al
(2007), and found to be unworkable. For example, we noted that
too few existing barriers to badger movement occur in southern
and western Britain for these to be used to delineate culling
zones over a meaningful proportion of TB-affected areas, and that
the mitigating effect of such barriers on the incidence of cattle
TB (as opposed to infection prevalence in badgers) was unproven.
We also drew attention to the cost of constructing badger-proof
electric fences (Poole et al, 2002), and the impracticality
of fencing any but the smallest culling areas given the number
of roads traversing the British countryside.
A34 We wish to comment in particular on the suggestion
of using "...soft boundaries such as arable land with no
cattle..." to minimise detrimental effects on cattle TB.
This sort of approachwhich we considered in paragraph 10.22
of Bourne et al (2007)would not prevent disruption
of badger populations immediately outside culling areas (since
badgers regularly occupy arable land). However, this measure could
reduce the impact of such disruption on cattle by ensuring that
few or no cattle inhabited the areas where disease transmission
from badgers was most likely.
A35 In our view, any such "soft boundaries"
would have to be substantially wider than the 1 km proposed. We
observed changes in badger ranging behaviour, and detrimental
effects on cattle TB, up to 2 km outside RBCT trial area boundaries
(Donnelly et al, 2006; Woodroffe et al, 2006a).
Bait-marking studies can be used to derive conservative estimates
of badger home range sizes inside proactively culled areas: the
mean value was 0.77 km2, equivalent to a circle with a diameter
of approximately 1km. Adding one standard deviation to this mean
home range size gives an area of 1.34 km2, equivalent to a diameter
of about 1.3 km. A 1 km-wide band would therefore be fairly small
in relation to the scale of badger ranging, and would be regularly
traversed by local badgers. We therefore considered somewhat wider
bands in Bourne et al (2007). To illustrate the scale of
effects, if culling were to be conducted within circular 100 km2
areas, each surrounded by a cattle-free buffer 2 km wide, each
buffer would cover 83.5 km2. Buffers would be proportionally smaller
(though absolutely larger) for larger culling areas, and would
also be larger where culling areas were not circular. We concluded
that the costs (in the broadest sense) of excluding cattle from
such large areas of the British countryside would be likely to
out-weigh the benefits (Bourne et al, 2007).
A36 This paragraph contains a statement fundamental to
King et al's (2007) conclusions, namely that our own "...view
that this benefit [of proactive culling] was largely offset by
the increase in incidence outside the removal area is unsound".
We consider this statement to be inconsistent with the data available.
As discussed elsewhere in this document, King et al's downplaying
of the detrimental effects of culling appears to be based upon
a number of misunderstandings including inappropriate interpretation
of confidence limits (paragraphs ISG13-ISG15), exclusion of data
from the initial time period which cannot be justified on the
basis of any statistical bias toward overestimation (paragraphs
ISG16 and A16) or time delay between performing badger culling
and detecting its effects (paragraphs A40-A44), and failure to
take full account of ecological data which offer a plausible and
consistent explanation for both the detrimental and beneficial
effects observed (paragraph ISG18). In particular, the increased
incidence of cattle TB observed in herds up to 2 km outside proactively
culled trial areas was a consistently observed phenomenon and,
given its magnitude, largely offset the benefits of reduced TB
incidence among cattle within proactively culled trial areas (Donnelly
et al, 2007). This offsetting is clearly demonstrated for
culling areas up to 300 km2 in Figure 5.4 of Bourne et al
A37 As mentioned in paragraphs ISG13-ISG15 above, counting
how many confidence intervals of stratified analyses include zero
is statistically inappropriate.
A38 The occurrence of some badger removal immediately
outside RBCT trial areas, and the way in which data from these
areas were included in analyses, should not have been "unclear"
given the detailed descriptions of methodology provided in Bourne
et al (2007). The "trial" and "treatment"
areas are defined in paragraphs 2.11 and 2.12, and illustrated
in Figure 2.1. Paragraphs 5.5 and 5.25 indicate that primary analyses
concerned herds inside or outside trial (rather than treatment)
areas and paragraphs 5.15 and 5.33 make explicit reference to
distances from the "trial area boundary". Moreover,
paragraph 5.33 states that "...herds... less than 0.5 km
outside the trial area boundary appeared to experience a benefit...
this... was unsurprising, because badger culling extended just
beyond the boundaries of the trial areas to target social groups
judged... to occupy home ranges falling partially inside the trial
A39 To provide further clarity on this point, we have
repeated our analyses of the incidence of cattle TB on land up
to 2km outside trial area boundaries, excluding herds occupying
land outside the trial area but inside the treatment area. These
results are presented in paragraph A19 above.
A40 King et al (2007) note that "it would
be reasonable to expect... a time lag between removal of badgers
and detection of changes in infection in cattle" but that
"this time lag does not seem to have been taken into account
when the ISG collected data on cattle TB incidence immediately
after the first proactive removal".
A41 Our reasons for including data between the first
and second proactive culls in our primary analyses are detailed
in paragraphs ISG16 and A16 above. Since we considered it likely
that the effects of culling might change over time, our publications
also presented estimates of effects from the date of completion
of the second cull (Bourne et al, 2007; Donnelly et
al, 2007; Donnelly et al, 2006) and explicitly investigated
changes across different time periods (Bourne et al, 2007;
Donnelly et al, 2007). The suggestion that a possible time
lag "does not seem to have been taken into account"
is therefore incorrect.
A42 We discussed this possible time lag in detail in
the peer-reviewed Supplementary Information of Donnelly et
al (2006). Available data indicate that such time lags could
be short. This is because (i) behavioural data show that local
reductions in badger density affect ranging behaviour within a
few days or weeks (Cheeseman et al, 1993; Roper & Lups,
1993; Woodroffe, Macdonald & da Silva, 1995), allowing contact
with additional cattle herds; and (ii) once infected, cattle become
responsive to the tuberculin test after approximately three weeks
(Thom et al, 2006). Hence, if badgers can infect susceptible
cattle rapidly on contact, increased cattle incidence would be
detectable two to three months after badger culling.
A43 King et al (2007) state that naturally-acquired
infections entail longer delays to skin test responsiveness than
do experimental infections, but provide no data to support this
assertion. We are not persuaded that time to responsiveness could
be estimated for natural cases since infection dates would be
unknown. Thom et al (2006) used infective doses of M. bovis
that resulted in disease similar to that observed in naturally
infected cattle, and we therefore consider their experimental
findings the most reliable data currently available.
A44 We also wish to note that this concern about time
delays refers to our hypothesis about the mechanism whereby badger
culling prompts detrimental effects in cattle, not to the existence
of detrimental effects themselves. Since there is strong and highly
consistent evidence that detrimental effects occur, and since
these are costly for farmers, for the farming industry, and ultimately
for the taxpayer, it is vital that they be taken into account
in developing TB control policy.
A45 As discussed in paragraphs ISG18-ISG19 and A14 above,
we consider it unfortunate that King et al (2007) state
that they were "not fully persuaded by" our explanation
for detrimental effects of culling yet fail to cite any of our
peer-reviewed papers which provide strong support for this hypothesis.
As noted in paragraph A14, there is consensus within the scientific
community that evidence in support of our hypothesis is "substantial"
and "strong" (eg Royal Society, 2006; Shepherd, 2005).
A46 As detailed in paragraphs A28-A30 above, the ISG
gave explicit consideration to the possibility that the effects
of culling might change over time.
A47 King et al's (2007) statement that RBCT data
should not be used "...to either support or rule out a reactive
removal strategy..." contrasts with their earlier conclusion
that "...the minimum overall area within which badger removal
should take place is 100 km2" (the average area targeted
by reactive culling was 8.8 km2).
A48 King et al (2007) dismiss our findings regarding
reactive culling, partly because this part of the RBCT was "stopped
before robust results could be obtained". We note that the
decision to halt reactive culling was taken by Defra ministers;
the ISG had recommended that culling be continued while recognising
that this might be difficult for Defra to justify (Bourne et
al, 2005).
A49 Despite this, the consistency of our original results
(Donnelly et al, 2003) with the findings of subsequent
analyses indicate that our conclusions concerning reactive culling
are indeed "robust". Subsequent analyses provide (i)
evidence that detrimental effects occur on land neighbouring proactive
culling areas (Donnelly et al, 2006), making an overall
detrimental effect predictable where culling areas are small and
hence exceeded in extent by the areas of neighbouring land (Bourne
et al, 2007); (ii) evidence that the detrimental effect
of reactive culling disappeared following cessation of culling,
indicating that the effect was not due to a systematic bias between
trial areas unrelated to reactive culling (Bourne et al,
2007); (iii) evidence that herds located in close proximity to
reactively culled land experienced elevated TB risk, even after
controlling for the effect of contiguous breakdowns (Bourne et
al, 2007); (iv) evidence that repeated reactive culling was
associated with spatial spread of infection in cattle (Jenkins
et al, 2007); and (v) evidence that repeated reactive culling,
like proactive culling, was associated with elevated infection
prevalence in badgers (Bourne et al, 2007). This information
indicates that it is extremely unlikely that a future reactive
culling strategy could contribute to the control of cattle TB,
and would probably exacerbate disease spread. Given this evidence
we consider it remarkable that King et al (2007) failed
to "rule out a reactive removal strategy".
A50 In a comment about the use and interpretation of
confidence intervals, King et al (2007) comment that our
inclusion of "decimal points... may give the impression of
more certainty than is the case." While we agree that the
individual values make sense only to fewer digits, our reason
for giving more in this case had a scientific basis: it was to
allow any reader wishing to make some additional calculations
with the limits to do so without appreciable loss of information
from rounding errors.
We wish to thank former ISG research assistants Helen Jenkins
and Tom Johnston for conducting the additional analyses presented
in paragraph A19.
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text:
LUSH Goes Naked
Late last year we flew out to Berlin for the LUSH Prize, which you can read all about in Issue Seven, but what you didn't know is that we also visited their brand new naked store. That's right, it's packaging-free.
They have really useful facts dotted around the store that highlight the specific reasons why their store is packaging-free which is great for zero waste and low impact lovers.
As for products, we loved the highlighters and naked facial oils the most - they're super luxurious. The shower oil lasts a lot longer than normal shower gel. I use my favourite LUSH scent, Sleepy, and I still have so much left, I would have normally got through that in a month minimum.
They have solid deodorants, body lotions and conditioners, and facial cleansers. How cute is babyface?! I haven't used this cleanser, but it's next on my list of LUSH things to try…
The great news is, a lot of these naked products are available in your local LUSH. Tag us on instagram if you find them, and let us know what your favourites are!


text:
Shelter Structures Projects
Air Force Warehouse Complex Project
When the military needs something, they usually come to the best. That is why they asked Shelter Structures for some help. A tenant command on an Air Force base was responsible for storage and disposition of millions of dollars in material. Some of these materials were decaying due to lack of suitable indoor storage space.
The Air Force required an economical solution to get the materials to a safer place while maintaining their usual flow of operations. Shelter Structures designed four identical warehouses and installed them sequentially.
As always, the shelters were engineered to Risk Category II standards to ensure protection inside. The shelters included a ventilation system, high efficiency lighting, and two 18-foot square roll up doors to enable the access of forklifts. The shelters also include a heavy duty PVC membrane to help minimize water intrusion.


text:
A County Court is a court having a jurisdiction over several counties. Counties are sub national territories within a country. The composition and power of the County Court is different in different countries. For example, in England and Wales the County Court is the primary trial court. There are 216 county courts and they hold almost all civil cases. In Australia, the intermediate court is referred to as the county court. Other than murder, manslaughter and treason, they hear other serious crimes. In the United States, many states have County Courts. They may differ in functions; some may be structured solely for administrative purposes while others may have jurisdiction over criminal cases.
The County Criminal Courts deal with criminal cases like felonies, misdemeanors. The cases where the defendant is charged of a grave crime such as assault, theft, fraud or murder are regarded as criminal cases. In the state of New York, where there is a County Criminal Court, hearings for felonies or misdemeanors or small claims are held. The County Court has the authority to handle all criminal cases in the state within its jurisdiction. Felony cases fall exclusively under the grip of the County Courts while misdemeanors and other minor offences and violations are tried in the local city, town or village courts parallel with the County Courts.
County Criminal Court Cases
A County Criminal Court Cases records is maintained which contains the details about any case in any state along with other related facts. The number of criminal cases in a year is too many and keeping a record of them manually is a difficult task. The online records of the County criminal Courts are an effective way to look for criminal records. They can be searched for free on the internet. By surfing the county criminal court case records, one can quickly go through all the different cases held in the county.
The government maintains the criminal records. Records of juvenile cases like adoptions, juvenile delinquencies, child abuse and neglect, parental rights and supervision and children in need of supervision are also available. An easy access to these records can make the task of many normal citizen, businessmen or employer very easy. Many agencies prefer to carry out verification and background checks before employing anyone. The county criminal court records help to locate and discover if a person has any criminal background. Identifying a sex offender becomes easy in this manner. In addition to it, performing these searches minimizes workplace risks like theft, damage of work place properties, sex offences, and violent activities in the office. With the massive number of criminal cases each year, this record forms a user friendly catalogue of all the cases in each county.
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