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1. Introduction
"The soul of India lives in its villages," said Gandhi in the beginning of the 20th Century. My first encounters with Indian village were from the distance of passing trains, looking out of the windows at the endless fields and farmers at work. At any given point, there was always some form of life around – a human, a cow, a dog. The picture represented an idyllic view, one reinforced by the portrayal of the village in Indian cinema. The village was about big farmhouses and bigger families, ample time on hand with none of the chaos of the cities, a simple life that represented the India in which Gandhi believed. I could not have been more wrong.
2. Understanding Rural India
My first visit to a village was in one of the most backward districts in Karnataka, India. The Human Development Index here is comparable to that of sub-Saharan Africa. It was the first time since I had a cellphone that I was not connected to the world. There were no cellular operators, no internet and no fixed lines. A public telephone booth in the campus of the non-profit that we stayed in was the only form of communication for miles. The villages that we visited were off dirt roads that were difficult to reach by public transportation. Most villages had a Panchayat (village government) office which was used for all kinds of public meetings. Some villages had a primary school, and fewer had health dispensaries. The houses varied in size and construction -- from pucca two storied buildings to kacha huts. I could usually find a pay phone in each village, next to a small shop selling basic household necessities. The infrastructure was a bare minimum, with no certainty of whether there would be electricity or water available. This is rural India -- the village as an entity synonymous with extreme poverty. Radhika Bhalla | 1
3. Transforming Public Services
Rural India is poorly served by both the government and the corporate sector, thus many rural people live in informal settlements, lack access to water and sanitation services, electricity, and basic healthcare. Most have no bank account and no access to financial services other than an informal economy dominated by local moneylenders charging exorbitant interest rates. Lack of transportation limits their access to markets to sell their crops or craft, and they have no choice but to sell to middlemen who use unfair means and exploit them. People living in rural India pay much higher prices for basic goods and services which are usually of lower quality, not only in the form of money but also in the time spent to obtain those goods and services. In order to enable rural India to find its own route out of poverty, one needs to look at the existing infrastructure and public services, and understand the unmet needs of the people.
3.1 Energy Rural India lacks access to clean and affordable energy and instead uses inefficient fuels that are harmful to people's health. There is no electricity in rural India: firewood is the primary source for cooking while kerosene is the predominant fuel source for lighting, and the indoor use of these fuels case significant health problems. These inefficient sources of energy are also more expensive and gathering the firewood is a time consuming process. This time could be better spent in more important places like at school or at work. Rural electrification initiatives using new technologies like LEDs and improvements of old devices like biomass burning cook stoves suggest that creative solutions can be found. We are seeing off-grid solutions become more widespread in areas where the public grid does not reach at all. In areas where the electricity is erratic, hybrid solutions using hydropower or solar photovoltaic cells are becoming more popular as designers search for sustainable solutions. (Hammond et al 2007, 77-87) Radhika Bhalla | 2
3.1.1 SELCO SELCO provides sustainable energy services to under-served households and businesses in rural India. These include solar lighting and electricity, clean cooking devices and wireless communication. They believe in knowing the needs of their customers and provide at-home design consultation, installation and after-sales service. By owning 25 service centers in key locations, SELCO has managed to provide electricity to 75,000 homes. Sales and service is decentralized and directly managed by the managers of the local service centers. As a result of local service centers and strong management personnel, they have created a strong distribution channel. SELCO's business model works mostly because of the combination of product, service and finance. Using high quality products reduces the cost of service and maintenance, and reduces SELCO's operations costs. They help their customers finance their purchase by partnering with rural banks, leasing companies and micro-finance organizations. The monthly price becomes comparable to using traditional less effective sources. (http://www.selcoindia.com/)
3.1.2 IDEAAS IDEAAS uses social business models to provide rural electrification and renewable energy to the poor rural areas in Brazil that are not on-grid. Development of social processes results in income generation and productive use of energy. They started by developing low cost rural electrification system in Palmares do Sul between 1983 and 1988, as a result of which the cost of providing energy was reduced by 90%. The community worked together setting up poles and wiring that were independent of the connection to the traditional grid. Forty photovoltaic solar systems were used to cover the entire area with IDEAAS investing fully in equipment and infrastructure. They used inexpensive materials and simplified construction methods. Today, this system is common in rural areas all over Brazil, and lowincome households rent solar energy thus reducing the cost of the service. (http://www.ideaas.org.br/) Radhika Bhalla | 3
3.2 Healthcare Rural India lacks access to public healthcare and the distribution channels for medicines and services is limited, leading to a lot of casualties and many diseases going untreated. The decision is based on the cost to travel to a clinic or hospital: if it results in more money spent in transportation or wages lost due to the time taken to reach the facility, people will defer treatment until the condition is relatively serious. The ineffective system results in self-medication techniques, making pharmacies or other sources of medicines the most important part of the healthcare system. This shows a huge need not only for distribution of medicines to remote areas, but also a requirement for health education so that rural households know the best way to treat their symptoms. (Hammond et al 2007, 35-41)
3.2.1 Aravind Eye Care Aravind Eye Care started as an alternate health care model to support the efforts of the Indian government and also be a self-supporting entity. They provide free or low-cost treatment to 70% of their patients and generate enough revenue from the other 30% to cover the cost. They reduced operating costs by using ophthalmic paramedical staff to do all the preparatory and post-operation work on each patient, leaving the surgeon more time to perform more surgeries. Each surgeon has two tables so that he can perform the 10-20 minute operation and turn around to treat the next patient while simultaneously a new patient is wheeled in. A major challenge to the service is that most people from remote rural areas cannot find transportation to reach the hospital. To resolve this, they started community outreach programs like eye-screening camps, school eye health programs, and village volunteer programs. Mobile vans have also been used to go to the interiors of the villages about eight to ten times a month and take healthcare to the doorstep of the customer. (http://www.aravind.org/)
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3.2.2 CFW Health Stores CFW Health Stores are a network of micro pharmacies and clinics in Kenya that provide access to essential medication in remote areas where healthcare is unavailable. They target the most common killer diseases like malaria, respiratory infections and dysentery. They also provide health education and prevention services to rural customers. These health stores work on a franchise model. Community health workers who own and operate these stores can earn a modest living. There are two types of stores – basic drug shops that are run by health workers and clinics that are run by nurses. They have training programs that ensure that every operator knows how to diagnose the condition and accurately prescribe the correct medicines. Being a franchise, procurement of drugs is centralized which drives the cost down. (http://www.cfwshops.org/)
3.3 Transportation Public transportation in rural India is either non-existent or completely rundown at best and the distribution system for goods and services to these areas is minimal resulting in a higher cost for lower quality services. The cost of owning a private vehicle is too high, leaving very few options to get from one place to another – walking, cycling, or animal drawn carts. This lack of transportation is a constant obstacle to looking for work, getting goods to and from the markets, or obtaining education and healthcare. Farmers end up selling their produce to middlemen at unfair prices, and households put off seeking medical care or sending children to school because of the high cost or the long hours in getting to the hospital or the school. This inefficiency in transportation increases the need for more efficient distribution channels for services, products, and information. Bringing the products and services to the people at comparable market cost will empower the rural community and reduce their need to travel to obtain similar information. (Hammond et al 2007, 61-67)
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3.3.1 Jugaad "Jugaad" is a Hindi word which literally means "work around" and is commonly used when disruptive methods are used instead of traditional means. A jugaad is a locally-made motor vehicle used mostly in small villages as a means of low cost transportation. It is an ordinary water pump set converted into an engine. The body is made from either wooden planks or from recycled jeeps. With four gears and a steering, it is all that one needs to travel from remote places where public transportation is unavailable. The brakes on this vehicle are poor and usually fail, but since it cannot go beyond 40kmph, a passenger usually jumps down and applies a manual wooden block as brake. They operate on diesel fuel and are not registered vehicles and hence do not have to pay registration fees or road tax. The owners usually pay the traffic police a certain amount per month to let them run in their area. The jugaad shows the spirit of enterprise in rural populations of India.
3.3.2 WorldBike Initiative The WorldBike is an international network of bicycle developers, industry leaders and entrepreneurs who are interesting in providing transportation solutions and create income-generating opportunities in developing countries. Bicycles are the primary mode of transportation in these countries, but the ones usually sold are designed for recreation purposes and are ill-suited to carrying heavy loads. The WorldBike encourages anyone with a welder, a cut-off saw and access to used mountain bikes to make a low-cost utility bicycle for a family in the developing world. These bicycles have a long wheelbase and have more strength, effectively becoming load-carrying bicycles that can be used not only for transportation but mobile services too. They conduct trial markets in each country to determine the ideal price, and partner with organizations like Kickstart International to sell and distribute them. (http://wwww.worldbike.org/)
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3.4 Education The poor condition of schools in rural India becomes detrimental to the learning process and the entire education system leading to an overall reduced literacy rate and low quality of life. According to the Government of India, by the end of 2000, 94% of India's rural population had primary schools within one km and 84% had upper primary schools within 3 km. While this might seem fair, the facilities are inadequate with not enough classrooms or teachers. The schools not only lack educational resources like textbooks, but basic infrastructure like furniture, water and toilets. The use of high-tech devices such as computers is very rare, due to the unavailability of funds to invest in them and the lack of electricity to run them. A number of teachers refuse to teach in rural areas because of lower wages and the low standard of living. Those who do are usually under-qualified and are not interested in teaching. 50% of children living in these areas leave school before the fifth grade. Some leave because of lack of interest which is a result of the negligence of the government and the teacher. Most boys leave so that they can work in the fields and bring in an extra source of income into the household, while most girls are forced to help with household chores and take care of the large family at home.
3.4.1 The Barefoot College The Barefoot College in India encourages practical knowledge and skills through the "learning by doing" process. It encourages people to make mistakes so that they can learn humility, curiosity, courage to take risks, innovate and improvise and constantly experiment. It believes that development programs do not need urban-based professionals. Para-professionals already exist in the villages whose knowledge and skills are neither identified nor applied because they do not have an educational qualification. The Barefoot Campus is used to train these people using informal, non-structured, onthe-job practical experience. The campus has been built by Barefoot Architects and reflects the ideals of the college. The campus has a 700,000 liter rainwater harvesting tank and is completely solarRadhika Bhalla | 7
electrified. The Barefoot College is based on the knowledge that families in communities depend on each other, and even in a country with 40% illiteracy, oral tradition is rich and knowledge skills are passed down from generation to generation. (http://www.barefootcollege.org/)
3.4.2 One Laptop Per Child The One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) initiative aims at providing educational opportunities for the world's poorest children by providing them with rugged, low-cost, low-power, connected laptops with content and software. This initiative came out of an experiment that showed that children in remote, rural and poor regions of the world take to computers as easily and naturally as children anywhere. The OLPC has 5 core principles: 1. Child ownership – the laptop belongs to the children and they are responsible for it.
2. Low age group – the design is for children who are between 6 and 12 years old. 3. Saturation – the objective is to conquer the entire educational market in a community or a country. 4. Connection – the laptops are connected to each other increasing collaboration between children. 5. Free and Open Source – the software and content have a free and open framework. These laptops use flash memory instead of a hard drive, run Linux with a user interface developed specifically for the project, and utilize mobile ad-hoc networking. They are designed to be lower in cost and much longer lasting than traditional laptops. They are sold to governments to be distributed through the ministries of education in each country. The operating system and the software are localized to the language. The pilot program in Peru showed that children with the OLPC learned quickly, started to communicate more amongst themselves, and also taught their parents how to use the laptop. (http://laptop.org/)
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3.5 Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Rural India lacks two-way communication technologies and is connected to the rest of the nation only through radio and television. There is no internet or fixed telephone lines and the only form of communication are via telegraph or postal services. There is a significant demand for such connection and a willingness to pay which is why we have seen mobile phone companies leapfrogging traditional technologies and growing rapidly in emerging markets. By developing advanced services specifically for the rural community, viz. prepaid mobile services in small units and internet access by the quarter hour in cybercafés, they have created affordability for the rural customer. ICT bridges the gap between the need for people to communicate and the access to services in rural areas by connecting households to information sources. Most rural households cannot afford to own a phone, but they are willing to pay to use one either at public payphones or neighbor's cellphone. This social phenomenon of shared-use amongst one's network of friends has created an opportunity for entrepreneurs who own mobile phones to charge people for the usage of their device. Similarly, cybercafés and kiosks have provided shared access to computers and internet. But the next big question is whether mobile phones will become the new internet platform for rural communities? The penetration rate of both mobile phones and mobile services is much greater than that of a computer, the device is not as complicated, it does not require much technical support, it is much easier for an illiterate person to master a mobile phone, and voice-based services can be utilized where literacy is a barrier. Phones are also less expensive than computers and service is often offered through prepaid business models that are more affordable for the rural customer. (Hammond et al 2007, 43-51)
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3.5.1 E-Choupal E-Choupal is an ICT-based intervention transforming the illiterate Indian farmer into a knowledgeseeking netizen. It delivers real-time information and customized knowledge, aligning farm output to market demand. Not only does it provide price information to the farmer, it creates a direct marketing channel for the company, thus reducing transaction costs. Traditionally, commodities from rural areas were procured in "mandis" (rural markets) by middlemen who used unfair techniques to make the most profit. ITC installed internet kiosks in villages that allowed the farmer to order fertilizers, get information on farming practices, prevailing market prices and weather forecast. All this information is now available in local languages and creates a new transparent and cost-effective market channel. The kiosk is run by a "Sanchalak" (trained farmer) who keeps the computer in his house. Although he bears some operating cost, in return he gets concessions from e-transactions while the farmers do not need to pay for the information. (http://www.echoupal.com/)
3.5.2 Vodacom Community Service Many people cannot afford mobile phones but have access to mobile services by sharing with family or friends, or through community phone shops where you can pay per call. Phone shops enable affordable telecom in poor rural areas which lack the infrastructure. Vodafone operates more than 100,000 Community Service phones from approximately 4,000 access points. They are run by local businesses as phone booths under a franchise model. Vodacom provides training and support to these local entrepreneurs. These phone shops also boost the local economy by creating jobs and attracting other businesses. The shops are made from recycled shipping containers and are independent from one another, but the products and services they offer are simple and consistent. A consumer can make a call for a set rate of US$0.11 per minute, less than a third of the commercial rate of a cellular call. Some shops also have fax and data services. (http://www.vodafone.com/) Radhika Bhalla | 10
3.6 Water and Sanitation Rural India lacks access to clean drinking water and sanitation services which pose immense health hazards such as diarrhea and malaria. Most households struggle to meet their daily needs for water, walking for miles to collect water from streams or other surface sources. Very few villages have access to wells or community pipes, and usually they are extremely water-stressed. Some of these sources are safe and protected while most are being polluted by industrialization and agricultural run-off. The contaminants in the water vary from heavy metals to chemical and biological agents and require a range of solutions. Municipal water supply is not safe enough for drinking and point-of-use water purification systems have proved to be useful in India. In rural areas that lack access to municipal water, small scale community-based water purification and waste treatment can be useful solutions. These community-managed services can link to the closest municipal system and can use their network from there on. (Hammond et al 2007, 53-59)
3.6.1 Sujala Scheme The "Sujala" (Good Water) Scheme is one of the initiatives of the Byrraju Foundation in India. The aim of the Foundation is to build self-reliant rural communities by promoting active participation and involvement from local people. A water purification plant is set up in a village to fulfill the needs of that village and the neighboring three or four villages. The plant is operated by the trained youth of the villages, thus creating livelihood for them. The sustainability of the system is through charging the user for the service: US$0.04 for 12 liters. Local science colleges are involved in carrying out the quality control of the plant. The initial cost of the water purification plant is shared between the villages and the Foundation. A committee called the Grama Vikasa Samithi (GVS) is created where the Village Council nominates interested and involved members of all the communities within the village. The GVS has nine members, each of them responsible for a module of intervention. The Foundation also Radhika Bhalla | 11
conducts workshops and awareness camps on saving drinking water canals from pollution. Posters on safe drinking water are displayed at schools, colleges, hospitals, Panchayat (village government) offices, and their own health centers in the participating villages. (http://www.byrrajufoundation.org/)
3.6.2 LifeStraw LifeStraw is a prototype point-of-use water purification filter designed so that anyone in the developing world can obtain safe drinking water at home and outside. LifeStraw Personal is a portable water purifier that can be carried around for easy access to safe and clean drinking water, preventing common diarrheal diseases. It can provide 700 liters of water – enough for one person to drink for a whole year. The LifeStraw Family is a complimentary system for the house, providing more than 18,000 liters of safe drinking water. The LifeStraw Personal is a plastic tube, 31 cm long and 30 mm in diameter, and costs around US$3. The water sucked through the straw first passes through a mesh of 100 micrometer spaces, followed by another mesh of 15 micrometer spaces, filtering out all the large particles. It then flows through a chamber with iodine coated beads that destroy the smallest particles. The water moves into an empty chamber and then is passed through active carbon which removes the iodine taste and any other remaining bacteria. There is still a certain amount of iodine in the water, but the designers argue that there is an existing iodine deficiency in most developing countries. The only organism that the LifeStraw fails to filter is the giardia lamblia, which is only the size of 5 micron spores and is resistant to iodine. (http://www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/)
3.7 Financial Services Rural India has no access to financial services due to lack of infrastructure and distribution channels which results in informal services offered by moneylenders who charge an extremely high interest rate on loans. The emergence of microcredit, a service that was traditionally provided to the people by Radhika Bhalla | 12
nonprofits working in the village, as a viable money lending option has benefitted rural India with the development of various microfinance institutions. Commercial banks are also seeing potential in rural markets and becoming more active by providing a broader range of products and services that now include savings and insurance. Establishing a banking relationship gives people a formal identity that they lacked before. New technologies like mobile phone banking promise to increase access to these services and lower their transaction costs. Mobile phone systems are also generating new jobs for millions of small entrepreneurs in the form of new opportunities in financial services. Improving financial services in rural India gives people access to education, healthcare and other services. Microfinance has resulted in the economic empowerment of women by making them an integral part of the system and encouraging them to participate in activities that were previously taboo. (Hammond et al 2007, 97-103)
3.7.1 SKS Microfinance SKS Microfinance delivers microfinance in rural India through a "grameen" (village) banking program that was developed by the Grameen Foundation in Bangladesh. They have adapted the methodology to suit local conditions. The SKS process consists of three 3 steps: 1. Village Election: A comprehensive survey of the village is carried out to evaluate the local conditions and the potential for operations. These include the total population, the poverty level of the village, road accessibility, political stability and safety. After the village is selected, a Projection Meeting is held with the entire village to introduce SKS Microfinance. Mini Projection Meetings are carried out for further explanation of the process. 2. Sangam (Center) Formation: Interested women form self-selected five member groups as guarantors. A Compulsory Group Formation Training is carried out which is a five-day program of
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hour-long sessions to educate the clients on the process. A Group Recognition Test is carried out on Day Five. Many such groups form a "Sangam" (Center) creating dual liability for the village. 3. Financial Transaction: A leader and a deputy leader are appointed for the entire village. They help facilitate meetings and work closely with SKS Field Assistants. All financial transactions are addressed during these meetings, along with discussions on new loan applications, loan utilization and community issues. (http://www.sksindia.com/)
3.7.2 Wizzit Wizzit is a cellphone-based banking facility whose target market is the 16 million unbanked or underbanked South Africans that account for 60% of the population. It does not require users to have a bank account and is compatible with any generation cell phone, even the pre-paid models prevalent in developing countries. Along with mobile banking, customers get debit cards which can be used at ATMs or retail outlets. The service includes person-to-person payments, transfer and prepaid purchase. Wizzit does not charge a monthly fee or require a minimum balance. Instead, it charges its customers a per-transaction fee. There are no transaction limits and the service is pay-as-you-go. They employ "Wizz Kids" – unemployed university graduates from low income communities – to promote the product and help unbanked customers open accounts. (http://www.wizzit.co.za/)
4. Design's Potential Role
Design's potential role in transforming public services in rural India is by focusing on unique products, unique services, or unique technologies. These solutions have to be appropriate to the people's needs and they require the designer to completely rethink not only the design process but the business strategy too. These strategies should involve building local ecosystems of vendors or suppliers through franchising. By localizing value creation, designers can achieve a more sustainable business model. Radhika Bhalla | 14
Designers can help empower rural households by enabling access to goods or services, both financially and physically. Rural India has benefitted tremendously from access to mobile phones, which provides easy access to education, to healthcare, to jobs, to market prices, and to financial services. All this has been due to the affordability of mobile services, through innovative business models such as prepaid services and shared access on a pay-per-use basis.
4.1 Design Research and Co-creation The value of design research has not yet been utilized in rural India and the people have not been involved in the design process. In my opinion, the designer's role in the future shall be that of a cultural anthropologist. They will understand how these villages are similar and different from each other, and more importantly, different from urban India. Design research will provide a context for acculturation of the designer, while co-creation will give the local community a medium to express their needs. We have to adapt existing research methodologies to understand the lifestyle and the challenges of the rural community.
4.2 Entrepreneurial Nature of Rural India There is an abundance of entrepreneurship in rural India and urban slums that designers tend to ignore. People have already been able to "hack" products and services to make them meet their needs. Locally retrofitted products form an integral part of the rural life and we, as designers, need to learn from them. Any product or service that is created for the rural community must be customizable. There is a greater emphasis on the individual today -- our objects define who we are. We have to design a system that allows the individual to customize their own products.
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4.3 Role of Women in the Rural Society The role of women in rural society is changing as they become more proactive, participating in microfinance opportunities or helping the local NGOs in their village. By involving them in the design process, not only do we get their views on what design should be, we also get to transfer knowledge to the rest of the community through them. Although rural women have not been given the opportunity to work in the past, they still possess entrepreneurial ability. We have to create a product that teaches them a skill and helps them to start and maintain a business of their own.
4.4 Appropriate Technology for Local Development In this transformation process, how do we, as designers, make sure that we do not lose traditional values and arts? How can technology act as a facilitator for local manufacturing? How can it help production methods evolve? Conquering the digital divide is of utmost importance. We should be able to conserve the cultural system of the village, along with the ecosystem, by acknowledging the power of indigenous design. We have to preserve the local culture and handicrafts and integrate them with technology.
4.5 Sustainability and Community Development When designing for a billion people, the solution has to be integrated with sustainability, or it will not be scalable. By partnering with the government, the nonprofits already working in the area, and the local community, we need to create an ecosystem in which knowledge is passed exponentially. We should use local materials and local designers, thus utilizing resources that are already present in the community. We have to focus on their existing living and business structures, look at their social interactions, and create opportunities for empowerment instead of dependence.
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After studying the existing rural environment, the infrastructure and public services that are accessible in these areas, and different initiatives that are addressing the major issues that rural people face, there are a few principles that I believe a designer must follow to create a successful product or service. The designer should involve the rural community in the design process at the very beginning, and define the problem only after researching what the people have to say. He should look at how the people are currently tackling that problem and get inspired by their solution since they know best how to overcome their needs. The designer should involve the women in the business process and utilize their social connectedness and their newfound belief in their potential. The designer should not lose sight of the existing culture and tradition by imposing a solution that does not fit the customs of the people. All these solutions have to be sustainable so that they can scale to meet the needs of a billion people. The designer should work collaboratively with the local government and the non profits operating in that village as they already have a trusting relationship with the people. Most importantly, the designer must believe in Gandhi's vision for the Indian village as an integral part of the future, the capability of indigenous design and self-reliance, and the potential that design has to turn this vision into reality.
"We need to be the change we wish to see in the world." – M.K. Gandhi
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Books Architecture for Humanity. Ed. 2006. Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to Humanitarian Crises. New York: Metropolis Books. Papenek, Victor J. 1984. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers. Polak, Paul. 2008. Out of Poverty: What Works When Traditional Approaches Fail. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. Prahalad, C.K. 2005. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing. Sood, Aditya Dev. 2006. The Mobile Development Report. Bangalore: Center for Knowledge Societies. Smith, Cynthia E. 2007. Design for the Other 90%. New York: Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Steffen, Alex, ed. 2006. Worldchanging: A User's Guide for the 21st Century. New York: Harry N.Abrams.
Articles Burns, Colin and others. 2006. Transformation Design. London: Design Council. Cottam, Hilary and Leadbeater, Charles. 2004. Health: Co-creating Services. London: Design Council. Dutz, Mark A., ed. 2007. Unleashing India's Innovation: Towards Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Washington: The World Bank. Hammond, Allen L. and others. 2007. The Next 4 Billion: Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid. Washington: World Resources Institute. Hart, Stuart L. and Prahalad, C.K. Strategies for the Bottom of the Pyramid: Creating Sustainable Development. Draft. HP/IDSA DesignAbout: The Other Six Billion People. Design for the Individual. HP/IDSA DesignAbout: The Other Six Billion People. Design for the Masses. HP/IDSA DesignAbout: The Other Six Billion People. Design with the Cultural Perspective. HP/IDSA DesignAbout: The Other Six Billion People. Design for the Flat World. Radhika Bhalla | 18
Kelkar, Anjali and Whitney, Patrick. "Designing for the Base of the Pyramid." Design Management Review (Fall 2004): 40-47 NCAER. India Rural Infrastructure Report. New Delhi. Prahalad, C.K. and Ramaswamy, Venkat. "Co-creation Experiences: The Next Practice in Value Creation." Journal of Interactive Marketing Vol.18 No.3 (Summer 2004): 5-14 Speer, Leslie. "The Next Decade in Design: Paradigm Shift." Innovation (Spring 2006): 31-35
Websites SELCO: http://www.selco-india.com/ IDEAAS: http://www.ideaas.org.br/ Aravind Eye Care: http://www.aravind.org/ CFW Health Stores: http://www.cfwshops.org/ World Bike Initiative: http://www.worldbike.org/ Barefoot College: http://www.barefootcollege.org/ One Laptop Per Child: http://laptop.org/ E-Choupal: http://www.echoupal.com/ Vodacom Community Service: http://www.vodafone.com/ Sujala Scheme: http://www.byrrajufoundation.org/ LifeStraw: http://www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/ SKS Microfinance: http://www.sksindia.com/ Wizzit: http://www.wizzit.co.za/
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An application to demolish the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Marlow Road and replace it with offices has been approved by the Royal Borough.
The church will be demolished and replaced with an office building with associated landscaping, car parking and cycle racks.
The design and access statement that accompanies the application says: "The design is a contemporary interpretation of a pitched roof design, simple and elegant."
The application had attracted a number of community comments which included concerns over the parking provision, the size of the building, and the design.
Maidenhead Civic Society criticised the plans and said they would prefer a more 'architecturally stimulating design' but did say the reduced height of the building was a 'great improvement' from the previous application.
The previous application was refused by the borough in March 2014 and an appeal was dismissed.
The application was submitted by Mr J Richardson on Friday, April 8.
The Royal Borough granted permission on Thursday, July 28, subject to conditions.
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The body of a woman in her 50s has been recovered from the River Thames at Boulter's Lock in Lower Cookham Road.
The Met Office has issued a yellow alert for Windsor and Maidenhead, Slough and Wokingham, warning that rain moving eastwards across the south of the country may turn to snow in some places.

subset: commoncrawl


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If you're staying in the surfer's beach town of Rincon, be sure to get a car rental so you can enjoy the wonderful attractions on the west coast of Puerto Rico.
We'll begin with the attractions in Rincon, although not a long list, you'll have full days of exploring beaches, and before dinner enjoy some of the best sunsets on the island. These are the main reasons locals and repeat visitors come to Rincon. Sun, Sand & Surf is what happening in Rincon.
Punta Higuero Lighthouse Park
Bring your camera for some great photo opportunities. During the winter months come watch humpback whales and surfers. The lighthouse park is a great place to watch the sunset if it's open that late and a nice place for a quick jog. More about the Rincon lighthouse park.
Beaches of Rincon
Rincon Surfing Conditions and more…
Keep Exploring Puerto Rico
- Home - Puerto Rico
- Best Tourist Destinations in Puerto Rico
- Puerto Rico Destinations Guide
- Puerto Rico Islands
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It is possible to create a command that can be executed on a bat file like autoexec?
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also it is posible to use tiny.exe and boot the freebsd KERNEL from the command line and how do i load the parameters? or can i do chain loader and how?


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Is cold bath and temperature really help fever patient?
Q: Hello,
i am here to check with the professionals is extreme cool environment and cool bath really good for patient that suffering from fever?
My mum has confirmed with the infection of dengue fever, so she is hospitalized for the past few days. Been four days, her fever still remain between 37.X C - 38.X C.
Since her fever won't go down even with the application of medicine and drip the doctor start to turn the air con temperature down to 18, and having a towel immerse with ice cold water and put on her forehead, during the night now even suggest her for a cold bath.
With all these of treatment, her fever don't seems to go down but rise, my questions is isn't this worsen for the patient as she suffer from cold, and she can't even get some sleep ?
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Miss Veet Pakistan 2016 Winner Crowned - January 13, 2017
Syria: Deadly Suicide Blast Hits Kafr Sousa In Damascus - January 13, 2017
HighStreet All Set To Exhibit In Lahore - January 12, 2017
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Eating potatoes may cut stomach cancer risk: study
Including large amounts of white vegetables such as potatoes, onions and cauliflower in diet may reduce the risk of developing stomach cancer, new research has claimed.
Scientists at Zhejiang University in China found that people who ate large amounts of white vegetables were a third less likely to develop the cancer than those who largely avoided them, The Telegraph reported.
Fruits and green-yellow vegetables such as cabbage, kale and celery also seemed to have a protective effect. Vitamin C is thought to be the key nutrient, which acts as an antioxidant to cut down cellular stress in the stomach as well as fighting a bacterium responsible for causing gastric cancer.
They found that for every 100g of fruit a person ate each day – roughly equivalent to half an apple – there was 5 per cent reduced risk of stomach cancer. Having 50mg of vitamin C daily, approximately two potatoes' worth, brought the risk down by 8 per cent. Every five grams or teaspoon of salt consumed each day drove the risk up by 12 per cent.-APP


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Suffering from acne vulgaris on back and chest. Using glycoderm lotion with accutane. What to do?
Hello doctor. I am suffering from acne vulgaris and I have on back and chest as well. I am 26 years old and 5 years back I tried retino A cream and glycoderm lotion along with accutane and it worked but once I stopped it, acne was back. I would like you to tell me how to use retino A and glycoderm again and I don t want to take accutane for now.
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Dr. Tanusree Biswas
hi..thanks for your query.
has to be taken in the recommended dosage and recommended time to cause a good remission.Also it is possible for a relapse and a repeat course to be needed.
If you want to start with Retino A cream now ,you can use it once daily ,preferably at night or with proper clothing to avoid UV exposure. For now you can use only one agent and see how it improves.If you feel ,there is no much change , you can visit a
to start using
Oral antibiotics
for the same.
Hope this helps.Take care!
Answered: Sat, 23 Feb 2013
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hi..thanks for your query.
Accutane has to be taken in the recommended dosage and recommended time to cause a good remission.Also it is possible for a relapse and a repeat course to be needed.
If you want to start with Retino A cream now ,you can use it once daily ,preferably at night or with proper clothing to avoid UV exposure. For now you can use only one agent and see how it improves.If you feel ,there is no much change , you can visit a dermatologist to start using Oral antibiotics for the same.
Hope this helps.Take care!
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Rock and horror: Lady Gaga pulls together a scary glam rock look as she teams leather hot pants with chains and thigh-high boots
Lady Gaga appears to have created a monster.
Her latest ARTPOP tour ensembles have included multi-coloured dreads, a sheer under-the-sea-themed body suit and a lot of fishnets, but now the Bad Romance singer has come over all rock and roll to create one of the scarier looks in her repertoire.
Gaga treated her Australian 'monsters' to her best leather look on Wednesday when she donned hot pants, chains and thigh-high boots leaving her hotel for a gig in Perth, Australia.
Hell for leather: Lady Gaga leaves the Crown Metropol hotel in Perth, Australia wearing a rocky ensemble
Gaga has been amping up her bold stage persona ever since taking her ARTPOP tour to Tokyo in August, appearing to fuse her characteristically crazy style with her eccentric musical inspirations.
On Wednesday, she headed out to perform an artRAVE in Perth, having arrived in style on a private jet, which stops in Melbourne, Brisbane and Sydney on the Australian leg of her tour.
Strutting out of her Crown Metropol hotel in her leathers, Gaga balanced on mega platform heels, wearing patent boots that extended right up to her thighs to meet her leather hot pants.
All-black beauty: The star rocked patent boots with stirrup hot pants, slipping a see-through vest on but choosing not to wear a bra
Bold: Gaga chose her characteristically daring platform heel look with short shorts that laced up at the back
The lace ups were all-black and rocky, to suit the style of her pale-face make-up and black lipstick look, in homage to rock and roll band KISS.
The 28-year-old, whose real name is Stefani Germanotta, was bold in a see-through vest, choosing not to wear a bra as she left her hotel.
For her jewellery look, Gaga emphasised the edge of her tattooed underarms with a black choker and accessorised with round sunglasses.
Her biggest statement was her messy hair look though. Having debuted a neat undercut in previous days, a big afro-style hair do was the choice style for Gaga on Wednesday.
The singer tweeted pictures of her ensemble in black and white saying: 'Jazz Punk In my Gypsy Trunk #CheekToCheek'
'I'm so excited!!!': The black-clad star headed for her artRAVE getting excited in the back of a car as she Instagrammed pictures of herself
Which was shortly preceded by: 'Off to #artRAVEperth I'm so excited!!!'
Gaga was clearly in character and getting into the zone for her performance on Wednesday, as she made a glassy eyed expression, not stopping to talk to fans.
On arrival in the country on Sunday though, Gaga was showing off her creative flair once again in a high collar leather jacket, but this time she was all about her fans, the monsters.
Meeting the monsters: The singer stopped to meet her fans as she arrived in Australia on Sunday
Maternal side: The scary songstress held a baby gently in her arms as she met with fans at the airport
She showed off a more human side as she gently supported a baby in her arms, careful not to scare the young child with her black lipstick and dark glasses.
The singer practised her maternal instincts, as she began to sing to the tiny baby.
And Lady Gaga made it perfectly clear that her tour was all about the people who turned out to see her as she continued to Melbourne on Thursday Instagramming a snap of her waking up in Australia.
'On my way to Melbourne to see my beautiful monsters. More and more, of all things I've always pined for.'
Off to see the monsters: The singer wore her black eyeliners flicks to bed as she posted her excited at heading to the next Oz stop
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(6 posts, 2253 views) Posted: 904d 19h, 13m ago by
in Adult (18+)
wow, everything that everyone's suggested.....i've read *sigh*. if you guys know any good hentai anime that's fine too. so far...after everything i've watched i must say i enjoyed Erotic Torture Chamber, Fencer of Minerva and Orchid Em ...
Help is NECESSARY!
(3 posts, 444 views) Posted: 1070d 0h, 27m ago by
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ok, i'm in a serious pinch. i think i've read every manga under the josei/smut manga list. i just dont know what to do and i need some help finding new manga. all u experts out there, HELP MEEEEE. i'm desperate to find a good manga with dece ...
(6 posts, 2253 views) Posted: 1196d 19h, 3m ago by
in Adult (18+)
thanks for the responses however i've read everything halequin, erotic fairy tales and most of the manga by Fuuga. like i said before, i think i've read soo much manga that i've run out of resources. i forgot to mention that it would be nice if the ...
(6 posts, 2253 views) Posted: 1199d 18h, 37m ago by
in Adult (18+)
so after reading all the josei/smut/romance manga i could find, i am now desperately searching for a romance/hentai manga. one with a plot, not just mindless sex. also preferably one in which the guy isnt bombarded by every girl he meets. No incest....everything ...
completed manga
(8 posts, 1157 views) Posted: 1219d 15h, 34m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
hi everyone, as the topic suggests i'm looking for completed mangas. however, it would be great if the genre was borderline h. if anyone has some suggestions please tell me, i'd really appreciate it.
josei/romance is good too
(smut also) Thanks!! ...
smut manga
(22 posts, 6437 views) Posted: 1251d 6h, 32m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
thank you everyone that's given me suggestions, i really really appreciate it. there were new mangas that i never read and mangas that i've read and re-read. so what do you do after you've read all these manga? o.O' ...
smut manga
(22 posts, 6437 views) Posted: 1259d 19h, 45m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
Sorcha and TiffanyMunro, thanks for the mangas.........and yes i've already read them too
wow i wonder if i've read every smut manga out there?? is that humanly possible? ...
smut manga
(22 posts, 6437 views) Posted: 1260d 18h, 24m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
omg thanks sooo much for all your suggestions, but alas i've read and re-read all of them. Majo wa Nido Aegu was actually really good. it's hard to find a manga with good art and a good story plot. i'm still willing to read anything i get though so ...
smut manga
(22 posts, 6437 views) Posted: 1264d 22h, 26m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
i've heard that seinen is a lot like josei but i've never read it. isn't the seinen genre more violent? the only thing i've read like that is High School of the Dead and i didn't finish it cuz i lost interest (no smut= boring).should i try that categ ...
smut manga
(22 posts, 6437 views) Posted: 1265d 18h, 21m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
she wrote deep sex and deep kiss. i have to admit they were pretty good but a lot of her other mangas aren't scanlated so that kinda sucks. thanks anyway. it seems like i'm really running out of options now. ...
smut manga
(22 posts, 6437 views) Posted: 1265d 19h, 4m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
thanks guys i'm gonna go look these up. i hope they're heavy smut...ooops did i say that out loud. sorry
Quote from Jiggy-Ninja
Just going down the list of stuff I've read / are reading that's a bit sexy:
Toshiue no Hito
Glass no Megami
Velvet ...
smut manga
(22 posts, 6437 views) Posted: 1266d 2h, 11m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
hey everyone after reading A LOT of forum posts here i finally started to join. i'm looking for smut manga suggestions. so far i've read everything....and i mean EVERYTHING....yoshihara yuki, shinjo mayu, ohmi tomu. you name it i've read it so ...
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|By Business Wire
Article Rating:
|February 10, 2014 05:23 PM EST
The National Association of Federal Credit Unions' (NAFCU) February Economic & CU Monitor survey found that credit unions, and by extension their 96 million members, are paying a high price for retailers' data breaches. NAFCU estimates that the recent Target data breach could end up costing the credit union community nearly $30 million. Among those surveyed, the average cost for the Target data breach was $45,000.
"The survey findings are staggering. Credit unions are being hit by a double whammy in terms of numbers of possible data breaches and costs while they continue to pick up the tab for retailers who are not subject to the same high level of data security standards," said NAFCU Chief Economist and Director of Research David Carrier. "It is ironic that despite the ample rules in place to ensure data protection standards at financial institutions like credit unions, merchants and retailers are not held accountable for data breaches. Cybercriminals will continue to capitalize on this double standard and wreak havoc with consumers and our economy."
NAFCU's Economic & CU Monitor on data security reported:
- Respondents were alerted to a possible breach 263 times on average in 2013, and the average amount spent on data security measures was $158,600.
- Respondents reported an average of $152,000 for data breaches in 2013. The median cost was $59,000.
- The bulk of these costs were related to fraud losses and investigations (46.7 percent), followed by reissue costs (34.4 percent) and monitoring costs (19 percent). Reissuing cards takes 7 days, on average, and costs $5 per card.
- Almost half (42 percent) of respondents confirmed that their reputation had been harmed due to a merchant data breach.
- Survey respondents indicated that an average of 10,300 cards were affected by merchant data breaches in 2013.
NAFCU was the first financial services trade association to weigh in on this issue on Capitol Hill and urged Congress to take action and set national data security standards for retailers and merchants. Financial institutions, including credit unions, have been subject to standards on data security since 1999 under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. However, retailers and other entities that handle sensitive personal financial data are not. So, when a data breach occurs, financial institutions bear a significant burden as the issuers of payment cards used by millions of consumers.
NAFCU is urging Congress to pass S. 1927, the "Data Security Act of 2014," by Sens. Tom Carper, D-Del., and Roy Blunt, R-Mo. This bill leaves intact the federal standards already imposed on financial institutions and seeks to extend the protection further, by setting national standards for all merchants and retailers to follow in protecting data, providing timely breach notification and paying their share of the clean-up when breaches occur.
NAFCU's Economic and CU Monitor is a member-only monthly e-newsletter of the latest macroeconomic and financial trends affecting today's credit unions, including trend data among NAFCU member federal credit unions.
The National Association of Federal Credit Unions is the only national organization that focuses exclusively on federal issues affecting credit unions, representing its members before the federal government and the public.
Cloud Expo, Inc. has announced today that Andi Mann returns to 'DevOps at Cloud Expo 2017' as Conference Chair The @DevOpsSummit at Cloud Expo will take place on June 6-8, 2017, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. "DevOps is set to be one of the most profound disruptions to hit IT in decades," said Andi Mann. "It is a natural extension of cloud computing, and I have seen both firsthand and in independent research the fantastic results DevOps delivers. So I am excited to help the great t...
Jan. 21, 2017 07:45 AM EST Reads: 2,438
Every successful software product evolves from an idea to an enterprise system. Notably, the same way is passed by the product owner's company. In his session at 20th Cloud Expo, Oleg Lola, CEO of MobiDev, will provide a generalized overview of the evolution of a software product, the product owner, the needs that arise at various stages of this process, and the value brought by a software development partner to the product owner as a response to these needs.
Jan. 21, 2017 07:30 AM EST Reads: 1,293
In 2014, Amazon announced a new form of compute called Lambda. We didn't know it at the time, but this represented a fundamental shift in what we expect from cloud computing. Now, all of the major cloud computing vendors want to take part in this disruptive technology. In his session at 20th Cloud Expo, John Jelinek IV, a web developer at Linux Academy, will discuss why major players like AWS, Microsoft Azure, IBM Bluemix, and Google Cloud Platform are all trying to sidestep VMs and containers...
Jan. 21, 2017 07:15 AM EST Reads: 929
SYS-CON Events announced today that MobiDev, a client-oriented software development company, will exhibit at SYS-CON's 20th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place June 6-8, 2017, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, and the 21st International Cloud Expo®, which will take place October 31-November 2, 2017, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. MobiDev is a software company that develops and delivers turn-key mobile apps, websites, web services, and complex softw...
Jan. 21, 2017 06:45 AM EST Reads: 1,946
SYS-CON Events announced today that Enzu will exhibit at SYS-CON's 20th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 6-8, 2017, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, and the 21st International Cloud Expo®, which will take place October 31-November 2, 2017, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. Enzu's mission is to be the leading provider of enterprise cloud solutions worldwide. Enzu enables online businesses to use its IT infrastructure to their competitive ad...
Jan. 21, 2017 06:30 AM EST Reads: 1,654
Smart Cities are here to stay, but for their promise to be delivered, the data they produce must not be put in new siloes. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Mathias Herberts, Co-founder and CTO of Cityzen Data, discussed the best practices that will ensure a successful smart city journey.
Jan. 21, 2017 06:00 AM EST Reads: 2,071
In his session at 19th Cloud Expo, Claude Remillard, Principal Program Manager in Developer Division at Microsoft, contrasted how his team used config as code and immutable patterns for continuous delivery of microservices and apps to the cloud. He showed how the immutable patterns helps developers do away with most of the complexity of config as code-enabling scenarios such as rollback, zero downtime upgrades with far greater simplicity. He also demoed building immutable pipelines in the cloud ...
Jan. 21, 2017 05:30 AM EST Reads: 3,551
Traditional on-premises data centers have long been the domain of modern data platforms like Apache Hadoop, meaning companies who build their business on public cloud were challenged to run Big Data processing and analytics at scale. But recent advancements in Hadoop performance, security, and most importantly cloud-native integrations, are giving organizations the ability to truly gain value from all their data. In his session at 19th Cloud Expo, David Tishgart, Director of Product Marketing ...
Jan. 21, 2017 05:00 AM EST Reads: 3,013
Choosing the right cloud for your workloads is a balancing act that can cost your organization time, money and aggravation - unless you get it right the first time. Economics, speed, performance, accessibility, administrative needs and security all play a vital role in dictating your approach to the cloud. Without knowing the right questions to ask, you could wind up paying for capacity you'll never need or underestimating the resources required to run your applications.
Jan. 21, 2017 05:00 AM EST Reads: 4,043
Technology vendors and analysts are eager to paint a rosy picture of how wonderful IoT is and why your deployment will be great with the use of their products and services. While it is easy to showcase successful IoT solutions, identifying IoT systems that missed the mark or failed can often provide more in the way of key lessons learned. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Peter Vanderminden, Principal Industry Analyst for IoT & Digital Supply Chain to Flatiron Strategies, will focus on how IoT depl...
Jan. 21, 2017 03:45 AM EST Reads: 1,988
Adding public cloud resources to an existing application can be a daunting process. The tools that you currently use to manage the software and hardware outside the cloud aren't always the best tools to efficiently grow into the cloud. All of the major configuration management tools have cloud orchestration plugins that can be leveraged, but there are also cloud-native tools that can dramatically improve the efficiency of managing your application lifecycle. In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, ...
Jan. 21, 2017 02:30 AM EST Reads: 6,121
The pace of innovation, vendor lock-in, production sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and managing risk… In his session at 18th Cloud Expo, Dan Choquette, Founder of RackN, discussed how CIOs are challenged finding the balance of finding the right tools, technology and operational model that serves the business the best. He also discussed how clouds, open source software and infrastructure solutions have benefits but also drawbacks and how workload and operational portability between vendors an...
Jan. 21, 2017 02:30 AM EST Reads: 5,042
With the proliferation of both SQL and NoSQL databases, organizations can now target specific fit-for-purpose database tools for their different application needs regarding scalability, ease of use, ACID support, etc. Platform as a Service offerings make this even easier now, enabling developers to roll out their own database infrastructure in minutes with minimal management overhead. However, this same amount of flexibility also comes with the challenges of picking the right tool, on the right ...
Jan. 21, 2017 02:15 AM EST Reads: 5,368
Big Data, cloud, analytics, contextual information, wearable tech, sensors, mobility, and WebRTC: together, these advances have created a perfect storm of technologies that are disrupting and transforming classic communications models and ecosystems. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Erik Perotti, Senior Manager of New Ventures on Plantronics' Innovation team, provided an overview of this technological shift, including associated business and consumer communications impacts, and opportunities it m...
Jan. 21, 2017 02:00 AM EST Reads: 5,825
Manufacturers are embracing the Industrial Internet the same way consumers are leveraging Fitbits – to improve overall health and wellness. Both can provide consistent measurement, visibility, and suggest performance improvements customized to help reach goals. Fitbit users can view real-time data and make adjustments to increase their activity. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Mark Bernardo Professional Services Leader, Americas, at GE Digital, discussed how leveraging the Industrial Internet and...
Jan. 21, 2017 01:30 AM EST Reads: 6,568


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2 Chestnut Drive Hout Bay Western Cape 7806
Bergvlei Farm Main Road Hout Bay Western Cape 8001
10 The Village Beach Crescent Hout Bay Western Cape 7806
1 avenue de chevonne Hout Bay Western Cape
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Beef Stroganoff Sauce
Nod to my Russian background this is a great and easy recipe. For a more of a russian 'peasant' touch try it with buckwheat.
Easy Beef Stroganoff Recipe at Delectable, www.delectablecookingandbaking.com
This is by far my family's favorite Slow Cooker Beef Stroganoff recipe! An ultra rich and creamy, amazingly flavorful sauce (without any "cream of" anything!), crazy tender meat all made in the crockpot for a gourmet meal with hardly any effort! I love serving this for holidays like Christmas!
Slimming Eats - Beef Stroganoff - Gluten Free, Slimming World (SP) and Weight Watchers friendly
Slimming Eats - Beef Stroganoff - Gluten Free, Slimming World (SP) and Weight Watchers friendly
Looking for easy beef recipes for dinner? This one is a huge hit, and if you chop up the mushrooms enough, the kids won't even know they're hiding in the sauce. That's winning, I'd say! Beef Stroganoff recipes like these make life easier. Head over here to see the {read more} http://couponcravings.com/Beef-Stroganoff-Recipe/
Beef stroganoff - Hairy Bikers
Love beef stroganoff? You'll love my Slow Cooker Beef Stroganoff! It's made in the crockpot, has no "cream of x" soup, & uses my blend of spices! showmetheyummy.com #slowcooker #beefstroganoff
The two times in my life when I remember my Russian food cravings becoming especially strong were the times I was pregnant with my babies. It seems I am at it again. No, not the pregnant bit but the longing for food I grew up with. When life gets especially hectic cozy Slavic food laced … … Continue reading →
Syn Free Slimming World Beef Stroganoff


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We have found 7 2 bedroom properties to rent in Canning Town, E16.
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This beautiful two bedroom apartment is situated in the brand new and sought-after City Island development and benefits from bright and modern interiors throughout as well as breath taking views of the river and O2. Read more.
Professionally Managed. 24/7 emergency support included
This stylish two bedroom 17th floor apartment boasts a large open-plan reception room with access to a private balcony with overlooking stunning views of London. Read more.
This is a high-specification two bedroom flat in the newly developed Grantham House, part of London City Island. Boasting a large reception room with floor-to-ceiling windows, and a private balcony with great views. Read more.
This superb eighth floor, two bedroom contemporary apartment boasts gorgeous open-plan living space flooded with natural light and benefiting from a brilliant integrated kitchen, with an en suite and brilliant balcony. Read more.
A stunning two bedroom flat within a modern purpose-built block, boasting a stylish reception room with a fully integrated open-plan kitchen opening onto a charming balcony. Read more.
A generous two bedroom flat within a fantastic new development, boasting a generous reception room and fully integrated open-plan kitchen, which extends onto a charming private balcony. Read more.
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Wood Wallpaper
Barn Wood Wallpaper - Decomurale inc.
Are you kidding me? First this is absolutely gorgeous and I want it. Second, that is WALLLPAPER! (Woodplank wallpaper on chimney breast)
Faux wood wall paper..I have seen this before and I think there are applications where it would be great. Follows the reclaimed flooring trend...
Stikwood - peel and stick wood planking - No. 29 Design
J & J Modern Kids - Tyler's Faux Wood Wallpaper
Wood White Peel and Stick Wallpaper - Wall Sticker Outlet
whitewashed wood wallpaper - Google Search
Faux Wood Wallpaper in the bathroom... what a great rustic look! < I think this would be great for the future wine cellar
Weathered Texture Turquoise Scrap Wood - Wallpaper by A - Streets Prints
#CoolWalls Peel-And-Stick Wood Panels Provide An Instant Reclaimed Look | Co.Design | business + design


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No stool diet
Q: Dear ask the doctor team,
first of all, please excuse my bad english.
I'm wondering if there is a diet that result in no more stool. Or at least decrease the rate.
The reason why I ask this, is a very strong disgust against the whole prozess. I hate the idea that the stool is in my body, I hate the nasty moment on the toylet, the smell, the wasted time, the awkward moment when you realise in public that this gross preasure builds up..
You see, it is a big problem for me. But on top of that, on a normal day I have to go at least two times to the bathroom.
You would do me a great favor, if you could help me.
best regards,
A: This question is currently in queue and will be answered shortly by one of our doctors. In the meantime you may browse our library of answered questions by clicking here.
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Three Men Who Blew Up Front Of Long Ashton Post Office Jailed
Three men who blew up the front of Long Ashton Post Office in an ATM attack are jailed.
An independent review has begun into heart patient services at Bristol Children's Hospital, after several families whose children died made allegations about the care they had received.
It is called The Bristol Review and was announced in February by Professor Sir Bruce Keogh, who is the medical director of the NHS.
Twelve families had said they were taking legal action against the trust that runs the hospital.
They include Steve and Yolanda Turner from Warminster, Wiltshire, whose son Sean died in March 2012.
Eleanor Grey QC, who is chairing the review, told Heart:
''We'd like to say to all potential witnesses, and clearly staff are very important in that, that we'd like to hear from everyone who's got relevant experience to offer to the enquiry.
"We want to hear your experiences, whether they are positive, negative or mixed.
"All those from whom we haven't heard yet, it important that we hear from all those families who've got something to contribute to this review.
"It is really important to us that we can understand the full range of everyone's experiences so there is no reason to feel disloyal.''
The findings will be published by NHS England.
Families of patients affected are asked to submit their contributions via the Bristol Review website (see link above right).
Three men who blew up the front of Long Ashton Post Office in an ATM attack are jailed.
An 18-year-old man has been arrested on suspicion of murdering Leonne Weeks, 16, who was found dead on a path in Rotherham.
Many roads around Bristol as being altered and closed for city improvements
Ozzy, a local police dog in training, has decided to share his diary with people. Read his story so far!
Clean Bandit Rock A Bye
Black Eyed Peas Where Is The Love?
George Michael & Queen Somebody To Love
Boy Meets Girl Waiting For A Star To Fall
3pm - 5pm
Deposit £10 to get a £40 Welcome Bonus - That's £50 to play bingo, slots and more!*
Over 50 tracks to make you feel-good. New album out now...
Find your local four day weather report here.
Make Heart the soundtrack to your day and you could be a winner with great prizes up for grabs throughout the day.


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Computer Repairs Modbury
Do you need computer repairs in Modbury? Geeks2U provides on-site computer repairs along with computer help to homes and businesses throughout the entire Modbury area. Whether it's from a laptop, tablet, or PC, your laptop technicians are ready to handle your every IT concern. In fact, each Geek is also required to have experience speaking with customers in plain English, so you know what they are doing. Our same day service means you don't have to stay disconnected for long. Weekdays, weeknights, and even on weekends the technical support professionals are ready to go.
When it comes to emergency computer repair, we've seen it all! There is no device or brand that the Geeks2U technical support team can't fix. The Geeks are prepared to help with a variety of computer issues including network security, new device setup or internet connectivity. The Geeks2U computer technicians in Modbury all operate locally, meaning that our computer repair technicians can be there quick as a flash.
Geeks2U has become the biggest provider of mobile PC repairs as well as general computer services in Modbury. So if you need fast, reliable computer technical support in Modbury, the Geeks in Modbury are highly skilled PC, laptop and Mac technicians with charming, pleasant personalities. That's why our Modbury customers recommend Geeks2U without hesitation to their families and friends. the Geeks are at your service! Call 1300 769 448 to schedule an appointment with a Modbury computer specialist today.
And check out our other locations across Australia:
Not sure if your area is covered?
Give us a call at 1300 769 448 and we will let you know.
What Our Customers Say
Punctual, professional, very obliging and knowledgeable.
Good and prompt service. Very satisfied with the service provided.
I was satisfied with the service and I highly recommend Geeks2U. The advice that Sinisa gave me has...
Easy and straight forward. Most helpful.
Easy, efficient and know what they're doing. Was super satisfied and the adverts work!
Professional, friendly and helpful. Thanks!
Very satisfied! Happy with the service with Lalith. He was very friendly and helpful.
I am so pleased with Nicholas. He was very knowledgeable and explained everything he did. My...
Very good. The technician was very experienced and got me connected back to the internet quickly.
Very happy with the service and attitude of Charbel.
Great service. I had all my computer needs met. Very professional and efficient! Overall, I was...
On time, professional and speaks in every day language that we can understand.
Very helpful and efficient. I felt comfortable with Timothy in my home.
Reliable, very knowledgeable, pleasant, helpful and friendly. I would use them again.
Very friendly, efficient and experienced service. Loved it!
Geek2U continues to be concerned for its customers. They are most helpful and they treat customers...
Simple to use and prompt service.
Friendly, efficient and knows what they are doing!
Noel showed great patience by fixing my problems and showing me easier ways of using my computer....
As soon as the problem was discussed, Rob knew exactly what to do and explained why the problem...
Bill is a very knowledgeable and professional guy! Very happy with his service!
Arrived on time, was very helpful and knowledgeable.
Reliable, friendly and speedy service. David is a great technician. He fixes things without making...
Punctual, reliable and very accommodating.