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Publication Guidelines
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1Publication Guidelines:
for the quarterly journal Cultures & Conflits,
for the multilingual series Cultures & Conflits
and/or on the website of the journal: www.conflits.org
Journal : Cultures & Conflits
Proposal and submission of articles
2Your submission must be compiled as follows:
3- Your article in digital format sent by e-mail to the editorial staff of the journal: Estelle Durand (email@example.com)
4You should include:
5i) a named version: name, address, brief biography, references, publications etc.
6ii) an anonymous version which must not include, nor mention explicitly, your identity, nor any allusion to it (in the text, in the footnotes, or in the bibliographic references)
7- Your articles must be in: Times New Roman, size 12, with a line spacing of 1.5
8- A paper copy of both versions should be sent to the following address:
9Centre d'Etudes sur les Conflits
1134, rue de Montholon
12BP n°20064
1375421 Paris Cedex 09
15Each article submitted to the journal (whether unsolicited, or as part of a thematic issue) is reviewed externally and anonymously. The referees do not know the name of the author, just as the author does not know the name of the reviewer. This peer-review process allows each article to be thoroughly appraised by specialists in the issues involved.
16We remind you that your text and its contents are your sole responsibility.
17The following elements must be included with your article:
A summary of up to 10 lines in French and in English *
Five key words in French and in English: *
18i) Location (eg. Senegal, Europe, London, the Basque country)
19ii) Theme (eg. anti-terrorism, reconciliation, violence)
20iii) Organisation (eg. UN, Total, Transparency International, MSF, Europol, Police, UNESCO)
21iv) Discipline (eg. Political theory, sociology, epistemology, polemology)
22v) Period (eg. 2001, Twentieth Century, Coup d'Etat of 2006, Riots of 2005)
A short bibliography (10 references)
A short biography in French and in English (3 to 4 lines): institutions, titles, current place of work, publications*
23If you wish us to translate these elements for you please inform us as soon as possible.
The readership of Cultures & Conflits
24Cultures & Conflits is intended for an audience of academics and practitioners who are seeking high-quality information, which often requires 'technical' or 'specialised' references, such as the names of regions, ethnic groups, and the use of the language of sociology, anthropology, and philosophy. Without descending into 'jargon', it is necessary to use all these references, but also to not forget that we are targeting a wide audience, who may not be familiar with such references, and who may be specialists in different fields. You should give a brief definition of your key concepts, or references necessary to the location of places mentioned, in the text or in the footnotes.
Types of contribution
25Cultures & Conflits is a thematic quarterly journal. Each issue is placed under the direction of the editorial staff, the Cultures & Conflits editorial board, and the director(s) of the issue, who take scientific responsibility.
26Contributions fall into the following categories:
27 i) Articles based upon scientific research which fit the theme of the issue
28 ii) 'Testimonial' articles, published online, forming part of a thematic issue
29iii) Interviews, published online and/or in the printed version, forming part of a thematic issue
30iv) Articles based upon scientific research on themes other than those treated in depth in the issue, or on a topic of particular current interest
31v) Publications under the heading 'Looking in-between', to be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com
32vi) Publications under the heading 'Chronicles' (Bibliographic Chronicles, Seminar Chronicles, Cinematographic Chronicles, News Chronicles), to be sent to email@example.com
33vii) Publications under the heading 'Resonances'. These may form part of a thematic issue of Cultures & Conflits, or continue questioning and reflecting upon issues raised in a previous issue. They may be published in the printed version, or online under the heading of unpublished 'Resonances' articles. To send proposals for articles for 'Resonances' please specify the issue, or the articles within it, to which you would like to react. These articles are to be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com.
34viii) Articles based upon scientific research published online under the heading 'Unpublished Article
The heading 'Looking in between
35These contributions should be sent to Antonia Garcia Castro: email@example.com Once the proposal has been accepted, the presentation of the articles should confirm to that followed in the printed version of Cultures & Conflits. On the other hand, if the article is published on the website as an 'unpublished article' the format - length etc. - will be decided in discussion with Antonia Garcia Castro.
Rules of publication for 'Chronicles'
36 i) Submissions must be originals
37 ii) The submission should be between 4,000 and 8,000 characters, including footnotes
38 iii) Each submission should be accompanied with a short biography of 3 to 4 lines
39iv) After an initial reading by the person in charge of 'Chronicles', the submission will be anonymised and read by two people from the reading committee
40v) Following this, you will be informed whether the submission is unacceptable, acceptable subject to revisions, or accepted in its current state
41vi) From the date the person in change of 'Chronicles' receives your submission there will be a delay of three weeks while the committee considers its response, which will be sent to you by the editorial board of the journal.
Rules for the publication of articles
42Cultures & Conflits only publishes original and unpublished texts which, if they are accepted, may not be reprinted without the express authorization of the journal, which holds - with its co-publisher l'Harmattan - the copyright of the published articles. Authors retain full responsibility for the content of their articles.
43Each article (whether unsolicited, or part of an issue already planned in the editorial calendar) is submitted to the peer review process. This evaluation, external and anonymous (see the paragraph on the 'Proposal and Submission of Articles') determines if the article is acceptable as it is, or whether it is to be returned to the author for either minor or significant changes to be incorporated into a revised version. This version must take into account the recommendations and suggested modifications made by the referees, and sent in a shortened form to the authors. The notes, references, citations, and bibliography must confirm to the standards for the presentation of articles (no 'harvard style' for example; that is to say, no references in brackets to authors, including only the date, with the intention that a bibliography will be referred to. This is because we do not publish bibliographies with articles). If this is not the case, the text will be returned to the author to be brought into line with the editorial rules.
44Each article is reviewed twice, in parallel: three scenarios may arise:
45i) If the article receives two positive evaluations, the text is accepted, and a synthesis of the comments is sent to the author so that they can take into account the suggestions of the evaluators, which are aimed only at improving the paper.
46ii) If the article receives two negative evaluations, or if it does not correspond with the editorial policies of the journal, it will be rejected. This does not mean that other articles may not be submitted in future. Extracts from the reviewers may be sent to the author if they wish to improve their text before re-submitting it to other journals.
47iii) If the article receives one positive and one negative evaluation, the journal will ask for a third review. This will determine whether the article will be included in the journal.
48The editorial staff reserves the right to correct the language, spelling, syntax, punctuation, titles and sub-titles, and bibliographic rules. The editorial staff reserves the right to choose the presentation (illustrations, colour), the title of the issue, and the date of publication, in collaboration with the members of the editorial team and the editorial committee. The finalised version is sent for checking by the authors in the final stage of publication, before printing. Once they have given their agreement, or once the deadline for response has passed, it will no longer be possible for the authors to retract their article or carry out further corrections or changes to it, or to the broader structure of the issue.
Format of submitted articles
49Please avoid any particular formatting in word, as it only complicates the typesetting. For example, do not centre, embolden, or underline text, or change the format of the page, the tabs, …. The editorial staff of Cultures & Conflits is in charge of the standardisation of the text (using Quark Xpress) in line with the conventions followed in the journal.
50Sizing: Texts submitted for the thematic parts of the issue must not exceed 50,000 characters, including spaces and notes. Ideally, articles for the central theme of the journal will be between 30,000 and 40,000 characters, and around twenty pages in word (1980 characters per page, 55 characters per line on 36 lines).
51The article may be a lot shorter if they are to be published in other sections of the journal or on the website, or if they are interviews: between 2,000 and 4,000 characters for example.
52Summaries: Ensure that you attach a summary of your text (a maximum of 10 lines in Word, with margins of the default width, and around 1,050 characters, including spaces) in French and in English. These summaries will be published in the printed journal and on its website. If you wish us to translate these elements for you please inform us as soon as possible.
53Key words: To allow the referencing of your article on the internet, please provide four or five key words in French and in English corresponding to:
54i) Location (eg. Senegal, Europe, London, the Basque country)
55ii) Theme (eg. anti-terrorism, reconciliation, violence)
56iii) Organisation (eg. UN, Total, Transparency International, MSF, Europol, Police, UNESCO)
57iv) Discipline (eg. Political theory, sociology, epistemology, polemology)
58v) Period (eg. 2001, Twentieth Century, Coup d'Etat of 2006, Riots of 2005)
59Please notify us as soon as possible if you would like us to translate the key words for you.
60Titles and sub-titles: Avoid the use of too many sub-titles. We recommend, to clarify the hierarchy of the titles employed, the use of letters or numbers. They will disappear when the editorial staff are doing the page layout.
61Avoid mention of an 'Introduction' or a 'Conclusion'. These will be removed by the editorial staff in the editing process.
62Notes and boxes: Try to keep the number, and especially the length, of notes to a minimum. A long note often remains unread, or complicates a concept instead of clarifying it. It is possible, in exceptional circumstances, to provide boxes for clarifications, methodological notes, statistical references, appendix, or important bibliographical references. Indicate the exact spot where you want the box inserted. If this is not indicated the editorial staff will place it at the end of the text.
63Reference/ webliography: For some time, 'webliographies' have been being increasingly used in scientific publications and university research. Like bibliographies, webliographies are subject to strict rules on citation: the exact URL and/or the 'path' through the various sections of the site to the page mentioned, supplementary references (paragraph numbers for articles on www.conflits.org), and date when the site was last visited. It should be remembered that internet addresses listed in footnotes linking to documents are difficult for readers to use. We instead advise that you indicate in the footnote the address of the website, and the 'path' to the document cited. Also, ensure that the documents you have used remain accessible online. If you are unsure, it is best to put these documents in an appendix on the online version of the journal. In all cases, it is crucial to include in the webliography the date of your last visit to the site, and the verification of its address.
64To avoid the unnecessary multiplication of website citations in a single article or document, we advise webmasters to create a link to www.conflits.org if they wish to quote from our articles.
65Quotations: Quotations in foreign languages should be translated into French in the text. They should be put in italics, and accompanied by the name of the translator, if known. If possible, the original version should also be included as a footnote.
66Example : "Life is offered here as a 'symbolic' protest [1] "
67• 1 La vie s'offre ici comme protestation symbolique.
68For details of the typographical rules followed by the journal, see the 'typographical rules'.
69Bibliographical references and footnotes: The footnote marker in the body of the text should be put in before the punctuation, and separated from the term or phrase to which it refers by a space.
70Avoid using the anthropological or 'harvard style', which only mentions the name of the author and the year, with the intention that the reader looks at the bibliography for the full reference.
71It is crucial to have a footnote for each reference. In word, use the 'insert reference' tool, and follow the following precise norms:
72Book: Surname, initials, title of the book (in italics), place of publication, publisher, the exact pages cited
73Exemple: Silverstein K., Private warriors, London, Verso, 2000, p. 172
74For the footnotes, use the Cultures & Conflits style.
75Edited books: Surname, initials, title of the article in quotation makes, pages numbers of the article, 'in' in non-italic script, name of the editor of the book followed by '(ed.)', title of the book in italics, place of publication, publisher, the exact pages cited
76Example : Waever O., "Securitisation and Desecuritisation", in Lipschutz R. (ed.), On Security, New York, Columbia University Press, 1995, pp. 47-86.
77Journal articles: Surname, initials, title of the article in quotation marks, title of the journal (in italics), volume/number of the journal, month and year of the issue, the exact pages cited
78Example : Coker C., "Outsourcing war", Cambridge Review of International Studies, vol. 12, n°1, Autumn-Winter 1999, pp. 109 (translation by the author).
79Attach a select bibliography on the themes contained in your article (not more than 10 references).
80Acronyms: Do not forget to explain the acronyms used, even if they appear obvious to you. If there are a large number of acronyms in the issue, or in your article, create a table to give definitions.
81Tables, charts, diagrams, pictures for the printed version: For each image it is crucial to provide a digital file of good quality (high definition, 150 dpi minimum, ideally 300dpi), or a hard copy of sufficiently high quality to be scanned, and then put into the magazine format.
82If you wish to include tables of data in your article, it is important to pay attention to the layout of the journal, and therefore its format, which is not expandable: avoid oversized tables.
83Format : 125 mm x 200 mm (titles and legends included)
84A table which cannot be accommodated within these dimensions will require the journal's layout to be altered, and in consequence risk delaying publication.
85Diagrams should be explicit and clear. They may be revised when the document is being formatted, and must be of the dimensions 125 mm x 200 mm (titles and legends included). All the documents will be printed in black and white, so attention must be paid to their legibility, and gradations of gray must not be present.
86Maps: These will be printed in black and white, so bear in mind their legibility. If the map provided is not legible the team will re-work it so that it is legible in black and white, and they may also change its dimensions. In any case, the format for the publication of maps is 125 mm x 200 mm max(titles and legends included).
87Maps and links to official documents online: Once the issue is online, we can use the possibilities offered by the Internet to link to official documents that are mentioned, or maps etc., through the 'Links' section attached with each article. If official texts are important for the content of your article, or the issue that you are directing, please send a webliography to our webmaster.
88Biography: Attach a short biography (3 to 4 lines) with your institutional affiliation, the themes of your research, projects you are currently involved in, and your last/main publications. These will figure in the title of your article in the printed version, and ultimately on out website. It is therefore unnecessary for you to include this information in the article, either in the text or in a note. Do not forget to give us your address, a telephone number through which we can contact you, and an e-mail address.
Proposals for an issue, and the role of the director of the issue
Proposals for an issue
89• Provide the editorial staff with a detailed document (a minimum of 4 pages) setting out the 'problematique', taking into account the justification for and the relevance of the questions raised, the nature of the research already conducted, and the theoretical stakes etc.
90• Also provide a summary with the main themes of the articles, the authors approached, the 'problematique' of the articles, how the articles fit into the theme of the issue, and possibly the provisional titles.
91• Cultures & Conflits is a journal of scientific and academic research, and so all the references provided in the articles must be complete and identifiable. There must be no 'Harvard Style' citations in the articles.
The role of the director of the issue
92The director of the issue must keep in mind the protocols for the publication of articles, their proposal and their submission, and their presentation.
93The journal must not exceed 192 pages in length (according to an agreement with our co-published l'Harmattan). It is therefore necessary to be consistent in the number of articles included (editorial and/or introduction included in this number) so as to not exceed this limit, and to bear in mind that around a quarter of this number (perhaps less, depending upon the number of sections) is reserved for particular sections of the journal, such as 'Looking In-between', 'Chronicles', 'Resonances', 'Summaries' etc.
94The editor of the issue can in no way challenge decisions made by the Editorial Committee, which completely relies upon the comments made by external evaluators. When an article is revised by its author in line with the recommendations of the evaluators, the modified version of the article may not be accepted by the Committee of the Editorial Staff if it has not sufficiently taken into account comments made concerning its content.
95The role of the editor of the issue is above all one of proposal, coordination, checking the coherence of the issue, and of promoting the issue once all this has been done.
96Each editor of an issue will present their network of authors to the editorial staff. The Committee reserves the right to add an article by another author, if its text has been approved, and if the number of pages allows it.
97The totality of the articles must fit the 'problematique' proposed, and set out in the editorial/introduction.
98The director of the issue may make proposals for the different sections of the journal (see the types of contribution: bibliographic or cinematographic chronicles, 'Looking In-between', 'Resonances', etc.).
99The director of the issue must play a role in the distribution of the journal, in conjunction with the work done by l'Harmattan and the journal's staff.
100It is, for example, expected that the director will promote the release of the issue at academic meetings and/or associations. Each issue will be accompanied by one or several public presentations in the most appropriate context (colloquium, seminar, study day, press conference, sales, etc.), as chosen by the person in charge of the journal's distribution in conjunction with the director of the issue.
101The director must work alongside the team for the distribution of the issue by creating a 'distribution plan', consisting of contacts, researchers, media, reviews, radio shows, etc.). The director must come up with proposals for the sections that will form part of the online version of the issue, which contextualise and enrich the research presented in the issue, through sections such as 'See also', 'Other resources', 'Links', 'Connected Articles' etc.
102The communication staff will keep the director up-to-date on of the distribution of the issue, and expect him/her to be available for the possible solicitation of people contacted.
103The director may try to increase awareness of the journal through their line of work, such as university libraries, research centres, associations, media etc.
104Authors may also wish to contribute to the distribution and promotion of the journal.
Submission of unsolicited articles
105All unsolicited contributions are welcome. Each spontaneous submission of an article to the journal is subject to the same rules as submissions that are intended for a particular issue (see 'Proposal and Submission of Articles').
106The process of peer review is also the same. A minimum delay of a month is to be expected between the submission of the article to the editorial board, and receipt of the results of the evaluation. If the text is accepted and evaluated favourably, a synthesis of the comments made will be sent to the author for the revision and improvement of their article. The editorial board will then suggest to the author the possible options for publication:
107i) If the article fits in with one of the themes of an issue already planned in the editorial calendar, and there is enough space to insert it, then it will be published in one of these thematic issues
108ii) If the article fits in with one of the themes of an issue already planned in the editorial calendar, but the issue is already full, the journal will suggest to the author that the article be published online, as an 'unpublished article' attached to the online full-text articles of the printed version.
109iii) If the article is accepted, but it does not fit with any of the themes of already-planned issues, the journal will suggest to the author that it be published within the non-thematic part of the journal, or as an unpublished article on the website.
Submission of articles in foreign languages
110Articles submitted in foreign languages (either unsolicited, or as part of an issue) will first be evaluated in their original language. If the results of the review are positive, the author should revise their text in the original language, before translating it, or having it translated. In all cases, the author, to be published, should commit to providing a text that has been revised and is in French. They may contact the journal's staff members if they wish to use the translators who work regularly with the journal.
Internet Site
Online Publication of Articles
111The journal Cultures & Conflits is accessible online on www.conflits.org, in addition to its printed format. We have chosen to make our archives open for research, through providing free access to all our issues since 1990. Each author will therefore see their articles made available on the home page of our website following the publication of the printed journal, normally after a delay of a few weeks. Following the publication of the subsequent issue of the journal the article will be placed in the archives, referenced through a double-index: authors, and key-words.
112For some time, 'webliographies' have been increasingly used in scientific publications and university research. Like bibliographies, webliographies are subject to strict rules on citation: the exact URL and/or the 'path' through the various sections of the site to the page mentioned, supplementary references (paragraph numbers for articles on www.conflits.org), and the date of the last visit to the site.
113It should be remembered that Internet addresses listed in footnotes linking to documents are difficult for readers to use. We instead advise that you indicate in the footnote the address of the website, and the 'path' to the document cited. Also, ensure that the documents you have used remain accessible online. If you are unsure, it is best to put these documents in an annex on the online version of the journal. In all cases, it is crucial to include in the webliography the date of your last visit to the site, and the verification of the address. To avoid the unnecessary multiplication of website citations in a single article or document, we advise webmasters to create a link to www.conflits.org if they wish to quote from our articles.
114The rights of the author are ceded to the journal, which publishes the text in its totality, and provides free access on its website (www.conflits.org) under the terms of its Creative Commons licence.
115The articles may not be published in their totality on another website. A particular passage, or the start of an article, may be published on another site, with a link to www.conflits.org provided on the same page.
116It may be suggested that your article is published only on the website, under the title of 'unpublished articles' on the front page of the website.
Online publication of unpublished articles or complementary material
117It is possible for unpublished articles or testimony to be published only online. These articles are given prominence on the front page of our website.
118The site allows the uploading of material complementary to the printed issue, such as; photos, links to official documents, reproductions of official or unofficial documents, links to other articles on the same theme that are freely available, maps, etc.).
"Making a point on…", authors and librarians
119The website takes part in the distribution of the content of the journal. This makes it possible to return to the subject of an issue to which you have contributed or reacted, and to add further articles and resources to a dossier published on the site.
120Even if you have not previously contributed to the journal, you can also propose a dossier to help us benefit from a work of synthesis or bibliography that you have undertaken.
121These dossiers are given prominence on the front page of our website.
Proposals for contributions to the Cultures & Conflits Series
122This book series is guided by Didier Bigo and Anastassia Tsoukala. Its value lies in the fact that it allows the publication of contributions either in English, Spanish, Italian, Greek, or German etc. These works can be collective or individual.
123The readership is the same as that of the journal, and the rules for contribution are the same (peer review, editorial and typographic rules).
124Contributions should be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, and email@example.com.
Typographic Rules
125The editorial staff wish to communicate certain typographic conventions in use. It would be appreciated if you followed these rules when writing your articles, and when correcting them. For the sake of uniformity, these rules entered into force following issue n°61 de Cultures & Conflits, (n°1/2006).
126Footnote markers
127• The footnote marker should be placed after the word or phrase to which it relates, separated by a space
128• The footnote marker always comes before the punctuation mark
129• At the end of quotation, it comes before the quotation mark
131It is recommended that capitals are used sparingly. For the names of official bodies, notably:
132Multiple government agencies must not be confused. Do not use capital letters for the first name, but only for the specific term which plays the role of a proper name.
133Examples: general council, the parliament of Bordeaux, the secretary of State for War and unique bodies (national or international), who competences extends to any territory or an international or supranational zone. The names of these bodies are real names: the first word necessary to their identification should be capitalised, as well as the adjective that precedes it.
134Examples: the Council of State, the High Court of Justice, the Conflict Tribunal, the European Commission, the United Nations, and the Organisation for African Unity (OAU)
136Sources : Cultures & Conflits is a journal of scientific research. All quotations, and all allusions to other works, must be linked to a precise, complete, and identifiable reference.
137Foreign languages: Quotations in foreign languages should be translated into French in the text. They should be put in italics, and accompanied by the name of the translator, if known.
138Ellipses inside quotations: If one - or several - words are not reproduced inside a quotation, they should be replaced with dots inside square brackets [...]. These will remain in standard characters, even if the rest of the quotation is in italics.
139Comments inside quotations: When the author inserts a comment inside a quotation it should be inside square brackets and in standard characters (eg. not italics).
140Quotation Marks
1411st type: French quotation marks « … »
1422nd type: Double quotation marks "…"
1433rd type : Single quotation marks '….'
145Numbers in general: Within the text of an article, be consistent in respect of representing numbers in words or figures. If your article contains a lot of numerical data, for the sake of readability you may wish to use only figures. On the other hand, if your article only contains a few figures, you may wish to use only words.
146Years: Years should always be written in Arabic numerals. Avoid abbreviations such as: the war of 1939-45 (except in specific cases: May 68 etc.)
147Centuries: The number of centuries should be composed in Roman numerals in small capital letters.
148Example : XIX Century
149Ordinal numbers : abbreviations of ordinal numbers must be formatted consistent with the following list: 1er, 1re, 2e, 3e, etc. (and not 1ère, 2ème, 3ème, or 1ère, 2ème, 3ème.). Remember that 1o, 2o, 3o are abbreviations of 'primo', 'secondo', and 'tertio'.
151Bibliographical notes: Put in a footnote for each reference, and respect the following norms:
152Book: Surname, initials, title of the book (in italics), place of publication, publisher, the exact pages cited
153Exemple: Silverstein K., Private warriors, London, Verso, 2000, p. 172.
154For the footnotes, use the Cultures & Conflits style
155Edited books: Surname, initials, title of the article in quotation makes, pages numbers of the article, 'in' in non-italic script, name of the editor of the book followed by '(ed.)', title of the book in italics, place of publication, publisher, the exact pages cited
156Example : Waever O., "Securitisation and Desecuritisation", in Lipschutz R. (ed.), On Security, New York, Columbia University Press, 1995, pp. 47-86.
157Journal articles: Surname, initials, title of the article in quotation marks, title of the journal (in italics), volume/number of the journal, month and year of the issue, the exact pages cited
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« Publication Guidelines », Cultures & Conflits [En ligne], English documents, mis en ligne le 04 juin 2008, consulté le 16 septembre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/conflits/9022Haut de page
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text:
It's never too late to start your financial planning. New York Life agent, Paddy Carberry will present ways to financially prepare for all your different life stages, from planning your children's education funds, life and injury coverage for the self-employed to preparing for your retirement. Some of the topics covered include:
401K's, IRA's and Roth IRA'S.
Life Insurance.
College funding and education planning, 529 plans
Mortgage protection.
Long-Term Care.
Rollovers, what your options are and how to handle your 401k at retirement.
Child gifting

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Fairfield City, with a population of around 200,000, lays claim to being the most diverse and dynamic area in Australia. The diversity is found, not only in the people of many different cultural backgrounds who have chosen to live there, but also in the variety of landform and settlement throughout the district. To the north is the massive Wetherill Park Industrial Estate. To the west are the rural lands of Horsley Park whose rolling hills command spectacular views of Sydney and the Blue Mountains. To the south is bustling Cabramatta wqith its vibrant Southeast Asian ambience. To the east, Yennora and Villawood were the first suburbs to become industrialised around the time of the Second World War.
The Fairfield district is seen by many as a new settlement area and indeed its growth rate since the 1940s is unsurpassed in the Sydney region. However, its history of European settlement dates back to the First Fleet. Governor Arthur Phillip led a scouting party to the top of Prospect Hill in April 1788, less than three months after the First Fleet landed at Camp Cove. From this vantage point in the northwest corner of Fairfield City, Phillip caught his first glimpse of the Blue Mountains and noted that the surrounding countryside held great farming potential. Prospect Hill remained as an important landmark throughout the early years of the colony's development. Unfortunately it became an important source of blue metal in the late 1800s and, after more than a century of quarrying, it no longer dominates the surrounding landscape.
By 1791 there were several small farms operating around Prospect Hill. In 1804 Governor King awarded land grants to Major George Johnston and Captain Edward Abbott, in the Horsley Park/Bossley Park area for their role in quelling the Vinegar Hill convict rebellion. Other men from the powerful military and merchant classes, such as Simeon Lord, William John Brown and John Jamieson acquired properties in the area. The beautiful Horsley Homestead, built in 1832 by Johnston's daughter Blanche and her husband George Westton, is one of the few grand homes that once dotted the Fairfield landscape to have survived the destructive hand of progress. The Fairfield district also attracted people who were not so fortunate to begin with. Two successful men who arrived in the Colony of New South Wales as convicts were Dr William Bland and Joseph Kenyon, both of whom owned and operated significant properties in the district.
The first planned development in the Fairfield area was Smithfield Market Town. Land went on sale in 1841 for this bold entrepreneurial attempt to establish Sydney's major market place. Sadly for investors this venture failed but Smithfield was the main population centre until after the Great War (1914 - 1918)
A decision in 1856 to place a railway station at Fairfield, mid between Parramatta Junction (Granville) and Liverpool had far reaching effects on the subsequent development of the Fairfield area. The original stationmaster's residence remains as the oldest railway buildings still in use in New South Wales.
Several events occurring around 1890 heralded change for the Fairfield area. The completion of Prospect Reservoir, Sydney's first remote water supply, and the proclamation of the Municipality of Smithfield and Fairfield in 1888 provided fuel for change. Three years later the Municipality of Cabramatta and Canley Vale separated from Liverpool and the Granville-Liverpool line was duplicated between 1891 and 1894. While Smithfield was still the main centre for commerce, fairfield thrived as a resort town. Boating, fishing and swimming were available at places such as Latty's Pleasure Grounds on Prospect Creek, a mere ten minutes' walk from Fairfield Railway Station.
Small to medium-sized farms flourished during the first half of the twentieth century. Market gardens, vineyards and orchards flourished in the low-lying area, benefiting from the alluvial soil near the five creeks that rum through the Fairfield area. The land also supported more than its fair share of dairy and poultry farms. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first part of the twentieth century significant numbers of migrants from Germany, Italy and the Baltic states established farms in the area and became involved in community affairs. Guiseppe Zani was mayor of Cabramatta and Canley Vale in 1904. Names such as Serovich, Stein and Jentsch appear as Aldermen on the local Council's from the 1880s on.
By the 1950s, the creeks were dying from the effects of industrialisation and housing development. Although there was still significant rural activity until the late 1960s, Fairfield was, by this time well and truly part of Sydney's urban sprawl. Many people who spent their early time in Australia in migrant hostels at Cabramatta, Villawood and Liverpool chose to settle nearby. This, coupled with preexisting European communities and opportunities for employment in the many factories what were moving into the area, provided the basis for the multicultural characters for which Fairfield City is now famous.Aborigines
Aborigines of the Dharug tribe inhabited Sydney's West until white settlement. The particular band of the tribe that lived in the Fairfield/Liverpool areas, were known as the Cabrogal tribe. The name of Cabramatta is Aboriginal in meaning, and some believe that it takes its name from this tribe.Land Grants
The first land grants were made in 1791.With good soil and a network of creeks, pastoral properties, vineyards and orchards prospered for the early settlers. The first township was at Smithfield. The road between Liverpool and Parramatta passed through this township.The Railways
The first railway line went through Fairfield in 1856.The railway line would later support the timber industry, with several local sawmills. The subdivision called "Township of Fairfield" was sold in the early 1880's and commercial development was built upon this land. Fairfield would emerge as the main commercial centre, gradually replacing Smithfield.
The township of Cabramatta would become the other main centre, with the railway station opened in 1870, and the land subdivisions for the "Township of Cabramatta" auctioned in 1884.The Council
The municipal council of Smithfield and Fairfield was formed in 1889, and the municipal council of Cabramatta and Canley Vale in 1892.
After WW1 land sales and subdivisions increased, as did building activity.
In 1948 the two municipalities of Fairfield and Cabramatta and Canley Vale were amalgamated.Post WW11
Dramatic changes in the population and development of the area occurred post-WW11. Population increases and the expansion of the municipality resulted from the decentralisation of Sydney with the Cumberland Planning Scheme; The NSW Housing Commission purchasing large land areas; and migration.
The migrant camp at Cabramatta, acquired by the Commonwealth government in 1951, drew many migrants to the area of British and other European nationalities. Many of these people made their homes in Fairfield and established businesses. A number of clubs and places of worship for these nationalities would also develop.
In 1979 Fairfield became a city. By this time the arrival of refugees from Indochina had begun, and many were drawn to this area. In a relatively short period of time Cabramatta has become strongly identified with the Indochinese. The hard work and enterprise of many of these people, created in near to a decade a bustling commercial centre, likened for its shopping to Hong Kong.
Once known as a rural town, Fairfield is now mainly residential, commercial and industrial; though a lush rural area exists around the Horsley Park area.
Fairfield has played a significant part in our nation's history, as the new home for many of the country's migrants and refugees. Fairfield has been a canvas upon which cultural diversity has expressed itself in this country.Electricity
On 27 November 1920 the electricity scheme was brought into operation.
After the Second World War immigrants & refugees from war torn Europe and Britain were encouraged to make Australia home. Many of these people settled in Western Sydney creating a diverse cultural background. Following the Vietnamese conflict between 1961-1975 many refugees settled in Western Sydney particularly in the Cabramatta suburb of Fairfield.Ethnic and Cultural Diversity
There has continued to be an increase in the numbers, proportion and diversity of both Fairfield residents born overseas and languages other than English spoken in Fairfield. In Fairfield, residents represent some 133 different nationalities. 51.6% of the population were born overseas, with 47.8% born in non-English speaking countries.
This compares with:-
Western Sydney region where 31% of the population were born overseas, 23.7% born in a non English speaking country
Sydney where 30.1% of the population were born overseas, 21% born in a non English speaking country
There are over 60 different languages spoken in Fairfield
The cultural makeup of Fairfield is not only diverse but has been constantly changing over the past 50 years or more. The dominantly southern European immigration that was characteristic of the 1950's and 1960's gave way to immigration from Indo China, Latin American and Arabic speaking countries in the 1970's and 1980's. Most recently, there have been further arrivals of people from Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia and other former states of Yugoslavia.Housing:
Fairfield has a housing occupancy ratio of 3.43 persons per dwelling, which is the highest occupancy ratio of any local government area in Sydney. The figure is 22% higher than the Sydney average, which is 2.81.
In Fairfield there are lower rates of Government rental (public housing), at 7.2%, than the Western Sydney average of 9.7%. Correspondingly, the rates of private rental in Fairfield are higher, at 15.9%, than the Western Sydney average of 6%.
There is a chronic shortage in public housing available in Fairfield, with ten times as many people on the waiting list than there are vacancies.
There are a number of services providing supported accommodation for young people, women and children, people with disabilities and homeless men in Fairfield. However, overall the numbers of places are small, particularly for young people.
Housing demand and "housing stress" are high in Fairfield and this reflects the lower economic status of the population generally.
Statistics: The total population at June 1996 is estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics at 188,200 people.
Summary of statistics
Fairfield is situated 32kms south west of the Sydney Central Business District
Fairfield has an area of 100.54 square kilometers.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates the total population at June 1996 at 188,200 people.
Between 1986 and 1991 the population increased by 21,623 people or 14.1%.
Fairfield is ranked as the 6th fastest growing local government area in NSW. (Coopers and Lybrand - National Report on Population Growth Ranking in Australia, November 1993)
In Fairfield, 51.7% of residents or 90,438 people were born overseas in 133 different countries.
In Fairfield, 47.9% of residents or 83,794 people were born in a non English speaking country.
The increase in numbers of Fairfield residents born overseas from 1986 to 1991 was 20,813, or 33%.
There are over 60 different languages spoken in Fairfield, 60.1% of residents speak a language other than English.
In Fairfield, 15.7% of residents speak English not well or not at all, five times the State average of 3%.
There is a higher growth in the numbers of residents who are aged over 65 in Fairfield 30.9% compared with 21.6% in Western Sydney and 15.6% in Sydney
In June 1996 the unemployment rate was 14.8% in Fairfield, compared with 8% for Western Sydney and 7.5% for NSW.
Fairfield City Suburbs


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The International Monetary Fund has said that some countries have the room to raise taxes, at little cost to economic efficiency, in order to reduce inequality. Everyone and their grandmother is now shouting that Britain can raise taxes in that manner.
This is not what the IMF said. It is what the papers are saying though:
The International Monetary Fund has called for higher income taxes on the rich to help to balance budgets and arrest the political threats posed by inequality in a sharp break with its prevailing orthodoxy.
Yet, in its latest fiscal monitor, that is precisely what the IMF has done. Not explicitly, of course. The report is careful not to say which countries should be thinking about raising the top rate of tax. Still less does it say that the right level should be the 50% proposed by Labour.
But that doesn't really matter because what the IMF has done is provide some high-level support for Labour's basic approach.
Labour seized on the report, calling for higher taxes on the rich, citing the IMF's intervention as evidence of the need for a fairer tax system.
The pro-taxation stance in the fund's bi-annual "Fiscal Monitor" was well received by Labour's shadow chancellor, John McDonnell, however. "The IMF support the argument we made in the General Election for a fairer tax system," he said.
He added that there was no evidence to support "those who scaremonger about the effects of making the rich pay fairer tax".
The point being that this is not what the publication says, at all. What it does say is that, as we all know, there's a trade off between the damage done to economic efficiency by high taxation and the reduction of inequality by that tax and the subsequent spending. That's not exactly news. They then go on to explore where and when, in their opinion of course, the trade off in the loss of efficiency becomes too great for the value of the reduction in inequality.
About which they say this:
Empirical evidence suggests that it may be possible to increase progressivity without adversely affecting economic growth, for instance, by raising marginal tax rates at the top in countries with relatively low rates and progressivity.
That is, places with low tax rates and little progressivity in their tax systems can raise those rates and progressivity - but only those currently at the low end.
Which leaves us with the question, well, where is the UK? That's discussed on page 7. And the UK is slap bang in the middle of the countries studied. Both in how much inequality is reduced through the tax and spending system and also in how much of that is done by tax itself and alone. We're average, not low, that is. And thus the idea that we've the room to do more about inequality through higher taxes on the better off without damage to economic efficiency does not apply to us.
All of which usefully agrees with earlier findings from the same source. Our index for the inequality is the Gini and we can shift that by something in the range of 12 to 14 points without doing too much damage to that economic efficiency. More than that and we do indeed make us all poorer to no good end. The UK shifts the Gini by some 14 to 15 points by these calculations. We're doing about what we can without the damage becoming excessive already.
The IMF said some people can further reduce inequality through their tax and spend systems. Accurate observation tells us that they've not said this about the UK.


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Maria Vachlon
World Religions Final Project
For my final project I am going to look at Islamophobia in the context of the Myanmar, the dangerous repercussions that Islamophobia can lead to, and why Islamophobia is a real threat to society. Islamophobia is typically thought of as westerners or Christians hating or fearing and being prejudiced against Islam and Muslim people. However, Islamophobia is a much more widespread phenomenon than that, because Islamophobia simply means the hatred or fear of Islam or Muslim people and this can be done by any person or demographic of people, though it is thought to be more common in the west. This is exemplified by the violence that is currently occurring in Myanmar, which is mainly focused on Muslim people, and is being committed by radical Buddhist groups. The violence is occurring largely out of a hatred and fear of the Muslim people on the part of the Buddhist radicals living in Myanmar.
Here is a little background information on Myanmar and the tensions between Buddhist and Muslim groups. The Rohingya people are an ethnic group that reside in Myanmar, and the majority of them are practicing Muslims. The Rohingya have a history of being persecuted and discriminated against by the government, before, after, and throughout the British colonial rule over Myanmar the Rohingya people have been continually persecuted and there have been many attempts to cleanse the country of these people. It has been claimed that they came into the country during the British colonial rule from Bengal illegally and should be expelled, along with a variety of other reasons that they should be expelled, all of them having one theme in common, hatred of the Rohingya people. BBC has referred to the Rohingya as one of the most persecuted minority groups.
One of the most astounding things about the Islamophobia in Myanmar is that it is being led largely by Buddhist monks. This is alarming because of the power and influence that the monks hold and their ability to persuade their followers to join their cause in discriminating against and persecuting the Muslims that live in Myanmar. One example of this is Buddhist Nationalist U Wirathu, a Buddhist monk and spiritual leader of the 969 Buddhist Nationalist Movement. Wirathu gives sermons to Buddhist laypeople encouraging them to shun Muslims in businesses and communities. The way that Wirathu is using his power as a monk to sway the opinions of many Buddhist lay people and followers is alarming, because it could allow the Islamophobia in Myanmar to become worse faster. The 969 movement gets its name because Wirathu encourages local Buddhist people to shop and do business only with Buddhist store owners, and the way of determining this is whether a 969 poster is posted in the store's window. The number 969 is a number that symbolizes the Buddha's teachings and practices. The members of the 969 movement view Islam as a threat to their national identity and feel that it needs to be removed. They view themselves not as terrorists, but as protectors of race, language, and the Buddhist religion.
When the violence began it was focused on the Rohingya people, but since then it has grown to include all Muslims living in Myanmar. The Rohingya are largely Muslim, so the violence has shifted to a fear of Islam rather than the Rohingya people, making it a current issue of Islamophobia.
Many Buddhists that do not support the 969 movement feel that they are unable to speak out and voice their opinions because they are a minority amongst a Buddhist majority that passionately hates the Muslim minority in Myanmar. This is even reflected in the way that Suu Kyi, a Nobel Peace Prize winner and candidate for president in Myanmar, because she is unwilling to directly say that she does not agree with and does not support the 969 movement, because she is afraid to lose the support of the majority of people in Myanmar and under the new democratic system this could cost her the presidency. This is how many of the Buddhists feel that oppose the 969 movement, they are such a minority that they feel that they are unable to voice their opinion without disastrous repercussions. The people are not allowed to call the killing of an elderly Muslim woman cruel, because this would favor one side over the other, however remaining silent about the cruelty of the violence in Myanmar is clearly choosing the side of the Buddhist Nationalists.
However, in a statement made by Suu Kyi the Nobel Peace Prize winner crossed over onto the side of the Buddhist nationalists when she said that the Buddhist people are experiencing the same amount of fear and pain that the Muslim minority is experiencing in Myanmar. This is simply not true, and statements like this give more power and justification to the Buddhist Nationalist cause. The Buddhists in Myanmar that disagree with the Buddhist Nationalists do experience a certain degree of fear of being found out, but as a whole Buddhists in Myanmar do not experience the same kind of fear that the Muslims in the country do, because they are not being persecuted. They are not having their homes destroyed. They are not having their elderly killed. They are not discriminated against. The Buddhists in Myanmar do not experience the same kind of fear that the Muslim minority does, and a statement that they do takes the side of the Buddhist Nationalists and further enables their cause.
There are also multiple accounts of elderly Muslim people being killed in the violence that has occurred against the Muslim minority in Myanmar. This is surprising and increasingly terrifying, because in the Myanmar culture the elderly are cherished and well taken care of, so to hear multiple accounts of elderly people being killed shows that the Islamophobia has gotten to a stage that the hatred is becoming blind and the killing is being targeted at a group of people that are becoming dehumanized in people's minds. It has been said that the building blocks of a genocide are in place, and many precautions should be taken in order to avoid a genocide from breaking out.
There were also many protests that occurred when the Organization of Islamic Cooperation delegation was scheduled to visit Myanmar. Many Buddhist monks held protests and demonstrations in the hope of preventing the OIC from visiting Myanmar. The OIC has been advised not to visit, because its goal is to encourage peace and cooperation, however their presence in Myanmar might have the opposite effect because of the current tensions in Myanmar between the Buddhist majority and the Muslim minority.
Overall, there are many complex facets, causes, and manifestations of the Islamophobia that is currently occurring in Myanmar, but it boils down to the hatred and fear of Muslims by the Buddhist majority. This hatred and fear has taken on a life of its own and if it is not gotten under control in the near future it will have devastating results for the Muslims in Myanmar. Islamophobia is a dangerous thing and it is not only something that exists in the west from the Christian viewpoint, it is a phenomenon that is occurring throughout the world.
Akins, Harrison. "No place for Islam? Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar," Aljazeera, 10/18/13, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/no-place-islam-buddhist-nationalism-myanmar-2013101710411233906.html.
Beech, Hannah. "The Face of Buddhist Terrorism," Time, 7/1/13, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2146000,00.html.
Munisha. "Statement on Buddhist Violence against Muslims in Burma," The Buddhist Center, 10/23/13, http://thebuddhistcentre.com/eca/statement-buddhist-violence-against-muslims-burma.
Mitton, Rodger. "Suu Kyi Shows Her Real Intent," The Phenom Penh Post, 11/10/13, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/columns/suu-kyi-shows-her-real-intent
Al-Awsat, Asharq. "Buddhists in Myanmar Protest OIC's Upcoming Visit," Asharq Al-Awsat, 11/12/13, http://www.aawsat.net/2013/11/article55322128
Fuller, Thomas. "Elderly Woman's Killing Lays Bare Myanmar's Religious Divisions," New York Times, 11/9/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/world/asia/elderly-womans-killing-lays-bare-myanmars-religious-divisions.html?_r=3&
Zarni, Muang. "Aung San Suu Kyi and the World of Buddhist Islamophobia," Aljazeera, 11/3/13, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/11/aung-san-suu-kyi-world-buddhist-islamophobia-201311342243286354.html
Linthicum, Kate. "Buddhist-vs.-Muslim Violence Threatens Reforms in Myanmar," The Seattle Times, 11/2/13, http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2022171259_burmastrifexml.html


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This July, the redesigned 2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee is set to arrive, making many ask why there hasn't been much noise being made. At the New York Auto Show, the failure of Chrysler to showcase a production version was conspicuous.
But there are some who believe that like it has done in the past, Fiat will astound everyone with a car launch that will blow everyone away.
It's highly possible that Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne has something in store to make up for the lack of fanfare.
At the New York auto show, Jeep CEO Michael Manley revealed that there is something "unusual" being planned for the car's introduction.
Of course, Marchionne is known for his dislike of traditional marketing and advertising. For example, during Fiat's launch of the retro 500 minicar in 2007, a countrywide extravaganza took place in Italy.
The 500 was perched on top of a giant floating platform on the Po River in Turin, and was welcomed with dancers and singers.
It can be recalled that at the time, Marchionne, who admires Apple CEO Steve Jobs, said the 500 would be "the iPod of cars." It could very well be that he wants the Grand Cherokee to be known as the iPad of CUVs. [via autonews - sub. required]


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I received a kidney from a deceased donor on June 8th, 1998.
I've had chronic kidney disease my whole life. I was born at 27 weeks weighing 1lb 5oz. I don't do things like any normal 24 year old. I don't party or go out with friends. Instead I'm either home watching Netflix, listening to music, or crocheting. I have several medications to take, monthly lab-work, and several doctor appointments.
When I was 8 or 9 years old my pediatric Nephrologist, Dr. Neiburger, suggested I go to a camp for chronically ill children. I never thought I'd meet anyone just like me, but I've made some amazing friends I call family over the 8 years I went to Camp Boggy Creek.
Getting a kidney transplant has been a blessing. I love the beach and going swimming. I can spend more time with my family instead of on a machine 3 times a week.
I really want people to understand that kidney transplant is NOT a cure. Transplants only last on average 10-15yrs.
Even though I have a transplant, it doesn't defy who I am. I'm a sweet, caring, loving human being.
Location: Daytona Beach, Florida


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Culver Graduation
Culver Girls Academy Graduation
Hello 2019 graduates! Treat's Bridal Shoppe would like to help you choose a dress that reflects your personal style for your special graduation day! We invite you to check out our Bridesmaids page to look at each of our designer's web-pages and review the vast selection of dresses they have to offer. Almost every dress we carry is available in white!
By ordering your gown from us, you are assuring a one-of-a-kind graduation gown. We register all gowns we sell and won't sell your dress to anyone else in your class! We'll also have a great selection of Final Ball gowns in January and register those as well!
We want your special gown in-store 4-6 weeks before graduation for any alterations that may be needed. Alterations are available by appointment only. Come into Treat's Bridal Shoppe and let our knowledgeable consultants help you choose an unforgettable graduation dress!


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English Trestle Teak Round Dining Table
$3550 - $6695 Regular
$2662 - $5021 Member
Vintage English design, interpreted in premium teak. Designed with a mix of heft and grace, our table's thick teak legs complement the thinner slats that form the top. Handcrafted of premium teak to endure decades of outdoor use.


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Give "The Shiny Boy" Your Address
Give "The Shiny Boy" Your Address
For $17, i'll send a message out to "The Shiny Boy" showed in the picture. He'll get your address, and baby this boy will be comin' for you.
The Shiny Boy will come to visit you at night. When it's dark.
You might come home late at night, come in your front door, kick off your feet, turn on the light and boom. The Shiny Boy will be sitting, shirtless, in the corner of your room. He'll be drinking a glass of milk.
Do not run. If you run, The Shiny Boy will move his feetsies SO much faster than you ever could. Seriously this 'lil man can RUN, my guy.
Listen up, player. You're gunna be running from this Shiny Boy for at least 10,000 years, compadre.
When he run, oh baby. That boy run.
Once this Shiny Boy has your address, there is no way to get rid of him.
Unless you kill him. You can only kill a Shiny Boy by summoning a Shiny Boy.
Pay me $17 again and i'll summon one for you.
This Shiny Boy will fight the old Shiny Boy and one of those bad boys will end up dead.
The bad part is that you'll still have a 2nd, newer, Shiny Boy hot on your tail.
Good luck.
No refunds.


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Side Dish: New DQ In Town, Bingo Nights, Chili Contest & More/
Compiled by Andrew Wroblewski
IT'S BLIZZARD TIME: No, it's not time for another snow storm — or at least our Foodies hope it's not. But, yes, there's a new Dairy Queen in town. Franchisee Laura Maier opened her fourth Long Island location in East Northport on March 16. "It's a great community," Maier said about why she chose 4005 Jericho Turnpike for her latest ice cream and fast-food restaurant. The space has seating for around 100, Maier said, including on its covered outdoor patio, which is a first for Maier. "The patio is perfect for those coming from a game, or for just a nice summer day," she said. Maier, of New Jersey, opened her first Dairy Queen in Massapequa in June 2013. Since then, she's opened locations in Levittown, Huntington and now East Northport. Maier said she's hired around 60 employees for the newest location.
GEAR UP FOR DISCOUNTS: The spring edition of Long Island Restaurant Week is fast approaching. From Sunday to Sunday, April 22-29, restaurants across Long Island, including the Town of Huntington, will offer three-course meals for $28.95. The list of participating restaurants is still growing, so keep up with Longislandrestaurantweek.com to start planning your visits.
B-I-N-G-O: Did you know that Tuesday nights are Bingo nights at Rust & Gold? From 8-10 p.m. the 70 Gerard St. sports bar in Huntington offers up a free card to play with for every drink. There are also themed prizes for the winners. Keep up with Rust & Gold's Instagram page (@therustandgold) to learn more.
EAT SOME CHILI: The sixth annual chili cook off at The Lark (93 Larkfield Road, East Northport) is this Sunday, April 8. Beginning at 1 p.m., contestants will be serving up their brand of chili for attendees to try and rate. The event is a fundraiser for The League for Animal Protection and a $10 donation will be accepted at the door. Along with chili samplings there will also be raffles and prizes. For more info, call 631-262-9700.
DECISION PENDING: The folks at Northport's Sand City Brewing Co. had a compliance hearing before the village's zoning board last week to address concerns raised by neighbors and officials. Sand City's tasting room at 60 Main St. has been closed through much of the past four months due to the complaints, as reported in the March 1 issue of The Long-Islander. The March 28 hearing drew dozens of supporters of the brewery. "Thank you for the incredible outpouring of love and support we received on Wednesday night. Truly unbelievable," reads a post to the brewery's Facebook page. "We're awaiting a decision and will pass on news as soon as we receive it." In the meantime, Sand City's brews are available for purchase for off-site consumption. Periodic posts to the Facebook page detail the days and times that beer can be purchased from the brewery's Scudder Avenue entrance.


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We are seeing the term 'content marketing' pop up more and more in discussions about online marketing and blogging in general. That term actually addresses much more than meets the eye.
Many people define content marketing as a conversation between a brand and their target audience. In my opinion, this is a very accurate description of what it is and how it relates to both those who create the content and those who consume the content.
However, content marketing is more than crafting landing pages and creating great blog posts. A great content strategy plan should encompass all elements of how you are interacting online with your target audience.
Primary Platform
Each online marketer has a primary platform from which they attract new customers and readers. In most cases, this is a blog or website – even if that entity only has a few pages.
There are lots of marketers out there who have a website which contains only a landing page and a sales page for their primary product. They use their landing page to collect email addresses and then build a relationship with their mailing list through email campaigns.
Social Media Marketing
The second biggest online presence for most marketers is through their social media channels. The most successful marketers have created an elaborate strategy for daily posting on their social media accounts.
It is very effective to use different types of media to connect with potential customers. We all know that different people prefer different forms of content. Some of us like videos, some of us like audio, other really prefer images or slideshows – therefore, smart online marketers are connecting with people in all of those mediums on social media.
Another huge subset of content marketing is search engine optimization or SEO. Marketers who are skilled in the art of SEO have learned how to drive massive traffic to their online entities by ranking for competitive high traffic keyword phrases. This allows them to attract lots of visitors through organic searches.
Grand Plan
One thing that most marketers do not address is a grand plan for their content overall. These marketers view content in terms of a series of articles or blog posts that prepare readers for the next post in a series. The overall series is intended to present an introductory piece of content to a person who has no knowledge about their brand, and guide them through a content series which leads them to a sales page. This type of strategy actually works quite well because it is specific and targeted.
Here are some more great articles about content marketing ….
15 Ways to Be a Wiser Content Marketer
It's great to be smart. It's wonderful to have clever strategies and tactics that help us do our work better. But sometimes, it's also a good idea to think about how we can be wise. 15 Ways to Be a Wiser Content Marketer – Copyblogger
How We Used Content Marketing to Generate Over $100,00 In A Year
Content marketing is all about creating content that sells itself. It helps you create content that not only drives more traffic and leads but also huge profits. If you're curious to find out how to increase your sales using content marketing, this post is a treat for you. Let's get started without further ado. How We Used Content Marketing to Generate Over $100,00 In A Year
6 Tips to Differentiate Your Brand Using Content Marketing
"Customer experience can be an excellent way for you to differentiate your brand. Instead of approaching this with the mindset of there being one ideal customer experience, try and find out what your customers are looking for. Different customers use different brands because they enjoy the unique experience that brand provides," writes Jerry Estes, content marketer at Revieweal. 6 Tips to Differentiate Your Brand Using Content Marketing | Marketing Insider Group


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Article Summary:
Original Article Text From Nacion via Google Translate :
The Good and Bad of Tax Reform
This July 30, unanimously, the Legislature approved in first debate two projects that contain tax reforms of great importance: Bill to Strengthen Tax Administration and the Fiscal Transparency Project. Let's make a brief analysis from different points of view.
Transparency in the project, the possibilities are relaxed Administration's request, financial institutions, tax information importance of customers, both passive and active. Very specifically, it is not necessary that there is serious evidence of commission of an illegal tax, it is sufficient that the information is foreseeably relevant to the determination of compliance with tax obligations. And information means foreseeably relevant for tax purposes that is sought within the framework of an international exchange of tax information, or which, in a supervisory procedure, requested to verify or determine compliance with the formal tax obligations and materials.
As regards the strengthening project, the axes are three: modifying administrative penalties, allowing the imposition of higher fines, and holding the imprisonment to more serious offenses; modification of the administrative procedure for determining the required , highlighting its inception through a determinative act-and not the act known as Charge-transfer and the obligation to pay or bail contesting for access to the system. This means a short cut in administrative and disbursement of taxes or security discussed. And thirdly, substantial changes to regulations related to the regime of solidarity among taxpayers, prescription-increased to 4 years to 6, in case of failure-recovery powers, among others.
The amendment also contains a new chapter of taxpayer guarantees, and a significant change to the General Customs Law, which emphasizes, in positive terms, the legalization of the adjustment procedure, hitherto on the basis of the regulation and rationalization some sanctions. The good: apart from demonstrating that some agreement can be reached by the Assembly, may be considered positive the message to clarify the scope of the weapons available to the Administration to encourage voluntary compliance with tax obligations and to combat tax evasion – in that order.
The worst, which did not exist the same level of commitment and maturity to implement other substantive reforms to the laws that protect the taxes, so that there is balance between the serious-now-powers of the Administration, for clarity and modernity rules establishing the essential elements for the birth and quantification of different tax burdens.
More particularly, although outside the scope of this outline, many technical inaccuracies and ambiguities in the construction of the reformed rules, regulations and excessive referrals, generating many potential abuses and arbitrary.


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Getting Started with XOGO
XOGO is an affordable, easy to use digital signage platform that runs on the ViewSonic model NMP620-p10 media player PC. It's completely free to download and use for one digital sign; if you want to unlock pro features or deploy more than one sign you can upgrade to pro right in our app for $20 per sign per month*. Here's how to get started with XOGO.
Step 1:
Visit our downloads page to get the XOGO Manager app for your Windows or Android device (iOS coming soon!) This app allows you to create a XOGO account, upload images and video content, and create one or more playlists.
Step 2:
Next we need to set up your media player device. If you have a ViewSonic PC, simply connect it to your ViewSonic display with an HDMI cable. Connect a USB keyboard and mouse to the USB ports on the front, and plug the device into a power source. Push the power button on the front of the media player and you'll see the familiar Windows 10 interface. Connect the media player to a WiFi network or a wired ethernet network and launch the XOGO Player app. You will then see a QR code and PIN code appear on the display, like the one below.
Step 3:
Using the XOGO Manager app on your mobile device, tap New to upload still images or videos into the Library section. Then tap New and create one or more playlists of content. Finally, tap New in the Player section and scan the QR code (or enter the PIN) displayed on your media player's screen to associate the media player with your unique XOGO account. Assign the media player a playlist and it will sync with the cloud (requires Internet connectivity) and immediately begin looping your content. It's now a digital sign! (See our Getting Started page for a video showing how to setup XOGO Manager and add content, playlists and players.)
Step 4:
For the best experience, we recommend setting your media player PC to assigned access mode. This is a feature in Windows 10 that will automatically launch a particular application as soon as the media player boots. In this case, you can set your media player to automatically launch XOGO and play your content when it boots up. So even if there is a loss of power, when the PC turns back on it will automatically play your playlist again!
Step 5:
Whenever you wish to make changes to playlists or add more media players, simply log into the XOGO Content Manager app and make your edits. Changes are pushed to your media players via the cloud. Automagically.
Bonus: Realtime Mode
XOGO Content Manager is more than just a content uploading tool - it's a real time remote control! Just select RealTime mode in the control panel and (provided that your media player and controller device are both connected to the Internet) you can make any content on your media player PC play in real time. Right from your phone or tablet!
And because you can set items to be invisible within a playlist, you can have your normal media content playing and then interrupt it with something that has been invisible. This is a perfect scenario for retail, as an example - you can interrupt a looping "attract" video in order to pull up tech specs, pricing or information.
Thanks for choosing ViewSonic and XOGO. If you need further assistance with your new digital signage software, please take a look at our FAQ page or contact us for support.
*Or choose to pay annually and save 25%!


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McGuigans C hold a slender 1pt lead over Boyds but Boyds have a game in hand with games running out fast,
If Boyds win their last 3 matches they will secure 2nd place and they are very much in form at the minute. Boyds trounced Moores B 8-0. McGuigans C slaughtered St. Moninna 7-1. Noel & Liam Bradley gave the home side a 2-0 lead & at half way it was 4-0 thanks to Tommy Haughey & the ever reliable Ronan O'Reilly.
Paddy Hughes hit back for St.Monnina but the points were secure in the 6th frame as Matthew Cregan played great pool and 2nd kept his team in 2nd place for at least another week. Danny Cinnamond & Mark O'Hare applied the gloss for McGuigans C while the Saints are sitting comfortable in mid-table are just seeing out their fixture list now.
Granvue Hotel are 3pts adrift of Boyds & 4 behind McGuigans with the same amount of games played as Boyds.
They need a miracle bigger than the parting of the of the Red Sea after they dropped a valuable point at home to Trainor's Bar of Camlough. It was a cracking game & trying to read the result card would require 3 A-Levels but here goes......
Declan Finnegan gave the visitors the lead when he beat Shane Holland.
Conor Dullaghan who's having a brilliant season levelled up the scores when he beat Micheal McEntee.
That gave the Hoteliers the initiative and they streamed ahead 3-1 thanks to Shane Feehan & Peter McCourt when they beat the very experienced duo Luke Phelan & Charlie Docherty.
Proprietor of the visiting Trainors - Mark Trainor pulled it back to 3-2 when he saw off Ritchie Magee.
Paul Bruen assured the homesters at least a draw with a win over the attacking Aaron O'Callaghan.
Oisin Smyth looks to have been drafted in but Oliver Lonergan won for Trainors and it was 4-3 and squeaky bum time for Granvue.
It was down to Chris Smyth of Granvue to keep their promotion hopes alive but Stevie McIlroy hadn't read the script and the Camlough men took a share of the spoils back the long drive to Sth Armagh and surely end the Granvue Div1 Dream for another year.


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Box End Triathlon
Box End Triathlon
Each year, ActiveTrainingWorld host the Box End Triathlon, with the option for either a sprint or standard distance race. The venue is simply awesome, with an atmosphere to match. We always build upon it with a full event village with music and live commentary throughout the race.
Every competitor will be put into a race wave, containing up to 120 athletes. Waves are set off from 7:30am in 15 minute intervals.
Race HQ is a bustling environment with live commentary and music. Professional chip timing means you'll recieve personal announcements and encouragement as you enter and exit transition.
All finishers recieve a custom medal for this current year's race, plus there are trophies on offer for the overall podium and age-group winners.


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My Drive
My biggest fear is leaving my family at a young age. This fear comes from watching my dad struggle with his health since I was seven years old. At the age of 37, my dad had his first open heart surgery. He had three more after that and the fifth one took his life at the age of 65. He struggled with being a yo-yo dieter. He couldn't figure out a way to make his "healthy" meals enjoyable. As he got older, his health limited him from playing golf, which was his favorite sport. Through his struggles he managed to live a very enjoyable life, but in my opinion, 65 years old is too young to leave your loved ones.
Growing up my parents were very concerned about me following my Dad's health history as I began having cholesterol problems since middle school. Since then, I too became a yo-yo dieter. Not wanting to live the same limitations my Dad had, my goal in life is to be as healthy as I can be to try to live a long life with the people that I love.
My First Transformation in 2013
Shortly after my father's passing and before IMAGO existed, I contacted Coach Huong and signed up for the 12-week transformation program for a few reasons. It was a time in my life where I wanted to focus on improving myself, physically and mentally. Two years after I had my first child, I still had not lost all the weight I had gained from my pregnancy. I always felt tired and I wasn't happy with my strength or physical appearance. I owed it to myself to regain my confidence and to be comfortable and happy in my own skin again.
During this transformation, I averaged 3-4 days of fasted cardio and 3-4 days of weightlifting. Adjusting to Coach Huong's meal plans was initially difficult as it forced me to eliminate salt and sugar and made me learn how to use alternative seasonings to make my meals clean and delicious. I put my trust in Coach Huong and followed her program and as a result, I went from a size 10 to a size 2. At the time, it had been at least 9 years since I was a size 2. I was extremely happy with my results, and apparently my husband was happy as well - I got pregnant with our second child one month after completing the program!
My Second Transformation in 2016
In April 2016, two years after having my second child, I started working out at IMAGO more consistently mainly because I enjoy the exercises that Coach Huong puts together and I find my workouts more efficient at her gym as opposed to other gyms. During this time, I learned about the changes Coach Huong had made to the transformation program, especially with the meal plans. Given that I am around the age of when my dad had his first heart attack, I decided to sign up for the transformation program in August to mainly learn about the different meal plans that Coach Huong had incorporated in the program. My goal with this transformation wasn't rapid weight loss as I had achieved from my first transformation. This time I wanted to focus on building strength, endurance and kicking off a new healthy lifestyle with delicious meals.
Entering the program I suffered from elbow tendonitis from carrying my son all the time. I was concerned that I wouldn't be able to build much arm strength due to my limitations, but the Imago coaching staff proved me completely wrong. They informed me of exercises to avoid and showed me alternatives to build strength. After building arm strength, my pain subsided and I haven't had to wear my elbow sleeve again.
During my program, Coach Huong had me on a specialized workout plan that incorporated interval training on the treadmill. For fasted cardio, in addition to Coach's workout plan, I would complete the intensity programs from my home treadmill. After awhile I noticed myself getting stronger and stronger. I shared this with my husband and the night before the National Veterans Day Run he had convinced me to sign up for the 5K. I felt nervous about the run as I didn't think I'd be able to run the entire race without stopping since I had not run outside in three years (and 8 years since I last ran a 5K), but my husband assured me that he'd pace me the entire race. To my surprise, I completed the run at a respectable time and still had energy to run longer. I was impressed with the endurance I had built and since the run, I have been motivated to improve my time and have been training for a 10K.
My transformation journey wasn't easy as I was extremely busy. Aside from being a wife and a mother of two, I also work full-time, was at the tail end of my home remodel and was planning my sister's wedding festivities. Thankfully, I have a supportive husband that helped me stay on track. Coach also accommodated to my busy life. Coach made sure my meal plans were very easy to make and were meals that both my husband and kids would enjoy as well.
"I feel more energized and I am much stronger. I can also confidently say that I am more educated about nutrition than I have ever been."
Exiting the transformation program, I dropped from a size 8 to a size 2. Although my size is the same result as my first transformation, I actually weigh much more due to muscle gain. This time around, I feel more energized and I am much stronger. I can also confidently say that I am more educated about nutrition than I have ever been. The nutritional information I learned this time around is much more sustainable than my first program.
Thank you to Coach and the IMAGO staff for your knowledge and encouragement. This is just the beginning of my life long commitment to a healthier lifestyle.


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Tips on How to Keep Your Child Healthy
Every parent wants their kids to be of good health always. While it's not possible to shield them completely from catching cold and flu especially if they are already schooling, the best that parents should do is to teach them healthy health habits to boost their immune systems and decrease the chance of getting infected. There are few tips to follow which somehow prevent kids from getting sick.
1. Get them into the hand washing habit. Hand washing is one of the most effective ways of preventing the spread of common school kid illnesses like cold, flu, and more. It is very important that you teach your kids to wash his hands before eating, after blowing his nose and after using the bathroom. Make it a daily habit for them.
2. Teach them how to wash their hands properly. It is important also to teach them how to properly wash their hands. The correct way of washing is she should wash it with soap and water for at least 30 seconds. It is not advisable to use antibacterial products to cleanse the hands because according to research it will just give rise to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It is more effective to use soap for hand washing in order to kill the germs.
3. Demonstrate them how to cough and sneeze properly. Cold and flu viruses develop from airborne on droplets of saliva when someone sneezes or coughs. Teach your child the proper way of sneezing or coughing by covering his mouth with a handkerchief or tissue or use her elbow if the like is not available.
4. Tell them to avoid touching their eyes. If your child touches something that someone with cold has touched and then touches his eyes or mouth, then the cold viruses can penetrate his body through those points. Infections like conjunctivitis can be transmitted through touching eyes after touching an object that has been handled by someone with that infection. Be sure to remind your child for that matter.
5. Encourage them not to share utensils and cups with friends. It is the nature of the kids to share to their friends whatever they have, but it's not a good idea to share eating utensils with friends especially during cold and flu season. Viruses and bacteria can be transmitted through saliva, therefore tell them to avoid sharing utensils.


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Professional Film Scanning at the highest level + Wet Gate Scanning & Recording.
Simplified 8K/6K/4K workflow from A to Z, including World-Class D.I, scanning and Recording for the most demanding applications and projects.
8K/6K/4K/2K Film Scanning
Gotham Photochemical offers professional film scanning of 65mm, 35mm, 16mm film in 8K/6K/4K/2K to DPX, ProRes HD/2K/4K etc. We can also author content to multiple formats to simplify your editorial workflow.
GPC can bring professional restoration tools such as wet-gate systems to any project, removing dirt, scratches, and damage.
GPC does not settle for anything less than the highest image quality possible. We can meet the demands of any project by determining early on the right system for your particular job.
4k/2k/HD TELECINE & DAILIES
GPC can offer dailies for 2-perf, 3-perf, 4-perf, and 8-Perf VistaVision 35mm formats.
35mm dailies can be provided as prints or as Digital dailies from any of our Cintel and DFT Spirit systems.
16mm dailies are available digitally, or on print by special request.


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Ayodele Dalgety-Dean Family Therapist
Family Therapist, Founder and Managing Director, Blossom Incorporated
Family Therapist, businesswoman and community volunteer, Ayodele Dalgety-Dean attended Queen's College from 1986 – 1990 before leaving for the UK in 1990. There she was educated, completing post-graduate work in Systemic Practice with Children and Families. She worked as a Family Therapist before returning to Guyana in 2008. As a Family Therapist, Ayo managed programs for families in the UK, recruiting, training and supervising staff and developing care plans, services and activities for service users (children and families) living under difficult circumstances. She also managed programs working with young people leaving state care to live independently, supporting them in becoming productive members of society. Ayo has been an active volunteer in the UK and Guyana for many years. Today she a is practicing Systemic Family Therapist, past Vice President and Treasurer of the Inner Wheel Club of Georgetown Central, Chair of the Visiting Committee for Children's Homes, member of the Adoption Board and is the Founder and Managing Director of Blossom Incorporated.


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Personal Banking
Small Business Banking
Commercial Banking
Private Client Group
Personal Financial Services
For the quickest answer, search previously asked questions below. Chances are, others have asked a similar question and there's already an answer waiting for you. If you can't find a match, ask a new question and our team members will answer.
Is been more than a year and I not recieved any letter about receiving my collateral money for my secured credit card I would like to know my status? Thanks
Angel, Miami
October 10, 2017 07:24:36 AM
1 Response
In reply to Angel, Miami
Welcome to TD Helps, Angel.
We sincerely apologize for any confusion you may be experiencing in regard to your Secured Credit Card, and so that we can properly assist you, we ask that you connect with us directly.
You may first connect with a Credit Card Specialists, who are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for your convenience. To reach a Specialist, simply dial 888-561-8861, and after verification, they'll be more than happy to go over any questions or concerns that you may have. If you'd prefer, you're also welcome to visit a TD Store location, during lobby hours, to speak with a Customer Service Representative. To take a look at Store locations and their hours, please visit http://go.td.com/1f9DSJR.
Please know that while we would like to assist you directly, TD Helps is considered an unsecured forum, and because of this, we do not have access to your account or personal information.
We look forward to hearing from you soon, Angel. Have a great Tuesday, and please take care.
Brittany M, Mount Laurel
October 10, 2017 07:25:30 AM


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tomorrow a knitting group will start at my place there are hopefully five of us.
I am going to bake a cake for this occasion – I was thinking about a honey and almond cake.
I have turned off the Rayburn because I can't sleep if the house is too warm in summer and there is the added benefit of saving some money. So I have this tiny electric oven that cooks on a 15minute timer. You can grill from above or heat from beneath or both at the same time. It is so small that I had to go out and buy a smaller loaf tin. The cake will have to be a loaf cake because the oven won't take a round tin. Making this cake in this little oven will be a challenge, yesterday i made a gooseberry crumble with a bit too much moisture in the gooseberries and it bubbled up and spilt as it cooked. There was danger of it breaking the element so I had to take the crumble out twice pour some liquid away and clean the spills.
Hope fully the cake will be easier I shall halve the ingredients in the original recipe but twice the ground almonds. just love nutty cakes.
My husband and light of my life is building an oven in the garden – it is about two thirds built now, it really shouldn't have taken this long but sailing has taken priority over oven building when the weather has been right. I'm really looking forward to experimenting with this oven – it is not just for pizzas – .


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Where do i even start with this fabulous, gorgeous, hard working woman? I'm so proud to call this girl my friend, encourager, and hugger (even at the gym when we both have been lifting) Catalina has competed in numerous fitness competitions, mostly in bikini and now she's going to step on stage in a new category! I have to say i'm extremely jealous of those huge muscles of hers and her dedication in the gym is unmatchable. She's that girl you see absolutely killin' it everyday and so intimidating but you get to know her and she's always having fun and ready to encourage your fitness journey too! A true inspiration and she took some time out to write a few words for you all too!
"I began my fitness journey when I came across a video of Dana Linn Bailey working legs with Jose Raymond. The intensity and struggle I saw was something that instantly spiked my curiosity for this amazing inspirational woman. As I dug myself deeper into her videos, her work ethics, and her will to force her body to do things and look a certain way that people say a woman's body shouldn't do and look, I got more and more inspired to want to do the same. I set a game plan, dieted and trained for my first show, and I have been hooked ever since. I've competed in three shows now, and currently in off season prep for my next show, in which I will be debuting in the figure category. I have my wonderfully talented coach Caryn, an incredible mentor and role model in Dana, and the daily support and love from my Holloman family. With these people alone by my side, I cannot fail. Not to mention the many others who inspire and motivate me. Dreams are only dreams until you wake up and make them a reality. I wake up every day making moves to make my dreams come true. I want to leave behind a legacy, a feeling of being able to accomplish what you set out to do."
"When you want to succeed as bad as you want to breathe, then you'll be successful" - Eric Thomas
She's upbeat. gorgeous. hard-working. gym beast. And killed it in front of the camera, i was so excited about the photos i ordered even MORE business cards with her on them too (so basically suzy and catalina from holloman are on my cards. they're too fabulous not to!)
OH and if you want to see more fitness photography, there will be more soon! Catalina, Marlon, and steven coming up next week!
Want to follow this AMAZING woman and her journey? you can on her instagram.
Catalina's instagram: itscatalinadesiree
-Shanna Star


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Telus and much creators team up to end cyberbullying
Thanks to technology, we're more connected than ever. We can chat with our friends at all hours, order rides and food to our door and send pictures and videos instantly. But there is a negative side to always being connected—more than one million kids will be cyberbullied this month.
Because of this, TELUS and a few of our favourite Much Creators have teamed up to combat and put an end to cyberbullying.
As Internet personalities, Alayna Fender, Michael Rizzi and Dan Rodo of The Danocracy are no strangers to negative and hurtful comments. In these videos, they each talk about their own experiences with bullying, offering advice and solutions to unkind comments made online.
"How I get through is to not pay attention to those words," Dan says in his video, "I refuse to give them power."
"None of us are truly alone, so let's share our experiences," Michael says.
"Tell someone what's happening," Alayna says. "I know that it helps because it helped me."
View this post on Instagram
Bullying is a serious problem, and it's one that has affected most of us during our lives at one point or another. It happens when we're young and as we get older. It happens online and face-to-face. Bullying happens where we can see it and it happens behind closed doors. 🌧 That's why I'm partnering up with @TELUS to do my part to raise awareness and stand up against bullying. Join me in taking the TELUS WISE Digital Pledge, because for EVERY pledge taken, Telus will give $1 to support #EndBullying programs across Canada!! How great is that? 🌼 Together, we can rise above to #EndBullying. 🌼 Take your pledge now!!: www.telus.com/endbullying #TELUS_partner
Together with TELUS, these three Creators are encouraging—and empowering—youth everywhere to stand up and put an end to cyber bullying by taking the every TELUS Wise Digital Pledge. For every TELUS Wise Digital Pledge taken, TELUS will give $1 to support #EndBullying programs across Canada.
Check out their videos above, take the pledge yourself here, and tune into WE Day, airing Monday, November 26 at 8e/5p.


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Knowledge Is Power/
Sorry I've been so absent! I took a week off from the blog and locked myself in my office to study. I am a firm believer in always growing, always improving, always learning.
"Knowledge is Power." -- Sir Francis Bacon
I just completed the International Sports Science Association (ISSA) Personal Training Certification! Huge accomplishment! Months of studying and preparation...followed by a certification test that took me 6 hours to complete...but was well worth it when I found out I got an A!
I took my first Personal Training Certification 11 years ago, and have been working as a personal trainer for the past 11 years. With the growth of my business and expansion of the Lean and Green Body team I decided to re-certify for Personal Training with a new, and in my opinion better board of certification. We are requiring all of our Personal Trainers to be certified through either ISSA or NASM; so I decided to re-certify in order to be on the same page as the rest of my trainers. We want the best and most educated staff. To be the best, you have to have the best.
In order to be the best you have to continue learning and growing - personally and professionally. After graduating from Springfield College I completed an additional 4 years of post graduate work to compile my base of knowledge and degrees. Since then I continue to study, take courses and continuing education credits every year. In the field of health and wellness things are always changing, and new information is always being discovered. You must stay on top of the changes and discoveries to be able to offer the best services and experience to your clients.
Going out with the fiancé tonight to celebrate!


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The first images from inside the devastated Notre Dame Cathedral show the inferno has ravaged 850 years of French cultural heritage, even though firefighters managed to save the Paris landmark from total collapse.
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