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This study investigates the role of phonology in spontaneous imitation in Seoul Korean speakers' imitation of aspirated stops by comparing the primary and non-primary cues. Seoul Korean aspirated stops are differentiated from stops of other phonation types by at least two distinct acoustic properties, stop VOT and f0 of the post-stop vowel, with the latter being the primary cue. In the imitation experiment, Seoul Korean speakers heard and shadowed model speech that contained aspirated stops manipulated by either raising post-stop f0 or lengthening VOT. Their realization of these properties in /th/, /t/, and /t*/ productions were compared before, during, and after exposure. Although both high f0 and long VOT induced imitative changes in post-shadowing productions, the results revealed that exposure to an enhanced non-primary cue (long VOT) also influences the production of the primary cue for aspirated stops (post-stop f0). However, an enhanced primary cue (high f0) does not have similar effects on the non-primary cue. These results provide evidence that spontaneous imitation is not strictly tied to individual phonetic properties but it is rather phonological in that abstract categories are involved in the process of imitation.
Spontaneous imitation (also known as convergence) refers to unintentional changes in speakers' productions in the direction of what they have recently heard. For instance, upon hearing model speech containing voiceless stops with longer voice onset time (VOT), English speakers spontaneously lengthen their own VOT of voiceless stops (e.g.,
Many researchers have investigated the role of various social factors in spontaneous imitation, and reported that non-grammatical or social factors, such as gender, conversational role, or attractiveness of the model speaker influence both the likelihood of imitation (i.e., whether the model speech is imitated in the subsequent productions or not) and the imitation fidelity (i.e., how similar the subsequent production becomes to the model speech) (e.g.,
Previous research on the role of phonology in spontaneous imitation have suggested that changes in certain phonetic properties are not imitated when they are detrimental to phonological contrast or phonologically irrelevant. For example, Nielsen (
Mitterer and Ernestus also examine whether Dutch speakers imitate different variants of Dutch /r/ (alveolar and uvular trills) and further claim that imitation occurs on an abstract phonological level. The two variants of Dutch /r/ are different articulatorily but equivalent phonologically, and the speakers hardly deviate from their habitual articulation to imitate the variant they have heard. Moreover, the response latency does not increase due to a gestural mismatch between the model speech and participants' response. Based on these findings, Mitterer and Ernestus claim that phonetic details, whether they are articulatory or acoustic/auditory, are not imitated when they are not phonologically relevant (see, however,
However, the list of phonetic properties that have been reported to be susceptible to imitation is not limited to 'phonologically relevant' properties. For example, fundamental frequency (f0) and duration of English vowels are arguably phonologically irrelevant but are found to be susceptible to imitation (e.g.,
Mitterer and Müsseler (
Although perceptual salience is a poorly defined term, it is widely accepted that a variant is more salient if it is less expected (hence more surprising) in a given context (see
Phonologically less-natural variants are also presumably more salient, often leading to more robust or longer-lasting imitation. For instance, Honorof et al. (
Previous studies have also investigated the potential impacts of phonology on the process of spontaneous imitation through examining how imitation effects are generalized to unheard segments or words. In Nielsen (
Korean has a three-way laryngeal contrast for voiceless stops: tense /p*, t*, k*/, lax /p, t, k/, and aspirated /ph, th, kh/. All three categories are phonetically voiceless in word- or phrase-initial positions although the lax stops are often voiced word- or phrase-medially. In initial positions, contemporary Seoul Korean maintains this three-way contrast with at least two distinct acoustic cues, stop VOT and f0 of the following vowel: Tense stops have short-lag VOT and high post-stop f0, lax stops have long-lag VOT and low f0, and aspirated stops have long-lag VOT and high f0. Studies on Seoul Korean stops suggest that post-stop high f0 has become the primary cue for phonological
As is usually the case for sound changes, female speakers have been reported to exhibit a more advanced stage than male speakers in this tonogenesis-like sound change of Seoul Korean. That is, the loss of the VOT distinction and development of a (pseudo-)tonal distinction between aspirated and lax stops hold true more for female speakers than male speakers (
Due to physiological factors, f0 at vowel onset is intrinsically correlated with the voicing of the preceding consonants (e.g.,
In terms of phonological representations, two different feature systems have been provided. First, according to Halle and Stevens's (
The main goal of this study is to investigate the nature of the cognitive representations that are involved in spontaneous imitation, whether they are detailed phonetic properties (e.g., long VOT or high post-stop f0) or phonological categories (e.g., stop aspiration). To this end, this study examines spontaneous imitation by separately manipulating two co-varying cues for one phonological contrast differing in their primacy. Seoul Korean speakers heard and shadowed model speech in which phonetic information for stop aspiration was manipulated. The model speech had word-initial /th/ either with raised post-stop f0 or with extended VOT. The changes in participants' own productions were assessed by comparing the two acoustic properties of word-initial aspirated stops during shadowing of the model speech, as well as those before and after the shadowing block. In addition, unshadowed words beginning with stops of other laryngeal categories (i.e., /t/ and /t*/) as well as /th/ are compared before and after shadowing the model speech, to test the generalizability of imitative changes. The overarching question is whether cue primacy has an impact on spontaneous speech imitation. In order to investigate this broad question, this study asks several specific questions about the differences between the primary and secondary cues in spontaneous imitation.
The first question is which phonetic properties facilitate imitative changes when the model speech is manipulated such that either the primary or a secondary phonetic property for a phonological contrast is enhanced. In this study, the model speech includes aspirated stops with either the primary cue (post-stop f0) or the secondary cue (stop VOT) enhanced. Note that both manipulations did not encroach on phonological boundaries (c.f.,
One important caveat is that only those properties perceived by the listeners can facilitate imitation. If listeners do not detect (subconsciously) anything special or different about the model speech, they would not adjust (subconsciously) their subsequent productions based on what they have heard. To ensure that the manipulations are large enough to be perceived by the participants as being 'different,' a discrimination test is included in the current study. If participants do not perform better than chance in the discrimination test for the specific cue manipulation, no imitation is expected.
Assuming that the listener has detected the enhanced phonetic property, the next question is which phonetic property the listener-turned-speaker will adjust, if any, in her subsequent productions. For this question, two distinct hypotheses can be offered. The first possibility is that participants adjust the specific property that has been enhanced in the stimuli. That is, when the model speech has aspirated stops with long VOTs, participants will lengthen their VOTs for aspirated stops. Likewise, when the stimuli are aspirated stops with high post-stop f0, participants will raise their f0 after aspirated stops. Crucially, under this hypothesis, the unmanipulated cue is not expected to change as a consequence of hearing the other cue enhancement. For instance, hearing high post-stop f0 would not have an enhancing effect on stop VOT in the participants' productions, and neither would long VOT on post-stop f0. Imitation, in this case, is strictly tied to a certain phonetic property, and thus I will refer to it as
The alternative hypothesis is that imitation is instead
Finally, this study asks whether the imitative changes are generalized to unheard words of different kinds. Three types of words that are not included in the model speech are compared before and after exposure to the model speech: /th/-initial, /t/-initial, and /t*/-initial words. The purpose is to test whether imitative behavior (whether it is to raise post-stop f0, lengthen VOT, or both) is generalized to unheard words sharing the target phoneme /th/, and unheard words with phonemes of different laryngeal categories /t/ and /t*/. I predict that unheard /th/-initial words will also show the imitative effect (phoneme-level generalization), replicating Nielsen's (
As for the stops with different laryngeal categories, specific predictions depend on the feature system that is adopted. For instance, in Halle and Stevens's (
Note that the way the feature-level generalization is tested in this study is quite different from Nielsen (
Nineteen native speakers of Seoul Korean (12 female and 7 male, mean age = 25.2 years) participated. All participants were living in Ann Arbor, Michigan at the time of participation, and self-identified as native speakers of Seoul Korean. Three participants were born in the United States but returned to Korea before the age of five, and lived in Seoul for 15–23 years. The rest of the participants reported that they were born and raised in Seoul/Gyeonggi in Korea. All participants were proficient speakers of both Korean and English, but dominant in Korean. No participants reported any history of speech or hearing impairments. Each participant was paid $25 for completing the two experimental sessions.
Korean words with initial /th/, /t/, or /t*/ were selected as test words from the NIKL corpus of modern Korean (morphologically parsed, corpus size = 15.3 million eojeols
A male native speaker of Seoul Korean (age = 25) served as the model speaker. Since younger speakers of Seoul Korean depend mainly on f0 enhancement to enhance aspirated stops (
The model speech for the targeted /th/-initial words was manipulated in two ways using Praat. The high f0 stimuli were created using the PSOLA method (
Each participant was tested in two experimental sessions that were conducted at least two weeks apart from each other. Each experimental session involved target stimuli with one of the two manipulations, raised f0 or extended VOT. The order of the two experimental sessions was counterbalanced across participants to prevent any potential confounding effect of the testing order. Each session lasted approximately 30 minutes, consisting of an imitation experiment followed by an oddity discrimination test. Participants were also tested in two additional sessions involving English stimuli on different days for a separate study. On the last day of participation, after all other procedures, participants completed a questionnaire on their language background. The entire experiment was conducted in a sound-attenuated booth in the Phonetics Laboratory at the University of Michigan. All stimulus presentation was implemented using SuperLab stimulus presentation software (version 4.0.8, Cedrus Corporation) on a MacBook Pro laptop, with auditory stimuli being presented over AKG K271 MK II headphones.
The imitation experiment, using a slightly modified version of the word-naming paradigm (e.g.,
After completing each imitation experiment, the participants performed an oddity discrimination task that tested perception of the cue manipulation (stop VOT or post-stop f0) used in the imitation experiment of that visit. The purpose was to determine whether the difference between the manipulated stimuli and the original recording was reliably perceived.
For each cue, 100 triplets were created from the same manipulated tokens that were used for the shadowing block in the imitation experiment and their original unmanipulated counterparts. Each triplet consisted of two identical tokens and an odd one. Half of the odd tokens were the manipulated ones, and the other half were the original ones. The place of the odd one in each triplet was decided pseudo-randomly, with the odd one appearing a roughly equal number of times in each of the three possible positions in each triplet. The interval between tokens within each triplet was 500 ms. One hundred triplets were presented in a randomized order over two experimental blocks with a self-paced break between blocks. Participants were asked to choose the odd one from the triplet by pressing a corresponding button on the button box (model RB-740, Cedrus Corporation). Each new triplet was played one second after the participant hit the button for the previous item. No feedback was provided during the test.
Prior to making measurements, tokens with disfluency (0.8% of the total productions) were discarded. Disfluency was defined as when participants did not utter a word that they read or heard, said a different word, repeated a part of a word (including self-correction), or had some extra-verbal interruption such as coughing or clearing the throat. For f0 analyses, an additional 17.1% of the total productions were excluded because the first vowels of the tokens were creaky voiced or completely voiceless. Creaky vowels occurred most commonly after tense /t*/. Complete devoicing occurred frequently for /ɨ/ following /th/ (e.g., 특가 /thɨkka/, 특진 /thɨkʨin/).
The durations of the VOT of word-initial stop, the first vowel, and the word were measured for the remaining tokens by the author and a phonetically-trained research assistant. VOT was measured from the beginning of the release burst to the beginning of glottal pulsing in the waveform and/or the appearance of a voicing bar in the spectrogram. Prior to making the measurements, the file name of each recording was coded so that neither the author nor the assistant would know which production block (baseline, shadowing, or test) and manipulation condition (VOT extension or f0 raising) the recording belongs to. A subset (10.8%) of the measurements was randomly chosen and analyzed to determine inter-rater consistency. The consistency score was computed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) in the
At the temporal midpoint of the first vowel of each word, post-stop f0 was measured using the pitch tracking function in Praat. F0 measurements for all tokens were checked for tracking errors, and those with f0 doubling or halving errors were hand-corrected. For subsequent statistical analyses, f0 values were converted from Hertz to semitones.
The participants performed the imitation task before the discrimination task out of the concern that the latter task, in which manipulated and original tokens were heard side by side, may have unwanted influence on the results of the imitation experiment. Despite the order of testing, here I report the results of the discrimination test first because they will work as the premise for the imitation experiment.
Participants' sensitivity to the manipulated stimuli in the oddity discrimination task was converted to d-prime (
The size of the two manipulations is not directly comparable since they are on different dimensions, spectral and temporal. Nonetheless, these results confirmed that the two manipulations resulted in perceptible differences of similar extents. Certainly, good performance in these oddity discrimination tests in which the manipulated stimuli were juxtaposed with the original ones does not guarantee that the participants would have noticed high post-stop f0 or long stop VOT in the imitation experiments. If the difference had not been detected in discrimination testing, however, it would have been unlikely to be noticed in the imitation experiments as well. Therefore, the results of these discrimination tests serve as a prerequisite for the imitation experiments.
This section presents the data from the imitation experiment in two separate aspects: one focusing on the baseline-test comparisons to investigate the imitative changes that the primary and secondary cues caused in the participants' test productions (Section 3.2.1.), and the other on the changes in the shadowed /th/ productions (Section 3.2.2.). These two analyses were done separately because shadowing productions cannot be compared directly to read-speech productions (baseline/test).
The differences between test productions of aspirated /th/, lax /t/, and tense /t*/ and their baseline counterparts in the two manipulation conditions were statistically analyzed by fitting a linear mixed effects model to each property, stop VOT (ms) and post-stop f0 (St), on the subset of the data including read-speech (baseline/test) productions. Both models included fixed effects of manipulation CONDition (high f0, long VOT), PRODuction block (baseline, test), onset TYPE (aspirated, lax, tense), presence of EXPosure (unheard, shadowed), and speaker SEX (female, male). Interaction terms among fixed factors were included when their inclusion resulted in an improved model fit based on a likelihood ratio test (
The VOT model revealed a significant three-way interaction COND * TYPE * PROD. The results of this interaction are plotted in Figure
Estimated marginal means of stop VOT for different onset types in baseline and test productions of the two manipulation conditions (error bars indicate 95% confidence interval).
The VOT model also found a significant interaction of TYPE * SEX. The results of the post-hoc Tukey tests revealed that this interaction was due to the fact that the VOT difference between /th/ and /t/ was significant for the male participants [
Another significant fixed effect in the VOT model was the effect of REST. This effect seems to be highly significant statistically [
The f0 model found significant three-way interactions for COND * PROD * TYPE, PROD * TYPE * SEX, COND * TYPE * SEX, and COND * PROD * SEX. These interactions are plotted in Figure
Estimated marginal means of post-onset f0 for different onset types in baseline and test productions of the two manipulation conditions (error bars indicate 95% confidence interval).
In the model that included only the aspirated stops, COND * PROD * SEX was significant. The post-hoc Tukey tests revealed the baseline-test difference was highly significant for all pairwise comparisons. Both female and male speakers produced significantly higher post-aspirated-stop f0 in the test block than in the baseline block in the high f0 condition [
This outcome indicates that, as can be seen in Figure
The tense stop model revealed a significant COND * PROD interaction. The post-hoc Tukey comparisons indicated that the baseline-test difference of post-tense-stop f0 was significant both in the high f0 condition [
The results of the lax stop model and the sonorant model were similar to each other. In both models, no interaction term was significant, and post-onset f0 was higher in the high f0 condition than in the long VOT condition [
To summarize the results of these sub-analyses on post-onset f0, after exposure to aspirated stops with raised f0 or those with extended VOT, participants produced higher post-/th/ and -/t*/ f0 than their baseline. These observed increases in post-/th/ and -/t*/ f0 do not seem to be due to overall pitch raising, as the sonorant-initial fillers did not show increase in post-onset f0.
Finally, the fixed effect of EXP (shadowed vs. unheard) was significant neither in the VOT model nor in the f0 model, indicating that the shadowed words were not different from unheard words in this imitation task. Furthermore, the interaction terms including EXP * PROD were not included in both models because their inclusion did not improve the model fits. This suggests that regardless of whether the specific word was shadowed or not, the imitative change (or non-change) was not different. This result supports the claim that the target of speech imitation is not individual words (e.g.,
Did the two manipulations differ in their impact on the shadowed /th/ productions? To answer this question, stop VOT (ms) and post-stop f0 (St) of the shadowed /th/s were statistically analyzed by fitting a linear mixed effects model to each property. Both models included fixed effects of manipulation CONDition (high f0, long VOT) and speaker SEX (female, male), as well as two-way SEX * COND interactions. These models do not compare shadowing productions with the baseline counterparts because direct comparison between audio-prompted shadowing and text-prompted read-speech (baseline) can be misleading. In the VOT model, the remaining word duration (REST = total word duration – VOT) was included to verify whether the changes in VOT were due to global changes in speech rate. Similarly, to ensure that the observed changes in post-stop f0 were not due to global pitch shift that also influences post-sonorant f0, sonorant-initial fillers were included in the f0 model by including fixed effects of word TYPE (aspirated /th/-words, sonorant-initial fillers) as well as its interactions with other fixed terms (TYPE * SEX * COND). All fixed factors were coded using treatment (dummy) coding, with the reference level for the intercept being set to the high f0 (COND), female (SEX), and aspirated (TYPE). The random-effect structure included (1) by-speaker and by-word intercepts (in both VOT and f0 models), (2) by-speaker random slopes for COND and TYPE (only in the f0 model), and (3) by-word random slopes for COND (in both models). This was the maximal random-effect structure (
In the VOT model, the COND * SEX interaction was significant (see Figure
Estimated marginal means of stop VOT in shadowing productions of the two manipulation conditions (error bars indicate 95% confidence interval).
The f0 model found a significant three-way interaction COND * TYPE * SEX (see Figure
Estimated marginal means of post-onset f0 in shadowing productions of the two manipulation conditions (error bars indicate 95% confidence interval).
The current results reveal a number of patterns important to understanding the process of spontaneous imitation. First, in the discrimination test, participants reliably discriminated the manipulated stimuli from the unmanipulated originals regardless of specific manipulations. In addition, listeners' discriminability of the high f0 stimuli (primary cue enhancement) was not different from those of long VOT stimuli (non-primary cue enhancement).
These two different versions of stimuli led to distinct patterns of exposure-induced changes. The comparisons between baseline and post-shadowing test productions reveal that an enhanced non-primary cue for stop aspiration (long VOT) induced an increase in the primary cue whereas an enhanced primary cue (high post-stop f0) did not have comparable effects on the non-primary cue. That is, the Seoul Korean speakers
Exposure to the enhanced aspirated stops also caused a change in the production of the tense stop /t*/. After hearing and shadowing /th/s enhanced either with VOT or post-stop f0, the participants' post-/t*/ f0 increased compared to their baseline without notable changes in the VOT of /t*/. The lax stop /t/ or sonorants did not change, except for a marginal decrease in post-/t/ f0. The changes in post-/th/ and -/t*/ f0 were greater when the stimuli contained aspirated stops with lengthened VOT than when they contained those with raised post-/th/ f0.
The two manipulations had a different impact on the participants' shadowing productions as well. Participants' own VOT of /th/ was longer when shadowing aspirated stops with longer VOT than when shadowing those with higher f0. Note, however, that this does not imply that participants lengthened their VOT after hearing long VOT /th/ in comparison with their own baseline productions. The participants rather shortened their VOT when shadowing in the high f0 condition than lengthened their VOT when shadowing long VOT stops (see Appendix B in the "Additional files" section). In addition to the difference in VOT, female speakers also produced higher post-/th/ f0 when the model speech included aspirated stops with higher f0 than when it included those with longer VOT. Male speakers did not produce different post-/th/ f0 when shadowing /th/ with either manipulation.
The male and female speakers differed in post-/th/ f0 changes in different production blocks in the two manipulation conditions. In test productions, male speakers showed greater post-/th/ f0 difference between the two manipulation conditions (long VOT vs. high f0) than females in test productions. However, only female speakers showed a between-condition difference in post-/th/ f0 while shadowing the manipulated model speech.
Across all production blocks, stop VOT was negatively correlated with the rest of word duration. Shadowed and unheard /th/-initial words were not different in their imitative changes.
This study examined whether and how the primary and non-primary cues for stop aspiration exhibit different imitation patterns for speakers of Seoul Korean. Investigation of the effects of cue primacy on spontaneous imitation yielded a richer picture than has been presented in the literature as to the role of phonology in the process of imitation.
The first question posed in this study was which phonetic properties facilitate imitative changes, and it was predicted that both raised post-stop f0 and extended VOT would induce imitative adjustments if participants perceive the manipulated stimuli as being different. The results were consistent with this prediction. The outcome of the discrimination tests confirmed that the participants reliably discriminated both types of the manipulated stimuli from the unmanipulated ones. And the two types of manipulated /th/ variants, one with the primary and the other with the secondary cues enhanced, triggered imitative adjustments in the participants' productions after exposure to the manipulations. (Note that increases in post-stop f0 after having heard /th/ with long VOT are also referred to as imitative changes in this study.) This suggests that changes due to spontaneous imitation are facilitated by a phonetic property regardless of its primacy for a phonological contrast, as long as it is sufficiently perceptible.
Provided that the enhanced phonetic properties in the model speech were detected and induced imitation effects, the next question was as follows: Which phonetic property, if any, will the listeners-turned-speakers adjust in their subsequent productions? With regard to this question, two distinct hypotheses were offered. The phonetic imitation hypothesis predicted that the phonetic property manipulated in the model speech will match the property listener/speakers enhance in subsequent productions. The phonological imitation hypothesis predicted that, regardless of the cue manipulated in the model speech, listener/speakers will enhance the phonetic property/properties that they would normally use to enhance the relevant phonological category (in this study, aspirated stops).
The current outcome revealed intriguing asymmetries between primary and non-primary cues in imitation of Seoul Korean aspirated stops. First, in shadowing productions immediately after hearing the manipulated model speech, participants' /th/ productions were different in the two manipulation conditions, and the different productions seem to be roughly in line with the cue manipulated in the model speech. For instance, participants' shadowing /th/ VOT was longer in the long VOT condition than in the high f0 condition, and female participants' shadowing f0 was higher in the high f0 condition than in the long VOT condition. These outcomes seemingly suggest that the participants, during shadowing, imitated the cue manipulated in the model speech phonetically. However, these need to be interpreted with caution, since the baseline and the shadowing productions were not directly compared in this study due to the different nature of the tasks (reading versus shadowing). As noted earlier, the VOT differences between the two manipulation conditions do not indicate that the participants lengthened (or shortened) their own VOT from the baseline counterparts. In addition, the baseline post-stop f0 of female speakers was higher in the high f0 condition than in the long VOT condition (see Appendix B in the "Additional files" section) so it is not conclusive whether the difference in their shadowing f0 is due to imitative changes or a mere retainment of baseline pitch. Nevertheless, the participants produced quite different /th/s when shadowing different model speech, and the differences arguably show some correspondence to the acoustic targets that they shadowed.
In test productions, on the other hand, the imitative changes do not seem to be tied to the acoustic property manipulated in the model speech. Post-/th/ f0, which is the primary cue for the relevant target phonological category (i.e., aspirated stops), increased significantly from the baseline block to the test block in both manipulation conditions. In addition, the test productions showed a significant increase in VOT only in the long VOT condition. This outcome seems to be incompatible with the phonetic imitation hypothesis as it cannot explain why participants raised post-/th/ f0 after having heard /th/ with extended VOT.
Can this increase in post-/th/ f0 in the long VOT condition be due to the physiological relation between stop VOT and post-stop f0, such that long positive stop VOT leads to high post-stop f0 (e.g.,
However, the results raise one complication for the phonological imitation hypothesis, which predicts that participants will enhance the property/properties they would normally use to enhance the relevant phonological category, resulting in identical imitation patterns irrespective of the enhanced cue in the model speech. The results appear to be inconsistent with this prediction. Specifically, the increase in the /th/ VOT was significant only in the long VOT condition, but not in the high f0 condition. Furthermore, the increase in participants' post-/th/ f0 was greater in the long VOT condition than the high f0 condition (see Figure
As for the extent to which imitative behavior (whether it is to raise post-stop f0, lengthen VOT, or both) is generalized, the current outcome first replicates the phoneme-level generalization in Nielsen (
This study also attempted to test whether the imitative enhancements are extended to stops with different laryngeal categories, namely, lax and tense stops. The current results show that post tense-stop f0 increased in both manipulation conditions: Otherwise, no other stop enhancement effects (increase in VOT or f0) were found. The increased post-/t*/ f0 may suggest that tense and aspirated stops share the feature whose acoustic correlate is high f0 (
The results of this study provide evidence that the cognitive representations involved in the process of imitation, which bridges speech perception and production, draw on complex phonological categories such as stop aspiration rather than isolated acoustic properties, such as long VOT or high f0. Spontaneous imitation is phonological, rather than phonetic, such that it is governed by language-specific associations between phonological categories and acoustic properties. That is, the same acoustic property could have different phonological significance for speakers of different languages (as is well-known in cross-language speech perception literature) and, therefore, have different impact on the subsequent productions of speakers of different languages. Specifically, the phonological imitation observed in this study, a robust increase in post-stop f0 after hearing /th/ with longer VOT, is not expected for speakers of a language in which f0 is not a primary cue for the stop phonation types.
Because the imitative changes are not tied to a single acoustic cue, production patterns different from the model speech can emerge as a consequence of
This has a practical implication for future studies on speech imitation. When perceptual judgments of listeners who are asked to assess imitated speech do not match the acoustic measurements (
How would phonological imitation be explained in different phonetic theories? First, the asymmetry between the primary and the non-primary cues in spontaneous imitation found in this study is consistent with the version of exemplar models that allows abstract linguistic levels (e.g.,
On the other hand, phonological imitation does not obviously follow from a direct realist account of imitation because listeners are not expected to imitate one gesture using a different gesture if they perceive gestures directly (
However, phonological imitation is not a challenge to the direct realist account of imitation if it is accompanied by longer response latency. The direct perception and imitation of gestures (without an intervening abstract category) are predicted during rapid shadowing. Hypothetically, phonological imitation involving gestural supplement or substitution might take longer than direct (phonetic) imitation of perceived gestures. The current study was not designed to answer this question. Although the instruction for the shadowing block emphasized 'quick' responses, participants were not especially pressed for time; they could take as much time as they needed to shadow the word they heard within a 1.5 second inter-stimulus interval, which is relatively long for a shadowing task (c.f., the 180–250 ms latency lag for shadowing reported by
Finally, the current findings suggest that participants' production and perception grammars would be related but may not be identical. Although Seoul Korean speakers rely primarily on post-stop f0 to enhance /th/ in their own speech, perceptually they must also be sensitive to VOT as information for /th/ because otherwise they could not interpret extended VOT as a cue for enhanced /th/. This production-perception difference may not be surprising. As speech is highly variable (perhaps even more so with a recent sound change as in Seoul Korean), a speaker-listener's perception grammar is necessarily more comprehensive than one's own production grammar for effective communication. Speakers need to perceive distinctions among speech patterns that they do not normally produce themselves but others around them produce.
The additional files for this article can be found as follows:
The list of stimuli. DOI:
Descriptive statistics for stop VOT and post-stop f0 in imitation. DOI:
Statistical results – model outputs. DOI:
Because the commonly used phonological label for Korean /ph, th, kh/ is aspirated stops, I will reserve the term
Note both Halle and Stevens's (
An eojeol is an orthographic unit for Korean morphological analysis, which is separated by spaces. An eojeol can have one or more morphemes, or even words.
I thank the associate editor for pointing this out to me.
One of the reviewers suggested a post-hoc survey in order to verify whether the long VOT variant (but not the high f0 variant) is actually 'atypical' for speakers of Seoul Korean. I conducted a survey with a separate group of Korean listeners (n = 30) in which ten listeners heard one of the three variants of the /th/-initial stimuli used in this study (original, high f0, long VOT) and judged the model speaker's gender, age, and regional origin. All three variants were unanimously perceived as being produced by a male speaker, between 25–34 years old. As for the regional origin of the speaker, both original and high f0 stimuli were unanimously perceived as being produced by a Seoul Korean speaker. The listeners, however, disagreed on the long VOT stimuli. Out of ten listeners who heard the long VOT variant, two were unsure about the speaker's origin, another judged the speaker to be a foreigner, and the other seven to be a Seoulite. These results further support the possibility of the long VOT stimuli (but not the high f0 ones) being perceived as atypical.
Portions of this work appear in the conference proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences in 2015. I would like to thank Patrice Beddor and Andries Coetzee for advice and discussion at every stage of this research. I am also deeply grateful to Holger Mitterer and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments; Kuniko Nielsen, Julie Boland, Ioana Chitoran, and members of the University of Michigan Phonetics-Phonology Discussion Group for helpful discussions related to this work; audiences at the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, and the 88th and 89th annual meetings of the Linguistics Society of America, where earlier versions of this work were presented; Jiseung Kim for help with data analyses; and anonymous participants for making this study possible.
The author has no competing interests to declare.


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subset: commoncrawl


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How Does It Work?
Passport events run from the first to the last day of the month. In-person events are one day only.
Passports are mailed to buyers mid-month, during the month preceding the upcoming event. If you purchase your passport after that time, they will be mailed out ASAP. We build the biggest possible roster of participating restaurants, and it takes time. For in person events, your Event Brite ticket is required for entry.
Double check the dates on the events that you are purchasing! We often offer flash-sales and will sell tickets for events for the current year and in advance for the following year.
If your passport does not arrive, or the wrong number of passports arrived, please submit a help request via our Help Desk. Please do not submit help requests via Facebook messenger or other social media platforms, as we may not see them as quickly.
We recommend calling passport participating restaurants in advance to confirm their hours of operation. Most of our participating restaurants are family-owned businesses, and they may not update their website/social media with changes to their hours. We want you to have fun and enjoy your passport, so be sure to plan your visits in advance.
Be sure to read ALL emails that come from RI Food Fights - we may need to send important updates after your ticket purchase.
Don't forget to vote after completing your passport!


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• Week Twenty Four •
About babe:
Babe is growing steadily, having gained about 4 ounces since last week. That puts him at about 1 1/3 pounds. Since he's almost a foot long (about the length of corn), he cuts a pretty lean figure at this point, but his body is filling out proportionally and he'll soon start to plump up. His brain is also growing quickly now, and his taste buds are continuing to develop. His lungs are developing "branches" of the respiratory "tree" as well as cells that produce surfactant, a substance that will help his air sacs inflate once he hits the outside world. His skin is still thin and translucent, but that will start to change soon.
Now on to me! I've been feeling okay lately, I can definitely tell the hot weather has me feeling a bit more nauseous than normal. I also have officially felt babe kick me in the ribs! I guess that makes sense since my uterus has now risen above my belly button and is now the size of a soccer ball!
I haven't had cravings this week but I have noticed eating smaller portions is a must. I can no longer eat big meals and have to have several through out the day. I have started to get acid reflux again & hormonal break outs! As if I needed to get a breakout & feel crummy when I am getting bigger and feeling like a seal sometimes... I decided to purchase a couple new items to help my insecurity of my 20-pound weight gain... I bought two new blouses to act as cardigans because I dislike my arms & just the luv handles.. As someone who has never been this heavy before.. EVEN THOUGH I am carrying my child.. It's still hard to feel cute & confident. I, however, did notice dressing in cute dresses & outfits really does help my confidence. I know others won't say anything because I have an "excuse" or a golden ticket since I am 6 months pregnant... I just personally don't feel flattering unless I put on a cut outfit. I've noticed the weight gain in my face & that is a big insecurity of mine. Sometimes I just want to cry! I am just being completely transparent.
Spencer has been absolutely amazing & saying such nice things when I feel down. I told him how I felt briefly and he said "you're beautiful, even more beautiful carrying my son." HOW DID I GET SO LUCKY.
He went on to say how attracted he is to me and if anything it's amplified.. I died a little inside because my heart was melting at this point!
We discussed names as well since we share a "notes" on our iphones.. I have a list of 17 names and we have a middle name picked out but the first name is a nay for all 17 as none stick out to Spen. I want something that Spencer will like just as much as I do.. So we still have acouple of months to think of names for our baby boy!
I have a maternity appointment coming up on Monday where I will get all my lab requisitions to do more blood work & also to do the glucose challenge test. I should not have any issue with that test since I have been watching my sugar intake! After this maternity appointment I'm officially seeing my doctor every 2 weeks instead of every 4 and seeing her until I'am 36 weeks pregnant then I will be seeing her every week until I deliver! Eeee! Getting a little anxious!
I also have to mention baby brain is real. It's not a myth and it has started to get really bad this week for me... It's a little discouraging BUT I know it's only temporary.


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30 year old male with extensive experience in the hospitality and catering managment within the UK. Prior to me moving to Cambodia two year ago I was running my own pub resturant managment business .where my team would go into failing restaurants or take over sites under administration and turn them around into a short profitable business opportunity.
If I can assist your venture pk Ase do not hesitate to contact me.
Kind regards
Jason Hill
Remember Me


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Riverdale Season 3 Episode 16 Review: BIG FUN
By Justin Carreiro
Need to catch up? Check out our previous Riverdale recap here. The Riverdale kids took to the stage again for a school production of Heathers: The Musical — and it might be the most fun we've ever seen them have? (Maybe they should do more than one of these a year.) Despite Hermione's very reason...
'Riverdale' Meets Edgar Evernever in "The Master" Preview
By Jenna Anderson
After almost an entire season of notoriety, Edgar Evernever (Chad Michael Murray) finally appeared on Riverdale in the tail end of this week's musical episode. If the promo for next week's episode is any indication, his onscreen arrival will be shaking up the show quite a bit.The CW has released ...
Watch Riverdale Online: Season 3 Episode 16
By Paul Dailly


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Parklea Mortgage Broker
Mobile 0433 644 177
Hello, I'm Hardeep Singh, your local Mortgage Broker in Parklea, Blacktown and Kellyville. Call me on 0433 644 177.
13 reviews
How Hardeep Singh, Mortgage Broker in Parklea, Blacktown and Kellyville, can help you with your next home loan:
- I have a Diploma of Finance Broking and a Certificate IV in Mortgage Broking.
- As someone who lives in Parklea, you will be dealing with someone who is fully committed to the residents of Parklea, Blacktown and Kellyville and the surrounding areas.
- I have been in the finance industry as a Mortgage Broker since 2015.
- You can rest easy knowing that I am a part of the country's largest broking company, which happens to organise 1 in every 10 home loans nationwide, every month.
- Experience the convenience of state-of-the-art technology, capable of objectively comparing 1,650 of the latest financial products. Covering over 40 lenders, including the Big 4 Banks.
- I am a Member of the Credit Industry Ombudsman (#M0044570) and a Full Member of the Mortgage and Finance Association of Australia, Member Number 652841.
- Professional Indemnity Insurance against any claims up to $20,000,000 (ASIC regulated Authorised Credit Representative number 476318).
When you need a mortgage broker in Parklea, Blacktown, Kellyville or anywhere nearby, using a mortgage broker such as myself will reduce the time, energy and frustration spent searching for home finance.
If you're in the market for a mortgage broker in or around Parklea, Blacktown and Kellyville who can help with a traditional home purchase, or you're seeking a professional to assist you with a specialised loan: I can help.
As a local Mortgage Australia Broker, maintaining a great reputation in my home area of Parklea, Blacktown, Kellyville is crucial to the continued success of my business and my standing in the community. If you are looking for a mortgage broker in Parklea, Blacktown, Kellyville or nearby, call me today or send me a message via the form on the right of your screen so I can help you to find the financial solution for your needs.


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Don't Miss >
- Designing public spaces using Minecraft brings refugees and local communities...
- UN Habitat Commits to Implementing the Global Compact on Migration
- Residents, diplomats and UN-Habitat staff join hands to clean up Nairobi
- UN-Habitat Executive Director unveils Youth Declar-Action at the Sustainable...
- Blue economy forum will boost water's potential
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- Chinese Cities Improving in Global Competitiveness
- Resilient cities, a matter of planning for and with children
- UN-Habitat Executive Director: World Cities Day Message
All Publications
Metropolitan Governance: A Framework for Capacity Assessment. Guidance Notes and Toolbox
UN-Habitat and GIZ have developed the Metropolitan Capacity Assessment Methodology (MetroCAM) as a joint contribution to implement urban sustainable development agendas and bring them to the metropolitan scale. It complements the Unpacking Metropolitan Governance series. With this modular toolbox, urban stakeholders are able to assess existing capacity in a metropolitan setting, future needs, and potential trigger points and finally identify options for change. By tackling a particular metropolitan challenge, the MetroCAM provides instruments and incentives for municipalities to cooperate beyond administrative boundaries. The MetroCAM is also a process to foster dialogue and build consensus. The first part of the methodology illustrates the required initial steps for a successful assessment, covering aspects like the composition of the assessment team, finding consensus on the most pressing metropolitan challenge and sequencing activities based on resource and time constraints. The heart of the methodology comprises of 12 tools – a bouquet of options which can be selected regarding the specific needs and challenges. The methodology is primarily directed to local and regional governments' representatives willing to drive the change and engages urban practitioners, metropolitan actors, researchers and development organisations. More info →
La prosperidad en las ciudades de Ecuador: Primer reporte del Indice de Prosperidad Urbana (CPI) para 27 ciudades ecuatorianas
La realización de la Tercera Conferencia sobre Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano sustentable (Hábitat III), en la ciudad de Quito, se convierte en una gran oportunidad para profundizar el conocimiento y la calidad del debate y la gestión de las ciudades del mundo y, particularmente, de Ecuador. More info →
Responding to the Syrian crisis in Lebanon: Collaboration between aid agencies and local governance structures
Lebanon's refugee crisis has highlighted the need for much closer coordination among the various organisations and local authorities involved in the response. More info →
The State of European Cities 2016: Cities leading the way to a better future
The State of European Cities report was prepared jointly by the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy of the European Commission and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) to support the Urban Agenda for the EU and the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat III). More info →
Addressing Climate change in National Urban Policy
National Urban Policy is a tool for government and other stakeholders that can assist with achieving more sustainable urban development. It also facilitates an enabling environment that allows stakeholders to take advantage of urban opportunity. How to address climate change in cities and human settlements represents one of the most pressing challenges facing urban policy-makers today. This Guide recommends how to mainstream such considerations into National Urban Policy, thus helping to empower national governments, local governments, and other stakeholders to effectively address climate change. More info →
Spatial Development Framework 2040 City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality
The Spatial Development Framework 2040 for Johannesburg is a city-wide spatial policy document developed by the City of Johannesburg in collaboration with The Urban Planning and Design Lab from UN-Habitat, Iyer Urban Design Studio and Urban the Morphology & Complex Systems Institute. The document identifies the main challenges and opportunities in the city, setting a spatial vision for the future city, and outlining a set of strategies that to realize that vision. The core objective of the SDF 2040 is to 'create a spatially just world class African city'. The SDF 2040 is premised on the notion of spatial transformation, defined through the principles of equity, justice, resilience, sustainability and urban efficiency which this SDF seeks to translate into a development policy. The SDF was develop through a participatory process gathering opinions from a wide range of stakeholders. More info →
BI-ANNUAL Programme activity report
A special edition thematic/country activities report, that gives a timeline highlight of UN-Habitat's evolution, the relevant mandate and GA resolutions; we showcase consolidated impacts of our work focusing at this time on two regions: Asia and Pacific and the Arab States, using two country examples per region (Afghanistan and Philippines for Asia and Pacific; Iraq and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the Arab States). More info →
MANUAL: Using MINECRAFT for community participation
Minecraft is a 'sandbox' computer game originally launched in 2011. The game has sold nearly 100 million copies worldwide, making it one of the world's best-selling computer games. More info →
Unpacking Metropolitan Governance for Sustainable Development: Analysis of Case Studies: Summary Reports of Case Studies
This case study analysis forms part of the publication series "Unpacking metropolitan governance" that documents experiences and gives hands-on approaches for stakeholders in the field of sustainable development of metropolitan regions. The analysis and the summary reports of the case studies of Metropolitan Bandung (Indonesia), Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Mexico) and e-Thekwini (Durban, South Africa) are following the joint publication of the discussion paper "Unpacking Metropolitan Governance for Sustainable Development", UN-Habitat, GIZ and FMDV encourage a critical and intensive discussion among policy makers and practitioners about the findings and recommendations offered by the discussion paper, case study reports, and analyses. The publication series shall serve as a reference point for the ongoing international discussion on transforming urbanization, implementing the Sustainable Development Goals at the local and metropolitan level and thereby contribute to the Habitat III debate. More info →


text: Melding a pleasingly minimalist vibe with game-changing LED lighting technology, Echo Spot Pendant is another marvel from lighting and furnishings brand Resident of New Zealand. Using an advanced light engine that approximates sunlight in terms of color clarity, the fixture accommodates snap-on lenses that easily change the color temperature, making Echo an ideal choice for lighting artwork or decorative objects with superb clarity. Echo is a collab with UK lighting designer Flynn Talbot, who first considers the desired lighting effect and then crafts the exterior of the fixture accordingly, a notable point of difference in his work.


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Today's recording is a class from Maria Noel Groves program Beyond the Home Herbalist series. She teaches this both online as well as in person in her hometown of Allenstown, NH.
Here's part of the class description:
"We often take our ability to breathe for granted, but when chronic or acute illness prevents our lungs from functioning properly, it can be very scary. We'll discuss herbs that can support the lungs in a variety of conditions including asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and stubborn colds."
Maria has also provide nine pages of class notes!
Maria Noël Groves, RH (AHG), clinical herbalist, runs Wintergreen Botanicals, nestled in the pine forests of New Hampshire. Her business is devoted to education and empowerment via classes, health consultations, and writing with the foundational belief that good health grows in nature.
She is the author of the bestselling, award-winning Body into Balance: An Herbal Guide to Holistic Self Care and the forthcoming Grow Your Own Herbal Remedies.
Grow Your Own Herbal Remedies releases in March 2019 and SIGNED copies are currently available for PREORDER on her website.
Maria also offers a range of ONLINE CLASSES including her popular Home Herbalist Series as well as an on-site herbalist training program,
She sees distance clients via telephone.
Learn more about Maria and her offerings, and get a wealth of free herbal resources (articles, recipes, blog, videos, free class notes, virtual herb walk…) online at WintergreenBotanicals.com.


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Events for August 2, 2019
Day Navigation
8:00 am
Leadville Boom Days
Leadville Boom Days is a Colorado Mountain Festival and historical celebration of the Old West, with gunslingers, burro races, contests of mining skill, and a street fair with over 100 food and craft booths. Come join us for three days of fun, food, arts and crafts, and activities for the whole family! Learn more and […]Find out more »
9:00 am
Passport to Leadville History
Love history? Hit paydirt with the Passport to Leadville History! See eight museums for one low price. This combination ticket is on sale mid-May and is good through Labor Day for one visit to each of these eight museums: Heritage Museum Healy House Museum and Dexter Cabin Matchless Mine National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum Tabor […]Find out more »
6:00 pm
Seafood Night at Ski Cooper
SPEND YOUR FRIDAY ON THE MOUNTAIN WITH SEAFOOD NIGHT AT COOPER. ENJOY A DELICIOUS BUFFET OF SEAFOOD FAVORITES WHILE LISTENING TO JAZZ MUSIC. Menu: Snow Crab Legs Calamari Lobster Linguine Alfredo Teriyaki Yellowfin Tuna Deep Fried Clams Shrimp Cheddar Bacon Biscuits Cabbage and Kale Salad French Fries and Hushpuppies Chocolate Dipped Strawberries $39/Adult, $19/Child (age […]Find out more »
7:00 pm
Contra Dance
Enjoy a community dance at Leadville's newest event venue, a restored historic train depot! Doors and bar open at 6 p.m. Tickets cost $7.Find out more »


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Many parents feel daunted by the so-called 'terrible twos'. The truth is at this age, your little one is embarking on a wonderful journey of developing speech and physical ability and will soon discover imaginative play. Here, we take a look at the best toys for two year old boys and girls to encourage their growing skills and provide hours of fun.
At age two, our mini explorers are fiercely independent, becoming accustomed to pretend play and love to copy their loved ones in everyday tasks like cooking and cleaning. This age opens up a whole new world of imagination and you can help them on their way by choosing the best educational toys for two year olds. We've compiled our favourites, whatever your budget may be.
Fountain Factory Water Table
For plenty of pouring, filling and splashing fun, look no further than the Fountain Factory Water Table (£59.99). It's ideal for encouraging their social and interactive skills but its interchangeable pipes and fittings gently introduce them to science and engineering in an exciting, hands-on way. Plus, you can rely on fuss-free tidying up as the table empties by simply removing the plug underneath.
Waffle Blocks
It can be a minefield when it comes to choosing toys for two year olds but you can't go far wrong with ones that have an educational aspect too. Encourage hand-eye coordination and physical skills by getting them building. Waffle Blocks (£29.99 for a 100-piece set) are a classic easy-to-use construction toy that is great for imaginative play. There are endless possibilities for building and creating with these versatile blocks, as they help to develop your tot's cognitive skills.
Shop 'n Learn Smart Cart
This push-along toy brings with it plenty of role play fun but also teaches children about numbers and colours and keeps them steady on their feet. The Smart Cart (£54.99) allows your independent little shopper to mimic mummy and daddy, as they unload their shopping into the cupboards. You'll love watching your little one playing at being grown up with hours of exciting fun.
Shop 'n Learn Smart Checkout
The best toys for two year olds perform a range of functions. Of course they should be fun to play with but they should also encourage group interaction and social skills, develop gross motor skills and bring on cognitive abilities. The Shop 'n Learn Smart Checkout (£169.99) does the lot. It uses responsive Bluetooth to deepen learning, includes four game modes and comes complete with a working electronic conveyor belt, cash register and scanner. All this adds up to maximum enjoyment for your little one.
Magical Unicorn Carriage
As far as ride-on toys go, this one takes the cake in fantasy role-play. The Magical Unicorn Carriage (£119.99) fuels little imaginations with its whimsical theme and is designed to grow with your tot. It has a removable floor board so they can push themselves once they've mastered steering while the light-up horn adds a touch of extra magic.
Cape Cottage
Around the age of two, you might notice their imaginative play cranked up a notch. Toddlers are extremely observant and love to imitate family members – and what better place to do this than in their own little abode? Cape Cottage (£119.99) allows children to play 'house' and follow their sense of adventure. With contemporary styling, working doors and windows and a mail box, this compact playhouse has plenty to keep them occupied.


text:
|Name and Title
|Dr. Hasse J., M.A.
|Academic Rank
|Study Program
|Doctoral Program of Political Islam-Political Science
|Office Address
|1st Floor of Graduate Building, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Brawijaya Street, Kasihan, Bantul Yogyakarta
|Official and Personal Email
|email@example.com ,
|Lecturer's blog
|Employee Indentification Number
|19760909201510 163 150
|National Lecturer Identification Number
|Scopus ID
|Google Scholar ID
|Sinta ID
|Year of Graduation
|Education Level and Title
|Study Program
|University and Country
|Religion and Cross Cultural
|Graduate School, UGM
|Religion and Cross Cultural / Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS)
|Graduate School, UGM
|Faculty of Shariah
|State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Alauddin Makassar
|Name of Institution
|Membership Of Professional Organization
|Area Of Research
|Islamic Studies, Religion and State Relation, Local Religious Discrimination and Religious and Ethnic Identity
|Teaching Subjects
|Islamic Political Studies
|Research Grant Received
|Research Title
|Amount of Fund received and Name of Sponsoring institution
|Name of Chairman and member of Team
|URL of Research Report
|Developing Faculty Member Capacity Through Visiting Fellow Project. Program Visiting Fellow
|Rp. 60.000.000 and Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
|Dr. Hasse J., M.A.
|Political-Religious Discourse in Contemporary Indonesia and The United States. Program Visiting Fellow
|Rp. 60.000.000 and Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
|Dr. Mega Hidayati, M.A dan Dr. Hasse J., M.A.
|Community Services Grant Received
|Research Title
|Amount of Fund received and Name of Sponsoring institution
|Name of Chairman and member of Team
|URL of Community Services Report
|Other Grants
|Type of Activities Awarded the Grant
|Amount of Fund received and Name of Sponsoring institution
|Name of Chairman
|URL for Output or Activity Report
|Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
|Name Of Product
|Type of IPR (Patent/brand/etc)
|Number of Copyright Certificate
|Issuer Institution
|Academic Related Qualification (Such As Expert Staff, Editor, Reviewer, Assessor, Guest Lecturer, Position In The University, Position Outside University Which Are Relevant To Lecturer's Competencies)
|2017 s/d 2021
|Secretary of Doctoral Program Of Political Islam – Political Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
|2009 s/d
|Secretary of The Inter-Cultural Institute
|2008 s/d 2012
|Staff Publication and Publishing Graduate School UGM
|Non-Academics (Such As Participation In Social And Community /Business/Government Organisation)
|Name of Organization
|Organization Scope(Local/National/International)
|Year of activities
|Religious Identity Contestation: Spiritual Locality in Indonesia. The Phinishi Press, (2018)
|"Introduction" Historiography of Educators in Yapen Papua [by Saberia], Yogyakarta: The Phinisi Press, (2015).
|"The Complexity of Local Religious Sustainability: The Case of the Encounter of Islan and Towani Tolotang in South Sulawesi", in Muhammad Rais, et al. (Eds.), Maintaining Tradition and Achieving Reward: Portrait of Discursive Dialogue of Islam and Local Tradition. Yogyakarta: TICI Publications, (2013)
|"The Dynamics of the Conflict of Ownership of Natural Resources: The Study of the Management of Cold Lava Sand in Jumoyo, Magelang, Central Java", in Hasse J, et al. (Ed.), Merapi in Multidisciplinary Assessment: UGM Graduate School Thought Contribution to Merapi Eruption Victims in 2010. Yogyakarta: Graduate School of UGM, (2012).
|"Opportunities and Challenges of HMI-MPO", in Ahmad Nuralam (ed.), HMI: Thought and Intellectual Movement. Yogyakarta: The Phinisi Press, (2011).
|"Conflict and Conformity of Religion and Adat in South Sulawesi", in Irwan Abdullah (ed.), Dynamics of Society and Kon-temporary Culture. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar-TICI Publications, (2009).
|"Tolotang Religion in the Dynamics of Socio-Political Indonesia: State Construction of Tolotang Community in South Sulawesi", in Irwan Abdullah (ed.), Religion and Local Wisdom in Global Challenge. Yogyakarta: Graduate School of UGM-Pustaka Pelajar, (2008).
|The Construction of Muslim Identy Post Special Autonomy : The Study of Majelis Muslim Papua Existence.Episteme, Vol.13 No 2, December 2018
|Politics of Indonesian Education: Inequality and Demands for Resource Quality Compliance. Journal Darussalam, Vol. 10 No. 01, (September 2018)
|Religious Violence in The Indonesian Democratic Era. Al-Albab Vol. 07 No. 01, (June 2018).
|Islamic Young Public Response on Non-Muslim Leadership in Indonesia. Al Ulum Vol.18 No. 01 (June 2018).
|Religious Radicalism: Legitimacy of Tafsir of Violence in Public Space. Al-Ulum Vol. 16 No. 2, (2016)
|Dynamics of Islamic Religion and Local Religion in Indonesia: Towani Tolotang Experience in South Sulawesi. Insights Vol. 01 No. 02, (2016).
|Sufic Dialogue: Building a Constructive Relative Relationship. Science Ushuluddin Vol. 03 No. 01, (2016).
|Ritual for Harmony: Exploring The Bersih Dusun Local Genius Behind Rubber Tapping. Al Albab Vol. 3 No. 2 December 2014
|Globalization and Local Religious Response: Choice of Strategies to Survive in the Flow of Change, in the Journal of At-Tafkir: Education, Religious and Social Media, VII No. 2 December, p. 1-13. Langsa-NAD: STAIN Zawiyah Cot Kala, (2014)
|Islamic and Indigenous Conformity: Portrait of Religious Fanaticism among Bugis Muslims, in Jabal Journal Hikmah: Journal of Education and Legal Studies, Vol 3 No. 1, July. Jayapura: State Islamic High School (STAIN) Al-Fatah Jayapura-Papua, (2014).
|Revitalizing Local Wisdom: Efforts to Reduce Tension among Belivers, dalam Jurnal Al-Albab: Borneo Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 3 No. 1 June, p. 67-76. Pontianak: Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Pontianak Kalimantan Barat, (2014).
|Building a Civilly Education: Pesantren as Basis and Pillar of Development, in Jabal Journal Hikmah: Journal of Education and Legal Studies, Vol 3 No. 1, January. Jayapura: State Islamic High School (STAIN) Al-Fatah Jayapura-Papua, (2014).
|Construction of Local Religious Marginality in Indonesia: The Towani Tolotang case in South Sulawesi, in the Journal of At-Tafkir: Education, Religious and Social Media, VI No. 1 June, p. 20-32. Langsa-NAD: STAIN Zawiyah Cot Kala, (2013).
|Conquest of the State of the Local Religion: The Towani Tolotang Case in South Sulawesi, in Al-Ulum Journal: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol 12, No. 2 December. Gorontalo: State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Sultan Amai, (2012)
|Anarchism Student Demonstration: A Case Study at Alauddin State Islamic University of Makassar, in Government Studies Journal Vol 3, No. 1 February. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Social and Political Sciences University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, (2012).
|Violent Reproduction: Studies on Relation between State, Religion, and Anarchism, in the Journal of At-Tafkir: Education, Religious and Social Media, IV, Number 2 December, p. 1-11. Langsa- NAD: STAIN Zawiyah Cot Kala, (2011).
|Deeksistensi of Local Religion in Indonesia, in Journal Al-Fikr, 15 No. September 3rd. (Accreditation of DIKTI KEMENDIKNAS RI Number 51 / DIKTI / Kep / 2010, 5 July 2010). Makassar: Ushuluddin Faculty and Philosophy UIN Alauddin, (2011).
|State Discrimination Against Religion in Indonesia, in Journal Kawistara, 1 No. August 2nd. Yogyakarta: Graduate School of UGM, (2011).
|Social Cohesion in a Plural Society, in the Journal of Reflective Sociology, Vol. 5, No. April 2nd. Yogyakarta: Sociology Program Faculty of Sociology and Humanities UIN Sunan Kalijaga, (2011).
|Globalization of Local Religion, in Al-A'raf: Journal of Islamic Thought and Philosophy, Vol. VII, No. July 1-December. Surakarta: Faculty of Ushuluddin STAIN Surakarta, (2010).
|State Policy on Local Religion "Towani Tolotang" in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi, in Journal of Government Studies: Journal of Government and Politics, No. 1, August. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Social and Political Sciences University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, (2010).
|Religious Violence in The Indonesian Democratic Era. Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS) held by the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs in Jakarta, November 2017
|Religious Commodification in Public Spaces: Studies on the Use of Religious Symbol Pilkada 2015 in Kebumen District, Central Java. National Conference of the 6th Association of Muhammadiyah Academic Higher Education Programs' Asisyiyah (APPPTMA), (September 2017).
|Political Education: Efforts to Build Competitive Human Resources Among Access Inequities, in Proceedings International Conference on Education, Poverty, Technology and Policy: Threats and Challenge Character Education. Yogyakarta: Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta, (2015).
|Conflict on Natural Resource Management: The Case of PT Semen Indonesia Plant in Rembang Regency (2016).
|Deterioration of Values Nationalism: The Challenge of Indonesian Civilization, (2015)
|Religious Fanaticism in Jayapura, Papua, (2014).
|Managing Diversity Among Multicultural Societies: A Case Study in Dusun Sonyo, Jatimulyo, Kulonprogo Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Grants Ministry of Religious Affairs Research and Development Center-Semarang, (2013).
|The existence of Towani Tolotang in Sidenreng Rappang District of South Sulawesi: Study of State Construction of Religion in Indonesia, Competitive Grant of Doctoral Program of DIKTI-Kemendiknas, (2011).
|Campus Islamic Movement in Surakarta, National Competitive Grant Directorate of Higher Education (DIKTI) Kemendiknas RI, (2011).
|Post-Disaster Natural Resource Management Conflict: Study on the Ownership and Utilization of Cold Mounted Merapi Sand in Jumoyo Village, Salam, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Grant School Graduate School of UGM, (2011).
|The violence of Student Demonstration, Grant of UGM Graduate School, (2010).
|Conflict and Conformity of Religion and Adat in South Sulawesi, UNESCO-LIPI-UGM Graduate School.
|State Construction of Local Religion in Indonesia: The Towani Tolotang Case in South Sulawesi, Grants from the Directorate of Higher Education (DIKTI) of Ministry of National Education of Indonesia, (2008-2009).
|Social Cohesion Among Changed Communities: Towani Tolotang Case in Sidenreng Rappang South Sulawesi, Directorate of Islamic Higher Education (DIKTIS) Ministry of Religious Affairs, (2006-2007).
|Speakers in seminar, training, public lecturer, technical assistant etc
|As Speaker
|Title Of Presentation, Name Of Forum/Event
|Url/Link Repository UMY/URL Berita
|The 17th Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS) " Religion, Identity and Citizenship: Horisons of Islam and Culture in Indonesia". Director General of Islamic Education, Ministry of Religious Affairs of Republic of Indonesia.
|As Participant
|Title Of Presentation, Name Of Forum/Event
|Url/Link Repository UMY/URL Berita
|Internationalitaion Workshop "UMY Become a Reputable University". Cooperation and International Affairs, UMY.


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Ordinances and decrees of the interim government
leading to the "Lone Star" Texas Republic
Ordinances and decrees of the consultation, provisional government of Texas and the convention, which assembled at Washington March 1, 1836. By order of the secretay[!] of State.
Houston, National Banner Office (printed by Niles & Company). 1838. 8vo. Modern brown half morocco (SANGORSKI & SUTCLIFFE, London).
€ 9,500
Rare first edition of a collection of the ordinances and decrees declaring Texas's right to secede from Mexico and setting up an interim government and its laws. Texas had been a Spanish territory and since 1824 part of the Mexican Federation, but large numbers of immigrants from the United States had settled there. When Mexico established its independence from Spain (1821-1824) the immigrants' already uneasy relations with the government authorities worsened. In 1835, the Mexican president, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, abolished the 1824 federal constitution and assumed greater centralized powers. The present book opens with the 7 November 1835 decree in which "the people of Texas" declare that Santa Anna overthrew the legitimate government of Mexico and that Texas therefore claims the right to secede.
The present book opens with the 7 November 1835 decree in which "the people of Texas" declare that Santa Anna overthrew the legitimate government of Mexico and that Texas therefore claims the right to secede. It is followed by the "Plan and powers of the provisional government of Texas", adopted 13 November. This led to war on 2 October 1835. These declarations are followed by numerous ordinances of the interim government up to 17 January 1836. As independent Texas would reinstate the practice of slavery, among these is an ordinance fordidding "any free negro or mulatto to come within the limits of Texas... and upon satisafctory evidence... that such free negro or mulatto emigrated into Texas... it shall be the duty of the Judge or Alcalde... to expose him or her to sale at public auction to the highest bidder" (p. 12).
With Sangorski & Sutcliffe's binder's stamp on the first free endleaf. Book and binding in very good condition.
Sabin 94959; Streeter, Americana 363; Streeter, Texas 246; WorldCat (5 or 6 copies).
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Hello fans everywhere, this is Game Intern first Podcast and we hope you enjoy it. We will talk about all type of things. Today we talk about Sony's NGP or PSP2 or what ever they wants us to call it. Plus SSF4A...really i mean you know it stands for Super Street Fighter 4 Arcade... plus other things that come up. Thanks for tuning in.
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Time: May 24, 2019 at 8pm to May 25, 2019 at 8pm
Location: Ailey Citigroup Theater
Street: 405 West 55 St
City/Town: New York
Phone: 2128684444
Event Type: dance
Organized By: Audrey Ross
Latest Activity: Apr 14
Michael Mao Dance begins its 26th year with a program of major Mao dances, highlighted by his D.S.C.H., called "a stunning work to Shostakovich's String Quartet #8" following its 1994 debut. The program also features, in a lighter vein, dances to music by Kurt Weill, Huang Ruo, and Taiko drumming.
© 2019 Created by danceart. Powered by


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Spidey Web Swing 60cm
Brand: Lifespan Kids
Jump on and soar for a wild ride on the 60cm Spidey Web Swing. Little daredevils will tear across the sky in crazy loops and zigzags. Comfortable to sit in, the Spidey uses durable but gentle ropes to support a substantial weight and let kids set their own course.
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12 Months Parts replacement warranty
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- Amidst the early morning fog, families gathered in Walkerston to mark the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings. Many people attending the services all had one thing in common - they shared a connection with Anzac Day. ...Saturday 25 April 2015
- Australian Air Force cadets from all over northern Queensland have gathered in Townsville for the annual 1 Wing promotion course....Tuesday 17 December 2013
- A World War Two plane wreck, and unofficial war grave, could force a rethink on coal port expansion plans in North Queensland....Monday 25 February 2013
- Elaine Fountaine is a rare bird. She was the first woman to qualify as a barber in Queensland and her barber shop is chock full of military memorabilia....Thursday 7 February 2013
- Anzac Day is on Monday. Find out where the services are in your part of north Queensland and about the role of Townsville during the Second World War....Thursday 21 April 2011
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- Thursday 5 October 2017
- The Prime Minister and a clutch of senior ministers will witness first-hand today the arrival of two Joint Strike Fighter aircraft in Australia, which will take to the skies at the Avalon Air Show near Melbourne. Australia has ordered 72 of the aircraft at a cost of nearly $18 billion dollars. ...Friday 3 March 2017
- The Federal Government has reaffirmed its commitment to the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter in the wake of US President-elect Donald Trump's Twitter post, which described the cost of the JSF program as 'out of control'. The share price of JSF manufacturer Lockheed Martin fell by nearly 2.5 per cent in ...Tuesday 13 December 2016
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