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Mou vs SourceTree
When comparing Mou vs SourceTree, the Slant community recommends SourceTree for most people. In the question"What are the best developer tools for Mac OSX?" SourceTree is ranked 8th while Mou is ranked 15th. The most important reason people chose SourceTree is:
In addition to color-coded branches and icons that tell if a file has been added, removed or modified, SourceTree also displays the number of commits that are ahead and behind the remote branch.
Ranked in these QuestionsQuestion Ranking
Pro Advanced text editing
Mou has word auto-completion (accessed via 'esc') for English words, text transformation such as conversions to uppercase, blockquote or an h1 heading, HTML entities (such as <'s, &'s and spaces) that can be added anywhere in the text and customizable keyboard shortcuts for everything allowing for efficient use of the software's capabilities.
Pro Full syntax highlighting
Mou provides full syntax highlighting for Markdown. The highlighting can be customized manually or by applying a predefined theme.
Pro Has real-time split-screen preview
Mou is split into two columns. It displays raw Markdown on the left and formatted text on the right. Text on the right will update in near real-time as raw Markdown is written.
Pro Powerful search
Mou can do incremental ("find as you type") pattern matching search. For example, it can find all words that have x as the third letter followed by at least 4 more letters and a line break.
Pro Free beta versions
Mou is available as a free download up until the release of 1.0.
Pro Customizable
The whole editor can be customized using different color schemes and users can create own variations by editing CSS.
Pro Support for CJK characters
Mou supports CJK characters for writing Markdown in Chinese, Japanese or Korean.
Pro Export as HTML or PDF
Markdown can be exported as an HTML or a PDF file. Each export can also be styled by a custom CSS.
Pro Customizable keyboard shortcuts
Mou has keyboard shortcuts for all text manipulation actions allowing for highly efficient use of the software. These shortcuts can also be manually edited to better fit each individual workflow.
Pro Includes optional typewriter keypress sounds
The app includes optional atmospheric typewriter sounds that are triggered with each keypress. These can be enabled in the settings.
Pro Scriptogr.am & Tumblr integration via Dropbox
Mou allows writing and publishing to blogs from within the editor.
Pro Informative branch visualization
In addition to color-coded branches and icons that tell if a file has been added, removed or modified, SourceTree also displays the number of commits that are ahead and behind the remote branch.
Pro Comprehensive layout
SourceTree has three main repository views: file status, history, and search.
File status view shows status of currently selected repo. It's split into two areas - file list and diff-view.
History view tracks changes made to the currently selected repository. It's divided into three sections. The top section has a graph with progression of commits, branches, and merges. The bottom section shows commit details, files changed, and differences committed.
Search view allows looking up commit messages, users, files changes, branches, and commit SHA.
There's also a toolbar at the top that allows switching between the three views, as well as giving access to git commands (such as commit, checkout, reset, stash, add, remove, fetch, pull, push, branch, merge, and tag).
Pro Simple yet powerful
SourceTree allows you to do advanced Git operations while making them straight-forward for those who are still adjusting to Git.
Pro Built-in Git-flow and Hg-flow support
Git-flow and Hg-flow provide a consistent development process by defining a strict branching model that is great for managing large projects.
SourceTree allows setting up and integrating into repos that follow this model. Clicking the Git-flow / Hg-flow toolbar button will give you access to actions for starting or finishing features, releases or hotfixes depending on the current state of repository.
Pro Built-in integration with Stash and Bitbucket
Sourcetree integrates with repositories hosted on Bitbucket, Stash, GitHub, and Kiln.
Pro Quick setup
Once installed, SourceTree will automatically try to look for and set up repos that are worked on. SourceTree will also detect if git-flow is used and what is the current development state as long as default git-flow branch names are used.
The software tracks all relevant repositories in the bookmark's window. Repositories can be added to the list by creating new ones, adding a local folder, supplying a clone URL or integrating with remote services such as Bitbucket or GitHub.
Pro Supports Git, Mercurial, and Subversion
Allows managing Git & Mercurial repos side by side. It even allows Subversion interoperability via git-svn or hgsubversion plugins which set up a bridge between either Git and SVN or Mercurial and SVN respectively.
Pro Allows chunks and lines selection during commit
SourceTree automatically splits the changes to be committed into chunks allowing committing (or discarding) each chunk separately. Furthermore, the user can even select specific lines. This greatly increases the flexibility of the user in that matter.
Pro git terminal
Comes with own built-in git termnal independant from other git installations and updated regulary. It's especialy good for git beginners who would like to use advanced git functions, but are not ready yet.
Pro Free
Pro Supports Git LFS
Con No longer maintained
The latest version was released in 2014, version 1.0 was announced for 2015 but was never released. The app is not compatible with macOS Sierra.
Con Only free until 1.0 release
Once 1.0 is released (still unreleased as of May 2017, release was planned for August 2015), Mou will cost $30. It can currently be pre-ordered for half the price.
Con Text is hard to read on a big screen in full-screen mode
On big screens legibility is pretty bad when entering full-screen mode because the text is not columned nor centered. On smaller screens though, legibility is quite good even on full-screen.
Con Doesn't work as well with non-monospaced fonts
When using a non-monospaced font, the text jiggles around. It can be very annoying since users may not always want to write with a monospaced font.
Con Switching live preview on/off changes the width of text area
Con v1.0 was promised to Indiegogo founders more than a year ago
Safe to say this is dead software at this point.
Con Requires an account to install and use
Need an Atlassian account to install.
Con Always slow
Con Can sometimes be slow
Some operations can be slow. If you know what you want (e.g you want to touch a file, add it, commit it, and push it) you can do it much faster on the command line. However you're often not going to know what you want, so the visual diffs (for example) help massively.
Con Terrible for resolving merge conflicts
It's hard to tell when you are in a conflict state, let alone what to do if it happens.
Con Unstable and terrible UX
The Windows version of SourceTree is riddled with bugs, causing some users to find it unusable.
These include failing to refresh, frequent freezing, and slow performance. The recent redesign (February 2016) has made the UI difficult to navigate.
Con Requires users to be online when starting up
As of 2.3.5, it needs to dial home on every start-up, else it raises alerts to compliance.
Con No dark theme
No dark theme for Windows, however MacOS version does have a dark theme.
Con Does not allow offline installation
Upon installation, the splash screen prompts you to login. There used to be a workaround for you to manually deploy this application in an offline environment, but they've patched it as of 220.127.116.11. It now does a dial-home on each start-up. Since it cannot reach the server, it throws an error to the user, and raises alerts to compliance.
Atlassian's final decision was that they are not going to support this feature at all. Quoted from their staff:
"We've never officially supported any form of pre-installation on device management capabilities. [...] As you know, last year, we removed the notion licensing and asked our developers to register the product by creating an Atlassian account. That said, SourceTree has always been a tool for the individual (emphasis mine) developer."
Con Not even possible to change the password
There are tickets about this issue sitting there for years and marked as medium priority. I experienced this since version 1.8. Up until now, there has been no fix. If your company's policy is going to enforce you to change your password, it means you need to remove all the repos and clone them again everytime you change the password. This is the worst ever experience.
Con Browsing folders is troublesome
Choosing files of specific folders for check-in is troublesome.
Con Login problems
Frequently unable to log in, despite the correct password.
Con Chews CPU
Con Uninstalling won't remove the installation completely
If You decide to uninstall, you'll have to manually go to the folder inside the system and directly delete the files. If you uninstalled to reinstall fresh, this is a big issue.
Con The UI of version 2.0+ is so terrible
Tab looks good if you have no more than five repos. If you have a lot, you will know my pain. The source tree will not remember the order of the tab you drag. Everytime you restart the app, it will go back to whatever it likes.
Con Crashes frequently
Stops responding every 5 minutes.
Con Can't select install location
You can't select the install location (anymore). This is terrible for enterprise environments. It insists to install into "Users/<Name>/AppData/Local". What? Where? Why not "Recycle Bin" or Windows Temp?
Con Often rebuilds the graph visually noisy
E.g. after a reset command, the graph disappears and reappears after a few moments.
Con Flawed installer
Enforced registration process doesn't work, shows failure when connected to Bitbucket. Windows are too small to display installation text and options. Installs unwanted icon on the desktop. Slow and unresponsive at times.
Con Not always recognizes changed files
Seems to not always recognize changed files, which means that they will not be pushed to remote origin either. This means if you switch branches, the files will be overwritten and you lose your progress. Very annoying.
Con Blame MS Office's word correction dictionary to be the source of the slowness while it's not
It's so obvious that ever since 2.0, it will try refreshing each of the repo a few minutes. If you have a lot then it will drive you crazy. When you try to expand a branch node, it refreshes. Try again, OOPS, it refreshed again. Sometimes, it will take you five minutes to select the node you want.
Con Varied speeds across different versions
For example, the Windows version is quite slow is comparison to the Mac version.
Con Information density can be a bit much
It's possible to become overwhelmed with the information density presented in SourceTree. This is especially the case in history view, as it includes a lot of data presented in various ways.
Though this is great for getting a comprehensive overview of everything that's happening in one place, it can take some getting used to.
Con No auto stash
Con CRLF on Windows is a nightmare
There is a bug in 'Discard hunk' and 'Discard lines' constantly interrupting the work flow with inserting wrong line endings. Click here for more details.
When your 2FA is a hardware key, it is difficult to find a way to bring up the ability to use anything but a pre-programmed password function on the Yubikey, which doesn't add much to security all things considered what a hardware key is supposed to do.

subset: commoncrawl


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This is what she sent me last night.
The beauty of her design and the perfection of the pink (Ailish's signature colour) tones glowing as the sun set is just too much.
It overwhelms me.
That picture was followed by this. Perhaps she felt it necessary as an illustration that she does in fact love and even miss me just a tad. Her comment yesterday was that she missed the cats and me....equally. I guess I cannot complain too much as the depth of her love for the felines is infinite.
This is the child crying over how much she was going to miss her cats. The other one obviously has issues with goodbyes as she was no where to be found thereby missing being scooshed farewell. (she was probably finding a place to poop other than her litter box but I digress...)
A show of family pride for which I am grateful
Cabos San Lucas sunset


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Indigenous Writers and Storytellers Issue/
Grain is excited to announce a special issue dedicated to the work of Indigenous writers and storytellers, coming Summer 2019!
Submissions are now open! We invite submissions of unpublished fiction, nonfiction, and poetry from all First Nations, Métis, and Inuit writers. This special issue is being guest edited by Lisa Bird-Wilson (fiction and nonfiction) and Tenille Campbell (poetry). The guest editors encourage submission of exciting, edgy, engaging (all the e's) contemporary fiction, nonfiction, and poetry that reflect Indigenous lives, concerns, moments, thoughts, dreams, and so on. Whatever you do, don't play it safe. Be brave! Surprise us!
Deadline: February 28, 2019.


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Audre Leigh Launch: A Beauty, Wellness & Karma Event
Friday November 17, 2017, 6:00-8:00pm
Audre Leigh (by Shannon Cleary) will be launching at Luna Yoga and we are inviting you to treat yourself to a wellness evening catered to self-care, karma yoga, and more!
About Audre Leigh: Audre Leigh's sophisticated, plant-based skin care formulations use nature's most potent ingredients designed to give your body the ultimate clean beauty experience. Our botanical bath and beauty products are mindfully formulated for total-body wellness, promoting sumptuously radiant skin while bringing tranquility to the spirit through time-honored beauty and bathing rituals.
You will have exclusive first pick of the brand's new line of clean beauty products. Part of the proceeds will go to Lead With Your Heart, a non-profit foundation dedicated to providing alternative therapeutic methods to people suffering from a variety of mental health issues, including anxiety and depression.
Suggested donation $5
6:00-6:45pm: Karma class led by Francesca (capacity 40)
7:00-8:00pm: Audre Leigh product launch (capacity 80)
Reserve your spot today!


text: Rex Roberson September 9, 2015 Organizational News Happy Birthday IVMTB!! Rex Roberson September 9, 2015 Organizational News *|MC:SUBJECT|* Happy Birthday IVMTB!! We are officially a year old this month and an astounding 230 members strong! The Board of Directors and I want to personally thank everyone for supporting the Inland Valley Mountain Bike Association! Without you this would have never gotten off the ground. Who We Have Become? I am proud to say that we have become a collective of individuals that love to ride mountain bikes that are willing to stand up together to protect our right to ride. Our Mission: IVMTB is dedicated to the development and care of sustainable, multiple-use trails while fostering a community that participates in healthful activity, preserving the environment and stimulating the local economy through advocacy, education and participation. Who We Are: We are a group of passionate mountain bike riders of all ages, skill levels and disciplines. What We Do: We work with land managers to ensure access to well built, sustainable trails while protecting the environment at the same time. We educate others on the benefits of mountain biking, the responsible use of trails, how to increase riding skills, and encourage camaraderie within the mountain bike community. Board Members Wanted We have an exciting opportunity for those of you that might want to get more involved. We want to solicit the community for potential IVMTB Board Members. If you would like to get involved at the leadership level of the organization then we want to hear from you. Being a Board member does take a little time but probably not as much as you might think so if you have the slightest interest please let us know so we can answer any questions you might have. Please express your interest by sending an email to email@example.com. What Have We Accomplished 230+ Active members Almost 800 followers on Facebook Became 501(c)3 Non-Profit Corporation Became a Chapter Club of IMBA Founding Member Jerseys and IVMTB T-Shirts Presented at 2 local city government meetings Attended multiple city government and advocacy meetings Developed relationships with several local land management groups Introduced the Organization to the Temecula City Council – 50 local mountain bikers attended the meeting to show support Presented a proposal to the Temecula Community Services Commission asking for approval to build ~4 miles of single track and 2 pump tracks at the Ronald Reagan Sport Park – 25 local mountain bikers attended the meeting to show support We received a $2500 Grant from the International Mountain Bike Association (IMBA) to get the Ronald Reagan Sports Park Project kicked off We have put on a lot of local mountain bike rides including "Take a Kid Mountain Biking Day" Put on skills clinics at several local mountain bike rides We participated in the Temecula Christmas Parade We participated in a trash cleanup day at Vail Lake We assisted a local land owner in putting up no trespassing signs and educating local mountain bike riders of the status of those trials. Win a $50 Visa Gift Card We want to know how you feel about what IVMTB has done so far and what you would like to see from IVMTB in the future. We will be giving one lucky winner a $50 gift card for filling out our survey. It should take less than 5 minutes and will help us build the organization. NOTE: This survey is specific to IVMTB. It is not the same as the IMBA survey that was sent out recently. Click this link now to take the survey!! (https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/IVMTB2015) The winner will be drawn on Friday September 18th, 2015.


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Sam Regenstrief had a vision. The story goes that he had a family member that was being treated in a local hospital care setting. He did not like what he saw and was determined to use his resources to make a positive change in the way we deliver health care. You see, Sam was a successful industrialist who is affectionately known as the "Dishwasher King."
Sam's vision thrives within every research project and applied innovation that we release into the world every day here at the Institute. The infographic provided below is a small demonstration of the impact our Center for Biomedical Informatics has had the last 40+ years with great partners like Indiana University School of Medicine and Eskenazi Health (formerly Wishard).
Infographic on Innovation
Rich History
Here are some of the highlights:
- Over 46 years of innovation in health care
- Leader in research on linking EMRs with improved patient outcomes
- Early innovator at the intersection of healthcare (EMRs, CPOEs, HIEs, Lab coding standards, and Clinical Decision Support) technology
While I would like to make a claim that our Teaching EMR is a first in the EMR/EHR classroom space, we can't and are joined by many commercial vendors in this education space. We might be the only non-profit research organization in the world that has built an EMR/EHR for education with many unique features that I have discussed in other posts that make us better than many of the commercial vendors for education. (In some cases clinical practice–case in point RAVE, RPG, and real-time NLP which live in part or fully inside the Teaching EMR for users to leverage for learning.)
Forging New Paths
Our eventual move into more mobile delivery systems, gamification, curriculum exchange, and other leading edge technology areas using our Teaching EMR learning platform will forge new pathways for improving care through unique learning experiences. We are excited about building on our rich legacy of innovation here at the Institute and look forward to new partnerships with programs and partners for improving medical and allied health professions education.
If this sounds like something you are interested in learning more about, please don't hesitate to use the contact forms on the site or reach out to me directly. I'm always happy to talk with educators and innovators that wish to effectuate change–just like Sam Regenstrief has always wanted us to do.
Brian Stout
Sr. Product Manager at the Center for Biomedical Informatics
Regenstrief Institute
Here is a PDF version of the document if that would be helpful.


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Today we're going to talk a little bit about House's next season, plus casting news about Gossip Girl and Ugly Betty.
We've got contract news on Law and Order:SVU, insight into Wentworth Miller's (Prison Break) next role, and some bits about Sons of Anarchy and Nip/Tuck.
We've also got some late-breaking bits we've added this afternoon with regards to the creator of My Name Is Earl, and the final season of Lost.
We have the usual weekly recap of ratings from the previous week, but it's not the usual list. The source is having issues distributing the information, so I've done the best I can this week.
And of course we wrap up with the ratings from last week.
A Thought About House's Upcoming Season
With the new season of House coming up, we all know that House has committed himself.
But have you thought about how things will be once he's out and back at work?
Neither did I, but according to executive producer Katie Jacobs, we should be prepared for the hospital to be working differently.
"A doctor can't check into a mental institution and just walk back into his job like nothing happened. We will not start forsaking reality. This [story] will have consequences."
Source: EW
Lost Gets One More Hour
The mythos of ABC's Lost is so big that the last season of the show couldn't contain the entire story. At least that's one take on why ABC has added an extra hour to the next season.
Now, instead of 17 hours, you'll have 18 hours of getting Lost.
No facts are concrete, but rumors say they've added an additional storyline to the season.
Not to be a horrid tease, but with all the supposition about Charlie, I have to wonder if that's the extra storyline?
Source: THRFeed
Gossip Girl Casting News
Hillary Duff will be joining the cast of Gossip Girl for a guest appearance in a multi-episode story arc.
She'll be playing a movie star (shocking) named Olivia Burke who ends up rooming with Vanessa (Jessica Szohr).
Duff's first episode will air on October 5th.
Source: EW
Ugly Betty Cast Update
If anyone is wondering about Daniel Eric Gold's status on Ugly Betty, wonder no more.
Gold is returning to the show and he's becoming a full-time series regular.
Source: EW
Greg Garcia Heads To Fox
It was a sad day earlier this week as production staff cleared out the facility that was being used as the set location for My Name Is Earl. With the show gone, folks are looking for work and the creator / executive producer of Earl, Greg Garcia, was one of them.
News is that he's landed a gig over on Fox developing a new pilot for the network.
This new pilot is about "a 25-year-old who winds up having to raise an infant with the help of his quirky family. The kid was the result of a one-night stand with a woman who ended up on death row for murder."
If you feel like it sounds familiar, even Garcia admits that this comes from the kind of world that Earl inhabited. At least he's honest.
Source: Variety
Law And Order:SVU Contract Renewals
Mariska Hargitay and Christopher Meloni have successfully extended their contracts for 2 more years.
Unconfirmed sources say that the pair will be making roughly $325k per episode, or $6.5 million a year, each. I'm wondering if they'd pay me to be in just one episode. I'm not greedy!
Source: E Online
Where Will Wentworth Miller Show Up Next?
After playing a felon on the run in Prison Break, Wentworth Miller will next appear in a guest role on Law and Order: SVU's season premiere episode, and this time he'll be on the other side of the badge.
He'll be playing a member of the NYPD Blue named Nate Kendal who ends up saving a rape victim.
Wentworth fans, set your DVR's. The episode will air September 23rd.
Source: TV Guide
FX Programming Reminders
Sons of Anarchy returns to the cable network with fresh episodes beginning on September 8th and Nip/Tuck returns in October.
Either my source or Nielsen are having issues with the data, so I've only got the top 20 ranked shows from last week to share with you.
As you can see, America's Got Talent dominated while a repeat of NCIS takes the title of highest-rated scripted drama. Considering all the fanfare going on, I'm a bit surprised that the Michael Jackson special on CBS was only at 13th on the list. A pleasant surprise is that The Philanthropist landed in the top 20, settling in at 16th. I'm glad it ranked where it did and considering the quality of its story, I hope it improves. You can check out my quick review of The Philanthropist to see what myself and others thought of the show.
Rank, Show Title, (Repeat, Premiere, Special), Network, Viewers in the Millions
1. America's Got Talent-Tue (P) NBC - 11.5 < NBC's best performer2. NCIS (R) CBS - 11.1 < CBS's Best performer3. America's Got Talent - Wed (P) NBC - 10.44. The Mentalist – Tue (R) CBS - 9.15. 60 Minutes (R) CBS - 8.86. CSI (R) CBS - 8.77. Two And A Half Men (R) CBS - 8.78. 20/20 Special Edition on 6/25 (S) ABC - 8.2 < ABC's best performer9. CSI: Miami (R) CBS - 8.010. Wipeout ABC - 7.811. So You Think You Can Dance - Wed Fox - 7.6 < Fox's best performer12. Criminal Minds (R) CBS - 7.613. CBS News: Michael Jackson (S) CBS - 7.514. CSI: NY (R) CBS - 7.415. The Big Bang Theory (R) CBS - 7.216. Philanthropist (P) NBC - 7.117. 48 Hours Mystery Tuesday (R) CBS - 7.018. So You Think You Can Dance - Thurs Fox - 6.919. The Bachelorette ABC - 6.820. Dateline Friday NBC - 6.7
Selected Top Cable Shows
As you can see, break-ups help reality TV as Jon & Kate ratings spiked, marking another good week for TLC with The Closer, Royal Pains, Burn Notice and NCIS snagging spots in the top-20 cable slots for their respective networks.
1. BET Awards Show, BET - 10.72. Jon & Kate Plus 8, TLC - 10.64. WWE Entertainment, USA - 7.35. The Closer, TNT - 6.48. Royal Pains, USA - 5.99. Sprint Cup Racing/Loudon, TNT - 5.612. Burn Notice, USA - 5.317. NCIS, USA - 4.220. Confed. Cup Soccer, ESPN - 3.9
I'm looking forward to how they mix up the chemistry of House with the new equation of his having been committed and it's good to see that Law and Order: SVU will retain the steadfast cast that's been in place since 1999. I was a bit worried, considering how the network had renewed the show before the two lead actors were resigned. For you Gossip Girl fans (who ask me to cover news on the show), I'm wondering if you feel like having big-name stars come and go on the show is great to see or just distracting? Do you think it's only a ruse to boost ratings?
As always, questions and comments are welcome here on Screen Rant.


text:
A post shared by Premium K-Style For Mum & Kids (@ksisters.sg) on Aug 15, 2017 at 7:32pm PDT
A post shared by Premium K-Style For Mum & Kids (@ksisters.sg) on Aug 15, 2017 at 7:32pm PDT
Floral pattern is pretty, but if you do it wrong, it easily becomes granny style! Have you experienced that? haha So, when I choose floral pattern I really consider carefully. And I found this beautiful floral dress with graceful taste.
This beautiful dress has just right size floral pattern, so it is not granny look. And what I like more is it is H line! In many cases, floral dress has A type, but this one is so unique. So it looks very chic and comfy around waist! and the length is not too long and not too short, so can work for both tall and petite size woman.
I really really recommend this dress. Even your skins looks brighter in this dress! Enjoy your luminous day in this dress!
Made in Korea/ Cold water hand wash recommended
Size : Free size
Chest 55 cm Length 88 cm
one side flat lay/ I am 166 cm tall and 55 kg
Singapore - 2~3 Business Day Delivery via courier
Worldwide - DHL EXPRESS


text:
Next week marks St. Louis Design Week, a week long series
of events designed to 'highlight and celebrate the impact of design
in our community' and to recognize the contributions of established
professionals in our design community. The weeks events extend
from Mon Sept 24th through Sunday Sept 30th.
STL Design Week 2012 is presented by AIGA St. Louis in partnership with these professional and nonprofit organizations: AdClub St. Louis, American Institute of Architects (AIA), American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis (CAM), DesignSpeak, DART St. Louis, Industrial Designers Society of America (IDSA), The Luminary Center for the Arts and Pecha Kucha.
I am particularly excited about Monday, Sept. 24th ArtEffect event at the Contemporary Art Museum ($5 students, $15 general admission – cash bar, food trucks on site) as well as Tuesday, Sept. 25th Dart St. Louis event at FK Photo Studio (free entry, $5 per dart throw to benefit Rebuilding Together – cash bar and food trucks on site)
Those in St. Louis should attend to support local designers, our design community and the St. Louis community at large. A number of the events benefit local non-profit organizations. STL Design Week will be excellent for admiring design work, giving back to our community and networking. So get out there and mingle!


text: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC) committee began with loud interruptions from the event next door, but this did not hinder the debate. The topic being discussed was the fight against cocaine trade in Latin America. The delegate from Columbia suggested a way to eliminate cocoa plants by using a chemical called glyphosate. Rebuttals to this statement were that by destroying the plants, ecosystems could be negatively affected. Other suggestions included a specialized police force to investigate drug farms. To deter people from growing cocaine, the delegates suggested increased prison sentences. To help drug addicts, rehabilitation programs were added to super-resolutions. The processing and selling of illegal drugs is a pressing issue in days society and the delegates of UNODC hope to come to a conclusion on the topic.


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A few years ago my friend and colleague Rev. Alan Combs wrote this blog post for Good Friday. I reshare it today. Alan is an ordained elder in the United Methodist Church serving in the Virginia Conference.
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
These words come at the beginning of Psalm 22. Immediately, the biblical scholar-wannabe in me asks a biblical scholar-wannabe question. How much of Psalm 22 did Jesus mean? Psalm 22 forms two distinct parts. The first eighteen verses or so are full of pain, oppression, and despair. They feel very much like what Jesus might have had in mind while hanging on the cross, blood pouring from his nailed hands and feet, struggling to breathe.
But then Psalm 22 changes at verse twenty-five. "From you comes my praise in the great congregation," the Psalmist declares. The Psalm shifts to a prayer of deliverance. Yes many "strong bulls of Bashan" (I want to start a band called "Strong Bulls of Bashan) surround the Psalmist (22.12), and yes "I can count all my bones," (22.17) but at the end of the day "dominion belongs to the Lord," (22.18) so much so, that "All who go down to the dust shall bow before the Lord, and I shall live for God" (22.28).
And so, goes the debate. Did Jesus really just mean that first verse?
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
Or did he also want to anticipate everything that follows? Of course, there is no way to know what Jesus was thinking, except for what actually came out of his mouth.
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
Most of the time I feel like maybe we hope that Jesus is hoping we'll know the Psalm well enough to anticipate verse twenty-five and what follows because it is hard to rest in the utter despair of the cross.
It feels like we are trying to clean things up.
Yes, the cross was awful, but even in his last words, he's anticipating, Sunday, right?
I think that bails Jesus and us out of that moment.
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
These are the words that ring out. These are the words that he cries out in the absolute torture, the absolute agony of his execution by the powers and authorities of this world.
It is in that moment, his cry is still to the Father. Even in the very center of the alienation and division from God that we should all feel all of the time, but don't because we've tricked ourselves into thinking maybe we aren't so bad after all, Jesus' cry is still to God.
It is difficult to penetrate the mystery of that cry. What it can mean for the Son to cry out to the Father that the Father has forsaken him? How can this be? And yet, here on the cross, and soon in the tomb, we find this forsakenness, the alienation at its peak.
"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
One tradition that is practiced during some Good Friday worship services is meditation at the cross. Generally, a plain wooden cross is placed on a table, and the gathered worshipers have the opportunity to kneel before the cross, sometimes even to touch it.
This seems to be the right posture for this moment. Rather than trying exegetical maneuvers to explain or clean up this moment, perhaps our first move should be to kneel. To look upon the cross, even though what we really want to do is look away. To hear Jesus' cry of agony and forsakenness, even though what we really want to do is cover our ears.
We don't do this because we enjoy his pain or his torture. We do it because it puts us face to face with our own alienation, our own brokenness, and the reality of our innate desire to damn ourselves by turning away from God and towards ourselves. It makes it real and present to us, but instead of sending us to despair, we are sent to Jesus.
We are confronted with the one who enters into our brokenness, the who wrecks the house of the powers and principalities who attempt to assert themselves by nailing him to the cross, and the one who shows us what love truly looks like by laying down his life for us. The one who conquers the world by dying and being raised, the wisdom of God


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Home » Disability Support » Documentation Guidelines and Accommodation Process » Types of Accommodations » FM Audio System
FM Audio System
An FM system consists of a transmitter microphone used by the speaker (such as the instructor in the classroom, or the speaker at a lecture) and a receiver used by the listener. The receiver transmits the sound to the ears or directly to the hearing aid. Such an accommodation is determined based upon medical documentation and recommendation made by an audiologist.


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Geraldo Rivera reports...The American Fantasy 07/30/2000
Geraldo reports on the latest generation gambling in and on Las Vegas. Las Vegas is the fastest growing city in America in the year 2000. It is a unique fantasy in the desert drawing millions of tourists each year and is a major resource for employment. Corporate America has moved into Las Vegas and created super casinos and some of the largest hotels in the world. Since the arrival of super casinos, union membership has tripled, making Vegas one of the few places in the country where union membership is on the rise. THe payoff for these workers is affordable housing and benefits that have changed the ethnic landscape of the city. Rivera also reports on gamblers with dreams of striking it rich and problem gamblers whose livers were torn apart because of their addiction.
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In a recent podcast, journalist Cathy Young drew an unlikely comparison between libertarian icon Ron Paul and the Soviet Union:…Continue reading →
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Failure Is an Option Part 2: Grants
(Image credit: NSF) Previously I posted a version of my CV that listed all the peer-reviewed journals that had rejected…Continue reading →
No, IQ Isn't the Magic Variable that Explains Everything
Revised on March 11, 2019, with new analysis reported after the original post. Often on Twitter I encounter people I've…Continue reading →
Failure Is An Option
Publishing in peer-reviewed journals is hard. It's also highly arbitrary. Here's an abridged version of my CV that shows where…Continue reading →
Has Sociology Been Overrun by Postmodernists? Probably Not.
Is social science infested with postmodernism? This seems to be a constant refrain on Twitter and other venues for social…Continue reading →
Marriner Eccles' Grandson Comes out against Koch Money at the University of Utah
Nick's introduction: If you live in Salt Lake City or are involved with the University of Utah, you might following…Continue reading →
Into the Heart of Darkness: My Visit to the San Francisco GOP's Lincoln Reagan Dinner
Note: Every name is a pseudonym except for public figures My Twitter friend Alexi is an ardent Trumpist. I communicate…Continue reading →
Should the University of Utah Take Koch Brothers Money?
Nick's introduction On July 20, 2017 the news broke that my employer, the University of Utah, agreed to accept a…Continue reading →
Why We Should Stop Longing for the 1950s
1. The 1950s are sui generis We often view the thirty years after World War II as a golden age…Continue reading →


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You have about a week.
Yes, the road to hot and healthy is about to get bumpy and it begins this week. Tis the season for all things sugar used as a way to reward you for whatever reason is considered compelling.
There will be the decorative cookies, the candy, the going out to eat because it's a holiday, and the general excitement of a holiday fueling you to engage in less than healthy behavior.
This can be fun, and the fun will encourage you to "relax and live it up." But it will wreak havoc on your stomach area and stamina.
So instead of using this time as an excuse to not take care of yourself, why don't you find better ways to celebrate your holiday?
Instead of hitting that candy placed in the middle of the table for the meeting, why don't you go for the apples and almond butter?
Heck, instead of bringing that candy to the meeting, why don't you write silly Halloween punny cards for the staff?
Instead of going to your kiddos Halloween get together with cookies, why not bring cashews and cheese? (Kids love these.)
Instead of eating out, why not suggest a walk on campus? Here are some tales to tell of our haunted history: http://www.hauntedhouses.com/states/in/indiana_university.htm
Go out to those pumpkin patches and enjoy local businesses!
This week, instead of eating all of the sugar you can find because it is another holiday, be creative and thoughtful in your celebration.
Here is my challenge to you. Do not eat any added sugar this week. If you are enticed, drink water.
If I hear the excuse, that one wants to relax and enjoy life, my question is, is eating candy enjoying life to you? Truly?
There are SO many delicacies in this life. Eating a Reese's should not be the one you fiend for.
Don't eat sugar for a week.
Kick your habits. Don't make excuses for them.
In wellness,
Erin and Rod


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In The Force Awakens (TFA) we were introduced to Supreme Leader Snoke (Andy Serkis), but barely learned any information about him. We mostly found out that he is skilled with the dark side of the force and that he is Kylo Ren's mentor. However, with the help of new LEGO sets that will be released on Star Wars' Force Friday event, we can infer some new information about him.
One of the new LEGO sets being released shows a new version of the iconic First Order Star Destroyer ship which includes minifigures of a First Order Officer, First Order Shuttle Pilot, First Order Stormtrooper, First Order Stormtrooper Sergeant, BB-9E, and Supreme Leader Snoke (as pictured below).
In TFA we never see Snoke, but his hologram which pictures him as a huge alien like creature. However, his LEGO figure is the same size, if not shorter than all of the workers of the First Order, excluding BB-9E of course. Snoke's skin also looks more normal as the LEGO figure since in the movie he has a bluish tint to him, which also shows that he may in fact be closer to human than he leads on. Does this mean that the hologram is projecting him so that he looks larger maybe as an act of intimidation?
While this could be seen as speculation, it doesn't take away from the fact that Snoke's LEGO figure looks a lot different than his character in the movie, and since they wouldn't have a figure look completely different than the character, this hopefully means that in The Last Jedi Snoke's true form will be revealed.
Do you think that this LEGO reveal means anything for Snoke or that it is pure speculation? Comment below!
Source: Reddit
By: Danielle Gonzalez


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Loop is in, ribbons are in place. The boys of San Diego have stepped up, big time. Look for these windmills off the 8, and you're almost there. Come on out Saturday, and make a weekend of it. Weather will be awesome, as only San Diego County can offer! (OK, OK, I just clicked on that weather link, and let me say it might get a wee bit chilly, so pack some warm duds) Don't know what else to say, except to say, see you there! I'll be the guy with the big fat smile on my face all day.
Bring it!


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Just as printer and photograph paper are white, images need to be on a white base to best replicate their true colors. Our standard mat base is white, however certain designs can be special ordered on a colored base mat. Thse designs may require additional processing and a layer of white ink.
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Qui pendra la sonnette au chat?
The expression to bell the cat means to hang a bell around a cat's neck to provide a warning. Figuratively, it refers to a difficult or impossible to achieve task. According to the fable, The Mice in Council, often attributed to Aesop, a group of mice are so terrified by the house cat that one of them suggests a bell be placed around the enemy's neck to warn of his arrival. Volunteers for the job are requested but no mouse steps forward.
Eustache Deschamps (1340–1406) was a medieval French poet and among his ballades is Les souris et les rats. The poem was written as a response to an aborted invasion of England in 1386 and contrasts French wavering in the face of English firmness. The chorus Qui pendra la sonnette au chat (who will bell the cat) became proverbial in France and the moral is the same as that of the the Aesop fable: a plan must be achievable or it is useless.
Nothing much has changed down the centuries. New players arrive and old powers disappear. Today, the USA is the cat and France is still the mouse, spied upon and cruelly taken advantage of by those with the bigger budgets, better technologies and lesser standards when it comes protecting privacy. This is utter tosh, of course, as France is no position to throw stones.
Une société civile hurlant contre le #PJLRenseignement, des présidents surveillés par les US, des lanceurs d'alerte bâillonnés… La France
— marc rees (@reesmarc) June 23, 2015


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Canadian Suggested Retail Price: $484.95-579.95


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To James Madison from Tobias Lear, 24 August 1801
From Tobias Lear, 24 August 1801
Cape François, August 24th: 1801.
Since I had the honor of writing to you on the 17th. & 19th. inst. by Dr. Stevens, I have received a letter from the Governor (a Copy of which is enclosed) informing me that his residence would be established at Port Republican, and requesting that I would obtain instructions from my Government to fix myself near him.
In my answer, I informed him that I would hasten to communicate his wishes on this subject to my Government, and in the meantime, if the interest of my Country, in its commercial relations with this Island, should demand it, I would not hesitate to make a journey to Port Republican; but that my place of permanent Residence must be determined by the President of the United States.
I mentioned in my last letter, that the Governor had determined to fix his residence at Gonaïves. This he had repeatedly declared to me was his determination, and had urged me very strongly to make a commercial establishment there, and to invite other Citizens of the United States to do the same. His letter was the first intimation I had of his having changed his resolution. And as I know the instability of measures here, I shall not take any steps until I see that they have actually established the seat of Government. In the mean time, if I should find it necessary for the interest of my Country to go to Port Republican, or elsewhere in the Island, by way of an excursion, I shall not hesitate to do it, however inconvenient or expensive it may be to me; for, as I observed in a former letter, the public interests would be my primary object, I shall not fail to attend to it while I hold the place; but I must candidly declare, that, to do my duty as a faithful servant to the public here, I must devote my whole time to it, and give up all thoughts of commercial emoluments. How long I shall be able to do this, with the heavy expences which are unavoidable here, I cannot tell; but while I remain in the public service its interests shall not be neglected.
I am in daily expectation of hearing from you, and I pray, that if it be possible for you to give me any special instructions for my conduct here, that you would have the goodness to do so; or that it may be said in your letter that I must act according to my best of my judgement in cases where the usual instructions will not apply.
I received a letter a few days ago from Mr. Ritchie the Consul at Port Republican, informing me that he should sail shortly for the United States, and expected to be absent about two months; and should leave a Mr. John Linn charged with his affairs. You will observe that the Governor mentions in his letter that he had heard of the departure of Mr. Ritchie. I think Mr. Ritchie should have given him formal notice thereof, or at least have let me known that he had not done so, which perhaps might have been better; and I shd. immediately have announced his intentions. It is reported here that a person is appointed to take the place of Mr. Ritchie; but I have had no information of it, but by common report.
I have this moment recd. a letter from Mr. Corbet, the British Agent in this Island, and inclose a Copy of it. The passports which accompany it have the signature of himself and the Governor of St. Domingo. I shall therefore deliver them to such Vessels as apply for them upon the principle mentioned in my former letters. With the highest respect & most sincere Attachmt I have the honor to be Sir, Yr. mo. Ob. St.
Tobias Lear.
The preceding is the full transcription of a document that was previously abstracted in The Papers of James Madison, Secretary of State series. The original abstract contains additional annotation and source information.


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Confused.com, the Insurance broker famous for their jiggling bits ads, has released a free parking locator apps for Windows Phone 7.
The app for UK readers provide directions to car parks, tells you out how much they charge, and lets you choose the closest and cheapest.
You can search search for nearby parking using your GPS location, or by using your destination's address and can check availability of disabled spaces, if they accept electronic payments, and much more.
The can even set up a parking timer, and the app will remind you before you spend more than a given value.
The free app can be found in Marketplace here.
Via AAWP.com


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You know that feeling when you discover a new brand that you love? And you can't stop going to their website and making lists of everything you want and telling all your friends that they really seriously right now need to check it out? That's how I feel about Edens Garden. It's an essential oil company founded by a woman (which I love!); it's not an MLM, so you can skip the rep and order directly from their website. They're also totally serious about quality control and selling 100% pure therapeutic grade essential oils. They are unadulterated, high quality, and safe.
And, okay, their products are also pretty. What can I say? I have a weakness for good design and aesthetically pleasing packaging. (Luckily these oils are fantastic inside and out.) Edens Garden sent me an assortment of their products to try out and opening up the box felt a little bit like Christmas morning. Let me share some of my favorites:
Ombre Ceramic Ultrasonic Diffuser // Why why WHY are so many essential diffusers so cheap looking and hideous? This one is absolutely beautiful and I love having it in our living room because it's not an eyesore.
Body Oil Set // Edens Garden body oils are everything—especially when you're suffering from dry winter skin. I've been using the Lemon Ginger oil after showering, and it helps perk me up for the day.
Stress Relief // Because it's December, the most stressful month of the year.
I'm super excited that we're teaming up with Edens Garden to give you a chance to try these products and more. We're giving away:
- A Body Oil Set
- Shine Body Oil
- A Synergy Blends Set (which includes the Stress Relief oil that I mentioned above!)
- Mauve Ceramic Ultrasonic Diffuser
- XOXO Body Oil
- Earth & Wood Body Oil
And it gets even better! We have 2 sets to give away, which means you have 2 chances to win. Hop over to our Instagram account and enter there, then use the form below for another chance. Good luck!1


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A hearing impairment is primarily diagnosed by measuring the hearing thresholds at a range of auditory frequencies (air-conduction audiometry). Although this clinical procedure is simple, affordable, reliable and fast, it does not offer differential information about origins of the hearing impairment. The main goal of this thesis is to quantitatively link specific cochlear pathologies to certain changes in the spectral and temporal characteristics of the auditory system. This can help better understand the underlying mechanisms associated with sensorineural hearing impairments, beyond what is shown in the audiogram. Here, an electromechanical signal-transmission model is devised in MATLAB where the parameters of the model convey biological interpretations of mammalian cochlear structures. The model is exploited to simulate the cell-level cochlear pathologies associated with two common types of sensorineural hearing impairments, 1: presbyacusis (age-related hearing impairment) and, 2: noise-induced hearing impairment. Furthermore, a clinical study, consisting of different psychoacoustic and physiological tests, was performed to trace and validate the model predictions in human. The results of the clinical tests were collated and compared with the model predictions, showing a reasonable agreement. In summary, the present model provides a biophysical foundation for simulating the effect of specific cellular lesions, due to different inner-ear diseases and external insults, on the entire cochlear mechanism and thereby on the whole auditory system. This is a multidisciplinary work in the sense that it connects the 'biological processes' with 'acoustic modelling' and 'clinical audiology' in a translational context.
Many of the sophisticated characteristics of human auditory system are attributed to cochlea. Also, most of patients with a hearing loss suffer from impairments that originate from cochlea (sensorineural). Despite this, today's clinical diagnostic methods do not probe the specific origins of such cochlear lesions. The aim of this research is to introduce a physiological signal transmission model to be clinically used as a tool for diagnosis of cochlear losses. This model enables simulation of different bio‐mechano‐electrical processes which occur in the auditory organ of Corti inside the cochlea. What makes this model different from many available computational models is its loyalty to physiology since the ultimate goal is to model each single physiological phenomenon. This includes passive BM vibration, outer hair cells' performances such as nonlinear mechanoelectrical transduction (MET), active amplifications by somatic motor, as well as vibration to neural conversion at the inner hair cells.
The electrical, acoustical, and mechanical elements of the cochlea are explicitly integrated into a transmission-line model to develop a physiological interpretation of the human cochlea insofar. The model enables fundamental simulation of specific cochlear lesions such as metabolic presbyacusis. A sound pressure field in the air is transmitted via the outer and middle ear to the inner ear. It causes the stapes to vibrate resulting in a traveling wave along the organ of Corti propagating from base towards apex. As the endocochlear potential (EP) decreases, the MET produces less receptor current which, eventually leading to a decline in the force/displacement generated by the somatic motor. The CFs of the curves tend to move backwards in a presbyacusis cochlea, this result is consistent with Robles and Ruggem where in a passive cochlea, the CFs are shifted backwards.
In the presented model, electrical, acoustical, and mechanical elements of the cochlea are explicitly integrated into a signal transmission line where these elements convey physiological interpretations of the human cochlear structures. As a result, this physiologically-motivated model enables simulation of specific cochlear lesions such as presbyacusis. The hypothesis is that high-frequency hearing loss in older adults may be due to metabolic presbyacusis whereby age-related cellular/chemical degenerations in the lateral wall of the cochlea cause a reduction in the endocochlear potential. The simulations quantitatively confirm this hypothesis and emphasize that even if the outer and inner hair cells are totally active and intact, metabolic presbyacusis alone can significantly deteriorate the cochlear functionality. Specifically, in the model, as the endocochlear potential decreases, the transduction mechanism produces less receptor current such that there is a reduction in the battery of the somatic motor. This leads to a drastic decrease in cochlear amplification and frequency sensitivity, as well as changes in position-frequency map (tuning pattern) of the cochlea. In addition, the simulations show that the age-related reduction of the endocochlear potential significantly inhibits the firing rate of the auditory nerve which might contribute to the decline of temporal resolution in the aging auditory system.
A physiologically-based electromechanical model of the human cochlea is used in this study to explicitly simulate the effects of acoustical overstimulation, and the associated cellular deficiencies, on the gain of the cochlear amplifier. The simulations demonstrate that as the micromechanics of the stereocillia transduction channels is altered due to the traumatic acoustical overstimulation, the compressive/nonlinear behavior of the cochlear amplifier is significantly modified. When the loudness growth is estimated by the integral of the cochlear amplification with respect to the sound intensity, these modifications lead to an impaired loudness function reminiscent of the recruitment phenomenon. Furthermore, when a severe noise-induced loss of outer hair cells is assumed at basal regions of the cochlea, the model predicts a mild loss at lower frequencies followed by a steeply sloping notch-like amplification loss of approximately 80 dB around 4.5 kHz. This prediction is reasonably in line with the threshold elevations observed clinically from the noise-damaged human ears. Moreover, the results quantitatively demonstrate that the center frequency, the width and the depth of the amplification loss are directly determined by the severity and the location of the outer hair cell loss along the cochlear duct.
Objective: This study includes a battery of psychoacoustical and electrophysiological tests to quantitatively investigate the changes in the frequency and the temporal features of the human auditory periphery caused by aging (presbyacusis) and noise-induced lesions, two common types of sensorineural hearing impairments. The scores are comparatively analyzed.
Design: These clinical experiments have been implemented in MATLAB software.
Study sample: 20 normal hearing adults (aged 30-54), 20 older hearing-impaired subjects (aged 65-70) with no history of Ototoxic medication or noise exposure and 7 adult men with a traceable noise-induced hearing impairment.
Results: The observed temporal and spectral declines are generally consistent with the high-frequency audiometric loss depicted by the audiogram, for each group. Moreover, the test battery provides valuable information on the frequency sensitivity, temporal resolution, loudness growth, compression and otoacoustic emissions.
Conclusion: These scores are compared with the predictions of a physiologicallybased cochlear model to provide evidence about specific inner-ear pathologies, beyond what the audiogram can indicate. Among these 7 clinical experiments, the results from the forward temporal masking test, the categorical loudness discrimination test and the distortion product otoacoustic emission test provide the most differential information about the underlying cellular lesions. The results indicate that the reduction in the temporal resolution is substantially age-relate since the presbyacusis listeners, unlike the other groups, obtained almost no benefit from the temporal cues provided by the gap duration at any of the experiments. Moreover, the results suggest that the DPOAEs reflect the cellular lesions associated with the acoustic overstimulation rather than the age-related strial degenerations.


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|Process for removal of water-soluble carbohydrates in the production of plant protein products
|Purified plant protein concentrate
|Valentas et al.
This invention relates to a process for eliminating flatulent sugars from soya, in which an aqueous soya suspension is fermented by edible yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces (S.) uvarum.
Soya beans or soya cake lend themselves to the production of edible starting materials, such as soya meals or soya flours. The use of these starting materials in the production of foods intended for human consumption involves problems of taste and digestibility. In the Far East, the native populations are more or less accustomed to the typical taste which it is so difficult to eliminate or neutralise in soya-based products. They have often resolved the problem of digestibility by using indigenous microorganisms for degrading the substances responsible. For example, they prepare their traditional food known as tempeh by fermenting crushed soya beans with the mould known as Rhizopus oligosporus. Even to the Western palate, this food has an entirely acceptable taste. However, these ancestral solutions cannot be universally adopted. The number of microorganisms permitted under the laws and regulations of certain Western countries for example is very restricted. If it is desired to solve the problem posed by the typical taste and the indigestible oligosaccharides of soya by the use of microorganisms on an industrial scale, it is possible to use only the permitted microorganisms in these countries, in other words to the so-called edible microorganisms, particularly edible yeasts. Now, only the yeasts S. cerevisiae, S. carlsbergensis, which has recently been renamed S. uvarum, Candida utilis and Kluyveromyces fragilis are generally accepted as edible yeasts. Among these yeasts, it is further necessary to select those which synthesise the enzymes necessary for degrading the oligosaccharides present in soya which are responsible for flatulence phenomena, namely raffinose and stachyose.
Thus, in one known process developed in the production of vegetable proteins textured by treatment with steam under pressure, a soya flour moistened to such an extent that its moisture content amounts to between about 15 and 35% is fermented with S. carlsbergensis or S. cerevisiae for example. The moist, fermented granulated mass is then treated with steam under pressure. The product obtained has a texture reminiscent of that of meat and a taste which cannot be conferred by either of the two treatments applied on its own. In another known process, an aqueous suspension of soya flour preferably containing approximately 10% of dry matter is fermented under aerobic conditions with S. cerevisiae or S. carlsbergensis for example. The material thus treated is intended to contain from 55% to 65% of proteins, of which a few percent are attributable to the yeasts themselves. It lends itself to the production of a vegetable milk and may be introduced into the composition of certain cheeses without significantly altering their properties.
The two known processes referred to above, namely the static fermentation of a moistened soya flour and the aerobic fermentation of an aqueous suspension, are attended by certain disadvantages of an economic or qualitative nature. The first process only enables the total soluble sugar content to be reduced by about half for a very long fermentation time of the order of 48 to 96 hours. Homogeneity of the treatment in the moist granular mass hardly seems possible. The second process does not enable suspensions of high dry matter content to be used. The dry matter content must not exceed a value of the order of 10% to 15% if the foam produced by the proteins beaten in the vigorously stirred suspensions is not to become excessive. In addition, in this second process, the quantity of yeast produced in the fermentation broth reaches approximately half the quantity of degraded sugar. In other words, a characteristic soya taste is exchanged for a characteristic yeast taste.
Subsequently, it was proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,334 to remove the water soluble carbohydrates present in soya by aerobic fermentation in aqueous suspension with baker's yeast, i.e. with S. cerevisiae and certain strains of S. carlsbergensis (brewer's yeast) and S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus (wine yeast). In this patent specification, it is pointed out that, contrary to what had been previously observed in connection with this species, S. cerevisiae has the enzymatic equipment required for degrading raffinose and stachyose and that it is even the best yeast known to the author for this purpose. In the Examples of this patent, the accent is also placed on the use of baker's yeast. However, it has been found that, as can be seen from the book entitled "The Yeasts" (2nd Edition, 1970) by J. Lodder, who is an authority on the subject, S. cerevisiae does not have the enzymatic equipment required for degrading the flatulent sugars present in soya.
It would seem that this fact is also confirmed in another recent document, according to which it is important to use low-fermentation brewer's yeasts as opposed to high-fermentation brewer's yeasts which are identified as being respectively formed by S. carlsbergensis and S. cerevisiae. According to this document, however, the living yeast is added to a broth of soya flour mixed with its equivalent by weight of water and the mixture is only left to react for a few hours. The degradation of the flatulent sugars under these conditions seems extremely hypothetical and the tasting example given in this patent seems to confirm this impression.
In another known process for the production of a modified vegetable protein, which may serve as a substitute for caseinate, a soya flour is suspended in water, the resulting suspension is inoculated with S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis and left to ferment for 60 hours at 16° C. in a closed vessel, after which sodium hydroxide is added to obtain a carbonate by reaction with the carbon dioxide produced during fermentation, the product is heated to react the carbonate with the protein and neutralised with an acid. In this process, it is probable that the soluble sugars present in the soya are not all degraded, particularly the flatulent oligosaccharides.
Finally, the anaerobic fermentation of an aqueous soya suspension with yeasts has already been described in relatively old documents. However, in their case, too, the authors in question assumed all the sugars present in the soya to be converted into degradation products, namely alcohol and carbon dioxide, although it is doubtful whether the degradation level quoted for the flatulent oligosaccharides was in fact achieved.
The present invention is the result of efforts to find a process which enables the sugars present in soya to be completely degraded.
The present invention provides a process for eliminating the flatulent sugars present in soya which comprises preparing an aqueous soya suspension containing from 5 to 45% by weight of dry matter, inoculating the suspension thus prepared with at least one strain of S. uvarum which has reached the state of growth (growth phase) on a medium containing at least one sugar having at least one α-D-galactopyranosyl bond and fermenting the suspension under anaerobic conditions for at least 8 hours at a temperature of from 15° C. to 50° C.
It has been found that the flatulent sugars cannot be completely eliminated simply by fermentation with yeasts, even with yeasts which are known to have the necessary enzymatic equipment. It has proved to be absolutely essential to induce the production of α-galactosidase by the microorganism for it to be subsequently capable of effectively breaking the α-D-galactopyranosyl bonds of all the raffinose and stachyose present in the soya suspension. Systematic comparative tests have shown that S. cerevisiae does not produce α-galactosidase, even if an attempt is made to grow it on a medium containing raffinose for example, and that certain strains of S. uvarum are capable of producing α-galactosidase providing they are grown on a medium containing a sugar which requires this enzyme for degradation. It has also been found that both S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum are capable of producing invertase, but not in the same quantities. It has also been found, that it is possible considerably to reduce the time required for completely eliminating the flatulent sugars by inoculating the soya suspension with a mixture of two strains, one having a high invertase activity, such as certain strains of S. cerevisiae or of S. uvarum cultivated on glucose or saccharose which rapidly break the stachyose and raffinose into fructose plus manninotriose and melibiose, and the other having a high α-galactosidase activity, such as certain strains of S. uvarum cultivated on stachyose or raffinose which eliminate the manninotriose and the melibiose.
The process according to the invention is economic. It eliminates the need both for the supply of sterilised air and for the energy required for vigorous stirring. Slow or intermittent stirring is sufficient. The process according to the invention is also effective. The total content of soluble sugars may be reduced to almost zero in a reasonable time. Only a modest quantity of yeast is produced in the broth because most of the sugar is converted into volatile alcohol and CO2.
Dehulled and ground soya beans or an optionally defatted soya flour for example may be used as starting material for carrying out the process according to the invention. In the context of the invention, a soya suspension is understood to be a suspension of any material in divided form obtained from the soya bean and comprising a large proportion of its edible constituents, with the possible exclusion of its oil which may have been either pressed out or extracted. It is preferred to prepare a suspension of defatted soya flour or a suspension of whole soya containing from 10 to 45% by weight of dry matter.
For fermentation, it is possible to use any strain of S. uvarum which is capable of degrading the flatulent sugars present in soya after having been cultivated on raffinose or stachyose for example. It is also possible to use a combination of one such strain with any other strain of edible yeast having a high invertase activity. In the context of the invention, edible yeast is understood to be a yeast which is non-toxic to human beings.
This is the case in particular with brewer's and baker's yeasts. Outstanding results may be obtained by using the strain S. uvarum CBS 1502 which has reached the state of growth on a medium of which the principal carbon source is a flatulent sugar, particularly raffinose, preferably in combination with one of the strains S. cerevisiae CBS 5494 and S. uvarum CBS 2451 which have reached the state of growth on a medium of which the principal carbon source is glucose or saccharose for example.
Before inoculating it with the selected yeast, it is advisable to pasteurise the suspension by a heat treatment for example. If a suspension of defatted soya flour is prepared, it may be pasteurised by heating for about 15 minutes to a temperature of the order of 60° to 70° C. or by rapid heating, for example for 30 to 60 seconds, to a temperature of from 130° to 145° C. If a suspension of whole soya is prepared, it is possible to grind the beans in the presence of water at an elevated temperature to obtain a dispersion of particles having a diameter of the order of 0.5 mm, to heat the dispersion for 5 to 45 seconds to a temperature of from 120° to 160° C. by the injection of steam in order to reduce the antitrypsin factor and then to grind the dispersion in a suitable apparatus, particularly a ball mill to obtain a soft, unctuous and stable suspension of particles having diameters of the order of a few microns to a few tens of microns for example.
The suspension may then be inoculated by adding to it a quantity of living yeast corresponding, in %o by weight of dry matter, to approximately 0.5 to 10 %o of the quantity of soya in suspension. The inoculum used may be at least one strain of S. uvarum which has been brought to the state of growth on a medium of which the principal carbon source is formed by at least one of the oligosaccharides present in soya, particularly raffinose. This inoculum may be prepared in two steps, for example by initially cultivating the selected strain for about 20 hours on a medium containing glucose or saccharose as principal carbon source and subsequently transferring it to a medium containing at least one of the oligosaccharides present in soya as principal carbon source for cultivating it on that medium for about another 20 hours. The inoculum used may be fresh, frozen or dried by freeze drying. As mentioned above, this inoculum may also contain another strain of edible yeast which has a high invertase activity.
After the suspension has been inoculated, it is left to ferment under anaerobic conditions. These conditions may be maintained simply by stirring the culture medium only very slowly or periodically so that hardly any air reaches the yeasts in the suspension. The sole object of this slow or periodic stirring is to maintain the homogeneity of the suspension being treated.
The desired result is obtained by fermenting the suspension for at least 8 hours and preferably for 10 to 24 hours at a temperature of from 15° to 50° C. Fermentation may then be stopped. To this end, it is possible for example to heat the suspension for 10 to 30 minutes to a temperature of the order of 70° to 85° C., i.e. to pasteurise it, and then to treat it in all kinds of ways, depending on the purpose for which the fermented material is to be used, or even to dry it on rollers or by spray drying or by freeze drying, optionally after concentration by evaporation in vacuo or by means of an evaporator of the scraped-surface type for example. The ethanol produced during fermentation evaporates during drying. The quantity of yeast produced during fermentation which remains in the end product is so small that it almost falls within the margin of error inherent in the methods normally used for determining the dry matter content of an aqueous suspension. The product thus obtained has a perfectly neutral taste and odour. It may be used as a protein supplement, complement or substitute in the food industry and particularly in the dietetic food industry. It is particularly suitable for the production of vegetable milks or meat substitutes.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples in which the percentages quoted represent percent by weight. Unless otherwise indicated, the total sugar contents (monosaccharides and polysaccharides) are determined by a colorimetric method developed by V. Trevelyan in which a complex formed by the sugars is determined with anthrone in concentrated sulphuric acid.
S. uvarum CBS 1502 is cultivated in a nutrient medium having the following composition:
|saccharose 20 g (NH4)2 HPO4 10 g K2 HPO4 5 g Na2 SO4 0.5 g yeast extract 0.25 g corn steep liquor 0.25 g tap water 1000 ml
and 10 ml of a solution having the following composition:
|MgSo4 . 7H2 O 20 g FeSO4 . 7H2 O 1 g MnSO4 1 g NaCl 1 g distilled water 500 ml
After 24 hours, the strain is transferred to a medium identical with the preceding medium except for the fact that the 20 g of saccharose are replaced by 5 g of raffinose. After cultivation for 20 hours at 30° C. in stirred bottles, an inoculum is obtained which contains 2.5 g of yeast by weight of dry matter per liter and of which the pH-value is 3.75.
20 Liters of a 20% aqueous suspension of defatted soya flour marketed under the name "Soya Fluff W 200" by the central Soya Company of the United States are prepared in a 30 liter fermenter. The suspension is pasteurised for 15 minutes at 60° C. It is then inoculated with 0.6 part by weight of dry matter of yeast per 1000 parts of soya flour in suspension. The pH is left to develop freely. It has a value of 6.6 before pasteurisation and a value of 6.2 after pasteurisation, subsequently falling progressively to 5.8 during fermentation. The suspension is slowly stirred by means of two perforated-blade stirrers rotating at a speed of from 50 to 75 rpm. The fermentation temperature is kept at 30° C. A content of total soluble sugars of 18.5 mg/ml is measured at the beginning of fermentation. This value falls first rapidly and then more slowly to 1.5 mg/ml over a fermentation time of 24 hours. This reduction of more than 90% of the total soluble sugars is completely confirmed by parallel routine examinations using thin layer chromatography.
A suspension of whole soya is inoculated with an inoculum prepared in the same way as described in Example 1 and left to ferment under comparable conditions. The results obtained are also comparable with those described in Example 1.
A series of systematic tests was carried out to establish whether other strains of edible yeast have α-galactosidase activity, with and without induction on flatulent sugar, to establish also which edible yeasts could be particularly recommended for their high invertase activity and to form pairs of strains particularly effective for degrading the flatulent sugars present in soya by the combined activity of their respective enzymes α-galactosidase and invertase. The results of these tests are shown in the following Table:
|Stach- Raffi- Mannino- yose nose triose Melibiase Ex. 12 24 12 24 12 24 12 24 No. Strains h h h h h h h h
3 Candida utilis
4 Saccharomyces
5 Saccharomyces
6 Saccharomyces
7 Saccharomyces
8 Candida utilis
9 Saccharomyces
10 Saccharomyces
11 Saccharomyces
12 Saccharomyces
13 S. cerevisiae
(glucose) +
S. uvarum - - - - - - - -
14 S. uvarum
(glucose) +
S. uvarum - - - - - - - -
The measurements were made by thin layer chromatography after 12 hours and 24 hours' fermentation of an aqueous suspension of micronised whole soya having the following characteristics:
|dry matter 10% proteins 5% total soluble sugars 2% of which stachyose = 0.6% raffinose = 0.7%.
Fermentation was carried out with the various microorganisms and pairs of microorganisms indicated in the left-hand column. The sugar in brackets indicates what was the carbon source of the medium on which the inoculum or the semi-inoculum was prepared. Except for the carbon source, the preparation medium had the composition of the preparation medium indicated in Example 1. Each strain was cultivated thereon for 20 hours at 30° C. in stirred bottles. The soya suspension was inoculated with 0.6 part by weight of yeast dry matter per thousand parts of soya flour in suspension.
It can be seen from the above Table that Candida utilis CBS 841, S. cerevisiae CBS 4054 and S. uvarum CBS 1502 cultivated on glucose have only a low invertase activity. S. cerevisiae CBS 5494 and S. uvarum CBS 2451 cultivated on glucose respectively have a high and a very high invertase activity. Candida utilis CBS 841 and S. cerevisiae CBS 4054 cultivated on raffinose still show no α-galactosidase activity. S. cerevisiae CBS 5494 and S. uvarum CBS 2451 cultivated on raffinose show respectively their high and very high invertase activities, but no α-galactosidase activity. S. uvarum CBS 1502 cultivated on raffinose shows both a high invertase activity and a high α-galactosidase activity.
The best results are obtained by combining S. cerevisiae CBS 5494 or S. uvarum CBS 2451 with S. uvarum CBS 1502 cultivated on raffinose, all the sugars present in soya being able to be degraded in less than 12 hours by means of a combination such as this.
The process described in Example 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,334 is carried out in two parallel fermenters in order to increase the experimental certainty. An aqueous suspension containing 15% of dry matter of defatted soya flour is prepared. The pH is adjusted to 4.5. The suspension is pasteurised for 15 minutes at 90° C. It is inoculated with living baker's yeast of the type supplied by the company Malteserkorsgaer de De Danske Sprit Fabrikker in a quantity of 0.25% by weight of dry matter of yeast based on the weight of soya dry matter. The suspension is left to ferment while stirring for 16.5 hours during which it is aerated with 0.5 volume of air per volume of suspension per minute.
Sterility checks were made at regular intervals and did not reveal any significant development of bacterial contamination. The number of yeast cells was counted at the beginning and at the end of fermentation and was found to be 9.4 times larger at the end than at the beginning. This shows that the degradation of the sugars solubilised in the suspension was indeed caused by the yeast cells and not by any other contaminating microorganism.
The level of degradation of the soluble sugars in the suspension was determined by thin layer chromatography after 0, 6, 9, 12 and 16.5 hours of fermentation. This analysis produced the same results for the two parallel fermentation tests. These results are shown in the following Table:
|0 h 6 h 9 h 12 h 15 h 16.5 h
starting spot
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
stachyose ++++ +++ + traces
- -
+ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++
raffinose ++ + - - - -
melibiose + ++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++
sucrose ++ - - - - -
galactose - - - - - -
++++ - - - - -
It can be seen from this Table that the stachyose and raffinose disappear due to the invertase whilst the manninotriose and the melibiose accumulate due to the absence of α-galactosidase. The sucrose, galactose, glucose and fructose disappear in less than 6 hours. Accordingly, the yeast used does not have sufficient α-galactosidase activity although effective in other respects. It may be concluded from this that the flatulent fraction of the flatulent sugars present in soya is not degraded by the process in U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,334.