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Revision as of 18:32, 13 June 2008
- 1 Delicious Government Documents
- 1.1 James R. Jacobs, International Documents Librarian, Stanford University
- 1.2 Text
- 2 Google CSE and Canadian Government Publications
- 3 Using LibraryThing for Government Documents
- 4 Podcasting for the People: Utilizing Web 2.0 Technology to Teach Government Information
- 5 Second Life: Exploring an Online Virtual World with Librarians
Delicious Government Documents
James R. Jacobs, International Documents Librarian, Stanford University
Since the advent of the Internet, many librarians have been collecting web sites and digital documents of interest to their communities and have designed various ways of providing access through their online catalogs, pathfinders, and subject guides. Until now, this has been a time-consuming Sisyphean effort with no easy way of sharing the information with colleagues much less alerting their communities to their existence.
Web 2.0 services are now changing this landscape. One example of a popular Web 2.0 service is del.icio.us, a free online social bookmarking service where users store and share their bookmarks on the web rather than on their own computers. The service allows users to describe sites of interest – the terms "tag" or "tagging" are used in del.icio.us parlance – organize collections of sites, share favorite sites with others known and unknown, discover sites that others have saved, and display saved sites dynamically on web sites (called tag- or link rolls). The success of del.icio.us lies in its simplicity and unparalleled social capabilities. This article describes how del.icio.us and other social bookmarking web services work, gives step-by-step instructions, and demonstrates through a case study of the Free Government Information web site how librarians can leverage these services to build, manage, and provide better access to web collections.
How to delicious
Why del.icio.us?
Del.icio.us is primarily meant for individual users to save the sites that interest them. However, the reason del.icio.us is an interesting tool for librarians is that it gives librarians a quick and easy way to collaboratively and dynamically build portals of web resources that heretofore were done individually and statically. The goal of every library is to collect information of interest to their community. With more and more information going online, it is imperative that librarians find ways to collect and give access to that information. Del.icio.us is but one tool to do this. We can import data from del.icio.us to create dynamically generated subject guides or web pages. This video from the 2007 code4lib conference describes a quick and easy way to do this.
Case Study: Free Government Information (FGI)
On FGI, we're using del.icio.us in this way as a proof of concept to what's possible. FGI volunteers are collaboratively tagging sites of interest by sharing the del.icio.us account freegovinfo. On our del.icio.us page we've got 2 bits of javascript that we got directly from del.icio.us -- tag roll code to display a cloud (or weighted visual display) of del.icio.us tags on the site, and link roll code to display a list of bookmarks on the site. Not only can we can quickly and dynamically expand our collection of web sites, but we can also allow our users to participate by submitting web site suggestions using the tag for:freegovinfo.
We've also started a program to get fugitive digital documents uploaded to the Internet Archive's Government Documents Collection. If you find a document that you'd like to be preserved at the Archive, please tag it with the tag IADeposit and we'll do our best to get it preserved before it disappears. For more on that, please see this freegovinfo post describing the project.
Finding web sites of interest is part and parcel of a librarian's daily work. By using del.icio.us and other Web 2.0 services, we can collect web sites and repurpose/reuse that information in order to provide better access and services to our user communities.
Social bookmarking sites
Here are some other sites that use social tagging to drive their services:
Contact James
You can drop James a line at jrjacobs AT stanford DOT edu. He's radlib on delicious, LibrarianJames on AIM, and of course answers comments on FGI.
Google CSE and Canadian Government Publications
David Sharp, Government Documents Librarian, Carleton University
According to one study, a significant 45 percent of students use Google as their first place to begin their academic research.i Arguably, the percentage of students who first turn to Google to find their government documents is even higher. If true, some good news is that Google Coop, a custom search engine (CSE) toolkit, provides a solution for those who wish to tap into Google in order to locate online government documents more easily. In general, the Google CSE works by allowing a user to seed the search engine with pre-specified URLs pertaining to a certain topic, and by allowing some cosmetic changes to the results screen, while keeping Google's underlying search algorithm intact. Anyone with knowledge of a particular field can now create their own Google CSE to search a topical subset of the Internet.ii
Google itself was the first to demonstrate its own ability to search government documents exclusively when it created the Google U.S. Government Search. When Google's CSE toolkit was made public, David Oldenkamp of Indiana University was the first to customize Google for government documents by creating the IGO Web Search. After seeing the IGO Web Search, I realized that I, too, could use the Google CSE to create a search engine for Canadian government publications that might help to mitigate some of the headaches in finding online documents.
The Canadian Government Documents search engine, seeded with over 635 URLs from all three levels of Canadian government, was initially created in late 2006 to aid in the discovery of online documents. For years, one could rely on the proprietary Canadian Research Index (CRI) to track down the nation's most vital documents. However, since the CRI database has largely remained a tool for finding print or microfiche items, while documents have overwhelmingly migrated online (sometimes exclusively so) there was a genuine need in Canada for what the CGPW search engine could accomplish.
Initial feedback on the CGPW search engine has been positive.iii Librarians and students alike have appreciated the ability to search the Internet across all levels of Canadian government jurisdictions by subject and topic matter. Students in particular appreciate the familiarity of the Google brand. As a budding Web 2.0 tool, the strength of the Google CSE lies not only in the ability to let each individual user decide what slice of the Google universe to search, but also as a tool that allows the user to work collaboratively in seeding and maintaining the search engine. Creators can invite other experts in the field to share in the maintenance of the search engine and, ultimately, this is where the future of the CGPW search engine lies. Everyone in my department has administrative access to CGPW search engine in order to update or add new URLs. Ultimately, the goal is to extend administrative privileges to all document librarians who are interested, thereby drawing on the experience and expertise of my peers to ensure that the CGPW search engine is the most robust, accurate and sustainable one possible.
i. Griffiths, Jillian R. and Peter Brophy. "Student Searching Behaviour and the Web: Use of Academic Resources and Google." Library Trends Spring 53.4 (Spring 2005): 539-54.
ii. Google keeps a page of featured examples.
iii. Positive feedback has been received from librarians coast to coast, from the University of British Columbia, the University of Ottawa, to Memorial University in Newfoundland, after word was spread through the Canadian Library Association's interest group blog entitled Access to Government Information.As of June 12, 2008, the search engine has been used over 10,200 times.
Contact David
- Retaggr Profile Card contains all my contact information.
Using LibraryThing for Government Documents
Rebecca Blakeley, Government Documents Librarian, McNeese State University
Are you looking for another way to promote new and interesting government documents at your depository? Are you striving to enhance interest and access to government information? Using the various social media and Web 2.0 tools that are emerging may certainly help, and "LibraryThing" may be just the tool you've been looking for.
LibraryThing.com is an online service for cataloging personal book collections using library science tools such as the Z39.50 protocol and MARC records. It is also a social networking service, connecting you to people with the same or similar books. You can import book records from Amazon.com, the Library of Congress, or more than 250 other worldwide sources, including the National Agriculture Library or the National Park Service Union Catalog. It would be great to add the Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP) to this growing list, but according to GPO, "access to the CGP via Z39.50 for searching, retrieval and downloading of bibliographic records is limited to depository libraries". Therefore, it is currently not possible for the general public to import records from the CGP into LibraryThing.
Once you retrieve a record for your book, you can edit the information, "tag" it with your own subjects (FYI, over 200 users were using the tag "government document" to describe their books!), or use the Library of Congress and Dewey systems to organize your collection. Since I organize my government documents with the SuDoc classification system, I had to place the SuDoc call number in the "Comments" field of my LibraryThing records which are visible when viewing my MSUGovDoc LibraryThing catalog. You can look at a book's individual record to find similar books via the "tag cloud", read book reviews, or view ratings. Clicking on the book's title will bring up its details, including classification numbers, subject headings, and a citation style generator.
Now that you've cataloged some new and interesting government documents into your LibraryThing account, you will need to show off and market your goods (otherwise, you will hear crickets chirping). The solution is to create and use LibraryThing "widgets" to display new or featured books on your website or blog. It is very easy to use the widget tool to generate code that you can simply copy and paste into your website. I created one for my department's blog, Gov Docs on the Bayou that displays random "new and interesting gov docs" from my depository's collection. I also created a search widget that lets visitors search my LibraryThing catalog right from my blog. Clicking on the RSS feed button lets the visitor subscribe to alerts when new government documents are added to the MSUGovDoc LibraryThing collection.
Another useful feature is "Book Links," which lets you search for a book by ISBN number in online bookstores, library catalogs, or book databases. You can add your library's OPAC or an online database to search for the physical book from the individual LibraryThing record. I added the CGP and our library's OPAC to the growing list for other users to add to their "Buy, borrow, swap or view" feature which appears on the right hand side of every book page. However, clicking on the link to the CGP will take you to its basic search screen, rather than the individual document's record. The same applies to your library's catalog and WorldCat if an ISBN number is not included in the record. To ease this problem, I customized my LibraryThing catalog's "comments field" to include a direct link to the document's record in our library's OPAC, the CGP's "locate in a depository" feature, and Worldcat.
Many libraries have also opted to integrate LibraryThing's social data into their OPAC using LibraryThing for Libraries. The percentage of books that your library and LibraryThing have in common is related to how many ISBNs are in both your library's catalog and in LibraryThing. Thus, academic, special, and depository libraries tend to have a lower percentage than public libraries, due to the subject matter or editions of the books. But as LibraryThing members continue to add records and tags (i.e. of government documents), the percentage will continue to increase.
Although our library's OPAC does not incorporate LibraryThing features, I still demonstrate my LibraryThing catalog when teaching students in government library instruction sessions as another way to access, organize, and use government information. They seem visibly more attentive and enthusiastic during the class session, and several subscribe to my RSS feed of "new and interesting gov docs" or create and share their own LibraryThing accounts in order to create virtual libraries for their research (and to take advantage of that automatic citation style generator!).
You can also view the MSUGovDoc LibraryThing profile and the aptly titled "I Love Gov Docs" group I created. Members of the group discuss what government publications are in their LibraryThing collections or help each other navigate the world of government information research. What a wonderful opportunity to promote government documents to the public at large! With the myriad of possibilities and customizations that LibraryThing has to offer, I strongly encourage depository libraries take part and experiment with this Web 2.0 tool in order to help promote access and use of government documents to the people.
Articles and Web sites about LibraryThing
- LibraryThing
- LibraryThing for Libraries
- LibraryThing for (Academic) Libraries
- LibraryThing and the Library Catalog
- Gov Docs 2.0 Resources wiki page created by Rebecca Blakeley.
Contact Me!
- Retaggr Profile Card contains all my contact information.
Podcasting for the People: Utilizing Web 2.0 Technology to Teach Government Information
Tina Plottel, Reference & Instruction Librarian, George Washington University
With the increasing popularity of Web 2.0 technology among college students, it is clear that the intersection of electronic media can assist with the navigation of government information. Savvy students have no problems finding information on their own, but occasionally require more direction when using government data. Complex web sites may intimidate students, who may simply abandon attempts to use information that may give their paper or project a significant edge.
At George Washington University (GW), we have piloted podcasts to bring awareness to library resources. With the recent acquisition of a Macbook to support our reference department's Web 2.0 endeavors, the creation of podcasts is a fairly simple task.
As both an Instruction and Government Documents Librarian, I know that teaching students how to navigate through the plethora of government data on the web lends itself well to this medium. For the pilot podcast I created a beginner's guide to using the Census' American Factfinder for data from the 2000 Census and American Community Surveys. As an enhanced podcast, I have been able to create a "how-to" module that simulates a librarian looking over a patron's shoulder as she navigates a site.
The podcast was created using Garage Band, a program that comes standard with any Macintosh. Tutorials for this program are available through GW's iTunesU portal, which is maintained by the University's Academic Technologies department. While this allowed for an easy creation, it still required time to learn the program. As a Mac Person, I was able to get the hang of it after watching one short 20-minute tutorial (shorter than the day-long training for American Factfinder some librarians may have experienced); however, PC users and those less tech-savvy may look to sign up for a workshop. Apple computers are optimized for multimedia production by non-specialists, so all I needed to record the podcast was the laptop, a script and a quiet room.
In order to create an enhanced podcast — one that includes images as well as audio — I needed to create screenshots of American Factfinder. This proved to be a bit of a challenge, since the image must fit into a square space. The screen shots I created using SnagIt on a PC required manipulation to fit into the allotted space and not look haphazard when viewed in iTunes on a computer or on an iPod.
The content of this podcast walks the listener through a very basic search on American Factfinder. Clocking in at 6:27, the audio consists of both instruction and music to allow for a reasonable flow. Often podcasts will include music at the beginning or end of a long period of talking, which tend to be draining for the listener and not very effective. By including an audio track other than talking (a song by a friend's band, the Aquarium), and fitting in spaces where the listener is asked to complete a task, ample time is given to attempt the particular search discussed in the podcast, and is also encouraged to pause the podcast if they would like to spend more time in a specific area of the American Factfinder site.
While the creation of this podcast was relatively simple, the library has not yet found a workable way to disseminate it. Since we are in the process of a major web site overhaul, we will be working on ways to incorporate podcasts and enhanced podcasts. The next podcast, though not focusing on government information, will be a virtual tour of Gelman Library.
Second Life: Exploring an Online Virtual World with Librarians
Marcia Meister, U.S. Government Information Librarian, University of California, Davis
[Powerpoint slides at: http://www.slideshare.net/marciam/sl-gov-info-dttp]
Are virtual worlds the next Internet? Do libraries have a role in virtual worlds like Second Life (SL)? Does Second Life offer a place for Government Information Librarians to work collaboratively? Time and our own interests will answer these questions, but there is no question that virtual worlds, particularly Second Life, are drawing a lot of attention and interest from librarians, educators, and government.
Congress held the first hearing on virtual worlds on April 1, 2008, "Online Virtual Worlds: Applications and Avatars in a User-Generated Medium." In testimony presented at the hearing Linden Labs founder Philip Rosedale said "virtual worlds mark a leap forward in how we can communicate and work together over geographic distances…In Second Life, you can 'see' the other person, verbally speak with him, as well as chat with or 'instant message' him. You occupy a multi-tiered communication platform with dimensions that do not exist with e-mail, telephone call, conference calling, or other platforms." 1
Libraries and librarians are active in Second Life. Volunteers design and create virtual exhibits, libraries and learning centers, and staff an in-world reference desk. By exploring the opportunities for collaboration they do many of the things that librarians do in real life.
The library presence has a strong foundation and support from the Alliance Library System (ALS) in Illinois which is a leader in experimenting with library services in Second Life. SL's Info Island was developed by ALS and OPAL in April 2006, under the leadership of Lori Bell (Lorelei Junot in Second Life). ALS projects in SL include the Land of Lincoln immersive area, with a replica of the 1860 White House where an inaugural ball kicked off the sim and celebrated Lincoln's virtual inauguration. Buildings, exhibits and displays are created by SL residents working together. Book and author talks and events take place in real time in these environments. Subject collections in Bell Library (the "research" library towers) include a government documents collection.
A reference desk staffed by volunteer librarians from around the world is a central meeting place on Info International. Librarians greet visitors, answer Second Life questions, provide landmarks and suggested resources, and help newbies with their SL experiences. It's a great starting place to meet up with library, education, and information professionals and book lovers and get oriented to the places and resources they use.
Government agencies are also joining Second Life. NOAA in particular has created interactive exhibits to further understanding of weather and science. NASA and its Jet Propulsion Lab have an interactive area with simulations of space flights and explorations, meeting and conference spaces, and educational displays. Other agencies are exploring the potential for virtual worlds as well. Governments are entering SL to provide service and informational points about their countries; Sweden was the first nation to construct a virtual embassy in SL. More examples of real life government in Second Life are available at http://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/Real_Life_Government/Examples.
Meetings, conferences, classes and presentations take place in Second Life every day. Avatars meet in real time and view slide or video presentations, hear voice presentations, and interact with a speaker and other attendees via group chat, private IM, or voice. A one day conference in March 2008 on Virtual Worlds: Libraries, Education and Museums Conference gathered presenters from many countries who met at the New Media Consortium's virtual conference facilities. Sun Microsystems hosted the Friday evening dance and co-sponsored the conference. Attendees enjoyed the conference, met and chatted with colleagues, and had a real conference experience – from their own homes.
Is Second Life a game? No, it's not a game but it requires a high-end computer to fully appreciate the experience, and it's lots of fun. The opportunities for collaborative work and for creating 3-D and real-time interactions are more than a game. Consensus in recent presentations suggests that virtual worlds are here to stay.
Second Life likely won't be the only virtual world; others are available now, and more are developing. Laurence Johnson, Director of New Media Consortium, suggested at the April Congressional hearing: "what is further needed is for government to engage the technology, to model effective uses of virtual worlds, and to promote programs and services that truly top its potential to bring people together. This subcommittee, which focuses uniquely on the special issues embedded in telecommunications and the Internet, is the perfect place to start." 2
Is Second Life Web 2.0? It's interactive, user created and takes social networking into 3-D virtual works. For a thought-provoking take on the topic of Second Life and Web 2.0 see the SlideShare presentation by SJSU professor Jeremy Kemp listed in the references below.
Is there a place for Government Information Librarians in Second Life? Second Life is a wonderful venue to meet librarians, educators, techies, scientists and other interesting folks from all over the globe, and it's a way to collaborate in a graphically and visually unique environment. It's a sandbox for learning and trying out new ideas. It's also a constantly evolving environment offering creative outlets for any subject. SL residents also find it's a cheap way to attend meetings and conferences and interact with speakers. Our users may not be there right now, but government agencies, libraries, educational institutions, and non-profit organizations are experimenting with virtual worlds and Second Life is the most well-known right now.
For more information and inspiration, see the selective and subjective list of still photos, slide shows, videos (video from with SL, known as "machinima" is a popular way to capture an experience or event) below. Selected articles are also listed.
1 Statement of Philip Rosedale, Linden lab, before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the International Energy and Commerce Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, April 1, 2008. http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-ti-hrg.040108.Rosedale-testimony.pdf
2 Statement of Laurence Johnson, New Media Consortium, before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the International Energy and Commerce Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, April 1, 2008. http://energycommerce.house.gov/cmte_mtgs/110-ti-hrg.040108Johnson-testimony.pdf
Resources - Blogs, slides, videos, articles
Education or Library-related Blogs:
New Media Consortium SL Campus
News and Articles about government in SL:
U.S. Government Presence Grows in Second Life Online World; Agencies use virtual reality environment for education, outreach
Virtual Solutions to Real-World Problems; An Eco Tour of Second Life
Get a life - Congress, NOAA test the water in a virtual world
DHS ponders foray into second life
International Space Station in Second Life
Federal Consortium for Virtual Worlds
Articles by Librarians about Libraries in Second Life:
Get a (second) life: prospecting for gold in a 3-D world. By: Bell L, Peters T, Pope K. Computers in Libraries, January 1, 2007, Vol. 27, Issue 1
Stumbling, bumbling, teleporting and flying … librarian avatars in Second Life. By Esther Grassian, Rhonda B. Trueman. Reference Services Review, 2007, volume 35, no. 1, p. 84 – 89
A Library Meditation in Second Life
Tour of Info Island / Second life Libraries
Second life in Education videos
Slide Shows:
I am Librarian, I am Avatar, by Bernadette Daly Swanson
Going Where the Users Are – Alliance Library System
by Esther Grassian for California Library Association
[http://www.slideshare.net/HVX.Mica/second-life-education-in-a-virtual-world-slidecast Second Life Education]. By HVX Silverstar and Mica Braun
Second Life as Web 2.0? by Jeremy Kemp, San Jose State University]
The University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science is offering a variety of continuing education courses for librarians and educators interested in virtual worlds! http://www.lis.uiuc.edu/programs/cpd/VW/Intro.html
Contact me:
Marcia Meister University of California, Davis mlmeister AT ucdavis DOT edu
Hyacinth Cortes in Second Life


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Put felt scraps to good use by turning them into merry snowmen ornaments and package trims. Assembled with a simple blanket stitch, the stuffed threesome wears vibrant stocking caps instead of traditional top hats. Felt strips tied around the necks and pom-poms on the caps finish the little guys in style.Get the free ornament pattern here.
No-Sew Bright Ornaments
Craft jiffy, no-sew tree trimmings from splashy fabric. Choose a favorite holiday print or use scraps of leftover fabric for one-of-a-kind ornaments.Get the free ornament pattern here.
Pretty Fabric Ornament
Finish ornaments in a snap for perfect tree decorations or gifts!Get the ornament template here.
Icy Snowflakes
Dress up snowflake ornaments with frosty beads and metallic embroidery floss. Hang a blizzard for a glittery tree or string on thread for a cute garland.Get the free ornament pattern here.
Holiday Time Ornaments
It's never too soon to get a jump on the holidays--for yourself or for those on your gift list. This year, consider a quartet of easy ornaments that combine embroidery and embellishing. Stitch up the season!Get the free ornament pattern here.
Heartfelt Ornaments
Spread your love this holiday season with heart shapes that brighten a bowl, your tree, and gift packages. Iron-on fabric scraps and a few embroidery stitches make the ornaments easy to craft in multiples.Get the free ornament pattern here.
Peppermint Swirl Ornament
To put a sweet spin on your holiday decorating, trim your tree or packages with peppermint ornaments.Get the free ornament pattern here.
Sparkle and Shine Ornaments
Put a snowy day to good use by whipping up these sparkly star ornaments. In the twinkle of an eye, you'll be ready to trim the tree.Get the free ornament pattern here.
Season's Best Ornaments
Celebrate the warmth of the holiday season with these quick-to-stitch wool ornaments.Get the free ornament pattern here.
Merry Embroidered Ornaments
Whether you hang them on the tree or hand them out as special gifts, these redwork ornaments will deliver loads of Christmas joy.Get the free ornament patterns here.
Blue Yule Mitten Ornaments
Crazy-quilt mittens make pretty ornaments. They're unexpected ways to conceal gift cards and cash gifts, too. With little pieces of fleece and velour and some sparkling embroidery, you can stitch an identical pair.Get the free ornament pattern here.


text:
Hollywood heartthrob Brad Pitt added even more star power as he joined partner Angelina Jolie and "Team Hague" at a global summit to end war zone rape.
The superstar couple put on a public display of affection - putting their arms around one another - as they stopped to look at a picture in a gallery on the third day of the summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict (ESVC).
Human rights lawyer Amal Alamuddin, who has become engaged to Pitt's friend and fellow pin-up George Clooney, was also at the event.
Jolie, who is special envoy for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, is co-chairing the summit with Foreign Secretary William Hague.
Pitt and Jolie posed for a large press pack on their arrival at the ExCeL exhibition centre in London's Docklands - with Pitt's unexpected presence sparking much excitement.
Pitt, who starred alongside Jolie in Mr & Mrs Smith, looked on from the front row as Jolie and Mr Hague delivered speeches to an audience of officials and delegates from around the world.
Baroness Warsi, who was sitting in the row behind the star, could be heard joking with one woman before Pitt took his seat: "This is Team Hague."
Ms Alamuddin was listening to the speeches from the audience at the opposite side of the auditorium to where Jolie and Pitt were sitting.
The Oxford-educated barrister, who has represented WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, has been described as a "passionate defender of human rights".
Beirut-born Alamuddin is a member of Doughty Street Chambers in London, having joined in 2010 to complete her pupillage.
On a frantic walkabout through an exhibition hall, the couple were trailed by fans eager to get a picture, and at one point people fell over in the commotion.
In the picture gallery, they paused at a picture of Zawadi Nikuze who lives in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
It was here they embraced each other for a few moments.
Ms Nikuze has been the victim of violence, including one incident when armed men invaded her home looking for money.
She now helps rape victims.
Jolie and Mr Hague have launched an international protocol which they hope will "really, truly end impunity" when it comes to sexual violence in conflict.
In her speech this morning, Jolie said: "We are here for the nine-year-old girl in Uganda, kidnapped and forced into sexual slavery.
"We are here for the man in Bosnia, years after rape, still stigmatised, unable to earn enough money to buy bread for his family.
"We are here for all the forgotten, hidden survivors who have been made to feel ashamed or been abandoned.
"And for the children of rape - we want the whole world to hear their stories and understand that this injustice cannot be tolerated, and that sorrow and compassion are not enough."
The audience was shown short film clips featuring the hashtag TimeToAct, which is now trending on Twitter.
Meanwhile, the coming together of an "unlikely double act" - Jolie and Mr Hague - is an example of how foreign policy should be conducted in future, the Conservative politician has said.
The combination of Jolie's star power along with government can be "formidable", Mr Hague said last night.
He also said the film star was "a pleasure to work with".
He said: "My admiration for her work has grown even greater over the last two years.
"She has the power to speak to the whole world, to raise awareness, change attitudes.
"Governments like the one I am a member of hold in their hands levers of decision-making and action.
"And this combination can be formidable.
"And is in many respects a strong example of the future of foreign policy and how it should be conducted.
"It's no longer the sole preserve of governments."
He said Jolie brings "vast expertise", adding: "She is an inspiration."
Jolie was dressed in an entirely black outfit, having been in white for the first two days of the summit.
Reminiscent of their matching suits at this year's Bafta awards, Jolie's outfit of tuxedo-style jacket and trousers was similar to Pitt's dark suit.
UNICEF UK ambassador Jemima Khan said it is important to remember the children's lives devastated by rape in war and that sexual violence in conflict is not just a women's issue. "Too many girls and boys living in conflict zones around the world face this daily, terrifying threat.
"Some are targeted in attacks on their villages or others when they are forced into armed groups.
"Often something as simple as collecting firewood to allow the family to cook an evening meal can put a child living in conflict at terrible risk of attack," she said. Ms Khan says she has met vulnerable children all over the world.
"In Pakistan I met a seven year-old boy whose parents had both been killed.
"He was bringing up his three younger siblings in a refugee camp. Children such as these are especially vulnerable to abuse," she said.
Alice Allan, global head of advocacy at CARE International and adviser to Mr Hague on his Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative, said "root causes" need to be dealt with.
She talked about the importance of "teaching boys to challenge their attitudes towards women".
She said: "We will not end war zone rape unless we tackle its root causes. From Nigeria to India, sickening attacks on women and girls are a daily occurrence around the world.
"Ministers attending the summit must use this moment to galvanise action to shift global attitudes to women. "Gender inequality is not a 'women's issue' - it concerns every member of every society.
"Men and boys can and must be allies and champions for change and this, in turn, can stop the cycle of violence from spreading to the next generation.
"We are calling for governments around the world to recognise that teaching boys to challenge their attitudes towards women by learning about respectful relationships and inequality can help prevent sexual violence, both in times of peace and during conflict."
Justin Forsyth, CEO of Save the Children, said we "cannot underestimate the leadership shown" by Jolie and Mr Hague in bringing the world's foreign ministers together on the third day of the summit.
"The true measure of the summit's success will be realised today when ministers set out their commitments to ending sexual violence in conflict.
"The time to act is right now and ministers must step up to the mark and ensure perpetrators of these horrific crimes committed against adults and children are brought to justice," he said.


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zh-CN:Openbox zh-TW:Openbox Template:Article summary start Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary end Openbox is a lightweight and highly configurable window manager with extensive standards support. Its features are documented at the official website. This article pertains to installing Openbox under Arch Linux.
- 1 Installation
- 2 Upgrading to Openbox 3.5
- 3 Openbox as a stand-alone WM
- 4 Openbox as a WM for desktop environments
- 5 Openbox for multihead users
- 6 Configuration
- 7 Menus
- 8 Startup programs
- 9 Themes and appearance
- 10 Recommended programs
- 11 Tips and tricks
- 11.1 Window snap behaviour
- 11.2 File associations
- 11.3 Copy and paste
- 11.4 Window transparency
- 11.5 Xprop values for applications
- 11.6 Linking the menu to a button
- 11.7 Running a terminal emulator as desktop background
- 11.8 Switching between keyboard layouts
- 11.9 Keyboard volume control
- 12 Troubleshooting Openbox 3.5
- 13 See also
Install openbox, available in the official repositories. After installation, you should copy the default configuration files
autostart, and
environment to
$ mkdir -p ~/.config/openbox $ cp /etc/xdg/openbox/{rc.xml,menu.xml,autostart,environment} ~/.config/openbox
These four files form the basis of your openbox configuration. Each file addresses a unique aspect of your configuration and the role of each file is as follows:
- This is the main configuration file. It defines keyboard shortcuts, themes, virtual desktops, and more.
- This file defines the content of the right-click menu. It defines launchers for applications and other shortcuts. See the #Menus section.
- This file is read by openbox-session at startup. It contains the programs that are run at startup. It is typically used to set environment variables, launch panels/docks, set background image or execute other startup scripts. See the Openbox Wiki.
- This file is sourced by openbox-session at startup. It contains environment variables to be set in Openbox's context. Any variables you set here will be visible to Openbox itself and anything you start from its menus.
Upgrading to Openbox 3.5
If you are upgrading to Openbox 3.5 or later from an earlier release, be aware of these changes:
- There is a new config file called
environmentthat you should copy from
- The config file previously called
autostart.shis now just called
autostart. You should rename yours to remove the
.shfrom the end of the name.
- Some of the configuration grammar in
rc.xmlhas changed. While Openbox appears to understand the old options, it would be wise to compare your configuration to the one in
/etc/xdg/openboxand look for changes that affect you.
Openbox as a stand-alone WM
Openbox can be used as a stand-alone window manager (WM). This is usually simpler to install and configure than using Openbox with desktop environments. Running openbox alone may reduce your system's CPU and memory load.
To run Openbox as a stand-alone window manager, append the following to
exec openbox-session
See xinitrc for details, such as preserving the logind session.
If you used another window manager previously (such as Xfwm) and now Openbox will not start after logging out of X, try moving the autostart folder:
$ mv ~/.config/autostart ~/.config/autostart.bak
Openbox as a WM for desktop environments
Openbox can be used as a replacement window manager for full-fledged desktop environments. The method for deploying Openbox depends on the desktop environment.
GNOME 2.24 and 2.26
/usr/share/applications/openbox.desktop with the following lines:
[Desktop Entry] Type=Application Encoding=UTF-8 Name=OpenBox Exec=openbox NoDisplay=true # name of loadable control center module X-GNOME-WMSettingsModule=openbox # name we put on the WM spec check window X-GNOME-WMName=OpenBox
In gconf, set
/desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager to
$ gconftool-2 -s -t string /desktop/gnome/session/required_components/windowmanager openbox
Finally, choose the
GNOME session from the GDM sessions menu.
GNOME 2.26 redux
If the previous guide for GNOME 2.24 fails:
If, when attempting to log into a "Gnome/Openbox" session -- and it consistently fails to start, try the following. This is one way of achieving your goal of using Openbox as the WM anytime you open a Gnome session:
- Log into your Gnome-only session (it should still be using Metacity as its window manager).
- Navigate your menus to System > Preferences > Startup Applications (possibly named 'Session' in older Gnome versions)
- Open Startup Application, select '+ Add' and enter the text shown below. Omit the text after #.
- Click the 'Add' button for the data entry window. Make sure the checkbox beside your new entry is selected.
- Log out from your Gnome session and log back in
- You should now be running openbox as your window manager.
Name: Openbox Windox Manager # Can be changed Command: openbox --replace # Text should not be removed from this line, but possibly added to it Comment: Replaces metacity with openbox # Can be changed
This creates a startup list entry which is executed by Gnome each time the user's session is started.
- If you use KDM, select the "KDE/Openbox" login option.
- Open System Settings > Default Applications (in the Workspace Appearance and Behaviour section), and change the default window manager to Openbox (this will also avoid having to log out and log back in again).
- If you use startx, add
exec openbox-kde-sessionto
- From the shell:
$ xinit /usr/bin/openbox-kde-session
Log into a normal XFCE4 session. From your terminal, type:
$ killall xfwm4 ; openbox & exit
This kills XFWM4, runs Openbox, and closes the terminal. Log out, being sure to check the "Save session for future logins" box. On your next login, XFCE4 should use Openbox as its window manager.
Alternatively, you can chooose Settings > Session and Startup from menu, go to the Application Autostart tab and add
openbox --replace to the list of automatically started applications.
To enable exiting from a session using xfce4-session, edit
~/.config/openbox/menu.xml. If the file is not there, copy it from
/etc/xdg/openbox/. Look for the following entry:
<item label="Exit Openbox"> <action name="Exit"> <prompt>yes</prompt> </action> </item>
Change it to:
<item label="Exit Openbox"> <action name="Execute"> <prompt>yes</prompt> <command>xfce4-session-logout</command> </action> </item>
Otherwise, choosing "Exit" from the root-menu causes Openbox to terminate its execution, leaving you with no window manager.
If you have a problem changing virtual desktops with the mouse wheel skipping over desktops, edit
~/.config/openbox/rc.xml. Move the mouse binds with... actions "DesktopPrevious" and "DesktopNext" from context Desktop to the context Root. Note that you may need to create a definition for the Root context as well.
When using the Openbox root-menu instead of XFCE's menu, you may exit the Xfdesktop with this terminal command:
$ xfdesktop --quit
Xfdesktop manages the wallpaper and desktop icons, requiring you to use other utilities such as ROX for these functions.
(When terminating Xfdesktop, the above issue with the virtual desktops is no longer a problem.)
If you want have rc.xml separated than your default openbox session rc.xml
Edit the
~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-session.xml or (to make the change for all XFCE users)
Replace the xfwm startup command,
<property name="Client0_Command" type="array"> <value type="string" value="xfwm4"/> </property>
with the following:
<property name="Client0_Command" type="array"> <value type="string" value="openbox"/> <value type="string" value="--config-file"/> <value type="string" value="~/.config/xfce4/openbox/rc.xml"/> </property>
and also the menu, you can set the separated menu ex: xfce4-menu.xml , change it to your custom xfce4 rc.xml , but notice that the menu must be place at
Openbox for multihead users
While Openbox provides better than average multihead support on its own, the openbox-multihead-gitAUR package from the AUR provides a development branch called Openbox Multihead that gives multihead users per-monitor desktops. This model is not commonly found in floating window managers, but exists mainly in tiling window managers. It is explained well on the Xmonad web site. Also, please see README.MULTIHEAD for a more comprehensive description of the new features and configuration options found in Openbox Multihead.
Openbox Multihead will function like normal Openbox when only a single head is available.
A downside to using Openbox Multihead is that it breaks the EWMH assumption that one and only one desktop is visible at any time. Thus, existing pagers will not work well with it. To remedy this, pager-multihead-gitAUR can be found in the AUR and is compatible with Openbox Multihead. Screenshots.
Finally, a new version of PyTyle that will work with Openbox Multihead can also be found in the AUR: pytyle3-gitAUR.
Both pytyle3 and pager-multihead-git will work without Openbox Multihead if only one monitor is active.
There are several options for configuring Openbox settings:
Manual configuration
To configure Openbox manually, edit the
~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file with a text editor. The file has explanatory comments throughout, for more details about editing it see the Openbox wiki.
ObConf is an Openbox configuration tool. It is used to set most common preferences such as themes, virtual desktops, window properties, and desktop margins. It can be installed with the obconf package, available in the official repositories.
ObConf cannot configure keyboard shortcuts and certain other features. For these features edit
rc.xml manually. Alternatively, you can try obkeyAUR, available in the official repositories.
Application customization
Openbox allows per-application customizations. This lets you define rules for a given program. For example:
- Start your web browser on a specific virtual desktop.
- Open your terminal program with no window decorations (window chrome).
- Make your bit-torrent client open at a given screen position.
Per-application settings are defined in
~/.config/openbox/rc.xml. Instructions are in the file's comments. More details are found in the Openbox wiki.
The default Openbox menu includes a variety of menu items to get you started. Many of these items launch applications you do not want, have not installed yet, or never intend to install. You will surely want to customize
menu.xml at some point. There are a number of ways to do so.
You can edit
~/.config/openbox/menu.xml with a text editor. Many of the settings are self-explanatory. The article Help:Menus in the Openbox wiki has extensive details.
To add icons next to your menu entries, add
<showIcons>yes</showIcons> to the
<menu> section of the
rc.xml file. Then edit
menu.xml and add
icons="<path>" to the menu entries you want to add icons to:
<menu id="apps-menu" label="SomeApp" icon="/home/user/.icons/application.png">
$ openbox --reconfigure to update the menu.
MenuMaker creates XML menus for several window managers including Openbox. MenuMaker searches your computer for executable programs and creates a menu file from the result. It can be configured to exclude certain application types (GNOME, KDE, etc) if you desire. It can be installed with the menumaker package available in the official repositories.
Once installed, generate a menu file (named
menu.xml) by running the program.
$ mmaker -v OpenBox3 # Will not overwrite an existing menu file. $ mmaker -vf OpenBox3 # Force option permits overwriting the menu file. $ mmaker --help # See the full set of options for MenuMaker.
MenuMaker creates a comprehensive
menu.xml. You may edit this file by hand or regenerate it after installing software.
Obmenu is a GUI menu editor for Openbox. This is a good choice for those who dislike editing XML code. Obmenu can be installed with the package obmenu, available in the official repositories.
Once installed, run
obmenu and add and remove applications as desired.
obm-xdg is a command-line tool that comes with Obmenu. It generates a categorized sub-menu of installed GTK/GNOME applications.
To use obm-xdg with other menus, add the following line to
<menu execute="obm-xdg" id="xdg-menu" label="xdg"/>
Then add the following line under your root-menu entry where you want to have the menu appear:
<menu id="xdg-menu"/>
Then run
$ openbox --reconfigure to refresh the Openbox menu. You should now see a sub-menu labeled xdg in your menu.
To use obm-xdg by itself, create
~/.config/openbox/menu.xml and add these lines:
<openbox_menu> <menu execute="obm-xdg" id="root-menu" label="apps"/> </openbox_menu>
Xdg-menu can automatically generate a menu for Openbox from XDG files. It can be installed with the archlinux-xdg-menu package available in the official repositories.
For a guide on using XDG-menu, see the Xdg-menu#OpenBox article.
Python-based XDG-Menu script
This script is found in Fedora's Openbox package. The latest version of the script can be found here. Download it and place it anywhere you want.
menu.xml with your text editor and add the following entry. Of course, you can modify the label as you see fit.
<menu id="apps-menu" label="xdg-menu" execute="python2 /path/to/xdg-menu"/>
Save the file and run
$ openbox --reconfigure.
Openbox-menu uses menu-cache from the LXDE Project to create dynamic menus for Openbox. It can be installed with the package openbox-menuAUR, available in the AUR.
If you get an error while trying to open this menu try adding icons to the Openbox menu.
Obmenugen creates the menu file from
.desktop files. Obmenugen provides a text file which filters (hides) menu items using basic regular expressions. It can be installed with the package obmenugenAUR, available in the AUR.
Basic usage:
$ obmenugen # Create a menu file $ openbox --reconfigure # To see the menu you generated
Obmenu-generator is a pipe/static menu generator for Openbox with icon support. can be installed with the package obmenu-generatorAUR, available in the AUR.
The following command generates a pipe menu with icons:
$ obmenu-generator -p -i
To see a list of options type this:
$ obmenu-generator -h
Like other window managers, Openbox allows for scripts to dynamically build menus (menus on-the-fly). Examples are system monitors, media player controls, or weather monitors. Pipe menu script examples are found in the Openbox:Pipemenus page at Openbox's site.
Some interesting pipe menus provided by Openbox users:
- obfilebrowser — Pipe menu file browser.
- wifi-pipe — Pipe menu for scanning and connecting to wireless hot spots using netcfg.
- https://github.com/pbrisbin/wifi-pipe || not packaged? search in AUR
- obdevicemenu — Pipe menu for managing removable devices using Udisks.
Startup programs
Openbox supports running programs at startup. This is provided by command openbox-session.
Enabling autostart
There are two ways to enable autostart:
- When using startx or xinit to begin a session, edit
~/.xinitrc. Change the line that executes openbox to openbox-session.
- When using GDM or KDM, selecting an Openbox session automatically runs the autostart script.
Autostart script
Openbox provides a system-wide startup script which applies to all users and is located at
/etc/xdg/openbox/autostart. A user may also create his own startup script to be executed after the system-wide script by creating the file
~/.config/openbox/autostart. This file is not provided by default and must be created by the user.
Further instructions are available in the Help:Autostart article at the official Openbox site.
- The autostart files used to be named autostart.sh prior to OpenBox 3.5.0. While these scripts will presently still work, users who are upgrading are advised to drop the .sh extension.
- All the programs in the autostart file should be run as daemons or run in the background,otherwise the items in
/etc/xdg/autostart/won't be started!
Autostart directory
Openbox also starts any *.desktop files in
/etc/xdg/autostart - this happens regardless of whether a user startup script is present.
nm-applet, for example, installs a file at this location, and may cause it to run twice for users with the usual
(sleep 3 && /usr/bin/nm-applet --sm-disable) & in their startup script. There is a discussion on managing the effects of this at [1].
Themes and appearance
Openbox themes
Themes control the appearance of windows, titlebars, and buttons. They also control menu appearance and on-screen display (OSD). Some Openbox themes can be installed with the package openbox-themes, available in the official repositories.
Cursors, icons, wallpapers
Xcursor themes can be installed with the package xcursor-themes, available in the official repositories, or with other packages from such as xcursor-bluecurve, xcursor-vanilla-dmz or xcursor-pinux. Many other themes can be found in the official repositories or the AUR.
Icon themes are also available in the repositories, for example lxde-icon-theme, tangerine-icon-theme or gnome-icon-theme can be found in the official repositories with many more in the AUR.
Wallpapers are easily set with utilities such as Nitrogen, feh,
hsetroot or
Please see Openbox Themes and Apps for information on these GUI customizations.
Recommended programs
Tips and tricks
Window snap behaviour
Windows 7 and other WMs supports a window behaviour to snap windows when they are moved to the edge of the screen. This effect can also be achieved through an Openbox keybinding, see here for more information. Openbox supports specifying percentages, and actions. To simulate Aero Snap:
<keybind key="W-Left"> <action name="UnmaximizeFull"/> <action name="MaximizeVert"/> <action name="MoveResizeTo"> <width>50%</width> </action> <action name="MoveToEdge"><direction>west</direction></action> </keybind> <keybind key="W-Right"> <action name="UnmaximizeFull"/> <action name="MaximizeVert"/> <action name="MoveResizeTo"> <width>50%</width> </action> <action name="MoveToEdge"><direction>east</direction></action> </keybind>
The only issue with any methods around, is that once maximized to an edge - it stays full (vertically) until you maximize and restore. So you can add the next few lines to simulate the other windows behaviors (maximize, restore). That will speed up pulling a window from a screen edge as well.
<keybind key="W-Down"> <action name="Unmaximize"/> </keybind> <keybind key="W-Up"> <action name="Maximize"/> </keybind>
Then reconfigure Openbox and try it.
$ openbox --reconfigure
As an alternative/extension you can use opensnap. It provides Aero Snap like functionality and resizes windows if you drag them to an edge of the screen. It does not provide keyboard shortcuts however.
File associations
Because Openbox and the applications you use with it are not well-integrated you might run into the issues with your browser. Your browser may not know which program it is supposed to use for certain types of files.
A package in the AUR called gnome-defaults-listAUR contains a list of file-types and programs specific to the Gnome desktop. The list is installed to
Open this file with your text editor. Here you can replace a given application with the name of the program of your choosing. For example, replace totem with vlc or eog with mirage. Save the file to
Another way of setting file associations is to install package perl-file-mimeinfo from the official repositories and invoke mimeopen like this:
$ mimeopen -d /path/to/file
You are asked which application to use when opening
Please choose a default application for files of type text/plain 1) notepad (wine-extension-txt) 2) Leafpad (leafpad) 3) OpenOffice.org Writer (writer) 4) gVim (gvim) 5) Other...
Your answer becomes the default handler for that type of file. Mimeopen is installed as
Copy and paste
From a terminal
Ctrl+Ins for copy and
Shift+Ins for paste.
Ctrl+Shift+c for copy and mouse middle-click for paste (in terminals).
Other applications most likely use the conventional keyboard shortcuts for copy and paste.
Window transparency
The program transset-df is available in the official repositories. With transset-df you can enable window transparency on-the-fly.
For instance by placing the following in the <mouse> section you can have your mouse adjust window transparency by scrolling while hovering over the title bar:
<context name="Titlebar"> . . . <mousebind button="Up" action="Click"> <action name= "Execute" > <execute>transset-df -p .2 --inc </execute> </action> </mousebind> <mousebind button="Down" action="Click"> <action name= "Execute" > <execute>transset-df -p .2 --dec </execute> </action> </mousebind> . . . </context>
Xprop values for applications
Xprop can be installed with the package xorg-xprop, available in the official repositories.
If you use per-application settings frequently, you might find this bash alias handy:
alias xp='xprop | grep "WM_WINDOW_ROLE\|WM_CLASS" && echo "WM_CLASS(STRING) = \"NAME\", \"CLASS\""'
To use, run
xp and click on the running program that you would like to define with per-app settings. The result displays only the info that Openbox requires, namely the
WM_WINDOW_ROLE and
WM_CLASS (name and class) values:
$ xp
WM_WINDOW_ROLE(STRING) = "roster" WM_CLASS(STRING) = "gajim.py", "Gajim.py" WM_CLASS(STRING) = "NAME", "CLASS"
Xprop for Firefox
For whatever reason, Firefox and like-minded equivalents ignore application rules (e.g. <desktop>) unless
class="Firefox*" is used. This applies irrespective of whatever values xprop may report for the program's
Some people want to link the Openbox menu (or any menu) to an object. This is useful for creating a panel button to pop up a menu. Although Openbox does not provide this, a program called xdotool simulates a keypress. Openbox can be configured to bind that keypress to the ShowMenu action.
After installing xdotool, add the following to the <keyboard> section:
<keybind key="A-C-q"> <action name="ShowMenu"> <menu>root-menu</menu> </action> </keybind>
Then execute
$ openbox --reconfigure or
$ openbox --restart to use the new configuration. The following command summons a menu at your cursor position. The command may given as-is, linked to an object, or placed in a script.
$ xdotool key ctrl+alt+q
Of course, change the key shortcut to your liking. Here is a snippet from a Tint2 configuration file which pops up a menu when the clock area is clicked. Each key combination is set to open a menu within Openbox's
rc.xml configuration file. The right‑click menu is different from the left‑click menu:
clock_rclick_command = xdotool key --clearmodifiers "ctrl+XF86PowerOff" clock_lclick_command = xdotool key --clearmodifiers "alt+XF86PowerOff"
Running a terminal emulator as desktop background
With Openbox, running a terminal as desktop background is easy. You will not need devilspie here.
The following example shows how to run the terminal emulator Urxvt as desktop background:
First you must enable transparency, open your
~/.Xdefaults file (if it does not exist yet, create it).
URxvt*transparent:true URxvt*scrollBar:false URxvt*geometry:124x24 #I do not use the whole screen, if you want a full screen term do not bother with this and see below. URxvt*borderLess:true URxvt*foreground:Black #Font color. My wallpaper is White, you may wish to change this to White.
Then add the following to the <applications> section:
<application name="urxvt"> <decor>no</decor> <focus>yes</focus> <position> <x>center</x> <y>20</y> </position> <layer>below</layer> <desktop>all</desktop> <maximized>true</maximized> #Only if you want a full size terminal. </application>
The magic comes from the
<layer>below</layer> line, which place the application under all others. Here urxvt is displayed on all desktops, change it to your convenience.
-name option when starting uxrvt. That way, only the urxvt terminals which you choose to name
urxvt-bg would be captured and modified by the application rule in
rc.xml. For example:
$ urxvt -name urxvt-bg
ToggleShowDesktop exception
If you use ToggleShowDesktop to minimize all your application and show the desktop it will also minimize the urxvt window. Several methods are available to bypass this, but none works properly:
- one method is explained in this forum post. This involves editing Urxvt's source code.
- the best method is outlined here. It still has a big disadvantage: it makes ToggleShowDesktop a one-way action, not restoring the other desktop applications when ToggleShowDesktop is run for a second time. It does create the opportunity to use a different terminal emulator than Urxvt, however.
Another solution
Window settings:
<application name="RootTerm"> <decor>no</decor> <skip_taskbar>yes</skip_taskbar> <skip_pager>yes</skip_pager> <layer>normal</layer> <position> <x>center</x> <y>0</y> </position> <focus>yes</focus> <desktop>all</desktop> <maximized>true</maximized> </application>
Keyboard binding:
<keybind key="W-d"> <action name="Execute"> <command>~/.config/openbox/toggle_shell.sh</command> </action> </keybind>
And the toggle script:
wc -l) if [ $wind_num -ne 0 ] then xdotool windowminimize $term_id xdotool windowfocus $(xdotool getwindowfocus) echo "hide" fi else xdotool windowactivate $term_id echo "show" fi
Add the following lines to start urxvt on login.
This prevents closing urxvt by accident.
... (while :; do urxvt -name RootTerm; done;) & ...
Switching between keyboard layouts
If you don't want to use a separate program for managing keyboard layouts, you can manually configure X to switch layouts on certain key combinations. See Keyboard Configuration in Xorg#Switching between keyboard layouts for instructions.
Keyboard volume control
If you use ALSA for sound, you can use the
amixer program (part of the alsa-utils package) to adjust the sound volume. You can use Openbox's keybindings to map different shortcuts to actions. If you want to use the multimedia keys, but do not know their names, you could look at the Multimedia Keys page to find out.
For example, add the following in the <keyboard> section:
<keybind key="W-Up"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer set Master 5%+</command> </action> </keybind>
This binds
Super+↑ to increase your master ALSA volume by 5%. Corresponding binding for volume down:
<keybind key="W-Down"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer set Master 5%-</command> </action> </keybind>
As another example you can also use the
XF86Audio* keybindings:
<keybind key="XF86AudioRaiseVolume"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer set Master 5%+ unmute</command> </action> </keybind> <keybind key="XF86AudioLowerVolume"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer set Master 5%- unmute</command> </action> </keybind> <keybind key="XF86AudioMute"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer set Master toggle</command> </action> </keybind>
The above example should work for the majority of multimedia keyboards. It should enable to raise, lower and mute the Master control of your audio device by using the respective multimedia keyboard keys. Notice also that in this example:
- The "Mute" key should unmute the Master control if it is already in mute mode.
- The "Raise" and "Lower" keys should unmute the Master control if it is in mute mode.
If you are using PulseAudio with ALSA as a backend the above keybinding are slightly different as
amixer must be told to use PulseAudio. As always, add the following to the <keyboard> section to get the proper behaviour:
<keybind key="XF86AudioRaiseVolume"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer -D pulse set Master 5%+ unmute</command> </action> </keybind> <keybind key="XF86AudioLowerVolume"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer -D pulse set Master 5%- unmute</command> </action> </keybind> <keybind key="XF86AudioMute"> <action name="Execute"> <command>amixer set Master toggle</command> </action> </keybind>
This keybindings should work for most of the systems. Other examples can be found here.
With OSS, you can use keybindings to raise or lower specific mixers. This is useful in cases where you wish to change the volume of a specific application (such as an audio player) without changing the system's volume. Note that the application must be first set up to use its own mixer. In this example, MPD is configured to have its own mixer, named
<keybind key="KEY_BINDING"> <action name="Execute"> <command>ossmix -- mpd -1</command> </action> </keybind>
This example decreases the volume of the
mpd mixer by one dB. To increase the volume, replace the mixer value (
-1) with a positive one. The
-- that appears after
ossmix are added, as listed in
ossmix's man page, to prevent any negative value from being treated as an argument.
Troubleshooting Openbox 3.5
X server crashes
Problems have been detected after upgrade to version 3.5, that the X server might crash in attempt to start Openbox, ending with this error message:
(metacity:25137): GLib-WARNING **: In call to g_spawn_sync(), exit status of a child process \ was requested but SIGCHLD action was set to SIG_IGN and ECHILD was received by waitpid(), so exit \ status can't be returned. This is a bug in the program calling g_spawn_sync(); either do not request \ the exit status, or do not set the SIGCHLD action. xinit: connection to X server lost waiting for X server to shut down
In this particular case, some problem with metacity package has been identified as the cause of the X server crash issue. To solve the problem reinstall the metacity and compiz-decorator-gtk packages. If that does not solve the problem, try removing them.
Also, plenty of similar cases have been found on the Internet, that not only metacity package might be causing the X server to crash. Thus, whatever else instead of metacity you get in the error output message, try to reinstall it (or remove if necessary) in an attempt to get rid of this X server crash.
Autostarting unwanted applications in 3.5
If unwanted applications start with your Openbox session even though they are not listed in your
~/.config/openbox/autostart, check the
~/.config/autostart/ directory, it might contain the residues from your previously used desktop environment (GNOME, KDE, etc.), and remove unwanted files.
SSH agent no longer starting
Whereas Openbox 3.4.x allowed launching an SSH agent from
~/.config/openbox/autostart, with 3.5 that no longer seems to work. You need to put the following code in
SSHAGENT="/usr/bin/ssh-agent" SSHAGENTARGS="-s" if [ -z "$SSH_AUTH_SOCK" -a -x "$SSHAGENT" ]; then eval $($SSHAGENT $SSHAGENTARGS) trap "kill $SSH_AGENT_PID" 0 fi
Openbox not registering with D-Bus
Just like with SSH agent, lots of people used to have D-Bus code in
~/.config/openbox/autostart - which no longer works (e.g. Thunar does not see any removable devices anymore).
Windows load behind the active window
Some application windows (such as Firefox windows) may load behind the currently active window, causing you to need to switch to the window you just created to focus it. To fix this behavior add this to your
~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file, inbetween the
<openbox_config> and
</openbox_config> tags:
<applications> <application class="*"> <focus>yes</focus> </application> </applications>
See also
- Openbox Website - Official website
- Planet Openbox - Openbox news portal
- Box-Look.org - A good resource for themes and related artwork
- Openbox Hacks and Configs Thread @ Arch Linux Forums
- Openbox Screenshots Thread @ Arch Linux Forums
- Using GNOME 3 with Openbox Tutorial
- An Openbox guide


text:
Operative Treatment of the Foot and Ankle
Armen S. Kelikian
Appleton & Lange, 1999 - Medical - 654 pages
While stressing the importance of proper diagnosis in foot and ankle trauma, this work provides clinicians various techniques that will also improve treatment. The text can be used as a surgical guide, and is organized by disease or disorder of the foot and ankle.
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Imaging the Foot and Ankle
Fractures of the Calcaneus 389 DrorPaley
Functional Anatomy of the Foot Armen S Kelikian
10 other sections not shown
Common terms and phrases
Achilles tendon anatomic angle angulation ankle joint AP radiograph arthritis arthrodesis arthroplasty arthroscopic articular surface axial axis bone graft Bone Joint Surg bony brevis calcaneal calcaneofibular ligament calcaneus Clin Orthop clinical debridement degrees diabetic digitorum longus dorsal dorsiflexion drill extensor fibula fifth metatarsal Figure flap flexor foot and ankle Foot Ankle Int forefoot fracture fragment fusion hallucis longus hallux rigidus hallux valgus hammer toe healing heel hindfoot incision injury inserted instability internal fixation Intraoperative lesions ligament longitudinal medial malleolus ment metatarsal head metatarsalgia metatarsophalangeal joint midfoot motion MTP joint navicular nerve oblique orthosis osteochondral osteotomy pain patient percent performed peroneal tendons plafond plantar flexion portal position posterior tibial posterolateral postoperative Preoperative procedure proximal phalanx radiograph reduction resection retinaculum rotation rupture screw shoe skin soft-tissue stability subluxation subtalar joint supination surgery surgical sutures talar talar neck talocalcaneal talus tarsal technique tion tissue treatment valgus deformity varus weight-bearing wire


text:
With over 80 flavors to choose from, it is the product line of reference adopted by professionals throughout the world.
What separates Monin from the rest, is its rich and natural flavors. Monin syrups are highly concentrated and made from natural fruits, nuts, spices, water and sugar. Monin syrups do not include any fat or cholesterol.
Copyright © 2019 ARCO coffee Company. Powered by Zen Cart


text:
Michael Franti & Spearhead Release 'Say Hey'
Today href="http://www.spearheadvibrations.com/" target="_blank">Michael Franti and Spearhead released another digital single and accompanying video for "Say Hey," from the upcoming href="http://anti.com/catalog/view/109/All_Rebel_Rockers">All Rebel Rockers (out Sept 9). As href="http://www.antilabelblog.com/?p=348" target="_blank">reported on the anti blog, the video was filmed under tense conditions in one of Brazil's most notorious favelas.
See the end result of the video shoot and hear "Say Hey" href="http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?id=285729086&s=143441" target="_blank">here.


text:
iPads and Google apps. Robotics and minecraft teams. Northside schools are integrating technology in unique ways and a new event will allow students and teachers to share the successes from their campuses.
News Archive
Thankfully the sun was shining brightly at the 18th Texas Solar Race Car Event held Saturday, May 10 at Gustafson Stadium. Two hundred and fifty two teams competed from 60 Northside elementary schools.
The $648.34 million School Bond 2014 proposal goes before voters this Saturday, May 10 and polls will be open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Voters must vote at their specific precinct which is determined by home address.
More than 500 employees are being honored this week for over 11,000 years of service to Northside ISD at the annual Recognition & Retirement Celebration.
This week (May 5-9) is NISD Substitute Educators Week, as well as National Substitute Teacher Appreciation Week (or SubWeek).
School Bond 2014, a proposal for $648.34 million, adds 409 new classrooms to manage continuing growth and renovates older schools to meet curriculum requirements and current standards. In fact, the majority of the proposal renovates existing, older neighborhood schools.
On Sunday, May 4, be prepared to visit a lemonade stand near you. More than 6,300 students from 67 NISD elementary schools will participate in "Lemonade Day" in Northside. They are enrolled in Northside ISD's Learning Tree After School Enrichment Program.
Statement from San Antonio Police Department: The San Antonio Police Department has concluded that the person responsible for the latest emailed threats upon San Antonio schools is, in fact, the same person responsible for past telephone threats from 2012 and 2013.
A threatening email was received by Northside ISD high schools this afternoon. The email was quickly referred to the San Antonio Police Department who say the email was sent from out-of-state.
Sixth, seventh and eighth grade choir students from 18 (of 19) middle schools will sing and dance together for the seventh annual "Together We Sing" performance, being held at 6 p.m., Saturday, May 3 at Paul Taylor Field House.
School Bond 2014 proposes to buy 129 new school buses at a cost of $15 million. Ninety two buses would replace aging buses and 37 buses would be added to the District's 800-bus fleet.
On May 10, the $648.34 million Northside School Bond 2014 proposal will go before voters. Early voting runs from April 28 to May 6 and several early voting sites are located in Northside ISD.
TAKE NOTICE that an election will be held in the Northside Independent School District on May 10, 2014 CONCERNING THE ISSUANCE OF SCHOOL BUILDING BONDS IN THE AMOUNT OF $648,340,000.
TOME NOTA que el 10 de mayo de 2014, se llevará a cabo una elección en el Distrito del Escolar Independiente de Northside, EN RELACIÓN CON LA EMISIÓN DE BONOS QUE NO EXCEDAN $648,340,000.
Northside ISD's 115 schools reported an attendance rate of 57 percent today, April 24, 2014. A typical day in NISD has an attendance rate of 95 percent.
All Northside elementary schools will implement the "Controlled Access Plan" tomorrow, April 24.
An Open Letter to Northside ISD Staff and Parents From Superintendent Brian Woods: As you know, we are cooperating in an investigation with local and federal law enforcement of an anonymous threat to a San Antonio area elementary school. As soon as we received the threat we engaged internal and external law enforcement for advice and assistance. While we are told that the credibility of the threat is low, we have and will continue to take it seriously.
This message is to inform you that within the past few days area agencies became aware of a threat being made toward a San Antonio-area elementary school. The threat was not specific to any particular school, but did allude to possible violence being committed on the morning of April 24. While this may well be a hoax, we have to treat the threat seriously.
Technology plays a significant role in instruction, and School Bond 2014 would provide more computers and mobile devices for student and staff use. The $47 million earmarked for technology projects would also provide upgrades to District-wide infrastructure.
Now is the perfect time to empty medicine cabinets, bedside tables, and kitchen drawers of unwanted, unused, and expired prescription drugs as the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) holds its annual National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day on Saturday, April 26.
The safety and security of students and staff is a top priority for Northside ISD and School Bond 2014 proposes $8.28 million in safety and security projects.
April marks the nation's Month of the Military Child. As a way to honor military youth affected by deployment, school district employees and students across the state are encouraged to wear purple on Tuesday, April 15, as part of "Purple Up! For Military Kids."
Northside ISD has one of the largest high school bowling leagues in the state. NISD can now boast the number one team in the state.
As any homeowner knows, you can't have a house without a roof and mechanical systems that are efficient and safe. In Northside we believe that safe, well maintained facilities enhance the learning opportunities for students.
Once again, Northside is expecting a large kindergarten enrollment for the upcoming school year, making it all the more critical that parents register their children during Kinder Roundup in order to secure a seat at their neighborhood school. More than 7,500 kindergarten students are expected to enroll for the 2014-15 school year.


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After a very long week of the "Cold Dead Hand" controversy and Jim's Oficial Statement on the matter... Jim has written a new blog entry in the Huffington Post:
"I disagree wholeheartedly with those who say that there are just too many guns out there to control and that more gun laws won't make a difference. Change must start someplace. I'm pretty sure that no worthwhile endeavor has ever been accomplished without a beginning and reducing gun violence in America is a worthwhile endeavor.
These mass shootings and daily body counts on your local news are terrible tragedies. The utter devastation that must be endured by the victims' families is unfathomable. These horrific events are also an invitation for us to become more civilized and to deal with our addiction and entitlement to violence. Not to shut our eyes and ears and scream at those with a different opinion than ours to "fuck off and go back to Canada." I will gladly go back and visit Canada as I have many friends and loved ones there. I am so proud of that country and everything it's given to me, but I am also a naturalized American citizen and I have been bringing as much joy as I can to people in this country for 30 years. I care deeply about our future and I feel it's my duty as a citizen to do everything in my power to make this a better place.
For those who say I'm a hypocrite because I have an armed bodyguard, lets make one thing clear: No one in my employ is allowed to carry a large magazine and NO ONE IS ASKING ANYONE TO GIVE UP THEIR RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS, though it is in the vested interests of those who profit by gun sales to make it seem so. It's just the type of arms, the easy access and the means with which to cause massive devastation to good and innocent people that I hope we can limit. It's the quality of mercy, the tiniest spark of empathy that I know lives in every one of us that I wish to ignite in you.
And to the bullies who will try to marginalize and discredit me by saying, "Shut up, you're just an actor," while they brag about what a great president the ACTOR Ronald Reagan was, who threaten me with the demise of my acting career and much worse, I say SO BE IT! How shallow do they think I am? I would trade my money, my fame, my reputation and legacy if there were the slightest chance of preventing the anguish of another Columbine, Virginia Tech, Aurora, or Sandy Hook Elementary School. I ask you, truly, what manner of human being would not?
I have been aghast at the level of hatred heaped upon me, my family and the people I work with over a mere difference of opinion on this issue. Perhaps my words were a bit harsh at the onset, but calling someone a "Motherfucker" is far different than wishing them to die. It is shocking to see this concerted effort to brutally intimidate anyone who speaks of a compassionate compromise.
These thugs, though menacing, are a minority but they will have their way if good people don't step forward now and make a difference. Every American has the right to speak their mind. Every American has the right to bear arms. But it is up to every American to draw the line when it comes to the type of guns that are considered a reasonable means of self-defense.
No one is allowed to own a bazooka. In a movie theater an assault rifle with a 100-round drum magazine can cause just as much damage.
So don't just sit there and do nothing. Contact your representatives and let them know that their jobs depend upon change. It won't always be someone else's kids in the line of fire.
The time is now. LET YOUR HEART BE HEARD."
I don't know about you guys but I was so moved by his post that I had to reply on twitter and I comment on the HuffPost as well.
It's just warmed my heart and put a smile on my face.
As many of you here know, I became an active part is answering some comments regarding this matter as well as sharing my opinion. And reading Jim use the word "compromise" that I have repeated so many times in this last week, let's me know that, at least on this matter, we really are on the same page and that I did well in sharing my opinion.
I feel happy. ^^


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text:
The methods are designed to accomplish the aims. Thus it is important that you know and use the methods of Boy Scouting. Other methods are good, but they may bring different results – results quite different than we are seeking.
The ideals of Scouting are spelled out in the Scout Oath,Law, motto, and slogan. The Scout measures himself against these ideals and continually tries to improve. The goals are high, and as he reaches for them he has some control over what he becomes. "Show Scout spirit," a requirement for rank advancement, means living up to these ideals.
The patrol method gives Scouts an experience in group living and participating citizenship. It places a certain amount of responsibility on young shoulders and teaches boys how to accept it. The patrol method allows Scouts to act in small groups where they easily can relate to each other. These small groups determine troop activities through their elected representatives.
Boy Scouting is designed to take place outdoors. It is in the outdoors that Scouts share responsibilities and learn to live with each other. It is here that the skills and activities practiced at troop meetings come alive with purpose. Being close to nature helps Scouts gain an appreciation for God's handiwork and humankind's place in it. The outdoors is the laboratory for Scouts to learn ecology and practice conservation of nature's resources.
Scouting provides a series of surmountable obstacles and steps to overcome them through the advancement method. The Scout plans his advancement and, by participating in the troop program, progresses as he overcomes each challenge. The Scout is rewarded for each achievement, which helps him gain self-confidence. The steps in the advancement system help him grow in self reliance and the ability to help others.
Adult Association
Boys learn from the example set by their adult leaders.Troop leadership may be male or female, and association with adults of highcharacter is encouraged at this stage of a young man's development.
Personal Growth
As Scouts plan their activity and progress toward their goals, they experience personal growth. The Good Turn concept is a major partof the personal growth method of Scouting. Boys grow as they participate in community service projects and do Good Turns for others. There probably is no device so successful in developing a basis for personal growth as the daily Good Turn. The religious emblems program is also a large part of the personal growth method. Frequent conferences with his Scoutmaster help each Scout to determine his growth toward Scouting's aims.
Leadership Development
Boy Scouting encourages boys to learn and practice leadership skills. Every Scout has the opportunity to participate in both shared and total leadership situations. Understanding the concepts of leadership helps a boy accept the leadership roles of others and guides him toward the citizenship aim of Scouting.
The uniform makes the Scout troop visible as a force forgood and creates a positive youth image in the community. Boy Scouting is an action program, and wearing the uniform is an action that shows each Scout's commitment to the aims and purposes of Scouting. The uniform gives the Scout identity in a world brotherhood of youth who believe in the same ideals. The uniform is practical attire for Scout activities, and provides a way for Scouts to wear the badges that show what they have accomplished.


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The following transit lines have routes that pass near Birkerød St. - Bus: 500S; Train: A.
Click on the Bus route to see step by step directions with maps, line arrival times and updated time schedules.From Kildebakke St., Søborg 66 min
Click on the Train route to see step by step directions with maps, line arrival times and updated time schedules.From Kildebakke St., Søborg 39 min
The closest stations to Birkerød St. are:
These Bus lines stop near Birkerød St.: 500S.
These Train lines stop near Birkerød St.: A.
View all the routes that stop at Birkerød St. in Birkerød, Denmark.
Not looking for Birkerød St.? Want to find the closest Bus or Train stations nearest to me? Select another station or stop from our map view to find the bus, train, or otherBirkerød station that is closest to me.
Want to know what stations are near me right now? Find the Bus or Train stations nearest to you by downloading the Moovit App. With our App, you can find the nearest bus stop, train station or find alternative routes and schedules that will get you to Birkerød St..
Looking for a specific station close to your destination? Find the nearest stop or alternative stops closest to Birkerød St. with Moovit. Select from this list of alternative stations for Birkerød St.: Birkerød St.; Birkerød St. (Rolighedsvej).
Find other relevant public transportation alternatives such as, Bus or Train routes, to reach your destination. The following transit options have routes that pass near Birkerød St. - Bus: 500S; Train: A.
How to get to Birkerød St. just became much easier with Moovit. You don't need to have a specific bus app to check the bus time or a train app to view the train schedule: Moovit has all your public transit information in one easy-to-use free app. This is why the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store selected Moovit as one of the best public transit apps available and why over 460 million users, including users in Birkerød, trust Moovit for their public transit needs!