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Difference between revisions of "PulseAudio"
(Had an issue with KMix and PulseAudio, found workaround at https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=167358)
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[https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Backends/ALSA/Profiles/ See pulseaudio article about profiles]
[https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/Backends/ALSA/Profiles/ See pulseaudio article about profiles]
=== Bluetooth headset replay problems ===
=== Bluetooth headset replay problems ===
Revision as of 09:56, 6 November 2013
PulseAudio is the default sound server that serves as a proxy to sound applications using existing kernel sound components like ALSA or OSS. Since ALSA is included in Arch Linux by default, the most common deployment scenarios include PulseAudio with ALSA.
Template:Article summary start Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary end
- 1 Installation
- 2 Running
- 3 Equalizer
- 4 Backend Configuration
- 5 Desktop environments
- 6 Applications
- 7 Troubleshooting
- 7.1 No sound after install
- 7.2 No HDMI sound output after some time with the monitor turned off
- 7.3 Can't update configuration of sound device in pavucontrol
- 7.4 Simultaneous output to multiple sound cards / devices
- 7.5 Simultaneous output to multiple sinks on the same sound card not working
- 7.6 Disable Bluetooth support
- 7.7 Bluetooth headset replay problems
- 7.8 Automatically switch to Bluetooth or USB headset
- 7.9 Pulse overwrites ALSA settings
- 7.10 Prevent Pulse from restarting after being killed
- 7.11 Daemon startup failed
- 7.12 padevchooser
- 7.13 Glitches, skips or crackling
- 7.14 Setting the default fragment number and buffer size in Pulseaudio
- 7.15 My Bluetooth device is paired but does not play any sound
- 7.16 Subwoofer stops working after end of every song
- 7.17 Pulseaudio uses wrong microphone
- 7.18 Choppy Sound with Analog Surround Sound Setup
- 7.19 No sound below a volume cutoff
- 7.20 Low volume for internal mic
- 7.21 Clients alter master output volume (aka volume jumps to 100% after running application)
- 7.22 Realtime scheduling
- 8 See also
- Required package: pulseaudio
- Optional GTK GUIs: paprefs and pavucontrol
- Optional volume control via mapped keyboard keys: pulseaudio-ctlAUR
- Optional console mixer: ponymix-gitAUR and pamixer-gitAUR
- Optional system tray icon: pasystray-gitAUR
- Optional KDE plasma applet: kdemultimedia-kmix and kdeplasma-applets-veromixAUR
daemon.conf or
default.pa) in
~/.config/pulse/ or
~/.pulse/, make sure you keep them in sync with changes to the packaged files in
/etc/pulse/. Otherwise, PulseAudio may refuse to start due to configuration errors.
- Pulseaudio requires D-Bus to function.
- Most X11 environments start pulseaudio automatically with the X11 session.
In the unlikely event that pulseaudio is not automatically called upon entering X, it can can be started with:
$ pulseaudio --start
PulseAudio can be stopped with:
$ pulseaudio -k
Newer pulseaudio versions have an intergrated 10-band equalizer system. In order to use the equalizer do the following:
Load equalizer sink module
$ pactl load-module module-equalizer-sink
Install and run the gui frontend
Install python-pyqt4 and execute:
$ qpaeq
Load equalizer module on every boot
Edit the file
/etc/pulse/default.pa with your favorite editor and append the following lines:
### Load the integrated pulseaudio equalizer module load-module module-equalizer-sink
Backend Configuration
- Recommended package: pulseaudio-alsa
- Optional packages: lib32-libpulse and lib32-alsa-plugins
For the applications that do not support PulseAudio and support ALSA it is recommended to install the PulseAudio plugin for ALSA. This package also contains the necessary
/etc/asound.conf for configuring ALSA to use PulseAudio.
To prevent applications from using ALSA's OSS emulation and bypassing Pulseaudio (thereby preventing other applications from playing sound), make sure the module
snd_pcm_oss is not being loaded at boot. If it is currently loaded (
lsmod|grep oss), disable it by executing:
# rmmod snd_pcm_oss
ALSA/dmix without grabbing hardware device
You may want to use ALSA directly in most of your applications and to be able to use other applications, which constantly require PulseAudio at the same time. The following steps allow you to make PulseAudio use dmix instead of grabbing ALSA hardware device.
- Remove package pulseaudio-alsa, which provides compatibility layer between ALSA applications and PulseAudio. After this your ALSA apps will use ALSA directly without being hooked by Pulse.
- Edit
- Find and uncomment lines which load backend drivers. Add device parameters as follows. Then find and comment lines which load autodetect modules.
load-module module-alsa-sink device=dmix load-module module-alsa-source device=dsnoop # load-module module-udev-detect # load-module module-detect
- Optional: If you use kdemultimedia-kmix you may want to control ALSA volume instead of PulseAudio volume:
$ echo export KMIX_PULSEAUDIO_DISABLE=1 > ~/.kde4/env/kmix_disable_pulse.sh $ chmod +x ~/.kde4/env/kmix_disable_pulse.sh
- Now, reboot your computer and try running alsa and pulseaudio applications at the same time. They both should produce sound simultaneously.
- Use pavucontrol to control PulseAudio volume if needed.
There are multiple ways of making OSS-only programs play to PulseAudio:
Install ossp package and start ossp service.
padsp wrapper (part of PulseAudio)
Programs using OSS can work with PulseAudio by starting it with padsp:
$ padsp OSSprogram
A few examples:
$ padsp aumix $ padsp sox foo.wav -t ossdsp /dev/dsp
You can also add a custom wrapper script like this:
#!/bin/sh exec padsp /usr/bin/OSSprogram "$@"
Make sure
/usr/local/bin comes before
/usr/bin in your PATH.
To make GStreamer use PulseAudio, you need to install gst-plugins-good or gstreamer0.10-good-plugins.
OpenAL Soft should use PulseAudio by default, but can be explicitly configured to do so:
Edit the libao configuration file:
# /etc/libao.conf
Be sure to remove the
dev=default option of the alsa driver or adjust it to specify a specific Pulse sink name or number.
PulseAudio is a drop-in replacement for the enlightened sound daemon (ESD). While PulseAudio is running, ESD clients should be able to output to it without configuration.
Desktop environments
General X11
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/pulseaudio or the files in
/etc/xdg/autostart/ if users have some DE installed.
Check to see if PulseAudio is running:
$ ps aux | grep pulse
facade 1794 0.0 0.0 360464 6532 ? S<l 15:33 0:00 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --start facade 1827 0.0 0.0 68888 2608 ? S 15:33 0:00 /usr/lib/pulse/gconf-helper
If Pulseaudio is not running and users are using X, the following will start PulseAudio with the needed the X11 plugins manually:
$ start-pulseaudio-x11
If you are not running Gnome, KDE or XFCE and your
~/.xinitrc does not source the scripts in
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d (such as is done in the example file
/etc/skel/.xinitrc) then you can launch PulseAudio on boot with:
As of GNOME 3, GNOME fully integrates with PulseAudio and no extra configuration is needed.
PulseAudio is not a drop-in replacement for aRts. Users of KDE 3 cannot use PulseAudio. However note, recent versions of PulseAudio may have eliminated the prohibition:
See: http://www.pulseaudio.org/wiki/PerfectSetup KDE 3 uses the artsd sound server by default. However, artsd itself can be configured to use an Esound backend. Edit
kcmartsrc (either in
/etc/kde or
/usr/share/config for global configuration or
.kde/share/config to configure only one user) like this:
[Arts] Arguments=\s-F 10 -S 4096 -a esd -n -s 1 -m artsmessage -c drkonqi -l 3 -f NetworkTransparent=true SuspendTime=1
KDE Plasma Workspaces and Qt4
PulseAudio, it will be used by KDE/Qt4 applications. For more information see the KDE page in the PulseAudio wiki.
PulseAudio support has been merged into KMix, the default KDE sound mixer.
If the phonon-gstreamer backend is used for Phonon, GStreamer should also be configured to use PulseAudio by installing gstreamer0.10-good-plugins.
One useful tidbit from that page is to add
load-module module-device-manager to
Additionally, the kdeplasma-applets-veromixAUR is available in the AUR as a KDE alternative to KMix or pavucontrol.
If KMix/Veromix fail to connect to PulseAudio at boot you may need to edit
/etc/pulse/client.conf to include
autospawn = yes instead of
autospawn = no.
Applications running under Xfce can take advantage of PulseAudio. To manage PulseAudio settings you can use pavucontrol.
Audacious natively supports PulseAudio. In order to use it, set Audacious Preferences -> Audio -> Current output plugin to 'PulseAudio Output Plugin'.
Java/OpenJDK 6
Create a wrapper for the java executable using padsp as seen on the Java sound with Pulseaudio page.
Music Player Daemon (MPD)
configure MPD to use PulseAudio. See also MPD/Tips and Tricks#MPD and PulseAudio.
MPlayer natively supports PulseAudio output with the "
-ao pulse" option. It can also be configured to default to PulseAudio output, in
~/.mplayer/config for per-user, or
/etc/mplayer/mplayer.conf for system-wide:
Skype (x86_64 only)
Install lib32-libpulse, otherwise the following error will occur when trying to initiate a call: "Problem with Audio Playback".
No sound after install
Muted audio device
If one experiences no audio output via any means while using ALSA, attempt to unmute the sound card. To do this, launch
alsamixer and make sure each column has a green 00 under it (this can be toggled by pressing
$ alsamixer -c 0
Auto-Mute Mode
Auto-Mute Mode may be enabled. It can be disabled using
See http://superuser.com/questions/431079/how-to-disable-auto-mute-mode for more.
Bad configuration files
If after starting pulseaudio, the system outputs no sound, it may be necessary to delete the contents of
~/.pulse. Pulseaudio will automatically create new configuration files on its next start.
Flash content
Since Adobe Flash does not directly support PulseAudio the recommended way is to configure ALSA to use the virtual PulseAudio soundcard.
Alternatively you may try out libflashsupport-pulseAUR from the AUR.
No cards
If PulseAudio starts, run
pacmd list. If no cards are reported, make sure that the ALSA devices are not in use:
$ fuser -v /dev/snd/* $ fuser -v /dev/dsp
Make sure any applications using the pcm or dsp files are shut down before restarting PulseAudio.
The only device shown is "dummy output"
This may be caused by different reasons, one of them being the
.asoundrc file in $HOME is taking precedence over the systemwide
The user file is modified also by the tool
asoundconf or by its graphical variant
asoundconf-gtk (the latter is named "Default sound card" in the menu) as soon as it runs. Prevent the effects of
.asoundrc altogether by commenting the last line like this:
# </home/yourusername/.asoundrc.asoundconf>
Maybe some program is monopolizing the audio device:
# fuser -v /dev/snd/*
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND /dev/snd/controlC0: root 931 F.... timidity bob 1195 F.... panel-6-mixer /dev/snd/controlC1: bob 1195 F.... panel-6-mixer bob 1215 F.... pulseaudio /dev/snd/pcmC0D0p: root 931 F...m timidity /dev/snd/seq: root 931 F.... timidity /dev/snd/timer: root 931 f.... timidity
That means timidity blocks pulseaudio from accessing the audio devices. Just killing timidity will make the sound work again.
Another reason is FluidSynth conclicting with pulseaudio as discussed in this thread. The solution is to remove FluidSynth:
# pacman -Rnsc fluidsynth
It may be that another output device set as preferred in phonon. Make sure that every setting reflects the preferred output device at the top, and check the playback streams tab in
kmix to make sure that applications are using the device for output.
Failed to create sink input: sink is suspended
If you do not have any output sound and receive dozens of errors related to a suspended sink in your
journalctl -b log, then backup first and then delete your user-specific pulse folders:
$ rm -r ~/.pulse ~/.pulse-cookie
No HDMI sound output after some time with the monitor turned off
The monitor is connected via HDMI/DisplayPort, and the audio jack is plugged in the headphone jack of the monitor, but pulseaudio insists that it's unplugged:
pactl list sinks
... hdmi-output-0: HDMI / DisplayPort (priority: 5900, not available) ...
This leads to no sound coming from HDMI output. A workaround for this is to switch to another TTY and back again. This problem has been reported by ATI/Nvidia/Intel users.
Can't update configuration of sound device in pavucontrol
pavucontrol is a handy GUI utility for configuring pulseaudio. Under its 'Configuration' tab, you can select different profiles for each of your sound devices e.g. analogue stereo, digital output (IEC958), HDMI 5.1 Surround etc.
However, you may run into an instance where selecting a different profile for a card results in the pulse daemon crashing and auto restarting without the new selection "sticking". If this occurs, use the other useful GUI tool, paprefs, to check under the "Simultaneous Output" tab for a virtual simultaneous device. If this setting is active (checked), it will prevent you changing any card's profile in pavucontrol. Uncheck this setting, then adjust your profile in pavucontrol prior to re-enabling simultaneous output in paprefs.
Simultaneous output to multiple sound cards / devices
Simultaneous output to two different devices can be very useful. For example, being able to send audio to your A/V receiver via your graphics card's HDMI output, while also sending the same audio through the analogue output of your motherboard's built-in audio. This is much less hassle than it used to be (in this example, we are using GNOME desktop).
Using paprefs, simply select "Add virtual output device for simultaneous output on all local sound cards" from under the "Simultaneous Output" tab. Then, under GNOME's "sound settings", select the simultaneous output you have just created.
If this doesn't work, try adding the following to
pcm.dsp { type plug slave.pcm "dmix" }
Simultaneous output to multiple sinks on the same sound card not working
This can be useful for users who have multiple sound sources and want to play them on different sinks/outputs. An example use-case for this would be if you play music and also voice chat and want to output music to speakers (in this case Digital S/PDIF) and voice to headphones. (Analog)
This is sometimes auto detected by pulseaudio but not always. If you know that your soundcard can output to both Analog and S/PDIF at the same time and pulseaudio does not have this option in it's profiles in pavucontrol, or veromix then you probably need to create a configuration file for your soundcard.
More in detail you need to create a profile-set for your specific soundcard. This is done in two steps mostly.
- Create udev rule to make pulseaudio choose your pulseaudio configuration file specific to the soundcard.
- Create the actual configuration.
Create a pulseadio udev rule.
ACTION=="change", SUBSYSTEM=="sound", KERNEL=="card*", \ ATTRS{subsystem_vendor}=="0x1043", ATTRS{subsystem_device}=="0x835c", ENV{PULSE_PROFILE_SET}="asus-xonar-essence-stx.conf"
Create now a configuration file. If you bother you can start from scratch and make if saucy. However you can also use the default configuration file rename it and then add your profile there that you know works. Less pretty but also faster.
To enable multiple sinks for Asus Xonar Essence STX you need only to add this in.
asus-xonar-essence-stx.conf also includes all code/mappings from
[Profile analog-stereo+iec958-stereo] description = Analog Stereo Duplex + Digital Stereo Output input-mappings = analog-stereo output-mappings = analog-stereo iec958-stereo skip-probe = yes
This will auto-profile your Asus Xonar Essence STX with default profiles and add your own profile so you can have multiple sinks.
You need to create another profile in the configuration file if you want to have the same functionality with AC3 Digital 5.1 output.
See pulseaudio article about profiles
Disable Bluetooth support
If you do not use Bluetooth you may experience the following error in your journal:
bluez5-util.c: GetManagedObjects() failed: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.ServiceUnknown: The name org.bluez was not provided by any .service files
Bluetooth support in Pulseaudio can be disabled by commenting out the following lines in
~/.config/pulse/default.pa or
### Automatically load driver modules for Bluetooth hardware #.ifexists module-bluetooth-policy.so #load-module module-bluetooth-policy #.endif #.ifexists module-bluetooth-discover.so #load-module module-bluetooth-discover #.endif
Bluetooth headset replay problems
Some user report huge delays or even no sound when the bluetooth connection does not send any data. This is due to an idle-suspend-module that puts the related sinks/sources automatically into suspend. As this can cause problems with headset, the responsible module can be deactivated.
$ cp /etc/pulse/default.pa ~/.pulse/default.pa
; load-module module-suspend-on-idle
$ pulseaudio -k && pulseaudio --start
Automatically switch to Bluetooth or USB headset
Add the following:
# automatically switch to newly-connected devices load-module module-switch-on-connect
Pulse overwrites ALSA settings
Pulseaudio usually overwrites the ALSA settings- for example set with alsamixer- at start up, even when the alsa daemon is loaded. Since there seems to be no other way to restrict this behaviour, a workaround is to restore the alsa settings again after pulseaudio had started. Add the following command to
.xinitrc or
.bash_profile or any other autostart file:
restore_alsa() { while [ -z "$(pidof pulseaudio)" ]; do sleep 0.5 done alsactl -f /var/lib/alsa/asound.state restore } restore_alsa &
Prevent Pulse from restarting after being killed
Sometimes you may wish to temporarily disable Pulse. In order to do so you will have to prevent Pulse from restarting after being killed.
$ echo autospawn=no > ~/.pulse/client.conf
Daemon startup failed
Try resetting PulseAudio:
$ rm -rf /tmp/pulse* ~/.pulse* $ pulseaudio -k $ pulseaudio --start
If there is no server running but pulseaudio fails to start with an error message "User-configured server at ... refusing to start/autospawn", the issue may be with PulseAudio settings from a previous login. Check to see if there are any stale properties attached to the X11 root window with
pax11publish -d, and if there are, remove them with
pax11publish -r before trying to start the server. This manual cleanup is always required when using LXDM because it does not restart the X server on logout; see LXDM#PulseAudio.
inotify issue
If the previous fix doesn't work, see if you get an error like this:
$ pulseaudio -vvvv
E: [pulseaudio] module-udev-detect.c: You apparently ran out of inotify watches, probably because Tracker/Beagle took them all away. I wished people would do their homework first and fix inotify before using it for watching whole directory trees which is something the current inotify is certainly not useful for. Please make sure to drop the Tracker/Beagle guys a line complaining about their broken use of inotify.
In which case you have run out of inotify watches.
This can quickly be resolved by:
# echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches
To have it permanently changed, use:
# Increase inotify max watchs per user fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 100000
If one cannot launch the PulseAudio Device Chooser, first restart the Avahi daemon (avahi-daemon).
Glitches, skips or crackling
The newer implementation of PulseAudio sound server uses a timer-based audio scheduling instead of the traditional interrupt-driven approach.
Timer-based scheduling may expose issues in some ALSA drivers. On the other hand, other drivers might be glitchy without it on, so check to see what works on your system.
To turn timer-based scheduling off add
tsched=0 in
load-module module-udev-detect tsched=0
Then restart the PulseAudio server:
$ pulseaudio -k $ pulseaudio --start
Do the reverse to enable timer-based scheduling, if not already enabled by default.
Please report any such cards to PulseAudio Broken Sound Driver page
Setting the default fragment number and buffer size in Pulseaudio
Finding out your audio device parameters (1/4)
To find your sound card buffering settings:
$ echo autospawn = no >> ~/.pulse/client.conf $ pulseaudio -k $ LANG=C timeout --foreground -k 10 -s kill 10 pulseaudio -vvvv 2>&1 | grep device.buffering -B 10 $ sed -i '$d' ~/.pulse/client.conf
For each sound card detected by Pulseaudio, you will see output similar to this:
I: [pulseaudio] source.c: alsa.long_card_name = "HDA Intel at 0xfa200000 irq 46" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: alsa.driver_name = "snd_hda_intel" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.bus_path = "pci-0000:00:1b.0" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: sysfs.path = "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card0" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.bus = "pci" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.vendor.id = "8086" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.vendor.name = "Intel Corporation" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.product.name = "82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.form_factor = "internal" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.string = "front:0" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.buffering.buffer_size = "768000" I: [pulseaudio] source.c: device.buffering.fragment_size = "384000"
Take note the buffer_size and fragment_size values for the relevant sound card.
Calculate your fragment size in msecs and number of fragments (2/4)
Pulseaudio's default sampling rate and bit depth are set to
44100Hz @
16 bits.
With this configuration, the bit rate we need is
16 =
44100 is disabled and needs to be changed to
# sed 's/; default-sample-rate = 44100/default-sample-rate = 96000/g' -i /etc/pulse/daemon.conf
Restart pulseaudio to apply the new settings (4/5)
$ pulseaudio -k $ pulseaudio --start
Finally check by recording and playing it back (5/5)
Let us record some voice using mic for say 10 seconds. Make sure the mic is not muted and all
$ arecord -f cd -d 10 test-mic.wav
After 10 seconds, let us play the recording...
$ aplay test-mic.wav
Now hopefully, there is no static noise in microphone recording anymore.
My Bluetooth device is paired but does not play any sound
See the article in Bluetooth section
Starting from PulseAudio 2.99 and bluez 4.101 you should avoid using Socket interface. Do NOT use:
[General] Enable=Socket
If you face problems with A2DP and PA 2.99 make sure you have sbc library.
Subwoofer stops working after end of every song
Known issue: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/pulseaudio/+bug/494099
To fix this, must edit:
/etc/pulse/daemon.conf and enable
enable-lfe-remixing :
enable-lfe-remixing = yes
Pulseaudio uses wrong microphone
If Pulseaudio uses the wrong microphone, and changing the Input Device with Pavucontrol did not help, take a look at alsamixer. It seems that Pavucontrol does not always set the input source correctly.
$ alsamixer
F6 and choose your sound card, e.g. HDA Intel. Now press
F5 to display all items. Try to find the item:
Input Source. With the up/down arrow keys you are able to change the input source.
Now try if the correct microphone is used for recording.
Choppy Sound with Analog Surround Sound Setup
The low-frequency effects (LFE) channel is not remixed per default. To enable it the following needs to be set in
/etc/pulse/daemon.conf :
enable-lfe-remixing = yes
No sound below a volume cutoff
Known issue (won't fix): https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/pulseaudio/+bug/223133
If sound doesn't play when Pulseaudio's volume is set below a certain level, try
ignore_dB=1 in
load-module module-udev-detect ignore_dB=1
However, be aware that it may cause another bug preventing pulseaudio to unmute speakers when headphones or other audio devices are unplugged.
Low volume for internal mic
If you experience low volume on internal notebook microphone, try setting:
set-source-volume 1 300000
Clients alter master output volume (aka volume jumps to 100% after running application)
If changing volume in specific applications changes also master output volume you can try to diasble flat volumes. Set:
flat-volumes = no
Then restart Pulseaudio daemon:
# pulseaudio -k # pulseaudio --start
Realtime scheduling
If rtkit doesn't work, you can manually set up your system to run PulseAudio with realtime scheduling, which can help performance. To do this, add the following lines to
@pulse-rt - rtprio 9 @pulse-rt - nice -11
Afterwards, you need to add your user to the
pulse-rt group:
# gpasswd -a <user> pulse-rt
See also
- http://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/Asoundrc - Alsa wiki on .asoundrc
- http://www.pulseaudio.org/ - PulseAudio official site
- http://www.pulseaudio.org/wiki/FAQ - PulseAudio FAQ


text:
If there truly is a flashback movie that plays in our heads just before we die, the remodeling of the MSGL buildings will certainly be a part of mine. And the sweaty people covered in dust will be in it too, smiling (mostly) like they were in these photos from the first week of demolition.
The following pictures represent some of my favorite memories of the building project because we were all so young and optimistic. We didn't truly grasp what working for six months through the winter with no electricity and no toilets and no babysitters would be like. So many parents, teachers, spouses, and extended family members gave their days off and their nights and weekends to prepare this space to be our new and improved Montessori School of Greater Lafayette. They did it for free and, most importantly, they did it with a sense of humor.
Dragging the folding partitions out of the basement.
The above photo brings to mind a particularly disheartening day. The church basement was divided up into classrooms by these heavy, orange, folding partitions. Before we could start cutting into the concrete floors and tearing out the ceilng, we had to remove all of these partitions. Did I mention that they were extremely heavy? So heavy, in fact, that we couldn't move them once we got them detached and rolled up on the floor. I recall seeing Craig Lamb, Beth Nichols, and Tony Harvey pushing on them with all of their might and they just weren't budging. The wise, manly men in our group decided to drag them out of the basement using the Bobcat. Don Harvey did just that. As Tony, project manager, recalled, "That part of the demolition was really brutal. You would go in and see what was going to beat the heck out of you that day."
Just like in a Montessori classroom, every volunteer found a niche. Some of the parents didn't want to see anything go to waste, so they took out the light fixtures and the doors and anything that might be of value and marked it for a remodeling sale we had a few weeks later.
Ellie's mom is organizing the salvaged items in the future toddler room.
One of the reasons we had such a dedicated group of volunteers is that demolition work is really fun! After a long day we could put on our grubby clothes and work gloves, grab a Wonder Bar and tear into the drywall and studs.
Ron and Cathy Stier.
Brian Berndt.
Beth working in the future River Birch room.
Beth and Cathy take out nails so we could re-use the studs.
Tools like the Sawzall made the job a lot more fun. This volunteer is standing in what is now the Willow room.
Tony unloads another wheelbarrow of debris.
Water girls, Gaia and Grace.
The author was concerned about lawn maintenance.
I was really worried that the lawn would grow too long and we would look like bad neighbors. This was the first and last time I mowed the entire campus with a push mower.
That week was lots of fun, but I'm glad it's done. Have a great Wednesday!
Photo courtesy of Lena Atkinson
What is Montessori?
Rather than explaining what Montessori is, I am offering an excerpt from an article that does a beautiful job of describing what Montessorians do. Maria Montessori's Decalogue is a set of 10 rules for adults working in a Montessori classroom. It is relevant to parents, grandparents, and caregivers of all types who strive to relate to children peacefully and respectfully in any environment.
I hope you will enjoy this expanded version of the Montessori Decalogue as written by The Mammolina Children's Home Montessori Kindergarten in Beijing, China.
The Montessori Decalogue
1. Never touch the child unless invited by him (in some way or another).
Unless there is a very strong reason to (like avoiding an accident, for example), one should never touch a child unless a child requests it. Picking up a child without the child's consent, even if in a playful manner, or grabbing her hand, pushing her, etc., should always be avoided. If children are engaged, looking at a book, working, playing, resting, the same principle applies. Children invite contact in many ways, and parents and adults in general, who work with children, know how to interpret the signs they send. It is important also to respect a child when she is angry and does not want to be touched or picked up.
2. Never speak ill of the child in his presence or absence.
Speaking ill of a child, or making negative comments about a child, either in the child's presence or absence, denotes lack of respect for the child. It also sets a frame of mind and denotes an attitude that is negative and conducive to confrontation—and not always open! Preconceived ideas often linger as negative thoughts and breed reactive behavior. If an adult falls into this trap, it is very easy for a lack of patience and negative attitudes to creep in and damage the relationship with the child.
3. Concentrate on strengthening and helping the development of what is good in the child, so that its presence may leave less and less space for what is negative.
If adults focus on negative behavior, children will feel inadequate. This will result in low self-esteem, and a self-fulfilling prophecy like behavioral patterns will take over. Negativity will become second nature. Instead, by focusing on what is positive, the child will feel safe and confident. Children are learning what is and is not acceptable behavior can and cannot be done, etc. They do not need punishments or rewards. Simply to be shown what is and is not acceptable, by adults that model appropriate behavior.
4. Be proactive in preparing the environment, take meticulous and constant care of it. Help the child establish constructive relations with it. Show the proper place where the means of development are kept and demonstrate their proper use.
If the child is presented with a prepared environment, there is little need for much more. Again, modeling appropriate behavior is essential. A child that is shown an orderly environment will likewise feel encouraged to keep it orderly. If a child has available manipulatives she can handle, play and work with, rather than things she cannot touch, she will feel at ease to explore the world around her. If objects are at reach, that the child may break or hurt herself with, she should be shown how to handle them, rather than told "don't touch!" A kitchen is a world full of wonder for a child! Cutting, cooking, stirring, pouring, etc., are all activities the child will want—and need!—to master in order to become independent. Include the child in as many activities as possible at home, from cleaning to cooking; there is enough to keep any child busy and engaged all day long.
5. Be ever ready to answer the call of the child who stands in need of you, and always listen and respond to the child who appeals to you.
There is nothing worse for a child than to feel insecure and ignored. Abandonment is a feeling no child should have to live with. "If a child asks for attention, then that child needs attention," stressed Montessorian Margaret Homfray. When people brush a child aside and say, "she just wants attention," that person is missing the point: a child only wants attention when she needs attention. Children who feel cared for and do not have to worry about being abandoned, even if for a short time, are far more likely to care for others and show concern for and trust others, than those who experience this sort of "cold shoulder" treatment. Also, "timeout" and "go to your room and stay there" approaches are also expressions of abandonment.
6. Respect the child who makes a mistake and can then or later correct it herself, but stop firmly and immediately any misuse of the environment and any action which endangers the child, its own development or that of others.
Avoid rushing to correct mistakes a child has committed. Children are learning to cope and function. They will persist and practice to their heart's content whatever skill they need to acquire, until they master it. If a child starts throwing things around and disrespecting the environment, by all means, stop her. Yet, explain why you had to stop her. Reason and listen to what the child may have to say. Maria Montessori said that "a child's first tantrums are the first ills of her soul." There is always a reason for everything. Try to bring the reason to light. Punishing, isolating the child, etc., will only feed her pain, and burry deep those reasons—she will learn to hide rather than communicate.
7. Respect the child who takes a rest or watches others working or ponders over what she herself has done or will do. Neither call her nor force her to other forms of activity.
A child that is idle is often not idle at all… Children need to be given space to find what it is they are interested in and want to do. Once they do, they pursue their interests with unrestrained passion and perseverance! A child that is observing other children or adults is also learning. If the child is resting, she is not being lazy and doing nothing just lying there—she is most probably processing information, observing, reflecting on something she did, or saw, or is planning on doing.
8. Help those who are in search of activity and cannot find it.
Be sensitive to the needs of the child including differentiating when apparent inactivity is inner activity, or in contrast, a child is simply lost. A child in search of activity and unable to find it is usually restless. If sitting or lying down, it can be noticed that she is not "engaged;" she is not resting, but simply lost and prostrated. There is a thin line that separates these two worlds. It is the adult's responsibility to observe carefully and find out the signs—often very different from child to child—that can reveal what the child is experiencing. Abandonment differs from rest and contemplation.
9. Be untiring in repeating presentations to the child who refused them earlier, in helping the child to acquire what is not yet her own and to overcome imperfections. Do this by animating the environment, with care, with purposive restraint and silence, with mild words and loving presence. Make your ready presence felt to the child who searches and hide from the child who has found.
A child may need to be shown the right way to do something, say a word, express her feelings or acquire any sort of new skill, many, many times. One should never grow tired of repeating it, such as reading the same bedtime story or singing the same jingle. Children seek perfection in all they do until they reach a level which meets their needs (not what the adult may think "perfect" is, or means.) To be always available but not intrusive is an art. When a child needs help, she will ask for it. When a skill has been acquired and the child no longer needs assistance, adults should respect the child's new acquired or reached level of independence.
10. Always treat the child with the best of good manners and offer her the best you have in yourself and at your disposal.
Children who are respected will learn to respect others. Giving the child the best one has to give helps the child learn that you are someone she can count on, and teaches her to also give others the best she has to give. It is important the way Montessori puts it, "the best you have in yourself," as if to say, always reach higher, but do not feel dismayed if you fall short, and "the best" that you can give is not the best you think or know you should give. If your best manners are not always what they should be—a common feeling parents harbor when children seem to be pushing their patience beyond the limits, do not lose heart. The way Dr. Montessori put it, is basically this: have realistic expectations towards the child, and yourself too. Give the best you have to give, but don't feel guilty if you fall short. Simply keep striving to improve and always do your best. If you commit a mistake, giving the child your best may well be recognizing it and apologizing. "Amy, Mommy got upset and shouted. That was not nice of me. I am sorry." Children also need to recognize mistakes, learn to apologize, and that parents are not always perfect.
These are basic principles. What Montessori strives for is to protect the child from all sorts of negative influences that can create deviations in the child's spirit and psyche. To preserve the natural curiosity of the child, help her find her interests, protect her passion for learning, foster it and let it grow in a healthy way. In this way, the child can contribute her best to society. This is conducive to world peace, as Dr. Montessori envisioned it, and Montessorians believe is possible. It takes passion, it takes commitment, and it takes working together.
- Excerpted from Montessori: Committed People with a Passion for Children by the Mammolina Children's Home Montessori Kindergarten in Beijing, China.
The weather forecast calls for all of this snow to be melting in about a week. In case you think you just can't wait that long, here are some photos of MSGL summers past to see you through.
1994 - Digging in the tiny sandbox at Morton Center.
2000 - Hula hooping at Morton Center.
2001 - Hi Cathy!
2002 - The Parent/Infant class posing by the sandbox.
2003 - Waiting for a wagon ride.
2009 - Sack racing at the family picnic at Happy Hollow Park.
2010 - Releasing a newly-emerged Monarch butterfly.
2011 - Summer camp besties.
2012 - Shoveling in the shady sandbox.
2013 - Gardening at summer camp.
It will only be a few more days until warmer, friendlier weather arrives. Until then, take heart! Spring never fails to arrive.
Have a terrific Wednesday.
1996 - Atlanta hosted the Summer Olympics this year and Prince Charles and Princess Diana were divorced. Dolly the sheep became the first mammal to be cloned. The first version of the Java programming language was released, HotMail started providing free email service, and just over 10 million people were using the internet.
Do you know someone who attended MSGL in 1996? You just might find them here.
Parent/Infant Class
Toddler Class
Preprimary Class A
Preprimary Class B
Preprimary Class D
Preprimary Class E
Extended Day Kindergarten
Thanks for reading. I hope you have been able to go sledding in all this snow. Have a terrific Wednesday!
One full year before MSGL acquired the property that is now our campus, the Calvary Baptist Church invited us to hold an open house for our families. These photos, from September 24, 1999, show lots of familiar faces and a campus without ramps, fences, or the 10 inches of snow that is on the ground today.
I can't bear to throw away a good opportunity for a photo comparison, but we don't have a current photo taken from the same perspective. Here are two beautiful photos that offer an idea of what this view looks like today.
I hope you were able to enjoy seeing some green grass and leaves on the trees. And I promise that Spring will come exactly when it's supposed to. Until then, thanks for reading and have your best possible Wednesday!
On September 21, 2000, Montessori Parents, Inc. officially closed on the purchase of the property at 2552 Soldiers Home Road that would become the new campus of the Montessori School of Greater Lafayette. To celebrate and prepare for the next step, the board of directors and some staff and parents met that evening in the sanctuary of what was the former Calvary Baptist Church. Board president Craig Lamb offered a toast with champagne served in paper cups.
The next morning, demolition of the buildings began. MSGL parent Tony Harvey coordinated the building project. His father, Donald Harvey, was the general contractor.
These are photos of the front of the sanctuary that is now the northwest corner of the Catalpa Room. When asked about these photos, Tony said that the gold walls on the left were part of the room that lead to the baptistry. "If you came to Calvary Baptist Church and you wanted to be saved," he explained, "you had to go through that room."
This was just the beginning of 5 months of hard and dirty work by many dedicated staff and parent volunteers. Three generations of families came together for one common goal. True friendships were forged. A lot of those people are still involved with MSGL today. I look forward to sharing the few photos and many stories of that time here on Wayback Wednesdays. If you were part of this amazing project and wish to share your stories, please add them as comments to the bottom of these posts or emaill me and I will be so happy to include them in an upcoming post. Of course, any photos you share will be greatly appreciated.
Thanks for reading! Have a terrific Wednesday.
I had the great pleasure of working in my former classroom today and it reminded me of why the three-year cycle in Montessori classrooms is so beneficial, not least of all, to the teachers.
Our Montessori preschool classrooms are composed of a mixed-age group of children who remain, ideally, in one classroom for three years. A child starts at age three and stays through her Kindergarten year. This is called the three year cycle. Each of those years brings new and unique learning opportunities for the child. As a three-year-old, the child observes her older peers and benefits from their experience. As a four-year-old, she starts to see herself as one of the "big kids" and expands her social circle. In her Kindergarten year she is recognized as a leader and takes pride in helping others.
When I took a sabbatical at the end of the school year in May, I left behind children who had been in my classroom for one or two years. I was able to catch up with many of those students today when I visited the classroom. I observed that two of "my" third-year students, I'll call them S and K, were part of what Montessorian John Chattin-McNichols calls a "roving pack of 5-year-olds." They were wandering around with some other boys and mixing it up a little. I knew these two boys when they were just barely three years old. I knew them before they could consciously control their bodies at group time and even before they could dress themselves successfully. Now, here they were - big, bold 5-year-olds and I was curious to see who they had become eight months after we last worked together.
Angie, my dear friend and the lead teacher of my former class, shared with me that S and K had been working on the squaring and cubing chains in the math area, so I asked them about those activities. They were eager to show me what they had already done and tell me what came next. Within a few minutes, they broke off from the pack and were ready to master the 10 cubing chain.
The 10 cubing chain - or 1000 chain - is a concrete representation of 10 cubed. It's made up of one thousand pea-sized beads organized into bars of ten. The bars of ten are attached at the ends to make a chain. Children are ready for this work after they have mastered the 1 - 10 squaring chains and the 1 - 9 cubing chains. This video from the DuPage Montessori School in Naperville, Illinois provides a good overview of how the squaring and cubing chains are presented in the Montessori classroom.
The 10 cubing chain is nearly 30 feet long so it must be laid out in the hallway outside the classroom. So, off to the hallway we went.
S and K divided up the tasks between themselves. One carried the rolled-up mat and the other carried the chain. We established the space we would use in the hallway and K unrolled the mat while S went back into the classroom for the number tabs. We discussed how they would sort the tabs on the tray and move it down the mat as they worked.
S found the 1000 tab. He knew it went at the very end of the chain but he left it on the tray. There was a pause before they started and I asked what number they would start with. S said, "We have to count them all."
That is certainly one way to do it. But when a child is ready for the 1000 chain, he is generally ready to complete it without counting every number because he can now count by tens and hundreds. Once you trust that 10 is ten, you don't have to count it again.
I asked if they thought they could first put tabs on the hundreds. Yes! They were sure they could. Together, we counted the bars as 10, 20, 30 and so on until we got to 100. S got the 100 tab and marked that spot. K quickly grasped the system and immediately went to work sorting out all of the hundreds tabs in a separate group so that S could place them. This was my cue to find something else to do. I went back inside the classroom to assist Miss Angie while the boys marked off every 100th bead on the chain with the appropriate tab.
They repeated the process, stopping after each bar of ten. K was the sorter, S was the placer. "150! I need 150," S said. K had it ready. There was never any disagreement, that I heard, over who would do which task. They just got started and they each found their niche as they went. And they were really digging their work.
They started the cubing chain work at 9:45 and I checked in with them every few minutes. They finished at 11:00. One of them stopped to use the bathroom then went straight back to his work. Other children would step into the hall to see what was happening and then go back inside to their work.
Sometimes I checked on S and K without speaking and other times I acknowledged their progress. Once, I said I would be back to check on them in a bit unless they needed some help. "We need some help," S said. They could not find the tab for 590. I suggested they leave a space for that number and they could put it there when they found it. They never found it, but they were able to move on without hesitation.
As they got to the very end, S picked up the 1000 tab and started to place it under the 1000th bead. K said, "Hey! We decided we would put that one on together!" And so they did. That's when this photo was snapped.
If you had asked me three years ago if these children were developing normally and if they were going to learn to read and write and grow up to be compassionate humans I would have responded, "Of course they will!" But in the back of my head there would have been a tiny voice saying, "What if they aren't? What if they are never able to sit in a chair for more than 8 seconds? What if they never learn to put their shoes on by themselves? What if they show no interest in reading? What if they always write six as 9?"
That doubtful voice is a familiar one to parents because most of us only get to experience the development of one or two children. We fear we will do something wrong and our children will not achieve their potential. Preschool teachers should know better because we get to observe hundreds of children over the course of our careers, right? But sometimes, even with years of experience, we forget that our job is simply to prepare a nourishing environment. It is the child who must do the work of building the man.
In 1949, Maria Montessori offered us some guidance in our quest to relax and trust that each child will reveal himself as a competent and confident being in his own time. In The Absorbent Mind she wrote, "...for while, in the traditional schools, the teacher sees the immediate behavior of her pupils, knowing that she must look after them and what she has to teach, the Montessori teacher is constantly looking for a child who is not yet there."
Dr. Montessori also implemented the three-year cycle in our classrooms to give us enough time to look for that child and see him before he moves on to primary school.
I am not at all surprised that S and K can count to 1000 by tens and hundreds. I am not surprised that they can recognize 3-digit numerals or that they can prepare, complete, and put away their work. I am not even surprised that two 5-year-old boys willingly work together on a math material for 1 hour and and 15 minutes with only a bathroom break and very limited guidance. I've seen it before.
I am surprised at the sense of joyous relief I feel each time children reveal themselves in this way. It's an experience that never gets old. I suppose that's the ultimate reward of being a teacher.
January of 2000 saw the beginning of the beginning for our current location on Soldiers Home Road. The architects at Schwarz Associates in Lafayette began designing our new space. This is the architect's rendering of the exterior of both buildings.
The photos below were taken over a year later in October, 2001.
Here is the current head-on view from 2013.
Thanks to non-acrophobic parent and board member Mary Mckay for taking those aerial photos in 2001. Parenting is not for the faint of heart.
Happy Wednesday! Thanks for reading.
I should mention that there ARE other ducks in the toolbox. They are small ducks that fit in Harriet's pocket when she carries her camera and tripod to the classrooms to take group photos. But The Duck only works the main room. There is also a rubber frog that sometimes gets called up on the rare occasion that The Duck can't get a child to laugh. Harriet's experience tells her which toy to try.
She also encourages parents to let their children wear something comfortable on picture day. "Don't overdress them because children don't act the same way if they are overdressed," Harriet suggests.
It was great to spend picture day with Harriet and get answers to all of my (and your) questions about The Duck. But I had to confess that up until a few years ago, I didn't even know she had a first name. I had always known her, as we all do, as "The Ducky Lady." That seems to be how she likes it. But she was willing to share just a few personal details.
Although The Duck doesn't spend much time in the water outside of his daily bath, Harriet enjoys being outdoors when she's not behind a camera.
"I go kayaking and hiking. I belong to a kayaking group. That's what I do when I don't photograph," she says.
A few years ago, our school director Suman invited Harriet and some friends from school on a trip to India. For Harriet, that was a dream come true. One favorite memory is of riding on an elephant with her friend Beth.
"That was nice," she says, smiling. "India was my dream country. That's where I always wanted to go. I wanted to go there before they lose their saris and all the colors and become jeans people."
At the end of picture day as Harriet packed up The Duck to leave MSGL, Lena and Anita made sure she got one of our tie-dyed school t-shirts. The shirt made Harriet really happy and I asked her why.
"It's yellow and orange," she exclaimed. "My favorite colors!"
Winter is upon us and the staff of the Wayback Wednesday department is preparing to head south for the season. (The staff certainly wishes this was true.) Okay, we're not really going anywhere but we have discovered a treasure trove of awesome photos. We will be scanning them and organizing them over winter break. When everyone returns in January you can look forward to the beginning of "Building MSGL." It's the story of how our families built the MSGL campus that we know and love today.
To whet your appetites I am posting one photo from that winter of 2000. Look at this photo and see if you can figure out where in the school it is. The first commenter to get it correct wins a free Wayback Wednesday t-shirt. (The staff certainly wishes this was true.) Okay, no t-shirt but you can still be first. Have fun guessing!
Have a terrific Wednesday and an awesome winter break!
This week we look back at some photos from 1998.
Anita McKinney, our first executive director, was leaving MSGL to live closer to her family in Florida. Her MSGL family held a farewell reception in her honor just before the winter break. These are photos of some of the children wishing her well.
Anita started working at MSGL in July, 1991 when the parent-owned school decided it needed a full-time. Up to then, the office staff coordinated with the Board of Directors. This next photo is actually from about 1996. It shows Anita with Beth Nichols, who was then the office manager, in the teeny, tiny office at Morton Center.
Beth is still with us and now works as our accountant. Anita has been working with Florida's Duval County Extension office since 1998. She is currently teaching personal financial management in Jacksonville. She is retiring in January and will start another "job" taking care of her twin grandchildren Dominic and Danica. She is excited about this new chapter in her life and told me, "They will be three by then , so I will start my own little Montessori home-school with them. I am looking forward to this next step!"
Best wishes, Anita! And happy Wednesday to you, faithful readers.
Somdatta and Felicia of the Canoe Birch Class and Cathy and Mary of the All-Day Program invited the children to tell who and what they are thankful for and then wrote their answers on leaves. Each class has a paper tree by the door displaying the children's gratitude. As this Thanksgiving Day draws to a close I thought it would be nice to share the gratitude of these 3, 4, and 5-year-olds with all of you.
Enjoy your holiday weekend!
Today's Wayback Wednesday comes from March, 2000. The children in Room B were treated to a science presentation by a group of MSGL parents.
These parents must have been SO COOL! We are thankful for all of the Montessori parents and grandparents who have shared their interests and their time with our children over the past 41 years. Have a Happy Thanksgiving!
MSGL now has a Book Reviews page.
Click here to visit the Book Reviews Blog. We welcome reviews of recommended books from staff, parents, and children.
Contact me at: firstname.lastname@example.com if you would like to submit a book review to our site.
We're keeping things simple on Wayback Wednesday this week with a short and sweet little collection of photos from October, 2002. Teacher Judy West took the children of the Red Oak class on a nature hike to Purdue's Horticulture Park to enjoy the crisp morning, collect leaves, and hug some very deserving trees.
Do you have favorite photos you would like to share on Wayback Wednesday? Please contact me at email@example.com. Have an outstanding Wednesday!
Today is school picture day!
When Harriet and "the ducky" show up to take our pictures, you can bet that the children are well-dressed, the snack is no-mess, and the staff is slightly stressed - for two whole days. Sometimes there are tears and pouty faces, but never in front of the children :)
These teachers from 2004 look pretty happy. Enjoy this week's Wayback Wednesday photos from 2004.
Smile, silly ducky! And have a terrific Wednesday.
The MSGL photo archives are a bit disorganized and I usually have to sift through them to come up with a Wayback Wednesday post, but this week the work was already done. After leading the toddler families on this field trip to Lafayette's Columbian Park Zoo in the Spring of 1998, teacher Suman Harshvardhan put together this little photo album for the children.
These kiddos are college freshmen (or nearly) now. Thanks for reading and have a great Wednesday!
We're really reaching back here for Halloween gold - all the way back to 1989. Back in the day, the whole school had a costume parade in the Morton Center gymnasium. It was a big year for bunnies, clowns, and superheroes.
First, I will start with what I saw this week. This was my favorite moment.
Another photo. If you are familiar with Humans of New York, the book and website by Brandon Stanton, then I know you can relate. If not, I know you can relate.
Children dress so fabulously and so beautifully because they have not yet learned that other people are judging their choices. They wear what they like. I want to wear what I like but I feel childish. How old will I grow before I truly understand that being childish is the truest way to be?
And, one more photo.
And now, for what I heard.
1. I erroneously asked a child how she was enjoying her Kindergarten year at MSGL. She responded, "I'm not IN Kindergarten. That's why I'm HERE!"
2. "That's a small story."
3. A friend was reading me a note from his lunch box. "Look! Look it! It says I'm going to my grandma's house. And I think I'm gonna get a Spiderman hat when we go to the store."
4. "Yeah. Let's do our maps."
5. "Where's the damn lizard?"
Rest easy. That darned lizard was found.
Montessori School of Greater Lafayette Staff, 1992
Here are the year's class photos. If you recognize any of the children, all should be in their mid-twenties now, consider directing them here. We would love to hear from them and from the teachers.
Class A - Morning Preprimary, 1992
Class B - Morning Preprimary, 1992
Class D - Morning Preprimary, 1992
Class E - Afternoon Preprimary, 1992
Class C - 3-day and 5-day Toddlers, 1992
Class C - 2-day Toddlers, 1992

subset: commoncrawl


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Pattinson, Dafoe illuminate disorienting thriller Read More »
Twisted tale of two cities will leave its mark on you Read More »
Spain's greatest director explains his memoir movie Read More »
Oscar buzz for frequent Almodóvar collaborator Read More »
Movies for Grownups advocates for the 50-plus audience by fighting ageism in the entertainment industry and encouraging films that resonate with older viewers. With weekly news and reviews, nationwide screenings, and an annual awards event, AARP champions movies for grownups, by grownups. Read
Movies for Grownups Radio provides weekly podcasts of celebrity interviews, entertainment news and more. Listen
Movies for Grownups Awards is a way that AARP honors the films and filmmakers who make the movies we want to see. Read
Thursday, Oct 24, 2019 at 1:00pm
Caldwell Parrish Council On Aging
Columbia, LA


text:
mass-energy equationnoun
Definition of mass-energy equation
: an equation for the interconversion of mass and energy: E = MC2 where E is energy in ergs, M is mass in grams, and C is the velocity of light in centimeters per second
— called also Einstein equation— compare conservation of energy, conservation of mass
to be made up of
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text:
Nissan Patrol GR (1988 to 1998)
also known as - Nissan Safari
AutoSock are the original car snow socks; they're much the best for quality, performace and wear rate. Pull a pair of AutoSock over your driving wheels if you get stuck on snow, or e.g. want to be sure about driving safely down a snowy hill, and you'll be amazed at just how well they work! There's a free delivery option.
- We stock roof bars and roof bar components from CRUZ, Atera, Thule, and Whispbar.
- You'll be offered a choice of steel bars or aluminium bars.
- Roof bars are always supplied in pairs.
- Please be sure to choose bars that will suit your vehicle roof type; for example, "for cars with raised roof rails"
We stock chains from König, Maggi, Polaire, RUD, Spikes-Spider and Thule to keep you moving on snow or across rough country. There's a free delivery option.
We'll also show you the amazing AutoSock vehicle snow socks, if available for your tyre size.
This season we're clearing out our Thule-branded stock at massive discounts - first come, first served!
Top sellers! Car boot liners and boot mats from Rezaw-Plast, Autoform and Carbox.
Help to protect the value of your car by fitting a set of seat covers. We have waterproof, jacquard, velours, real leather, sheepskin. They're mostly side-airbag compatible, many using "Original Equipment" quality fabrics.
Magnetic ski carriers are ideal for trips to the dry ski slope but are equally suitable for longer journeys.
You can see all our ski carriers by choosing Ski Carriers in the left hand menu.


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Could meditation break through Washington gridlock?
The Meditation Museum (because with roughly 75 museums in D.C., why wouldn't there be one for meditation?) has been holding free, regular workshops for overstressed, over-agitated politicians and their staffers.
Capitol Hill newspaper Roll Call reports the workshop, "In the world of politics? Don't get mad, get wise" provides anger management training, group-problem solving exercises and, of course, a non-partisan, non-denominational guided meditation.
Before you pass off the idea as hokey, a museum aide told Roll Call the workshop is actually quite popular.
"We do it almost every other month because people like it," the aide said.
At last, something Washington agrees on.


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Of course this is not game related (we do not expect to be doing any further game coverage today), but with the legit news sites being almost impossible to access at times today, we've been getting loads of requests for more information about what's been going on. Here is the latest as of about 9:00 PM EDT:
To recap:
All of our thoughts go out to the victims of these attacks and their families and friends in what must be an incredibly difficult time.
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all the domains • ix.boutique
ix.boutique is a generic domain and sponsored by Over Galley, LLCWebsite: ix.boutique
More information about domain and website
If I own a trademark does that entitle me to the rights of the domain name?That is correct, you don't need a trademark to get a domain name, however people have to be really careful with trademarks. For instance Ian Tunes who registered "iTunes" before Apple's "itunes.co.uk" existed. He could keep the domain name for life, as he was the first to register it, but because Apple was making offer after offer and giving him a lot of hassle to get this name, one day he was fed up and redirected his domain itunes.co.uk to Napster (biggest iTunes competitor at that time). From that point, he breached Apple's iTunes copyright and lost the domain name (Instead of making a million by accepting the original deal).


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The Mohegan Striders� Santa Run returns for its 30th year on Friday. The noncompetitive run is a fundraiser that collects donated toys and money for the Tommy Toy Fund. This year�s run will start and end at Billy Wilson�s Ageing Still at 57 Broadway in Norwich beginning at 7 p.m.
To enter the run, a new, unwrapped toy will serve as an entry fee, and donations will be accepted. Between 100 and 200 runners usually participate in the race, and donated toys have filled up the front windows at Billy Wilson�s. Race Coordinator Todd Fisher expects the same this year.
�We hope to have around the same 200 runners with well over $1,000 in donations. We also hope to get as many toys as possible,� Fisher said.
The 1.5-mile run allows runners to follow Santa Claus around the streets of downtown Norwich. As the runners progress, personnel from the Norwich police and fire departments will escort the group. Although there are few rules, all runners must stay behind Santa, according to Fisher. During the run, Saint Bernard School�s cross-country team will hand out hot chocolate and cookies to spectators. After the run, a raffle for runners will be held inside Billy Wilson�s.
�It is a good way to help out the fund and show support for the community,� Fisher said.
The Tommy Toy Fund, which began in 1974, provides toys, books and gloves for underprivileged children in Eastern Connecticut. Those who wish to receive toys can sign up through a registered social services provider through Dec. 13. Toys will be distributed in New London, Norwich and Danielson on Dec. 18-19.
Cameron Longendyke is a student at Norwich Free Academy.


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DENVER The Colorado Energy Office was so sloppy with the way it kept track of millions of dollars in stimulus money that it cant prove the spending did any good, according to a harsh audit of the office released Tuesday.
The office, formerly known as the Governors Energy Office, was responsible for spending $144 million in money Congress sent through the stimulus bill starting in 2009. Money went to clean-energy projects such as home weatherization and loans to start up energy companies. But the office was unprepared to handle such a large amount of money, and its managers did a poor job of monitoring the contracts they signed with private firms to complete the green-energy work.
CEO ultimately cant demonstrate that it is working cost-effectively or that the work it is doing is valuable, said Vickie Heller, who works for the State Auditors Office and presented the report Tuesday.
The office didnt keep an annual budget for any of its 34 programs from 2007 to 2012, and when auditors reviewed a sample of 22 of the agencys contracts, they found that 20 of them were missing information that government agencies are required to monitor.
The energy office has found itself at the center of controversy for years. Last year, Gov. John Hickenlooper pushed legislators to expand its mission to promote all forms of energy, not just the clean-energy projects favored by his predecessor, Gov. Bill Ritter.
To me, over the last four, five, six years, this office appears to be a prime example of arrogance in government, of how government can go wrong, said Rep. Jerry Sonnenberg, R-Sterling, a member of the Legislative Audit Committee.
Republicans on the committee blamed Ritter, not Hickenlooper. Both are Democrats.
Under the Ritter administration, the energy office was the governors slush fund, said Sen. Steve King, R-Grand Junction. The idea that you have eight program managers and none of them could identify a budget or spending, it was apparent that there werent best practices under the previous administration.
But Democratic Sen. Lucia Guzman of Denver said Hickenlooper is starting his third year, but the office is without a permanent director.
If I start a job, and Ive been on it for two years, it seems to me I should have some outcomes giving me reason to continue to be there, Guzman said.
The hearing had undertones of federal energy scandals. Companies such as Solyndra and Abound Solar went bankrupt after they got hefty loan guarantees from the stimulus bill.
The Colorado Energy Office also operates a $16.4 million revolving-loan program, and the auditors found that over a two-year period, 23 monthly reports were never filed.
However, none of the companies that got Colorado loans have gone out of business, CEO officials said.
Hickenloopers administration is working to correct the problems by July. His deputy chief of staff, Kevin Patterson, is the offices interim chief.
Some of these things arent really pleasant for us to hear, but I think theyre important for us to hear, Patterson said.
The office has endured a lot of turnover among its 34 employees.
Seven of the eight program managers have left since Hickenlooper became governor, Patterson said. Some left because they did not want to be part of the new direction Hickenlooper had set for the office.
Stimulus funding for the office is running out, and last year the Legislature voted to revamp the office, make it smaller and set up long-term funding that doesnt rely on heavy federal support.


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Statistical mechanics: fundamentals and modern applications
Wiley, 1998 - Science - 400 pages
This book examines the latest developments in statistical mechanics, a branch of physical chemistry and physics that uses statistical techniques to predict the properties and the behavior of chemical and physical systems. It begins with a review of some of the essential concepts and then discusses recent developments in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. It covers liquids, phase transitions, renormalization theory, Monte Carlo techniques, and chaos.
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Industrial OpenCart Templates
We have a collection of 9 designs in this area!
Heavy machinery, industrial waste, nuclear power, coal power, natural gas and oil drilling, deep sea oil rigs, and freighter drydocks are a few of the subjects these Industrial opencart templates are used for. Contractors, riggers, drillers, business moguls, and industrialists are using these Industrial opencart templates to build their websites and you can too. Break ground today and put these templates to work for you!
Chances are you are looking for the best eCommerce platform and jumping between shopping cart solutions until something catches your attention and you see that's just the thing for you. This may just be it, our industrial OpenCart templates! The OpenCart platform is a relatively new eCommerce backend that has grown to be great industrial shopping cart software for small to medium sized websites. With the OpenCart software you will get powerful SEO capabilities, numerous different payment gateways and shipping methods, download products, reports, and module systems. OpenCart also has an oustanding admin interface that makes it easy for you to manage your storefront and free documentation if you need to understand how things work. Numerous additional extensions are also available if you need to make your online industrial shopping cart even better. Savvy merchants use OpenCart for many different reasons including the fact that it's source code is open source, extensive documentation, unlimited categories, unlimited information pages, multiple currencies and languages supported. Now combine this with our industrial OpenCart templates and you have the perfect solution. Our industrial OpenCart templates use semantic code with progressive CSS3 enhancements, cross-browser compatibility, SEO friendliness, thourough installation documentation, dropdown menu with multiple level support, sidebox banners, and much more. With our industrial OpenCart templates you will find they are easy to install and can be quickly tweaked to your liking.


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Atrend 12DM
12" Dual Hatchback Style Medium Sealed Subwoofer Enclosure
Engineered and manufactured using only the best additives throughout the production cycle. Hardwood MDF combined with true mitered corners and full inset dados. Atrend line of product is built for the high-end niche market.
From design to delivery, Atrend products are tested vigorously to ensure sound quality and accurate engineering. Working with only the latest in computer automated software and machinery, Atrend continues to be a trend setter in the marketplace. Atrend delivers quality results by utilizing only the most efficient engineering and manufacturing processes.
General Features:
- 12" Dual Hatchback Style Medium Sealed Subwoofer Enclosure
- Completely miter and dado end panels
- Premium carpeted finish
- Silver spring loaded terminal cups
- 3/4" MDF construction
- Glued and braced with fasteners
- Total box volume: 2.40 cubic feet
- Box volume: 1.20 cubic feet (per chamber)
- Dimensions: 12-1/4"TD x 15"BD x 28"W x 13"H
- Authorized Internet Dealer
- 1-year Manufacturer's Warranty
Speaker Box / Enclosure Specifications
Sealed - Sealed boxes are those that have no holes or vents in it. The only hole in a sealed box is where the subwoofer is installed. Smaller sealed boxes require more power than a larger sealed box. They provide a tight, accurate bass, while the larger sealed enclosures provide a "boomier" and louder bass.
Ported / Vented - Ported/Vented Enclosures provide an even boomier, louder bass, but less accurate then a small, sealed box. Ported enclosures typically require more airspace per sub and also less power output from an amplifier to perform correctly.
Bandpass - Bandpass enclosures make subwoofers perform efficiently, but loose. The bass is not as "boomy" as a ported enclosure nor as punchy as a sealed enclosure. Bandpass enclosures work well with lower to mid-level subwoofers.
Binding post terminals are a sturdier, more versatile type of speaker terminal. Because binding post terminals are are threaded, you can tighten them down against the wire or connector for a tight, clean connection. The most popular style of binding post terminals is known as a "5-way binding post". This type can accept bare wire, or any of the common speaker wire connectors. Binding posts with the option to be used with banana clips are even more versatile
Spring posts are a hybrid of the two. Instead of using a thread and "screwing" them tight, they use a spring to allow the wire to fit and tighten against the terminal.
Warranty and Return Policy
Summary of Customer Ratings & Reviews
Pure Virgin Copper, 4 Gauge Amplifier Installation Kit
Your Price $79.99
CCA 4 Gauge Wiring Kit with RCA & Speaker Wire
Your Price $25.99
Single amplifier 4000 Series complete installation kit.
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CCA Wiring Kit with 2-Channel RCA & Speaker Cable
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Pure Virgin Copper, Full 1/0 Gauge Amp Kit with RCA
Your Price $139.99
Install your sound damping with the SDRLR1 tool
Your Price $7.99
Keep your trunk from rattling and improve bass quality by using a sound dampening trunk kit.
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40 ft. Bulk Pack of Sound Dampening Material
Your Price $99.95
Make your sound system sound perfect by reducing road noise with 9 sheets of sound dampening material.
Your Price $159.99
These high grade banana clips allow you to plug into your banana clip ready terminal for a secure connection.
Your Price $1.99
100 pack of 12-10 Gauge yellow insulated quick disconnects.
Your Price $11.99
Product Summary
Model Number
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Wiring Diagram Legend
Warning: The image depicted shows the resistance change when wiring multiple subwoofer terminals. Please refer to your subwoofer's owner's manual for the proper wiring of its terminals. Sonic Electronix, Inc. is not responsible for damage caused to your audio system or vehicle due to improper installation. Please call tech support at 1-877-289-7664 if you require additional assistance.


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We offer FREE quotes on UK Billboards, get in touch today.
We can provide tram advertising in the UK to promote products and services to a wide range of different people.
If you would like to buy a tram station advertisement, our media buyers can offer you the very best prices around.
It is a public transport option that many consider as Americanised, but there are eight tram systems in the UK: the Blackpool Tramway, London Tramway, Docklands Light Railway, Manchester Metrolink, Midlands Metro, Nottingham Express Transit, Sheffield Supertram and the Tyne and Wear Metro. Who knew there was so many?
Indeed, the usage of tramways and light railways is increasing in general, with the latest government figures showing this form of public transport is more popular than ever. Indeed, 3.1% of all public transport journeys in the UK are now made by tram or light railway, with 267.7 million passenger journeys and 21.6 million miles covered. Usage of trams has increased by 70% since 2005, a fantastic growth rate and these figures don't even include Edinburgh Trams, which are popular in their own right!
As this form of transport grows in popularity, tram advertising has become a cost-effective form of marketing that can deliver your marketing messages to more and more people every day.
If you are interested in advertising on trams in Brays Grove simply drop us a message today and we will be in touch with quotes and more information.
Advertising on trams refers to the practice of placing posters, ad boards or digital ads onto the outside of trams, inside tram carriages or around tram stations (both indoors and outdoors).
Advertising in trams also includes 'light railway' systems, such as the London Docklands Light Railway (DLR) and the Newcastle Metro.
It shares many of the benefits of Train Station Advertising - https://www.billboardadvertising.org.uk/outdoor/train/essex/brays-grove/
Tram travel is seen as a more modern, efficient and eco-friendly public transport option than more traditional methods such as bus, coach and train. This attracts an eco-conscious audience with enough disposable income to travel by public transport.
A mass communication method it is, but the limited nature of trams and light railways in the UK allows for some really targeted messaging by geographic location. This opens up the possibility of using advertising in trams to not just household names and global brands, but also small and medium enterprises and those with a geographic limitation. In some cases, individual routes can be targeted to convey a specific message – perfect if you have a bricks-and-mortar premise in the area, or if there's an event or activity taking place on that route that you wish to target!
Advertising in and on trams and around tram stations in Brays Grove is still a very under-utilised marketing channel and so is currently cost-effective compared to other mainstream marketing methods. This allows you an access point into mass marketing at a reasonable budget level and presents the opportunity to play around with creatives, messaging, and targeting at a low cost.
Like other multiple marketing channels managed by individual advertising companies, the costs associated with tram ads vary depending on a range of factors. These include the company managing the placements, the number of placements, the time period the placements will be present for, the size of placements and the route or location that the ads will be featured on.
Bigger ads cost more than smaller, and taking out a package of multiple placements delivers better value for money than a single one-off placement. Busier routes and locations, such as London Docklands Light Railway advertising, are more expensive than quieter rural routes; but it must be considered that these routes are able to expose your marketing messaging to more people faster.
Advertising on and in trams digitally is still really taking off in the UK but now is more expensive than traditional poster-board options. However, this comes with its own benefits, such as fast upload and amends of creative, so should not be disregarded just because of cost.
We'd suggest getting a spending budget in your mind and thinking about how you want your brand to be shown prior to starting to plan the marketing. We can tell you additional information with regards to the solutions that we carry out. Similar methods of marketing on transport links include bus stop ads - https://www.billboardadvertising.org.uk/outdoor/bus-stops/essex/brays-grove/ which can be found in many towns and cities.
We will negotiate costs of ads and packages to ensure you receive the best possible value and 'bang for your buck' on marketing spend. As long-term experts with years of experience, we've built up great strategic relationships with tram advertising companies in Brays Grove that you can benefit from by partnering with us to manage your marketing campaigns.
Trams present some great options for advertising, with the chance to reiterate or reinforce existing branding, or get creative and try something new. Placements can include poster-boards in trams, tram toilets, and stations; bill-boards on platforms and at stations; the wrapping of the exterior of the tram itself; and fixed poster-boards on the exterior of the tram itself.
Tram advertising gives the unique opportunity for mass transit marketing whilst using a 'trial and error' method to see which works best for your consumer at a low price; something you simply can't do without a massive budget on other transit channels!
A low-cost advertising channel that's growing in popularity daily and present your marketing messages to a mass audience, tram ads are the perfect way to get your branding in front of a large group of people – spanning many demographics, at different times of the day and making different types of trips.
There are eight tramlines and light railways around the UK, and all of these can be advertised in and on. We have the expertise and strategic relationships in place with the placement coordinators to elevate your branding to a new level and investigate and attract new audiences for your brand, product or service.
It is important you choose traditional marketers with a lot of knowledge and experience within the marketing industry if you want the top-quality solutions. Our has years of experience in the advertising development industry and we're capable of working directly with customers to guarantee our services meet individual requirements to improve exposure and profits.
Our advisors know how to locate the ideal marketing strategies for trams to suit your specific industry, so this means you get the most value for your money with your campaign. Contact us to get started with tram advertising in Brays Grove CM18 7 and to launch your first transit campaign!


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Film & Sound News
Featured articles
Horror in Australian Cinema
Home Movie Marathon
The NFSA is participating in a Home Movie Marathon on the World Day for Audiovisual Heritage.
Radio 2SER turns 40
Listen to excerpts from Richard Kingsmill's 1988 community radio documentary about the Australian music industry.
List of articles
Sep 2019
Aug 2019
Jul 2019
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Mar 2019
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Charles Jeffrey presented his spring Loverboy collection today, a nod to London clubland and its more colorful, artful, binary-defying, queer-identifying denizens...
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Hack+Remix Party against TPP
Saturday May 4th, 2013 12:00 PM - 8:00 PM PST
Hackers, tinkerers, artists, file sharers, and everyone else who cares about the health and future of the Internet.
What is the Trans-Pacific Partnership? The TPP is a massive trade agreement between more than 12 countries around the Pacific, and it covers everything from textiles, cars, tobacco, and financial regulation. The reason why we're meeting is to talk about the chapter that carries horribly expansive copyright policies.
The TPP could lead to even worse US copyright laws than the DMCA. It'd strengthen legal protections for DRM, carries vague but daunting language to increase criminal/civil penalties for infringement, and threatens to extend copyright term lengths even *further* than in the US.... and that's just a few of the problems we're fighting. These copyright laws will further restrict us from our right to share, remix, hack, and tinker with digital content and devices. Go here for more details about the copyright enforcement provisions.
The worse part is that it's all being done in secret in a process that completely shuts out public interests from its considerations. Through trade agreements, corporations have been able to get their way and make countries pass copyright and patent laws to protect their profits at the expense of the public and our freedoms. TPP is the biggest agreement yet, and we need to stop Big Content interests from lobbying our policymakers into making laws that lock up technology, culture, and knowledge.
The next round of TPP negotiations will be held in Lima, Peru from May 15-24. We're partnering with the local hackerspace in Lima, EscueLab, which is holding the same event there at the same time. We'll be checking in with them remotely throughout the day.
Let's talk about the Internet, technology, art, and why copyright threatens our freedom to create and innovate.
We're gonna work on videos, images, and other media to meme up the TPP so the Internet knows that this is happening.
Let's show our policymakers that we won't let back room trade deals determine what we can do with our technology. Let's show them that we, the users, are unified against corporate efforts to restrict our rights.
The Internet is ours. It's up to us to show up and defend it.
Who's behind this?
This is being organized by some of the folks at the the Electronic Frontier Foundation, including Maira Sutton, EFF Global Policy Analyst.
If you have other ideas for projects, would like to contribute somehow, or have any questions at all, please contact maira [at] eff [dot] org.
For more information on TPP and how it threatens the Internet and access to knowledge, check out EFF's TPP issue page.


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DMC Floss Quick Ordering!
Enter DMC floss numbers in the form below, separated by spaces or commas
DMC 3746 Six Strand Floss
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Item: DMC3746
Type: Thread and Floss
Designer: DMC
Dark Blue Violet DMC floss. This quality embroidery floss is perfect for stitching on all types of fabric. Made with 100% long staple cotton. Double mercerized. Brilliant six-strand divisible thread. Colors are washable and fade resistant. Article 117. 8.7 yards.
123Stitch.com ships via the U.S. Postal Service to anywhere in the world. Orders to the U.S. typically arrive 3-5 days after we ship.
Shipping charges are shown in your shopping cart every time you add an item.
If you are not completely satisfied with any of our products, you can return it to us within 30 days for a full refund.
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Forecasting MLB individual awards
NEW YORK -- As the season's second half gets set to begin Friday, an early forecast for baseball's biggest individual awards:
AL MVP -- Hard to imagine anyone gaining enough ground to challenge Detroit slugger Miguel Cabrera and Baltimore first baseman Chris Davis in what appears to be a two-man race. Look for Davis to drop off a bit while Cabrera keeps up his astounding pace and wins his second consecutive MVP. No Triple Crown this time, though, as Davis hangs on for the home run title.
NL MVP -- A wide-open scramble at the All-Star break, it comes down to Arizona first baseman Paul Goldschmidt and Pittsburgh center fielder Andrew McCutchen. Goldschmidt has the power numbers, but it might be difficult for the Diamondbacks to hold off the surging Dodgers in the NL West. After two decades of losing, the Pirates have staying power this time. McCutchen, an all-around dynamo who started their turnaround, gets rewarded for a clutch stretch drive when Pittsburgh makes the playoffs for the first time since 1992.
AL CY YOUNG -- Max Scherzer went 13-1 for Detroit in the first half to earn the All-Star start. Felix Hernandez is coming on strong in Seattle, however, and the 2010 winner takes home another prize.
NL CY YOUNG -- Second-year sensation Matt Harvey of the New York Mets got the early attention and started the All-Star game at home. Clayton Kershaw was even better in the first half, though. Kershaw should get more run support from Yasiel Puig and an improved Los Angeles lineup the rest of the way en route to his second Cy Young in three years.
AL ROOKIE OF THE YEAR -- Nobody has really emerged yet. Tampa Bay has a pair of promising candidates who just got started in outfielder Wil Myers and pitcher Chris Archer. There's also Boston infielder Jose Iglesias, Seattle second baseman Nick Franklin and Oakland pitcher Dan Straily. Look for Myers to bloom in the second half.
NL ROOKIE OF THE YEAR -- The deep pitching class includes 20-year-old All-Star Jose Fernandez from Miami, Shelby Miller in St. Louis, Hyun-Jin Ryu of Los Angeles and Julio Teheran with Atlanta. But if Puig's first six weeks in the majors are any indication, his electrifying talent will win him this award as the Dodgers take off toward a division title.


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How to Wear Cotton Without Wearing out the Planet
1. Organic and Fair
Much of the clothing we purchase every year carries hidden environmental and social costs. Growing non-organic cotton, for example, uses copious amounts of pesticides, herbicides, and water. That's one concern for people who want to make low-impact, ethical choices as consumers. Another issue is that clothing sold in the United States is often produced in the developing world, in factories with poor wages and working conditions. To ensure that you're buying fair labor clothing, look for companies that are transparent about their production process. Green America's National Green Pages is a good source of information if you're looking to buy the most sustainable and fairly produced clothing available.
2. Swap Some
Before you toss your old clothes into the nearest charity drop box and go shopping for new ones, consider a clothing swap. You can arrange one yourself with friends in your living room or take part in a clothing exchange with a difference. Swap-O-Rama-Rama is a community clothes-swap party that also raises funds for nonprofits.
The cost? A bag of old clothes and a donation of no more than $10. Once you pull your finds from the communal heap, volunteers at sewing and silkscreen stations help you decorate and mend your "new" clothes. Artist Wendy Tremayne founded Swap-O-Rama-Rama with a "no mirrors" rule. Swappers give each other face-to-face feedback instead.
Clothes swaps are an attractive alternative to buying, given that the average American household spends $1,725 every year on apparel. But even more attractive is the assurance that
your new outfit won't support sweatshop manufacture or farming with harmful pesticides.
3. Recycle to Insulate
You can wear recycled cotton—or use it to insulate your home. Home insulation is available that is made from 90 percent post-consumer recycled denim and cotton fibers, uses less energy to manufacture than traditional insulation, contains no fiberglass or formaldehyde, and doesn't off-gas.
The cotton industry's "From Blue to Green" campaign showed that consumers are eager to recycle when it collected more than 40,000 pairs of old jeans in 2010. These were used to make insulation that was then donated to community housing projects.
4. Make It With Old Jeans
Reuse your old jeans to create a tool belt or gardening apron. Cut the legs off as if you were making a pair of cutoffs. Cut along the seams of the inner legs, and cut out the front fly. Trim the back into an apron shape, leaving the pockets intact. If the waistband is too small, cut off the front button and use an old belt to hold your tool belt in place. Sew on strips of leftover denim to hold hammers, etc.
You can leave the cut edges raw, finish them on the sewing machine, or apply some leftover latex paint on the edges to prevent unraveling.
5. Wear Local
We're more likely to find evidence of the "buy local" movement in our refrigerators than in our closets. A pair of organic cotton jeans leaves an 85-pound carbon footprint after its 10,000-mile journey from the field in India to the store in North America. That's no walk to the farmers' market.
That's why Rebecca Burgess' challenge—a year of wearing only clothes made from materials sourced within 150 miles of her front door—is especially innovative. Of the 20 pieces in Burgess' wardrobe, her favorite is what she calls the "Golden Pants," made of local, organic, color-grown, undyed cotton.
Burgess started the Fibershed Project to show what really sustainable clothing production looks like. She and other textile artists produce stylish, eco-friendly clothing from local materials.
The results shown on the Fibershed blog are so desirable that you'll be tempted to try a sustainable clothing project yourself, like dyeing wool using homemade natural plant dyes.
Burgess is raising funds through the project to build a solar-powered fabric mill in Northern California. That would make wearing local easier—and show what can be done elsewhere.


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Darsey Maternity Session {Sneak Peek}
Karen Kelly
Hi, And Thanks For Stopping By! I'm Karen Kelly Callander. I Love A Lot Of Things. I love to laugh. I love good coffee. I love most carbs. I love being a photographer. I love quirky. I love my kids. I love lots of color. My favorites are pink and red. I love dogs. I love a good mojito. I love a good story. I love good sheets. I LOVE the beach, especially Hwy 30A on the Gulf Coast. I am seriously in love with the South – I love being from the South and I love being in the South. Most of all, I love planning out and shooting great photo sessions. SO, why choose me to be your photographer? I will work with you to create a crazy awesome photo session experience. The truth is, when you're having a crazy awesome photo session, then so am i! I love seeing my clients happy and engaged because that is when the magic happens. That's why my sessions (except mini sessions) include a sit down pre-session consultation, professional hair and makeup and a personal viewing session. Knowing that I understand what you want, that everything is taken care of and that you look your absolute best allows you to relax and enjoy the session. Then I can get down to the best job on Earth, making gorgeous photos. Go ahead, book your session today! I'm glad you stopped by and I hope you will come back often to check out new galleries and read my ramblings on the blog. Contact me here, send me an email or even easier, just leave a comment! Xo, Karen