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Active Vibration Dampers For Rotating Machinery
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kascack, Albert F.; Ropchock, John J.; Lakatos, Tomas F.; Montague, Gerald T.; Palazzolo, Alan; Lin, Reng Rong
Active dampers developed to suppress vibrations in rotating machinery. Essentially feedback control systems and reciprocating piezoelectric actuators. Similar active damper containing different actuators described in LEW-14488. Concept also applicable to suppression of vibrations in stationary structures subject to winds and earthquakes. Active damper offers adjustable suppression of vibrations. Small and lightweight and responds faster to transients.
Space Shuttle Damper System for Ground Wind Load Tests
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Robinson, G. D.; Holt, J. R.; Chang, C. S.
An active damper system which was originally developed for a 5.5% Saturn IB/Skylab Ground Winds Model was modified and used for similar purposes in a Space Shuttle model. A second damper system which was originally used in a 3% Saturn V/Dry Workshop model was also modified and made compatible with the Space Shuttle model to serve as a back-up system. Included in this final report are descriptions of the modified damper systems and the associated control and instrumentation.
Cable connected active tuned mass dampers for control of in-plane vibrations of wind turbine blades
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fitzgerald, B.; Basu, B.
In-plane vibrations of wind turbine blades are of concern in modern multi-megawatt wind turbines. Today's turbines with capacities of up to 7.5 MW have very large, flexible blades. As blades have grown longer the increasing flexibility has led to vibration problems. Vibration of blades can reduce the power produced by the turbine and decrease the fatigue life of the turbine. In this paper a new active control strategy is designed and implemented to control the in-plane vibration of large wind turbine blades which in general is not aerodynamically damped. A cable connected active tuned mass damper (CCATMD) system is proposed for the mitigation of in-plane blade vibration. An Euler-Lagrangian wind turbine model based on energy formulation has been developed for this purpose which considers the structural dynamics of the system and the interaction between in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations and also the interaction between the blades and the tower including the CCATMDs. The CCATMDs are located inside the blades and are controlled by an LQR controller. The turbine is subject to turbulent aerodynamic loading simulated using a modification to the classic Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory with turbulence generated from rotationally sampled spectra. The turbine is also subject to gravity loading. The effect of centrifugal stiffening of the rotating blades has also been considered. Results show that the use of the proposed new active control scheme significantly reduces the in-plane vibration of large, flexible wind turbine blades.
Hybrid dampers for active vibration control
Gordaninejad, F.; Ray, A.
In the present investigation feasibility of using hybrid electrorheological (ER) fluid dampers for active vibration control is examined. Small-scale, three-electrode hybrid dampers were designed and built such that they have two separate compartments to contain a viscous oil and an ER fluid. The results were compared to those obtained using a three-electrode ER fluid damper. It was shown that the use of hybrid ER fluid damper can enhance the damping. It was also found that the bang-bang and linear proportional control algorithms have similar effects on the amplitude-time response obtained from hybrid and ER fluid dampers.
Verification of Effect of Damper Windings on the Transient Condition of Synchronous Generator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Matsuki, Junya; Taoka, Hisao; Hayashi, Yasuhiro; Iwamoto, Shigeru; Daikoku, Akihiro
This paper describes the results of experimental investigation on the effects of damper winding of a 4-pole synchronous generator at the synchronous generator transient. It is known in the simulation that the damper winding acts effectively at the synchronous generator transient condition. However, experimental proof has not been performed yet. Then, experiments on damper effects were conducted in this paper using a laboratory-scale power system. The damper winding of tested generator consists of 5 damper bars each pole and the number of working damper bars can be changed manually. Damper currents at each bar were measured by a Rogowski coil. FFT analysis was applied to both damper currents and armature currents under different operating conditions. Relationships between damper currents in the rotor and armature currents in the stator were made clearer than before.
Active Inertial Vibration Isolators And Dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Laughlin, Darren; Blackburn, John; Smith, Dennis
Report describes development of active inertial vibration isolators and dampers in which actuators electromagnet coils moving linearly within permanent magnetic fields in housings, somewhat as though massive, low-frequency voice coils in loudspeakers. Discusses principle of operation, electrical and mechanical considerations in design of actuators, characteristics of accelerometers, and frequency responses of control systems. Describes design and performance of one- and three-degree-of-freedom vibration-suppressing system based on concept.
Single-Point Attachment Wind Damper for Launch Vehicle On-Pad Motion
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hrinda, Glenn A.
A single-point-attachment wind-damper device is proposed to reduce on-pad motion of a cylindrical launch vehicle. The device is uniquely designed to attach at only one location along the vehicle and capable of damping out wind gusts from any lateral direction. The only source of damping is from two viscous dampers in the device. The effectiveness of the damper design in reducing vehicle displacements is determined from transient analysis results using an Ares I-X launch vehicle. Combinations of different spring stiffnesses and damping are used to show how the vehicle's displacement response is significantly reduced during a wind gust.
Mitigation of edgewise vibrations in wind turbine blades by means of roller dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Zili; Li, Jie; Nielsen, Søren R. K.; Basu, Biswajit
Edgewise vibrations in wind turbine blades are lightly damped, and large amplitude vibrations induced by the turbulence may significantly shorten the fatigue life of the blade. This paper investigates the performance of roller dampers for mitigation of edgewise vibrations in rotating wind turbine blades. Normally, the centrifugal acceleration of the rotating blade can reach to a magnitude of 7-8g, which makes it possible to use this kind of damper with a relatively small mass ratio for suppressing edgewise vibrations effectively. The parameters of the damper to be optimized are the mass ratio, the frequency ratio, the coefficient of rolling friction and the position of the damper in the blade. The optimization of these parameters has been carried out on a reduced 2-DOF nonlinear model of the rotating wind turbine blade equipped with a roller damper in terms of a ball or a cylinder, ignoring the coupling with other degrees of freedom of the wind turbine. The edgewise modal loading on the blade has been calculated from a more sophisticated 13-DOF aeroelastic wind turbine model with due consideration to the indicated couplings, the turbulence and the aerodynamic damping. Various turbulence intensities and mean wind speeds have been considered to evaluate the effectiveness of the roller damper in reducing edgewise vibrations when the working conditions of the wind turbine are changed. Further, the optimized roller damper is incorporated into the 13-DOF wind turbine model to verify the application of the decoupled optimization. The results indicate that the proposed damper can effectively improve the structural response of wind turbine blades.
Tuned rolling-ball dampers for vibration control in wind turbines
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Junling; Georgakis, Christos T.
With wind turbines growing in size and cost, it is necessary to reduce their dynamic responses and improve their fatigue lifetime. A passive tuned-mass damper (TMD) is a very efficient solution for vibration control in structures subjected to wind excitations. In this study, a tuned rolling-ball damper characterized by single or multiple steel balls rolling in a spherical container is proposed to be mounted on the top of wind turbines to reduce the wind-induced vibration. A 1/20 scale shaking table model was developed to evaluate the control effectiveness of the damper. The wind-induced dynamic responses of the test model with and without TMD were obtained from the shaking table tests. The test results indicated that the rolling-ball dampers could effectively suppress the wind-induced vibration of wind turbines. The damper with three balls in one container had better control effectiveness than that with only one ball because of the impact effect and the rolling friction. The control effectiveness of the damper cannot be improved further when the number of balls is increased beyond a certain point.
Quasi-active suspension design using magnetorheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Potter, Jack N.; Neild, Simon A.; Wagg, David J.
Quasi-active damping is a method of coupled mechanical and control system design using multiple semi-active dampers. By designing the systems such that the desired control force may always be achieved using a combination of the dampers, quasi-active damping seeks to approach levels of vibration isolation achievable through active damping, whilst retaining the desirable attributes of semi-active systems. In this article a design is proposed for a quasi-active, base-isolating suspension system. Control laws are firstly defined in a generalised form, where semi-active dampers are considered as idealised variable viscous dampers. This system is used to demonstrate in detail the principles of quasi-active damping, in particular the necessary interaction between mechanical and control systems. It is shown how such a system can produce a tunable, quasi-active region in the frequency response of very low displacement transmissibility. Quasi-active control laws are then proposed which are specific for use with magnetorheological dampers. These are validated in simulation using a realistic model of the damper dynamics, again producing a quasi-active region in the frequency response. Finally, the robustness of the magnetorheological, quasi-active suspension system is demonstrated.
Semi-active tuned mass dampers with phase control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chung, Lap-Loi; Lai, Yong-An; Walter Yang, Chuang-Sheng; Lien, Kuan-Hua; Wu, Lai-Yun
The present study aims at proposing an innovative phase control methodology for semi-active tuned mass dampers (SA-TMDs) that intend to minimize the off-tuned problems associated with passive tuned mass dampers (P-TMDs). The phase control algorithm is first developed, the essential of which is to apply the variable friction force to slow down the mass block at specific moments when the phase lag of the SA-TMD with respect to the structure is different from 90°, resulting in the SA-TMD back to the desired phase lag, i.e., -90° phase deviation, so that the SA-TMD has the maximum power flow to reduce the structural vibration. The feasibility of the application of the phase control in SA-TMDs is verified by performing numerical analyses of a simplified Taipei 101 structure model with a SA-TMD subjected to sinusoidal loads and design level wind loads. The numerical simulation results show that the SA-TMD implemented with phase control can enable the mass block to vibrate in a manner with a phase lag close to the -90° when the structure model is under sinusoidal excitations with frequencies different from the structural fundamental mode. The SA-TMD with phase control not only exhibits better performance than the optimal P-TMD in terms of suppressing the structural vibration, but also enhances its robustness, particularly when the SA-TMD is off-tuned to the structure.
A damper for ground wind-induced launch vehicle oscillations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bodle, J. G.; Hackley, D. S.
Prelaunch oscillatory bending deflections of the Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle are restrained by a damper mechanism mounted on the end of a horizontal boom supported from the umbilical tower. A single vertical pin on the vehicle engages the mechanism, and the damper is connected to the vehicle until liftoff. As the attach pin rises with the vehicle, a retractable arm mechanism provides initial clearance. An explosive release mechanism allows the boom to swing clear of the vehicle like a pendulum, while a snubber mechanism decelerates the free swinging boom and damper mechanism to a safe stop.
Effect of the active damper coil system on the lateral displacement of the magnetically levitated bogie
Ohashi, S.; Ohsaki, H.; Masada, E.
Numerical simulation of the superconducting magnetically levitated bogie (JR Maglev) has been studied. The active damper coil system is introduced. In this levitation system, the interaction between levitation and guidance is strong. This active damper coil system is designed for reducing the vertical vibration of the bogie. Using the numerical simulation, its effect on the lateral displacement of the bogie is assessed. The active damper coil system for the vertical vibration is shown to works as a passive damper for the lateral vibration.
Robust semi-active control for uncertain structures and smart dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yeganeh Fallah, Arash; Taghikhany, Touraj
Recent developments in semi-active control technology have led to its application in civil infrastructures as an efficient strategy to protect susceptible structures against seismic and wind induced vibration. The reliable and robust performance of semi-active systems depends on the level of uncertainties in the structural parameters as well as on the sensors' measurement and on smart mechanical dampers. A common source of uncertainties in semi-active control devices is related to the inherent nonlinear nature of these devices, thermal variation, or their malfunctioning. This study deals with the robust H∞ control problem and aims to model different sources of uncertainty. The uncertainty of the structural model and damper force are assumed to be norm bounded random variables. By using linear fractional transformation (LFT), the uncertain part of the system is decoupled from the nominal parameters of the system. The robust H∞ controller is designed to achieve consistent performance in structures including nominal and perturbed dynamics. Additionally, to reduce the uncertainty of the damper force, an inverse model of the magnetorheological (MR) damper is developed based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The robustness of the proposed algorithm is validated by numerical simulations.
Active control of train bogies with MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fotoohi, Abbas; Yousefi-Koma, Aghil; Yasrebi, Naser
This research is conducted to demonstrate the advantages of skyhook semi-active dampers in railway vehicle suspension systems. This semi- active suspension system consists of four actuators on each bogie that locate in the secondary suspension position instead of passive dampers. Employing equations of skyhook control scheme, the semi- active damping force (actuator force) is determined by absolute velocity of car body instead of relative velocity. An integration of a control design tool, i.e. MATLAB, together with a tool for railway vehicle simulation, i.e. ADAMS/Rail is utilized for modeling and control analysis simultaneously. Analysis has been performed on a traditional bogie model with passive secondary suspension and on a new bogie model with semi-active suspension. The effects of suspension system on displacement and acceleration in passenger seats have been investigated in various points of car body. Results show that the semi-active suspension improves the ride comfort by reducing accelerations, in comparison with passive model. Finally, according to the damper force obtained from Sky-hook controller, a Magnetorheological (MR) damper has been designed for the semi-active suspension system.
Performance analysis of a semi-active railway vehicle suspension featuring MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Hwan-Choong; Choi, Seung-Bok; Lee, Gyu-Seop; An, Chae-Hun; You, Won-Hee
This paper presents performance analysis of semi-active railway vehicle suspension system using MR damper. In order to achieve this goal, a mathematical dynamic model of railway vehicle is derived by integrating car body, bogie frame and wheel-set which can be able to represent lateral, yaw and roll motion. Based on this model, the dynamic range of MR damper at the railway secondary suspension system and design parameters of MR damper are calculated. Subsequently, control performances of railway vehicle including car body lateral motion and acceleration of MR damper are evaluated through computer simulations. Then, the MR damper is manufactured to be retrofitted with the real railway vehicle and its characteristics are experimentally measured. Experimental performance of MR damper is assessed using test rig which is composed of a car body and two bogies.
Semi-active control of seat suspension with MR damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yao, H. J.; Fu, J.; Yu, M.; Peng, Y. X.
The vibration control of a seat suspension system with magnetorheological (MR) damper is investigated in this study. Firstly, a dynamical model of the seat suspension system with parameter uncertainties (such as mass, stiffness, damping) and actuator saturation is established. Secondly, based on Lyapunov functional theory and considering constraint conditions for damping force, the semi-active controller is designed, and the controller parameters are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which guarantees performance index. Finally, compared control strategy and the passive, skyhook control strategy, the simulation results in time and frequency domains demonstrate the proposed approach can achieve better vertical acceleration attenuation for the seat suspension system and improve ride comfort.
An enhanced nonlinear damping approach accounting for system constraints in active mass dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Venanzi, Ilaria; Ierimonti, Laura; Ubertini, Filippo
Active mass dampers are a viable solution for mitigating wind-induced vibrations in high-rise buildings and improve occupants' comfort. Such devices suffer particularly when they reach force saturation of the actuators and maximum extension of their stroke, which may occur in case of severe loading conditions (e.g. wind gust and earthquake). Exceeding actuators' physical limits can impair the control performance of the system or even lead to devices damage, with consequent need for repair or substitution of part of the control system. Controllers for active mass dampers should account for their technological limits. Prior work of the authors was devoted to stroke issues and led to the definition of a nonlinear damping approach, very easy to implement in practice. It consisted of a modified skyhook algorithm complemented with a nonlinear braking force to reverse the direction of the mass before reaching the stroke limit. This paper presents an enhanced version of this approach, also accounting for force saturation of the actuator and keeping the simplicity of implementation. This is achieved by modulating the control force by a nonlinear smooth function depending on the ratio between actuator's force and saturation limit. Results of a numerical investigation show that the proposed approach provides similar results to the method of the State Dependent Riccati Equation, a well-established technique for designing optimal controllers for constrained systems, yet very difficult to apply in practice.
An investigation on a semi-active magnetorheological tuned liquid column damper (MR-TLCD)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, H. X.; Wang, X. Y.
this paper, a novel semi-active magnetorheological tuned liquid column damper (MR-TLCD) device combining tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) and magnetorheological damper (MRD) is devised for wind or earthquake vibration control of civil structures. In this device, a traditional moving head loss in the TLCD is replaced with a controlled MRD in the bottom or one side of the vertical column, which can easily and rapidly adjust the damping of the device. A semi-active experimental prototype MR-TLCD consisting of a shear rotary MRD and a TLCD is built. Based on the four basic presumptions, a dynamic model of the devised MR-TLCD is established using the Lagrange equation. In this equation, the formula of MRD employs the Bingham Boltzmann model. The natural frequency of the MR-TLCD is determined by the total central length and spring stiffness. It is worth noting that the natural frequency differs with the simple TLCD, because the device adds a joint spring. An equivalent linear damping expression is developed under harmonic excitation, and its mechanical model is developed using the equivalent period displacement and the coulomb friction force of MRD. At the same time, the equivalent damping can be adjusted by the real-time applied current, which can achieve the semi-active control performance. To validate the proposed frequency and damping model, Experimental test is conducted on a section area 150mm × 150mm and a total length 2.24m of the MR-TLCD dimensions. Comparisons are made between predicted and measured TLCD liquid surface displacement motion. The result shows the error of its nature frequency is only 2.29%.
Digital active material processing platform effort (DAMPER), SBIR phase 2
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Blackburn, John; Smith, Dennis
Applied Technology Associates, Inc., (ATA) has demonstrated that inertial actuation can be employed effectively in digital, active vibration isolation systems. Inertial actuation involves the use of momentum exchange to produce corrective forces which act directly on the payload being actively isolated. In a typical active vibration isolation system, accelerometers are used to measure the inertial motion of the payload. The signals from the accelerometers are then used to calculate the corrective forces required to counteract, or 'cancel out' the payload motion. Active vibration isolation is common technology, but the use of inertial actuation in such systems is novel, and is the focus of the DAMPER project. A May 1991 report was completed which documented the successful demonstration of inertial actuation, employed in the control of vibration in a single axis. In the 1 degree-of-freedom (1DOF) experiment a set of air bearing rails was used to suspend the payload, simulating a microgravity environment in a single horizontal axis. Digital Signal Processor (DSP) technology was used to calculate in real time, the control law between the accelerometer signals and the inertial actuators. The data obtained from this experiment verified that as much as 20 dB of rejection could be realized by this type of system. A discussion is included of recent tests performed in which vibrations were actively controlled in three axes simultaneously. In the three degree-of-freedom (3DOF) system, the air bearings were designed in such a way that the payload is free to rotate about the azimuth axis, as well as translate in the two horizontal directions. The actuator developed for the DAMPER project has applications beyond payload isolation, including structural damping and source vibration isolation. This report includes a brief discussion of these applications, as well as a commercialization plan for the actuator.
Aeromechanical stability augmentation using semi-active friction-based lead-lag damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Agarwal, Sandeep
Lead-lag dampers are present in most rotors to provide the required level of damping in all flight conditions. These dampers are a critical component of the rotor system, but they also represent a major source of maintenance cost. In present rotor systems, both hydraulic and elastomeric lead-lag dampers have been used. Hydraulic dampers are complex mechanical components that require hydraulic fluids and have high associated maintenance costs. Elastomeric dampers are conceptually simpler and provide a "dry" rotor, but are rather costly. Furthermore, their damping characteristics can degrade with time without showing external signs of failure. Hence, the dampers must be replaced on a regular basis. A semi-active friction based lead-lag damper is proposed as a replacement for hydraulic and elastomeric dampers. Damping is provided by optimized energy dissipation due to frictional forces in semi-active joints. An actuator in the joint modulates the normal force that controls energy dissipation at the frictional interfaces, resulting in large hysteretic loops. Various selective damping strategies are developed and tested for a simple system containing two different frequency modes in its response, one of which needs to be damped out. The system reflects the situation encountered in rotor response where 1P excitation is present along with the potentially unstable regressive lag motion. Simulation of the system response is obtained to compare their effectiveness. Next, a control law governing the actuation in the lag damper is designed to generate the desired level of damping for performing adaptive selective damping of individual blade lag motion. Further, conceptual design of a piezoelectric friction based lag damper for a full-scale rotor is presented and various factors affecting size, design and maintenance cost, damping capacity, and power requirements of the damper are discussed. The selective semi-active damping strategy is then studied in the context of classical
Active mass damper system employing time delay control algorithm for vibration mitigation of building structure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jang, Dong-Doo; Park, Jeongsu; Jung, Hyung-Jo
The feasibility of an active mass damper (AMD) system employing the time delay control (TDC) algorithm, which is one of the robust and adaptive control algorithms, for effectively suppressing the wind-induced vibration of a building structure is investigated. The TDC algorithm has several attractive features such as the simplicity and the excellent robustness to unknown system dynamics and disturbance. Based on the characteristics of the algorithm, it has the potential to be an effective control system for mitigating excessive vibration of civil engineering structures such as buildings, bridges and towers. However, it has not been used for structural response reduction yet. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed active control method combining an AMD system with the TDC algorithm, a series of labscale tests are carried out.
Dynamic response mitigation of floating wind turbine platforms using tuned liquid column dampers.
Jaksic, V; Wright, C S; Murphy, J; Afeef, C; Ali, S F; Mandic, D P; Pakrashi, V
In this paper, we experimentally study and compare the effects of three combinations of multiple tuned liquid column dampers (MTLCDs) on the dynamic performance of a model floating tension-leg platform (TLP) structure in a wave basin. The structural stability and safety of the floating structure during operation and maintenance is of concern for the performance of a renewable energy device that it might be supporting. The dynamic responses of the structure should thus be limited for these renewable energy devices to perform as intended. This issue is particularly important during the operation of a TLP in extreme weather conditions. Tuned liquid column dampers (TLCDs) can use the power of sloshing water to reduce surge motions of a floating TLP exposed to wind and waves. This paper demonstrates the potential of MTLCDs in reducing dynamic responses of a scaled TLP model through an experimental study. The potential of using output-only statistical markers for monitoring changes in structural conditions is also investigated through the application of a delay vector variance (DVV) marker for different conditions of control for the experiments. PMID:25583861
Modeling of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension with Magnetorhological Damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hasa, Richard; Danko, Ján; Milesich, Tomáš; Magdolen, Ľuboš
Modeling of suspension is a current topic. Vehicle users require both greater driving comfort and safety. There is a space to invent new technologies like magnetorheological dampers and their control systems to increase these conflicting requirements. Magnetorheological dampers are reliably mathematically described by parametric and nonparametric models. Therefore they are able to reliably simulate the driving mode of the vehicle. These simulations are important for automotive engineers to increase vehicle safety and passenger comfort.
Semi-active seismic response control of base-isolated building with MR damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Soda, Satsuya; Kusumoto, Haruhide; Chatani, Ryosuke; Iwata, Norio; Fujitani, Hideo; Shiozaki, Yoichi; Hiwatashi, Takeshi
This study deals with a shake table test on a three-story base-isolated steel frame. The frame rests on four roller bearings for isolation and is equipped with four laminated rubbers as shear spring. An MR damper is used in the test to perform semi-active seismic response control. The basic control algorithm applied in the study is to simulate the load-deflection of an origin-restoring friction damper (ORFD) which is a sort of friction damper that looses its resistance when it moves toward the origin, making sure for the base-isolated system to minimize residual displacement even after an extremely strong ground motion. Also attempted is a hybrid type control that superposes viscous damping on the ORFD when the damper moves from the peak displacement toward the origin.
Magnetorheological composites as semi-active elements of dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kaleta, Jerzy; Lewandowski, Daniel; Zając, Piotr; Kustroń, Pawel
An original magnetorheological composite (MRC) with porous elastomeric matrix and filled with magnetorheological fluid was created at the work. It was used later on to build a damper working in the shearing mode without friction against external surfaces of the so-called skid. This prototype construction was used for damping free vibrations in the beam. An analysis of the effectiveness in the magnetic field function steering the damper was performed. As a result an important relationship between the change of damping in the material under the influence of the magnetic field and the length of time needed for damping the vibrations in the beam was demonstrated.
Trust-region based instantaneous optimal semi-active control of long-span spatially extended structures with MRF-04K damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lin, Wei; Li, Zhongxian; Ding, Yang
In the field of civil engineering, magneto rheological fluid (MRF) damper-based semi-active control systems have received considerable attention for use in protecting structures from natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high winds. In this paper, the MRF damper-based semi-active control system is applied to a long-span spatially extended structure and its feasibility is discussed. Meanwhile, a trust-region method based instantaneous optimal semi-active control algorithm (TIOC) is proposed to improve the performance of the semi-active control system in a multiple damper situation. The proposed TIOC describes the control process as a bounded constraint optimization problem, in which an optimal semiactive control force vector is solved by the trust-region method in every control step to minimize the structural responses. A numerical example of a railway station roof structure installed with MRF-04K dampers is presented. First, a modified Bouc-Wen model is utilized to describe the behavior of the selected MRF-04K damper. Then, two semi-active control systems, including the well-known clipped-optimal controller and the proposed TIOC controller, are considered. Based on the characteristics of the long-span spatially extended structure, the performance of the control system is evaluated under uniform earthquake excitation and travelling-wave excitation with different apparent velocities. The simulation results indicate that the MR fluid damper-based semi-active control systems have the potential to mitigate the responses of full-scale long-span spatially extended structures under earthquake hazards. The superiority of the proposed TIOC controller is demonstrated by comparing its control effectiveness with the clipped-optimal controller for several different cases.
Reduction of Floor Shock Vibration by Active Momentum Exchange Impact Damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Son, Lovely; Yamada, Keisuke; Hara, Susumu; Utsuno, Hideo; Matsuhisa, Hiroshi
This paper proposes an active control type of momentum exchange impact damper (AMEID) and its application to reducing shock vibration of the floor. The floor is modeled as a one-degree-of-freedom system. The active component of AMEID is realized by using a linear motor. The controller design of AMEID is based on the LQR optimal control theory. The simulation results show that the performance of AMEID is not affected by the mass ratio. In addition, the performance of AMEID is compared with the conventional passive momentum exchange impact damper (PMEID), the active mass damper (AMD) and the conventional active control method in reducing the floor shock vibration. It is shown that the shock reduction performance obtained by AMEID is larger than that obtained by PMEID. The power consumption and the stroke of the actuator for AMEID are lower than those of AMD. Furthermore, the transmitted force obtained by AMEID is smaller than that of the conventional active control.
Semi-active H∞ control of high-speed railway vehicle suspension with magnetorheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zong, Lu-Hang; Gong, Xing-Long; Xuan, Shou-Hu; Guo, Chao-Yang
In this paper, semi-active H∞ control with magnetorheological (MR) dampers for railway vehicle suspension systems to improve the lateral ride quality is investigated. The proposed semi-active controller is composed of a H∞ controller as the system controller and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) inverse MR damper model as the damper controller. First, a 17-degree-of-freedom model for a full-scale railway vehicle is developed and the random track irregularities are modelled. Then a modified Bouc-Wen model is built to characterise the forward dynamic characteristics of the MR damper and an inverse MR damper model is built with the ANFIS technique. Furthermore, a H∞ controller composed of a yaw motion controller and a rolling pendulum motion (lateral motion+roll motion) controller is established. By integrating the H∞ controller with the ANFIS inverse model, a semi-active H∞ controller for the railway vehicle is finally proposed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed semi-active suspension system possesses better attenuation ability for the vibrations of the car body than the passive suspension system.
A semi-active control suspension system for railway vehicles with magnetorheological fluid dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wei, Xiukun; Zhu, Ming; Jia, Limin
The high-speed train has achieved great progress in the last decades. It is one of the most important modes of transportation between cities. With the rapid development of the high-speed train, its safety issue is paid much more attention than ever before. To improve the stability of the vehicle with high speed, extra dampers (i.e. anti-hunting damper) are used in the traditional bogies with passive suspension system. However, the curving performance of the vehicle is undermined due to the extra lateral force generated by the dampers. The active suspension systems proposed in the last decades attempt to solve the vehicle steering issue. However, the active suspension systems need extra actuators driven by electrical power or hydraulic power. There are some implementation and even safety issues which are not easy to be overcome. In this paper, an innovative semi-active controlled lateral suspension system for railway vehicles is proposed. Four magnetorheological fluid dampers are fixed to the primary suspension system of each bogie. They are controlled by online controllers for enhancing the running stability on the straight track line on the one hand and further improving the curving performance by controlling the damper force on the other hand. Two control strategies are proposed in the light of the pure rolling concept. The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is demonstrated by SIMPACK and Matlab co-simulation for a full railway vehicle with two conventional bogies.
The Influence of Semi-active Dampers on the Vibration Behaviour of Passenger Cars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schneider, Sebastian; Brechter, Daniel; Janßen, Andreas; Mauch, Heiko
The number of mechatronic components in modern car suspensions is increasing continuously to solve conflicts concerning design goals. Thus, changes in the vibration behaviour of the vehicle are caused. It needs to be ascertained whether this influence has to be taken into account when determining the fatigue life of a car and its components. Therefore, changes of the loads are studied in measurements and multi-body simulations of a passenger car with semi-active dampers. The evaluation of the forces at the wheel centre and at the shock absorber tower shows that different settings of semi-active dampers have an influence on fatigue life of the chassis and the car body. It is concluded that these effects need to be taken into account when determining fatigue life. Furthermore, multi-body simulations have been successfully applied to study the influence of semi-active dampers on the loads.
Semi-active friction damper for buildings subject to seismic excitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mantilla, Juan S.; Solarte, Alexander; Gomez, Daniel; Marulanda, Johannio; Thomson, Peter
Structural control systems are considered an effective alternative for reducing vibrations in civil structures and are classified according to their energy supply requirement: passive, semi-active, active and hybrid. Commonly used structural control systems in buildings are passive friction dampers, which add energy dissipation through damping mechanisms induced by sliding friction between their surfaces. Semi-Active Variable Friction Dampers (SAVFD) allow the optimum efficiency range of friction dampers to be enhanced by controlling the clamping force in real time. This paper describes the development and performance evaluation of a low-cost SAVFD for the reduction of vibrations of structures subject to earthquakes. The SAVFD and a benchmark structural control test structure were experimentally characterized and analytical models were developed and updated based on the dynamic characterization. Decentralized control algorithms were implemented and tested on a shaking table. Relative displacements and accelerations of the structure controlled with the SAVFD were 80% less than those of the uncontrolled structure
Analysis of semi-active vehicle suspension system using airspring and MR damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tesfay, A. H.; Goel, V. K.
With the new advancements in vibration control strategies and controllable actuator manufacturing, semi-active actuators and dampers are finding their way as an essential part of vibration isolators, particularly in vehicle suspension systems. This is attributed to the fact that in a semi-active system, the damping coefficients can be adjusted to improve ride comfort and road handling performances. The currently available semi-active damper technology uses MR fluid to control the damping characteristics of the suspension system. In addition to MR dampers, combining air springs in a semi-active suspension system leads to better handling and ride performance in vehicles. Furthermore, the use of air spring in semi-active suspension system helps to ease design of variable spring stiffness. This easy design opportunity leads to independent control of stiffness and ride height of the vehicle. This paper deals with the design and modelling of variable stiffness air spring for semi-active suspension system, modelling of semi-active suspension systems with variable stiffness and MR damper, and study their
Semi-active tuned liquid column damper implementation with real-time hybrid simulations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Riascos, Carlos; Marulanda Casas, Johannio; Thomson, Peter
Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is a modern cyber-physical technique used for the experimental evaluation of complex systems, that treats the system components with predictable behavior as a numerical substructure and the components that are difficult to model as an experimental substructure. Therefore it is an attractive method for evaluation of the response of civil structures under earthquake, wind and anthropic loads. In this paper, the response of three-story shear frame controlled by a tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) and subject to base excitation is considered. Both passive and semi-active control strategies were implemented and are compared. While the passive TLCD achieved a reduction of 50% in the acceleration response of the main structure in comparison with the structure without control, the semi-active TLCD achieved a reduction of 70%, and was robust to variations in the dynamic properties of the main structure. In addition, a RTHS was implemented with the main structure modeled as a linear, time-invariant (LTI) system through a state space representation and the TLCD, with both control strategies, was evaluated on a shake table that reproduced the displacement of the virtual structure. Current assessment measures for RTHS were used to quantify the performance with parameters such as generalized amplitude, equivalent time delay between the target and measured displacement of the shake table, and energy error using the measured force, and prove that the RTHS described in this paper is an accurate method for the experimental evaluation of structural control systems.
Maximizing semi-active vibration isolation utilizing a magnetorheological damper with an inner bypass configuration
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bai, Xian-Xu; Wereley, Norman M.; Hu, Wei
A single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) semi-active vibration control system based on a magnetorheological (MR) damper with an inner bypass is investigated in this paper. The MR damper employing a pair of concentric tubes, between which the key structure, i.e., the inner bypass, is formed and MR fluids are energized, is designed to provide large dynamic range (i.e., ratio of field-on damping force to field-off damping force) and damping force range. The damping force performance of the MR damper is modeled using phenomenological model and verified by the experimental tests. In order to assess its feasibility and capability in vibration control systems, the mathematical model of a SDOF semi-active vibration control system based on the MR damper and skyhook control strategy is established. Using an MTS 244 hydraulic vibration exciter system and a dSPACE DS1103 real-time simulation system, experimental study for the SDOF semi-active vibration control system is also conducted. Simulation results are compared to experimental measurements.
Semi-active control of floor isolation system using MR-damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lin, Pei-Yang; Loh, Chin-Hsiung
This paper presents the performance evaluation of a semi-active controlled floor isolation system for earthquake reduction. The floor isolation system consists of a rolling pendulum system and a semi-active controlled MR damper. The modified Bouc-Wen model is used to represent the behavior of the MR damper. A serious of performance test of the MR damper is made and been used for system identification. Two contrasting control methods including LQR with continuous-optimal control and Fuzzy Logic control are experimentally investigated as potential algorithms and comparisons are made from the results. Unlike the clipped-optimal control, LQR with continuous-optimal control can output the continuous command voltage to control the MR damper, and get smoother control effect. A three-story steel structure with the floor isolation system on the 2nd floor is tested on the shake table. Scaled historical near- and far-field seismic records are employed to examine controller performance with respect to frequency content and PGA level. Experimental results show that both control algorithms can suppress the acceleration of the isolated floor during small and large PGA levels, and alleviate both displacement and acceleration simultaneously in larger, near-field events. Both control algorithms are adaptive and robust to various intensity of excitation. This investigation demonstrates the feasibility and capabilities of a smart semi-active controlled floor-isolation system.
Maximizing semi-active vibration isolation utilizing a magnetorheological damper with an inner bypass configuration
Bai, Xian-Xu; Wereley, Norman M.; Hu, Wei
A single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) semi-active vibration control system based on a magnetorheological (MR) damper with an inner bypass is investigated in this paper. The MR damper employing a pair of concentric tubes, between which the key structure, i.e., the inner bypass, is formed and MR fluids are energized, is designed to provide large dynamic range (i.e., ratio of field-on damping force to field-off damping force) and damping force range. The damping force performance of the MR damper is modeled using phenomenological model and verified by the experimental tests. In order to assess its feasibility and capability in vibration control systems, the mathematical model of a SDOF semi-active vibration control system based on the MR damper and skyhook control strategy is established. Using an MTS 244 hydraulic vibration exciter system and a dSPACE DS1103 real-time simulation system, experimental study for the SDOF semi-active vibration control system is also conducted. Simulation results are compared to experimental measurements.
Experimental Comparison of Dynamic Responses of a Tension Moored Floating Wind Turbine Platform with and without Spring Dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wright, C.; O'Sullivan, K.; Murphy, J.; Pakrashi, V.
The offshore wind industry is rapidly maturing and is now expanding to more extreme environments in deeper water and farther from shore. To date fixed foundation types (i.e. monopoles, jackets) have been primarily used but become uneconomical in water depths greater than 50m. Floating foundations have more complex dynamics but at the moment no design has reached commercialization, although a number of devices are being tested at prototype stage. The development of concepts is carried out through physical model testing of scaled devices such that to better understand the dynamics of the system and validate numerical models. This paper investigates the testing of a scale model of a tension moored wind turbine at two different scales and in the presence and absence of a spring damper controlling its dynamic response. The models were tested under combined wave and wind thrust loading conditions. The analysis compares the motions of the platform at different scales and structural conditions through RAO, testing a mooring spring damper for load reductions.
Development of passive-controlled HUB (teetered brake & damper mechanism) of horizontal axis wind turbine
Shimizu, Yukimaru; Kamada, Yasunari; Maeda, Takao
For the purpose of the improvement of reliability of the Mega-Watt wind turbine, this paper indicates the development of an original mechanism for the passive-controlled hub, which has the effects of braking and damping on aerodynamic forces. This mechanism is useful for variable speed control of the large wind turbine. The passive-controlled hub is the combination of two mechanisms. One is the passive-teetered and damping mechanism, and the other is the passive-variable-pitch mechanism. These mechanism are carried out by the combination of the teetering and feathering motions. When the wind speed exceeds the rated wind speed, the blade is passively teetered in a downwind direction and, simultaneously, a feathering mechanism, which is linked to the teetering mechanism through a connecting rods, is activated. Testing of the model horizontal axis wind turbine in a wind tunnel showed that the passive-controlled hub mechanism can suppress the over-rotational speed of the rotor. By the application of the passive-controlled hub mechanism, the maximum rotor speed is reduced to about 60%.
Stochastic optimal semi-active control of hysteretic systems by using a magneto-rheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cheng, H.; Zhu, W. Q.; Ying, Z. G.
A stochastic optimal semi-active control strategy for stochastically excited hysteretic systems by using a magneto-rheological (MR) damper is proposed. The dynamics of both the hysteretic system and the MR damper is characterized by using the Bouc-Wen hysteretic model. The control force produced by the damper is split into a passive part and a semi-active part. The passive part is combined with the uncontrolled system to form a passively controlled system. Then the system is converted into an equivalent nonlinear non-hysteretic stochastic system, from which a partially averaged Itô stochastic differential equation is derived by using the stochastic averaging method of the energy envelope. For the ergodic control problem, a dynamical programming equation is established based on the stochastic dynamical programming principle and solved to yield the optimal semi-active control law. The fully averaged Itô equation is obtained by substituting the optimal semi-active control force into the partially averaged Itô equation and completing the averaging. Finally, the response of the semi-actively controlled system is obtained from solving the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation associated with the fully averaged Itô equation. The efficacy of the proposed control strategy is illustrated by the numerical results and comparison with clipped LQG control for an example.
Shaking table experimentation on adjacent structures controlled by passive and semi-active MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Basili, M.; De Angelis, M.; Fraraccio, G.
This paper presents the results of shaking table tests on adjacent structures controlled by passive and semi-active MR dampers. The aim was to demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness of passive and semi-active strategies in reducing structural vibrations due to seismic excitation. The physical model at issue was represented by two adjacent steel structures, respectively of 4 and 2 levels, connected at the second level by a MR damper. When the device operated in semi-active mode, an ON-OFF control algorithm, derived by the Lyapunov stability theory, was implemented and experimentally validated. Since the experimentation concerned adjacent structures, two control objectives have been reached: global and selective protection. In case of global protection, the attention was focused on protecting both structures, whereas, in case of selective protection, the attention was focused on protecting only one structure. For each objective the effectiveness of passive control has been compared with the situation of no control and then the effectiveness of semi-active control has been compared with the passive one. The quantities directly compared have been: measured displacements, accelerations and force-displacement of the MR damper, moreover some global response quantities have been estimated from experimental measures, which are the base share force and the base bending moment, the input energy and the energy dissipated by the device. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the control action in both passive and semi-active case, an energy index EDI, previously defined and already often applied numerically, has been utilized. The aspects investigated in the experimentation have been: the implementation and validation of the control algorithm for selective and global protection, the MR damper input voltage influence, the kind of seismic input and its intensity.
Semi-active sliding mode control of vehicle suspension with magneto-rheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Hailong; Wang, Enrong; Zhang, Ning; Min, Fuhong; Subash, Rakheja; Su, Chunyi
The vehicle semi-active suspension with magneto-rheological damper(MRD) has been a hot topic since this decade, in which the robust control synthesis considering load variation is a challenging task. In this paper, a new semi-active controller based upon the inverse model and sliding mode control (SMC) strategies is proposed for the quarter-vehicle suspension with the magneto-rheological (MR) damper, wherein an ideal skyhook suspension is employed as the control reference model and the vehicle sprung mass is considered as an uncertain parameter. According to the asymptotical stability of SMC, the dynamic errors between the plant and reference systems are used to derive the control damping force acquired by the MR quarter-vehicle suspension system. The proposed modified Bouc-wen hysteretic force-velocity ( F- v) model and its inverse model of MR damper, as well as the proposed continuous modulation (CM) filtering algorithm without phase shift are employed to convert the control damping force into the direct drive current of the MR damper. Moreover, the proposed semi-active sliding mode controller (SSMC)-based MR quarter-vehicle suspension is systematically evaluated through comparing the time and frequency domain responses of the sprung and unsprung mass displacement accelerations, suspension travel and the tire dynamic force with those of the passive quarter-vehicle suspension, under three kinds of varied amplitude harmonic, rounded pulse and real-road measured random excitations. The evaluation results illustrate that the proposed SSMC can greatly suppress the vehicle suspension vibration due to uncertainty of the load, and thus improve the ride comfort and handling safety. The study establishes a solid theoretical foundation as the universal control scheme for the adaptive semi-active control of the MR full-vehicle suspension decoupled into four MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension systems.
Semi-active vibration absorber based on real-time controlled MR damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Weber, F.
A semi-active vibration absorber with real-time controlled magnetorheological damper (MR-SVA) for the mitigation of harmonic structural vibrations is presented. The MR damper force targets to realize the frequency and damping adaptations to the actual structural frequency according to the principle of the undamped vibration absorber. The relative motion constraint of the MR-SVA is taken into account by an adaptive nonlinear control of the internal damping of the MR-SVA. The MR-SVA is numerically and experimentally validated for harmonic excitation of the primary structure when the natural frequency of the passive mass spring system of the MR-SVA is correctly tuned to the targeted structural resonance frequency and when de-tuning is present. The results demonstrate that the MR-SVA outperforms the passive TMD at structural resonance frequency by at least 12.4% and up to 60.0%.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Evans, J. (Inventor)
A nutation damper for use on a spinning body is disclosed. The damper is positioned parallel to the spin axis of the body and radially displaced therefrom. The damper is partially filled with a fluid and contains a porous media to impede the flow of the fluid induced by nutation.
Experimental study on semi-active control of frame-shear wall eccentric structure using MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Xiu Ling, Sr.; Li, Hong Nan, Sr.
Magnetorheological (MR) damper is a kind of intelligent actuator, which shows immense potential in the field of structural vibration control. The construction and mechanical behavior of MR damper are introduced firstly, and then a new mechanical model--double sigmoid model is proposed based on the experimental study of MR damper. The simulation system of the 3-floor frame-shear wall eccentric structure with MR dampers was built according to the coupled translation and torsion response control using MR damper, based on Matlab/Simulink software environment and hardware/software resources of dSPACE. The shaking table experiment of the structural model was implemented by using rapid control prototyping (RCP) technology. The validity of two passive control strategies and one semi-active control strategy is verified under three input earthquake excitation with different peak value. The experimental results show that the coupled translation and torsion response is significantly mitigated, and the semi-active control strategies can achieve higher performance levels as compared to those of the two passive control cases. Moreover, the location of the MR damper has an important effect on the control results.
Shake test of rotor test apparatus with balance dampers in the 40 by 80 foot wind tunnel
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Johnson, W.; Biggers, J. G.
A shake test was conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of a rotor test apparatus on two strut systems with balance dampers in the Ames 40- by 80-ft wind tunnel. The rotor-off hub transfer function (acceleration per unit force as a function of frequency) was measured in the longitudinal and lateral directions, using a combination of broadband and discrete frequency excitation techniques. The dynamic data are summarized for the configurations tested, giving the following properties for each mode identified: the natural frequency, the hub response at resonance, the fixed system damping, the damping ratio, and the modal mass. The complete transfer functions are presented, and the detailed test results are included as an appendix.
Improving the vibration suppression capabilities of a magneto-rheological damper using hybrid active and semi-active control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ullah Khan, Irfan; Wagg, David; Sims, Neil D.
This paper presents a new hybrid active and semi-active control method for vibration suppression in flexible structures. The method uses a combination of a semi-active device and an active control actuator situated elsewhere in the structure to suppress vibrations. The key novelty is to use the hybrid controller to enable the magneto-rheological damper to achieve a performance as close to a fully active device as possible. This is achieved by ensuring that the active actuator can assist the magneto-rheological damper in the regions where energy is required. In addition, the hybrid active and semi-active controller is designed to minimize the switching of the semi-active controller. The control framework used is the immersion and invariance control technique in combination with sliding mode control. A two degree-of-freedom system with lightly damped resonances is used as an example system. Both numerical and experimental results are generated for this system, and then compared as part of a validation study. The experimental system uses hardware-in-the-loop to simulate the effect of both the degrees-of-freedom. The results show that the concept is viable both numerically and experimentally, and improved vibration suppression results can be obtained for the magneto-rheological damper that approach the performance of an active device.
a Stochastic Optimal Semi-Active Control Strategy for Er/mr Dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ying, Z. G.; Zhu, W. Q.; Soong, T. T.
A stochastic optimal semi-active control strategy for randomly excited systems using electrorheological/magnetorheological (ER/MR) dampers is proposed. A system excited by random loading and controlled by using ER/MR dampers is modelled as a controlled, stochastically excited and dissipated Hamiltonian system with n degrees of freedom. The control forces produced by ER/MR dampers are split into a passive part and an active part. The passive control force is further split into a conservative part and a dissipative part, which are combined with the conservative force and dissipative force of the uncontrolled system, respectively, to form a new Hamiltonian and an overall passive dissipative force. The stochastic averaging method for quasi-Hamiltonian systems is applied to the modified system to obtain partially completed averaged Itô stochastic differential equations. Then, the stochastic dynamical programming principle is applied to the partially averaged Itô equations to establish a dynamical programming equation. The optimal control law is obtained from minimizing the dynamical programming equation subject to the constraints of ER/MR damping forces, and the fully completed averaged Itô equations are obtained from the partially completed averaged Itô equations by replacing the control forces with the optimal control forces and by averaging the terms involving the control forces. Finally, the response of semi-actively controlled system is obtained from solving the final dynamical programming equation and the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation associated with the fully completed averaged Itô equations of the system. Two examples are given to illustrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed stochastic optimal semi-active control strategy.
Active vibration control of periodic disturbances using a DEAP damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sarban, Rahimullah; Jones, Richard W.; Mace, Brian; Rustighi, Emiliano
A potential problem that could possibly restrict the application of dielectric electro-active polymer (DEAP) actuators for active vibration damping is highlighted in this contribution. If a periodic electric field is applied to a DEAP actuator to counteract a periodic vibratory disturbance, a very common vibration attenuation problem, then the mechanical output will be the square of the periodic input. This will result in an actuator output with several harmonics. Therefore from a vibration damping perspective not only does the first harmonic of the periodic disturbance need to be considered but also additional harmonics, introduced by the actuator itself. Feedforward active damping of periodic vibratory disturbances using a tubular DEAP actuator is addressed in this contribution. Initially the addition of a d.c. bias offset to the periodic voltage signal applied to the actuator is investigated to try and reduce the effect of the higher harmonics. The use of a linearizing gain schedule is then also examined. Using a comparatively large d.c. bias voltage offset has a linearizing affect on the voltage-strain characteristics of the tubular actuator thereby reducing the influence of the higher harmonics on the resulting vibration damping characteristics. The disadvantage of this approach is that the operating range, in terms of the actuator stroke that can be achieved, is decreased. The use of a linearizing gain schedule also reduces the influence of the higher harmonics but provides less of a constraint on the operating range of the actuator.
Overview of coupled bunch active damper systems at FNAL
Steimel, J.; Crisp, J.; Ma, Hengjie; Marriner, J.; McGinnis, D.
Beam intensities in all of the accelerators at Fermilab will increase significantly when the Main Injector becomes operational and will cause unstable oscillations in transverse position and energy. Places where the coupled bunch oscillations could dilute emittances include the Booster, Main Injector, and Tevatron. This paper provides an overview of the active feedback system upgrades which will be used to counteract the problem. It will explain the similarities between all the systems and will also explain design differences between longitudinal and transverse systems, fast sweeping systems, and systems for partially filled machines. Results from operational systems will also be shown. 7 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Overview of coupled-bunch active damper systems at FNAL
Steimel, J.; Crisp, J.; Ma, H.; Marriner, J.; McGinnis, D.
Beam intensities in all of the accelerators at Fermilab will increase significantly when the Main Injector becomes operational and will cause unstable oscillations in transverse position and energy. Places where the coupled bunch oscillations could dilute emittances include the Booster, Main Injector, and Tevatron. This paper provides an overview of the active feedback system upgrades which will be used to counteract the problem. It will explain the similarities between all the systems and will also explain design differences between longitudinal and transverse systems, fast sweeping systems, and systems for partially filled machines. Results from operational systems will also be shown. {copyright} {ital 1997 American Institute of Physics.}
Simulation and experimental tests on active mass damper control system based on Model Reference Adaptive Control algorithm
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tu, Jianwei; Lin, Xiaofeng; Tu, Bo; Xu, Jiayun; Tan, Dongmei
In the process of sudden natural disasters (such as earthquake or typhoon), the active mass damper (AMD) system can reduce the structural vibration response optimally, which serves as a frequently applied but less mature vibration-reducing technology in wind and earthquake resistance of high-rise buildings. As the core of this technology, the selection of control algorithm is extremely challenging due to the uncertainty of structural parameters and the randomness of external loads. It is not necessary for the Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) based on the Minimal Controller Synthesis (MCS) algorithm to know in advance the structural parameters, which produces special advantages in conditions of real-time change of system parameters, uncertain external disturbance, and the nonlinear dynamic system. This paper studies the application of the MRAC into the AMD active control system. The principle of MRAC algorithm is recommended and the dynamic model and the motion differential equation of AMD system based on MRAC is established under seismic excitation. The simulation analysis for linear and nonlinear structures when the structural stiffness is degenerated is performed under AMD system controlled by MRAC algorithm. To verify the validity of the MRAC over the AMD system, experimental tests are carried out on a linear structure and a structure with variable stiffness with the AMD system under seismic excitation on the shake table, and the experimental results are compared with those of the traditional pole assignment control algorithm.
Simulation of adaptive semi-active magnetorheological seat damper for vehicle occupant blast protection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yoo, Jin-Hyeong; Murugan, Muthuvel; Wereley, Norman M.
This study investigates a lumped-parameter human body model which includes lower leg in seated posture within a quarter-car model for blast injury assessment simulation. To simulate the shock acceleration of the vehicle, mine blast analysis was conducted on a generic land vehicle crew compartment (sand box) structure. For the purpose of simulating human body dynamics with non-linear parameters, a physical model of a lumped-parameter human body within a quarter car model was implemented using multi-body dynamic simulation software. For implementing the control scheme, a skyhook algorithm was made to work with the multi-body dynamic model by running a co-simulation with the control scheme software plug-in. The injury criteria and tolerance levels for the biomechanical effects are discussed for each of the identified vulnerable body regions, such as the relative head displacement and the neck bending moment. The desired objective of this analytical model development is to study the performance of adaptive semi-active magnetorheological damper that can be used for vehicle-occupant protection technology enhancements to the seat design in a mine-resistant military vehicle.
Evaluation method for a controller of active mass damper using central pattern generator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hongu, Junichi; Iba, Daisuke; Nakamura, Morimasa; Moriwaki, Ichiro
This paper proposes an evaluation method for a CPG controller designed for active mass dampers. Neural oscillators composing the CPG have nonlinear and entrainment properties. Therefore, the proposed controller has possibility to have flexibility, when the structural parameters, i.e. stiffness or damping, are changed by the effect of earthquakes and the like. However, there has been no study to evaluate the controller's above-mentioned properties. For tuning into practical application, the reliability and flexibility along with the controller's performance must be analyzed. In our previous study, the phase reduction theory was tried to appraise the synchronization between a structure and a single neural oscillator and the synchronization region of the neural oscillator was obtained as basic research. However, the information from the synchronization region was insufficient to evaluate the system, because the neural oscillator has a phase difference called a phase locking point between the structure and the neural oscillator during the synchronization. Then, in this paper, the phase locking point within the synchronization region between a structure and a single neural oscillator is focused on, and the phase locking point and the vibration mitigation effect are considered with the simple object model.
Dual clearance squeeze film damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fleming, D. P. (Inventor)
A dual clearance hydrodynamic liquid squeeze film damper for a gas turbine engine is described. Under normal operating conditions, the device functions as a conventional squeeze film damper, using only one of its oil films. When an unbalance reaches abusive levels, as may occur with a blade loss or foreign object damage, a second, larger clearance film becomes active, controlling vibration amplitudes in a near optimum manner until the engine can be safely shut down and repaired.
Earthquake response reduction of mid-story isolated system due to semi-active control using magnetorheological rotary inertia mass damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ito, Mai; Yoshida, Shohei; Fujitani, Hideo; Sato, Yusuke
The dynamic characteristics of mid-story isolated buildings and seismic response reduction due to a semi-active control system were investigated using a three-lumped-mass model that simplified the sixteen story building with an isolation layer in the sixth story. A semi-active control method using a rotary inertia mass damper filled with magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid) was proposed. The damper shows both mass amplification effect due to rotational inertia and variable damping effect due to the MR fluid. The damping force is controlled by the strength of the magnetic field that is applied to the MR fluid. It is determined by using the electric current, which is calculated by the proposed semi-active control method based on the velocity of the isolation layer relative to the layer just underneath it. Real-time hybrid tests using an actual damper and simulations using a building model were conducted to check the damper model; the test results were in good agreement with the simulation results. The simulation results suggest that the response displacement of the structure above the isolation layer is significantly reduced, without increasing the response acceleration of the entire structure against near-fault pulse and long-period ground motions. The proposed semi-active control using an MR rotary inertia mass damper was confirmed to be effective for mid-story isolated buildings.
Effects of the lower extremities muscle activation during muscular strength training on an unstable platform with magneto-rheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Piao, YongJun; Choi, YounJung; Kim, JungJa; Kwan, TaeKyu; Kim, Nam-Gyun
Adequate postural balance depends on the spatial and temporal integration of vestibular, visual, and somatosensory information. Especially, the musculoskeletal function (range of joint, flexibility of spine, muscular strength) is essential in maintaining the postural balance. Muscular strength training methods include the use of commercialized devices and repeatable resistance training tools (rubber band, ball, etc). These training systems cost high price and can't control of intensity. Thus we suggest a new training system which can adjust training intensity and indicate the center of pressure of a subject while the training was passively controlled by applying controlled electric current to the Magneto- Rheological damper. And we performed experimental studies on the muscular activities in the lower extremities during maintaining, moving and pushing exercises on an unstable platform with Magneto rheological dampers. A subject executed the maintaining, moving and pushing exercises which were displayed in a monitor. The electromyographic signals of the eight muscles in lower extremities were recorded and analyzed in the time and frequency domain: the muscles of interest were rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tensor fasciae latae, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and soleus. The experimental results showed the difference of muscular activities at the four moving exercises and the nine maintaining exercises. The rate of the increase in the muscular activities was affected by the condition of the unstable platform with MR dampers for the maintaining and moving exercises. The experimental results suggested the choice of different maintaining and moving exercises could selectively train different muscles with varying intensity. Furthermore, the findings also suggested the training using this system can improve the ability of postural balance.
The effect of time delay on control stability of an electromagnetic active tuned mass damper for vibration control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hassan, A.; Torres-Perez, A.; Kaczmarczyk, S.; Picton, P.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of time delays on the stability of a zero-placement position and velocity feedback law for a vibratory system comprising harmonic excitation equipped with an electromagnetic active tuned mass damper (ATMD). The purpose of the active control is broadening the vibration attenuation envelope of a primary mass to a higher frequency region identified as from 50±0.5Hz with a passive tuned mass damper (TMD) to a wider range of 50±5Hz with an ATMD. Stability conditions of the closed-loop system are determined by studying the position of the system closed-loop poles after the introduction of time delays for different excitation frequencies. A computer simulation of the model predicted that the proposed control system is subject to instability after a critical time delay margin dependent upon the frequency of excitation and the finding were experimentally validated. Three solutions are derived and experimentally tested for minimising the effect of time delays on the stability of the control system. The first solution is associated with the introduction of more damping in the absorber system. The second incorporates using a time-delayed ATMD by tuning its original natural resonant frequency to beyond the nominal operational frequency range of the composite system. The third involves an online gain tuning of filter coefficients in a dual arrangement of low-pass and high-pass filters to eliminate the effect time delays by manipulating the signal phase shifts.
A study on semi-active Tuned Liquid Column Dampers (sTLCDs) for structural response reduction under random excitations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sonmez, E.; Nagarajaiah, S.; Sun, C.; Basu, B.
This paper proposes a new model for semi-active Tuned Liquid Column Damper (sTLCD) where the sTLCD is connected to the primary structure using an adaptive spring. Short time Fourier transformation (STFT) based control algorithms (feedforward and feedback) are developed to control the stiffness of the spring such that the sTLCD is tuned in real-time when the dominant excitation frequency varies or damage occurs to the primary structure. The effectiveness of the proposed sTLCD and the associated control algorithms is examined numerically under random excitations including stationary and non-stationary excitations. Root Mean Square (RMS) response is computed in three cases: with no TLCD, with a passive Tuned Liquid Column Damper (pTLCD) and with the sTLCD. Results indicate that the developed control algorithms are effective in tuning the frequency of the sTLCD in real-time. As a result, the sTLCD provides more robust reduction than the pTLCD because the pTLCD becomes off-tuned and loses its effectiveness when the properties of the excitations or the primary structure vary.
Booster's coupled bunch damper upgrade
William A. Pellico and D. W. Wildman
A new narrowband active damping system for longitudinal coupled bunch (CB) modes in the Fermilab Booster has recently been installed and tested. In the past, the Booster active damper system consisted of four independent front-ends. The summed output was distributed to the 18, h=84 RF accelerating cavities via the RF fan-out system. There were several problems using the normal fan-out system to deliver the longitudinal feedback RF. The high power RF amplifiers normally operate from 37 MHz to 53 MHz whereas the dampers operate around 83MHz. Daily variations in the tuning of the RF stations created tuning problems for the longitudinal damper system. The solution was to build a dedicated narrowband, Q {approx} 10, 83MHz cavity powered with a new 3.5kW solid-state amplifier. The cavity was installed in June 2002 and testing of the amplifier and damper front-end began in August 2002. A significant improvement has been made in both operational stability and high intensity beam damping. At present there are five CB modes being damped and a sixth mode module is being built. The new damper hardware is described and data showing the suppression of the coupled-bunch motion at high intensity is presented.
DGA-based approach for optimal design of active mass damper for nonlinear structures considering ground motion effect
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mohebbi, Mohtasham; Rasouli Dabbagh, Hamed; Moradpour, Solmaz; Shakeri, Kazem; Tarbali, Karim
This paper presents an effective method to design active mass dampers (AMDs) for mitigating the seismic response of nonlinear frames. The method is based on using the Newmark-based instantaneous optimal control algorithm for designing AMD, as well as using distributed genetic algorithm (DGA) for optimization of the active control system. To this end, an optimization problem has been defined which considers the parameters of the active control system as design variables and minimization of the maximum required control force of AMD as the objective function with some constraints defined on the maximum stroke length of AMD. Also, the effect of design excitation on performance of AMD under testing earthquakes has been studied. To assess the capabilities of the proposed method, a numerical example has been worked out where an AMD has been designed to control the response of an eight-story nonlinear shear building frame with hysteretic bilinear elasto-plastic behavior under white noise and real earthquake excitations. The designed control systems have been tested under a number of scaled and real earthquakes including both near and far-field earthquakes. Controller's robustness against variations of structural parameters has also been assessed. The results of numerical simulations show the effectiveness, simplicity and capability of the proposed method in designing AMDs for nonlinear frames. Also comparing the performance of AMD system with that of passive tuned mass damper and active tendon control shows that the AMD has been more effective in reducing the seismic response of nonlinear frames under design and different testing earthquakes.
Umeyama, M.; Wakahara, K.; Kobayashi, N.; Ohtani, H.; Kametaka, K.; Kinoshita, M.
A clutch damper is described comprising a hub having an approximately cylindrical shape with an outwardly spread first plate provided at one axial end. The hub is slipped over a shaft. A first buffer member is formed into an annular body of a rubber-like resilient material and fitted and secured in the outer periphery of the hub. There is also a boss having an approximately cylindrical shape and fitted and secured in the outer periphery of the first buffer member, a second buffer member formed into an annular body of a rubber-like resilient material and secured in the outer periphery of the boss, a cylindrical body and a second plate provided with a double-ring like plate spread outwardly from the cylindrical body and secured in the outer periphery of the second buffer member. A stopper mechanism for stopping relative rotation within a predetermined angle is disposed between the hub and the boss and between the first plate of the hub and the double-ring like plate of the second plate, and spacer means for restraining play in both axial and diametrical directions is interposed between the hub and the boss. The spacer means consists of a center plate, a plate spring, a bearing plate and a fluorine-resin plate.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Collette, C.; Chesné, S.
In this paper, the design of a hybrid mass damper (HMD) is proposed for the reduction of the resonant vibration amplitude of a multiple degree-of-freedom structure. HMD includes both passive and active elements. Combining these elements the system is fail-safe and its performances are comparable to usual purely active systems. The control law is a revisited direct velocity feedback. Two zeros are added to the controller to interact with the poles of the plant. The developed control law presents the particularity to be simple and hyperstable. The proposed HMD is compared to other classical control approaches for similar purpose in term of vibration attenuation, power consumption and stroke.
Experimental and analytical investigation of hybrid squeeze film dampers
El Shafei, A. )
A new concept for actively controlling high-speed rotating machinery is investigated both analytically and experimentally. The controlling mechanism consists of a hybrid squeeze film damper (patent pending) that can be adaptively controlled to change its characteristics according to the instructions of a controller. In an extreme case the hybrid damper can act as a long damper, which is shown to be effective in reducing the amplitude of vibration of rotating machinery. In the other extreme the hybrid damper acts as a short damper, which is shown to be effective in reducing the force transmitted to the support. In the long damper configuration the oil flow is circumferential, while in the short damper configuration the oil flow is predominantly axial. The hybrid damper is designed to operate in either the short or the long damper configuration by controlling the positions of two movable sealing rings. The hybrid damper was tested on a Bently Nevada Rotor Kit and it is shown experimentally that the long damper configuration is extremely efficient at controlling the amplitude of vibration and the short damper configuration reduces the force transmitted to the support.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kielb, Robert E.; Griffin, Jerry H.
Before 1975 turbine blade damper designs were based on experience and very simple mathematical models. Failure of the dampers to perform as expected showed the need to gain a better understanding of the physical mechanism of friction dampers. Over the last 10 years research on friction dampers for aeronautical propulsion systems has resulted in methods to optimize damper designs. The first-stage turbine blades on the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) high-pressure oxygen pump have experienced cracking problems due to excessive vibration. A solution is to incorporate a well-designed friction dampers to attenuate blade vibration. The subject study, a cooperative effort between NASA Lewis and Carnegie-Mellon University, represents an application of recently developed friction damper technology to the SSME high-pressure oxygen turbopump. The major emphasis was the contractor's design known as the two-piece damper. Damping occurs at the frictional interface between the top half of the damper and the underside of the platforms of the adjacent blades. The lower half of the damper is an air seal to retard airflow in the volume between blade necks.
Skyhook-based semi-active control of full-vehicle suspension with magneto-rheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Hailong; Wang, Enrong; Min, Fuhong; Subash, Rakheja; Su, Chunyi
The control study of vehicle semi-active suspension with magneto-rheological (MR) dampers has been attracted much attention internationally. However, a simple, real time and easy implementing semi-active controller has not been proposed for the MR full-vehicle suspension system, and a systematic analysis method has not been established for evaluating the multi-objective suspension performances of MR full-vehicle vertical, pitch and roll motions. For this purpose, according to the 7-degree of freedom (DOF) full-vehicle dynamic system, a generalized 7-DOF MR and passive full-vehicle dynamic model is set up by employing the modified Bouc-wen hysteretic force-velocity ( F-v) model of the MR damper. A semi-active controller is synthesized to realize independent control of the four MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension systems in the full-vehicle, which is on the basis of the proposed modified skyhook damping scheme of MR quarter-vehicle sub-suspension system. The proposed controller can greatly simplify the controller design complexity of MR full-vehicle suspension and has merits of easy implementation in real application, wherein only absolute velocities of sprung and unsprung masses with reference to the road surface are required to measure in real time when the vehicle is moving. Furthermore, a systematic analysis method is established for evaluating the vertical, pitch and roll motion properties of both MR and passive full-vehicle suspensions in a more realistic road excitation manner, in which the harmonic, rounded pulse and real road measured random signals with delay time are employed as different road excitations inserted on the front and rear two wheels, by considering the distance between front and rear wheels in full-vehicle. The above excitations with different amplitudes are further employed as the road excitations inserted on left and right two wheels for evaluating the roll motion property. The multi-objective suspension performances of ride comfort and
Active mass damper system for high-rise buildings using neural oscillator and position controller considering stroke limitation of the auxiliary mass
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hongu, J.; Iba, D.; Nakamura, M.; Moriwaki, I.
This paper proposes a problem-solving method for the stroke limitation problem, which is related to auxiliary masses of active mass damper systems for high-rise buildings. The proposed method is used in a new simple control system for the active mass dampers mimicking the motion of bipedal mammals, which has a neural oscillator synchronizing with the acceleration response of structures and a position controller. In the system, the travel distance and direction of the auxiliary mass of the active mass damper is determined by reference to the output of the neural oscillator, and then, the auxiliary mass is transferred to the decided location by using a PID controller. The one of the purpose of the previouslyproposed system is stroke restriction problem avoidance of the auxiliary mass during large earthquakes by the determination of the desired value within the stroke limitation of the auxiliary mass. However, only applying the limited desired value could not rigorously restrict the auxiliary mass within the limitation, because the excessive inertia force except for the control force produced by the position controller affected on the motion of the auxiliary mass. In order to eliminate the effect on the auxiliary mass by the structural absolute acceleration, a cancellation method is introduced by adding a term to the control force of the position controller. We first develop the previously-proposed system for the active mass damper and the additional term for cancellation, and verity through numerical experiments that the new system is able to operate the auxiliary mass within the restriction during large earthquakes. Based on the comparison of the proposed system with the LQ system, a conclusion was drawn regarding which the proposed neuronal system with the additional term appears to be able to limit the stroke of the auxiliary mass of the AMD.
Sliding mode fault detection and fault-tolerant control of smart dampers in semi-active control of building structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yeganeh Fallah, Arash; Taghikhany, Touraj
Recent decades have witnessed much interest in the application of active and semi-active control strategies for seismic protection of civil infrastructures. However, the reliability of these systems is still in doubt as there remains the possibility of malfunctioning of their critical components (i.e. actuators and sensors) during an earthquake. This paper focuses on the application of the sliding mode method due to the inherent robustness of its fault detection observer and fault-tolerant control. The robust sliding mode observer estimates the state of the system and reconstructs the actuators' faults which are used for calculating a fault distribution matrix. Then the fault-tolerant sliding mode controller reconfigures itself by the fault distribution matrix and accommodates the fault effect on the system. Numerical simulation of a three-story structure with magneto-rheological dampers demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant control system. It was shown that the fault-tolerant control system maintains the performance of the structure at an acceptable level in the post-fault case.
Performance of a Single Liquid Column Damper for the Control of Dynamic Responses of a Tension Leg Platform
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jaksic, V.; Wright, C.; Chanayil, Afeef; Faruque Ali, Shaikh; Murphy, Jimmy; Pakrashi, Vikram
Tuned liquid column dampers have been proved to be successful in mitigating the dynamic responses of civil infrastructure. There have been some recent applications of this concept on wind turbines and this passive control system can help to mitigate responses of offshore floating platforms and wave devices. The control of dynamic responses of these devices is important for reducing loads on structural elements and facilitating operations and maintenance (O&M) activities. This paper outlines the use of a tuned single liquid column damper for the control of a tension leg platform supported wind turbine. Theoretical studies were carried out and a scaled model was tested in a wave basin to assess the performance of the damper. The tests on the model presented in this paper correspond to a platform with a very low natural frequency for surge, sway and yaw motions. For practical purposes, it was not possible to tune the liquid damper exactly to this frequency. The consequent approach taken and the efficiency of such approach are presented in this paper. Responses to waves of a single frequency are investigated along with responses obtained from wave spectra characterising typical sea states. The extent of control is quantified using peak and root mean squared dynamic responses respectively. The tests present some guidelines and challenges for testing scaled devices in relation to including response control mechanisms. Additionally, the results provide a basis for dictating future research on tuned liquid column damper based control on floating platforms.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ivanco, Thomas G. (Inventor)
A vibration damper includes a rigid base with a mass coupled thereto for linear movement thereon. Springs coupled to the mass compress in response to the linear movement along either of two opposing directions. A converter coupled to the mass converts the linear movement to a corresponding rotational movement. A rotary damper coupled to the converter damps the rotational movement.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dean, W. C.
Damping device exhibiting no hysteresis effect and capable of preload is used in place of a preload spring in an aneroid bellows to provide viscous damping. It operates about the action of a pressure sensing outer bellows attached to an active header above and a static header below.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nikolajsen, Jorgen L.; Hoque, M. S.
A new type of vibration damper for rotor systems was developed and tested. The damper contains electroviscous fluid which solidifies and provides Coulomb damping when an electric voltage is imposed across the fluid. The damping capacity is controlled by the voltage. The damper was incorporated in a flexible rotor system and found to be able to damp out high levels of unbalanced excitation. Other proven advantages include controllability, simplicity, and no requirement for oil supply. Still unconfirmed are the capabilities to eliminate critical speeds and to suppress rotor instabilities.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The proposed magnetically anchored viscous fluid damper can maintain the Skylab in a gravity-gradient stabilized mode at the anticipated reboost altitudes. The parameters influencing damper performance (and thereby affecting the degree of risk) are: (1) amount of skylab pitch bias in the orbit plane which will result from aerodynamic trim conditions of the post-reboost configuration Skylab; (2) the lowest altitude to which the post-reboost Skylab will be allowed to decay prior to the next rendezvous; (3) maximum allowable weight and size of the proposed damper in order to match shuttle/TRS mission constraints; (4) the amount of magnetic materials expected to be in the vicinity of the damper.
Zilahi-Szabo, I.
In a viscous shear damper, the seismic mass is chamfered at all its corners. Thus, the clearances between the seismic mass and its casing are gaps with oppositely widening out sections separated by middle sections of smallest widths.
Frequency analysis of a semi-active suspension with magneto-rheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Andronic, Florin; Mihai, Ioan; Suciu, Cornel; Beniuga, Marius
Suspension systems for motor vehicles are constantly evolving in order to ensure vehicle stability and traffic safety under all driving conditions. The present work aims to highlight the influence factors in the case of a quarter car model for semi-active suspensions. The functions that must be met by such suspension systems are first presented. Mathematical models for passive systems are first illustrated and then customized for the semi-active case. A simulation diagram was conceived for Matlab Simulink. The obtained simulation results allow conducting a frequency analysis of the passive and semi-active cases of the quarter car model. Various charts for Passive Suspension Transmissibility and for the Effect of Damping on Vertical Acceleration Response were obtained for both passive and semi-active situations. Analysis of obtained results allowed evaluating of the suspension systems behavior and their frequency dependence. Significant differences were found between the behaviors of passive and semi-active suspensions. It was found that semi-active suspensions ensure damping in accordance to the chosen control method, and are much more efficient than passive ones.
Passive and Variable Active Switching Control by Mechanical Energy with Dual Structural Mass Damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abe, Naoto; Nishioka, Nobuhiro
Switching vibration control between dynamic absorber and active control has been proposed for the dual structural vibration device on the basis of the kinetic energy as the threshold. For the active control with a fixed feedback gain, the threshold of switching should be set conservative and the effect of the active control was not enough. Therefore, a variable feedback gain control is introduced, which is assumed the mechanical energy as an indicator. It is expected that the actuator moves in a stroke range as possible and the performance will be better than the conventional switching control. In this paper, the effective variable feedback and switching control on the basis of mechanical energy as the two threshold are considered by experimental results.
Science Activities in Energy: Wind Energy.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Oak Ridge Associated Universities, TN.
Included in this science activities energy package are 12 activities related to wind energy for elementary students. Each activity is outlined on a single card and is introduced by a question. Topics include: (1) At what time of day is there enough wind to make electricity where you live?; (2) Where is the windiest spot on your schoolground?; and…
Experimental evaluation of a neural-oscillator-driven active mass damper system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Iba, Daisuke; Hongu, Junichi
This paper proposes a new active dynamic absorber control system for high-rise buildings using a neural oscillator and a map, which estimates the amplitude level of the oscillator, and shows some experimental results by using an apparatus, which realizes the proposed control algorithm. The proposed system decides the travel distance and direction of the auxiliary mass of the dynamic absorber using the output of oscillator, which is the filtering result of structure acceleration responses by the property of the oscillator, and Amplitude-Phase map (AP-map) for estimation of the structural response in specific frequency between synchronization region, and then, transfer the auxiliary mass to the predetermined location by using a position controller. In addition, the developed active dynamic absorber system is mounted on the top of the experimental single degree of freedom structure, which represents high-rise buildings, and consists of the auxiliary mass, a DC motor, a ball screw, a microcomputer, a laser displacement sensor, and an acceleration sensor. The proposed AP-map and the algorithm to determine the travel direction of the mass using the oscillator output are embedded in the microcomputer. This paper starts by illuminating the relation among subsystems of the proposed system with reference to a block diagram, and then, shows experimental responses of the whole system excited by earthquakes to confirm the validity of the proposed system.
Influence of MR damper modeling on vehicle dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
de-J Lozoya-Santos, Jorge; Morales-Menendez, Ruben; Ramirez-Mendoza, Ricardo A.; Vivas-Lopez, Carlos A.
The influence of magneto-rheological damper modeling in vehicle dynamics analysis is studied. Several tests using CarSim™ compare a four-corner controlled semi-active suspension for two different magneto-rheological damper models. The magneto-rheological damper characteristics were identified from experimental data. A model-free controller discards the influence of control and emphasizes the compliance of the magneto-rheological damper model; the characteristics of the vehicle index performance considered were comfort, road holding, handling, roll and suspension deflection. The comparison for magneto-rheological damper dynamics and semi-active suspension covers the automotive bandwidth. The results show that high precision of a magneto-rheological damper model as an isolated feature is not enough. The magneto-rheological damper model, as a component of a vehicle suspension, needs to simulate with passive precision and variable damping forces. The findings exhibit the requisite of accurate models for evaluation of semi-active control systems in classic tests. The lack of the friction component in a magneto-rheological damper model leads to an overestimation in handling and stability.
The experimental identification of magnetorheological dampers and evaluation of their controllers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Metered, H.; Bonello, P.; Oyadiji, S. O.
Magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers are semi-active control devices that have been applied over a wide range of practical vibration control applications. This paper concerns the experimental identification of the dynamic behaviour of an MR damper and the use of the identified parameters in the control of such a damper. Feed-forward and recurrent neural networks are used to model both the direct and inverse dynamics of the damper. Training and validation of the proposed neural networks are achieved by using the data generated through dynamic tests with the damper mounted on a tensile testing machine. The validation test results clearly show that the proposed neural networks can reliably represent both the direct and inverse dynamic behaviours of an MR damper. The effect of the cylinder's surface temperature on both the direct and inverse dynamics of the damper is studied, and the neural network model is shown to be reasonably robust against significant temperature variation. The inverse recurrent neural network model is introduced as a damper controller and experimentally evaluated against alternative controllers proposed in the literature. The results reveal that the neural-based damper controller offers superior damper control. This observation and the added advantages of low-power requirement, extended service life of the damper and the minimal use of sensors, indicate that a neural-based damper controller potentially offers the most cost-effective vibration control solution among the controllers investigated.
A regenerative damper with MR fluids working between gear transmissions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chan, Yan; Chen, Chao; Liao, Wei-Hsin
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are used for semi-active vibration control of various dynamic systems. Existing MR dampers are usually cylinder-piston based design, which may limit the shapes and have constraints to the design of MR devices. In this paper, we propose a new MR-fluid working operation, in which MR fluids work between gear transmissions. This operation could provide more design flexibility. A prototype of the regenerative damper with MR fluids working between gear transmissions was designed, fabricated, and tested. This MR damper has the capability of power generation and velocity sensing. The feasibilities of the controllable MR damping force, power generation and velocity sensing are experimentally verified. The results of this research would be beneficial to advance the design and multiple functions of MR dampers while not limited to traditional piston-type design.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ellis, R. C.; Fink, R. A.; Rich, R. W.
A high torque capacity eddy current damper used as a rate limiting device for a large solar array deployment mechanism is discussed. The eddy current damper eliminates the problems associated with the outgassing or leaking of damping fluids. It also provides performance advantages such as damping torque rates, which are truly linear with respect to input speed, continuous 360 degree operation in both directions of rotation, wide operating temperature range, and the capability of convenient adjustment of damping rates by the user without disassembly or special tools.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sevilla, D. R.
The Nutation Damper System is a three function mechanism designed for the Galileo Spacecraft, a spin stabilized deep-space probe to Jupiter. By damping the movement of a large deployable science boom acting as an outboard pendulum, the nutation damper rapidly stabilizes the spacecraft from dynamic irregularities. The system includes the boom deployment device and the ultra-low friction boom hinge. This paper describes the mechanism, the degree to which friction, stiction and lost motion have been eliminated, and the unique test methods that allow its performance to be measured.
Wind Powering America FY06 Activities Summary
Not Available
The Wind Powering America FY06 Activities Summary reflects the accomplishments of our state wind working groups, our programs at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and our partner organizations. The national WPA team remains a leading force for moving wind energy forward in the United States. WPA continues to work with its national, regional, and state partners to communicate the opportunities and benefits of wind energy to a diverse set of stakeholders. WPA now has 29 state wind working groups (welcoming New Jersey, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri in 2006) that form strategic alliances to communicate wind's benefits to the state stakeholders. More than 120 members of national and state public and private sector organizations from 34 states attended the 5th Annual WPA All-States Summit in Pittsburgh in June.
A Study on Design and Analysis of Hybrid Vibration Damper with Energy Harvesting and Optimal Damping Effect
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hanumantha Rao, T. V.; Srinivasa Rao, M. S. S.; Apparao, B. V.; Satyanarayana, K.
The basic purpose of a damper is to reduce the vibration and to have a better ride comfort, road handling and safety to the rider. Recent developments show that an active vibration damper can effectively work much better than a passive damper. The effectiveness and reliability can be further enhanced by using hybrid dampers, which is a combination of active and passive dampers. But the need to have energy optimization in any field need not be stressed. Consequently, novel suspension concepts are required, not only to improve the vehicle's dynamic performance, but also to see that the energy generated during vibration can be harvested by utilizing regeneration functions. Hence if a hybrid damper with energy harvesting capability be designed, it would serve both purposes. In the hybrid damper a combination of hydraulic damper to act as a passive damper and an electromagnetic (EM) damper to act as an active damper is considered. The hydraulic system has more reliability and is time tested and the EM system acts as a dynamic vibration system as well as energy harvester. In this study a hybrid EM damper is modeled, analyzed and validity is shown for frequency response functions and energy balance for its active use. It is also shown how the effectiveness of the suspension system can be enhanced by using a hybrid damper.
The effect of nonlinear elastomeric lag damper characteristics on helicopter rotor dynamics
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Felker, Fort F.; Lau, Benton H.; Mclaughlin, Stacey; Johnson, Wayne
Many helicopters use elastomeric lag dampers to prevent ground resonance and aeromechanical instability in hover and forward flight. Recent experimental results have shown that when the damper motion occurs at two superimposed frequencies, which is characteristic of operation in forward flight, the damper properties are not well-predicted by a superposition of the damper properties at each of the motion frequencies. This paper presents experimental data obtained with an elastomeric damper while it was undergoing single- and dual-frequency motion. The effect of the nonlinear dual-frequency damper characteristics on predicted rotor aeromechanical stability in forward-flight operation in a wind tunnel was evaluated using the comprehensive rotorcraft analysis program called CAMRAD.
Airfoil Vibration Dampers program
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cook, Robert M.
The Airfoil Vibration Damper program has consisted of an analysis phase and a testing phase. During the analysis phase, a state-of-the-art computer code was developed, which can be used to guide designers in the placement and sizing of friction dampers. The use of this computer code was demonstrated by performing representative analyses on turbine blades from the High Pressure Oxidizer Turbopump (HPOTP) and High Pressure Fuel Turbopump (HPFTP) of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). The testing phase of the program consisted of performing friction damping tests on two different cantilever beams. Data from these tests provided an empirical check on the accuracy of the computer code developed in the analysis phase. Results of the analysis and testing showed that the computer code can accurately predict the performance of friction dampers. In addition, a valuable set of friction damping data was generated, which can be used to aid in the design of friction dampers, as well as provide benchmark test cases for future code developers.
Active load control techniques for wind turbines.
van Dam, C.P.; Berg, Dale E.; Johnson, Scott J.
This report provides an overview on the current state of wind turbine control and introduces a number of active techniques that could be potentially used for control of wind turbine blades. The focus is on research regarding active flow control (AFC) as it applies to wind turbine performance and loads. The techniques and concepts described here are often described as 'smart structures' or 'smart rotor control'. This field is rapidly growing and there are numerous concepts currently being investigated around the world; some concepts already are focused on the wind energy industry and others are intended for use in other fields, but have the potential for wind turbine control. An AFC system can be broken into three categories: controls and sensors, actuators and devices, and the flow phenomena. This report focuses on the research involved with the actuators and devices and the generated flow phenomena caused by each device.
Enhanced damping for bridge cables using a self-sensing MR damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Z. H.; Lam, K. H.; Ni, Y. Q.
This paper investigates enhanced damping for protecting bridge stay cables from excessive vibration using a newly developed self-sensing magnetorheological (MR) damper. The semi-active control strategy for effectively operating the self-sensing MR damper is formulated based on the linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) control by further considering a collocated control configuration, limited measurements and nonlinear damper dynamics. Due to its attractive feature of sensing-while-damping, the self-sensing MR damper facilitates the collocated control. On the other hand, only the sensor measurements from the self-sensing device are employed in the feedback control. The nonlinear dynamics of the self-sensing MR damper, represented by a validated Bayesian NARX network technique, are further accommodated in the control formulation to compensate for its nonlinearities. Numerical and experimental investigations are conducted on stay cables equipped with the self-sensing MR damper operated in passive and semi-active control modes. The results verify that the collocated self-sensing MR damper facilitates smart damping for inclined cables employing energy-dissipative LQG control with only force and displacement measurements at the damper. It is also demonstrated that the synthesis of nonlinear damper dynamics in the LQG control enhances damping force tracking efficiently, explores the features of the self-sensing MR damper, and achieves better control performance over the passive MR damping control and the Heaviside step function-based LQG control that ignores the damper dynamics.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, C. S. Walter; DesRoches, Reginald
This paper develops a smart hybrid rotary damper using a re-centering smart shape memory alloy (SMA) material as well as conventional energy-dissipating metallic plates that are easy to be replaced. The ends of the SMA and steel plates are inserted in the hinge. When the damper rotates, all the plates bend, providing energy dissipating and recentering characteristics. Such smart hybrid rotary dampers can be installed in structures to mitigate structural responses and to re-center automatically. The damaged energy-dissipating plates can be easily replaced promptly after an external excitation, reducing repair time and costs. An OpenSEES model of a smart hybrid rotary was established and calibrated to reproduce the realistic behavior measured from a full-scale experimental test. Furthermore, the seismic performance of a 3-story moment resisting model building with smart hybrid rotary dampers designed for downtown Los Angeles was also evaluated in the OpenSEES structural analysis software. Such a smart moment resisting frame exhibits perfect residual roof displacement, 0.006", extremely smaller than 18.04" for the conventional moment resisting frame subjected to a 2500 year return period ground motion for the downtown LA area (an amplified factor of 1.15 on Kobe earthquake). The smart hybrid rotary dampers are also applied into an eccentric braced steel frame, which combines a moment frame system and a bracing system. The results illustrate that adding smart hybrid rotaries in this braced system not only completely restores the building after an external excitation, but also significantly reduces peak interstory drifts.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tossman, B. E.
Mission requirements plus spacecraft weight and power constraints often reduce the excitation frequency of a nutation damper below 1 cpm. Since attitude stability is determined by damper performance, maximum effectiveness at low rates is demanded. Presented are design considerations that low-frequency dampers require, along with descriptions of two low-frequency systems: the Direct Measurement Explorer 1 and the Small Astronomy Satellite A (SAS-A).
A self-sensing magnetorheological damper with power generation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Chao; Liao, Wei-Hsin
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are promising for semi-active vibration control of various dynamic systems. In the current MR damper systems, a separate power supply and dynamic sensor are required. To enable the MR damper to be self-powered and self-sensing in the future, in this paper we propose and investigate a self-sensing MR damper with power generation, which integrates energy harvesting, dynamic sensing and MR damping technologies into one device. This MR damper has self-contained power generation and velocity sensing capabilities, and is applicable to various dynamic systems. It combines the advantages of energy harvesting—reusing wasted energy, MR damping—controllable damping force, and sensing—providing dynamic information for controlling system dynamics. This multifunctional integration would bring great benefits such as energy saving, size and weight reduction, lower cost, high reliability, and less maintenance for the MR damper systems. In this paper, a prototype of the self-sensing MR damper with power generation was designed, fabricated, and tested. Theoretical analyses and experimental studies on power generation were performed. A velocity-sensing method was proposed and experimentally validated. The magnetic-field interference among three functions was prevented by a combined magnetic-field isolation method. Modeling, analysis, and experimental results on damping forces are also presented.
A new type of damper with friction-variable characteristics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhou, Xiyuan; Peng, Lingyun
Professor T. T. Soong is one of the early pioneers in field of earthquake response control of structures. A new type of smart damper, which is based on an Energy Dissipating Restraint (EDR), is presented in this paper. The EDR by Nims and Kelly, which has a triangle hysteretic loop, behaves like an active variable stiffness system (AVS) and possesses the basic characteristics of a linear viscous damper but has difficulty in capturing the output and large stroke simultaneously needed for practical applicataions in engineering structures. In order to overcome this limitation, the friction surface in the original Sumitomo EDR is divided into two parts with low and high friction coefficients in this paper. The results of finite element analysis studies show that the new type of smart friction damper enables large friction force in proportion to relative displacement between two ends of the damper and has a large allowable displacement to fit the demands of engineering applications. However, unlike the EDR by Nims and Kelly, this type of friction variable damper cannot self re-center. However, the lateral stiffness can be used to restore the structure. The nonlinear time history analysis of earthquake response for a structure equipped with the proposed friction variable dampers was carried out using the IDARC computer program. The results indicate that the proposed damper can successfully reduce the earthquake response of a structure.
Vibration and shock isolation performance of a pressure-limited hydraulic damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Su, Hong; Rakheja, S.; Sankar, T. S.
A pressure-limited hydraulic damper is proposed to achieve variable damping within a vibration isolation system. The variation in damping parameters is achieved passively by limiting the pressure differential across the damper piston, using pressure relief valves. The pressure-limited hydraulic damper is modeled as a non-linear dynamical system incorporating control valve dynamics. The significance of the pressure differential across the damper piston is discussed in view of vibration isolation, and a methodology for estimation of a suitable value of the limiting pressure is proposed. The vibration and shock isolation characteristics of the passive pressure-limited damper are investigated through computer simulation. The vibration and shock isolation performance of the proposed damper is compared to those of passive and semi-active "on-off" vibration isolators. A comparison of the simulation results reveals that the vibration and shock isolation performance of the pressure-limited damper is superior to that of a conventional passive damper, and is comparable to that of a semi-active "on-off" damper. The proposed pressure-limited damper can be realised passively and does not require the sophisticated control devices and feedback instrumentation essential for a semi-active "on-off" vibration isolation system.
Extended Kalman filter based structural damage detection for MR damper controlled structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jin, Chenhao; Jang, Shinae; Sun, Xiaorong; Jiang, Zhaoshuo; Christenson, Richard
The Magneto-rheological (MR) dampers have been widely used in many building and bridge structures against earthquake and wind loadings due to its advantages including mechanical simplicity, high dynamic range, low power requirements, large force capacity, and robustness. However, research about structural damage detection methods for MR damper controlled structures is limited. This paper aims to develop a real-time structural damage detection method for MR damper controlled structures. A novel state space model of MR damper controlled structure is first built by combining the structure's equation of motion and MR damper's hyperbolic tangent model. In this way, the state parameters of both the structure and MR damper are added in the state vector of the state space model. Extended Kalman filter is then used to provide prediction for state variables from measurement data. The two techniques are synergistically combined to identify parameters and track the changes of both structure and MR damper in real time. The proposed method is tested using response data of a three-floor MR damper controlled linear building structure under earthquake excitation. The testing results show that the adaptive extended Kalman filter based approach is capable to estimate not only structural parameters such as stiffness and damping of each floor, but also the parameters of MR damper, so that more insights and understanding of the damage can be obtained. The developed method also demonstrates high damage detection accuracy and light computation, as well as the potential to implement in a structural health monitoring system.
Wind Powering America FY07 Activities Summary
Not Available
The Wind Powering America FY07 Activities Summary reflects the accomplishments of our state wind working groups, our programs at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and our partner organizations. The national WPA team remains a leading force for moving wind energy forward in the United States. WPA continues to work with its national, regional, and state partners to communicate the opportunities and benefits of wind energy to a diverse set of stakeholders. WPA now has 30 state wind working groups (welcoming Georgia and Wisconsin in 2007) that form strategic alliances to communicate wind's benefits to the state stakeholders. More than 140 members of national and state public and private sector organizations from 39 U.S. states and Canada attended the 6th Annual WPA All-States Summit in Los Angeles in June. WPA's emphasis remains on the rural agricultural sector, which stands to reap the significant economic development benefits of wind energy development. Additionally, WPA continues its program of outreach, education, and technical assistance to Native American communities, public power entities, and regulatory and legislative bodies.
Heat transfer from fail-safe magnetorheological fluid dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dogruoz, M. Baris; Gordaninejad, Faramarz; Wang, Eric L.; Stipanovich, Arthur J.
This study focuses on an experimental study of heat transfer from magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) dampers. Two semi- active automotive size MRF dampers, one with fins and the other without fins, were constructed and tested. The experimental results were compared with those of a previously developed theoretical model. It is demonstrate that especially at high peak velocities, the temperature rise is significant and heat transfer from these devices can be enhanced considerably by utilizing fins.
Analysis and testing of an inner bypass magnetorheological damper for shock and vibration mitigation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bai, Xian-Xu; Hu, Wei; Wereley, Norman M.
Aiming at fundamentally improving the performance of MR dampers, including maximizing dynamic range (i.e., ratio of field-on to field-off damping force) while simultaneously minimizing field-off damping force, this study presents the principle of an inner bypass magnetorheological damper (IBMRD). The IBMRD is composed of a pair of twin tubes, i.e., the inner tube and outer concentric tube, a movable piston-shaft arrangement, and an annular MR fluid flow gap sandwiched between the concentric tubes. In the IBMRD, the inner tube serves simultaneously as the guide for the movable piston and the bobbin for the electromagnetic coil windings, and five active rings on the inner tube, annular MR fluid flow gap, and outer tube forms five closed magnetic circuits. The annular fluid flow gap is an inner bypass annular valve where the rheology of the MR fluids, and hence the damping force of the MR damper, is controlled. Based on the structural principle of the IBMRD, the IBMRD is configured and its finite element analysis (FEA) is implemented. After theoretically constructing the hydro-mechanical model for the IBMRD, its mathematical model is established using a Bingham-plastic nonlinear fluid model. The characteristics of the IBMRD are theoretically evaluated and compared to those of a conventional piston-bobbin MR damper with an identical active length and cylinder diameter. In order to validate the theoretical results predicted by the mathematical model, the prototype IBMRD is designed, fabricated, and tested. The servo-hydraulic testing machine (type: MTS 810) and rail-guided drop tower are used to provide sinusoidal displacement excitation and shock excitation to the IBMRD, respectively.
Introduction to passive nutation dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Herzl, G. C.
Coning motion can prevent photographic and TV cameras and other oriented spacecraft experiments from maintaining a steady scan, and it can introduce a ripple in the high-gain communication system. Nutation dampers are used to remove this type of spacecraft instability. The first nutation damper flown in a missile for the stabilization of the gyroscope consisted of a hollow ring that was partially filled with mercury, and the sloshing of the mercury dissipated the nutational energy. A similar mercury-ring damper was used in the Pioneer 1 lunar probe in 1958 and became the first nutation damper to be used in space. Since then many types of nutation dampers have been designed for spin-stabilized spacecraft ranging in size from small scientific satellites to large space stations.
Vibration power generator for a linear MR damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sapiński, Bogdan
The paper describes the structure and the results of numerical calculations and experimental tests of a newly developed vibration power generator for a linear magnetorheological (MR) damper. The generator consists of permanent magnets and coil with foil winding. The device produces electrical energy according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This energy is applied to vary the damping characteristics of the MR damper attached to the generator by the input current produced by the device. The objective of the numerical calculations was to determine the magnetic field distribution in the generator as well as the electric potential and current density in the generator's coil during the idle run and under the load applied to the MR damper control coil. The results of the calculations were used during the design and manufacturing stages of the device. The objective of the experimental tests carried out on a dynamic testing machine was to evaluate the generator's efficiency and to compare the experimental and predicted data. The experimental results demonstrate that the engineered device enables a change in the kinetic energy of the reciprocal motion of the MR damper which leads to variations in the damping characteristics. That is why the generator may be used to build up MR damper based vibration control systems which require no external power.
Investigation on dynamic coupling between stay cable and magneto-rheological fluid (MR) damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Min; Li, H.; Guan, X. Ch..; Li, J. H.; Ou, J. P.
In this paper, experimental investigation on vibration control is carried out on a stay cable model incorporated with one small size magnetorheological fluid (MR) damper. The control efficiency of the MR dampers to reduce the cable vibration under sinusoidal excitation using passive control strategy is firstly tested. The dynamic coupling between the cable and MR damper with the passive control strategy is obviously observed. Dynamic coupling models between stay cable and MR damper with constant and fluctuating current input are proposed respectively. The proposed dynamic coupling model corresponding to the MR damper with constant current input is validated by the numerical simulations of the measured experimental data. Furthermore, using the proposed dynamic coupling corresponding to the MR damper with fluctuating current input, experimental investigation on the cable vibration control subjected to sinusoidal excitation using semi-active control strategy is then conducted. Experimental results demonstrate that the semi-active MR damper can achieve much better mitigation efficacy than the passive MR dampers with different constant current inputs due to negative stiffness provided by the semi-active MR damper.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bhat, S. T.; Buono, D. F.; Hibner, D. H.
High load damping requirements for modern jet engines are discussed. The design of damping systems which could satisfy these requirements is also discusseed. In order to evaluate high load damping requirements, engines in three major classes were studied; large transport engines, small general aviation engines, and military engines. Four damper concepts applicable to these engines were evaluated; multi-ring, cartridge, curved beam, and viscous/friction. The most promising damper concept was selected for each engine and performance was assessed relative to conventional dampers and in light of projected damping requirements for advanced jet engines.
A phenomenological dynamic model of a magnetorheological damper using a neuro-fuzzy system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zeinali, Mohammadjavad; Amri Mazlan, Saiful; Yasser Abd Fatah, Abdul; Zamzuri, Hairi
A magnetorheological (MR) damper is a promising appliance for semi-active suspension systems, due to its capability of damping undesired movement using an adequate control strategy. This research has been carried out a phenomenological dynamic model of two MR dampers using an adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach. Two kinds of Lord Corporation MR damper (a long stroke damper and a short stroke damper) were used in experiments, and then modeled using the experimental results. In addition, an investigation of the influence of the membership function selection on predicting the behavior of the MR damper and obtaining a mathematical model was conducted to realize the relationship between input current, displacement, and velocity as the inputs and force as output. The results demonstrate that the proposed models for both short stroke and long stroke MR dampers have successfully predicted the behavior of the MR damper with adequate accuracy, and an equation is presented to precisely describe the behavior of each MR damper.
Multiple plate hydrostatic viscous damper
Ludwig, L.P.
A device for damping radial motion of a rotating shaft is described. The damper comprises a series of spaced plates extending in a radial direction. A hydraulic piston is utilized to place a load in these plates. Each annular plate is provided with a suitable hydrostatic bearing geometry on at least one of its faces. This structure provides a high degree of dampening in a rotor case system of turbomachinery in general. The damper is particularly useful in gas turbine engines.
Multiple plate hydrostatic viscous damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ludwig, L. P. (Inventor)
A device for damping radial motion of a rotating shaft is described. The damper comprises a series of spaced plates extending in a radial direction. A hydraulic piston is utilized to place a load in these plates. Each annular plate is provided with a suitable hydrostatic bearing geometry on at least one of its faces. This structure provides a high degree of dampening in a rotor case system of turbomachinery in general. The damper is particularly useful in gas turbine engines.
Fuzzy logic control of the building structure with CLEMR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Xiang-Cheng; Xu, Zhao-Dong; Huang, Xing-Huai; Zhu, Jun-Tao
The semi-active control technology has been paid more attention in the field of structural vibration control due to its high controllability, excellent control effect and low power requirement. When semi-active control device are used for vibration control, some challenges must be taken into account, such as the reliability and the control strategy of the device. This study presents a new large tonnage compound lead extrusion magnetorheological (CLEMR) damper, whose mathematical model is introduced to describe the variation of damping force with current and velocity. Then a current controller based on the fuzzy logic control strategy is designed to determine control currents of the CLEMR dampers rapidly. A ten-floor frame structure with CLEMR dampers using the fuzzy logic control strategy is built and calculated by using MATLAB. Calculation results show that CLEMR dampers can reduce the seismic responses of structures effectively. Calculation results of the fuzzy logic control strategy are compared with those of the semi-active limit Hrovat control structure, the passive-off control structure, and the uncontrolled structure. Comparison results show that the fuzzy logic control strategy can determine control currents of CLEMR dampers quickly and can reduce seismic responses of the structures more effectively than the passive-off control strategy and the uncontrolled structure.
Modeling of Electromagnetic Damper for Automobile Suspension
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kawamoto, Yasuhiro; Suda, Yoshihiro; Inoue, Hirofumi; Kondo, Takuhiro
In this paper, the modeling of the electromagnetic damper (EMD) for automobile suspension is presented and the validation of the model is demonstrated by comparing the numerical results with the experimental results obtained using shaker tests. EMD is used as an active suspension and controlled to have output force calculated from velocities of sprung and unsprung masses. The formulation of EMD system for active suspensions is first developed, and the validation of the EMD model is demonstrated by experiments of the EMD for automobile suspensions. The validity of the formulation of the EMD developed in this investigation is shown for the frequency responses as well as energy balance for its active use.
The Geography of Wind Energy: Problem Solving Activities.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Lahart, David E.; Allen, Rodney F.
Today there are many attempts to use wind machines to confront the increasing costs of electricity. Described are activities to help secondary students understand wind energy, its distribution, applications, and limitations. (RM)
Stability of Intershaft Squeeze Film Dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
El-Shafei, A.
Intershaft squeeze film dampers were investigated for damping of dual rotor aircraft jet engines. It was thought that the intershaft damper would enhance the stability of the rotor-bearing system. Unfortunately, it was determined that the intershaft squeeze film damper was unstable above the engine's first critical speed. Here, a stability analysis of rotors incorporating intershaft squeeze film dampers is discussed. A rotor model consisting of two Jeffcott rotors with two intershaft squeeze film dampers was investigated. Examining the system characteristic equation for the conditions at which the roots indicate an ever-growing unstable motion results in the stability conditions. The cause of the instability is identified as the rotation of the oil in the damper clearance. Several proposed configurations of intershaft squeeze film dampers are discussed, and it is shown that the intershaft dampers are stable supercritically only with a configuration in which the oil film does not rotate.
Investigation on seismic resistance of high-rising buildings installed with viscoelastic-wall dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, M.; Wang, Y.; Ren, J.
Viscoelastic dampers are one of popular vibration mitigation devices applied to tall buildings to reduce seismic and wind-induced vibiration. In this paper,a new kind of viscoelastic-wall damper, which could be installed at the shearwall location of high-rising buildings, is proposed to enhance the energy disspation ability. The seismic resistance behaviors of one tall building installed with the viscoelastic-wall dampers are investigated by numerical analysis. The mechanical property testing of the viscoelastic-wall damper is carried to investigate its performance parameter under various exciting frequency and strain amplitude. According to the testing results, a mathematical model of viscoelastic - wall damper is modeled based on Kelvin model. On the basis of a 36-floor frame-shear wall structure and using the finite element software ABAQUS, two finite element models of the high-rising building with and without viscoelastic-wall dampers are set up. Elasto-plastic time-history analysis is used to compare the seismic performance of the two structures subjected to the frequently and rarely earthquakes. It is proved that the seismic response of the structure is mitigated effectively when it is equipped with viscoelastic-wall dampers.
Prototype and test of a novel rotary magnetorheological damper based on helical flow
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yu, Jianqiang; Dong, Xiaomin; Wang, Wen
To increase the output damping torque of a rotary magnetorheological (MR) damper with limited geometrical space, a novel rotary MR damper based on helical flow is proposed. A new working mode, helical flow mode, is discussed and applied to enlarge the flow path of MR fluids. The helical flow can improve the performance of the rotary damper by enlarging the length of the active region. Based on the idea, a rotary MR damper is designed. The rotary MR damper contains a spiral piston, dual-coil core, a rotating cylinder and a stator cylinder. Based on the Bingham model, the output damping torque of the damper is analytically derived. The finite element method (FEM) is applied to calculate the magnetic field of the active region. The multi-objective optimal design method is adopted to obtain the optimal geometric parameters. A prototype is fabricated based on the optimal results. To validate the proposed rotary MR damper, two types of experiments including the low rotation speed and the high rotation speed are investigated. The results show that the proposed rotary MR damper has high torque density and compact structure. The helical flow mode can increase the output damping torque with limited space.
Dual clearance squeeze film damper for high load conditions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fleming, D. P.
Squeeze film dampers are widely used to control vibrations in aircraft turbine engines and other rotating machinery. However, if shaft unbalance rises appreciably above the design value (e.g., due to a turbine blade loss), a conventional squeeze film becomes overloaded, and is no longer effective in controlling vibration amplitudes and bearing forces. A damper concept characterized by two oil films is described. Under normal conditions, only one low-clearance film is active, allowing precise location of the shaft centerline. Under high unbalance conditions, both films are active, controlling shaft vibration in a near-optimum manner, and allowing continued operation until a safe shutdown can be made.
46 CFR 131.899 - Fire dampers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fire dampers. 131.899 Section 131.899 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.899 Fire dampers. Each fire damper installed within the boundary...
46 CFR 131.899 - Fire dampers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fire dampers. 131.899 Section 131.899 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.899 Fire dampers. Each fire damper installed within the boundary...
46 CFR 131.899 - Fire dampers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire dampers. 131.899 Section 131.899 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.899 Fire dampers. Each fire damper installed within the boundary...
46 CFR 131.899 - Fire dampers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire dampers. 131.899 Section 131.899 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.899 Fire dampers. Each fire damper installed within the boundary...
46 CFR 131.899 - Fire dampers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire dampers. 131.899 Section 131.899 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS OPERATIONS Markings for Fire Equipment and Emergency Equipment § 131.899 Fire dampers. Each fire damper installed within the boundary...
Electromagnetic dampers for cryogenic applications
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Brown, Gerald V.; Dirusso, Eliseo
Cryogenic turbomachinery of the type used to pump high-pressure liquid hydrogen at -423 F and liquid oxygen at -297 F to the main engines of the Space Shuttle are subjected to lateral rotor vibrations from unbalance forces and transient loads. Conventional dampers which utilize viscous fluids such as lubricating oil cannot be used in turbopumps because the bearing components are filled with either liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen, which have viscosity comparable to air and, therefore, are not effective in viscous dampers. Electromagentic dampers are currently being explored as a means of providing damping in cryogenic turbopumps because their damping effectiveness increases as temperature decreases and because they are compatible with the liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen in the turbopumps.
Vibration control of a structure using Magneto-Rheological grease damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sugiyama, Shinya; Sakurai, Tomoki; Morishita, Shin
This paper describes an application study of Magneto-Rheological (MR) grease damper to a structure with three stories. MR fluid is known as one of successful smart materials whose rheological properties can be varied by magnetic field strength, and has been applied to various kinds of device such as dampers, clutches, engine mounts, etc. However, ferromagnetic particles dispersed in MR fluid settle out of the suspension after a certain interval due to the density difference between the particles and their career fluid. To overcome this defect, we have developed a new type of controllable working fluid using grease as the career of magnetic particles. Network of thickener in grease is expected to hold the magnetic particles and prevent them from settled down. No or little sedimentation was observed in MR grease whose characteristics could be controlled by the magnetic field strength. MR grease was introduced into a cylindrical damper and its performance was studied. As a result, it was confirmed that the damping force of MR grease damper could be controlled by the applied electric current to the coil in the cylinder of damper. Furthermore, vibration response of a three-story model structure equipped with MR grease damper was investigated experimentally, and it was shown that MR grease damper worked effectively as a semi-active damper.
Novel design of a self powered and self sensing magneto-rheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meftahul Ferdaus, Mohammad; Rashid, M. M.; Bhuiyan, M. M. I.; Muthalif, Asan Gani Bin Abdul; Hasan, M. R.
Magneto-rheological (MR) dampers are semi-active control devices and use MR fluids. Magneto-rheological dampers have successful applications in mechatronics engineering, civil engineering and numerous areas of engineering. At present, traditional MR damper systems, require a isolated power supply and dynamic sensor. This paper presents the achievability and accuracy of a self- powered and self-sensing magneto-rheological damper using harvested energy from the vibration and shock environment in which it is deployed and another important part of this paper is the increased yield stress of the Magneto rheological Fluids. Magneto rheological fluids using replacement of glass beads for Magnetic Particles to surge yield stress is implemented here. Clearly this shows better result on yield stress, viscosity, and settling rate. Also permanent magnet generator (PMG) is designed and attached to a MR damper. For evaluating the self-powered MR damper's vibration mitigating capacity, an Engine Mount System using the MR damper is simulated. The ideal stiffness of the PMG for the Engine Mount System (EMS) is calculated by numerical study. The vibration mitigating performance of the EMS employing the self-powered & self sensing MR damper is theoretically calculated and evaluated in the frequency domain.
The damper placement problem for large flexible space structures
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kincaid, Rex K.
The damper placement problem for large flexible space truss structures is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem. The objective is to determine the p truss members of the structure to replace with active (or passive) dampers so that the modal damping ratio is as large as possible for all significant modes of vibration. Equivalently, given a strain energy matrix with rows indexed on the modes and the columns indexed on the truss members, we seek to find the set of p columns such that the smallest row sum, over the p columns, is maximized. We develop a tabu search heuristic for the damper placement problems on the Controls Structures Interaction (CSI) Phase 1 Evolutionary Model (10 modes and 1507 truss members). The resulting solutions are shown to be of high quality.
Dampers for Stationary Labyrinth Seals
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
El-Aini, Yehia; Mitchell, William; Roberts, Lawrence; Montgomery, Stuart; Davis, Gary
Vibration dampers have been invented that are incorporated as components within the stationary labyrinth seal assembly. These dampers are intended to supplement other vibration-suppressing features of labyrinth seals in order to reduce the incidence of high-cycle-fatigue failures, which have been known to occur in the severe vibratory environments of jet engines and turbopumps in which labyrinth seals are typically used. A vibration damper of this type includes several leaf springs and/or a number of metallic particles (shot) all held in an annular seal cavity by a retaining ring. The leaf springs are made of a spring steel alloy chosen, in conjunction with design parameters, to maintain sufficient preload to ensure effectiveness of damping at desired operating temperatures. The cavity is vented via a small radial gap between the retaining ring and seal housing. The damping mechanism is complex. In the case of leaf springs, the mechanism is mainly friction in the slippage between the seal housing and individual dampers. In the case of a damper that contains shot, the damping mechanism includes contributions from friction between individual particles, friction between particles and cavity walls, and dissipation of kinetic energy of impact. The basic concept of particle/shot vibration dampers has been published previously; what is new here is the use of such dampers to suppress traveling-wave vibrations in labyrinth seals. Damping effectiveness depends on many parameters, including, but not limited to, coefficient of friction, mode shape, and frequency and amplitude of vibrational modes. In tests, preloads of the order of 6 to 15 lb (2.72 to 6.8 kilograms) per spring damper were demonstrated to provide adequate damping levels. Effectiveness of shot damping of vibrations having amplitudes from 20 to 200 times normal terrestrial gravitational acceleration (196 to 1,960 meters per square second) and frequencies up to 12 kHz was demonstrated for shot sizes from 0.032 to
Digital control system for space structural dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Haviland, J. K.
Digital control systems for space structural dampers, also referred to as inertia or proof-mass dampers are investigated. A damper concept is improved by adding a small taper to the proof-mass, and using a proximeter to determine position. Another damper using a three inch stroke rather than the standard one inch stroke is described. Provisions are made for a relative velocity feedback. In one approach, the digital controller is modified to accept the signal from a linear velocity transducer. In the other, the velocity feedback is included in the digital program. An overall system concept for the use of the dampers is presented.
A new magnetorheological damper for seismic control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ding, Yang; Zhang, Lu; Zhu, Hai-Tao; Li, Zhong-Xian
This paper proposes a new MR damper with bidirectional adjusting damping forces to enhance the fail-safe property of the MR damper. The structure of the composite magnetic circuits is improved for the new damper. Four prototype dampers are fabricated and tested by magnetic field tests and dynamic tests. The magnetic field distribution in the damping path and the dynamic properties of the dampers with different input currents are obtained. The Gompertz model is proposed to portray the dynamic behavior of the prototype dampers. The study shows that, due to the improved structure of composite magnetic circuits, the prototype dampers can maintain a medium damping force with zero current input. This behavior may ensure a better fail-safe property and avoid settlement of MR fluid compared with conventional MR dampers. Furthermore, the minimum and maximum output powers of the proposed dampers can be obtained at the states of the negative peak and positive peak of currents inputs, respectively. In addition, the dynamic range of controllable force is wider than that of conventional MR dampers. The analysis further shows that the proposed Gompertz model can precisely portray the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the proposed dampers without complicated function forms.
Improved Coulomb-Friction Damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Campbell, G. E.
Equal damping provided on forward and reverse strokes. Improved damper has springs and wedge rings symmetrically placed on both ends of piston wedge, so friction force same in both directions of travel. Unlike conventional automotive shock absorbers, they resemble on outside, both versions require no viscous liquid and operate over wide temperature range.
High-Temperature Vibration Damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Clarke, Alan; Litwin, Joel; Krauss, Harold
Device for damping vibrations functions at temperatures up to 400 degrees F. Dampens vibrational torque loads as high as 1,000 lb-in. but compact enough to be part of helicopter rotor hub. Rotary damper absorbs energy from vibrating rod, dissipating it in turbulent motion of viscous hydraulic fluid forced by moving vanes through small orifices.
Special Fluid Viscous Dampers For The Messina Strait Bridge
Colato, Gian Paolo; Infanti, Samuele; Castellano, Maria Gabriella
The Messina Strait Bridge would be the world's longest suspension bridge, with a design earthquake characterised by a PGA value of 0.58 g and a distance between the ipocenter and the bridge of 15 km. Said critical structure of course would need a suitable restraint system for traffic braking loads, wind and seismic actions. Each type of load requires a specific behaviour of the restraint system, making its design a big challenge.The restraint system comprises special types of fluid viscous dampers, installed both in longitudinal and transverse direction, both at the towers and at the anchorages. In seismic conditions they behave as viscous dampers, to reduce the forces on the structural elements and the movements of the bridge deck. But in service dynamic conditions, e.g. under traffic or wind load, the devices shall behave like shock transmission units, thus preventing the longitudinal and transverse movements of the deck.FIP Industriale cooperated with the selected General Contractor, a consortium lead by Impregilo, in the design of said viscous dampers. This paper describes the main features of said devices.
Computational investigation on the application of using microjets as active aerodynamic load control for wind turbines
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Blaylock, Myra Louise
A fast, efficient way to control loads on industrial scale turbines is important for the growth of the wind industry. Active Aerodynamic Load Control (AALC) is one area which addresses this need. In particular, microjets, which are pneumatic jets located at the trailing edge of a wind turbine blade and blow perpendicular to the blade surface, are a possible AALC candidate. First, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver OVERFLOW is used to explore the effects of a microjet on lift, drag, and pitching moment. Then the interaction between an aerodynamic disturbance and an airfoil equipped with a microjet is modeled. The object of this dissertation is to investigate microtabs as viable AALC devices by presenting their aerodynamic properties and testing whether a proportional-integral (PI) controlled jets can alleviate loads caused by wind gusts. The use of CFD to simulate a microjet is validated by comparing the results to both previous experiments found in the literature as well as wind tunnel tests completed at UC Davis. The aerodynamic effectiveness of the jet is investigated as a function of various parameters such as Reynolds number, angle of attack, and the momentum coefficient of the jet. The effects of the microjet are found to be very similar to another AALC device, the microtab. An aerodynamic disturbance is simulated, and a control algorithm which is incorporated into the OVERFLOW code is used to activate the microjet, thus reducing the change of the blade load due to the gust. Finally, a more realistic model is made by adding both a linear and a torsional spring and damper to represent the blade movement. This two-degree of freedom system shows that during a gust the vertical blade movement is reduced when the microjets are activated. Microjets are found to work well to alleviate the changes in aerodynamic loads felt by the airfoil, and are therefore a good candidate for a practical AALC device. However, further investigation is needed in the areas of
Analysis and testing of electrorheological bypass dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lindler, Jason E.; Wereley, Norman M.
We experimentally validate nonlinear quasi-steady electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) damper models, using an idealized Bingham plastic shear flow mechanism, for the flow mode of damper operation. An electrorheological valve or bypass damper was designed, and fabricated using predominantly commercial off-the-shelf hydraulic components. Both the hydraulic cylinder and the bypass duct have cylindrical geometry, and damping forces are developed in the annular bypass via Poiseuille (flow mode) flow. Damper models assume parallel plate geometry. Three nondimensional groups are used for damper analysis, namely, the Bingham number, Bi, the nondimensional plug thickness, (delta) , and the area coefficient defined as the ratio of the piston head area, A(rho ), to the cross-sectional area of the annular bypass, Ad. In the flow mode case, the damping coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of equivalent viscous damping of the Bingham plastic material, Ceq, to the Newtonian viscous damping, C, is a function of the nondimensional plug thickness only. The damper was tested using a mechanical damper dynamometer for sinusoidal stroke of 2 inches, over a range of frequencies below 0.63 Hz. The damping coefficient vs. nondimensional plug thickness diagram was experimentally validated using these data over a range of damper shaft velocities and applied electric field. Because the behaviors of ER and MR fluid are qualitatively similar, these ER damper modeling results may be extended to analysis of flow mode MR dampers.
Active Power Control from Wind Power (Presentation)
Ela, E.; Brooks, D.
In order to keep the electricity grid stable and the lights on, the power system relies on certain responses from its generating fleet. This presentation evaluates the potential for wind turbines and wind power plants to provide these services and assist the grid during critical times.
Sources of solar wind over the solar activity cycle.
Poletto, Giannina
Fast solar wind has been recognized, about 40 years ago, to originate in polar coronal holes (CHs), that, since then, have been identified with sources of recurrent high speed wind streams. As of today, however, there is no general consensus about whether there are, within CHs, preferential locations where the solar wind is accelerated. Knowledge of slow wind sources is far from complete as well. Slow wind observed in situ can be traced back to its solar source by backward extrapolation of magnetic fields whose field lines are streamlines of the outflowing plasma. However, this technique often has not the necessary precision for an indisputable identification of the region where wind originates. As the Sun progresses through its activity cycle, different wind sources prevail and contribute to filling the heliosphere. Our present knowledge of different wind sources is here summarized. Also, a Section addresses the problem of wind acceleration in the low corona, as inferred from an analysis of UV data, and illustrates changes between fast and slow wind profiles and possible signatures of changes along the solar cycle. A brief reference to recent work about the deep roots of solar wind and their changes over different solar cycles concludes the review. PMID:25685421
Optimal damper location in the vibration control of large space structures
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Wang, B. P.; Pilkey, W. D.
The problem of finding the optimal location of active dampers for the vibration control of space structures is investigated. The optimal location is where maximum damping can be introduced to a particular vibration mode. To this end, classical root locus techniques are used to study the effect on eigenvalues of placing a damper on an undamped structure. An efficient formulation is derived which avoids the solution of the damped eigenvalue problem. Based on the observation of the results for a free-free beam model, a Minimum Constrained Frequency Criterion (MCFC) for locating the optimal damper location is proposed.
Damping force control of frictionless MR damper associated with hysteresis modeling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seong, M. S.; Choi, S. B.; Kim, C. H.
This study presents hysteresis modelling and damping force control of the frictionless magnetorheological (MR) damper for semiconductor manufacturing stage. The vibration sources of the semiconductor stage can be classified as two. The one is environmental vibration from the floor, and the other is transient vibration occurred from the stage moving. The transient vibration has serious adverse effect to the process because the vibration scale is quite larger than other vibrations. Therefore, in this research, the semi-active MR damper which can control the transient vibration is devised. In addition, the stage needs to be isolated from tiny vibration to achieve high grade vibration level. At the high frequency range, MR damper acts like a rigid body if the dry friction exists. So the tiny vibration is transferred to the stage directly. Therefore, a dry friction of the MR damper must be removed. In order to achieve this goal, a frictionless MR damper is originally designed. After then, a designed MR damper is manufactured and it's damping force characteristics and hysteresis behaviors are evaluated by experiment. The biviscous hysteresis model of MR damper is formulated and its accuracies are evaluated. Finally, damping force control performances using the hysteresis model is experimentally evaluated.
Temperature-dependent skyhook control of HMMWV suspension using a fail-safe magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Yanming; Gordaninejad, Faramarz; Evrensel, Cahit A.; Dogruer, Umit; Yeo, Moon-Su; Karakas, Enver S.; Fuchs, Alan
In this paper, a theoretical study is presented to examine the behavior a fail-safe magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) damper based on a temperature compensated skyhook strategy for a quarter car model of a High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). A fail-safe MRF damper is a controllable semi-active device that in the event of power or control system failure behaves as a passive damper with certain viscous damping capacity. The damper's viscous force changes significantly with temperature. Vehicle suspension system is required to operate in a wide range of temperature. The temperature effects on the performance of MRF damper should be considered in the control system design. Displacement and acceleration response of the vehicle sprung mass for the quarter car model are discussed at the operating temperature range of a MRF damper. Simulation results under off-road excitation demonstrated that the compensated skyhook control system improves MRF damper performance in reducing the sprung mass displacement and acceleration compared to the uncompensated skyhook control system.
Active Control of Wind Tunnel Noise
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hollis, Patrick (Principal Investigator)
The need for an adaptive active control system was realized, since a wind tunnel is subjected to variations in air velocity, temperature, air turbulence, and some other factors such as nonlinearity. Among many adaptive algorithms, the Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm, which is the simplest one, has been used in an Active Noise Control (ANC) system by some researchers. However, Eriksson's results, Eriksson (1985), showed instability in the ANC system with an ER filter for random noise input. The Restricted Least Squares (RLS) algorithm, although computationally more complex than the LMS algorithm, has better convergence and stability properties. The ANC system in the present work was simulated by using an FIR filter with an RLS algorithm for different inputs and for a number of plant models. Simulation results for the ANC system with acoustic feedback showed better robustness when used with the RLS algorithm than with the LMS algorithm for all types of inputs. Overall attenuation in the frequency domain was better in the case of the RLS adaptive algorithm. Simulation results with a more realistic plant model and an RLS adaptive algorithm showed a slower convergence rate than the case with an acoustic plant as a delay plant. However, the attenuation properties were satisfactory for the simulated system with the modified plant. The effect of filter length on the rate of convergence and attenuation was studied. It was found that the rate of convergence decreases with increase in filter length, whereas the attenuation increases with increase in filter length. The final design of the ANC system was simulated and found to have a reasonable convergence rate and good attenuation properties for an input containing discrete frequencies and random noise.
Regenerative magnetorheological dampers for vehicle suspensions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Chao; Zou, Li; Liao, Wei-Hsin
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are promising for vehicle suspensions, by virtue of their adaptive properties. During the everyday use of vehicles, a lot of energy is wasted due to the energy dissipation by dampers under the road irregularities. On the other hand, extra batteries are required for the current MR damper systems. To reduce the energy waste and get rid of the dependence on extra batteries, in this paper, regenerative MR dampers are proposed for vehicle suspensions, which integrate energy harvesting and controllable damping functions. The wasted vibration energy can be converted into electrical energy and power the MR damper coil. A regenerative MR damper for vehicle suspensions is developed. Damping force and power generation characteristics of the regenerative MR damper were modeled and analyzed. Then the damper is applied to a 2 DOF suspension system for system simulation under various road conditions. Simulation results show that riding comfort can be significantly improved, while harvesting energy for other use in addition to supply power for the controlled MR damper.
Lateral dampers for thrust bearings
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hibner, D. H.; Szafir, D. R.
The development of lateral damping schemes for thrust bearings was examined, ranking their applicability to various engine classes, selecting the best concept for each engine class and performing an in-depth evaluation. Five major engine classes were considered: large transport, military, small general aviation, turboshaft, and non-manrated. Damper concepts developed for evaluation were: curved beam, constrained and unconstrained elastomer, hybrid boost bearing, hydraulic thrust piston, conical squeeze film, and rolling element thrust face.
A new adaptive hybrid electromagnetic damper: modelling, optimization, and experiment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Asadi, Ehsan; Ribeiro, Roberto; Behrad Khamesee, Mir; Khajepour, Amir
This paper presents the development of a new electromagnetic hybrid damper which provides regenerative adaptive damping force for various applications. Recently, the introduction of electromagnetic technologies to the damping systems has provided researchers with new opportunities for the realization of adaptive semi-active damping systems with the added benefit of energy recovery. In this research, a hybrid electromagnetic damper is proposed. The hybrid damper is configured to operate with viscous and electromagnetic subsystems. The viscous medium provides a bias and fail-safe damping force while the electromagnetic component adds adaptability and the capacity for regeneration to the hybrid design. The electromagnetic component is modeled and analyzed using analytical (lumped equivalent magnetic circuit) and electromagnetic finite element method (FEM) (COMSOL® software package) approaches. By implementing both modeling approaches, an optimization for the geometric aspects of the electromagnetic subsystem is obtained. Based on the proposed electromagnetic hybrid damping concept and the preliminary optimization solution, a prototype is designed and fabricated. A good agreement is observed between the experimental and FEM results for the magnetic field distribution and electromagnetic damping forces. These results validate the accuracy of the modeling approach and the preliminary optimization solution. An analytical model is also presented for viscous damping force, and is compared with experimental results The results show that the damper is able to produce damping coefficients of 1300 and 0-238 N s m-1 through the viscous and electromagnetic components, respectively.
Principle and validation of modified hysteretic models for magnetorheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bai, Xian-Xu; Chen, Peng; Qian, Li-Jun
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers, semi-active actuators for vibration and shock control systems, have attracted increasing attention during the past two decades. However, it is difficult to establish a precise mathematical model for the MR dampers and their control systems due to their intrinsic strong nonlinear hysteretic behavior. A phenomenological model based on the Bouc-Wen model can be used to effectively describe the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the MR dampers, but the structure of the phenomenological model is complex and the Bouc-Wen model is functionally redundant. In this paper, based on the phenomenological model, (1) a normalized phenomenological model is derived through incorporating a 'normalization' concept, and (2) a restructured model, also incorporating the 'normalization' concept, is proposed and realized. In order to demonstrate this, a multi-islands genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to identify the parameters of the restructured model, the normalized phenomenological model, and the phenomenological model. The performance of the three models for describing and predicting the damping force characteristics of the MR dampers are compared and analyzed using the identified parameters. The research results indicate that, as compared with the phenomenological model and the normalized phenomenological model, (1) the restructured model can not only effectively decrease the number of the model parameters and reduce the complexity of the model, but can also describe the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of MR dampers more accurately, and (2) the meanings of several model parameters of the restructured model are clearer and the initial ranges of the model parameters are more explicit, which is of significance for parameter identification.
Wind Turbines Adaptation to the Variability of the Wind Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ulianov, Yuriy; Martynenko, Gennadii; Misaylov, Vitaliy; Soliannikova, Iuliia
including combined RF-acoustic antenna installed coaxially with the gondola of the wind power turbine. The work of the technique is synchronized with rotation of blades to eliminate their shielding action. Dangerous in terms of dynamic strength is the wind load pulse, the rise time which is comparable with the period of the natural frequency of the wind turbine elements (blade, tower, rotor, etc.). The amplitude decay of resonant vibrations at critical values of the speed of rotation can be realized through the use of mechanical elastic supports with nonlinear artificial dampers. They have a high coefficient of resistance, but may cause self-excited oscillations. We propose the way to deal with raised vibration of wind turbine elements at the expense of short-term increase of damping in the range of critical rotary axis speeds or during impulsive effects of wind loadings (wind gusts). This is possible through the use of non-linear electromagnetic dampers or active magnetic bearings. Their feature is the possibility of varying the mechanical stiffness and damping properties by changing the electrical parameters of electromagnets. The controlling of these parameters is carried out by the control system (CS) with the information feedback on the spatial-temporal structure of the wind field obtained from IRASS. In the composition of the CS can also be included the rotational speed sensor of the WPT rotor. This approach to the adaptation of wind turbines will allow to reduce vibration and to perform early compensation of the load on their components, which arise under the wind gusts. In addition, corrections about the wind field obtained with IRASS, would increase the mean power of WPT.
Solar wind turbulence as a driver of geomagnetic activity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ikechukwu Ugwu, Ernest Benjamin; Nneka Okeke, Francisca; Ugonabo, Obiageli Josephine
We carried out simultaneous analyses of interplanetary and geomagnetic datasets for the period of (solar Maunder) least (2009) and maximum (2002) solar activity to determine the nature of solar wind turbulence on geomagnetic activity using AE, ASY-D, and ASY-H indices. We determined the role played by Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind so as to find out the nature of the turbulence. Our analyses showed that solar wind turbulence play a role in geomagnetic processes at high latitudes during periods of low and high solaractivity but does not have any effect at mid-low latitudes.
Improved syncom-type fluid damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Evans, J.
Two efficient types of fluid nutation dampers that are simple, reliable, and inexpensive have been developed. In use, either damper may be mounted on a spinning body, parallel to the spin axis of the body and radially displaced from it, to eliminate nutation.
The Tevatron bunch by bunch longitudinal dampers
Cheng-Yang Tan and James Steimel
We describe in this paper the Tevatron bunch by bunch dampers. The goal of the dampers is to stop the spontaneous longitudinal beam size blowup of the protons during a store. We will go through the theory and also show the measured results during the commissioning of this system. The system is currently operational and have stopped the beam blowups during a store.
Damper mechanism for nuclear reactor control elements
Taft, William Elwood
A damper mechanism which provides a nuclear reactor control element decelerating function at the end of the scram stroke. The total damping function is produced by the combination of two assemblies, which operate in sequence. First, a tapered dashram assembly decelerates the control element to a lower velocity, after which a spring hydraulic damper assembly takes over to complete the final damping.
Docking-mechanism attenuator with electromechanical damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Syromyatnikov, V. S.
Theoretical and practical problems involved in the application of electromechanical damping for spacecraft docking-mechanism attenuation are discussed. Some drawbacks of hydraulic dampers used for the purpose are pointed out. The basic scheme of the attenuator with the electromechanical damper is given.
Simple Activity Demonstrates Wind Energy Principles
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Roman, Harry T.
Wind energy is an exciting and clean energy option often described as the fastest-growing energy system on the planet. With some simple materials, teachers can easily demonstrate its key principles in their classroom. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)
Design and vibration control of military vehicle suspension system using magnetorheological damper and disc spring
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ha, Sung Hoon; Seong, Min-Sang; Choi, Seung-Bok
This paper proposes a new type of magnetorheological (MR) fluid based suspension system and applies it to military vehicles for vibration control. The suspension system consists of a gas spring, a MR damper and a safety passive damper (disc spring). Firstly, a dynamic model of the MR damper is derived by considering the pressure drop due to the viscosity and the yield stress of the MR fluid. A dynamic model of the disc spring is then established for its evaluation as a safety damper with respect to load and pressure. Secondly, a full military vehicle is adopted for the integration of the MR suspension system. A skyhook controller associated with a semi-active actuating condition is then designed to reduce the imposed vibration. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MR suspension system, a computer simulation is undertaken showing the vibration control performance of such properties as vertical displacement and pitch angle, evaluated for a bumpy road profile.
Multi-objective evolutionary optimization design of vehicle magnetorheological fluid damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Qiang; Wang, Yang; Gao, Fang
Structure design and parameters selection are crucial steps in developing magnetorheological fluid (MRF) damper for vehicle semi-active suspension system. Most traditional methods for deciding structure parameters by experiential expressions are unilateral and imprecise. In this paper, a multiobjective evolutionary optimization approach will be used to solve the optimization design problem. Based on Bingham fluid models, a structure design for MRF damper with shearing valve mode is completed for vehicle suspension. To reduce the dynamic response time and to enlarge the range the controllable damping force are taken as the optimization objectives. Three crucial parameters, including gap width, effective axial pole length and coil turns number are taken as optimization variables, a hybrid evolutionary algorithm combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) and crossover is employed to search for the Pareto solutions, According to the optimized results, a new type MRF damper design is accomplished for a pickup truck suspension system. The proposed method and analysis present a beneficial reference for MRF damper design.
Semi-active vibration control in cable-stayed bridges under the condition of random wind load
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heo, G.; Joonryong, Jeon
This paper aims at an experimental study on the real-time vibration control of bridge structures using a semi-active vibration control method that has been in the spotlight recently. As structures are becoming larger and larger, structural harmful vibration caused by unspecified external forces such as earthquakes, gusts of wind, and collisions has been brought to attention as an important issue. These harmful vibrations can cause not only user anxiety but also severe structural damage or even complete failure of structures. Therefore, in view of structural safety and economical long-term maintenance, real-time control technology of the harmful structural vibration is urgently required. In this paper, a laboratory-scale model of a cable-stayed bridge was built, and a shear-type MR damper and a semi-active vibration control algorithm (Lyapunov and clipped optimal) were applied for the control of harmful vibration of the model bridge, in real time. On the basis of the test results, each semi-active control algorithm was verified quantitatively.
Active Power Controls from Wind Power: Bridging the Gaps
Ela, E.; Gevorgian, V.; Fleming, P.; Zhang, Y. C.; Singh, M.; Muljadi, E.; Scholbrook, A.; Aho, J.; Buckspan, A.; Pao, L.; Singhvi, V.; Tuohy, A.; Pourbeik, P.; Brooks, D.; Bhatt, N.
This paper details a comprehensive study undertaken by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Electric Power Research Institute, and the University of Colorado to understand how the contribution of wind power providing active power control (APC) can benefit the total power system economics, increase revenue streams, improve the reliability and security of the power system, and provide superior and efficient response while reducing any structural and loading impacts that may reduce the life of the wind turbine or its components. The study includes power system simulations, control simulations, and actual field tests using turbines at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The study focuses on synthetic inertial control, primary frequency control, and automatic generation control, and analyzes timeframes ranging from milliseconds to minutes to the lifetime of wind turbines, locational scope ranging from components of turbines to large wind plants to entire synchronous interconnections, and additional topics ranging from economics to power system engineering to control design.
Comparisons of the dynamic characteristics of magnetorheological and hydraulic dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Yi; Oyadiji, S. O.
A magnetorheological (MR) damper can adapt its dynamic performance to the vibration environment by controlling the current applied. Compared to other types of dampers, the MR damper has a wider range of dynamic characteristics. Two different dampers: hydraulic, and MR dampers were tested under forced sinusoidal excitations of low to high frequencies. Also, different currents were applied on the MR damper to investigate its performance under varying electromagnetic fields. The results reveal that the two dampers have nonlinear dynamic characteristics and that characteristics of the hydraulic damper are different from those of the MR damper. The hydraulic damper provides slight nonlinear damping force whereas the MR damper shows a strong nonlinear property. In addition, the hydraulic damper is designed to provide an asymmetric damping force of rebound and compression whereas the MR damper provides a symmetric damping force. In the experiments conducted, the excitation frequency was varied from 3 Hz to 11 Hz and the amplitude from 2.5 mm to 12 mm. For the hydraulic damper, the lowest compression damping force only increases by about 0.54 kN while the rebound force increases by about 1.9 kN. In contrast, the variations of compression and rebound forces of the MR damper are 1.9 and 2.0 kN, respectively. Furthermore, the damping force of the MR damper increases as the current increases from 0 to 0.75 A.
Experimental study of a self-powered and sensing MR-damper-based vibration control system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sapiński, Bogdan
The paper deals with a semi-active vibration control system based on a magnetorheological (MR) damper. The study outlines the model and the structure of the system, and describes its experimental investigation. The conceptual design of this system involves harvesting energy from structural vibrations using an energy extractor based on an electromagnetic transduction mechanism (Faraday's law). The system consists of an electromagnetic induction device (EMI) prototype and an MR damper of RD-1005 series manufactured by Lord Corporation. The energy extracted is applied to control the damping characteristics of the MR damper. The model of the system was used to prove that the proposed vibration control system is feasible. The system was realized in the semi-active control strategy with energy recovery and examined through experiments in the cases where the control coil of the MR damper was voltage-supplied directly from the EMI or voltage-supplied via the rectifier, or supplied with a current control system with two feedback loops. The external loop used the sky-hook algorithm whilst the internal loop used the algorithm switching the photorelay, at the output from the rectifier. Experimental results of the proposed vibration control system were compared with those obtained for the passive system (MR damper is off-state) and for the system with an external power source (conventional system) when the control coil of the MR damper was supplied by a DC power supply and analogue voltage amplifier or a DC power supply and a photorelay. It was demonstrated that the system is able to power-supply the MR damper and can adjust itself to structural vibrations. It was also found that, since the signal of induced voltage from the EMI agrees well with that of the relative velocity signal across the damper, the device can act as a 'velocity-sign' sensor.
Characterizing wind turbine system response to lightning activity
McNiff, B.; LaWhite, N.; Muljadi, E.
A lightning protection research program was instituted by National Renewable Energy Laboratory to minimize lightning damage to wind turbines and to further the understanding of effective damage mitigation techniques. To that end, a test program is under way to observe lightning activity, protection system response, and damage at a wind power plant in the Department of Energy (DOE) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Turbine Verification Program. The authors installed Lightning activated surveillance cameras along with a special storm tracking device to observe the activity in the wind plant area. They instrumented the turbines with lightning and ground current detection devices to log direct and indirect strike activity at each unit. They installed a surge monitor on the utility interface to track incoming activity from the transmission lines. Maintenance logs are used to verify damage and determine downtime and repair costs. Actual strikes to turbines were recorded on video and ancillary devices. The test setup and some results are discussed in this paper.
Dynamic response time of a metal foam magneto-rheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yan, Yao X.; Hui, Liu X.; M, Yu; J, Fu; Dong, Liao H.
Magneto-rheological (MR) dampers are a promising type of semi-active control device for various dynamic systems. Recently, low-cost MR dampers without any sealing structure have been required. Motivated by the desire to overcome the need for the costly dynamic seals of conventional MR dampers, a new type of metal foam MR damper is proposed in this study and the dynamic response performance is also investigated. The metal foam is firmly adhered to a working cylinder to store the unexcited MR fluids. In the action of a magnetic field, MR fluids will be extracted from the metal foam and fill up the shear gap to produce the MR effect. Three time parameters related to response time are introduced to further describe the dynamic response process. The results show that, due to the period required for extracting the MR fluids out from the metal foam, the time to produce the damper force of the metal foam MR damper is longer than for conventional fluid-filled MR dampers. The response time of the metal foam MR damper will change with different currents and shear rates. Given a constant shear rate, in a small range of currents (0-1.5 A), the response time decreases rapidly as the operating current increases; however, there is a slower change rate in larger ranges. To evaluate the effect of shear rate on response time, shear rates ranging from 2 to 10 s-1 are tested, and the results demonstrate that with increasing shear rates the response time decreases.
Experimental analysis of large capacity MR dampers with short- and long-stroke
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zemp, René; de la Llera, Juan Carlos; Weber, Felix
The purpose of this article is to study and characterize experimentally two magneto-rheological dampers with short- and long-stroke, denoted hereafter as MRD-S and MRD-L. The latter was designed to improve the Earthquake performance of a 21-story reinforced concrete building equipped with two 160 ton tuned pendular masses. The MRD-L has a nominal force capacity of 300 kN and a stroke of ±1 m; the MRD-S has a nominal force capacity of 150 kN, and a stroke of ±0.1 m. The MRD-S was tested with two different magneto-rheological and one viscous fluid. Due to the presence of Eddy currents, both dampers show a time lag between current intensity and damper force as the magnetization on the damper changes in time. Experimental results from the MRD-L show a force drop-off behavior. A decrease in active-mode forces due to temperature increase is also analyzed for the MRD-S and the different fluids. Moreover, the observed increase in internal damper pressure due to energy dissipation is evaluated for the different fluids in both dampers. An analytical model to predict internal pressure increase in the damper is proposed that includes as a parameter the concentration of magnetic particles inside the fluid. Analytical dynamic pressure results are validated using the experimental tests. Finally, an extended Bingham fluid model, which considers compressibility of the fluid, is also proposed and validated using damper tests.
Evaluation of shear mounted elastomeric damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zorzi, E.; Walton, J.
Viton-70 elastomeric shear mounted damper was built and tested on a T-55 power turbine spool in the rotor's high speed balancing rig. This application of a shear mounted elastomeric damper demonstrated for the first time, the feasibility of using elastomers as the primary rotor damping source in production turbine engine hardware. The shear damper design was selected because it was compatible with actual gas turbine engine radial space constraints, could accommodate both the radial and axial thrust loads present in gas turbine engines, and was capable of controlled axial preload. The shear damper was interchangeable with the production T-55 power turbine roller bearing support so that a direct comparison between the shear damper and the production support structure could be made. Test results show that the Viton-70 elastomer damper operated successfully and provided excellent control of both synchronous and nonsynchronous vibrations through all phases of testing up to the maximum rotor speed of 16,000 rpm. Excellent correlation between the predicted and experienced critical speeds, mode shapes and log decrements for the power turbine rotor and elastomer damper assembly was also achieved.
Digital control system for space structural dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Haviland, J. K.
A recently developed concept for a damper was improved by adding a small taper to the proof-mass, and using a proximeter to determine position. Also, an experimental damper was built using a three-inch stroke in place of the standard one-inch stroke. The analog controller initially used was replaced by an independent digital controller slaved to a TRS-80 Model I computer, which also serves as a highly effective, low-cost development system. An overall system concept for the use of proof-mass dampers is presented.
Hom dampers for ALS storage ring RF cavities
Kwiatkowski, S.; Baptiste, K.; Byrd, J.; DeSantis, S.; Julian, J.; Low, R.; Lyn, L.; Plate, D.
The main source of narrowband impedance in the Advanced Light Source (ALS) are higher order modes (HOMs) of the two main RF and three third harmonic cavities. These HOMs drive longitudinal and transverse coupled bunch instabilities, which are controlled using active beam feedback systems. The dominant longitudinal HOMs in both systems are TM011-like modes with the R/Q factor an order of magnitude higher than all other longitudinal modes. To reduce the growth rates within the range of the longitudinal feedback system (LFB), these modes were tuned away from beam resonances by means of cooling water temperature control (main rf system), and the combination of two tuners (third harmonic system). To improve the reliability of the longitudinal dampening system, we have built and installed E-type HOM dampers for the fundamental and harmonic cavities. We present the design, commissioning and performance of the HOM dampers in this paper.
Proportional-plus-integral semiactive control using magnetorheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aguirre, N.; Ikhouane, F.; Rodellar, J.
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are a promising alternative to structural active actuators as they provide adjustable damping over a wide range of frequencies without large power requirements. However, the complex dynamics that characterizes these devices makes it difficult to formulate control laws based on the MR damper model. Instead, many semiactive control strategies proposed in the literature have been based on the idea of "clipping" the voltage signal so that the MR damper force "tracks" a desired active control force which is computed on-line. With this idea many algorithms have been proposed using, among others, techniques such as optimal control, H∞ control, sliding mode control, backstepping and QFT. This work presents a semiactive control strategy based on the same idea of "clipping" the voltage signal but using a simpler PI design. The proportional and integral gains of the controller are calculated so that the controller guarantees stability, minimization of the closed loop response and robustness against modeling errors. Effectiveness of the control strategy is compared to some others techniques and passive cases as well. Simulation results shows that this simple strategy can effectively improve the structural responses and achieve performance index comparable to that of more complex algorithms.
Squeeze-film dampers for turbomachinery stabilization
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mclean, L. J.; Hahn, E. J.
A technique for investigating the stability and damping present in centrally preloaded radially symmetric multi-mass flexible rotor bearing systems is presented. In general, one needs to find the eigenvalues of the linearized perturbation equations, though zero frequency stability maps may be found by solving as many simultaneous non-linear equations as there are dampers; and in the case of a single damper, such maps may be found directly, regardless of the number of degrees of freedom. The technique is illustrated for a simple symmetric four degree of freedom flexible rotor with an unpressurized damper. This example shows that whereas zero frequency stability maps are likely to prove to be a simple way to delineate multiple solution possibilities, they do not provide full stability information. Further, particularly for low bearing parameters, the introduction of an unpressurized squeeze film damper may promote instability in an otherwise stable system.
Fermilab Recycler damper requirements and design
Crisp, J.; Hu, M.; Tupikov, V.; /Fermilab
The design of transverse dampers for the Fermilab Recycler storage ring is described. An observed instability and analysis of subsequent measurements where used to identify the requirements. The digital approach being implemented is presented.
Structural vibration control by tuned mass damper using central pattern generator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Iba, Daisuke; Hongu, Junichi
This paper proposes a new control method for active mass dampers using a Central Pattern Generator in vibration mitigation. The active mass dampers (or active dynamic absorbers) have been applied to structural vibration control of high-rise buildings, bridges and so on. In this case, the mass of the active mass damper must oscillate in an appropriate phase in relation to the control object, and generally, the damper has been designed by linear control theory as pole placement method, optimal control method or H infinity control method, and all the rest. On the other hand, on walking of animate beings like mammals or insects, both side feet have appropriate phase relations; moreover, it is possible to keep moving on irregular ground. That is, algorithms for the walking would be embedded into the animate beings to control the complicated and redundant bodies with ease and robustness. In biological study, the Central Pattern Generators in bodies playing a significant role in the walking have been learned over the last few decades, and some studies said that some animate beings are able to control their feet by using the generators without their brains in the walking. Moreover, mathematical models of the pattern generators have been proposed, and some researchers have been studying to realize walking of biped-robots using the pattern generators embedded in a computer. In this study, the algorithm is installed into a controller for the active mass damper; furthermore, validation of the controller is performed by numerical simulation.
Sources of the solar wind at solar activity maximum
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Neugebauer, M.; Liewer, P. C.; Smith, E. J.; Skoug, R. M.; Zurbuchen, T. H.
The photospheric sources of solar wind observed by the Ulysses and ACE spacecraft from 1998 to early 2001 are determined through a two-step mapping process. Solar wind speed measured at the spacecraft is used in a ballistic model to determine a foot point on a source surface at a solar distance of 2.5 solar radii. A potential-field source-surface model is then used to trace the field and flow from the source surface to the photosphere. Comparison of the polarity of the measured interplanetary field with the polarity of the photospheric source region shows good agreement for spacecraft latitudes equatorward of 60°. At higher southern latitudes, the mapping predicts that Ulysses should have observed only outward directed magnetic fields, whereas both polarities were observed. A detailed analysis is performed on four of the solar rotations for which the mapped and observed polarities were in generally good agreement. For those rotations, the solar wind mapped to both coronal holes and active regions. These findings for a period of high solar activity differ from the findings of a similar study of the solar wind in 1994-1995 when solar activity was very low. At solar minimum the fastest wind mapped to the interior of large polar coronal holes while slower wind mapped to the boundaries of those holes or to smaller low-latitude coronal holes. For the data examined in the present study, neither spacecraft detected wind from the small polar coronal holes when they existed and the speed was never as high as that observed by Ulysses at solar minimum. The principal difference between the solar wind from coronal holes and from active regions is that the O7+/O6+ ion ratio is lower for the coronal hole flow, but not as low as in the polar coronal hole flow at solar minimum. Furthermore, the active-region flows appear to be organized into several substreams unlike the more monolithic structure of flows from coronal holes. The boundaries between plasma flows from neighboring
Model Of Bearing With Hydrostatic Damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Goggin, David G.
Improved mathematical model of rotational and vibrational dynamics of bearing package in turbopump incorporates effects of hydrostatic damper. Part of larger finite-element model representing rotational and vibrational dynamics of rotor and housing of pump. Includes representations of deadband and nonlinear stiffness and damping of ball bearings, nonlinear stiffness and damping of hydrostatic film, and stiffness of bearing support. Enables incorporation of effects of hydrostatic damper into overall rotor-dynamic mathematical model without addition of mathematical submodel of major substructure.
Results from the AGS Booster transverse damper
Russo, D.; Brennan, M.; Meth, M.; Roser, T.
To reach the design intensity of 1.5 [times] 10[sup 13] protons per pulse in the AGS Booster, transverse coupled bunch instabilities with an estimated growth rate of 1500s[sup [minus]1] have to be dampened. A prototype transverse damper has been tested successfully using a one turn digital delay and closed orbit suppression implemented in a programmable gate array. An updated damper, which includes an algorithm to optimize damping for a changing betatron rune, will also be presented.
Results from the AGS Booster transverse damper
Russo, D.; Brennan, M.; Meth, M.; Roser, T.
To reach the design intensity of 1.5 {times} 10{sup 13} protons per pulse in the AGS Booster, transverse coupled bunch instabilities with an estimated growth rate of 1500s{sup {minus}1} have to be dampened. A prototype transverse damper has been tested successfully using a one turn digital delay and closed orbit suppression implemented in a programmable gate array. An updated damper, which includes an algorithm to optimize damping for a changing betatron rune, will also be presented.
Investigation of squeeze-film dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Holmes, R.; Dogan, M.
Squeeze film dampers are a means of curing instabilities in rotating shaft assemblies. Their efficiency depends very much on the condition of the oil, which in turn depends on inlet and outlet arrangements, on damper geometry and on the flexibility of the rotor and surrounding structure. Rig investigations in which structural flexibility is included experimentally are discussed. Comparisons are made between measured and predicted results.
Dampers for Natural Draft Heaters: Technical Report
Lutz, James D.; Biermayer, Peter; King, Derek
Energy required for water heating accounts for approximately 40percent of national residential natural gas consumption in California. With water heating contributing such a substantial portion of natural gas consumption, it is important to pay attention to water heater efficiencies. This paper reports on an investigation of a patented, buoyancy-operated flue damper. It is an add-on design to a standard atmospherically vented natural-draft gas-fired storage water heater. The flue damper was expected to reduce off-cycle standby losses, which would lead to improvements in the efficiency of the water heater. The test results showed that the Energy Factor of the baseline water heater was 0.576. The recovery efficiency was 0.768. The standby heat loss coefficient was 10.619 (BTU/hr-oF). After the damper was installed, the test results show an Energy Factor for the baseline water heater of 0.605. The recovery efficiency was 0.786. The standby heat loss coefficient was 9.135 (BTU/hr-oF). The recovery efficiency increased 2.3percent and the standby heat loss coefficient decreased 14percent. When the burner was on, the baseline water heater caused 28.0 CFM of air to flow from the room. During standby, the flow was 12.4 CFM. The addition of the damper reduced the flow when the burner was on to 23.5 CFM. During standby, flow with the damper was reduced to 11.1 CFM. The flue damper reduced off-cycle standby losses, and improved the efficiency of the water heater. The flue damper also improved the recovery efficiency of the water heater by restricting on-cycle air flows through the flue.With or without the flue damper, off-cycle air flow upthe stack is nearly half the air flow rate as when the burner is firing.
Over-driven control for large-scale MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Friedman, A. J.; Dyke, S. J.; Phillips, B. M.
As semi-active electro-mechanical control devices increase in scale for use in real-world civil engineering applications, their dynamics become increasingly complicated. Control designs that are able to take these characteristics into account will be more effective in achieving good performance. Large-scale magnetorheological (MR) dampers exhibit a significant time lag in their force-response to voltage inputs, reducing the efficacy of typical controllers designed for smaller scale devices where the lag is negligible. A new control algorithm is presented for large-scale MR devices that uses over-driving and back-driving of the commands to overcome the challenges associated with the dynamics of these large-scale MR dampers. An illustrative numerical example is considered to demonstrate the controller performance. Via simulations of the structure using several seismic ground motions, the merits of the proposed control strategy to achieve reductions in various response parameters are examined and compared against several accepted control algorithms. Experimental evidence is provided to validate the improved capabilities of the proposed controller in achieving the desired control force levels. Through real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS), the proposed controllers are also examined and experimentally evaluated in terms of their efficacy and robust performance. The results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy has superior performance over typical control algorithms when paired with a large-scale MR damper, and is robust for structural control applications.
Design and analysis of a sensorless magnetic damper
Chen, H.M.
An industrial vertical rotor supported by rolling element bearings was originally designed to operate below its first critical speed. Since the rotor accumulated unbalance during operation, which was a potential problem, it was proposed that a soft magnetic bearing replace the lower rolling element bearing. The magnetic bearing (hereafter referred to as a damper) tends to make the rotor spin at its mass center and reduces the unbalance force to ground by an order of magnitude. The damper is an actively controlled electromagnetic device, and its desires stiffness and damping properties can be readily achieved by using a conventional PID controller with displacement sensors. However, because these sensors are expensive and unreliable in the hot, hostile environment around the rotor, there is a high incentive to design a sensorless controller. An analytical method for designing magnetic bearing controllers with no displacement sensors has been developed and laboratory tested. The method was applied to the design of a sensorless magnetic damper for replacing a rolling element bearing of a vertical rotor with a large unbalance. The synchronous vibration force transmitted to ground was predicted to be reduced by a factor of ten.
Large-scale ER-damper for seismic protection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McMahon, Scott; Makris, Nicos
A large scale electrorheological (ER) damper has been designed, constructed, and tested. The damper consists of a main cylinder and a piston rod that pushes an ER-fluid through a number of stationary annular ducts. This damper is a scaled- up version of a prototype ER-damper which has been developed and extensively studied in the past. In this paper, results from comprehensive testing of the large-scale damper are presented, and the proposed theory developed for predicting the damper response is validated.
Wind in the Willows--Theatre Activity Packet.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY. Div. of Curriculum and Instruction.
Part of the New York City Board of Education's Early Stages program, and intended for elementary and secondary school teachers who wish to include a unit on theater in their classes, this guide offers suggestions for lessons and activities to accompany viewing a performance of "Wind in the Willows" at the Nederlander Theater. Part one of the guide…
Modeling the winds and magnetospheres of active OB stars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Townsend, Richard H. D.
After briefly reviewing the theory behind the radiative line-driven winds of OB stars, I examine the processes that can generate structure in them; these include both intrinsic instabilities, and surface perturbations such as pulsation and rotation. I then delve into wind channeling and confinement by magnetic fields as a mechanism for forming longer-lived circumstellar structures. With a narrative that largely follows the historical progression of the field, I introduce the key insights and results that link the first detection of a magnetosphere, over three decades ago, to the recent direct measurement of magnetic braking in a number of active OB stars.
X-raying the Winds of Luminous Active Galaxies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brandt, W. N.; Chartas, G.; Gallagher, S. C.; Gibson, R. R.; Miller, B. P.
We briefly describe some recent observational results, mainly at X-ray wavelengths, on the winds of luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs). These winds likely play a significant role in galaxy feedback. Topics covered include (1) Relations between X-ray and UV absorption in Broad Absorption Line (BAL) and mini-BAL quasars; (2) X-ray absorption in radio-loud BAL quasars; and (3) Evidence for relativistic iron K BALs in the X-ray spectra of a few bright quasars. We also mention some key outstanding problems and prospects for future advances; e.g., with the International X-ray Observatory (IXO).
The Three-Dimenstional Solar Wind at Solar Activity Minimum
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Neugebauer, M.
In late 1997, the Ulysses spacecraft completed its first orbit around the Sun, observing the properties of the heliosphere at all latitudes between 80 degrees South and 80 degrees North. Because the mission occurred during a period of near-minimum solar activity, the configuration of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field were particularly simple, thus allowing confident comparisons between the properties of the polar corona observed by instruments of the Spartan and SOHO spacecraft and the resulting properties of the solar wind.
Semiannual variation of the geomagnetic activity and solar wind parameters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Orlando, M.; Moreno, G.; Parisi, M.; Storini, M.
The semiannual variation of the geomagnetic activity is investigated in connection with a large set of solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data (4494 daily averages from 1965 to 1987). Our analysis confirms that the geomagnetic activity (described by the aa index), is mainly modulated by the southward component of the magnetic field (BS), as suggested by Russell and McPherron. On the other hand, it is also found that the solar wind velocity (V) has a relevant role in this phenomenon. In fact, the amplitude of the aa modulation is best correlated with the function BSV2. We also explore the linkage between the annual trend of aa and the sunspot activity (1868-1989), showing that the modulation of the geomagnetic activity follows a more regular pattern during the descending phase of the solar cycle than during the rising and maximum parts.
SHM of wind turbine blades using piezoelectric active-sensors
Park, Gyuhae; Taylor, Stuart G; Farinholt, Kevin M; Farrar, Charles R
This paper presents a variety of structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, based on the use of piezoelectric active-sensors, used to determine the structural integrity of wind turbine blades. Specifically, Lamb wave propagations, frequency response functions, and time series based methods are utilized to estimate the condition of wind turbine blades. For experiments, a 1m section of a 9m CX100 blade is used. Overall, these three methods yielded a sufficient damage detection capability to warrant further investigation into field deployment. A full-scale fatigue test of a CX-100 wind turbine blade is also conducted. This paper summarizes considerations needed to design such SHM systems, experimental procedures and results, and practical implementation issues that can be used as guidelines for future investigations.
Feasibility study of self-powered magnetorheological damper systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Chao; Liao, Wei-Hsin
This paper is aimed to provide a feasibility study of self-powered magnetorheological (MR) damper systems, which could convert vibration and shock energy into electrical energy to power itself under control. The self-powered feature could bring merits such as higher reliability, energy saving, and less maintenance for the MR damper systems. A self-powered MR damper system is proposed and modeled. The criterion whether the MR damper system is self-powered or not is proposed. A prototype of MR damper with power generation is designed, fabricated, and tested. The modeling of this damper is experimentally validated. Then the damper is applied to a 2 DOF suspension system under on-off skyhook controller, to obtain the self-powered working range and vibration control performance. Effects of key factors on the self-powered MR damper systems are studied. Design considerations are given in order to increase the self-powered working range.
Line-driven disk winds in active galactic nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Proga, D.; Stone, J. M.; Kallman, T. R.
We present the results of axisymmetric time-dependent hydrodynamic calculations of line-driven winds from accretion disks in active galactic nuclei (AGN). We assume the disk is flat, Keplerian, geometrically thin, and optically thick, radiating according to the α-disk prescription. The central engine of the AGN is a source of both ionizing X-rays and wind-driving ultraviolet (UV) photons. To calculate the radiation force, we take into account radiation from the disk and the central engine. The gas temperature and ionization state in the wind are calculated self-consistently from the photoionization and heating rate of the central engine. We find that a disk accreting onto a 10 8 M ⊙ yr -1 black hole at the rate of 1.8 M ⊙ yr -1 can launch a wind at ˜ 10 16 cm from the central engine. The X-rays from the central object are significantly attenuated by the disk atmosphere so they cannot prevent the local disk radiation from pushing matter away from the disk. However in the supersonic portion of the flow high above the disk, the X-rays can overionize the gas and decrease the wind terminal velocity. For a reasonable X-ray opacity, e.g., κ X = 40 g -1 cm 2, the disk wind can be accelerated by the central UV radiation to velocities of up to 15000 km s -1 at a distance of ˜ 10 17 cm from the central engine. The covering factor of the disk wind is ˜ 0.2. The wind is unsteady and consists of an opaque, slow vertical flow near the disk that is bounded on the polar side by a high-velocity, stream. A typical column density through the fast stream is a few 10 23 cm -2 so the stream is optically thin to the UV radiation. This low column density is precisely why gas can be accelerated to high velocities. The fast stream contributes nearly 100% to the total wind mass loss rate of 0.5 M ⊙ yr -1.
Gaston, E. E.
To generate power from wind economically, a feathering vane is pivotally mounted perpendicular to a tail vane and shifts the orientation of a sprocket assembly controlled by the tail vane in response to wind velocity. The sprocket assembly changes the orientation of blades which orbit about and rotate the main power shaft so that, as wind velocity changes, the blade orientations are shifted in a compensating direction under the control of the tail vane. A lever shifts the position of the blades to positions that balance wind power and brake the rotation for maintenance purposes. The speed-control mechanism includes a damper to avoid being excessively affected by wind gusts. The main shaft is connected through a speed increaser which has less mass at the high-speed end than the low-speed end to an induction generator when used for cogeneration, the field of the induction generator being excited by the cogeneration frequency.
46 CFR 78.47-53 - Automatic ventilation dampers.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Automatic ventilation dampers. 78.47-53 Section 78.47-53... Fire and Emergency Equipment, Etc. § 78.47-53 Automatic ventilation dampers. (a) The manual operating positions for automatic fire dampers in ventilation ducts passing through main vertical zone bulkheads...
Application of torque margin ratios for Eddy Current Dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Starin, Scott; Rodriguez, Tony
Eddy Current Dampers (ECDs) offer higher robustness, torque capacity and linearity than Fluid Dampers. One of the perceived disadvantages of ECDs when compared to Fluid Dampers is the magnitude of zero speed Coulomb torque. However, the magnitude of total Coulomb torque must be analyzed and considered when applying torque margin ratios, depending on the construction of the ECD and method of reaction torque generation.
Transient-based analysis for the detection of broken damper bars in synchronous motors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Antonino-Daviu, J. A.; Climente-Alarcón, V.; Pons-Llinares, J.; Puche, R.; Pineda-Sánchez, M.
Synchronous generators and motors constitute critical elements in power generation plants and certain industrial facilities. Damper bars are crucial components of most of these synchronous machines. They enable, among other functions, the direct-on-line starting of these machines, just as if they were asynchronous. Some recent cases, reported by several authors, have demonstrated that eventual failure of damper bars is possible, mainly due to the currents and stresses rising during their operation. In this context, the development of reliable techniques able to diagnose possible damper breakages has attracted significant interest within the fault diagnosis area. The present paper proposes the application of a novel transient-based methodology to diagnose broken damper bars in synchronous motors. This methodology was previously assessed with success in industrial induction motors with diverse sizes. The approach relies on the analysis of the stator startup current demanded by the machine during a direct-on-line starting. To this end, suitable time-frequency decomposition tools are used. In this particular work, the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is proposed, due to its simplicity, low computational requirements and easy interpretation of its results. Simulation and experimental results obtained with laboratory synchronous machines confirm the validity of the approach for condition monitoring of such windings.
Analytical and experimental investigation on a multiple-mass-element pendulum impact damper for vibration mitigation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Egger, Philipp; Caracoglia, Luca
Impact dampers are often used in the field of civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering for reducing structural vibrations. The behavior of this type of passive control device has been investigated for several decades. In this research a distributed-mass impact damper, similar to the "chain damper" used in wind engineering, has been examined and applied to the vibration reduction on a slender line-like structural element (stay-cable). This study is motivated by a practical problem and describes the derivation of a reduced-order model for explaining the behavior, observed during a field experiment on a prototype system. In its simplest form, the dynamics of the apparatus is modeled as a "resilient damper", composed of mass-spring-dashpot secondary elements, attached to the primary structure. Various sources of excitation are analyzed: free vibration, external harmonic force and random excitation. The proposed model is general and potentially applicable to the analysis of several structural systems. The study also shows that the model can adequately describe and explain the experimentally observed behavior.
Dynamic behavior of the mercury damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Crout, P. D.; Newkirk, H. L.
The dynamic behavior of the mercury nutation damper is investigated. Particular attention is paid to the eccentric annular mercury configuration, which is the final continuous ring phase that occurs in the operation of all mercury dampers. In this phase, damping is poorest, and the system is closely linear. During the investigation, the hydrodynamic problem is treated as three dimensional, and extensive use is made of a variational principle of least-viscous frictional power loss. A variational principle of least-constraint is also used to advantage. Formulas for calculating the behavior of the mercury damper are obtained. Some confirmatory experiments were performed with transparent ring channels on a laboratory gyroscope. Selected movie frames taken during wobble damping are shown along with the results of film measurements.
An integrated approach for friction damper design
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cameron, T. M.; Griffin, J. H.; Hoosac, T. M.; Kielb, R. E.
A procedure is outlined for determining the optimal design of friction dampers for high speed turbomachinery blading. The procedure includes: an integration of bench test results with finite element analysis and a single mode blade model to ensure accuracy of the analytical model and improve reliability of the friction damper design; an extension of the single mode blade model to predict the engine behavior of friction dampers; and a new way of viewing analytical and experimental results to determine optimal design parameters when the levels of excitation and damping in the system are unknown. Analysis and experiments are performed on a test disk in order to demonstrate and verify the accuracy of the design procedure.
Wind Tunnel Test of the SMART Active Flap Rotor
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Straub, Friedrich K.; Anand, Vaidyanthan R.; Birchette, Terrence S.; Lau, Benton H.
Boeing and a team from Air Force, NASA, Army, DARPA, MIT, UCLA, and U. of Maryland have successfully completed a wind-tunnel test of the smart material actuated rotor technology (SMART) rotor in the 40- by 80-foot wind-tunnel of the National Full-Scale Aerodynamic Complex at NASA Ames Research Center. The Boeing SMART rotor is a full-scale, five-bladed bearingless MD 900 helicopter rotor modified with a piezoelectric-actuated trailing edge flap on each blade. The eleven-week test program evaluated the forward flight characteristics of the active-flap rotor at speeds up to 155 knots, gathered data to validate state-of-the-art codes for rotor aero-acoustic analysis, and quantified the effects of open and closed loop active flap control on rotor loads, noise, and performance. The test demonstrated on-blade smart material control of flaps on a full-scale rotor for the first time in a wind tunnel. The effectiveness of the active flap control on noise and vibration was conclusively demonstrated. Results showed significant reductions up to 6dB in blade-vortex-interaction and in-plane noise, as well as reductions in vibratory hub loads up to 80%. Trailing-edge flap deflections were controlled within 0.1 degrees of the commanded value. The impact of the active flap on control power, rotor smoothing, and performance was also demonstrated. Finally, the reliability of the flap actuation system was successfully proven in more than 60 hours of wind-tunnel testing.
Experimental study of uncentralized squeeze film dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Quinn, R. D.
The vibration response of a rotor system supported by a squeeze film damper (SFD) was experimentally investigated in order to provide experimental data in support of the Rotor/Stator Interactive Finite Element theoretical development. Part of the investigation required the designing and building of a rotor/SFD system that could operate with or without end seals in order to accommodate different SFD lengths. SFD variables investigated included clearance, eccentricity mass, fluid pressure, and viscosity and temperature. The results show inlet pressure, viscosity and clearance have significant influence on the damper performance and accompanying rotor response.
On the computation of damped wind-excited vibrations of overhead transmission lines
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hagedorn, P.
In the calculation of wind-excited overhead transmission line vibrations with Stockbridge dampers the damper behaviour is usually represented by its impedance corresponding to a vertical translatory damper clamp motion. The moments introduced by the damper clamp into the cable are normally disregarded. In this paper the dampers are characterized by means of a 2×2 complex impedance matrix which can be experimentally determined in the laboratory and which includes the effects of the rotatory motion of the clamp. The energy balance method is then adapted to this case and the bending strains in the cable are calculated at the dangerous points. It turns out that the moments introduced by the damper into the cable are of little or no importance with regard to the energy absorbed. They may however affect strongly the local bending strains in the cable at the damper clamp.
Improvements for rotary viscous dampers used in spacecraft deployment mechanisms
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stewart, Alphonso; Powers, Charles; Lyons, Ron
During component level thermal-vacuum deployment testing of eight rotary viscous dampers for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, all the dampers failed to provide damping during a region of the deployment. Radiographic examination showed that air in the damping fluid caused the undamped motion when the dampers were operated in a vacuum environment. Improvements in the procedure used to fill the dampers with damping fluid, the installation of a Viton vacuum seal in the damper cover, and improved screening techniques eliminated the problem.
Wind Tunnel Testing of Microtabs and Microjets for Active Load Control of Wind Turbine Blades
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cooperman, Aubryn Murray
Increases in wind turbine size have made controlling loads on the blades an important consideration for future turbine designs. One approach that could reduce extreme loads and minimize load variation is to incorporate active control devices into the blades that are able to change the aerodynamic forces acting on the turbine. A wind tunnel model has been constructed to allow testing of different active aerodynamic load control devices. Two such devices have been tested in the UC Davis Aeronautical Wind Tunnel: microtabs and microjets. Microtabs are small surfaces oriented perpendicular to an airfoil surface that can be deployed and retracted to alter the lift coefficient of the airfoil. Microjets produce similar effects using air blown perpendicular to the airfoil surface. Results are presented here for both static and dynamic performance of the two devices. Microtabs, located at 95% chord on the lower surface and 90% chord on the upper surface, with a height of 1% chord, produce a change in the lift coefficient of 0.18, increasing lift when deployed on the lower surface and decreasing lift when deployed on the upper surface. Microjets with a momentum coefficient of 0.006 at the same locations produce a change in the lift coefficient of 0.19. The activation time for both devices is less than 0.3 s, which is rapid compared to typical gust rise times. The potential of active device to mitigate changes in loads was tested using simulated gusts. The gusts were produced in the wind tunnel by accelerating the test section air speed at rates of up to 7 ft/s 2. Open-loop control of microtabs was tested in two modes: simultaneous and sequential tab deployment. Activating all tabs along the model span simultaneously was found to produce a change in the loads that occurred more rapidly than a gust. Sequential tab deployment more closely matched the rates of change due to gusts and tab deployment. A closed-loop control system was developed for the microtabs using a simple
Martian wind activity detected by a seismometer at Viking lander 2 site
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nakamura, Y.; Anderson, D. L.
Since the Viking lander 2 seismometer (Anderson et al., 1977) located on top of the lander is extremely sensitive to Martian winds, it can provide a record of Martian wind activity. The seismograph continuously samples the wind-induced lander vibration, and its output complements meteorological data. Some pertinent seismic data are presented along with results of a preliminary spectral analysis of the data. Attention is given to wind speed/seismic noise correlation, and to long-term variation and periodicity. The results indicate that wind variations on Mars are very regular in the summer and winter seasons. Winds are light in summer and exhibit a strong diurnal periodicity, the strongest winds occurring in the early afternoon. Winds become stronger and more irregular in autumn. In all seasons nighttime conditions are usually very quiet. The high wind season correlates with the global dust storm duration. Spring is characterized by very strong though variable wind activity. Other details are also presented.
The physics of galactic winds driven by active galactic nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André; Quataert, Eliot
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) drive fast winds in the interstellar medium of their host galaxies. It is commonly assumed that the high ambient densities and intense radiation fields in galactic nuclei imply short cooling times, thus making the outflows momentum conserving. We show that cooling of high-velocity shocked winds in AGN is in fact inefficient in a wide range of circumstances, including conditions relevant to ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), resulting in energy-conserving outflows. We further show that fast energy-conserving outflows can tolerate a large amount of mixing with cooler gas before radiative losses become important. For winds with initial velocity vin ≳ 10 000 km s-1, as observed in ultraviolet and X-ray absorption, the shocked wind develops a two-temperature structure. While most of the thermal pressure support is provided by the protons, the cooling processes operate directly only on the electrons. This significantly slows down inverse Compton cooling, while free-free cooling is negligible. Slower winds with vin ˜ 1000 km s-1, such as may be driven by radiation pressure on dust, can also experience energy-conserving phases but under more restrictive conditions. During the energy-conserving phase, the momentum flux of an outflow is boosted by a factor ˜vin/2vs by work done by the hot post-shock gas, where vs is the velocity of the swept-up material. Energy-conserving outflows driven by fast AGN winds (vin ˜ 0.1c) may therefore explain the momentum fluxes Ṗ≫LAGN/c of galaxy-scale outflows recently measured in luminous quasars and ULIRGs. Shocked wind bubbles expanding normal to galactic discs may also explain the large-scale bipolar structures observed in some systems, including around the Galactic Centre, and can produce significant radio, X-ray and γ-ray emission. The analytic solutions presented here will inform implementations of AGN feedback in numerical simulations, which typically do not include all the important
Design and modeling of energy generated magneto rheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahamed, Raju; Rashid, Muhammad Mahbubur; Ferdaus, Md Meftahul; Yusof, Hazlina Md.
In this paper an energy generated mono tube MR damper model has been developed for vehicle suspension systems. A 3D model of energy generated MR damper is developed in Solid Works electromagnetic simulator (EMS) where it is analyzed extensively by finite element method. This dynamic simulation clearly illustrates the power generation ability of the damper. Two magnetic fields are induced inside this damper. One is in the outer coil of the power generator and another is in the piston head coils. The complete magnetic isolation between these two fields is accomplished here, which can be seen in the finite element analysis. The induced magnetic flux densities, magnetic field intensities of this damper are analyzed for characterizing the damper's power generation ability. Finally, the proposed MR damper's energy generation ability was studied experimentally.
Direct voltage control of magnetorheological damper for vehicle suspensions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Du, Haiping; Lam, James; Cheung, K. C.; Li, Weihua; Zhang, Nong
The paper presents a study on the direct voltage control of a magnetorheological (MR) damper for application in vehicle suspensions. As MR damper dynamics is highly nonlinear, the direct control system design for an MR damper is difficult. Representing an MR damper by a Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model enables the linear control theory to be directly applied to design the MR damper controller. In this paper, first the MR damper dynamics is represented by a TS fuzzy model, and then an H∞ controller that considers the suspension performance requirements and the constraint on the input voltage for the MR damper is designed. Furthermore, considering the case that not all the state variables are measurable in practice, the design of an H∞ observer with immeasurable premise variables and the design of a robust controller are proposed, respectively. Numerical simulations are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Resonance modeling and control via magnetorheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Letelier, Mario F.; Siginer, Dennis A.; Stockle, Juan S.
A method to model and minimize resonant structural oscillations using magnetorheological dampers is presented. The response of the magnetorheological fluid flowing in a circular tube under a pressure gradient to the applied variable magnetic field is tailored to determine the optimum stress field in the fluid to mitigate resonance effects.
Viscous-pendulum damper suppresses structural vibrations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Reed, W. H., III
The viscous pendulum damper consists of a cylinder containing round trays on which round lead slugs rest. When assembled, the container is filled with a viscous liquid and attached, with axis vertical, to the structure. The device permits varying the damping of structural vibrations.
A magnetorheological damper with an integrated self-powered displacement sensor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Dai-Hua; Bai, Xian-Xu
In this paper, aiming at self-powering the integrated relative displacement sensor (IRDS) and the corresponding electronic system of an integrated relative displacement self-sensing magnetorheological (MR) damper (IRDSMRD) based semi-active system, the principle of an MR damper with an integrated self-powered displacement sensor is proposed and realized. The prototype of the MR damper with an integrated self-powered displacement sensor is designed and fabricated. In this MR damper, a coil evenly wound on the piston simultaneously acts as the exciting coil for the MR fluid and the IRDS, while a coil evenly wound on the cylinder simultaneously acts as the induction coil (i.e., pick-up coil) for the IRDS and the pick-up coil for the energy harvesting device. On one hand, both the MR fluid and the IRDS are simultaneously magnetized by a mixed signal, in which the carrier signal for the IRDS and the current for the MR fluid with different frequencies are superposed by a superposition circuit. That is, the exciting coil is frequency division multiplexed. On the other hand, when the exciting coil of the MR damper is energized by the carrier signal for the IRDS and the current for the MR fluid, the induced voltage in the pick-up coil not only can be harvested by the energy harvesting circuit to power the IRDS and the corresponding electronic system of the IRDSMRD, but also can be demodulated to obtain the relative displacement of the piston relative to the cylinder. That is, the induction coil for the IRDS and the pick-up coil for the energy harvesting device are functionally multiplexed. The characteristics of the fabricated MR damper with an integrated self-powered displacement sensor, including the energy harvested by the pick-up coil, the relative displacement sensed by the IRDS, and the controllable damping force, are modeled, analyzed, and tested. The feasibility and capability of the proposed principle are validated theoretically and experimentally.
Applications of tuned mass dampers to improve performance of large space mirrors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yingling, Adam J.; Agrawal, Brij N.
In order for future imaging spacecraft to meet higher resolution imaging capability, it will be necessary to build large space telescopes with primary mirror diameters that range from 10 m to 20 m and do so with nanometer surface accuracy. Due to launch vehicle mass and volume constraints, these mirrors have to be deployable and lightweight, such as segmented mirrors using active optics to correct mirror surfaces with closed loop control. As a part of this work, system identification tests revealed that dynamic disturbances inherent in a laboratory environment are significant enough to degrade the optical performance of the telescope. Research was performed at the Naval Postgraduate School to identify the vibration modes most affecting the optical performance and evaluate different techniques to increase damping of those modes. Based on this work, tuned mass dampers (TMDs) were selected because of their simplicity in implementation and effectiveness in targeting specific modes. The selected damping mechanism was an eddy current damper where the damping and frequency of the damper could be easily changed. System identification of segments was performed to derive TMD specifications. Several configurations of the damper were evaluated, including the number and placement of TMDs, damping constant, and targeted structural modes. The final configuration consisted of two dampers located at the edge of each segment and resulted in 80% reduction in vibrations. The WFE for the system without dampers was 1.5 waves, with one TMD the WFE was 0.9 waves, and with two TMDs the WFE was 0.25 waves. This paper provides details of some of the work done in this area and includes theoretical predictions for optimum damping which were experimentally verified on a large aperture segmented system.
Investigation on modeling and controability of a magnetorheological gun recoil damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Hongsheng; Wang, Juan; Wang, Jiong; Qian, Suxiang; Li, Yancheng
Magnetorheological (MR) fluid as a new smart material has done well in the vibration and impact control engineering fields because of its good electromechanical coupling characteristics, preferable dynamic performance and higher sensitivity. And success of MRF has been apparent in many engineering applied fields, such as semi-active suspension, civil engineering, etc. So far, little research has been done about MR damper applied into the weapon system. Its primary purpose of this study is to identify its dynamic performance and controability of the artillery recoil mechanism equipped with MR damper. Firstly, based on the traditional artillery recoil mechanism, a recoil dynamic model is developed in order to obtain an ideal rule between recoil force and its stroke. Then, its effects of recoil resistance on the stability and firing accuracy of artillery are explored. Because MR gun recoil damper under high impact load shows a typical nonlinear character and there exists a shear-thinning phenomenon, to establish an accurate dynamic model has been a seeking aim of its design and application for MR damper under high impact load. Secondly, in this paper, considering its actual bearing load, an inertia factor was introduced to Herschel-Bulkley model, and some factor's effect on damping force are simulated and analyzed by using numerical simulation, including its dynamic performance under different flow coefficients and input currents. Finally, both of tests with the fixed current and different On-Off control algorithms have been done to confirm its controability of MR gun recoil damper under high impact load. Experimental results show its dynamic performances of the large-scale single-ended MR gun recoil damper can be changed by altering the applied currents and it has a good controllability.
Viscoelastic Vibration Dampers for Turbomachine Blades
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Nguyen, Nhan
Simple viscoelastic dampers have been invented for use on the root attachments of turbomachine blades. These dampers suppress bending- and torsion-mode blade vibrations, which are excited by unsteady aerodynamic forces during operation. In suppressing vibrations, these dampers reduce fatigue (thereby prolonging blade lifetimes) while reducing noise. These dampers can be installed in new turbomachines or in previously constructed turbomachines, without need for structural modifications. Moreover, because these dampers are not exposed to flows, they do not affect the aerodynamic performances of turbomachines. Figure 1 depicts a basic turbomachine rotor, which includes multiple blades affixed to a hub by means of dovetail root attachments. Prior to mounting of the blades, thin layers of a viscoelastic material are applied to selected areas of the blade roots. Once the blades have been installed in the hub and the rotor is set into rotation, centrifugal force compresses these layers between the mating load-bearing surfaces of the hub and the blade root. The layers of viscoelastic material provide load paths through which the vibration energy of the blade can be dissipated. The viscoelasticity of the material converts mechanical vibration energy into shear strain energy and then from shear strain energy to heat. Of the viscoelastic materials that have been considered thus far for this application, the one of choice is a commercial polyurethane that is available in tape form, coated on one side with an adhesive that facilitates bonding to blade roots. The thickness of the tape can be chosen to suit the specific application. The typical thickness of 0.012 in. (.0.3 mm) is small enough that the tape can fit in the clearance between the mating blade-root and hub surfaces in a typical turbomachine. In an experiment, a blade was mounted in a test fixture designed to simulate the blade-end conditions that prevail in a turbocompressor. Vibrations were excited in the blade by
Observational signatures of galactic winds powered by active galactic nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nims, Jesse; Quataert, Eliot; Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André
We predict the observational signatures of galaxy scale outflows powered by active galactic nuclei (AGN). Most of the emission is produced by the forward shock driven into the ambient interstellar medium (ISM) rather than by the reverse shock. AGN-powered galactic winds with energetics suggested by phenomenological feedback arguments should produce spatially extended ˜1-10 keV X-ray emission ˜ 1041-44 erg s- 1, significantly in excess of the spatially extended X-ray emission associated with normal star-forming galaxies. The presence of such emission is a direct test of whether AGN outflows significantly interact with the ISM of their host galaxy. We further show that even radio-quiet quasars should have a radio luminosity comparable to or in excess of the far-infrared-radio correlation of normal star-forming galaxies. This radio emission directly constrains the total kinetic energy flux in AGN-powered galactic winds. Radio emission from AGN wind shocks can also explain the recently highlighted correlations between radio luminosity and the kinematics of AGN narrow-line regions in radio-quiet quasars.
Geographic Information Systems in Support of Wind Energy Activities at NREL: Preprint
Heimiller, D. M.; Haymes, S. R.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to further the development of wind energy resources in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Energy Program and its Wind Powering America Initiative. Some of the elements of NREL's GIS data used in wind energy activities include wind measurement sites, transmission lines, federal facility information, and modeled wind resources. More complex GIS analyses can define relationships among the mapped wind energy resources, potential energy load characterization, and utility integration problems. A GIS is an outstanding tool for wind energy activities because data can be readily updated and the results of the GIS analyses can be expressed as charts, tables, and maps. These outputs are in digital formats that allow the results of GIS analyses to be quickly and efficiently distributed to the wind energy industry.
Numerical modeling of pendulum dampers in torsional systems
Johnston, P.R.; Shusto, L.M.
Centrifugal pendulum-design dampers are utilized in torsional systems to reduce the vibration amplitude at certain objectionable torsional speeds. The damper is tuned by proper design of its mass, dimensions, and position on a carrier disk, which is rigidly attached to the torsional system. The effects of the pendulum damper on the response of the torsional system may be included by modifying the structural model to include a separate damper element representing each order of the pendulum damper. The stiffness and mass matrices for a damper element are dependent upon the order of vibration being dampened, the mass, and the geometry of the damper. A general form of the mass and stiffness equations for a simple centrifugal pendulum damper are derived from first principles using Lagrange's equations of motion. The analysis of torsional systems with pendulum dampers utilizing the mass and stiffness properties developed is included in the program SHAMS. SHAMS calculates the steady-state response of a system of springs and masses to harmonic loads using modal superposition. The response of a crankshaft system with and without the pendulum dampers are included as a case study.
The active flexible wing aeroservoelastic wind-tunnel test program
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Noll, Thomas; Perry, Boyd
For a specific application of aeroservoelastic technology, Rockwell International Corporation developed a concept known as the Active Flexible Wing (AFW). The concept incorporates multiple active leading-and trailing-edge control surfaces with a very flexible wing such that wing shape is varied in an optimum manner resulting in improved performance and reduced weight. As a result of a cooperative program between the AFWAL's Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Rockwell, and NASA LaRC, a scaled aeroelastic wind-tunnel model of an advanced fighter was designed, fabricated, and tested in the NASA LaRC Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT) to validate the AFW concept. Besides conducting the wind-tunnel tests NASA provided a design of an Active Roll Control (ARC) System that was implemented and evaluated during the tests. The ARC system used a concept referred to as Control Law Parameterization which involves maintaining constant performance, robustness, and stability while using different combinations of multiple control surface displacements. Since the ARC system used measured control surface stability derivatives during the design, the predicted performance and stability results correlated very well with test measurements.
A fully dynamic magneto-rheological fluid damper model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jiang, Z.; Christenson, R. E.
Control devices can be used to dissipate the energy of a civil structure subjected to dynamic loading, thus reducing structural damage and preventing failure. Semiactive control devices have received significant attention in recent years. The magneto-rheological (MR) fluid damper is a promising type of semiactive device for civil structures due to its mechanical simplicity, inherent stability, high dynamic range, large temperature operating range, robust performance, and low power requirements. The MR damper is intrinsically nonlinear and rate-dependent, both as a function of the displacement across the MR damper and the command current being supplied to the MR damper. As such, to develop control algorithms that take maximum advantage of the unique features of the MR damper, accurate models must be developed to describe its behavior for both displacement and current. In this paper, a new MR damper model that includes a model of the pulse-width modulated (PWM) power amplifier providing current to the damper, a proposed model of the time varying inductance of the large-scale 200 kN MR dampers coils and surrounding MR fluid—a dynamic behavior that is not typically modeled—and a hyperbolic tangent model of the controllable force behavior of the MR damper is presented. Validation experimental tests are conducted with two 200 kN large-scale MR dampers located at the Smart Structures Technology Laboratory (SSTL) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Lehigh University Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) facility. Comparison with experimental test results for both prescribed motion and current and real-time hybrid simulation of semiactive control of the MR damper shows that the proposed MR damper model can accurately predict the fully dynamic behavior of the large-scale 200 kN MR damper.
Experimental characterization of commercially practical magnetorheological fluid damper technology
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kelso, Shawn P.
As technologies for magnetorheological (MR) fluid hardware further evolve towards commercial adoption, the appeal for simpler, more cost-effective solutions becomes evident. While the skills involved in methods of manufacturing and cost-reduction efforts for mass production lie with the manufacturing community, practical and cost-effective MR technologies must first exist. As part of a 'whole approach' MR solution, the MR damper technology presented in this paper illustrates the development of a fast-response, low-power, cost-effective solution. Fundamentally, a competitive 'whole approach' active or semi-active MR solution can be viewed as system of separate components: parameter sensing, intelligent control, power delivery, and MR hardware technology. The development of any one single component should not successfully evolve without the addressing the cost efficiency and commercialization concerns of the other three. The MR hardware component should be predictable in performance behavior, capable of high damping force at minimal power, and fast in time response to complement simplified control schemes. The design effort is further challenged to meet these requirements within a simple, cost-effective package that holds commercial development appeal. This research includes the characterization of a new prototype MR damper including a description of the device technology, characterization test results and current work. It is evident by these results that this MR technology, comprising simple, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components where possible, presents an attractive, practical and cost effective component of the 'whole approach' MR solution.
H ∞ control of a suspension with a magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Félix-Herrán, L. C.; Mehdi, D.; Rodríguez-Ortiz, J. de J.; Soto, R.; Ramírez-Mendoza, R.
This research work presents an H ∞ controller based on a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model for a two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) one-quarter-vehicle semi-active suspension with a magnetorheological damper where the actuator dynamics are included in the control synthesis. These dynamics enclose nonlinear damper phenomena, avoided in many other studies, and that can improve the suspension system by means of a more accurate model. The objective is to obtain a semi-active suspension that considerably improves the passive suspension efficiency based on some frequency domain performance criteria. The advantage of having the T-S system as a reference is that each piecewise linear system can be exposed to the well-known control theory. Besides, the proposed solution is compared with the recent reported work to highlight its advantages. A case of study is included and simulation work supports the results. The methodology applied herein can be extended to a half-vehicle model, and to the four wheels to have a global chassis control in order to maximise passenger comfort and vehicle stability.
Analysis of Diurnal, Planetary and Mean Wind Activity using TIMED, MF and Meteor Radar Winds
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lieberman, Ruth S.; Riggin, Dennis R.
The goals of this research are: 1) To validate TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) winds using ground-based MF and meteor winds; and 2) To examine short-term (i. e., day-to-day and week-to-week) variability of the diurnal tide. This objective was to have originally been met using comparisons of short-term diurnal tidal determinations from ground-based (GB) winds with planetary-scale diurnal nonmigrating tidal definitions from TIDI winds.
Optimal design of magnetic system for the magnetorheological intelligent damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mei, De-Qing; Kong, Tian-Rong; Chen, Zi-Chen
In the structure of Magnetorheological (MR) intelligent damper, the magnetic system is a pivotal part. It has direct influence on the damper's performance. In order to optimize damper's magnetic system, the parameter model of magnetic system was established, which included many factors such as radius of piston rod, radius of piston, number of coil, thickness of piston cylinder, gap length of the annular orifice, and effectual length of the annular orifice. Then the optimal model of magnetic system was established, which was based on the characteristic equation of MR fluid, the mechanical model of damper, the restrained dimension of damper's structure and the parameter model of magnetic system. And the optimal model was solved based on the large-scale optimizing algorithm. The optimized result was validated by FEM analysis. The results show that the optimizing method of magnetic system for MR intelligent damper is accurate and effective.
Application of particle damper on electronic packages for spacecraft
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Veeramuthuvel, P.; Shankar, K.; Sairajan, K. K.
Particle damping is an effective method of passive vibration control, which is of recent research interest. This paper presents a novel application of particle damper on an electronic package of a spacecraft, tested at ISRO Satellite Centre. The effectiveness of particle damper on the random vibration response of electronic package for spacecraft application exposed to random vibration environments experienced during the launch is studied. The use of particle damper under shock environments are also demonstrated. Optimal particle damper parameters were used based on the design guidelines derived from previous publications of the authors. The comparison of particle damper effectiveness under random vibration loads with respect to the shape of the particle damper capsule and packing ratio are also examined.
Floating Offshore WTG Integrated Load Analysis & Optimization Employing a Tuned Mass Damper
Rodriguez Tsouroukdissian, Arturo; Lackner, Matt; Cross-Whiter, John; Ackers, Ben; Arora, Dhiraj; Park, Semiung
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) present complex design challenges due to the coupled dynamics of the platform motion, mooring system, and turbine control systems, in response to wind and wave loading. This can lead to higher extreme and fatigue loads than a comparable fixed bottom or onshore system. Previous research[1] has shown the potential to reduced extreme and fatigue loads on FOWT using tuned mass dampers (TMD) for structural control. This project aims to reduce maximum loads using passive TMDs located at the tower top during extreme storm events, when grid supplied power for other controls systems may not be available. The Alstom Haliade 6MW wind turbine is modelled on the Glosten Pelastar tension-leg platform (TLP). The primary objectives of this project are to provide a preliminary assessment of the load reduction potential of passive TMDs on real wind turbine and TLP designs.
Non-linear identification of a squeeze-film damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stanway, Roger; Mottershead, John; Firoozian, Riaz
Described is an experimental study to identify the damping laws associated with a squeeze-film vibration damper. This is achieved by using a non-linear filtering algorithm to process displacement responses of the damper ring to synchronous excitation and thus to estimate the parameters in an nth-power velocity model. The experimental facility is described in detail and a representative selection of results is included. The identified models are validated through the prediction of damper-ring orbits and comparison with observed responses.
Study of the response time of MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guan, Xinchun; Guo, Pengfei; Ou, Jinping
Response time is an important parameter which determines the applied fields and practical vibration reduction effects of magnetorheological (MR) dampers. However, up to now, only a few papers discuss the test and analysis of response times. In this paper, the response time of a large-scale MR damper at different velocities and currents was firstly tested. Then, the transient magnetic field excited by the time-variant excitation current was simulated by finite element method (FEM). Based on the variation of the shear yield stress of magnetorheological fluids in the gap between the cylinder and the piston, the response time of the MR damper was investigated. Influences of eddy current and excitation current response time on the damper's response were also explored. Results show that by utilizing finite elements method, the calculated average effective shear yield strength can be used to predict the response time of a MR damper. Electromagnetic response is the predominant factor influencing the response time of a MR damper, and reducing eddy currents is the key to accelerate the response of a MR damper. Moreover, influence of eddy currents is much larger under stepping down excitation currents than stepping up currents, and with a same magnitude of step, no matter when the current increases or decreases, the smaller the initial current, the greater the eddy current affects a damper's response and the longer the response time of damping force is. A fast response excitation current may induce large eddy currents which reduce the response of the damper instead.
Stochastic seismic response of building with super-elastic damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gur, Sourav; Mishra, Sudib Kumar; Roy, Koushik
Hysteretic yield dampers are widely employed for seismic vibration control of buildings. An improved version of such damper has been proposed recently by exploiting the superelastic force-deformation characteristics of the Shape-Memory-Alloy (SMA). Although a number of studies have illustrated the performance of such damper, precise estimate of the optimal parameters and performances, along with the comparison with the conventional yield damper is lacking. Presently, the optimal parameters for the superelastic damper are proposed by conducting systematic design optimization, in which, the stochastic response serves as the objective function, evaluated through nonlinear random vibration analysis. These optimal parameters can be employed to establish an initial design for the SMA-damper. Further, a comparison among the optimal responses is also presented in order to assess the improvement that can be achieved by the superelastic damper over the yield damper. The consistency of the improvements is also checked by considering the anticipated variation in the system parameters as well as seismic loading condition. In spite of the improved performance of super-elastic damper, the available variant of SMA(s) is quite expensive to limit their applicability. However, recently developed ferrous SMA are expected to offer even superior performance along with improved cost effectiveness, that can be studied through a life cycle cost analysis in future work.
BNL 56 MHz HOM damper prototype fabrication at JLAB
Huque, N.; McIntyre, G.; Daly, E. F.; Clemens, W.; Wu, Q.; Seberg, S.; Bellavia, S.
A prototype Higher-Order Mode (HOM) Damper was fabricated at JLab for the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider's (RHIC) 56 MHz cavity at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Primarily constructed from high RRR Niobium and Sapphire, the coaxial damper presented significant challenges in electron-beam welding (EBW), brazing and machining via acid etching. The results of the prototype operation brought about changes in the damper design, due to overheating braze alloys and possible multi-pacting. Five production HOM dampers are currently being fabricated at JLab. This paper outlines the challenges faced in the fabrication process, and the solutions put in place.
BNL 56 MHz HOM Damper Prototype Fabrication at JLab
Huque, Naeem A.; Daly, Edward F.; Clemens, William A.; McIntyre, Gary T.; Wu, Qiong; Seberg, Scott; Bellavia, Steve
A prototype Higher-Order Mode (HOM) Damper was fabricated at JLab for the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider's (RHIC) 56 MHz cavity at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Primarily constructed from high RRR Niobium and Sapphire, the coaxial damper presented significant challenges in electron-beam welding (EBW), brazing and machining via acid etching. The results of the prototype operation brought about changes in the damper design, due to overheating braze alloys and possible multi-pacting. Five production HOM dampers are currently being fabricated at JLab. This paper outlines the challenges faced in the fabrication process, and the solutions put in place.
Damping properties of stay cable-passive damper system with effects of cable sag and damper stiffness
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Min; Zhang, Guangqiao
The present paper derivate the asymptotic solution of modal damping of one taut stay cable attached with one passive damper including damper stiffness and viscous damping. The effect of the damper stiffness on the modal damping of the stay cable-passive system was analytical investigated. On the basis of the asymptotic solution of modal damping of one stay cable attached with one passive damper with the effect of cable stiffness and by using the decay factor of damper stiffness and the decay factor of cable sag, maximum modal damping ratio and corresponding optimal damping coefficient, which indicates the relationships of the characteristics of the damper and the cable sag was theoretically analyzed. Numerical analysis of parameters on the effect of dynamic performance of the controlled stay cable was conducted.
The partially filled viscous ring damper.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Alfriend, K. T.
The problem of a spinning satellite with a partially filled viscous ring damper is investigated. It is shown that there are two distinct modes of motion, the nutation-synchronous mode and spin-synchronous mode. From an approximate solution of the equations of motion a time constant is obtained for each mode. From a consideration of the fluid dynamics several methods are developed for determining the damping constant.
Effectiveness enhancement of a cycloidal wind turbine by individual active control of blade motion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hwang, In Seong; Lee, Yun Han; Kim, Seung Jo
In this paper, a research for the effectiveness enhancement of a Cycloidal Wind Turbine by individual active control of blade motion is described. To improve the performance of the power generation system, which consists of several straight blades rotating about axis in parallel direction, the cycloidal blade system and the individual active blade control method are adopted. It has advantages comparing with horizontal axis wind turbine or conventional vertical axis wind turbine because it maintains optimal blade pitch angles according to wind speed, wind direction and rotor rotating speed to produce high electric power at any conditions. It can do self-starting and shows good efficiency at low wind speed and complex wind condition. Optimal blade pitch angle paths are obtained through CFD analysis according to rotor rotating speed and wind speed. The individual rotor blade control system consists of sensors, actuators and microcontroller. To realize the actuating device, servo motors are installed to each rotor blade. Actuating speed and actuating force are calculated to compare with the capacities of servo motor, and some delays of blade pitch angles are corrected experimentally. Performance experiment is carried out by the wind blowing equipment and Labview system, and the rotor rotates from 50 to 100 rpm according to the electric load. From this research, it is concluded that developing new vertical axis wind turbine, Cycloidal Wind Turbine which is adopting individual active blade pitch control method can be a good model for small wind turbine in urban environment.
Geomagnetic responses to the solar wind and the solar activity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Svalgaard, L.
Following some historical notes, the formation of the magnetosphere and the magnetospheric tail is discussed. The importance of electric fields is stressed and the magnetospheric convection of plasma and magnetic field lines under the influence of large-scale magnetospheric electric fields is outlined. Ionospheric electric fields and currents are intimately related to electric fields and currents in the magnetosphere and the strong coupling between the two regions is discussed. The energy input of the solar wind to the magnetosphere and upper atmosphere is discussed in terms of the reconnection model where interplanetary magnetic field lines merge or connect with the terrestrial field on the sunward side of the magnetosphere. The merged field lines are then stretched behind earth to form the magnetotail so that kinetic energy from the solar wind is converted into magnetic energy in the field lines in the tail. Localized collapses of the crosstail current, which is driven by the large-scale dawn/dusk electric field in the magnetosphere, divert part of this current along geomagnetic field lines to the ionosphere, causing substorms with auroral activity and magnetic disturbances. The collapses also inject plasma into the radiation belts and build up a ring current. Frequent collapses in rapid succession constitute the geomagnetic storm.
Prediction of ER long-stroke damper response: model updating methods
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sims, Neil D.; Stanway, Roger; Wong, C. X.
Smart fluid devices are now seen as an attractive solution to vibration damping problems. They offer superior performance compared to passive devices, without involving the cost, weight and complexity of fully active damping strategies. However, the inherent non-linearity of smart fluid dampers makes it difficult to fully exploit their capabilities, due the problems in applying an effective control strategy. In the past much of the research focused on complex controllers involving techniques such as neural networks and fuzzy logic. In recent years, however, an alternative approach has been adopted, whereby classical control techniques are used to linearise the damper's response. As a result some applications for smart fluid damping now use combinations of proportional, integral, or derivative control methods. However, it appears that these controllers can become unstable in much the same way as for a truly linear system. In order to investigate this instability it is suggested that a sufficiently accurate model of the damper's response is required, so that the onset of instability can be reproduced numerically. In this contribution, a model updating technique is described whereby an existing ER damper model is updated in line with experimental data. The paper begins with an overview of the experimental test facility and the modeling approach. The updating algorithm is then described, and it is shown how the updated model improves significantly on the accuracy of the model predictions.
A magnetic damper for first mode vibration reduction in multimass flexible rotors
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kasarda, M. E. F.; Allaire, P. E.; Humphris, R. R.; Barrett, L. E.
Many rotating machines such as compressors, turbines and pumps have long thin shafts with resulting vibration problems, and would benefit from additional damping near the center of the shaft. Magnetic dampers have the potential to be employed in these machines because they can operate in the working fluid environment unlike conventional bearings. An experimental test rig is described which was set up with a long thin shaft and several masses to represent a flexible shaft machine. An active magnetic damper was placed in three locations: near the midspan, near one end disk, and close to the bearing. With typical control parameter settings, the midspan location reduced the first mode vibration 82 percent, the disk location reduced it 75 percent and the bearing location attained a 74 percent reduction. Magnetic damper stiffness and damping values used to obtain these reductions were only a few percent of the bearing stiffness and damping values. A theoretical model of both the rotor and the damper was developed and compared to the measured results. The agreement was good.
Basic Wind Tech Course - Lesson Plans and Activities
Swapp, Andy
The funds from this project were used to purchase tools and instrumentation to help replicate actual on-the-job wind energy scenarios which provided the students with the practical or applied components of wind energy jobs. This project enhanced the educational experiences provided for the students in terms of engineering and science components of wind energy by using electronics, control systems, and electro-mechanical instrumentation to help students learn standardized wind-specific craftsman skills. In addition the tools and instrumentation helped the students learn the safety necessary to work in the wind industry.
DOE/NREL supported wind energy activities in Indonesia
Drouilhet, S.
This paper describes three wind energy related projects which are underway in Indonesia. The first is a USAID/Winrock Wind for Island and Nongovernmental Development (WIND) project. The objectives of this project are to train local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the siting, installation, operation, and maintenance of small wind turbines. Then to install up to 20 wind systems to provide electric power for productive end uses while creating micro-enterprises which will generate enough revenue to sustain the wind energy systems. The second project is a joint Community Power Corporation/PLN (Indonesian National Electric Utility) case study of hybrid power systems in village settings. The objective is to evaluate the economic viability of various hybrid power options for several different situations involving wind/photovoltaics/batteries/diesel. The third project is a World Bank/PLN preliminary market assessment for wind/diesel hybrid systems. The objective is to estimate the size of the total potential market for wind/diesel hybrid power systems in Indonesia. The study will examine both wind retrofits to existing diesel mini-grids and new wind-diesel plants in currently unelectrified villages.
DOE/NREL supported wind energy activities in Alaska
Drouilhet, S.
This paper describes three wind energy projects implemented in Alaska. The first, a sustainable technology energy partnerships (STEP) wind energy deployment project in Kotzebue will install 6 AOC 15/50 wind turbines and connect to the existing village diesel grid, consisting of approximately 1 MW average load. It seeks to develop solutions to the problems of arctic wind energy installations (transport, foundations, erection, operation, and maintenance), to establish a wind turbine test site, and to establish the Kotzebue Electric Association as a training and deployment center for wind/diesel technology in rural Alaska. The second project, a large village medium-penetration wind/diesel system, also in Kotzebue, will install a 1-2 MW windfarm, which will supplement the AOC turbines of the STEP project. The program will investigate the impact of medium penetration wind energy on power quality and system stability. The third project, the Alaska high-penetration wind/diesel village power pilot project in Wales will install a high penetration (80-100%) wind/diesel system in a remote Alaskan village. The system will include about 180 kW installed wind capacity, meeting an average village load of about 60 kW. This program will provide a model for high penetration wind retrofits to village diesel power systems and build the capability in Alaska to operate, maintain, and replicate wind/diesel technology. The program will also address problems of: effective use of excess wind energy; reliable diesel-off operation; and the role of energy storage.
Using magnetorheological fluids in an innovative hybrid bicycle damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shiao, Y. J.; Nguyen, T. S.
Magnetorheological fluids are capable of changing their viscosity quickly. This can provide good controllability and fast dynamic response. A conventional passive suspension system with air spring or hydraulic damper has simple design and financial benefit for bicycles, but its operation is uncontrollable and non-adaptive. This paper presented a semi-active hybrid bicycle suspension system which combines conventional air spring and a new magnetorheological damping brake together to reduce vibration of a bicycle. A multi-layer magnetorheological brake and linkage mechanism are connected to bike fork to form the adaptive damping part of the innovative hybrid suspension system. The simulation results proved that the semi-active suspension system can reduce bike vibration effectively.
Application of impact dampers in vibration control of flexible structures
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Akl, Fred A.; Butt, Aamir S.
Impact dampers belong to the category of passive vibration devices used to attenuate the vibration of discrete and continuous systems. An impact damper generally consists of a mass which is allowed to travel freely between two defined stops. Under the right conditions, the vibration of the structure to which the impact damper is attached will cause the mass of the impact damper to strike the structure. Previous analytical and experimental research work on the effect of impact dampers in attenuating the vibration of discrete and continuous systems have demonstrated their effectiveness. It has been shown in this study that impact dampers can increase the intrinsic damping of a lightly-damped flexible structure. The test structure consists of a slender flexible beam supported by a pin-type support at one end and supported by a linear helical flexible spring at another location. Sinusoidal excitation spanning the first three natural frequencies was applied in the horizontal plane. The orientation of the excitation and the test structure in the horizontal plane minimizes the effect of gravity on the behavior of the test structure. The excitation was applied using a linear sine sweep technique. The span of the test structure, the mass of the impact damper, the distance of travel, and the location of the impact damper along the span of the test structure were varied. The damping ratio are estimated for sixty test configurations. The results show that the impact damper significantly increases the damping ratio of the test structure. Statistical analysis of the results using the method of multiple linear regression indicates that a reasonable fit has been accomplished. It is concluded that additional experimental analysis of flexible structures in microgravity environment is needed in order to achieve a better understanding of the behavior of impact damper under conditions of microgravity. Numerical solution of the behavior of flexible structures equipped with impact
The response of the mid-latitude thermospheric wind to magnetic activity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yagi, T.; Dyson, P. L.
Observations of the thermospheric wind at mid-latitude have been carried out using a Febry-Perot interferometer to measure the Doppler shift of the night-time OI emission at a wavelength of 630 nm. Results are presented for 12 different summer nights which show that the zonal wind has a distinct feature associated with magnetic activity. The influence of magnetic activity on the maximum strength, and duration of both the eastward and westward versions of the thermospheric wind, is discussed.
Influence of playing wind instruments on activity of masticatory muscles.
Gotouda, A; Yamaguchi, T; Okada, K; Matsuki, T; Gotouda, S; Inoue, N
The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of change in sound tone of playing wind instruments on activity of jaw-closing muscles and the effect of sustained playing for a long time on fatigue of jaw-closing muscles. Electromyograms (EMG) of 19 brass instrument players and 14 woodwind instrument players were measured while playing instruments in tuning tone and high tone and under other conditions. Nine brass instrument players and nine woodwind instrument players played instruments for 90 min. Before and after the exercise, power spectral analyses of EMG from masseter muscles at 50% of maximum voluntary clenching level were performed and mean power frequency (MPF) were calculated. Root mean square (RMS) of EMG in masseter and temporal muscles while playing were slightly larger than those at rest but extremely small in comparison with those during maximum clenching. Root mean square in orbicularis oris and digastric muscles were relatively large when playing instruments. In the brass instrument group, RMS in high tone was significantly higher than that in tuning tone in all muscles examined. In the woodwind instrument group, RMS in high tone was not significantly higher than that in tuning tone in those muscles. Mean power frequency was not decreased after sustained playing in both instrument groups. These findings indicate that contractive load to jaw-closing muscles when playing a wind instrument in both medium and high tone is very small and playing an instrument for a long time does not obviously induce fatigue of jaw-closing muscles. PMID:17716263
Electrorheological damper with annular ducts for seismic protection applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Makris, Nicos; Burton, Scott A.; Taylor, Douglas P.
This paper presents the design, analysis, testing and modeling of an electrorheological (ER) fluid damper developed for vibration and seismic protection of civil structures. The damper consists of a main cylinder and a piston rod that pushes an ER fluid through a stationary annular duct. The behavior of the damper can be approximated with Hagen - Poiseuille flow theory. The basic equations that describe the fluid flow across an annular duct are derived. Experimental results on the damper response with and without the presence of electric field are presented. As the rate of deformation increases, viscous stresses prevail over field-induced yield stresses and a smaller fraction of the total damper force can be controlled. Simple physically motivated phenomenological models are considered to approximate the damper response with and without the presence of electric field. Subsequently, the performance of a multilayer neural network constructed and trained by an efficient algorithm known as the Dependence Identification Algorithm is examined to predict the response of the electrorheological damper. A combination of a simple phenomenological model and a neural network is then proposed as a practical tool to approximate the nonlinear and velocity-dependent damper response.
Energy-harvesting linear MR damper: prototyping and testing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sapiński, Bogdan
The present study is concerned with an energy-harvesting linear MR (EH-LMR) damper which is able to recover energy from external excitations using an electromagnetic energy extractor, and to adjust itself to excitations by varying the damping characteristics. The device has three main components: an MR part having a damper piston assembly movable in relation to the damper cylinder under an external excitation, a power generator to produce electrical power according to the relative movement between the damper piston and the cylinder assembly, and a conditioning electronics unit to interface directly with the generator and the MR damper. The EH-LMR damper integrates energy harvesting, dynamic sensor and MR damping technologies in a single device. The objective of the study is to get a better insight into the structure of EH-LMR damper components, to investigate the performance of each component and a device as a whole, and to compare results of experimental study against numerical data obtained in simulations conducted at the design stage. The research work demonstrates that the proposed EH-LMR damper provides a smart and compact solution with the potential of application to vibration isolation. The advantage of the device is its adaptability to external excitations and the fact that it does not need any extra power supply unit or sensor on account of its self-powered and self-sensing capabilities.
Linear force coefficients for squeeze-film dampers
Szeri, A.Z.; Giron-Duarte, A.; Raimondi, A.A.
This paper presents a simplifed analysis of viscous squeeze-film damper behavior. It makes use of the notation of averaged inertia and calculates linear velocity and inertia coeffcients. These coefficients are shown to be accurate at practical values of the length/diameter ratio and the gap Reynolds number of the viscous damper.
Tutorial of Wind Turbine Control for Supporting Grid Frequency through Active Power Control: Preprint
Aho, J.; Buckspan, A.; Laks, J.; Fleming, P.; Jeong, Y.; Dunne, F.; Churchfield, M.; Pao, L.; Johnson, K.
As wind energy becomes a larger portion of the world's energy portfolio and wind turbines become larger and more expensive, wind turbine control systems play an ever more prominent role in the design and deployment of wind turbines. The goals of traditional wind turbine control systems are maximizing energy production while protecting the wind turbine components. As more wind generation is installed there is an increasing interest in wind turbines actively controlling their power output in order to meet power setpoints and to participate in frequency regulation for the utility grid. This capability will be beneficial for grid operators, as it seems possible that wind turbines can be more effective at providing some of these services than traditional power plants. Furthermore, establishing an ancillary market for such regulation can be beneficial for wind plant owner/operators and manufacturers that provide such services. In this tutorial paper we provide an overview of basic wind turbine control systems and highlight recent industry trends and research in wind turbine control systems for grid integration and frequency stability.
Dynamic analogy between an electromagnetic shunt damper and a tuned mass damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhu, Songye; Shen, Wenai; Qian, Xin
An electromagnetic shunt damper (EMSD) is composed of an electromagnetic damper connected to one or more RLC shunt circuits. Through a theoretical comparison, this paper reveals the similarity and difference between an EMSD and a tuned mass damper (TMD), both of which are resonant-type vibration absorbers. The equivalent mass, stiffness and damping coefficient of the EMSD are derived based on the transfer functions of structures with a TMD or an EMSD, and the functions of circuit capacitance and inductance are discussed accordingly. The optimal parameters of the RLC circuit in the EMSD are obtained through H∞ optimization. Despite their different optimal parameters, the EMSD and TMD exhibit comparable control performance with the same equivalent mass ratio. The dynamic analogy between these two types of dampers offers a new perspective for understanding novel EMSDs, given that TMDs have previously been extensively studied. The potentials and constraints of the EMSD are further discussed through numerical case studies in which EMSD control performance is examined in different situations.
Modeling the Benchmark Active Control Technology Wind-Tunnel Model for Active Control Design Applications
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Waszak, Martin R.
This report describes the formulation of a model of the dynamic behavior of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wind tunnel model for active control design and analysis applications. The model is formed by combining the equations of motion for the BACT wind tunnel model with actuator models and a model of wind tunnel turbulence. The primary focus of this report is the development of the equations of motion from first principles by using Lagrange's equations and the principle of virtual work. A numerical form of the model is generated by making use of parameters obtained from both experiment and analysis. Comparisons between experimental and analytical data obtained from the numerical model show excellent agreement and suggest that simple coefficient-based aerodynamics are sufficient to accurately characterize the aeroelastic response of the BACT wind tunnel model. The equations of motion developed herein have been used to aid in the design and analysis of a number of flutter suppression controllers that have been successfully implemented.
Electrorheological fluid damper for seismic protection of structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Makris, Nicos; Hill, Davide; Burton, Scott; Jordan, Mabel
An electrorheological (ER) fluid damper suitable for vibration and seismic protection of civil structures has been designed, constructed and is under testing. The damper consist of an outer cylinder and a piston rod that pushes the ER-fluid through a stationary annular duct. The design of the damper was based on approximate calculations based on the Hagen-Poiseille flow theory. It is found that the Hagen-Poiseille theory predicts satisfactorily the damper response at moderate values of the flow rate. Experimental results on the damper response with and without the presence of electric field are presented. The average fluid velocity in the ER-duct has to be kept relatively small so that viscous stresses do not dominate over `yield' stresses.
Design of dry-friction dampers for turbine blades
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ancona, W.; Dowell, E. H.
A study is conducted of turbine blade forced response, where the blade has been modeled as a cantilever beam with a generally dry friction damper attached, and where the minimization of blade root strain as the excitation frequency is varied over a given range is the criterion for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the dry friction damper. Attempts are made to determine the location of the damper configuration best satisfying the design criterion, together with the best damping force (assuming that the damper location has been fixed). Results suggest that there need not be an optimal value for the damping force, or an optimal location for the dry friction damper, although there is a range of values which should be avoided.
Modeling and Control of VSC Based DC Connection for Active Stall Wind Farms to Grid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Iov, Florin; Sørensen, Poul; Hansen, Anca Daniela; Blaabjerg, Frede
Currently, there is an increasing trend to connect large MW wind farms to the transmission system. Therefore the power system becomes more vulnerable and dependent on the wind energy production. At the same time requirements that focus on the influence of the farms on the grid stability and power quality, and on the control capabilities of wind farms have already been established. The main trends of modern wind turbines/farms are clearly the variable speed operation and a grid connection through a power electronic interface, especially using doubly-fed induction generators. Using power electronics the control capabilities of these wind turbines/farms are extended and thus the grid requirements are fulfilled. However, the traditional squirrel-cage generators based wind turbines/wind farms directly connected to the grid does not have such control capabilities. They produce maximum possible power in continuous operation and are becoming disconnected in the case of a grid fault. Moreover, these wind turbines/farms cannot regulate their production and contribute to power system stability. A DC transmission system for connection of the active stall wind farms to the grid can be a solution to these problems. Such a system has special regulating properties e.g. decoupled control of active and reactive power, continuous AC voltage regulation, variable frequency control, black-start capability, etc. This paper focuses on the modeling of such systems and proposes a control method of a voltage source converter based DC transmission system for connecting active stall wind farms to the grid.
A prosthetic knee using magnetorhelogical fluid damper for above-knee amputees
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Park, Jinhyuk; Choi, Seung-Bok
A prosthetic knee for above-knee (AK) amputees is categorized into two types; namely a passive and an active type. The passive prosthetic knee is generally made by elastic materials such as carbon fiber reinforced composite material, titanium and etc. The passive prosthetic knee easy to walk. But, it has disadvantages such that a knee joint motion is not similar to ordinary people. On the other hand, the active prosthetic knee can control the knee joint angle effectively because of mechanical actuator and microprocessor. The actuator should generate large damping force to support the weight of human body. But, generating the large torque using small actuator is difficult. To solve this problem, a semi-active type prosthetic knee has been researched. This paper proposes a semi-active prosthetic knee using a flow mode magneto-rheological (MR) damper for AK amputees. The proposed semi-active type prosthetic knee consists of the flow mode MR damper, hinge and prosthetic knee body. In order to support weight of human body, the required energy of MR damper is smaller than actuator of active prosthetic leg. And it can control the knee joint angle by inducing the magnetic field during the stance phase.
Summary on the Fundamental Mode Damper Experiments of the 56 MHz SRF Cavity
Choi,E.; Hahn, H.
This report summarizes the experimental results done with the fundamental damper for the 56 MHz prototype Cu cavity. Various measurements were done on the cavity including determination of the position of the fundamental damper and measurement of the frequency and Q factor changes while the damper is withdrawn. Prediction on the dissipated power while the damper is withdrawn was made by experiments.
On a Self-Tuning Impact Vibration Damper for Rotating Turbomachinery
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Duffy, Kirsten P.; Bagley, Ronald L.; Mehmed, Oral; Choi, Ben (Technical Monitor)
A self-tuning impact damper is investigated analytically and experimentally as a device to inhibit vibration and increase the fatigue life of rotating components in turbomachinery. High centrifugal loads in rotors can inactivate traditional impact dampers because of friction or misalignment of the damper in the g-field. Giving an impact damper characteristics of an acceleration tuned-mass damper enables the resulting device to maintain damper mass motion and effectiveness during high-g loading. Experimental results presented here verify that this self-tuning impact damper can be designed to follow an engine order line. damping rotor component resonance crossings.
Seismic Risk Mitigation of Historical Minarets Using SMA Wire Dampers
El-Attar, Adel G.; Saleh, Ahmed M.; El-Habbal, Islam R.
This paper presents the results of a research program sponsored by the European Commission through project WIND-CHIME (Wide Range Non-INtrusive Devices toward Conservation of HIstorical Monuments in the MEditerranean Area), in which the possibility of using advanced seismic protection technologies to preserve historical monuments in the Mediterranean area is investigated. In the current research, two outstanding Egyptian Mamluk-Style minarets, are investigated. The first is the southern minaret of Al-Sultaniya (1340 A.D, 739 Hijri Date (H.D.)), the second is the minaret of Qusun minaret (1337 A.D, 736 H.D.), both located within the city of Cairo. Based on previous studies on the minarets by the authors, a seismic retrofit technique is proposed. The technique utilizes shape memory alloy (SMA) wires as dampers for the upper, more flexible, parts of the minarets in addition to vertical pre-stressing of the lower parts found to be prone to tensile cracking under ground excitation. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is numerically evaluated via nonlinear transient dynamic analyses. The results indicate the effectiveness of the technique in mitigating the seismic hazard, demonstrated by the effective reduction in stresses and in dynamic response.
Semiactive field-controllable magneto-rheological fluid dampers for mountain bicycles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Breese, Darrell G.; Gordaninejad, Faramarz
This paper presents the development and evaluation of field- controllable, semi-active magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) shock absorbers for a mountain bicycle. Recent trends in the bicycle industry show a movement towards semi-active suspension systems. Two new MRF dampers are designed and tested with the intent of being used on the front and rear suspension of a modern mountain bicycle. The MRF shock absorbers are designed to emulate the performance of the original equipment manufacturer shock absorbers in passive mode. Application of an input electric current to the MRF shock absorber causes a dramatic increase in the damping capacity. Procedures and results are presented for the design and experimental characterization of these MRF dampers.
Coupling of the solar wind to measures of magnetic activity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mcpherron, R. L.; Fay, R. A.; Garrity, C. R.; Bargatze, L. F.; Clauer, C. R.; Searls, C.; Baker, D. N.
Linear prediction filtering was used to generate empirical response functions relating the solar wind electric field to the magnetic indices, AL, AU, Dst and ASYM. The empirical response functions were convolved with solar wind observations obtained during the International Magnetospheric Study to predict the indices. The predictions are compared with the observed indices during two, 3-day intervals. Differences between the observed and predicted indices are discussed in terms of the linear assumption and in terms of physical processes other than direct solar wind-magnetosphere interaction.
Solar activity variations of nocturnal thermospheric meridional winds over Indian longitude sector
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Madhav Haridas, M. K.; Manju, G.; Arunamani, T.
The night time F-layer base height information from ionosondes located at two equatorial stations Trivandrum (TRV 8.5°N, 77°E) and Sriharikota (SHAR 13.7°N, 80.2°E) spanning over two decades are used to derive the climatology of equatorial nocturnal Thermospheric Meridional Winds (TMWs) prevailing during High Solar Activity (HSA) and Low Solar Activity (LSA) epochs. The important inferences from the analysis are 1) Increase in mean equatorward winds observed during LSA compared to HSA during pre midnight hours; 25 m/s for VE (Vernal Equinox) and 20 m/s for SS (Summer Solstice), AE (autumnal Equinox) and WS (Winter Solstice). 2) Mean wind response to Solar Flux Unit (SFU) is established quantitatively for all seasons for pre-midnight hours; rate of increase is 0.25 m/s/SFU for VE, 0.2 m/s/SFU for SS and WS and 0.08 m/s/SFU for AE. 3) Theoretical estimates of winds for the two epochs are performed and indicate the role of ion drag forcing as a major factor influencing TMWs. 4) Observed magnitude of winds and rate of flux dependencies are compared to thermospheric wind models. 5) Equinoctial asymmetry in TMWs is observed for HSA at certain times, with more equatorward winds during AE. These observations lend a potential to parameterize the wind components and effectively model the winds, catering to solar activity variations.
Tunable damper for an acoustic wave guide
Rogers, S.C.
A damper for tunably damping acoustic waves in an ultrasonic waveguide is provided which may be used in a hostile environment such as a nuclear reactor. The area of the waveguide, which may be a selected size metal rod in which acoustic waves are to be damped, is wrapped, or surrounded, by a mass of stainless steel wool. The wool wrapped portion is then sandwiched between tuning plates, which may also be stainless steel, by means of clamping screws which may be adjusted to change the clamping force of the sandwiched assembly along the waveguide section. The plates are preformed along their length in a sinusoidally bent pattern with a period approximately equal to the acoustic wavelength which is to be damped. The bent pattern of the opposing plates are in phase along their length relative to their sinusoidal patterns so that as the clamping screws are tightened a bending stress is applied to the waveguide at 180/sup 0/ intervals along the damping section to oppose the acoustic wave motions in the waveguide and provide good coupling of the wool to the guide. The damper is tuned by selectively tightening the clamping screws while monitoring the amplitude of the acoustic waves launched in the waveguide. It may be selectively tuned to damp particular acoustic wave modes (torsional or extensional, for example) and/or frequencies while allowing others to pass unattenuated.
Tunable damper for an acoustic wave guide
Rogers, Samuel C.
A damper for tunably damping acoustic waves in an ultrasonic waveguide is provided which may be used in a hostile environment such as a nuclear reactor. The area of the waveguide, which may be a selected size metal rod in which acoustic waves are to be damped, is wrapped, or surrounded, by a mass of stainless steel wool. The wool wrapped portion is then sandwiched between tuning plates, which may also be stainless steel, by means of clamping screws which may be adjusted to change the clamping force of the sandwiched assembly along the waveguide section. The plates are preformed along their length in a sinusoidally bent pattern with a period approximately equal to the acoustic wavelength which is to be damped. The bent pattern of the opposing plates are in phase along their length relative to their sinusoidal patterns so that as the clamping screws are tightened a bending stress is applied to the waveguide at 180.degree. intervals along the damping section to oppose the acoustic wave motions in the waveguide and provide good coupling of the wool to the guide. The damper is tuned by selectively tightening the clamping screws while monitoring the amplitude of the acoustic waves launched in the waveguide. It may be selectively tuned to damp particular acoustic wave modes (torsional or extensional, for example) and/or frequencies while allowing others to pass unattenuated.
Self-locking MRF latches and dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Magnac, G.; Claeyssen, F.; Vial, K.; LeLetty, R.; Sosnicki, O.; Benoit, C.
MRF actuators are new electromechanical components using Magneto Rheological Fluids (MRF). When submitted to a high enough magnetic field, MRF switch from a liquid to a near solid body. New MRF actuators were developed in order to reach three aims: to offer a blocking force without power consumption which can be strongly reduced by applying a current, to provide an electrically-controllable resistive force over a stroke of 30 mm, to perform the control of the force in a very short time, typically in a few milliseconds. Thus, these MRF actuators can be used for two main applications: damper and latch - lock. Experiments on two versions of the actuator (a single piston rod and a feed through output axis) allow getting a blocking force around 100N, which is more than 10 times the actuator weight (its mass is 700gr). The current and electric power required to cancel the blocking force are only 1.6A and 4W. the paper further presents the design and the electromechanical properties of the Self-braking MRF Actuators for dampers & latches and new results on the control of these actuators.
Tunable damper for an acoustic wave guide
Rogers, S.C.
A damper for tunably damping acoustic waves in an ultrasonic waveguide is provided which may be used in a hostile environment such as a nuclear reactor. The area of the waveguide, which may be a selected size metal rod in which acoustic waves are to be damped, is wrapped, or surrounded, by a mass of stainless steel wool. The wool wrapped portion is then sandwiched between tuning plates, which may also be stainless steel, by means of clamping screws which may be adjusted to change the clamping force of the sandwiched assembly along the waveguide section. The plates are preformed along their length in a sinusoidally bent pattern with a period approximately equal to the acoustic wavelength which is to be damped. The bent pattern of the opposing plates are in phase along their length relative to their sinusoidal patterns so that as the clamping screws are tightened a bending stress is applied to the waveguide at 180/sup 0/ intervals along the damping section to oppose the acoustic wave motions in the waveguide and provide good coupling of the wool to the guide. The damper is tuned by selectively tightening the clamping screws while monitoring the amplitude of the acoustic waves launched in the waveguide. It may be selectively tuned to damp particular acoustic wave modes (torsional or extensional, for example) and/or frequencies while allowing others to pass unattenuated.
Simplified design method for shear-valve magnetorheological dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ding, Yang; Zhang, Lu; Zhu, Haitao; Li, Zhongxian
Based on the Bingham parallel-plate model, a simplified design method of shear-valve magnetorheological (MR) dampers is proposed considering the magnetic circuit optimization. Correspondingly, a new MR damper with a full-length effective damping path is proposed. The prototype dampers are also fabricated and studied numerically and experimentally. According to the test results, the Bingham parallel-plate model is further modified to obtain a damping force prediction model of the proposed MR dampers. This prediction model considers the magnetic saturation phenomenon. The study indicates that the proposed simplified design method is simple, effective and reliable. The maximum damping force of the proposed MR dampers with a full-length effective damping path is at least twice as large as those of conventional MR dampers. The dynamic range of damping force increases by at least 70%. The proposed damping force prediction model considers the magnetic saturation phenomenon and it can realize the actual characteristic of MR fluids. The model is able to predict the actual damping force of MR dampers precisely.
Efficiency improvement in a vibration power generator for a linear MR damper: numerical study
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sapiński, Bogdan; Krupa, Stanisław
This paper summarizes a numerical analysis of the electromagnetic field, voltage and circuit properties and the cogging force in a vibration power generator comprising permanent magnets and a coil with a foil winding. The device converts the energy harvested from vibrations into electrical energy which is next used to vary the damping characteristics of a linear MR damper attached to the generator. The objective of the study is to propose a sufficiently efficient generator whose finally developed (target) version could be integrated with a small-scale MR damper to build a single device. Two design options for the device are numerically studied, the previously engineered generator 1 and the newly devised generator 2. Generator 1 incorporates two magnet systems having four magnets each and a single-section coil, while generator 2 comprises three magnet systems with four magnets each and a two-section coil. Calculations were performed to determine the electromagnetic field, voltage and current properties and the cogging force in the generators. The electromagnetic field parameters include the distribution of the magnetic field, the electrical potential field and the current density in the open turn and closed turn of the generators' coils. The voltage and current properties include electromotive force (emf) in the generators and the voltage, current, instantaneous power and energy of the magnetic field in the MR damper control coil which is represented by resistance parameter R and inductance parameter L. The cogging force expresses the magnetic interactions between the permanent magnet systems and ferromagnetic structural components of the generators. The occurrence of this force is very unfavourable and attempts should be made to reduce it through control of the parameters of the magnetic circuit components. On one hand, comparison of the numerical results for the electromagnetic field parameters and voltage and current properties revealed that for the
77 FR 5830 - Commercial Wind Leasing and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf...
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Low-force magneto-rheological damper design for small-scale structural control experimentation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Winter, Benjamin D.; Velazquez, Antonio; Swartz, R. Andrew
Experimental validation of novel structural control algorithms is a vital step in both developing and building acceptance for this technology. Small-scale experimental test-beds fulfill an important role in the validation of multiple-degree-offreedom (MDOF) and distributed semi-active control systems, allowing researchers to test the control algorithms, communication topologies, and timing-critical aspects of structural control systems that do not require full-scale specimens. In addition, small-scale building specimens can be useful in combined structural health monitoring (SHM) and LQG control studies, diminishing safety concerns during experiments by using benchtop-scale rather than largescale specimens. Development of such small-scale test-beds is hampered by difficulties in actuator construction. In order to be a useful analog to full-scale structures, actuators for small-scale test-beds should exhibit similar features and limitations as their full-scale counterparts. In particular, semi-active devices, such as magneto-rheological (MR) fluid dampers, with limited authority (versus active mass dampers) and nonlinear behavior are difficult to mimic over small force scales due to issues related to fluid containment and friction. In this study, a novel extraction-type small-force (0- 10 N) MR-fluid damper which exhibits nonlinear hysteresis similar to a full-scale, MR-device is proposed. This actuator is a key development to enable the function of a small-scale structural control test-bed intended for wireless control validation studies. Experimental validation of this prototype is conducted using a 3-story scale structure subjected to simulated single-axis seismic excitation. The actuator affects the structural response commanded by a control computer that executes an LQG state feedback control law and a modified Bouc-Wen lookup table that was previously developed for full-scale MR-applications. In addition, damper dynamic limitations are characterized and
Response of ventilation dampers to large airflow pulses
Gregory, W.S.; Smith, P.R.
The results of an experiment program to evaluate the response of ventilation system dampers to simulated tornado transients are reported. Relevant data, such as damper response time, flow rate and pressure drop, and flow/pressure vs blade angle, were obtained, and the response of one tornado protective damper to simulated tornado transients was evaluated. Empirical relationships that will allow the data to be integrated into flow dynamics codes were developed. These flow dynamics codes can be used by safety analysts to predict the response of nuclear facility ventilation systems to tornado depressurization. 3 refs., 21 figs., 6 tabs.
Centrifugally driven MHD-winds in active galactic nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Camenzind, M.
When the prime mover in quasars is a supermassive magnetized and rapidly rotating object, the centrifugal instability can drive strong MHD-winds away from the equatorial region and extract angular momentum and rotational energy from the central object. The author shows that the necessary magnetic fields are produced, when this central object has been formed from the central part of a galactic disc. The position of the light cylinder for these objects requires a relativistic description for the corresponding MHD-winds. The author discusses the relevant equations for any stationary and axisymmetric spacetime and derives explicitly the position of the Alfvén point in the flow. He finds that centrifugally driven winds from supermassive objects carry a Poynting flux comparable with the kinetic energy flux. In addition, the magnetic field structure in the open wind zone requires the existence of a global current topology, which might explain the necessary magnetic collimation for escaping jet material. As a result, centrifugally driven winds from rapidly rotating supermassive objects carry the energy necessary to power the non-thermal emission of BLR AGNs and the material required to fuel the broad emission line clouds and the thermal jets.
Effects of Solar Magnetic Activity on the Charge States of Minor Ions of Solar Wind
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Xuyu
We present an investigation of the effects of solar magnetic activity on the charge states of minor ions (Fe, Si, Mg, Ne, O, C) in the solar wind using ACE solar wind data, the Current Sheet Source Surface (CSSS) model of the corona and SoHO/MDI data during the 23rd solar cycle. We found that the mean charge states indicate a clear trend to increase with the solar activity when the solar wind speed is above 550 km/s. Below this speed, no significant solar activity dependence is found. When displayed as a function of solar wind speed, iron is different from other elements in that it displays lower charge states in slow wind than in fast wind. The percentages of the high charge states for species with higher m/q (Fe) increase with the solar wind speed, while for the species with lower m/q (Si,Mg, O, C), the percentages of the high charge states decrease with the solar wind speed.
Shock and vibration control systems using a self-sensing magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bai, Xian-Xu; Wang, Dai-Hua
The theoretical analysis and the prototype testing of the integrated relative displacement self-sensing magnetorheological damper (IRDSMRD) indicate that the controllable damping force performance and the relative displacement sensing performance influence each other for varying applied currents. Aiming at verifying the feasibility and capability of the IRDSMRD to constitute semi-active shock and vibration control systems, this study presents a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) shock and vibration control system based on the IRDSMRD. The mathematical model of the IRDSMRD, including the control damping force and the linearity of the integrated relative displacement sensor (IRDS), is established, and the governing equation for the SDOF system based on the IRDSMRD is derived. A skyhook control algorithm is utilized to improve the shock and vibration control performance of the SDOF semi-active control systems. The simulated control performances of the SDOF systems individually using the IRDSMRD without any extra-set dynamic sensor, the conventional MR damper with a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), and the passive damper, under shock loads due to vertical pulses (the maximum initial velocity is as high as 10 m/s), and sinusoidal vibrations with a frequency range of 0-25 Hz, are evaluated, compared, and analyzed.
Development of bearings and a damper based on magnetically controllable fluids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Guldbakke, J. M.; Hesselbach, J.
This paper presents two different kinds of magnetically controllable fluid bearings and a new magnetorheological fluid damper based upon open porous metallic foams. For the bearings, it will distinguish between a magnetohydrostatic bearing and a hydrostatic bearing with a magnetically controllable fluid. The magnetohydrostatic bearings get their load bearing capacity from the magnetohydrostatic pressure that is generated by the gradient of the magnetic field along a fluid surface. With such magnetohydrostatic bearings a specific load up to 1.6 N cm2 can be reached. To support heavier loads hydrostatic bearings with magnetically controllable fluids can be used. This bearing concept makes it possible to achieve a constant bearing gap even if the load of the bearing changes. For this purpose the fluids are used as a hydraulic medium. Due to the magnetically controlled rheological behaviour of the fluid the bearing gap remains constant. The great advantage of this closed loop system compared to that of common hydrostatic bearings using valves is the quicker response to payload changes. The reason for that is that the active element (i.e. the fluid) acts directly inside the bearing gap and not outside like in the case of valves. The foam damper developed uses the fluid to produce controllable damping forces. The open porous foam is directly placed in the active volume of the damper. By moving the foam piston the magnetically controllable fluid is pressed through the pores. The flow in the pores can be controlled by changing the fluid viscosity by applying a magnetic field. With this damper structure it is possible to reach higher damping forces whilst featuring a small design space.
Active region upflow plasma: its relation to small activity and the solar wind
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mandrini, Cristina H.; Culhane, J. Leonard; Cristiani, Germán; Vásquez, Alberto; Van Driel-Gesztelyi, Lidia; Baker, Deborah; Pick, Monique; Demoulin, Pascal; Nuevo, Federico
Recent studies show that active region (AR) upflowing plasma, observed by the Hinode EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS), can gain access to open field lines and be released into the solar wind via magnetic interchange reconnection occurring below the source surface at magnetic null-points in pseudo-streamer configurations. When only one simple bipolar AR is present on the Sun and it is fully covered by the separatrix of a streamer, like AR 10978 on December 2007, it seems unlikely that the upflowing AR plasma could find its way into the slow solar wind. However, signatures of plasma with AR composition at 1 AU that appears to originate from the West of AR 10978 were recently found by Culhane and coworkers. We present a detailed topology analysis of AR 10978 based on a linear force-free magnetic field model at the AR scale, combined with a global PFSS model. This allows us, on one hand, to explain the variations observed in the upflows to the West of the AR as the result of magnetic reconnection at quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs). While at a global scale, we show that reconnection, occurring in at least two main steps, first at QSLs and later at a high-altitude coronal null-point, allows the AR plasma to get around the topological obstacle of the streamer separatrix and be released into the solar wind.
HOM damping with coaxial dampers in the storage ring cavities of the Advanced Photon Source
Kang, Y.W.; Kustom, R.L.
Coaxial dampers with E-probe and H-loop couplers are used to damp higher-order modes (HOM) in a 352-MHz single cell cavity for the storage ring of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Measurements have been made with three different types of dampers such as E-probe dampers, small H-loop dampers, and H-loop dampers with {lambda}/4 short stub. Two dampers are used in each type. The dampers without fundamental frequency rejection filters are positioned to have a minimum deQing at the fundamental frequency: the E-probe dampers are used at the equatorial plane of the cavity, and the small H-loop dampers are used in the end wall of the cavity. The fundamental mode decoupling can be done by positioning the loop plane in the direction of the H-field of the mode.
Combining Droop Curve Concepts with Control Systems for Wind Turbine Active Power Control: Preprint
Buckspan, A.; Aho, J.; Pao, L.; Fleming, P.; Jeong, Y.
Wind energy is becoming a larger portion of the global energy portfolio and wind penetration has increased dramatically in certain regions of the world. This increasing wind penetration has driven the need for wind turbines to provide active power control (APC) services to the local utility grid, as wind turbines do not intrinsically provide frequency regulation services that are common with traditional generators. It is common for large scale wind turbines to be decoupled from the utility grid via power electronics, which allows the turbine to synthesize APC commands via control of the generator torque and blade pitch commands. Consequently, the APC services provided by a wind turbine can be more flexible than those provided by conventional generators. This paper focuses on the development and implementation of both static and dynamic droop curves to measure grid frequency and output delta power reference signals to a novel power set point tracking control system. The combined droop curve and power tracking controller is simulated and comparisons are made between simulations using various droop curve parameters and stochastic wind conditions. The tradeoffs involved with aggressive response to frequency events are analyzed. At the turbine level, simulations are performed to analyze induced structural loads. At the grid level, simulations test a wind plant's response to a dip in grid frequency.
Advanced magnetorheological damper with a spiral channel bypass valve
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McLaughlin, G.; Hu, W.; Wereley, N. M.
Magnetorheological (MR) fluid has a yield stress that is readily controllable using an applied magnetic field. MR dampers adjust this yield stress in a magnetic valve to accommodate a wide range of shock or vibration loads. In this study, the performance of an MR damper with a spiral channel bypass valve is examined. Three bypass damper configurations, i.e., a spiral channel, a spiral channel with beads, and a straight channel with beads, are subject to sinusoidal forcing at constant amplitude, while varying frequency, and applied field (current). These configurations are characterized using tortuosity and porosity parameters. The spiral channel without beads had the largest porosity and smallest tortuosity, which produced the smallest damper force, but the widest controllable damping range. The spiral channel with beads had the smallest porosity, and a comparable tortuosity, which produced the largest damping force, but similar controllable damping range to the straight channel with beads.
Modeling of a magnetorheological fluid damper with parallel plate behavior
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Falah, Abdulazim H.; Clark, William W.; Phule, Pradeep P.
This paper presents the modeling and experimental testing of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper. The damper consists of a main cylinder and piston rod that pushes MR fluid through a very small clearance between the piston and the sidewalls of the cylinder. Magnetic coils are wrapped outside the cylinder to create the magnetic field. The damper model is developed based on parallel plate analysis by using both Newtonian and Bingham shear flow mechanisms. Empirical data was used to find the required parameter for a Bingham model that is the dynamic yield stress. These empirical data show the shear stress vs. shear strain at different values of magnetic flux density (B). The dynamic yield stress of MR fluid is a function of magnetic field. Finally, the model is validated through experimental testing of the damper.
Dynamic behavior of stay cables with passive negative stiffness dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shi, Xiang; Zhu, Songye; Li, Jin-Yang; Spencer, Billie F., Jr.
This paper systematically investigates the dynamic behavior of stay cables with passive negative stiffness dampers (NSD) installed close to the cable end. A passive NSD is modeled as a combination of a negative stiffness spring and a viscous damper. Through both analytical and numerical approaches, parametric analysis of negative stiffness and viscous damping are conducted to systematically evaluate the vibration control performance of passive NSD on stay cables. Since negative stiffness is an unstable element, the boundary of passive negative stiffness for stay cables to maintain stability is also derived. Results reveal that the asymptotic approach is only applicable to passive dampers with positive or moderate negative stiffness, and loses its accuracy when a passive NSD possesses significant negative stiffness. It has been found that the performance of passive NSD can be much better than those of conventional viscous dampers. The superior control performance of passive NSD in cable vibration mitigation is validated through numerical simulations of a full-scale stay cable.
6. HOT AIR PORTION OF DAMPERS. Hot Springs National ...
Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey
6. HOT AIR PORTION OF DAMPERS. - Hot Springs National Park, Bathhouse Row, Lamar Bathhouse: Mechanical & Piping Systems, State Highway 7, 1 mile north of U.S. Highway 70, Hot Springs, Garland County, AR
Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey
66. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE COOLING BUILDING, LOOKING AM DAMPERS, HIGH TEMPERATURE AND LOW TEMPERATURE COOLERS. APRIL 11, 1919. - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL
Self-Tuning Impact Damper for Rotating Blades
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Pufy, Kirsten P. (Inventor); Brown, Gerald V. (Inventor); Bagley, Ronald L. (Inventor)
A self-tuning impact damper is disclosed that absorbs and dissipates vibration energy in the blades of rotors in compressors and/or turbines thereby dramatically extending their service life and operational readiness. The self-tuning impact damper uses the rotor speed to tune the resonant frequency of a rattling mass to an engine order excitation frequency. The rating mass dissipates energy through collisions between the rattling mass and the walls of a cavity of the self-tuning impact damper, as well as though friction between the rattling mass and the base of the cavity. In one embodiment, the self-tuning impact damper has a ball-in-trough configuration with tire ball serving as the rattling mass.
78 FR 8190 - Commercial Wind Leasing and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
...BOEM is reopening the comment period announced in the Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Assessment (EA) for Commercial Wind Leasing and Site Assessment Activities on the OCS Offshore North...
Mass loading of the solar wind near comet 67P at low activity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Behar, Etienne; Nilsson, Hans; Stenberg Wieser, Gabriella; Holmstrom, Mats; Yamauchi, Masatoshi; Wedlund, Cyril Simon; Kallio, Esa; Gunell, Herbert; Burch, Jim; Carr, Chris; Eriksson, Anders; Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Lebreton, Jean-Pierre; Henri, Pierre
The Rosetta mission reached comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko early August 2014, at a distance of ~3.65AU (5.47e8 km) to the Sun as 67P was heading to its perihelion. Data presented here are collected between 3.65 to 2 AU, and at the time of submission the comet still presents a low activity case. The atmosphere of 67P at low activity is permeated by the solar wind, the plasma boundaries (bow shock, ionopause) of larger objects such as planet ionosphere are not yet observed. As long as such structures are not formed, mass loading remains the main mechanism through which the comet atmosphere affects the solar wind. We show some clear examples of the effect of mass loading on the solar wind. Due to conservation of momentum, the solar wind is deflected in the opposite direction of the accelerated comet ions. As the solar wind electric field changes direction, the direction of both the accelerated comet water ions and the solar wind ions change in a correlated manner. We examine the mass loading process in detail, and discuss whether the observations of solar wind mass loading made by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium Ion Composition Analyser (RPC-ICA) are consistent with basic theories of solar wind mass loading.
Sliding mode control of wind-induced vibrations using fuzzy sliding surface and gain adaptation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thenozhi, Suresh; Yu, Wen
Although fuzzy/adaptive sliding mode control can reduce the chattering problem in structural vibration control applications, they require the equivalent control and the upper bounds of the system uncertainties. In this paper, we used fuzzy logic to approximate the standard sliding surface and designed a dead-zone adaptive law for tuning the switching gain of the sliding mode control. The stability of the proposed controller is established using Lyapunov stability theory. A six-storey building prototype equipped with an active mass damper has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller towards the wind-induced vibrations.
NASA Common Research Model Test Envelope Extension With Active Sting Damping at NTF
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rivers, Melissa B.; Balakrishna, S.
The NASA Common Research Model (CRM) high Reynolds number transonic wind tunnel testing program was established to generate an experimental database for applied Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation studies. During transonic wind tunnel tests, the CRM encounters large sting vibrations when the angle of attack approaches the second pitching moment break, which can sometimes become divergent. CRM transonic test data analysis suggests that sting divergent oscillations are related to negative net sting damping episodes associated with flow separation instability. The National Transonic Facility (NTF) has been addressing remedies to extend polar testing up to and beyond the second pitching moment break point of the test articles using an active piezoceramic damper system for both ambient and cryogenic temperatures. This paper reviews CRM test results to gain understanding of sting dynamics with a simple model describing the mechanics of a sting-model system and presents the performance of the damper under cryogenic conditions.
Flux-tube geometry and solar wind speed during an activity cycle
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pinto, R. F.; Brun, A. S.; Rouillard, A. P.
Context. The solar wind speed at 1 AU shows cyclic variations in latitude and in time which reflect the evolution of the global background magnetic field during the activity cycle. It is commonly accepted that the terminal (asymptotic) wind speed in a given magnetic flux-tube is generally anti-correlated with its total expansion ratio, which motivated the definition of widely used semi-empirical scaling laws relating one to the other. In practice, such scaling laws require ad hoc corrections (especially for the slow wind in the vicinities of streamer/coronal hole boundaries) and empirical fits to in situ spacecraft data. A predictive law based solely on physical principles is still missing. Aims: We test whether the flux-tube expansion is the controlling factor of the wind speed at all phases of the cycle and at all latitudes (close to and far from streamer boundaries) using a very large sample of wind-carrying open magnetic flux-tubes. We furthermore search for additional physical parameters based on the geometry of the coronal magnetic field which have an influence on the terminal wind flow speed. Methods: We use numerical magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of the corona and wind coupled to a dynamo model to determine the properties of the coronal magnetic field and of the wind velocity (as a function of time and latitude) during a whole 11-yr activity cycle. These simulations provide a large statistical ensemble of open flux-tubes which we analyse conjointly in order to identify relations of dependence between the wind speed and geometrical parameters of the flux-tubes which are valid globally (for all latitudes and moments of the cycle). Results: Our study confirms that the terminal (asymptotic) speed of the solar wind depends very strongly on the geometry of the open magnetic flux-tubes through which it flows. The total flux-tube expansion is more clearly anti-correlated with the wind speed for fast rather than for slow wind flows, and effectively controls the
Nonlinear modeling of a rotational MR damper via an enhanced Bouc-Wen model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Miah, Mohammad S.; Chatzi, Eleni N.; Dertimanis, Vasilis K.; Weber, Felix
The coupling of magnetorheological (MR) dampers with semi-active control schemes has proven to be an effective and failsafe approach for vibration mitigation of low-damped structures. However, due to the nonlinearities inherently relating to such damping devices, the characterization of the associated nonlinear phenomena is still a challenging task. Herein, an enhanced phenomenological modeling approach is proposed for the description of a rotational-type MR damper, which comprises a modified Bouc-Wen model coupled with an appropriately selected sigmoid function. In a first step, parameter optimization is performed on the basis of individual models in an effort to approximate the experimentally observed response for varying current levels and actuator force characteristics. In a second step, based on the previously identified parameters, a generalized best-fit model is proposed by performing a regression analysis. Finally, model validation is carried out via implementation on different sets of experimental data. The proposed model indeed renders an improved representation of the actually observed nonlinear behavior of the tested rotational MR damper.
Signatures of Slow Solar Wind Streams from Active Regions in the Inner Corona
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Slemzin, V.; Harra, L.; Urnov, A.; Kuzin, S.; Goryaev, F.; Berghmans, D.
The identification of solar-wind sources is an important question in solar physics. The existing solar-wind models ( e.g., the Wang-Sheeley-Arge model) provide the approximate locations of the solar wind sources based on magnetic field extrapolations. It has been suggested recently that plasma outflows observed at the edges of active regions may be a source of the slow solar wind. To explore this we analyze an isolated active region (AR) adjacent to small coronal hole (CH) in July/August 2009. On 1 August, Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer observations showed two compact outflow regions in the corona. Coronal rays were observed above the active-region coronal hole (ARCH) region on the eastern limb on 31 July by STEREO-A/EUVI and at the western limb on 7 August by CORONAS- Photon/TESIS telescopes. In both cases the coronal rays were co-aligned with open magnetic-field lines given by the potential field source surface model, which expanded into the streamer. The solar-wind parameters measured by STEREO-B, ACE, Wind, and STEREO-A confirmed the identification of the ARCH as a source region of the slow solar wind. The results of the study support the suggestion that coronal rays can represent signatures of outflows from ARs propagating in the inner corona along open field lines into the heliosphere.
Active Circulation Control for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dumitrache, Alexandru; Dumitrescu, Horia; Preotu, Octavian
A based method for modeling the aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbine has been developed. Circulation control is implemented by tangentially blowing a small high-velocity jet over a highly curved surface, such as a rounded trailing edge. This causes the boundary layer and the jet sheet to remain attached along the curved surface due to the Coanda effect and causing the jet to turn without separation. This analysis has been validated for the experimental data of a rotor tested at NASA Ames Research Center. Comparisons have been done against measurements for surface pressure distribution, force coefficients normal and tangential to the chord line, torque and root bending moments. This approach for enhancing the circulation around the airfoil sections (and hence L/D and power production) has been examined and found to produce useful increases in power at low wind speeds.
Modeling friction phenomena and elastomeric dampers in multibody dynamics analysis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ju, Changkuan
The first part of this dissertation focuses on the development, implementation and validation of models that capture the behavior of joints in a realistic manner. These models are presented within the framework of finite element based, nonlinear multibody dynamics formulations that ensure unconditional nonlinear stability of the computation for complex systems of arbitrary topology. The proposed approach can be divided into three parts. First, the joint configuration: this purely kinematic part deals with the description of the configuration of the joint and the evaluation of the relative distance and relative tangential velocity between the contacting bodies. Second, the contact conditions: in most cases, contact at the joint is of an intermittent nature. The enforcement of the unilateral contact condition is a critical aspect of the computational procedure. And finally, the contact forces: this last part deals with the evaluation of the forces that arise at the interface between contacting bodies. The advantage of the proposed approach is that the three parts of the problem can be formulated and implemented independently. Many articulated rotor helicopters use hydraulic dampers, which provide high levels of damping but are also associated with high maintenance costs and difficulties in evaluating their conditions due to the presence of seals, lubricants and numerous moving parts, all operating in a rotating frame. To avoid problems associated with hydraulic dampers, the industry is now switching to elastomeric lead-lag dampers that feature simpler mechanical design, lower part count, and result in "dry" rotors. However, the design of robust elastomeric dampers is hampered by the lack of reliable analytical tools that can be used to predict their damping behavior in the presence of large multi-frequency motions experienced by the rotor and thus the damper. The second part of this dissertation focuses on the development of an elastomeric damper model which predicts
Determining the solar wind speed above active regions using remote radio-wave observations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fainberg, J.; Stone, R. G.; Bougeret, J.-L.
A new technique has made it possible to measure the velocity of portions of the solar wind during its flow outward from the sun. This analysis utilizes spacecraft (ISEE-3) observations of radio emission generated in regions of the solar wind associated with solar active regions. By tracking the source of these radio waves over periods of days, it is possible to measure the motion of the emission regions. Evidence of solar wind acceleration during this outward flow, consistent with theoretical models, has also been obtained.
Wind tunnel productivity status and improvement activities at NASA Langley Research Center
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Putnam, Lawrence E.
Over the last three years, a major effort has been underway to re-engineering the way wind tunnel testing is accomplished at the NASA Langley Research Center. This effort began with the reorganization of the LaRC and the consolidation of the management of the wind tunnels in the Aerodynamics Division under one operations branch. This paper provides an overview of the re-engineering activities and gives the status of the improvements in the wind tunnel productivity and customer satisfaction that have resulted from the new ways of working.
On the Relationship Between Solar Wind Speed, Geomagnetic Activity, and the Solar Cycle Using Annual Values
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Wilson, Robert M.; Hathaway, David H.
The aa index can be decomposed into two separate components: the leading sporadic component due to solar activity as measured by sunspot number and the residual or recurrent component due to interplanetary disturbances, such as coronal holes. For the interval 1964-2006, a highly statistically important correlation (r = 0.749) is found between annual averages of the aa index and the solar wind speed (especially between the residual component of aa and the solar wind speed, r = 0.865). Because cyclic averages of aa (and the residual component) have trended upward during cycles 11-23, cyclic averages of solar wind speed are inferred to have also trended upward.
Final Report 02-ERD-056 Active Load Control& Mitigation Using Microtabs: A Wind Energy Application
Nakafuji, D Y
With public concern over the security and reliability of our existing electricity infrastructure and the resurgence of wind energy, the wind industry offers an immediate, first point of entry for the application and demonstration of an active load control technology. An innovative microtab approach is being investigated and demonstrated for active aerodynamic load control applications under the mid-year LDRD (June-Sept. 2002) effort. With many of these million dollar turbines failing at only half the design lifespans, conventional techniques for stiffening rotors, enlarging generators and gearboxes, and reinforcing towers are insufficient to accommodate the demands for bigger, taller and more powerful turbines. The DOE through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) supports R&D efforts to develop lighter, more efficient and longer lasting wind turbines and advance turbine components. However, as wind turbine systems continue to increase in size and complexity, fundamental research and technology development has not kept pace with needs. New technologies to increase turbine life spans and to reduce costs are needed to realize wind electricity generation potentials. It is becoming quite evident that without a better understanding of static and dynamic response to normal and abnormal operating loads coupled with sophisticated flow analysis and control techniques, large turbine operating life and component life will be severely limited. Promising technologies include active load control and load alleviation systems to mitigate peak loads from damaging key components. This project addresses science and engineering challenges of developing enabling technologies for active load control for turbine applications using an innovative, translational microtab approach. Figure 1.1 illustrates the microtabs as applied on a wind turbine system. Extending wind turbine operating life is a crucial component for reducing the cost of wind-generated electricity, enabling wind
Outdoor temperature, precipitation, and wind speed affect physical activity levels in children: a longitudinal cohort study
Edwards, Nicholas M.; Myer, Gregory D.; Kalkwarf, Heidi J.; Woo, Jessica G.; Khoury, Philip R.; Hewett, Timothy E.; Daniels, Stephen R.
Objective Evaluate effects of local weather conditions on physical activity in early childhood. Methods Longitudinal prospective cohort study of 372 children, 3 years old at enrollment, drawn from a major US metropolitan community. Accelerometer-measured (RT3) physical activity was collected every 4 months over 5 years and matched with daily weather measures: day length, heating/cooling degrees (degrees mean temperature < 65°F or ≥ 65°F, respectively), wind, and precipitation. Mixed regression analyses, adjusted for repeated measures, were used to test the relationship between weather and physical activity. Results Precipitation and wind speed were negatively associated with total physical activity and moderate-vigorous physical activity (P<0.0001). Heating and cooling degrees were negatively associated with total physical activity and moderate-vigorous physical activity and positively associated with inactivity (all P<0.0001), independent of age, sex, race, BMI, day length, wind, and precipitation. For every 10 additional heating degrees there was a five-minute daily reduction in moderate-vigorous physical activity. For every additional 10 cooling degrees there was a 17-minute reduction in moderate-vigorous physical activity. Conclusions Inclement weather (higher/lower temperature, greater wind speed, more rain/snow) is associated with less physical activity in young children. These deleterious effects should be considered when planning physical activity research, interventions, and policies. PMID:25423667
Workshop on Solar Activity, Solar Wind, Terrestrial Effects, and Solar Acceleration
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A summary of the proceedings from the workshop are presented. The areas covered were solar activity, solar wind, terrestrial effects, and solar acceleration. Specific topics addressed include: (1) solar cycle manifestations, both large and small scale, as well as long-term and short-term changes, including transients such as flares; (2) sources of solar wind, as identified by interplanetary observations including coronal mass ejections (CME's) or x-ray bright points, and the theory for and evolution of large-scale and small-scale structures; (3) magnetosphere responses, as observed by spacecraft, to variable solar wind and transient energetic particle emissions; and (4) origin and propagation of solar cosmic rays as related to solar activity and terrestrial effects, and solar wind coronal-hole relationships and dynamics.
Transitions to chaos in squeeze-film dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Inayat-Hussain, Jawaid I.; Mureithi, Njuki W.
This work reports on a numerical study undertaken to investigate the imbalance response of a rigid rotor supported by squeeze-film dampers. Two types of damper configurations were considered, namely, dampers without centering springs, and eccentrically operated dampers with centering springs. For a rotor fitted with squeeze-film dampers without centering springs, the study revealed the existence of three regimes of chaotic motion. The route to chaos in the first regime was attributed to a sequence of period-doubling bifurcations of the period-1 (synchronous) rotor response. A period-3 (one-third subharmonic) rotor whirl orbit, which was born from a saddle-node bifurcation, was found to co-exist with the chaotic attractor. The period-3 orbit was also observed to undergo a sequence of period-doubling bifurcations resulting in chaotic vibrations of the rotor. The route to chaos in the third regime of chaotic rotor response, which occurred immediately after the disappearance of the period-3 orbit due to a saddle-node bifurcation, was attributed to a possible boundary crisis. The transitions to chaotic vibrations in the rotor supported by eccentric squeeze-film dampers with centering springs were via the period-doubling cascade and type 3 intermittency routes. The type 3 intermittency transition to chaos was due to an inverse period-doubling bifurcation of the period-2 (one-half subharmonic) rotor response. The unbalance response of the squeeze-film-damper supported rotor presented in this work leads to unique non-synchronous and chaotic vibration signatures. The latter provide some useful insights into the design and development of fault diagnostic tools for rotating machinery that operate in highly nonlinear regimes.
Efficiency improvement of a new vertical axis wind turbine by individual active control of blade motion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hwang, In Seong; Min, Seung Yong; Jeong, In Oh; Lee, Yun Han; Kim, Seung Jo
In this paper, a research for the performance improvement of the straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine is described. To improve the performance of the power generation system, which consists of several blades rotating about axis in parallel direction, the cycloidal blade system and the individual active blade control system are adopted, respectively. Both methods are variable pitch system. For cycloidal wind turbine, aerodynamic analysis is carried out by changing pitch angle and phase angle based on the cycloidal motion according to the change of wind speed and wind direction, and control mechanism using the cycloidal blade system is realized for 1kw class wind turbine. By this method, electrical power is generated about 30% higher than wind turbine using fixed pitch angle method. And for more efficient wind turbine, individual pitch angle control of each blade is studied. By maximizing the tangential force in each rotating blade at the specific rotating position, optimal pitch angle variation is obtained. And several airfoil shapes of NACA 4-digit and NACA 6-series are studied. Aerodynamic analysis shows performance improvement of 60%. To realize this motion, sensing and actuating system is designed.
Improved Model of a Mercury Ring Damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fahrenthold, Eric P.; Shivarma, Ravishankar
A short document discusses the general problem of mathematical modeling of the three-dimensional rotational dynamics of rigid bodies and of the use of Euler parameters to eliminate the singularities occasioned by the use of Euler angles in such modeling. The document goes on to characterize a Hamiltonian model, developed by the authors, that utilizes the Euler parameters and, hence, is suitable for use in computational simulations that involve arbitrary rotational motion. In this formulation unlike in prior Euler-parameter-based formulations, there are no algebraic constraints. This formulation includes a general potential energy function, incorporates a minimum set of momentum variables, and takes an explicit state-space form convenient for numerical implementation. Practical application of this formulation has been demonstrated by the development of a new and simplified model of the rotational motion of a rigid rotor to which is attached a partially filled mercury ring damper. Models like this one are used in guidance and control of spin-stabilized spacecraft and gyroscope-stabilized seekers in guided missiles.
Parametric analysis and testing of an electrorheological fluid damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lindler, Jason E.; Wereley, Norman M.
This study seeks to validate a predictive damper analysis, based on an idealized Bingham plastic shear flow mechanism, which incorporates leakage effects in an electrorheological (ER) damper. The ER bypass damper operates by a piston head pushing ER fluid out of a hydraulic cylinder and through an ER fluid bypass. The pressure to force ER fluid through the bypass produces the majority of the device's damping. The ER bypass is composed of an annulus formed from two concentric aluminum tubes. The application of a voltage potential between the aluminum tubes creates an electric field in the annulus that increases the yield stress of the ER fluid. The yield stress modifies the velocity profile of the fluid in the annulus and augments the damping coefficient of the device. The ER fluid damper contains a controlled amount of leakage around the piston head. The leakage allows ER fluid to flow from one side of the piston head to the opposite side without passing through the ER bypass. In this analysis, the leakage damping coefficient with incorporated leakage effects, predict the amount of energy dissipated for a complete cycle of the piston rod. Measured force verses displacement cycles for multiple frequencies and electric fields validate the ability of the non-dimensional groups and the leakage damping coefficient to predict the damping levels for an ER bypass damper with leakage.
Hybrid Simulation of Linked Structural System With Shear Friction Damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Hyun-soo; Choi, Jae-hyouk
Hybrid simulations were conducted to investigate effects of the friction damper on seismic behavior of a composite structure consisting of an old concrete structure and a new steel frame. The hybrid simulation results have indicated that the cyclical behavior of the friction damper made of steel plate and aluminum plate could be accurately simulated with the so-called perfect elastic-plastic model without degradation in stiffness. It has also been verified that the seismic performance of the composite structures could be accurately predicted if one use the perfect elastic-plastic model to simulate the behavior of the connecting friction damper. In addition, the tests have shown that the use of friction damper to connect an existing unfit concrete building and new steel building could effectively reduce their displacement response and acceleration response simultaneously. The mitigation degree due to the friction damper on the seismic response of the composite structures depends upon the relative stiffness of the two buildings, the natural periods, and the mass ratio of the two buildings.
Significant Attenuation of Lightly Damped Resonances Using Particle Dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Smith, Andrew; LaVerde, Bruce; Hunt, Ron; Knight, Joseph Brent
When equipment designs must perform in a broad band vibration environment it can be difficult to avoid resonances that affect life and performance. This is especially true when an organization seeks to employ an asset from a heritage design in a new, more demanding vibration environment. Particle dampers may be used to provide significant attenuation of lightly damped resonances to assist with such a deployment of assets by including only a very minor set of modifications. This solution may be easier to implement than more traditional attenuation schemes. Furthermore, the cost in additional weight to the equipment can be very small. Complexity may also be kept to a minimum, because the particle dampers do not require tuning. Attenuating the vibratory response with particle dampers may therefore be simpler (in a set it and forget it kind of way) than tuned mass dampers. The paper will illustrate the use of an "equivalent resonance test jig" that can assist designers in verifying the potential resonance attenuation that may be available to them during the early trade stages of the design. An approach is suggested for transforming observed attenuation in the jig to estimated performance in the actual service design. KEY WORDS: Particle Damper, Performance in Vibration Environment, Damping, Resonance, Attenuation, Mitigation of Vibration Response, Response Estimate, Response Verification.
78 FR 7402 - Small Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Cape Wind's High Resolution...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
...NMFS has received an application from Cape Wind Associates (CWA) for an Incidental Harassment Authorization (IHA) to take marine mammals, by harassment, incidental to pre-construction high resolution survey activities. CWA began pre-construction activities last year, but was unable to complete the entire survey. Pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), NMFS is requesting comments......
Mechanical design handbook for elastomers. [the design of elastomer dampers for application in rotating machinery
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Darlow, M.; Zorzi, E.
A comprehensive guide for the design of elastomer dampers for application in rotating machinery is presented. Theoretical discussions, a step by step procedure for the design of elastomer dampers, and detailed examples of actual elastomer damper applications are included. Dynamic and general physical properties of elastomers are discussed along with measurement techniques.
Hot-bench simulation of the active flexible wing wind-tunnel model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Buttrill, Carey S.; Houck, Jacob A.
Two simulations, one batch and one real-time, of an aeroelastically-scaled wind-tunnel model were developed. The wind-tunnel model was a full-span, free-to-roll model of an advanced fighter concept. The batch simulation was used to generate and verify the real-time simulation and to test candidate control laws prior to implementation. The real-time simulation supported hot-bench testing of a digital controller, which was developed to actively control the elastic deformation of the wind-tunnel model. Time scaling was required for hot-bench testing. The wind-tunnel model, the mathematical models for the simulations, the techniques employed to reduce the hot-bench time-scale factors, and the verification procedures are described.
Study on optimal impact damper using collision of vibrators
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Iwata, Yoshio; Komatsuzaki, Toshihiko; Kitayama, Satoshi; Takasaki, Tatsuya
In this paper, we propose an impact damper which consists of multiple vibrators installed on a main structure and dissipates the vibrational energy by collisions between the vibrators. Transient vibration of the main system subject to an impact rapidly converges to zero by the impact damper. DE (Differential Evolution) method which is one of the optimization methods is employed to determine mass and spring constant of the every vibrators to maximize damping effect. We discuss the effect of a coefficient of restitution of vibrators, a ratio of total mass of the vibrators to the main structure mass and the number of the vibrators on the damping performance. The damping effect of the impact damper with three vibrators is demonstrated experimentally.
Design and application of squeeze film dampers for turbomachinery stabilization
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gunter, E. J.; Barrett, L. E.; Allaire, P. E.
The steady-state transient response of the squeeze film damper bearing was investigated. Both the steady-state and transient equations for the hydrodynamic bearing forces are derived; the steady-state equations were used to determine the damper equivalent stiffness and damping coefficients. These coefficients are used to find the damper configuration which will provide the optimum support characteristics based on a stability analysis of the rotor-bearing system. The effects of end seals and cavitated fluid film are included. The transient analysis of rotor-bearing systems was conducted by coupling the damping and rotor equations and integrating forward in time. The effects of unbalance, cavitation, and retainer springs are included. Methods of determining the stability of a rotor-bearing system under the influence of aerodynamic forces and internal shaft friction are discussed.
A nonlinear auxetic structural vibration damper with metal rubber particles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ma, Yanhong; Scarpa, Fabrizio; Zhang, Dayi; Zhu, Bin; Chen, Lulu; Hong, Jie
The work describes the mechanical performance of a metal rubber particles (MRP) damper design based on an auxetic (negative Poisson's ratio) cellular configuration. The auxetic damper configuration is constituted by an anti-tetrachiral honeycomb, where the cylinders are filled with the MRP material. The MRP samples have been subjected to quasi-static loading to measure the stiffness and loss factor from the static hysteresis curve. A parametric experimental analysis has been carried out to investigate the effect of relative density and filling percentage on the static performance of the MRP, and to identify design guidelines for best use of MRP devices. An experimental assessment of the integrated auxetic-MRP damper concept has been provided through static and dynamic force response techniques.
Study on eliminating fire dampers to maintain process confinement
Walling, R.C.; Patel, J.B.; Strunk, A.J.
The DOE General Design Criteria for the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) at the Westinghouse Savannah River Site (WSRS) requires the NFPA National Fire Codes to be incorporated into the design and simultaneously maintain process confinement integrity to prevent the release of radioactivity. Although the NFPA Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems, NFPA 90, requires fire dampers (FD) in HVAC duct penetrations of two hour rated fire barriers, closure of fire dampers at DWPF may compromise the integrity of the process confinement system. This leads to the need for an overall risk assessment to determine the value of 39 fire dampers that are identified later in the study as capable of a confinement system upset.
Study on eliminating fire dampers to maintain process confinement
Walling, R.C.; Patel, J.B.; Strunk, A.J.
The DOE General Design Criteria for the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) at the Westinghouse Savannah River Site (WSRS) requires the NFPA National Fire Codes to be incorporated into the design and simultaneously maintain process confinement integrity to prevent the release of radioactivity. Although the NFPA Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems, NFPA 90, requires fire dampers (FD) in HVAC duct penetrations of two hour rated fire barriers, closure of fire dampers at DWPF may compromise the integrity of the process confinement system. This leads to the need for an overall risk assessment to determine the value of 39 fire dampers that are identified later in the study as capable of a confinement system upset.
Comparison of sea surface winds derived from active and passive microwaves instruments on the Mediterranean Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
De Biasio, Francesco; Zecchetto, Stefano
In order to characterize the energy and momentum fluxes at the air-sea interface, the surface wind vector must be known with adequate spatial and temporal coverages. Satellite-borne active and passive microwaves instruments perform such measurements. In the Mediterranean Sea, and in general in enclosed or semi-enclosed basins, an adequate coverage is yet more difficult to achieve than in open sea, because of the presence of vast coastal areas and elevated orography near the coastline. This study aims to compare the performance of three of such instruments (two actives and one passive) over several years of activity over the Mediterranean Sea, in order to delve into the possibility of using the three data-sets as a common reference for marine meteorology investigations, dramatically improving the availability of surface wind data in the Mediterranean Sea. They are the METOP-A ASCAT scatterometer, the QuikSCAT SeaWinds scatterometer and the Coriolis WindSat radiometer. ASCAT and QuikSCAT data are freely available for download, at spatial resolution of 25 km by 25 km and 12.5 km by 12.5 km, from the Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center PO.DAAC (http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov). ASCAT near real time data have 2 hours latency. The time span covered by these data is March 2007-present for ASCAT, July 1999-November 2009 for QuikSCAT. In the Mediterranean Sea the nominal temporal coverage is less then 2 hit per point per day for both. WindSat data have spatial resolution of 25 km by 25 km, cover the period February 2003-present, and are freely available for download from Remote Sensing Systems (http://www.ssmi.com). They are available as delayed datasets covering one day at a time. The two collocated datasets cover the period February 2003 - November 2009 (WindSat - QuikSCAT) and March 2009 - November 2010 (WindSat - ASCAT), and offer the means to perform: - a comparison of the performances of active and passive microwaves instruments; - a very long
Use of inerter devices for weight reduction of tuned mass-dampers for seismic protection of multi-story building: the Tuned Mass-Damper-Interter (TMDI)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Giaralis, Agathoklis; Marian, Laurentiu
This paper explores the practical benefits of the recently proposed by the authors tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) visà- vis the classical tuned mass-damper (TMD) for the passive vibration control of seismically excited linearly building structures assumed to respond linearly. Special attention is focused on showcasing that the TMDI requires considerably reduced attached mass/weight to achieve the same vibration suppression level as the classical TMD by exploiting the mass amplification effect of the ideal inerter device. The latter allows for increasing the inertial property of the TMDI without a significant increase to its physical weight. To this end, novel numerical results pertaining to a seismically excited 3-storey frame building equipped with optimally designed TMDIs for various values of attached mass and inertance (i.e., constant of proportionality of the inerter resisting force in mass units) are furnished. The seismic action is modelled by a non-stationary stochastic process compatible with the elastic acceleration response spectrum of the European seismic code (Eurocode 8), while the TMDIs are tuned to minimize the mean square top floor displacement. It is shown that the TMDI achieves the same level of performance as an unconventional "large mass" TMD for seismic protection (i.e., more than 10% of attached mass of the total building mass), by incorporating attached masses similar to the ones used for controlling wind-induced vibrations via TMDs (i.e., 1%-5% of the total building mass). Moreover, numerical data from response history analyses for a suite of Eurocode 8 compatible recorded ground motions further demonstrate that optimally tuned TMDIs for top floor displacement minimization achieve considerable reductions in terms of top floor acceleration and attached mass displacement (stroke) compared to the classical TMD with the same attached mass.
DARHT-II Injector Transients and the Ferrite Damper
Waldron, Will; Reginato, Lou; Chow, Ken; Houck, Tim; Henestroza, Enrique; Yu, Simon; Kang, Michael; Briggs, Richard
This report summarizes the transient response of the DARHT-II Injector and the design of the ferrite damper. Initial commissioning of the injector revealed a rise time excited 7.8 MHz oscillation on the diode voltage and stalk current leading to a 7.8 MHz modulation of the beam current, position, and energy. Commissioning also revealed that the use of the crowbar to decrease the voltage fall time excited a spectrum of radio frequency modes which caused concern that there might be significant transient RF electric field stresses imposed on the high voltage column insulators. Based on the experience of damping the induction cell RF modes with ferrite, the concept of a ferrite damper was developed to address the crowbar-excited oscillations as well as the rise-time-excited 7.8 MHz oscillations. After the Project decided to discontinue the use of the crowbar, further development of the concept focused exclusively on damping the oscillations excited by the rise time. The design was completed and the ferrite damper was installed in the DARHT-II Injector in February 2006. The organization of this report is as follows. The suite of injector diagnostics are described in Section 2. The data and modeling of the injector transients excited on the rise-time and also by the crowbar are discussed in Section 3; the objective is a concise summary of the present state of understanding. The design of the ferrite damper, and the small scale circuit simulations used to evaluate the ferrite material options and select the key design parameters like the cross sectional area and the optimum gap width, are presented in Section 4. The details of the mechanical design and the installation of the ferrite damper are covered in Section 5. A brief summary of the performance of the ferrite damper following its installation in the injector is presented in Section 6.
Method for evaluating gravity effects in the testing of nutation dampers. [on single or dual spin satellites
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Alfriend, K. T.
A method is developed for determining the effect of gravity in the testing of nutation dampers on symmetric single or dual spin satellites. The basic theory is developed and then applied to the partially filled viscous ring damper and the spring-mass-dashpot damper. A comparison with test results for the viscous ring damper is also given.-
Analytical investigation of squeeze film dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bicak, Mehmet Murat Altug
literature and in-house experimental procedures including comparison against viscoelastic dampers.
Transient dynamics of a flexible rotor with squeeze film dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Buono, D. F.; Schlitzer, L. D.; Hall, R. G., III; Hibner, D. H.
A series of simulated blade loss tests are reported on a test rotor designed to operate above its second bending critical speed. A series of analyses were performed which predicted the transient behavior of the test rig for each of the blade loss tests. The scope of the program included the investigation of transient rotor dynamics of a flexible rotor system, similar to modern flexible jet engine rotors, both with and without squeeze film dampers. The results substantiate the effectiveness of squeeze film dampers and document the ability of available analytical methods to predict their effectiveness and behavior.
Evaluation of wheel dampers on an intercity train
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Färm, J.
Pass-by noise from high-speed trains is one important area that has to be handled in all new train projects. For the new line between Oslo and the Gardemoen Airport which opened in 1998, very stringent requirements were set out regarding external noise. To reach the target it was decided that the train should be equipped with wheel dampers. Two different types of wheel dampers were used on the train; a ring damper was mounted on the wheels of the driven bogies, whilst plate dampers divided into tuned absorber fins were mounted on the wheels of the trailer bogies. During the type testing of the Airport Express Train, additional measurements were performed in order to evaluate the acoustic effect of the plate wheel dampers. Two test series were performed with the same train set; first with the train in standard configuration and secondly with the wheel dampers removed from the second and third bogie. The external noise was measured at 5 and 25 m distance from the centre of the track at speeds ranging from 80 to 200 km/h. The third-octave filtered time histories were analyzed to calculate the effect of the wheel dampers. As expected, there was a significant reduction of 4-6 dB at frequencies above 2000 Hz, but there was also a reduction of 2 dB for frequencies as low as 800 Hz. This reduction was also found in the parts of the time histories when the rail should be dominating. This implies that the wheel dampers also reduce the rail noise. The total rolling noise reduction for the trailer bogie was 3 dB at 200 km/h and 1 dB at 80 km/h. From comparison with TWINS-calculated sound power levels it was estimated that the wheel noise would be reduced by 5 dB and the rail noise would be reduced by 1 dB at 200 km/h.
SSME HPFTP/AT Turbine Blade Platform Featherseal Damper Design
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Montgomery, S. K.
During the Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSM) HPFtP/AT development program, engine hot fire testing resulted in turbine blade fatigue cracks. The cracks were noted after only a few tests and a several hundred seconds versus the design goal of 60 tests and >30,000 seconds. Subsequent investigation attributed the distress to excessive steady and dynamic loads. To address these excessive turbine blade loads, Pratt & Whitney Liquid Space Propulsion engineers designed and developed retrofitable turbine blade to blade platform featherseal dampers. Since incorporation of these dampers, along with other turbine blade system improvements, there has been no observed SSME HPFTP/AT turbine blade fatigue cracking. The high time HPFTP/AT blade now has accumulated 32 starts and 19,200 seconds hot fire test time. Figure #1 illustrates the HPFTP/AT turbine blade platform featherseal dampers. The approached selected was to improve the turbine blade structural capability while simultaneously reducing loads. To achieve this goal, the featherseal dampers were designed to seal the blade to blade platform gap and damp the dynamic motions. Sealing improves the steady stress margins by increasing turbine efficiency and improving turbine blade attachment thermal conditioning. Load reduction was achieved through damping. Thin Haynes 188 sheet metal was selected based on its material properties (hydrogen resistance, elongation, tensile strengths, etc.). The 36,000 rpm wheel speed of the rotor result in a normal load of 120#/blade. The featherseals then act as micro-slip dampers during actual SSME operation. After initial design and analysis (prior to full engine testing), the featherseal dampers were tested in P&W's spin rig facility in West Palm Beach, Florida. Both dynamic strain gages and turbine blade tip displacement measurements were utilized to quantify the featherseal damper effectiveness. Full speed (36,000 rpm), room temperature rig testing verified the elimination of fundamental mode
Field-Aligned Current Sheet Motion and Its Correlation with Solar Wind Conditions and Geomagnetic Activities
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Y.; Le, G.; Boardsen, S. A.; Slavin, J. A.; Strangeway, R. J.
Field-aligned currents (FACs) are the currents flowing into and out of the ionosphere which connect to the magnetosphere. They provide an essential linkage between the solar wind - magnetosphere system and the ionosphere, and the understanding of these currents is important for global magnetosphere dynamics and space weather prediction. The three spacecraft ST-5 constellation provides an unprecedented opportunity to study in situ FAC dynamics in time scales (10 sec to 10 min) that can not be achieved previously with single spacecraft studies or large-spaced conjugate spacecraft studies. In this study, we use the magnetic field observations during the whole ST-5 mission and their corresponding solar wind conditions to study the dependence of FAC current sheet motion and intensity on solar wind conditions. FAC peak current densities show very good correlations with some solar wind parameters, including IMF Bz, dynamic pressure, Ey, and some IMF angles, but not with other parameters. Instant FAC speeds show generally much weaker dependence on solar wind conditions comparing to FAC peak current densities. This obvious uncorrelation between FAC peak current densities and speeds implies that FAC peak current densities are more consistently controlled by solar wind conditions and geomagnetic activities, while FAC speeds are more oscillatory, sometimes with higher speeds during quieter times and lower speeds during more turbulent times.
Invention of a tunable damper for use with an acoustic waveguide in hostile environments
Rogers, S.C.
A damper was invented to remove undesirable stress pulses from an acoustic waveguide. Designed to be tunable, the damper was constructed to withstand a corrosive or otherwise hostile environment. It serves to simplify the design and enhance the performance of a water-level measurement system, of which the damper and acoustic waveguide are integral parts. An experimental damper was constructed and applied to an existing level probe and measurement system. The resulting damper, properly tuned, causes acoustic stress pulses that pass into it along the waveguide to be attenuated.
An inverse model for magnetorheological dampers based on a restructured phenomenological model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Qian, Li-Jun; Liu, Bo; Chen, Peng; Bai, Xian-Xu
Magnetorheological dampers (MRDs), a semi-active actuator based on MR effect, have great potential in vibration/shock control systems. However, it is difficult to establish its inverse model due to its intrinsic strong nonlinear hysteresis behaviors, and sequentially the precise, fast and effective control could not be realized effectively. This paper presents an inverse model for MRDs based on a restructured phenomenological model with incorporation of the "normalization" concept. The proposed inverse model of MRDs is validated by the simulation of the force tracking. The research results indicate that the inverse model could be applied for the damping force control with consideration of the strong nonlinear hysteresis behaviors of the MRDs.
On the high correlation between long-term averages of solar wind speed and geomagnetic activity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Crooker, N. U.; Feynman, J.; Gosling, J. T.
Six-month and yearly averages of solar-wind speed from 1962 to 1975 are shown to be highly correlated with geomagnetic activity as measured by averages of the Ap index. On the same time scale the correlation between the southward component of the interplanetary magnetic field and geomagnetic activity is poor. Previous studies with hourly averages gave opposite results. The better correlation with the southward component on an hourly time scale is explained by its large variation compared with the relatively constant solar-wind speed. However, on a yearly time scale the magnitude of the variations in both parameters are about the same. This problem can be solved by invoking an energy transfer mechanism which is proportional to the first power of the southward component and a higher power of the solar-wind speed.
Estimating Sea Surface Salinity and Wind Using Combined Passive and Active L-Band Microwave Observations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Yueh, Simon H.; Chaubell, Mario J.
Several L-band microwave radiometer and radar missions have been, or will be, operating in space for land and ocean observations. These include the NASA Aquarius mission and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, both of which use combined passive/ active L-band instruments. Aquarius s passive/active L-band microwave sensor has been designed to map the salinity field at the surface of the ocean from space. SMAP s primary objectives are for soil moisture and freeze/thaw detection, but it will operate continuously over the ocean, and hence will have significant potential for ocean surface research. In this innovation, an algorithm has been developed to retrieve simultaneously ocean surface salinity and wind from combined passive/active L-band microwave observations of sea surfaces. The algorithm takes advantage of the differing response of brightness temperatures and radar backscatter to salinity, wind speed, and direction, thus minimizing the least squares error (LSE) measure, which signifies the difference between measurements and model functions of brightness temperatures and radar backscatter. The algorithm uses the conjugate gradient method to search for the local minima of the LSE. Three LSE measures with different measurement combinations have been tested. The first LSE measure uses passive microwave data only with retrieval errors reaching 1 to 2 psu (practical salinity units) for salinity, and 1 to 2 m/s for wind speed. The second LSE measure uses both passive and active microwave data for vertical and horizontal polarizations. The addition of active microwave data significantly improves the retrieval accuracy by about a factor of five. To mitigate the impact of Faraday rotation on satellite observations, the third LSE measure uses measurement combinations invariant under the Faraday rotation. For Aquarius, the expected RMS SSS (sea surface salinity) error will be less than about 0.2 psu for low winds, and increases to 0.3 psu at 25 m/s wind speed
Analysis of the partially filled viscous ring damper. [application as nutation damper for spinning satellite
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Alfriend, K. T.
A ring partially filled with a viscous fluid has been analyzed as a nutation damper for a spinning satellite. The fluid has been modelled as a rigid slug of finite length moving in a tube and resisted by a linear viscous force. It is shown that there are two distinct modes of motion, called the spin synchronous mode and the nutation synchronous mode. Time constants for each mode are obtained for both the symmetric and asymmetric satellite. The effects of a stop in the tube and an offset of the ring from the spin axis are also investigated. An analysis of test results is also given including a determination of the effect of gravity on the time constants in the two modes.
Aquarius Wind and SSS Retrieved Using the Combined Active-Passive Algorithm under All Weather Conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yueh, S. H.; Tang, W.; Fore, A.; Freedman, A. P.; Neumann, G.; Hayashi, A.; Lagerloef, G. S.
The Aquarius/SACD satellite was launched on June 10, 2011, and the Aquarius instrument has been operational since August 25, 2012. Aquarius is a combined passive/active L-band microwave instrument developed to map the salinity field at the surface of the ocean from space. The primary science objective of the Aquarius mission is to monitor the seasonal and interannual variation of the large scale features of the sea surface salinity (SSS) field in the open ocean with a spatial resolution of 150 km and a retrieval accuracy of 0.2 psu globally on a monthly basis. The measurement principle is based on the response of the L-band (1.413 GHz) sea surface brightness temperatures to sea surface salinity. To achieve the required 0.2 psu accuracy, the impact of sea surface roughness (e.g. wind-generated ripples and waves), along with several additional factors impacting the observed brightness temperature, must be corrected to better than a few tenths of a degree Kelvin. To this end, Aquarius includes a scatterometer to help correct for this surface roughness effect. In this paper we describe the characteristics and error estimates of the ocean surface wind vector and SSS retrieved using the Combined Active-Passive (CAP) algorithm, which does not use the NCEP wind for correcting Aquarius' brightness temperatures. Error estimates using the triple collocation analyses of SSM/I, NCEP and Aquarius-CAP winds indicate that the retrieved Aquarius wind speed accuracy is excellent with a random error of about 0.75 m s-1 for rain-free conditions. For rainy conditions when there were no SSM/I wind retrievals, we used the WindSAT-AW or ASCAT winds together with NCEP and CAP winds for triple collocation analysis. It is shown that Aquarius CAP wind speed is the most accurate under rainy conditions with RMS error below 2 m/s at 10 mm/h rain rate. In comparison with the NCEP wind direction, the Aquarius wind direction retrievals also appear accurate for above 10 m s-1. We further examine the
Modeling the Benchmark Active Control Technology Wind-Tunnel Model for Application to Flutter Suppression
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Waszak, Martin R.
This paper describes the formulation of a model of the dynamic behavior of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wind-tunnel model for application to design and analysis of flutter suppression controllers. The model is formed by combining the equations of motion for the BACT wind-tunnel model with actuator models and a model of wind-tunnel turbulence. The primary focus of this paper is the development of the equations of motion from first principles using Lagrange's equations and the principle of virtual work. A numerical form of the model is generated using values for parameters obtained from both experiment and analysis. A unique aspect of the BACT wind-tunnel model is that it has upper- and lower-surface spoilers for active control. Comparisons with experimental frequency responses and other data show excellent agreement and suggest that simple coefficient-based aerodynamics are sufficient to accurately characterize the aeroelastic response of the BACT wind-tunnel model. The equations of motion developed herein have been used to assist the design and analysis of a number of flutter suppression controllers that have been successfully implemented.
Seismic design of steel structures with lead-extrusion dampers as knee braces
Monir, Habib Saeed; Naser, Ali
One of the effective methods in decreasing the seismic response of structure against dynamic loads due to earthquake is using energy dissipating systems. Lead-extrusion dampers (LED) are one of these systems that dissipate energy in to one lead sleeve because of steel rod movement. Hysteresis loops of these dampers are approximately rectangular and acts independent from velocity in frequencies that are in the seismic frequency rang. In this paper lead dampers are considered as knee brace in steel frames and are studied in an economical view. Considering that lead dampers don't clog structural panels, so this characteristic can solve brace problems from architectural view. The behavior of these dampers is compared with the other kind of dampers such as XADAS and TADAS. The results indicate that lead dampers act properly in absorbing the induced energy due to earthquake and good function in controlling seismic movements of multi-story structures.
Development of steel dampers for bridges to allow large displacement through a vertical free mechanism
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pan, Peng; Yan, Hong; Wang, Tao; Xu, Peizhen; Xie, Qiang
Isolation bearings and dampers are often installed between piers and superstructures to reduce the seismic responses of bridges under large earthquakes. This paper presents a novel steel damper for bridges. The damper employs steel plates as energy dissipation components, and adopts a vertical free mechanism to achieve a large deformation capacity. Quasi-static tests using displacement-controlled cyclic loading and numerical analyses using a finite element program called ABAQUS are conducted to investigate the behavior of the damper, and a design methodology is proposed based on the tests and numerical analyses. Major conclusions obtained from this study are as follows: (1) the new dampers have stable hysteresis behavior under large displacements; (2) finite element analyses are able to simulate the behavior of the damper with satisfactory accuracy; and (3) simplified design methodology of the damper is effective.
78 FR 31517 - Notification of Proposed Production Activity; Vestas Nacelles America, Inc.; Subzone 123E (Wind...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
... From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office ] DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Foreign-Trade Zones Board Notification of Proposed Production Activity; Vestas Nacelles America, Inc.; Subzone 123E (Wind Turbines); Brighton, Denver, Pueblo, and Windsor, Colorado Vestas Nacelles America, Inc. (Vestas), operator of Subzone...
An Axisymmetric, Hydrodynamical Model for the Torus Wind in Active Galactic Nuclei
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dorodnitsyn, A.; Kallman, T.; Proga, D.
We report on time-dependent axisymmetric simulations of an X-ray-excited flow from a parsec-scale, rotating, cold torus around an active galactic nucleus. Our simulations account for radiative heating and cooling and radiation pressure force. The simulations follow the development of a broad biconical outflow induced mainly by X-ray heating. We compute synthetic spectra predicted by our simulations. The wind characteristics and the spectra support the hypothesis that a rotationally supported torus can serve as the source of a wind which is responsible for the warm absorber gas observed in the X-ray spectra of many Seyfert galaxies.
A gun recoil system employing a magnetorheological fluid damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Z. C.; Wang, J.
This research aims to design and control a full scale gun recoil buffering system which works under real firing impact loading conditions. A conventional gun recoil absorber is replaced with a controllable magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper. Through dynamic analysis of the gun recoil system, a theoretical model for optimal design and control of the MR fluid damper for impact loadings is derived. The optimal displacement, velocity and optimal design rules are obtained. By applying the optimal design theory to protect against impact loadings, an MR fluid damper for a full scale gun recoil system is designed and manufactured. An experimental study is carried out on a firing test rig which consists of a 30 mm caliber, multi-action automatic gun with an MR damper mounted to the fixed base through a sliding guide. Experimental buffering results under passive control and optimal control are obtained. By comparison, optimal control is better than passive control, because it produces smaller variation in the recoil force while achieving less displacement of the recoil body. The optimal control strategy presented in this paper is open-loop with no feedback system needed. This means that the control process is sensor-free. This is a great benefit for a buffering system under impact loading, especially for a gun recoil system which usually works in a harsh environment.
Damper reduces effects of resonance on force transducer
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Postma, R. W.
Viscous-film damper eliminates response lag of resonance generated noise when inserted into the thrust measuring system. This technique can be applied to automated devices when pulsed force or low order impact is involved, and where signal noise is produced by stopping or reversal of mechanical travel or by water hammer.
Temperature sensitive stability of feedback controllers for MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Batterbee, D. C.; Sims, N. D.
Smart fluid dampers can undergo large temperature changes due to the heating associated with energy dissipation. Such heating will alter the fluid's properties and could degrade control system performance. For example, previous work by the authors has shown that the stability of an MR damper under feedback control is dependent on the fluid's compressibility and viscosity. In the present study, a temperature dependent model of a magnetorheological damper is developed from experimental data, and it is shown that the fluid's yield stress, viscosity and compressibility parameters vary significantly. An experimental and numerical control study is then performed to investigate the resulting effects of temperature on the stability of two feedback controllers - a PID controller, and a proportional controller. Experimental results indicate that both controllers can exhibit a reduction in stability with increasing temperature, particularly if the controller gains are not suitably chosen. The temperature dependent MR damper model predicts this behaviour well, and it is shown that the change in viscosity has the most significant effect on stability. Future work could focus on the resulting effect on a complete vibration system, devices with different modes of operation, and alternative controllers.
The "wind of 120 days" and dust storm activity over the Sistan Basin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Alizadeh-Choobari, O.; Zawar-Reza, P.; Sturman, A.
Mesoscale features play a critical role in creating the strong "wind of 120 days" common in eastern Iran and western Afghanistan. The Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model is used with the available observations to investigate the "wind of 120 days", dust storm activity over the Sistan Basin, and major sources of dust influencing Iran. The winds are strong from mid-May to mid-September when a persistent high-pressure system over the high mountains of the Hindu Kush in northern Afghanistan, combined with a summertime thermal low over desert lands of eastern Iran and western Afghanistan, produce a strong pressure gradient. The winds become accelerated by the channeling effect of the surrounding orography. A northerly low level jet (LLJ) along the Iran-Afghanistan border has a peak at 300-500 m and is strongest in July with the nighttime monthly averaged wind speed of 20 m s- 1, and extends across a broad latitudinal area along the Iran-Afghanistan border. The strong near-surface wind speed along with the LLJ results in substantial dust emission from the Sistan Basin and subsequent long-range meridional transport. Dried Hamoun Lake in the Sistan Basin contains large amounts of erodible sediment that is required for dust entrainment. The LLJ is persistent throughout the night, but is weakened during the day. A pronounced diurnal cycle in the near-surface wind speed has been identified with a peak in the mid-morning in association with momentum transfer from the jet level down to the surface as the daytime mixed layer evolves.
Influence of piston and magnetic coils on the field-dependent damping performance of a mixed-mode magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zeinali, Mohammadjavad; Amri Mazlan, Saiful; Choi, Seung-Bok; Imaduddin, Fitrian; Hamidah Hamdan, Lailatul
This work presents a 2D simulation study of a mixed-mode magnetorheological (MR) damper in which the influence of the geometric elements of the piston and magnetic coil on the MR damper's performance is investigated by using the Ansoft Maxwell software tool. Four results of the simulation, which are magnetic flux density (B), MR fluid yield stress (τ 0), {τ }0{L}a and W{τ }0{L}a, are used to compare the performance of the MR damper. Multiplication of the yield stress by the active operating mode length ({τ }0{L}a) represents the variable portion of the active (on-state) damping force of the flow mode motion, while the value of W{τ }0{L}a represents the active damping force of the shear mode motion. The contribution of each operating mode (shear and flow) is related to the mixed-mode geometry and piston velocity. Therefore, each operating mode is evaluated separately. In this work, a total of 154 simulations are done in which 74, 20 and 60 simulations are conducted to analyse the effect of the piston radius, coil dimensions (width and length) and coil boundary lengths, respectively, on the performance of the MR damper. The simulation results show that increasing the piston radius can increase the W{τ }0{L}a value and reduce the value. For a given area of magnetic coil housing, a greater housing length in the axial direction of the piston can increase the achieved yield stress of the MR fluid and hence consequently the performance of the MR damper. A minimum boundary length is needed around the magnetic coil in order to attain a supreme magnetic field distribution. However, there is an optimised value for axial coil boundary lengths, which are the lengths of the upper and lower mixed-mode areas.
Structural damage identification in wind turbine blades using piezoelectric active sensing with ultrasonic validation
Claytor, Thomas N; Ammerman, Curtt N; Park, Gyu Hae; Farinholt, Kevin M; Farrar, Charles R; Atterbury, Marie K
This paper gives a brief overview of a new project at LANL in structural damage identification for wind turbines. This project makes use of modeling capabilities and sensing technology to understand realistic blade loading on large turbine blades, with the goal of developing the technology needed to automatically detect early damage. Several structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques using piezoelectric active materials are being investigated for the development of wireless, low power sensors that interrogate sections of the wind turbine blade using Lamb wave propagation data, frequency response functions (FRFs), and time-series analysis methods. The modeling and sensor research will be compared with extensive experimental testing, including wind tunnel experiments, load and fatigue tests, and ultrasonic scans - on small- to mid-scale turbine blades. Furthermore, this study will investigate the effect of local damage on the global response of the blade by monitoring low-frequency response changes.
Accretion disk winds in active galactic nuclei: X-ray observations, models, and feedback
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tombesi, F.
Powerful winds driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) are often invoked to play a fundamental role in the evolution of both supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies, quenching star formation and explaining the tight SMBH-galaxy relations. A strong support of this ``quasar mode'' feedback came from the recent X-ray observation of a mildly relativistic accretion disk wind in a ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) and its connection with a large-scale molecular outflow, providing a direct link between the SMBH and the gas out of which stars form. Spectroscopic observations, especially in the X-ray band, show that such accretion disk winds may be common in local AGN and quasars. However, their origin and characteristics are still not fully understood. Detailed theoretical models and simulations focused on radiation, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) or a combination of these two processes to investigate the possible acceleration mechanisms and the dynamics of these winds. Some of these models have been directly compared to X-ray spectra, providing important insights into the wind physics. However, fundamental improvements on these studies will come only from the unprecedented energy resolution and sensitivity of the upcoming X-ray observatories, namely ASTRO-H (launch date early 2016) and Athena (2028).
Wind from the black-hole accretion disk driving a molecular outflow in an active galaxy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tombesi, F.; Meléndez, M.; Veilleux, S.; Reeves, J. N.; González-Alfonso, E.; Reynolds, C. S.
Powerful winds driven by active galactic nuclei are often thought to affect the evolution of both supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, quenching star formation and explaining the close relationship between black holes and galaxies. Recent observations of large-scale molecular outflows in ultraluminous infrared galaxies support this quasar-feedback idea, because they directly trace the gas from which stars form. Theoretical models suggest that these outflows originate as energy-conserving flows driven by fast accretion-disk winds. Proposed connections between large-scale molecular outflows and accretion-disk activity in ultraluminous galaxies were incomplete because no accretion-disk wind had been detected. Conversely, studies of powerful accretion-disk winds have until now focused only on X-ray observations of local Seyfert galaxies and a few higher-redshift quasars. Here we report observations of a powerful accretion-disk wind with a mildly relativistic velocity (a quarter that of light) in the X-ray spectrum of IRAS F11119+3257, a nearby (redshift 0.189) optically classified type 1 ultraluminous infrared galaxy hosting a powerful molecular outflow. The active galactic nucleus is responsible for about 80 per cent of the emission, with a quasar-like luminosity of 1.5 × 1046 ergs per second. The energetics of these two types of wide-angle outflows is consistent with the energy-conserving mechanism that is the basis of the quasar feedback in active galactic nuclei that lack powerful radio jets (such jets are an alternative way to drive molecular outflows).
Wind from the black-hole accretion disk driving a molecular outflow in an active galaxy.
Tombesi, F; Meléndez, M; Veilleux, S; Reeves, J N; González-Alfonso, E; Reynolds, C S
Powerful winds driven by active galactic nuclei are often thought to affect the evolution of both supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, quenching star formation and explaining the close relationship between black holes and galaxies. Recent observations of large-scale molecular outflows in ultraluminous infrared galaxies support this quasar-feedback idea, because they directly trace the gas from which stars form. Theoretical models suggest that these outflows originate as energy-conserving flows driven by fast accretion-disk winds. Proposed connections between large-scale molecular outflows and accretion-disk activity in ultraluminous galaxies were incomplete because no accretion-disk wind had been detected. Conversely, studies of powerful accretion-disk winds have until now focused only on X-ray observations of local Seyfert galaxies and a few higher-redshift quasars. Here we report observations of a powerful accretion-disk wind with a mildly relativistic velocity (a quarter that of light) in the X-ray spectrum of IRAS F11119+3257, a nearby (redshift 0.189) optically classified type 1 ultraluminous infrared galaxy hosting a powerful molecular outflow. The active galactic nucleus is responsible for about 80 per cent of the emission, with a quasar-like luminosity of 1.5 × 10(46) ergs per second. The energetics of these two types of wide-angle outflows is consistent with the energy-conserving mechanism that is the basis of the quasar feedback in active galactic nuclei that lack powerful radio jets (such jets are an alternative way to drive molecular outflows). PMID:25810204
Development of a snubber type magnetorheological fluid elastomeric lag damper for helicopter stability augmentation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ngatu, Grum T.
Most advanced helicopter rotors are typically fitted with lag dampers, such as elastomeric or hybrid fluid-elastomeric (FE) lag dampers, which have lower parts counts, are lighter in weight, easier to maintain, and more reliable than conventional hydraulic dampers. However, the damping and stiffness properties of elastomeric and fluid elastomeric lag dampers are non-linear functions of lag/rev frequency, dynamic lag amplitude, and operating temperature. It has been shown that elastomeric damping and stiffness levels diminish markedly as amplitude of damper motion increases. Further, passive dampers tend to present severe damping losses as damper operating temperature increases either due to in-service self-heating or hot atmospheric conditions. Magnetorheological (MR) dampers have also been considered for application to helicopter rotor lag dampers to mitigate amplitude and frequency dependent damping behaviors. MR dampers present a controllable damping with little or no stiffness. Conventional MR dampers are similar in configuration to linear stroke hydraulic type dampers, which are heavier, occupy a larger space envelope, and are unidirectional. Hydraulic type dampers require dynamic seal to prevent leakage, and consequently, frequent inspections and maintenance are necessary to ensure the reliability of these dampers. Thus, to evaluate the potential of combining the simplicity and reliability of FE and smart MR technologies in augmenting helicopter lag mode stability, an adaptive magnetorheological fluid-elastomeric (MRFE) lag damper is developed in this thesis as a retrofit to an actual fluid-elastomeric (FE) lag damper. Consistent with the loading condition of a helicopter rotor system, single frequency (lag/rev) and dual frequency (lag/rev at 1/rev) sinusoidal loading were applied to the MRFE damper at varying temperature conditions. The complex modulus method was employed to linearly characterize and compare the performance of the MRFE damper with the
Activity of Wind-Blown Sand and the Formation of Feathered Sand Ridges in the Kumtagh Desert, China
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liao, Kongtai; Qu, Jianjun; Tang, Jinnian; Ding, Feng; Liu, Hujun; Zhu, Shujuan
We study the activity of wind-blown sand and its effects on the evolution of feathered sand ridges in the Kumtagh Desert, China, and attempt to reveal the formation process of feathered sand ridges using wind-tunnel experiments, remote sensing data, and detailed field observations from 2005 to 2008. The prevailing wind direction in the Kumtagh Desert is easterly in winter and north-easterly in other seasons. The average annual wind speed is 5.9 ms-1, and winds sufficiently strong to entrain sand occur on 143 days per annum. The sand transport rate within 0.4 m of the ground is strongly influenced by local landforms, and is related to wind speed by a power function. Wind erosion occurs on the crest, the windward slope of crescent sand ridges and inter-ridge sand strips, where the blowing sand cloud is in an unsaturated state; in contrast, sand accumulation occurs on the leeward slope of the crescent sand ridges, where the blowing sand cloud is in an over-saturated state. These results indicate that the development of feathered sand ridges in the Kumtagh Desert is mainly controlled by the local wind regime. The dominant winds (from the north, north-north-east and north-east) and additional winds (from the east-north-east, east and east-south-east) determine the development of crescent sand ridges, but winds that are approximately parallel to sand ridges form the secondary inter-ridge sand strips.
Dynamics of Line-driven Disk Winds in Active Galactic Nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Proga, Daniel; Stone, James M.; Kallman, Timothy R.
We present the results of axisymmetric time-dependent hydrodynamic calculations of line-driven winds from accretion disks in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We assume the disk is flat, Keplerian, geometrically thin, and optically thick, radiating according to the α-disk prescription. The central engine of the AGN is a source of both ionizing X-rays and wind-driving UV photons. To calculate the radiation force, we take into account radiation from the disk and the central engine. The gas temperature and ionization state in the wind are calculated self-consistently from the photoionization and heating rate of the central engine. We find that a disk accreting onto a 108 Msolar black hole at the rate of 1.8 Msolar yr-1 can launch a wind at ~1016 cm from the central engine. The X-rays from the central object are significantly attenuated by the disk atmosphere so they cannot prevent the local disk radiation from pushing matter away from the disk. However, in the supersonic portion of the flow high above the disk, the X-rays can overionize the gas and decrease the wind terminal velocity. For a reasonable X-ray opacity, e.g., κX=40 g-1 cm2, the disk wind can be accelerated by the central UV radiation to velocities of up to 15,000 km s-1 at a distance of ~1017 cm from the central engine. The covering factor of the disk wind is ~0.2. The wind is unsteady and consists of an opaque, slow vertical flow near the disk that is bounded on the polar side by a high-velocity stream. A typical column density through the fast stream is a few times 1023 cm-2 so the stream is optically thin to the UV radiation. This low column density is precisely why gas can be accelerated to high velocities. The fast stream contributes nearly 100% to the total wind mass-loss rate of 0.5 Msolar yr-1.
Optimum Dynamic Characteristics of Stockbridge Dampers for Dead-End Spans
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Markiewicz, M.
Stockbridge dampers are commonly used to protect conductors of overhead transmission lines from aeolian vibrations. Standard Stockbridge dampers are designed so that their mechanical impedance matches as closely as possible the optimum damper impedance determined for the cable to be protected. Since the optimum impedance is evaluated assuming that the cable is clamped at its extremity, the optimally tuned standard dampers will work efficiently only when they are mounted near suspension clamps. In some spans, however, conductors are connected to the tower by means of special tension equipment which may influence the efficiency of the mounted standard damper. The present analysis shows that the optimum damper impedance required for such spans (called dead-end spans) differs significantly from the optimum impedance of the standard damper. The reason for this is the dynamic interaction between the tension insulator assembly and the damper itself. This interaction cannot be neglected for vibration frequencies which are close to the resonance frequencies of the tension insulator assembly. This paper presents a method and computational model for the evaluation of the optimum dynamic characteristics of Stockbridge dampers to be mounted near tension insulator assemblies. It also shows how the efficiency of a standard damper used in such spans may be improved by its proper location on a cable.
Cable vibration control with both lateral and rotational dampers attached at an intermediate location
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Lin; Sun, Limin; Nagarajaiah, Satish
Lateral dampers have been extensively studied and implemented for supplementing modal damping in cable vibration mitigation. When considering the cable flexural stiffness that is actually present, albeit small, there is another degree of freedom of the cable at the lateral damper, namely the rotation, that can be constrained by a rotational damper to achieve larger additional damping. This is of particular significance for long cables where the near-anchorage lateral damper alone is usually insufficient. The problem of a cable with bending stiffness, attached with both lateral and rotational dampers at an intermediate point, is therefore considered in this study. The characteristic equation of the resulting system is formulated by assembling the dynamic stiffness from the two segments divided by the damper, which is subsequently solved using argument principle method. Dynamics of the controlled system is thus discussed in general through parametric analysis. For the case where the damper location is close to the anchorage, asymptotic solutions for complex frequency and damping ratio are provided; explicit formulas for determining the optimal damper coefficients are also derived. It is found that when the lateral and rotational damper coefficients are properly balanced, the proposed strategy can achieve up to 30 percent damping enhancement compared to the case with only the lateral damper, in practical cable bending stiffness range.
a New Active Control Strategy for Wind-Turbine Blades Under Off-Design Conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Ri-Kui; Wu, Jie-Zhi; Chen, Shi-Yi
A new active control strategy for wind-turbine blades under off-design conditions has been investigated in this paper. According to our previous work, in comparison with the traditional straight leading-edge blade, a new kind of bionic blades with a sinusoidal leading edge can significantly enhance the turbine's power output at high speed inflows. However, the wavy leading-edge shape is unfavorable under the design operating conditions since an early boundary-layer separation is inevitable for a wind-turbine blade because of the geometric disturbances of the leading-edge tubercles. But for the present active control, the deflect in wavy leading-edge blades can be eliminated by introducing a series of small flat delta wings as the control units, since delta wings can also generate powerful leading-edge vortices. As a preliminary test, our numerical results show that, the shaft-torque fluctuation in the turbine's stall region can be improved from 27.8% for a straight leading-edge blade (no control) to 8.9% for the present active control; and by adjusting the control parameters, the control units nearly have not any negative effect on the blade's shaft torque under the design conditions. We believe that, as an auxiliary tool of the conventional control strategies, the present active control approach may be favorable to generate a more stable and more controllable power output for wind turbines under all operating conditions (even in the yawed inflows).
Active region plasma outflows as sources of slow/intermediate solar wind
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
van Driel-Gesztelyi, Lidia M.
L. van Driel-Gesztelyi (1,2,3), D. Baker (1), P. Démoulin (2), Culhane, J.L. (1), M.L. DeRosa (4) C.H. Mandrini (5,6), D.H. Brooks (7), A.N. Fazakerley (1), L.K. Harra (1), L. Zhao (7), T.H. Zurbuchen (7), F.A. Nuevo (5,6), A.M. Vásquez (5,6), G.D. Cristiani (5,6) M. Pick (2)1) UCL/MSSL, UK, (2) Paris Observatory, LESIA, CNRS, France, (3) Konkoly Observatory, Hungary, (4) Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, USA, (5) IAFE, CONICET-UBA, Argentina (6) FCEN, UBA, Argentina (7) Dept. of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, USAWe analyse plasma upflows of tens of km/s from the edges of solar active regions discovered by Hinode/EIS and investigate whether or not they become outflows, i.e. find their way into the solar wind. We analyse two magnetic configurations: bipolar and quadrupolar and find that the active region plasma may be directly channeled into the solar wind via interchange reconnection at a high-altitude null point above the active region especially when active regions are located besides coronal holes or in a more complex way via multiple reconnections even from under a closed helmet streamer. We relate the solar observations to in-situ slow/intermediate solar wind streams.
The Damper Spring Unit of the Sentinel 1 Solar Array
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Doejaaren, Frans; Ellenbroek, Marcel
The Damper Spring Unit (DSU, see Figure 1) has been designed to provide the damping required to control the deployment speed of the spring driven solar array deployment in an ARA Mk3 or FRED based Solar Array in situations where the standard application of a damper at the root-hinge is not feasible. The unit consists of four major parts: a main bracket, an eddy current damper, a spring unit, an actuation pulley which is coupled via Kevlar cables to a synchro-pulley of a hinge. The damper slows down the deployment speed and prevents deployment shocks at deployment completion. The spring unit includes 4 springs which overcome the resistances of the damper and the specific DSU control cable loop. This means it can be added to any spring driven deployment system without major modifications of that system. Engineering models of the Sentinel 1 solar array wing have been built to identify the deployment behavior, and to help to determine the optimal pulley ratios of the solar array and to finalize the DSU design. During the functional tests, the behavior proved to be very sensitive for the alignment of the DSU. This was therefore monitored carefully during the qualification program, especially prior to the TV cold testing. During TV "Cold" testing the measured retarding torque exceeded the max. required value: 284 N-mm versus the required 247 N-mm. Although this requirement was not met, the torque balance analysis shows that the 284 N-mm can be accepted, because the spring unit can provide 1.5 times more torque than required. Some functional tests of the DSU have been performed without the eddy current damper attached. It provided input data for the ADAMS solar array wing model. Simulation of the Sentinel-1 deployment (including DSU) in ADAMS allowed the actual wing deployment tests to be limited in both complexity and number of tests. The DSU for the Sentinel-1 solar array was successfully qualified and the flight models are in production.
Disk-driven hydromagnetic winds as a key ingredient of active galactic nuclei unification schemes
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Konigl, Arieh; Kartje, John F.
Centrifugally driven winds from the surfaces of magnetized accretion disks have been recognized as an attractive mechanism of removing the angular momentum of the accreted matter and of producing the bipolar outflows and jets that are often associated with compact astronomical objects. As previously suggested in the context of young stellar objects, such winds have unique observational manifestations stemming from their highly stratified density and velocity structure and from their exposure to the strong continuum radiation field of the compact object. We have applied this scenario to active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and investigated the properties of hydromagnetic outflows that originate within approximately 10(M(sub 8)) pc of the central 10(exp 8)(M(sub 8)) solar mass black hole. On the basis of our results, we propose that hydromagnetic disk-driven winds may underlie the classification of broad-line and narrow-line AGNs (e.g., the Seyfert 1/Seyfert 2 dichotomy) as well as the apparent dearth of luminous Seyfert 2 galaxies. More generally, we demonstrate that such winds could strongly influence the spectral characteristics of Seyfert galaxies, QSOs, and BL Lac objects (BLOs). In our picture, the torus is identified with the outer regions of the wind where dust uplifted from the disk surfaces by gas-grain collisions is embedded in the outflow. Using an efficient radiative transfer code, we show that the infrared emission of Seyfert galaxies and QSOs can be attributed to the reprocessing of the UV/soft X-ray AGN continuum by the dust in the wind and the disk. We demonstrate that the radiation pressure force flattens the dust distribution in objects with comparatively high (but possibly sub-Eddington) bolometric luminosities, and we propose this as one likely reason for the apparent paucity of narrow-line objects among certain high-luminosity AGNs. Using the XSTAR photoionization code, we show that the inner regions of the wind could naturally account for the warm
Self-similar signature of the active solar corona within the inertial range of solar-wind turbulence.
Kiyani, K; Chapman, S C; Hnat, B; Nicol, R M
We quantify the scaling of magnetic energy density in the inertial range of solar-wind turbulence seen in situ at 1 AU with respect to solar activity. At solar maximum, when the coronal magnetic field is dynamic and topologically complex, we find self-similar scaling in the solar wind, whereas at solar minimum, when the coronal fields are more ordered, we find multifractality. This quantifies the solar-wind signature that is of direct coronal origin and distinguishes it from that of local MHD turbulence, with quantitative implications for coronal heating of the solar wind. PMID:17677760
Health monitoring of fluid dampers for vibration control of structures: experimental investigation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Konstantinidis, Dimitrios; Makris, Nicos; Kelly, James M.
This paper presents results from a comprehensive experimental program on medium-size and large-size fluid dampers in an effort to extract their force output during cyclic loading by simply measuring the strain on the damper housing and the end-spacer. The paper first discusses the stress path within the damper and subsequently via the use of linear elasticity shows that the experimental data obtained with commercially available strain gauges yield a force output of the damper that is in good agreement with the readings from the load cell. The paper then examines the performance of a portable data acquisition system that can be used to collect and transmit data from a damper installed on a bridge to a nearby location. The data show that the proposed arrangement is promising for monitoring in-situ the force output of fluid dampers and detecting possible loss of their energy dissipation capability.
Experimental development and control of magnetorheological damper towards smart energy absorption of composite structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lim, Shen Hin; Prusty, B. Gangadhara; Lee, Ann; Yeoh, Guan Heng
Experimental investigation and efficient control of magnetorheological (MR) damper towards smart energy absorption of composite structures are presented in this paper. The evaluation of an existing MR damper based on the damping force presented in our earlier work is limited by the experiment configuration setup. Using two arms configuration, an experimental test rig is designed to overcome this limitation and enabled the MR damper to be investigated throughout its full velocity range capability. A controller is then developed based on the MR damper investigation to provide automated variable control of induced current with a set crushing force and available data of composite tube crushing force. The controller is assessed numerically and shows that MR damper is controlled to provide consistent crushing force despite oscillation from the composite tube crushing force. This, thus, shows promise of MR damper integration towards smart energy absorption of composite structures.
Specification of Flow Conditions in the Mathematical Model of Hydraulic Damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Svoboda, Rudolf; Škliba, Jan; Matějec, Radek
Hydraulic dampers represent one of the basic instruments for absorption of vibration in dynamic systems. The damper is substituted either by its hydraulic velocity characteristic, or directly by a mathematical model as a dynamic subsystem. The standard damper model does not provide satisfactory results especially those concerning the strokes of all four damper valves. To improve these results it is necessary to simulate the flows through valves more precisely and, last but not least, to set adequately correct values to all essential parameters of both mechanical and hydraulic parts of the damper. In the paper is presented a new, corrected formula for discharge flow coefficients based on the measurements of flow characteristics of throttle elements of the damper with constant as well as variable slot width. The experimental equipment used for identification process is described as well.
Aeroservoelastic wind-tunnel investigations using the Active Flexible Wing Model: Status and recent accomplishments
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Noll, Thomas E.; Perry, Boyd, III; Tiffany, Sherwood H.; Cole, Stanley R.; Buttrill, Carey S.; Adams, William M., Jr.; Houck, Jacob A.; Srinathkumar, S.; Mukhopadhyay, Vivek; Pototzky, Anthony S.
The status of the joint NASA/Rockwell Active Flexible Wing Wind-Tunnel Test Program is described. The objectives are to develop and validate the analysis, design, and test methodologies required to apply multifunction active control technology for improving aircraft performance and stability. Major tasks include designing digital multi-input/multi-output flutter-suppression and rolling-maneuver-load alleviation concepts for a flexible full-span wind-tunnel model, obtaining an experimental data base for the basic model and each control concept and providing comparisons between experimental and analytical results to validate the methodologies. The opportunity is provided to improve real-time simulation techniques and to gain practical experience with digital control law implementation procedures.
A nonlinear kinematic and dynamic modeling of Macpherson suspension systems with a magneto-rheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dutta, Saikat; Choi, Seung-Bok
It is well known that Macpherson strut suspension systems are widely used in light and medium weight vehicles. The performance of these suspension systems can be enriched by incorporating magneto-rheological (MR) dampers and an appropriate dynamic model is required in order to find out the ride comfort and other performances properly in the sense of practical environment conditions. Therefore, in this work the kinematic and dynamic modeling of Macpherson strut suspension system with MR damper is presented and its responses are evaluated. The governing equations are formulated using the kinematic properties of the suspension system and adopting Lagrange's equation. In the formulation of the model, both the rotation of the wheel assembly and the lateral stiffness of the tire are considered to represent the nonlinear characteristic of Macpherson type suspension system. The formulated mathematical model is then compared with equivalent conventional quarter car suspension model and the different dynamic responses such as the displacement of the sprung mass are compared to emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed model. Additionally, in this work the important kinematic properties of suspension system such as camber angle, king-pin angle and track width alteration, which cannot be obtained from conventional quarter car suspension model, are evaluated in time and frequency domains. Finally, vibration control responses of the proposed suspension system are presented in time and frequency domains which are achieved from the semi-active sky-hook controller.
Experimental Results from the Active Aeroelastic Wing Wind Tunnel Test Program
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Heeg, Jennifer; Spain, Charles V.; Florance, James R.; Wieseman, Carol D.; Ivanco, Thomas G.; DeMoss, Joshua; Silva, Walter A.; Panetta, Andrew; Lively, Peter; Tumwa, Vic
The Active Aeroelastic Wing (AAW) program is a cooperative effort among NASA, the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Boeing Company, encompassing flight testing, wind tunnel testing and analyses. The objective of the AAW program is to investigate the improvements that can be realized by exploiting aeroelastic characteristics, rather than viewing them as a detriment to vehicle performance and stability. To meet this objective, a wind tunnel model was crafted to duplicate the static aeroelastic behavior of the AAW flight vehicle. The model was tested in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel in July and August 2004. The wind tunnel investigation served the program goal in three ways. First, the wind tunnel provided a benchmark for comparison with the flight vehicle and various levels of theoretical analyses. Second, it provided detailed insight highlighting the effects of individual parameters upon the aeroelastic response of the AAW vehicle. This parameter identification can then be used for future aeroelastic vehicle design guidance. Third, it provided data to validate scaling laws and their applicability with respect to statically scaled aeroelastic models.
Aquarius geophysical model function and combined active passive algorithm for ocean surface salinity and wind retrieval
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yueh, Simon; Tang, Wenqing; Fore, Alexander; Hayashi, Akiko; Song, Yuhe T.; Lagerloef, Gary
This paper describes the updated Combined Active-Passive (CAP) retrieval algorithm for simultaneous retrieval of surface salinity and wind from Aquarius' brightness temperature and radar backscatter. Unlike the algorithm developed by Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), implemented in the Aquarius Data Processing System (ADPS) to produce Aquarius standard products, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's CAP algorithm does not require monthly climatology SSS maps for the salinity retrieval. Furthermore, the ADPS-RSS algorithm fully uses the National Center for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) wind for data correction, while the CAP algorithm uses the NCEP wind only as a constraint. The major updates to the CAP algorithm include the galactic reflection correction, Faraday rotation, Antenna Pattern Correction, and geophysical model functions of wind or wave impacts. Recognizing the limitation of geometric optics scattering, we improve the modeling of the reflection of galactic radiation; the results are better salinity accuracy and significantly reduced ascending-descending bias. We assess the accuracy of CAP's salinity by comparison with ARGO monthly gridded salinity products provided by the Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center (APDRC) and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). The RMS differences between Aquarius CAP and APDRC's or JAMSTEC's ARGO salinities are less than 0.2 psu for most parts of the ocean, except for the regions in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, near the outflow of major rivers and at high latitudes.
Spacecraft observations of the interaction of active comets with the solar wind
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Neugebauer, M.
Six spacecraft encountered two comets during 1985 and 1986, obtaining a wealth of data relative to the plasma processes at work in the interaction of an active comet with the solar wind. A review of what space plasma scientists have learned from these data and of their interpretations is presented. The interaction process begins millions of kilometers from the nucleus where the solar wind first picks up cometary ions that slow down the wind and causes the interplanetary magnetic field to pile up and drape around the comet's ionosphere. Thus the geometry of a comet's plasma tail is defined by this draped field. At Halley the Giotto spacecraft noted a well-defined boundary separating the mixture of solar wind and cometary plasmas and the interplanetary magnetic field from the free-field, almost pure cometary plasma in the inner coma. Additional unexpected features in the inner coma were a flux of fast 'granddaughter' ions and high densities of negative ions. Further details covering pickup ions and plasma waves, mass loading, bow shock, energetic particles, the cometosheath, the ionopause, the plasma tail, and the field-free region are provided.
Plasma outflows at the border of active regions and the solar wind
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nuevo, F. A.; Mandrini, C. H.; Vásquez, A. M.; Deumoulin, P.; Van Driel-Gesztely, L.; Baker, D.; Cristiani, G. D.; Pick, M.; Culhane, J. L.
We present a detailed topological analysis of active region (AR) 10978; based on a Potential Field Source Surface (PFSS) model. AR 10978 is a standard bipolar region which appears fully covered by the magnetic field lines of a coronal streamer. Despite this simple magnetic configuration; our analysis shows that it is possible for the AR plasma; contained in the outflows observed at the AR borders; to be released into the solar wind via magnetic reconnection.
Aeroelastic modeling of the active flexible wing wind-tunnel model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Silva, Walter A.; Heeg, Jennifer; Bennett, Robert M.
The primary issues involved in the generation of linear, state-space equations of motion of a flexible wind tunnel model, the Active Flexible Wing (AFW), are discussed. The codes that were used and their inherent assumptions and limitations are also briefly discussed. The application of the CAP-TSD code to the AFW for determination of the model's transonic flutter boundary is included as well.
Robust Multivariable Flutter Suppression for the Benchmark Active Control Technology (BACT) Wind-Tunnel Model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Waszak, Martin R.
The Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) project is part of NASA Langley Research Center s Benchmark Models Program for studying transonic aeroelastic phenomena. In January of 1996 the BACT wind-tunnel model was used to successfully demonstrate the application of robust multivariable control design methods (H and -synthesis) to flutter suppression. This paper addresses the design and experimental evaluation of robust multivariable flutter suppression control laws with particular attention paid to the degree to which stability and performance robustness was achieved.
Wind for Schools: A National Data and Curricula Development Activity for Schools (Poster)
Baring-Gould, I.
As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America?s Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by: 1) Developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school wind turbines and participate in wind courses. 2) Installing small wind turbines at community 'host' schools. 3) Implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school.
Higher Order Mode Damper Study of the 56 MHz SRF Cavity
Choi,E.; Hahn, H.
This report summarizes the study on the higher order mode (HOM) damper for the 56 MHz SRF cavity. The Q factors and frequencies of the HOMs with the HOM damper are measured and compared to the simulation. The high pass filter prototype for rejecting the fundamental mode is designed and tested. The filter measurement is also compared to the simulation. Based on the measurement, a new location of the HOM damper is chosen.
Phase Advance for Wideband Dampers With Notch Filters
McGinnis, Dave; /Fermilab
Consider a simple damper system shown in Figure 1. The phase advance between pickup and kicker is {phi}{sub k}. Assume a particle passes through the pickup at time t=0 with a complex betatron amplitude: {rvec A}{sub pu} = A{sub o}. When the particle passes through the kicker, the betatron amplitude of the particle will be: {rvec A}{sub kr} = A{sub o}e{sup j{phi}k}. Assume that the damper is timed so that the delay through the electronics matches the time of flight for the particle between pickup to kicker. The difference in phase between the kicker betatron amplitude and the pickup amplitude must be: arg({rvec A}{sub kr})-arg({rvec A}{sub pu}) = (2n + 1) {pi}/2 and {phi}{sub k} = (2n+1) {pi}/2 because the pickup measures the position and the kicker corrects an angle.
Hysteresis modeling and experimental validation of a magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bai, Xian-Xu; Chen, Peng; Qian, Li-Jun; Zhu, An-Ding
In this paper, for modeling the MR dampers, based on the phenomenological model, a normalized phenomenological model is derived through incorporating a "normalization" concept and a restructured model is proposed and realized also with incorporation of the "normalization" concept. In order to demonstrate, a multi-islands genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to identify the parameters of the restructured model, the normalized phenomenological model as well as the phenomenological model. The research results indicate that, as compared with the phenomenological model and the normalized phenomenological model, (1) the restructured model not only can effectively decrease the number of the model parameters and reduce the complexity of the model, but also can describe the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of MR dampers more accurately, and (2) the normalized phenomenological model can improve the model efficiency as compared with the phenomenological model, although not as good as the restructured model.
Stability of a dual-spin satellite with two dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Alfriend, K. T.; Hubert, C. H.
The rotational stability of a dual-spin satellite consisting of a main body and a symmetric rotor, both spinning about a common axis, is investigated. The main body is equipped with a spring-mass damper, while a partially filled viscous ring damper is mounted on the rapidly spinning rotor. The effect of fluid motion on the rotational stability of the satellite is calculated, considering the fluid as a single particle moving in a tube with viscous damping. Time constants are obtained by solving approximate equations of motion for the nutation-synchronous and the spin-synchronous modes, and the results are found to agree well with the numerical integrations of the exact equations. A limit cycle may exist for some configurations; the nutation angle tends to increase in such cases.
Cryogenic wind tunnel activities at the University of Southampton. [flow visusalization technique for low speed wind tunnel tests
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Goodyer, M. J.
The characteristics and behavior of a 0.3m transonic cryogenic wind tunnel are discussed. The wide band of usable Reynolds numbers is analyzed along with a flow visualization technique using propane. The combination of magnetic suspension with the cryogenic wind tunnel is described. An outline of the circuit showing the locations of the magnet system and the features of the tunnel are presented.
A comparative analysis of passive twin tube and skyhook MRF dampers for motorcycle front suspensions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmadian, Mehdi; Gravatt, John
A comparative analysis between conventional passive twin tube dampers and skyhook-controlled magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) dampers for motorcycle front suspensions is provided, based on single axis testing in a damper test rig and suspension performance testing in road trials. Performance motorcycles, while boasting extremely light suspension components and competition-ready performance, have an inherent weakness in comfort, as the suspension systems are designed primarily for racing purposes. Front suspension acceleration and shock loading transmit directly through the front suspension triple clamp into the rider's arms and shoulders, causing rapid fatigue in shoulder muscles. Magneto-rheological fluid dampers and skyhook control systems offer an alternative to conventional sport motorcycle suspensions - both performance and comfort can be combined in the same package. Prototype MRF dampers designed and manufactured specifically for this application require no more space than conventional twin tube designs while adding only 1.7 pounds total weight to the system. The MRF dampers were designed for high controllability and low power consumption, two vital considerations for a motorcycle application. The tests conducted include the dampers' force-velocity curve testing in a damper test rig and suspension performance based on damper position, velocity, and acceleration measurement. Damper test rig results show the MRF dampers have a far greater range of adjustability than the test vehicle's OEM dampers. Combined with a modified sky-hook control system, the MRF dampers can greatly decrease the acceleration and shock loading transmitted to the rider through the handlebars while contributing performance in manners such as anti-dive under braking. Triple clamp acceleration measurements from a variety of staged road conditions, such as sinusoidal wave inputs, will be compared to subjective test-rider field reports to establish a correlation between rider fatigue and the
Unsteady flow damping force prediction of MR dampers subjected to sinusoidal loading
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yu, M.; Wang, S. Q.; Fu, J.; Peng, Y. X.
So far quasi-steady models are usually used to design magnetorheological (MR) dampers, but these models are not sufficient to describe the MR damper behavior under unsteady dynamic loading, for fluid inertia is neglected in quasi-steady models, which will bring more error between computer simulation and experimental results. Under unsteady flow model, the fluid inertia terms will bring error calculated upto 10%, so it is necessary to be considered in the governing equation. In this paper, force-stroke behavior of MR damper with flow mode due to sinusoidal loading excitation is mainly investigated, to simplify the analysis, the one-dimensional axisymmetric annular duct geometry of MR dampers is approximated as a rectangular duct. The rectangular duct can be divided into 3 regions for the velocity profile of the incompressible MR fluid flow, in each region, a partial differential equation is composed of by Navier-Stokes equations, boundary conditions and initial conditions to determine the velocity solution. In addition, in this work, not only Bingham plastic model but the Herschel—Bulkley model is adopted to analyze the MR damper performance. The damping force resulting from the pressure drop of unsteady MR dampers can be obtained and used to design or size MR dampers. Compared with the quasi-steady flow damping force, the damping force of unsteady MR dampers is more close to practice, particularly for the high-speed unsteady movement of MR dampers.
Design and experiments of a novel magneto-rheological damper featuring bifold flow mode
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Kyongsol; Chen, Zhaobo; Yu, Dong; Rim, Changhyon
This study presents design and fabrication of a novel magneto-rheological (MR) damper with bifold flow mode gap to improve damping performance. The proposed MR damper is featured by inner flow mode gap connected to the outer flow mode gap through the feedback hole. A mathematical model of the damping force is established for the proposed MR damper and the magnetic circuit has been analyzed with the finite element method, which is used to validate the principle of the proposed MR damper. A conventional MR damper is fabricated with the same dimensions (radius, length) of the piston and is experimentally compared to confirm advantages of the proposed MR damper. The mechanical performance of the proposed MR damper is experimentally investigated and compared with the results by mathematical model and finite element analysis. The research results show that the controllable damping force and equivalent damping of the MR damper with bifold flow mode gap are much larger than those of the conventional MR damper.
A novel form of damper for turbo-machinery
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Brown, R. D.; Hart, J. A.
Anti-swirl vanes are used by some manufacturers to delay the full development of half speed circulation in annular clearance spaces. The objective is to reduce the aerodynamic cross-coupling in the forward direction. The novel feature of a jet damper is a number of tangential nozzles discharging against the rotor surface speed. Some preliminary results on a 33.9 Kg rotor demonstrate that significant reductions in amplitude are obtained at the synchronous critical speeds.
Vibration mitigation for wind-induced jitter for the Giant Magellan Telescope
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Glaese, Roger M.; Sheehan, Michael
The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) is a planned large terrestrial telescope with a segmented primary mirror with a 24.5 meter overall diameter. Like most terrestrial telescopes, the GMT resides within an enclosure designed to protect the telescope from the elements and to reduce the effects of wind on the optical performance of the telescope. Wind impingement on the telescope causes static deformation and vibration in the telescope structure that affects the alignment and image jitter performance of the telescope. Actively controlled primary mirror segments and a secondary mirror can correct for the static and low frequency portions of the wind effects, but typically the actuators do not have the bandwidth to address higher frequency components of the wind environment. Preliminary analyses on the GMT indicate that the image jitter associated with wind effects meets budgeted allowances but without much margin. Preliminary models show that the bulk of the residual jitter arises from excitation of a small number of modes in the 9 to 12 Hz range. Therefore, as a risk mitigation effort to increase the margin on the wind induced jitter, passive and active vibration mitigation approaches have been examined for the GMT, which will be the focus of this paper. Using a finite element model of the GMT along with wind loading load cases, several passive and active vibration mitigation approaches were analyzed. These approaches include passive approaches such as tuned mass dampers targeting the worst offending modes, and constrained layer damping targeting all of the modes within the troublesome frequency range. Active approaches evaluated include two active damping approaches, one using several reaction mass actuators and the other using active strut type actuators. The results of the study show that although all approaches are successful in reducing the jitter, the active damping approach using reaction mass actuators offers the lightest weight, least implementation impact
A novel magnetorheological damper based parallel planar manipulator design
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hoyle, A.; Arzanpour, S.; Shen, Y.
This paper presents a novel parallel planar robot design which is low cost and simple in structure. The design addresses some of the problems, such as concentration of excessive load on the links and joints, due to wrong commanding signals being given by the controller. In this application two of the conventional actuators are replaced by magnetorheological (MR) dampers, and only one actuator is used to generate motion. The design paradigm is based on the concept that a moving object 'intuitively' follows the path with minimum resistance to its motion. This implies that virtual adoptable constraints can be used effectively to define motion trajectories. In fact, motion generation and adaptive constraints are two elements essential to implementing this strategy. In this paper, MR dampers are used to provide adjustable constraints and to guide the platform that is moved by the linear motor. The model of the MR dampers is derived using the Bouc-Wen model. This model is then used for manipulator simulation and controller design. Two controllers are developed for this manipulator: (1) a closed loop on/off one and (2) a proportional-derivative controller. Also, three different trajectories are defined and used for both the simulations and experiments. The results indicate a good agreement between the simulations and experiments. The experimental results also demonstrate the capability of the manipulator for following sophisticated trajectories.
Fabrication and testing of an energy-harvesting hydraulic damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Chuan; Tse, Peter W.
Hydraulic dampers are widely used to dissipate energy during vibration damping. In this paper, an energy-harvesting hydraulic damper is proposed for collecting energy while simultaneously damping vibration. Under vibratory excitation, the flow of hydraulic oil inside the cylinder of the damper is converted into amplified rotation via a hydraulic motor, whose output shaft is connected to an electromagnetic generator capable of harvesting a large amount of energy. In this way, the vibration is damped by both oil viscosity and the operation of an electrical mechanism. An electromechanical model is presented to illustrate both the electrical and mechanical responses of the system. A three-stage identification approach is introduced to facilitate the model parameter identification using cycle-loading experiments. A prototype device is developed and characterized in a test rig. The maximum power harvested during the experiments was 435.1 W (m s-1)-1, using a predefined harmonic excitation with an amplitude of 0.02 m, a frequency of 0.8 Hz, and an optimal resistance of 2 Ω. Comparison of the experimental and computational results confirmed the effectiveness of both the electromechanical model and the three-stage identification approach in realizing the proposed design.
Fukumura, Keigo; Kazanas, Demosthenes; Behar, Ehud
We present the two-dimensional ionization structure of self-similar magnetohydrodynamic winds off accretion disks around and irradiated by a central X-ray point source. On the basis of earlier observational clues and theoretical arguments, we focus our attention on a subset of these winds, namely those with radial density dependence n(r) {proportional_to} 1/r (r is the spherical radial coordinate). We employ the photoionization code XSTAR to compute the ionic abundances of a large number of ions of different elements and then compile their line-of-sight (LOS) absorption columns. We focus our attention on the distribution of the column density of the various ions as a function of the ionization parameter {xi} (or equivalently r) and the angle {theta}. Particular attention is paid to the absorption measure distribution (AMD), namely their hydrogen-equivalent column per logarithmic {xi} interval, dN{sub H}/dlog {xi}, which provides a measure of the winds' radial density profiles. For the chosen density profile n(r) {proportional_to} 1/r, the AMD is found to be independent of {xi}, in good agreement with its behavior inferred from the X-ray spectra of several active galactic nuclei (AGNs). For the specific wind structure and X-ray spectrum, we also compute detailed absorption line profiles for a number of ions to obtain their LOS velocities, v {approx} 100-300 km s{sup -1} (at log {xi} {approx} 2-3) for Fe XVII and v {approx} 1000-4000 km s{sup -1} (at log {xi} {approx} 4-5) for Fe XXV, in good agreement with the observation. Our models describe the X-ray absorption properties of these winds with only two parameters, namely the mass-accretion rate m-dot and the LOS angle {theta}. The probability of obscuration of the X-ray ionizing source in these winds decreases with increasing m-dot and increases steeply with the LOS inclination angle {theta}. As such, we concur with previous authors that these wind configurations, viewed globally, incorporate all the requisite
Application of piezoelectric active-sensors for SHM of wind turbine blades
Park, Gyuhae; Taylor, Stuart G.; Farinholt, Kevin M; Farrar, Charles R
The goal of this study is to characterize the dynamic response of a CX-100 wind blade and the design parameters of SHM techniques as they apply to wind turbine blades, and to investigate the performance of high-frequency active-sensing SHM techniques, including lamb wave and frequency response functions, as a way to monitor the health of a wind turbine blade. The results of the dynamic characterization will be used to validate a numerical model and understand the effect of structural damage on the performance of the blades. The focus of SHM study is to assess and compare the performance of each method in identifying incipient damage, with a special consideration given to field deployability. For experiments, a 9-m CX-100 blade was used. Overall, the methods yielded sufficient damage detection to warrant further investigation into field deployment. This paper also summarizes the SHM results of a full-scale fatigue test of 9-m CX-100 blade using piezoelectric active-sensors.
Some experiences using wind-tunnel models in active control studies. [minimization of aeroelastic response
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Doggett, R. V., Jr.; Abel, I.; Ruhlin, C. L.
A status report and review of wind tunnel model experimental techniques that have been developed to study and validate the use of active control technology for the minimization of aeroelastic response are presented. Modeling techniques, test procedures, and data analysis methods used in three model studies are described. The studies include flutter mode suppression on a delta-wing model, flutter mode suppression and ride quality control on a 1/30-size model of the B-52 CCV airplane, and an active lift distribution control system on a 1/22 size C-5A model.
Computational studies of the effects of active and passive circulation enhancement concepts on wind turbine performance
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tongchitpakdee, Chanin
With the advantage of modern high speed computers, there has been an increased interest in the use of first-principles based computational approaches for the aerodynamic modeling of horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). Since these approaches are based on the laws of conservation (mass, momentum, and energy), they can capture much of the physics in great detail. The ability to accurately predict the airloads and power output can greatly aid the designers in tailoring the aerodynamic and aeroelastic features of the configuration. First-principles based analyses are also valuable for developing active means (e.g., circulation control), and passive means (e.g., Gurney flaps) of reducing unsteady blade loads, mitigating stall, and for efficient capture of wind energy leading to more electrical power generation. In this present study, the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine rotor equipped with circulation enhancement technology (trailing edge blowing or Gurney flaps) is investigated using a three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow analysis. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI horizontal axis wind turbine is chosen as the baseline configuration. Prior to its use in exploring these concepts, the flow solver is validated with the experimental data for the baseline case under yawed flow conditions. Results presented include radial distribution of normal and tangential forces, shaft torque, root flap moment, surface pressure distributions at selected radial locations, and power output. Results show that good agreement has been for a range of wind speeds and yaw angles, where the flow is attached. At high wind speeds, however, where the flow is fully separated, it was found that the fundamental assumptions behind this present methodology breaks down for the baseline turbulence model (Spalart-Allmaras model), giving less accurate results. With the implementation of advanced turbulence model, Spalart-Allmaras Detached Eddy Simulation (SA-DES), the
On the virialization of disk winds: Implications for the black hole mass estimates in active galactic nuclei
Kashi, Amit; Proga, Daniel; Nagamine, Kentaro; Greene, Jenny; Barth, Aaron J.
Estimating the mass of a supermassive black hole in an active galactic nucleus usually relies on the assumption that the broad line region (BLR) is virialized. However, this assumption seems to be invalid in BLR models that consist of an accretion disk and its wind. The disk is likely Keplerian and therefore virialized. However, beyond a certain point, the wind material must be dominated by an outward force that is stronger than gravity. Here, we analyze hydrodynamic simulations of four different disk winds: an isothermal wind, a thermal wind from an X-ray-heated disk, and two line-driven winds, one with and the other without X-ray heating and cooling. For each model, we determine whether gravity governs the flow properties by computing and analyzing the volume-integrated quantities that appear in the virial theorem: internal, kinetic, and gravitational energies. We find that in the first two models, the winds are non-virialized, whereas the two line-driven disk winds are virialized up to a relatively large distance. The line-driven winds are virialized because they accelerate slowly so that the rotational velocity is dominant and the wind base is very dense. For the two virialized winds, the so-called projected virial factor scales with inclination angle as 1/sin {sup 2} i. Finally, we demonstrate that an outflow from a Keplerian disk becomes unvirialized more slowly when it conserves the gas specific angular momentum, as in the models considered here, than when it conserves the angular velocity, as in the so-called magneto-centrifugal winds.
Performance of viscoelastic dampers (VED) under various temperatures and application of magnetorheological dampers (MRD) for seismic control of structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bhatti, Abdul Qadir
A number of studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of viscoelastic dampers (VEDs) and magnetorheological dampers (MRDs) in controlling the seismic response of buildings, but very few of them regarding the effect of temperature on the behavior of those dampers. The energy absorption properties of the VEDs are dependent on the ambient temperature, excitation frequency and strain amplitude. Several mathematical models have been investigated for reproducing the experimental behavior of single degree of freedom VEDs and MEDs. Of these, only the fractional derivative model can reflect the influence of temperature which is, however, so complex that it is difficult to apply in structural analysis. In order to verify the effect of temperature, two case studies of structural element have been conducted: once using VED and once using MRD. Kelvin-Voigt mathematical model applied, they were investigated and after analyzing the results, the force vs. displacement showed that MRD achieved a high force capacity and a better performance than VED. Furthermore, the effect of the temperature in case of VED observed via plotting the dissipated energy hysteresis at different temperatures. These results validate the effect of the temperature as the lower the temperature the more viscous the dashpot element becomes, hence improving damping, but this is up to a specific low temperature.
Exact H2 optimal tuning and experimental verification of energy-harvesting series electromagnetic tuned mass dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Yilun; Zuo, Lei; Lin, Chi-Chang; Parker, Jason
Energy-harvesting series electromagnetic tuned mass dampers (EMTMDs) have been recently proposed for dual-functional energy harvesting and robust vibration control by integrating the tuned mass damper (TMD) and electromagnetic shunted resonant damping. In this paper, we derive ready-to-use analytical tuning laws for the energy-harvesting series EMTMD system when the primary structure is subjected to force or ground excitations, like wind loads or earthquakes. Both vibration mitigation and energy harvesting performances are optimized using H2 criteria to minimize root-mean-square values of the deformation of the primary structure, or maximize the average harvestable power. These analytical tuning laws can easily guide the design of series EMTMDs under various ambient loadings. Later, extensive numerical analysis is presented to show the effectiveness of the series EMTMDs. The numerical analysis shows that the series EMTMD is superior to mitigate the vibration of the primary structure nearly across the whole frequency spectrum, as compared to that of classic TMDs. Simultaneously, the series EMTMD can better harvest the energy due to broader bandwidth effect. Beyond simulations, this paper also experimentally verifies the effectiveness of the energy-harvesting series electromagnetic TMDs in both vibration mitigation and energy harvesting.
Transient flows of the solar wind associated with small-scale solar activity in solar minimum
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Slemzin, Vladimir; Veselovsky, Igor; Kuzin, Sergey; Gburek, Szymon; Ulyanov, Artyom; Kirichenko, Alexey; Shugay, Yulia; Goryaev, Farid
The data obtained by the modern high sensitive EUV-XUV telescopes and photometers such as CORONAS-Photon/TESIS and SPHINX, STEREO/EUVI, PROBA2/SWAP, SDO/AIA provide good possibilities for studying small-scale solar activity (SSA), which is supposed to play an important role in heating of the corona and producing transient flows of the solar wind. During the recent unusually weak solar minimum, a large number of SSA events, such as week solar flares, small CMEs and CME-like flows were observed and recorded in the databases of flares (STEREO, SWAP, SPHINX) and CMEs (LASCO, CACTUS). On the other hand, the solar wind data obtained in this period by ACE, Wind, STEREO contain signatures of transient ICME-like structures which have shorter duration (<10h), weaker magnetic field strength (<10 nT) and lower proton temperature than usual ICMEs. To verify the assumption that ICME-like transients may be associated with the SSA events we investigated the number of weak flares of C-class and lower detected by SPHINX in 2009 and STEREO/EUVI in 2010. The flares were classified on temperature and emission measure using the diagnostic means of SPHINX and Hinode/EIS and were confronted with the parameters of the solar wind (velocity, density, ion composition and temperature, magnetic field, pitch angle distribution of the suprathermal electrons). The outflows of plasma associated with the flares were identified by their coronal signatures - CMEs (only in few cases) and dimmings. It was found that the mean parameters of the solar wind projected to the source surface for the times of the studied flares were typical for the ICME-like transients. The results support the suggestion that weak flares can be indicators of sources of transient plasma flows contributing to the slow solar wind at solar minimum, although these flows may be too weak to be considered as separate CMEs and ICMEs. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Programme
Spaced-antenna wind estimation using an X-band active phased-array weather radar
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Venkatesh, Vijay
Over the past few decades, several single radar methods have been developed to probe the kinematic structure of storms. All these methods trade angular-resolution to retrieve the wind-field. To date, the spaced-antenna method has been employed for profiling the ionosphere and the precipitation free lower atmosphere. This work focuses on applying the spaced-antenna method on an X-band active phased-array radar for high resolution horizontal wind-field retrieval from precipitation echoes. The ability to segment the array face into multiple displaced apertures allows for flexible spaced-antenna implementations. The methodology employed herein comprises of Monte-Carlo simulations to optimize the spaced-antenna system design and analysis of real data collected with the designed phased-array system. The contribution that underpins this dissertation is the demonstration of qualitative agreement between spaced-antenna and Doppler beam swinging retrievals based on real data. First, simulations of backscattered electric fields at the antenna array elements are validated using theoretical expressions. Based on the simulations, the degrees of freedom in the spaced-antenna system design are optimized for retrieval of mean baseline wind. We show that the designed X-band spaced-antenna system has lower retrieval uncertainty than the existing S-band spaced-antenna implementation on the NWRT. This is because of the flexibility to synthesize small overlapping apertures and the ability to obtain statistically independent samples at a faster rate at X-band. We then demonstrate a technique to make relative phase-center displacement measurements based on simulations and real data from the phased-array spaced-antenna system. This simple method uses statistics of precipitation echoes and apriori beamwidth measurements to make field repeatable phase-center displacement measurements. Finally, we test the hypothesis that wind-field curvature effects are common to both the spaced-antenna and
Evidence of a Connection Between Active Region Outflows and the Solar Wind
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brooks, D. H.; Warren, H. P.
We present new evidence of a connection between active region (AR) outflows and the slow speed solar wind from chemical composition measurements made by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. By combining the differential emission measure (DEM) distribution derived using low First Ionization Potential (FIP) elements (Fe and Si) with the modeling of the high FIP element S, we are able to measure the degree of FIP bias in an observed region. We have applied this analysis to the outflow areas of AR 10978 observed in December 2007. Since the results of our study have already been presented by Brooks & Warren (2011), we use this short conference proceeding to show one illustrative example and the methodology in detail. We focus on the western outflow from AR 10978 observed on December 11 and show that the FIP bias of 3.4 matches the value of 3.5 measured in situ three days later at Earth by the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on the ACE spacecraft. We consider this to be compelling evidence that the plasma in the outflow region really travels to the slow wind at Earth.
Piezoelectric active sensing techniques for damage detection on wind turbine blades
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Park, Gyuhae; Farinholt, Kevin M.; Taylor, Stuart G.; Farrar, Charles R.
This paper presents the performance of a variety of structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, based on the use of piezoelectric active sensors, to determine the structural integrity of a 9m CX-100 wind turbine blade (developed by Sandia National Laboratory). First, the dynamic characterization of a CX-100 blade is performed using piezoelectric transducers, where the results are compared to those by conventional accelerometers. Several SHM techniques, including Lamb wave propagations, frequency response functions, and time series based methods are then utilized to analyze the condition of the wind turbine blade. The main focus of this research is to assess and construct a performance matrix to compare the performance of each method in identifying incipient damage, with a special consideration given the issues related to field deployment. Experiments are conducted on a stationary, full length CX-100 wind turbine blade. This examination is a precursor for planned full-scale fatigue testing of the blade and subsequent tests to be performed on an operational CX-100 Rotor Blade to be flown in the field.
Retrieval of Sea Surface Salinity and Wind from The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission Data
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yueh, S. H.; Fore, A.; Tang, W.; Hayashi, A.
NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, the first Earth Science Decadal Survey mission, was launched January 31, 2015 to provide high-resolution, frequent-revisit global mapping of soil moisture. SMAP has two instruments, a polarimetric radiometer and a multi-polarization synthetic aperture radar. Both instruments operate at L-band frequencies (~ 1GHz) and share a single 6-m rotating mesh antenna, producing a fixed incidence angle conical scan at 40⁰ across a 1000-km swath and a 2-3 day global revisit. The SMAP SSS and ocean surface wind retrieval algorithm developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory leverages the QuikSCAT and Aquarius algorithms to account for the two-look geometry (fore and aft looks from the conical scan) and dual-polarization observations for simultaneous retrieval of SSS and wind speed. The retrieval algorithm has been applied to more than three months of SMAP radiometer data. Comparison with the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) wind speed suggests that the SMAP wind speed reaches an accuracy of about 0.7 ms-1. The preliminary assessment of the SMAP SSS products gridded at 50 km spatial resolution and weekly intervals is promising. The spatial patterns of the SSS agree well with climatological distributions, but exhibit several unique spatial and temporal features. The temporal evolutions of freshwater plumes from several major rivers, such as the Amazon, Niger, Congo, Ganges, and Mississippi, are all consistent with the timing of rainy and dry seasons, indicated in the SMAP's soil moisture products. Rigorous accuracy assessment will be performed by comparison with in situ SSS data from buoys and ARGO floats. The SMAP evaluation products will be released to the public prior to November 2015.
Development of Optimal Viscous Dampers for RC Structures in Near Field Ground Motions
Puthanpurayil, Arun M.; Reynolds, Paul
Recent researches show that more than 50% of the economic loss in earthquakes is due to damage of non-structural elements: $8 billion loss in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and $18.5 billion in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. An approach to reduce the economic loss during a seismic event without compromising the structural safety aspect is to incorporate special mechanical devices like fluid viscous dampers in the parent structural system. A recent study carried out to assess the efficacy of viscous dampers in reducing nonstructural damage of low, medium and high rise structures shows that; linear dampers are well suited for low rise category whereas the medium and high rise category requires nonlinear dampers. In this paper an analytical approach is adopted to derive the optimal combination of damper design parameters for all the three categories of structure subjected to near field ground motion. Linear time history analysis by direct time integration was carried out for the linear viscous dampers, while the parameters of the nonlinear viscous dampers were obtained using nonlinear modal time history analysis (Fast Nonlinear analysis). The results of the study are presented in the form of a set of design curves which can be used for the initial selection of parameters for Damper design.
Design and performance evaluation of a rotary magnetorheological damper for unmanned vehicle suspension systems.
Lee, Jae-Hoon; Han, Changwan; Ahn, Dongsu; Lee, Jin Kyoo; Park, Sang-Hu; Park, Seonghun
We designed and validated a rotary magnetorheological (MR) damper with a specified damping torque capacity, an unsaturated magnetic flux density (MFD), and a high magnetic field intensity (MFI) for unmanned vehicle suspension systems. In this study, for the rotary type MR damper to have these satisfactory performances, the roles of the sealing location and the cover case curvature of the MR damper were investigated by using the detailed 3D finite element model to reflect asymmetrical shapes and sealing components. The current study also optimized the damper cover case curvature based on the MFD, the MFI, and the weight of the MR damper components. The damping torques, which were computed using the characteristic equation of the MR fluid and the MFI of the MR damper, were 239.2, 436.95, and 576.78 N·m at currents of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 A, respectively, at a disk rotating speed of 10 RPM. These predicted damping torques satisfied the specified damping torque of 475 N·m at 1.5 A and showed errors of less than 5% when compared to experimental measurements from the MR damper manufactured by the proposed design. The current study could play an important role in improving the performance of rotary type MR dampers. PMID:23533366
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Rotary Magnetorheological Damper for Unmanned Vehicle Suspension Systems
Lee, Jae-Hoon; Han, Changwan; Ahn, Dongsu; Lee, Jin Kyoo; Park, Sang-Hu; Park, Seonghun
We designed and validated a rotary magnetorheological (MR) damper with a specified damping torque capacity, an unsaturated magnetic flux density (MFD), and a high magnetic field intensity (MFI) for unmanned vehicle suspension systems. In this study, for the rotary type MR damper to have these satisfactory performances, the roles of the sealing location and the cover case curvature of the MR damper were investigated by using the detailed 3D finite element model to reflect asymmetrical shapes and sealing components. The current study also optimized the damper cover case curvature based on the MFD, the MFI, and the weight of the MR damper components. The damping torques, which were computed using the characteristic equation of the MR fluid and the MFI of the MR damper, were 239.2, 436.95, and 576.78 N·m at currents of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 A, respectively, at a disk rotating speed of 10 RPM. These predicted damping torques satisfied the specified damping torque of 475 N·m at 1.5 A and showed errors of less than 5% when compared to experimental measurements from the MR damper manufactured by the proposed design. The current study could play an important role in improving the performance of rotary type MR dampers. PMID:23533366
Viscous rotary vane actuator/damper. [for Mariner and Viking programs
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Harper, J. D.
A compact viscous rotary actuator/damper for use on the Mariner '71 and Viking Programs was developed. Several functions were combined into this single mechanism to control the deployment, latching, and damping of the solar panel arrays used on these space vehicles. The design, development, and testing of the actuator/damper are described, and major problems encountered are discussed.
Analytical modeling of a simple passive electromagnetic eddy current friction damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Amjadian, Mohsen; Agrawal, Anil K.
This paper presents analytical modeling of a novel type of passive friction damper for seismic hazard mitigation of structural systems. This seismic protective device, which is termed as Passive Electromagnetic Eddy Current Friction Damper (PEMECFD), utilizes a solid-friction mechanism in parallel with an eddy current damping system to dissipate a larger amount of input seismic energy than that by a device with based on solid friction only. In this passive damper, friction force is produced through a magnetic repulsive action between two permanent magnets (PMs) magnetized in the direction normal to the friction surface. The eddy current damping force in the damper is generated because of the motion of the PMS in the vicinity of a conductor. Friction and eddy current damping parts of the damper are able to produce ideal rectangular and elliptical hysteresis loops individually. Seismic hazard mitigation effectiveness of the proposed damper has been demonstrated through an implementation on a two-degree-of-freedom frame building structure. Numerical results show that the proposed damper is more efficient in dissipating input seismic energy than a Passive Linear Viscous Damper (PLVD) with same force capacity.
Performance evaluation of a novel rotational damper for structural reinforcement steel frames subjected to lateral excitations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sanati, M.; Khadem, S. E.; Mirzabagheri, S.; Sanati, H.; Khosravieh, M. Y.
In this study, a novel rotational damper called a Rotational Friction Viscoelastic Damper (RFVD) is introduced. Some viscoelastic pads are added to the Rotational Friction Damper (RFD) in addition to the friction discs used in this conventional device. Consequently, the amount of energy dissipated by the damper increases in low excitation frequencies. In fact, the input energy to the structure is simultaneously dissipated in the form of friction and heat by frictional discs and viscoelastic pads. In order to compare the performance of this novel damper with the earlier types, a set of experiments were carried out. According to the test results, the RFVD showed a better performance in dissipating input energy to the structure when compared to the RFD. The seismic behavior of steel frames equipped with these dampers was also numerically evaluated based on a nonlinear time history analysis. The numerical results verified the performance of the dampers in increasing the energy dissipation and decreasing the energy input to the structural elements. In order to achieve the maximum dissipated energy, the dampers need to be installed in certain places called critical points in the structure. An appropriate approach is presented to properly find these points. Finally, the performance of the RFVDs installed at these critical points was investigated in comparison to some other configurations and the validity of the suggested method in increasing the energy dissipation was confirmed.
Digital-flutter-suppression-system investigations for the active flexible wing wind-tunnel model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Perry, Boyd, III; Mukhopadhyay, Vivek; Hoadley, Sherwood Tiffany; Cole, Stanley R.; Buttrill, Carey S.
Active flutter suppression control laws were designed, implemented, and tested on an aeroelastically-scaled wind-tunnel model in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. One of the control laws was successful in stabilizing the model while the dynamic pressure was increased to 24 percent greater than the measured open-loop flutter boundary. Other accomplishments included the design, implementation, and successful operation of a one-of-a-kind digital controller, the design and use of two simulation methods to support the project, and the development and successful use of a methodology for online controller performance evaluation.
Digital-flutter-suppression-system investigations for the active flexible wing wind-tunnel model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Perry, Boyd, III; Mukhopadhyay, Vivek; Hoadley, Sherwood T.; Cole, Stanley R.; Buttrill, Carey S.; Houck, Jacob A.
Active flutter suppression control laws were designed, implemented, and tested on an aeroelastically-scaled wind tunnel model in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. One of the control laws was successful in stabilizing the model while the dynamic pressure was increased to 24 percent greater than the measured open-loop flutter boundary. Other accomplishments included the design, implementation, and successful operation of a one-of-a-kind digital controller, the design and use of two simulation methods to support the project, and the development and successful use of a methodology for on-line controller performance evaluation.
Coronal holes, solar wind streams, and geomagnetic activity during the new sunspot cycle
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Harvey, J. W.
The paper presents results obtained for 1976-1977 using daily He I 10830 A spectroheliograms and photospheric magnetograms. It was found that as the magnetic field patterns changed, the solar atmosphere evolved from a structure with a few large long-lived low-latitude coronal holes to one with numerous small short-lived high-latitude holes. High-latitude holes recurred with a synodic rotation period of 28-29 days instead of the 27-day period already known to be characteristic of low-latitude holes. A Bartels display of the occurrence of holes, wind speed, and geomagnetic activity is considered.
Field Test Results from a 10 kW Wind Turbine with Active Flow Control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rice, Thomas; Bychkova, Veronika; Taylor, Keith; Clingman, Dan; Amitay, Michael
Active flow control devices including synthetic jets and dynamic vortex generators were tested on a 10 kW wind turbine at RPI. Previous work has shown that load oscillations caused by dynamic stall could be modified through the use of active flow control by injecting momentum into the flow field near the leading edge of a dynamically pitching model. In this study, this work has been extended to its logical conclusion, field-testing active flow control on a real wind turbine. The blades in the current study have a 0.28m chord and 3.05m span, no twist or taper, and were retrofitted with six synthetic jets on one blade and ten dynamic vortex generators on a second blade. The third blade of this turbine was not modified, in order to serve as a control. Strain gauges were installed on each blade to measure blades' deflection. A simple closed loop control was demonstrated and preliminary results indicate reduced vibrational amplitude. Future testing will be conducted on a larger scale, 600kW machine at NREL, incorporating information collected during this study.
A new magnetorheological damper with improved displacement differential self-induced ability
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hu, Guoliang; Zhou, Wei; Li, Weihua
This work is an extension of our previous study on the development of a linear variable differential sensor (LVDS)-based magnetorheological (MR) damper with self-sensing capability, where a new MR damper integrated with LVDS technology was developed and prototyped, then its self-induced performance under static and dynamic working conditions was experimentally evaluated. The results of the static and dynamic experiments indicated that the self-induced voltage was proportional to the displacement of the damper. Moreover, the damping performance of this new MR damper was also evaluated through an experimental study. Compared with our previous study, the new MR damper performed better in terms of its self-induced sensing ability and damping capacity.
Effectiveness of a disk-type magnetorheologic fluid damper for rotor system vibration control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhu, Changsheng; Robb, David A.; Ewins, David J.
A disk-type MR fluid damper based on shear operation mode is presented in this paper. The magnetic field of the disk-type MR fluid damper is analysed by the finite element method. The effect of excitation current in the coil on the magnetic flux density in the axial gaps filled with MR fluid is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Finally, the effectiveness of the disk-type MR fluid damper for attenuating vibration of rotor systems and of a simple open-loop on-off control based on the feedback of rotational speed on controlling vibration of rotor systems are experimentally studied. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the disk-type MR fluid damper can be controlled by a simple magnetic coil with a low voltage, and the disk-type MR fluid damper is very effective to attenuate vibration of rotor systems.
Coaxial higher-order mode damper employing a high-pass filter
Kang, Y.W.; Jiang, X.
Two different types of coaxial higher-order mode (HOM) dampers have been investigated for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring cavities: e-probe dampers and h-loop dampers. Realization of the h-loop dampers has been difficult because the loop antenna couples not only to the HOMs but also to the accelerating mode and results in loss of Q at the fundamental frequency. Previously, a first-order fundamental rejection filter was tested with unsatisfactory rejection characteristics. This problem can be overcome by using a higher-order high-pass filter between the loop and the matched load. Prototype dampers have been fabricated and tested in a storage ring single-cell cavity and the damping characteristic was analyzed.
The Investigation of a Shape Memory Alloy Micro-Damper for MEMS Applications
Pan, Qiang; Cho, Chongdu
Some shape memory alloys like NiTi show noticeable high damping property in pseudoelastic range. Due to its unique characteristics, a NiTi alloy is commonly used for passive damping applications, in which the energy may be dissipated by the conversion from mechanical to thermal energy. This study presents a shape memory alloy based micro-damper, which exploits the pseudoelasticity of NiTi wires for energy dissipation. The mechanical model and functional principle of the micro-damper are explained in detail. Moreover, the mechanical behavior of NiTi wires subjected to various temperatures, strain rates and strain amplitudes is observed. Resulting from those experimental results, the damping properties of the micro-damper involving secant stiffness, energy dissipation and loss factor are analyzed. The result indicates the proposed NiTi based micro-damper exhibits good energy dissipation ability, compared with conventional materials damper.
A Study of a Human Arm-Type Damper with Two Links and Three Joints
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ohmata, Kenichiro; Matsuoka, Taichi; Kohno, Shinya
In this paper, a new type of arm-type damper consisting of two links and three joints (human type joints with friction) has been developed. The damper is able to suppress six modes of vibration of a machine, three in translational modes and three in rotational modes. The trial damper was made and its resisting force characteristics in three translational and three rotational directions were discussed theoretically and experimentally. The seismic responses of a three-degree-offreedom translational system and a two-degree-of-freedom translational-rotational system and the frequency responses of a single-degree-of-freedom translational system, which consist of a mass and four coil springs and supported by the damper, were measured using a three-dimensional permanent magnet type shaking table. The experimental results were compared with the calculated ones, and the effects of vibration suppression of the damper in three translational and rotational directions and the propriety of the calculations were confirmed.
Development of an Active Twist Rotor for Wind: Tunnel Testing (NLPN97-310
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cesnik, Carlos E. S.; Shin, SangJoon; Hagood, Nesbitt W., IV
The development of the Active Twist Rotor prototype blade for hub vibration and noise reduction studies is presented in this report. Details of the modeling, design, and manufacturing are explored. The rotor blade is integrally twisted by direct strain actuation. This is accomplished by distributing embedded piezoelectric fiber composites along the span of the blade. The development of the analysis framework for this type of active blade is presented. The requirements for the prototype blade, along with the final design results are also presented. A detail discussion on the manufacturing aspects of the prototype blade is described. Experimental structural characteristics of the prototype blade compare well with design goals, and preliminary bench actuation tests show lower performance than originally predicted. Electrical difficulties with the actuators are also discussed. The presented prototype blade is leading to a complete fully articulated four-blade active twist rotor system for future wind tunnel tests.
Continuous plasma outflows from the edge of a solar active region as a possible source of solar wind.
Sakao, Taro; Kano, Ryouhei; Narukage, Noriyuki; Kotoku, Jun'ichi; Bando, Takamasa; Deluca, Edward E; Lundquist, Loraine L; Tsuneta, Saku; Harra, Louise K; Katsukawa, Yukio; Kubo, Masahito; Hara, Hirohisa; Matsuzaki, Keiichi; Shimojo, Masumi; Bookbinder, Jay A; Golub, Leon; Korreck, Kelly E; Su, Yingna; Shibasaki, Kiyoto; Shimizu, Toshifumi; Nakatani, Ichiro
The Sun continuously expels a huge amount of ionized material into interplanetary space as the solar wind. Despite its influence on the heliospheric environment, the origin of the solar wind has yet to be well identified. In this paper, we report Hinode X-ray Telescope observations of a solar active region. At the edge of the active region, located adjacent to a coronal hole, a pattern of continuous outflow of soft-x-ray-emitting plasmas was identified emanating along apparently open magnetic field lines and into the upper corona. Estimates of temperature and density for the outflowing plasmas suggest a mass loss rate that amounts to approximately 1/4 of the total mass loss rate of the solar wind. These outflows may be indicative of one of the solar wind sources at the Sun. PMID:18063788
Simultaneous optimization of force and placement of friction dampers under seismic loading
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fleck Fadel Miguel, Letícia; Fleck Fadel Miguel, Leandro; Holdorf Lopez, Rafael
It is known that the use of passive energy-dissipation devices, such as friction dampers, reduces considerably the dynamic response of a structure subjected to earthquake ground motions. Nevertheless, the parameters of each damper and the best placement of these devices remain difficult to determine. Some articles on optimum design of tuned mass dampers and viscous dampers have been published; however, there is a lack of studies on optimization of friction dampers. The main contribution of this article is to propose a methodology to simultaneously optimize the location of friction dampers and their friction forces in structures subjected to seismic loading, to achieve a desired level of reduction in the response. For this purpose, the recently developed backtracking search optimization algorithm (BSA) is employed, which can deal with optimization problems involving mixed discrete and continuous variables. For illustration purposes, two different structures are presented. The first is a six-storey shear building and the second is a transmission line tower. In both cases, the forces and positions of friction dampers are the design variables, while the objective functions are to minimize the interstorey drift for the first case and to minimize the maximum displacement at the top of the tower for the second example. The results show that the proposed method was able to reduce the interstorey drift of the shear building by more than 65% and the maximum displacement at the top of the tower by approximately 55%, with only three friction dampers. The proposed methodology is quite general and it could be recommended as an effective tool for optimum design of friction dampers for structural response control. Thus, this article shows that friction dampers can be designed in a safe and economic way.
Investigation of earthquake factor for optimum tuned mass dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nigdeli, Sinan Melih; Bekdaş, Gebrail
In this study the optimum parameters of tuned mass dampers (TMD) are investigated under earthquake excitations. An optimization strategy was carried out by using the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm. HS is a metaheuristic method which is inspired from the nature of musical performances. In addition to the HS algorithm, the results of the optimization objective are compared with the results of the other documented method and the corresponding results are eliminated. In that case, the best optimum results are obtained. During the optimization, the optimum TMD parameters were searched for single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure models with different periods. The optimization was done for different earthquakes separately and the results were compared.
Computational issues in optimal tuning and placement of passive dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chu, C. C.; Milman, M. H.
The effectiveness of viscous elements in introducing damping in a structure is a function of several variables including their number, their location in the structure, and their physical properties. In this paper, the optimal damper placement and tuning problem is posed to optimize these variables. Both discrete and continuous optimization problems are formulated and solved corresponding, respectively, to the problems of placement of passive elements and to the tuning of their parameters. The paper particularly emphasizes the critical computational issues resulting from the optimization formulations. Numerical results involving a lightly damped testbed structure are presented.
Bat mortality and activity at a Northern Iowa wind resource area
Jain, A.A.; Koford, Rolf R.; Hancock, A.W.; Zenner, G.G.
We examined bat collision mortality, activity and species composition at an 89-turbine wind resource area in farmland of north-central Iowa from mid-Apr. to mid-Dec., 2003 and mid-Mar. to mid-Dec., 2004. We found 30 bats beneath turbines on cleared ground and gravel access areas in 2003 and 45 bats in 2004. After adjusting for search probability, search efficiency and scavenging rate, we estimated total bat mortality at 396 ?? 72 (95 ci) in 2003 and 636 ?? 112 (95 ci) in 2004. Although carcasses were mostly migratory tree bats, we found a considerable proportion of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). We recorded 1465 bat echolocation call files at turbine sites ( 34.88 call files/detector-night) and 1536 bat call files at adjacent non-turbine sites ( 36.57 call files/detector-night). Bat activity did not differ significantly between turbine and non-turbine sites. A large proportion of recorded call files were made by Myotis sp. but this may be because we detected activity at ground level only. There was no relationship between types of turbine lights and either collision mortality or echolocation activity. The highest levels of bat echolocation activity and collision mortality were recorded during Jul. and Aug. during the autumn dispersal and migration period. The fatality rates for bats in general and little brown bats in particular were higher at the Top of Iowa Wind Resource Area than at other, comparable studies in the region. Future efforts to study behavior of bats in flight around turbines as well as cumulative impact studies should not ignore non-tree dwelling bats, generally regarded as minimally affected. ?? 2011, American Midland Naturalist.
Could a change in magnetic field geometry cause the break in the wind-activity relation?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vidotto, A. A.; Donati, J.-F.; Jardine, M.; See, V.; Petit, P.; Boisse, I.; Boro Saikia, S.; Hébrard, E.; Jeffers, S. V.; Marsden, S. C.; Morin, J.
Wood et al. suggested that mass-loss rate is a function of X-ray flux (dot{M}∝ F_x^{1.34}) for dwarf stars with Fx ≲ Fx,6 ≡ 106 erg cm-2 s-1. However, more active stars do not obey this relation. These authors suggested that the break at Fx,6 could be caused by significant changes in magnetic field topology that would inhibit stellar wind generation. Here, we investigate this hypothesis by analysing the stars in Wood et al. sample that had their surface magnetic fields reconstructed through Zeeman-Doppler Imaging (ZDI). Although the solar-like outliers in the dot{M} - Fx relation have higher fractional toroidal magnetic energy, we do not find evidence of a sharp transition in magnetic topology at Fx,6. To confirm this, further wind measurements and ZDI observations at both sides of the break are required. As active stars can jump between states with highly toroidal to highly poloidal fields, we expect significant scatter in magnetic field topology to exist for stars with Fx ≳ Fx,6. This strengthens the importance of multi-epoch ZDI observations. Finally, we show that there is a correlation between Fx and magnetic energy, which implies that dot{M} - magnetic energy relation has the same qualitative behaviour as the original dot{M} - Fx relation. No break is seen in any of the Fx - magnetic energy relations.
Integrated design method of MR damper and electromagnetic induction system for structural control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Heon-Jae; Moon, Seok-Jun; Jung, Hyung-Jo; Huh, Young-Cheol; Jang, Dong-Doo
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are one of the most advantageous control devices for civil engineering applications to natural hazard mitigation due to many good features such as small power requirement, reliability, and low price to manufacture. To reduce the responses of a structural system by using MR dampers, a control system including a power supply, control algorithm, and sensors is needed. The control system becomes complex, however, when a lot of MR dampers are applied to large-scale civil structures, such as cable-stayed bridges and high-rise buildings. Thus, it is difficult to install and/or maintain the MR damper-based control system. To overcome the above difficulties, a smart passive system was proposed, which is based on an MR damper system. The smart passive system consists of an MR damper and an electromagnetic induction (EMI) system that uses a permanent magnet and a coil. According to the Faraday law of induction, the EMI system that is attached to the MR damper can produce electric energy and the produced energy is applied to the MR damper to vary the damping characteristics of the damper. Thus, the smart passive system does not require any power at all. Besides the output of electric energy is proportional to input loads such as earthquakes, which means the smart passive system has adaptability by itself without any controller or sensors. In this paper, the integrated design method of a large-scale MR damper and Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) system is presented. Since the force of an MR damper is controllable by altering the input current generated from an EMI part, it is necessary to design an MR damper and an EMI part simultaneously. To do this, design parameters of an EMI part consisting of permanent magnet and coil as well as those of an MR damper consisting of a hydraulic-type cylinder and a magnetic circuit that controls the magnetic flux density in a fluid-flow path are considered in the integrated design procedure. As an example, a
Recent wind resource characterization activities at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Elliott, D L; Schwartz, M N
The wind resource characterization team at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is working to improve the characterization of the wind resource in many key regions of the world. Tasks undertaken in the past year include: updates to the comprehensive meteorological and geographic data bases used in resource assessments in the US and abroad; development and validation of an automated wind resource mapping procedure; support in producing wind forecasting tools useful to utilities involved in wind energy generation; continued support for recently established wind measurement and assessment programs in the US.
Performance of tuned mass damper against structural collapse due to near fault earthquakes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Domizio, Martín; Ambrosini, Daniel; Curadelli, Oscar
Tuned mass dampers (TMD) are devices capable of reducing structural vibration by means of transferring energy from the protected structure to the control device. This vibration control strategy has relatively recent use in civil structures, and was proven effective against wind and far-fault earthquakes. In this paper, the effect of near-fault seismic records on structures with TMDs is studied. This type of seismic records has a short significant duration, with few pulses of high amplitude and low frequency. These characteristics raise a question about TMD performance against this type of earthquakes because the device has a very limited time to transfer the energy from the main structure. In this paper, the efficiency of TMD in preventing the collapse of a structure subjected to a series of near-fault records is analyzed. The structure used is a 4-story steel frame on which TMDs with different values of mass are incorporated. From a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses, where the scale of seismic records is modified, the minimum amplitude of each record that produces the structural collapse is found. By comparing the results of the structure with and without the addition of the control device, conclusions about its performance and capability in the prevention of collapse are established.
ERS-1 scatterometer calibration and validation activities at ECMWF. B: From radar backscatter characteristics to wind vector solutions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stoffelen, AD; Anderson, David L. T.; Woiceshyn, Peter M.
Calibration and validation activities for the ERS-1 scatterometer were carried out at ECMWF (European Center for Medium range Weather Forecast) complementary to the 'Haltenbanken' field campaign off the coast of Norway. At a Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) center a wealth of verifying data is available both in time and space. This data is used to redefine the wind retrieval procedure given the instrumental characteristics. It was found that a maximum likelihood estimation procedure to obtain the coefficients of a reformulated sigma deg to wind relationship should use radar measurements in logarithmic rather than physical space, and use winds as the wind components rather than wind speed and direction. Doing this, a much more accurate transfer function than the one currently operated by ESA was derived. Sigma deg measurement space shows no signature of a separation in an upwind solution cone and a downwind solution cone. As such signature was anticipated in ESA's wind direction ambiguity removal algorithm, reconsideration of the procedure is necessary. Despite the fact that revisions have to be made in the process of wind retrieval; a grid potential is shown for scatterometry in meteorology and climatology.
The field-dependent shock profiles of a magnetorhelogical damper due to high impact: an experimental investigation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Hwan-Choong; Oh, Jong-Seok; Choi, Seung-Bok
This work proposes a new damper featuring magnetorheological fluid (MR damper) and presents its field-dependent damping forces due to high impact. To achieve this goal, a large MR damper, which can produce a damping force of 100 kN at 6 A, is designed and manufactured based on the analysis of the magnetic flux intensity of the damper. After identifying the field-dependent damping force levels of the manufactured MR damper, a hydraulic horizontal shock tester is established. This shock testing system consists of a velocity generator, impact mass, shock programmer, and test mass. The MR damper is installed at the end of the wall in the shock tester and tested under four different experimental conditions. The shock profile characteristics of the MR damper due to different impact velocities are investigated at various input current levels. In addition, the inner pressure of the MR damper during impact, which depends on the input's current level, is evaluated at two positions that can represent the pressure drop that generates the damping force of the MR damper. It is demonstrated from this impact testing that the shock profiles can be changed by the magnitude of the input current applied to the MR damper. It directly indicates that a desired shock profile can be achieved by installing the MR damper associated with appropriate control logics to adjust the magnitude of the input current.
Interacting active regions and coronal holes: implications for coronal outflows and solar wind structure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Culhane, J. Leonard; Baker, Deborah; Rouillard, Alexis; van Driel-Gesztelyi, Lidia
When active regions are adjacent to coronal holes a variety of magnetic field interactions can result. These may include the interchange reconnection between the closed active region (AR) fields and the open field of the coronal hole (CH), leading to fast and significant evolution of coronal hole boundaries. Outcomes may include variability of -or changes in, active region-associated hot plasma outflows seen with Hinode/EIS and the modulation of the solar wind flows on open field lines. Depending on their relative positions on the Sun, the AR-CH interactions may have their signatures embedded in co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) or rarefaction regions. During two intervals -8/11 January, 2008 and 7/9 December, 2008, we have made observations with Hinode of two oppositely configured situations on the Sun. For 8/11 January, the coronal hole leads the active region while for 7/9 December the order is reversed. The Hinode EIS instrument is used to locate outflows and measure their velocities while the XRT is used to image the source regions, including the variable nature of the outflows. SOHO EIT imaging is used to follow the longer-term evolution of the coronal hole boundaries while MDI is used to observe changes in the magnetic field. STEREO imaging and in-situ data are also employed -as are ACE observations, to assess the resulting impacts on interplanetary solar wind structures. The contrasting behaviour that results from magnetic interactions in the two different configurations is described and assessed.
Improved Nutation Damper for a Spin-Stabilized Spacecraft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Woodard, Mark A.
A document proposes an improved liquid- ring nutation damper for a spin-stabilized spacecraft. The improvement addresses the problem of accommodating thermal expansion of the damping liquid. Heretofore, the problem has been solved by either (1) filling the ring completely with liquid and accommodating expansion by attaching a bellows or (2) partially filling the ring and accepting the formation of bubbles. The disadvantage of (1) is that a bellows is expensive and may not be reliable; the disadvantage of (2) is that bubbles can cause fluid lockup and consequent loss of damping. In the improved damper, the ring would be nearly completely filled with liquid, and expansion would be accommodated, but not by a bellows. Instead, an escape tube would be attached to the ring. The escape tube would be positioned and oriented so that the artificial gravitation and the associated buoyant force generated by the spin of the spacecraft would cause the bubbles to migrate toward the tip of the tube. In addition, when the spacecraft was on the launch pad, the escape tube would be at the top of the ring, so that bubbles would rise into the tube.
Study of magnetic activity effects on the thermospheric winds in the low ionosphere. Master`s thesis
Davila, R.C.
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effects of magnetic activity on the low latitude F-region thermospheric winds. The F-region (120-1600 km) is a partially ionized medium where O+ and O are the major ion and neutral species, respectively. The thermospheric winds at these altitudes are driven primarily by pressure gradient forces resulting from the solar heating during the day and cooling at night. For this study, the author used measured Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) winds at Arequipa (16.5 deg S, 71.5 deg W) and measured FPI and incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) winds at Arecibo (18.6 deg N, 66.8 deg W).
Pinto, Rui F.; Brun, Allan Sacha; Grappin, Roland
We study the connections between the Sun's convection zone and the evolution of the solar wind and corona. We let the magnetic fields generated by a 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) axisymmetric kinematic dynamo code (STELEM) evolve in a 2.5D axisymmetric coronal isothermal magnetohydrodynamic code (DIP). The computations cover an 11 year activity cycle. The solar wind's asymptotic velocity varies in latitude and in time in good agreement with the available observations. The magnetic polarity reversal happens at different paces at different coronal heights. Overall the Sun's mass-loss rate, momentum flux, and magnetic braking torque vary considerably throughout the cycle. This cyclic modulation is determined by the latitudinal distribution of the sources of open flux and solar wind and the geometry of the Alfven surface. Wind sources and braking torque application zones also vary accordingly.
Medium to long term behavior of MR dampers for structural control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Caterino, N.; Azmoodeh, B. M.; Occhiuzzi, A.
The medium to long term behavior of a prototype magnetorheological (MR) damper for structural control of earthquake induced vibrations is investigated herein. Unlike some applications for which MR devices experience frequent dynamic loads, seismic dampers might not be used for most of their life, staying dormant for a long period until an earthquake hits the hosting structure. This work aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a MR damper after years of inactivity. A MR device has been tested twice, first in 2008 and then in 2013, after five years of absolute inactivity. The comparison between the results of the two tests is made in terms of force-displacement loops. It is shown that, after a 5-year rest, only part of the first stroke of the damper is characterized by an unexpected response of the damper. After half a stroke, the damper quickly returned to behave like in 2008, even if a slight non-reversible decrease of the reacting force has been recorded. The latter is found to be more evident (5-7%) for larger currents, less visible in the case of zero magnetic field. From the point of view of civil engineering, this decay of performance is definitely acceptable, being largely bounded within the limits of the uncertainties typically involved and taken into account in the structural design. Finally, starting from a literature review, the paper discusses the possible causes of the observed changes in the mechanical response of the damper over time.
Design and numerical evaluation of an innovative multi-directional shape memory alloy damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ren, Wenjie; Li, Hongnan; Song, Gangbing
Superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) is a potential candidate for use in structure damping devices due to its unique mechanical properties. In order to mitigate the vibration of a structure subjected to earthquake tremors from different directions, an innovative, multi-directional SMA-based damper is advanced. The damper, with two movable cylinders attached to four groups of SMA strands arranged in a radial symmetry, can not only function in a plane, but also can work vertically and rotationally. Based on experimentation, the Graesser model of superelastic SMA is determined. By analyzing the damper's mechanism working in different directions, the corresponding theoretical models are developed. Numerical simulations are conducted to attain the damper's hysteresis. Working in a plane, the damper, with a 3% initial strain, provides a rectangular hysteresis with the maximum amount of damping. A rectangular flag hysteresis can be supplied in the absence of a pre-stress in the wires, going through the origin with a moderate amount of energy dissipation and higher force capacity. Moreover, the damper has better working capacities (i.e. force, stroke and energy dissipation) if the deflection is parallel to the internal bisectors of the tension axes. Working vertically or rotationally, similar triangular flag hysteresis is generated with small energy dissipation and a self-centering capacity. For a given deflection, the initial strain (3%) increases the force of the damper, but decreases its stroke.
A mechanical energy harvested magnetorheological damper with linear-rotary motion converter
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chu, Ki Sum; Zou, Li; Liao, Wei-Hsin
Magnetorheological (MR) dampers are promising to substitute traditional oil dampers because of adaptive properties of MR fluids. During vibration, significant energy is wasted due to the energy dissipation in the damper. Meanwhile, for conventional MR damping systems, extra power supply is needed. In this paper, a new energy harvester is designed in an MR damper that integrates controllable damping and energy harvesting functions into one device. The energy harvesting part of this MR damper has a unique mechanism converting linear motion to rotary motion that would be more stable and cost effective when compared to other mechanical transmissions. A Maxon motor is used as a power generator to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy to supply power for the MR damping system. Compared to conventional approaches, there are several advantages in such an integrated device, including weight reduction, ease in installation with less maintenance. A mechanical energy harvested MR damper with linear-rotary motion converter and motion rectifier is designed, fabricated, and tested. Experimental studies on controllable damping force and harvested energy are performed with different transmissions. This energy harvesting MR damper would be suitable to vehicle suspensions, civil structures, and smart prostheses.
Dynamic responses of two buildings connected by viscoelastic dampers under bidirectional earthquake excitations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Zhidong; Lam, Eddie S. S.
In this study, dynamic responses of two buildings connected by viscoelastic dampers under bidirectional excitations are extensively investigated. The two buildings are a 10-story building and a 16-story building, with the shorter building on the left. Viscoelastic dampers are installed at all floors of the shorter building. Equations of motion are formulated using a fractional derivative model to represent the viscoelastic dampers. Three cases are considered with mass eccentricities at 0, 10% and -10% with respect to the dimensions of the buildings. The responses of the buildings are numerically predicted at different damper properties. The simulation results indicated that the maximum horizontal responses of the buildings without eccentricities are significantly mitigated. However, torsional effects are adversely increased. For asymmetric buildings, the effectiveness of the connecting dampers is affected by building eccentricities. As a result, mass eccentricities must be taken into account in damper selection. When compared with vibrations induced by unidirectional excitations, bidirectional excitations can increase the responses of coupled asymmetric buildings. In addition, installing dampers only at the top floor of the shorter building may cause a sudden change in lateral stiffness of the taller building. Consequently, the story shear envelopes of the taller building are changed.
Experimental investigation of the seismic control of a nonlinear soil-structure system using MR dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Hui; Wang, Jian
This paper reports the results of an experimental study conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and capability of magnetorheological (MR) dampers commanded by a decentralized control algorithm for seismic control of nonlinear civil structures considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). A two-story reinforced concrete (RC) frame resting in a laminar soil container is employed as the test specimen, and two MR dampers equipped in the first story are used to mitigate the response of this frame subjected to various intensity seismic excitations. A hyperbolic tangent function is used to represent the hysteretic behavior of the MR damper and a decentralized control approach for commanding MR dampers is proposed and implemented in the shaking table tests. Only the response of the first story is feedback for control command calculation of the MR dampers. The results indicate that the MR damper can effectively reduce the response of the soil-structure system, even when the soil-structure system presents complex nonlinear hysteretic behavior. The robustness of the proposed decentralized control algorithm is validated through the shaking table tests on the soil-structure system with large uncertainty. The most interesting findings in this paper are that MR dampers not only mitigate the superstructure response, but also reduce the soil response, pile response and earth pressure on the pile foundation.
Control Surface Interaction Effects of the Active Aeroelastic Wing Wind Tunnel Model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Heeg, Jennifer
This paper presents results from testing the Active Aeroelastic Wing wind tunnel model in NASA Langley s Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. The wind tunnel test provided an opportunity to study aeroelastic system behavior under combined control surface deflections, testing for control surface interaction effects. Control surface interactions were observed in both static control surface actuation testing and dynamic control surface oscillation testing. The primary method of evaluating interactions was examination of the goodness of the linear superposition assumptions. Responses produced by independently actuating single control surfaces were combined and compared with those produced by simultaneously actuating and oscillating multiple control surfaces. Adjustments to the data were required to isolate the control surface influences. Using dynamic data, the task increases, as both the amplitude and phase have to be considered in the data corrections. The goodness of static linear superposition was examined and analysis of variance was used to evaluate significant factors influencing that goodness. The dynamic data showed interaction effects in both the aerodynamic measurements and the structural measurements.
Reduction of aerodynamic load fluctuation on wind turbine blades through active flow control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Velarde, John-Michael; Coleman, Thomas; Magstadt, Andrew; Aggarwal, Somil; Glauser, Mark
The current set of experiments deals with implementing active flow control on a Bergey Excel 1, 1kW turbine. The previous work in our group demonstrated successfully that implementation of a simple closed-loop controller could reduce unsteady aerodynamic load fluctuation by 18% on a vertically mounted wing. Here we describe a similar flow control method adapted to work in the rotating frame of a 2.5m diameter wind turbine. Strain gages at the base of each blade measure the unsteady fluctuation in the blades and pressure taps distributed along the span of the blades feed information to the closed-loop control scheme. A realistic, unsteady flow field has been generated by placing a cylinder upstream of the turbine to induce shedding vortices at frequencies in the bandwidth of the first structural bending mode of the turbine blades. The goal of these experiments is to demonstrate closed-loop flow control as a means to reduce the unsteady fluctuation in the blades and increase the overall lifespan of the wind turbine.
Pc3 activity at low geomagnetic latitudes - A comparison with solar wind observations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Villante, U.; Lepidi, S.; Vellante, M.; Lazarus, A. J.; Lepping, R. P.
On an hourly time-scale the different roles of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters on ground micropulsation activity can be better investigated than at longer time-scales. A long-term comparison between ground measurements made at L'Aquila and IMP 8 observations confirms the solar wind speed as the key parameter for the onset of pulsations even at low latitudes, although additional control of the energy transfer from the interplanetary medium to the earth's magnetosphere is clearly exerted by the cone angle. Above about 20 mHz the frequency of pulsations is confirmed to be closely related to the IMF magnitude while, in agreement with model predictions, the IMF magnitude is related to the amplitude of the local fundamental resonant mode. We provide an interesting example in which high resolution measurements simultaneously obtained in the foreshock region and on the ground show that external transversal fluctuations do not penetrate deep into the low latitude magnetosphere.
The relationship between plasmapause, solar wind and geomagnetic activity between 2007 and 2011
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Verbanac, G.; Pierrard, V.; Bandić, M.; Darrouzet, F.; Rauch, J.-L.; Décréau, P.
Taking advantage of the Cluster satellite mission and especially the observations made by the instrument WHISPER to deduce the electron number density along the orbit of the satellites, we studied the relationships between the plasmapause positions (LPP) and the following LPP indicators: (a) solar wind coupling functions Bz (Z component of the interplanetary magnetic field vector, B, in GSM system), BV (related to the interplanetary electric field; B is the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field vector, V is solar wind velocity), and dΦmp/dt (which combines different physical processes responsible for the magnetospheric activity) and (b) geomagnetic indices Dst, Ap and AE. The analysis is performed separately for three magnetic local time (MLT) sectors (Sector1 - night sector (01:00-07:00 MLT); Sector2 - day sector (07:00-16:00 MLT); Sector3 - evening sector (16:00-01:00 MLT)) and for all MLTs taken together. All LPP indicators suggest the faster plasmapause response in the postmidnight sector. Delays in the plasmapause responses (hereafter time lags) are approximately 2-27 h, always increasing from Sector1 to Sector3. The obtained fits clearly resolve the MLT structures. The variability in the plasmapause is the largest for low values of LPP indicators, especially in Sector2. At low activity levels,LPP exhibits the largest values on the dayside (in Sector2) and the smallest on the postmidnight side (Sector1). Displacements towards larger values on the evening side (Sector3) and towards lower values on the dayside (Sector2) are identified for enhanced magnetic activity. Our results contribute to constraining the physical mechanisms involved in the plasmapause formation and to further study the still not well understood related issues.
Quasi-steady Bingham plastic analysis of an electrorheological flow mode bypass damper with piston bleed
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lindler, Jason; Wereley, Norman M.
We present an improved experimental validation of our nonlinear quasi-steady electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological damper analysis, using an idealized Bingham plastic shear flow mechanism, for the flow mode of damper operation with leakage effect. To validate the model, a double-acting ER valve or bypass damper was designed and fabricated. Both the hydraulic cylinder and the bypass duct have cylindrical geometry, and damping forces are developed in the annular bypass via Poiseuille flow. The ER fluid damper contains a controlled amount of leakage around the piston head. The leakage allows ER fluid to flow from one side of the piston head to the opposite side without passing through the ER bypass. For this flow mode damper, the damping coefficient, defined as the ratio of equivalent viscous damping of the Bingham plastic material, Ceq, to the Newtonian viscous damping, C, is a function of the non-dimensional plug thickness only. The damper was tested for varying conditions of applied electric field and frequency using a mechanical damper dynamometer. In this analysis, the leakage damping coefficient with incorporated leakage effects, predict the amount of energy dissipated for a complete cycle of the piston rod. Measured force verses displacement cycles for multiple frequencies and electric fields validate the ability of the non-dimensional groups and the leakage damping coefficient to predict the damping levels for an ER bypass damper with leakage. Based on the experimental validation of the model using these data, the Bingham plastic analysis is shown to be an effective tool for the analysis-based design of double-acting ER bypass dampers.
Whirl Motion of a Seal Test Rig with Squeeze-Film Dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Proctor, Margaret P.; Gunter, Edgar J.
This paper presents the experimental behavior and dynamic analysis of a high speed test rig with rolling element bearings mounted in squeeze film oil damper bearings. The test rotor is a double overhung configuration with rolling element ball bearings mounted in uncentered squeeze-film oil dampers. The damper design is similar to that employed with various high-speed aircraft HP gas turbines. The dynamic performance of the test rig with the originally installed dampers with an effective damper length of length 0.23-inch was unacceptable. The design speed of 40,000 RPM could not be safely achieved as nonsynchronous whirling at the overhung seal test disk and high amplitude critical speed response at the drive spline section occurred at 32,000 RPM. In addition to the self excited stability and critical speed problems, it was later seen from FFT data analysis, that a region of supersynchronous dead band whirling occurs between 10,000 to 15,000 RPM which can lead to bearing distress and wear. The system was analyzed using both linear and nonlinear techniques. The extended length damper design resulting from the analysis eliminated the rotor subsynchronous whirling, high amplitude critical speed, and the dead band whirling region allowing the system to achieve a speed of 45,000 RPM. However, nonlinear analysis shows that damper lockup could occur with high rotor unbalance at 33,000 RPM, even with the extended squeeze-film dampers. The control of damper lockup will be addressed in a future paper.
Elastomer damper performance - A comparison with a squeeze film for a supercritical power transmission shaft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zorzi, E. S.; Burgess, G.; Cunningham, R.
This paper describes the design and testing of an elastomer damper on a super-critical power transmission shaft. The elastomers were designed to provide acceptable operation through the fourth bending mode and to control synchronous as well as nonsynchronous vibration throughout the operating range. The design of the elastomer was such that it could be incorporated into the system as a replacement for a squeeze-film damper without a reassembly, which could have altered the imbalance of the shaft. This provided a direct comparison of the elastomer and squeeze-film dampers without having to assess the effect of shaft imbalance changes.
Elasticity effects on cavitation in a squeeze film damper undergoing noncentered circular whirl
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Brewe, David E.
Elasticity of the liner and its effects on cavitation were numerically determined for a squeeze film damper subjected to dynamic loading. The loading was manifested as a prescribed motion of the rotor undergoing noncentered circular whirl. The boundary conditions were implemented using Elrod's algorithm which conserves lineal mass flux through the moving cavitation bubble as well as the oil film region of the damper. Computational movies were used to analyze the rapidly changing pressures and vapor bubble dynamics throughout the dynamic cycle for various flexibilities in the damper liner. The effects of liner elasticity on cavitation were only noticeable for the intermediate and high values of viscosity used in this study.
Forced response of a cantilever beam with a dry friction damper attached. I - Theory. II - Experiment
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dowell, E. H.; Schwartz, H. B.
A theoretical and experimental study of the forced vibration response of a cantilevered beam with Coulomb damping nonlinearity is described. Viscous damping in the beam is neglected. Beam and dry friction damper configurations of interest for applications to turbine blade vibrations are considered. It is shown that the basic phenomena found by Dowell (1983) for a simply supported beam with an attached dry friction damper of specific geometry also apply to a cantilevered beam and a more general representation of the dry friction damper and its associated mass and stiffness.
Some observed effects of part-span dampers on rotating blade row performance near design point
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Esgar, G. M.; Sandercock, D. M.
Detailed measured radial distributions of flow parameters for eight rotors with part-span dampers are used to study the effects of dampers on rotor performance and flow parameters at near design operation. All rotors had a blade tip diameter of about 20 in. and operated at a blade tip speed of about 1400 ft/sec. Several examples demonstrate that, when the local loss variations in the damper flow region are included in an aerodynamic design or analysis procedure, the computed spanwise distributions of flow parameters compare closely with measured distributions.
Correlation of part-span damper losses through transonic rotors operating near design point
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Roberts, W. B.
The design-point losses caused by part-span dampers (PSD) were correlated for 21 transonic axial flow fan rotors that had tip speeds varying from 350 to 488 meters per second and design pressure ratios of 1.5 to 2.0. For these rotors a correlation using mean inlet Mach number at the damper location, along with relevant geometric and aerodynamic loading parameters, predicts the variation of total pressure loss coefficient in the region of the damper to a good approximation.
Calculation of multi-layer plate damper under one-axial load
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hui, Yan; Lu, Zhang; Hong-Yuan, Jiang; Alexander, M. Ulanov
A multi-layer damper with waved plates under one-axial load is considered. A method of theoretical calculation of its energy dissipation coefficient is proposed. An experimental research of own frequencies and vibration transfer ratios for different parameters of damper structure, harmonic vibration load and random load is performed. Results of this research are approximated by functions; it is possible to use these functions for the calculation of the damper too. Project supported by the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (Grant No. B07018).
A chambered porous damper for rotor vibration control: Part 1. Concept development
Tecza, J.; Walton, J. )
In this paper a novel, high-load chambered porous damper design, supporting analysis, and experimental results are presented. It was demonstrated that significant damping can be generated from the viscous discharge losses of capillary tubes arranged in chambered segments with large radial clearances and that the resulting damping is predictable and fairly constant with speed and eccentricity operation of conventional squeeze film dampers. Controlled orbit tests with a porous chambered configuration were completed and favorably compared with theoretical predictions. The ability to accommodate high steady-state and transient imbalance conditions makes this damper well suited to a wide range of rotating machinery, including aircraft gas turbine engines.
Damping of rotating beams with particle dampers: Discrete element method analysis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Els, D. N. J.
The performance of particle dampers (PDs) under centrifugal loads was investigated. A test bench consisting of a rotating cantilever beam with a particle damper at the tip was developed (D. N. J. Els, AIAA Journal 49, 2228-2238 (2011)). Equal mass containers with different depths, filled with a range of uniform-sized steel ball bearings, were used as particle dampers. The experiments were duplicated numerically with a discrete element method (DEM) model, calibrated against the experimental data. The DEM model of the rotating beam with a PD at the tip captured the performance of the PD very well over a wide range of tests with different configurations and rotation velocities.
Spin Testing for Durability Began on a Self-Tuning Impact Damper for Turbomachinery Blades
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Duffy, Kirsten; Mehmed, Oral
NASA and Pratt & Whitney will collaborate under a Space Act Agreement to perform spin testing of the impact damper to verify damping effectiveness and durability. Pratt & Whitney will provide the turbine blade and damper hardware for the tests. NASA will provide the facility and perform the tests. Effectiveness and durability will be investigated during and after sustained sweeps of rotor speed through resonance. Tests of a platform wedge damper are also planned to compare its effectiveness with that of the impact damper. Results from baseline tests without dampers will be used to measure damping effectiveness. The self-tuning impact damper combines two damping methods-the tuned mass damper and the impact damper. It consists of a ball located within a cavity in the blade. This ball rolls back and forth on a spherical trough under centrifugal load (tuned mass damper) and can strike the walls of the cavity (impact damper). The ball s rolling natural frequency is proportional to the rotor speed and can be designed to follow an engine-order line (integer multiple of rotor speed). Aerodynamic forcing frequencies typically follow these engineorder lines, and a damper tuned to the engine order will most effectively reduce blade vibrations when the resonant frequency equals the engine-order forcing frequency. This damper has been tested in flat plates and turbine blades in the Dynamic Spin Facility. During testing, a pair of plates or blades rotates in vacuum. Excitation is provided by one of three methods--eddy-current engine-order excitation (ECE), electromechanical shakers, and magnetic bearing excitation. The eddy-current system consists of magnets located circumferentially around the rotor. As a blade passes a magnet, a force is imparted on the blade. The number of magnets used can be varied to change the desired engine order of the excitation. The magnets are remotely raised or lowered to change the magnitude of the force on the blades. The other two methods apply
Off-design correlation for losses due to part-span dampers on transonic rotors
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Roberts, W. B.; Crouse, J. E.; Sandercock, D. M.
Experimental data from 10 transonic fan rotors were used to correlate losses created by part-span dampers located near the midchord position on the rotor blades. The design tip speed of these rotors varied from 419 to 425 m/sec, and the design pressure ratio varied from 1.6 to 2.0. Additional loss caused by the dampers for operating conditions between 50 and 100 percent of design speed were correlated with relevant aerodynamic and geometric parameters. The resulting correlation predicts the variation of total-pressure-loss coefficient in the damper region to a good approximation.
Nonlinear longitudinal oscillations of fuel in rockets feed lines with gas-liquid damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Avramov, K. V.; Filipkovsky, S.; Tonkonogenko, A. M.; Klimenko, D. V.
The mathematical model of the fuel oscillations in the rockets feed lines with gas-liquid dampers is derived. The nonlinear model of the gas-liquid damper is suggested. The vibrations of fuel in the feed lines with the gas-liquid dampers are considered nonlinear. The weighted residual method is applied to obtain the finite degrees of freedom nonlinear model of the fuel oscillations. Shaw-Pierre nonlinear normal modes are applied to analyze free vibrations. The forced oscillations of the fuel at the principle resonances are analyzed. The stability of the forced oscillations is investigated. The results of the forced vibrations analysis are shown on the frequency responses.
Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling Influences on Pseudo-Breakup Activity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fillingim, M. O.; Brittnacher, M.; Parks, G. K.; Germany, G. A.; Spann, J. F.
Pseudo-breakups are brief, localized aurora[ arc brightening, which do not lead to a global expansion, are historically observed during the growth phase of substorms. Previous studies have demonstrated that phenomenologically there is very little difference between substorm onsets and pseudo-breakups except for the degree of localization and the absence of a global expansion phase. A key open question is what physical mechanism prevents a pseudo-breakup form expanding globally. Using Polar Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) images, we identify periods of pseudo-breakup activity. Foe the data analyzed we find that most pseudo-breakups occur near local midnight, between magnetic local times of 21 and 03, at magnetic latitudes near 70 degrees, through this value may change by several degrees. While often discussed in the context of substorm growth phase events, pseudo-breakups are also shown to occur during prolonged relatively inactive periods. These quiet time pseudo-breakups can occur over a period of several hours without the development of a significant substorm for at least an hour after pseudo-breakup activity stops. In an attempt to understand the cause of quiet time pseudo-breakups, we compute the epsilon parameter as a measure of the efficiency of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling. It is noted that quiet time pseudo-breakups occur typically when epsilon is low; less than about 50 GW. We suggest that quiet time pseudo-breakups are driven by relatively small amounts of energy transferred to the magnetosphere by the solar wind insufficient to initiate a substorm expansion onset.
Sunspot activity, solar wind, Earth's rotation and climate on a decadal time-scale
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mörner, N.-A.
The Spörer, Maunder and Dalton Minima correlate reasonably well with observed periods of cold climate in the years 1440-1460, 1687-1703 and 1808-182. Therefore, a causal connection has been proposed. From the mode of changes in ocean surface circulation in the North Atlantic, two facts are established; viz. (1) that the recorded cold periods in western Europe, primarily, are driven by changes in ocean circulation (interchange of angular momentum between the solid Earth and the hydrosphere), and (2) that all the three periods of cooling represent periods when Earth's rotation experienced a speeding-up (increased rate of rotation and decreased LOD). Sunspot activity and LOD express a good correlation when plotted against each other. This suggests (or indicates) that variations in the Solar Wind strength affect the Earth's rate of rotation, which in its turn affects the oceanic and atmospheric circulation. The oceans being the Earth's greatest store of heat has a vital impact on the redistribution of heat via changes in the ocean surface circulation. The Gulf Stream and the Kurishio Current, both bringing hot equatorial water to middle and high latitudes, have a central role in redistribution of heat and oceanic water masses (controlling the interchange of angular momentum). Similarly, the Humboldt Current play a central role in bringing cold low-latitude water up along the South American coast in ENSO and super-ENSO variability. In conclusion, there seems to be a strong causal chain-relation between sunspot activity, solar wind strength, Earth's rate of rotation, oceanic surface circulation and regional climatic changes on a decadal time-scale.
Coupled CFD/CSD Analysis of an Active-Twist Rotor in a Wind Tunnel with Experimental Validation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Massey, Steven J.; Kreshock, Andrew R.; Sekula, Martin K.
An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes analysis loosely coupled with a comprehensive rotorcraft code is presented for a second-generation active-twist rotor. High fidelity Navier-Stokes results for three configurations: an isolated rotor, a rotor with fuselage, and a rotor with fuselage mounted in a wind tunnel, are compared to lifting-line theory based comprehensive rotorcraft code calculations and wind tunnel data. Results indicate that CFD/CSD predictions of flapwise bending moments are in good agreement with wind tunnel measurements for configurations with a fuselage, and that modeling the wind tunnel environment does not significantly enhance computed results. Actuated rotor results for the rotor with fuselage configuration are also validated for predictions of vibratory blade loads and fixed-system vibratory loads. Varying levels of agreement with wind tunnel measurements are observed for blade vibratory loads, depending on the load component (flap, lag, or torsion) and the harmonic being examined. Predicted trends in fixed-system vibratory loads are in good agreement with wind tunnel measurements.
Near-Earth Solar Wind Flows and Related Geomagnetic Activity During more than Four Solar Cycles (1963-2011)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Richardson, Ian G.; Cane, Hilary V.
In past studies, we classified the near-Earth solar wind into three basic flow types based on inspection of solar wind plasma and magnetic field parameters in the OMNI database and additional data (e.g., geomagnetic indices, energetic particle, and cosmic ray observations). These flow types are: (1) High-speed streams associated with coronal holes at the Sun, (2) Slow, interstream solar wind, and (3) Transient flows originating with coronal mass ejections at the Sun, including interplanetary coronal mass ejections and the associated upstream shocks and post-shock regions. The solar wind classification in these previous studies commenced with observations in 1972. In the present study, as well as updating this classification to the end of 2011, we have extended the classification back to 1963, the beginning of near-Earth solar wind observations, thereby encompassing the complete solar cycles 20 to 23 and the ascending phase of cycle 24. We discuss the cycle-to-cycle variations in near-Earth solar wind structures and l1e related geomagnetic activity over more than four solar cycles, updating some of the results of our earlier studies.
2014 Wind Technologies Market Report
Wiser, Ryan; Bolinger, Mark; Barbose, Galen; Daghouth, Naim; Hoen, Ben; Mills, Andrew; Hamachi LaCommare, Kristina; Millstein, Dev; Hansen, Dana; Porter, Kevin; Widiss, Rebecca; Buckley, Michael; Oteri, Frank; Smith, Aaron; Tegen, Suzanne
Wind power capacity additions in the United States rebounded in 2014, and continued growth through 2016 is anticipated. Recent and projected near-term growth is supported by the industry's primary federal incentive—the production tax credit (PTC)—which is available for projects that began construction by the end of 2014. Wind additions are also being driven by recent improvements in the cost and performance of wind power technologies, which have resulted in the lowest power sales prices ever seen in the U.S. wind sector. Growing corporate demand for wind energy and state-level policies play important roles as well. Expectations for continued technological advancements and cost reductions may further boost future growth. At the same time, the prospects for growth beyond 2016 are uncertain. The PTC has expired, and its renewal remains in question. Continued low natural gas prices, modest electricity demand growth, and limited near-term demand from state renewables portfolio standards (RPS) have also put a damper on growth expectations. These trends, in combination with increasingly global supply chains, have limited the growth of domestic manufacturing of wind equipment. What they mean for wind power additions through the end of the decade and beyond will be dictated in part by future natural gas prices, fossil plant retirements, and policy decisions.
Baring-Gould, I.
As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school wind turbines and participate in wind courses, by installing small wind turbines at community "host" schools, by implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school. This poster provides an overview of the first two years of the Wind for Schools project, primarily supporting activities in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, and Idaho.
Spring-fall asymmetry of substorm strength, geomagnetic activity and solar wind: Implications for semiannual variation and solar hemispheric asymmetry
Mursula, K.; Tanskanen, E.; Love, J.J.
We study the seasonal variation of substorms, geomagnetic activity and their solar wind drivers in 1993-2008. The number of substorms and substorm mean duration depict an annual variation with maxima in Winter and Summer, respectively, reflecting the annual change of the local ionosphere. In contradiction, substorm mean amplitude, substorm total efficiency and global geomagnetic activity show a dominant annual variation, with equinoctial maxima alternating between Spring in solar cycle 22 and Fall in cycle 23. The largest annual variations were found in 1994 and 2003, in the declining phase of the two cycles when high-speed streams dominate the solar wind. A similar, large annual variation is found in the solar wind driver of substorms and geomagnetic activity, which implies that the annual variation of substorm strength, substorm efficiency and geomagnetic activity is not due to ionospheric conditions but to a hemispherically asymmetric distribution of solar wind which varies from one cycle to another. Our results imply that the overall semiannual variation in global geomagnetic activity has been seriously overestimated, and is largely an artifact of the dominant annual variation with maxima alternating between Spring and Fall. The results also suggest an intimate connection between the asymmetry of solar magnetic fields and some of the largest geomagnetic disturbances, offering interesting new pathways for forecasting disturbances with a longer lead time to the future. Copyright ?? 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.
Spring-fall asymmetry of substorm strength, geomagnetic activity and solar wind: Implications for semiannual variation and solar hemispheric asymmetry
Marsula, K.; Tanskanen, E.; Love, J.J.
We study the seasonal variation of substorms, geomagnetic activity and their solar wind drivers in 1993–2008. The number of substorms and substorm mean duration depict an annual variation with maxima in Winter and Summer, respectively, reflecting the annual change of the local ionosphere. In contradiction, substorm mean amplitude, substorm total efficiency and global geomagnetic activity show a dominant annual variation, with equinoctial maxima alternating between Spring in solar cycle 22 and Fall in cycle 23. The largest annual variations were found in 1994 and 2003, in the declining phase of the two cycles when high-speed streams dominate the solar wind. A similar, large annual variation is found in the solar wind driver of substorms and geomagnetic activity, which implies that the annual variation of substorm strength, substorm efficiency and geomagnetic activity is not due to ionospheric conditions but to a hemispherically asymmetric distribution of solar wind which varies from one cycle to another. Our results imply that the overall semiannual variation in global geomagnetic activity has been seriously overestimated, and is largely an artifact of the dominant annual variation with maxima alternating between Spring and Fall. The results also suggest an intimate connection between the asymmetry of solar magnetic fields and some of the largest geomagnetic disturbances, offering interesting new pathways for forecasting disturbances with a longer lead time to the future.
Active Vertical Tail Buffeting Alleviation on an F/A-18 Model in a Wind Tunnel
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Moses, Robert W.
A 1/6-scale F-18 wind-tunnel model was tested in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center as part of the Actively Controlled Response Of Buffet-Affected Tails (ACROBAT) program to assess the use of active controls in reducing vertical tail buffeting. The starboard vertical tail was equipped with an active rudder and other aerodynamic devices, and the port vertical tail was equipped with piezoelectric actuators. The tunnel conditions were atmospheric air at a dynamic pressure of 14 psf. By using single-input-single-output control laws at gains well below the physical limits of the control effectors, the power spectral density of the root strains at the frequency of the first bending mode of the vertical tail was reduced by as much as 60 percent up to angles of attack of 37 degrees. Root mean square (RMS) values of root strain were reduced by as much as 19 percent. Stability margins indicate that a constant gain setting in the control law may be used throughout the range of angle of attack tested.
Active Vertical Tail Buffeting Alleviation on a Twin-Tail Fighter Configuration in a Wind Tunnel
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Moses, Robert W.
A 1/6-scale F-18 wind-tunnel model was tested in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center as part of the Actively Controlled Response Of Buffet-Affected Tails (ACROBAT) program to assess the use of active controls in reducing vertical tail buffeting. The starboard vertical tail was equipped with an active rudder and other aerodynamic devices, and the port vertical tail was equipped with piezoelectric actuators. The tunnel conditions were atmospheric air at a dynamic pressure of 14 psf. By using single-input-single-output control laws at gains well below the physical limits of the control effectors, the power spectral density of the root strains at the frequency of the first bending mode of the vertical tail was reduced by as much as 60 percent up to angles of attack of 37 degrees. Root mean square (RMS) values of root strain were reduced by as much as 19 percent. Stability margins indicate that a constant gain setting in the control law may be used throughout the range of angle of attack tested.
Active Galactic Nucleus Obscuration from Winds: From Dusty Infrared-Driven to Warm and X-Ray Photoionized
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dorodnitsyn, Anton V.; Kallman, Timothy R.
We present calculations of active galactic nucleus winds at approx.parsec scales along with the associated obscuration. We take into account the pressure of infrared radiation on dust grains and the interaction of X-rays from a central black hole with hot and cold plasma. Infrared radiation (IR) is incorporated in radiation-hydrodynamic simulations adopting the flux-limited diffusion approximation. We find that in the range of X-ray luminosities L = 0.05-0.6 L(sub Edd), the Compton-thick part of the flow (aka torus) has an opening angle of approximately 72deg - 75deg regardless of the luminosity. At L > or approx. 0.1, the outflowing dusty wind provides the obscuration with IR pressure playing a major role. The global flow consists of two phases: the cold flow at inclinations (theta) > or approx.70deg and a hot, ionized wind of lower density at lower inclinations. The dynamical pressure of the hot wind is important in shaping the denser IR-supported flow. At luminosities < or = 0.1 L(sub Edd) episodes of outflow are followed by extended periods when the wind switches to slow accretion. Key words: acceleration of particles . galaxies: active . hydrodynamics . methods: numerical Online-only material: color figures
Akebono/Suprathermal Mass Spectrometer observations of low-energy ion outflow: Dependence on magnetic activity and solar wind conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cully, C. M.; Donovan, E. F.; Yau, A. W.; Arkos, G. G.
We present observations by the Suprathermal Mass Spectrometer (SMS) on Akebono (EXOS-D) of ion outflow in the energy range from <1 to ˜70 eV. These observations cover a unique region of phase space and present an opportunity to "tie together" observations from disparate satellites. Variation of the total hemispheric O+ and H+ outflow rates with solar radio flux (monitored by the Penticton F10.7 index), with geomagnetic activity (monitored by the Kp index), and with solar wind parameters is discussed. Comparisons of F10.7 and Kp trends to results from Polar and Dynamics Explorer-1 (DE-1) lead us to conclude that flows of H+ in this low energy range are entirely sufficient to account for higher-energy flows at higher altitudes. On the other hand, we infer a substantial amount of O+ at energies above 70 eV. Both H+ and O+ outflow rates in this range exhibit a strong correlation with the solar wind kinetic pressure, the solar wind electric field, and the variability in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the hour preceding. While these factors are also associated with increased geomagnetic activity (Kp), a separate, Kp-independent effect is also found, showing a correlation of ion outflow with solar wind density and an anticorrelation with solar wind velocity.
Dorodnitsyn, A.; Kallman, T.; Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S.
We construct a radiation-hydrodynamics model for the obscuring toroidal structure in active galactic nuclei. In this model the obscuration is produced at parsec scales by a dense, dusty wind which is supported by infrared radiation pressure on dust grains. To find the distribution of radiation pressure, we numerically solve the two-dimensional radiation transfer problem in a flux-limited diffusion approximation. We iteratively couple the solution with calculations of stationary one-dimensional models for the wind and obtain the z-component of the velocity. Our results demonstrate that for active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosities greater than 0.1 L{sub edd}, external illumination can support a geometrically thick obscuration via outflows driven by infrared radiation pressure. The terminal velocity of marginally Compton-thin models (0.2 < {tau}{sub T} < 0.6) is comparable to or greater than the escape velocity. In Compton-thick models the maximum value of the vertical component of the velocity is lower than the escape velocity, suggesting that a significant part of our torus is in the form of failed wind. The results demonstrate that obscuration via normal or failed infrared-driven winds is a viable option for the AGN torus problem and AGN unification models. Such winds can also provide an important channel for AGN feedback.
Vibration suppression of printed circuit boards using an external particle damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Veeramuthuvel, P.; Sairajan, K. K.; Shankar, K.
Particle damping is an effective method of passive vibration control, of recent research interest. The novel use of particle damper capsule on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and the development of Radial Basis Function neural network to accurately predict the acceleration response is presented here. The prediction of particle damping using this neural network is studied in comparison with the Back Propagation Neural network. Extensive experiments are carried out on a PCB for different combinations of particle damper parameters such as particle size, particle density, packing ratio, and the input force during the primary modes of vibration and the obtained results are used for training and testing of neural networks. Based on the prediction from the better trained network, useful design guidelines for the particle damper suitable for PCB are arrived at. The effectiveness of particle dampers for vibration suppression of PCB under random vibration environment is demonstrated based on these design guidelines.
Development of a novel variable stiffness and damping magnetorheological fluid damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Shuaishuai; Yang, Jian; Li, Weihua; Deng, Huaxia; Du, Haiping; Alici, Gursel
This paper reports a novel magnetorheological fluid (MRF)-based damper, which synergizes the attributes of variable stiffness and damping through the compact assembly of two MRF damping units and a spring. The magnetic field densities of the two damping units were analyzed. After the prototype of the new MRF damper, a hydraulically actuated MTS machine was used to test the damper's performance, including stiffness variability and damping variability, amplitude-dependent responses and frequency-dependent responses. A new mathematical model was developed to describe the variable stiffness and damping MRF damper. The successful development, experimental testing and modeling of this innovative variable stiffness and damping MRF damper make the true design and implementation of the concept of variable stiffness and damping feasible.
A magnetic flux leakage study of a self-decoupling magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Du, Chengbin; Wan, Faxue; Yu, Guojun
The self-decoupling magnetorheological (SDMR) damper is a type of sensitive device with distinct damping characteristics at different amplitudes. This paper first describes the independently designed SDMR damper and its magnetic circuit structure. Then, through the combination of finite element analysis and experimental study, it discusses the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) of the magnetic circuits of the main piston and the sub-piston. The results show that large errors exist between the finite element analysis and the experimental results. Thus, in the magnetic circuit design phase, the impact of MFL should be properly considered. For the SDMR damper in this paper, setting the MFL factor at 2.2 for the magnetic circuit of the main piston and at 2.4 for the magnetic circuit of the sub-piston, the finite element simulation results and experimental results are in good agreement, and the results can be used as a reference for the design of similar dampers.
Design and analysis of a self-powered, self-sensing magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Chao; Liao, Wei-Hsin
In this paper, we proposed and investigated a self-powered, self-sensing magnetorheological (MR) damper, which integrates energy harvesting, sensing and MR damping capabilities into one device. This multifunctional integration would bring great benefits such as energy saving, high reliability, size and weight reduction, lower cost, and less maintenance for the use of MR damper systems. A prototype of the self-powered, self-sensing MR damper was designed, fabricated and tested. The power generator hardware could serve as the power generation and velocity sensing simultaneously. Analyses on the generated electrical voltages and power were performed and validated experimentally. A combined magnetic-field isolation method was developed and analyzed. A novel velocity-sensing method was proposed and experimentally validated to extract the velocity information from the signals of the power generator. This method requires real-time signal processing while extra mechanical mechanism is not needed. The damping force characteristic of the separate MR damper was also investigated.
Experimental evaluation of a tuned electromagnetic damper for vibration control of cryogenic turbopump rotors
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dirusso, Eliseo; Brown, Gerald V.
Experiments were performed on a passive tuned electromagnetic damper that could be used for damping rotor vibrations in cryogenic turbopumps for rocket engines. The tests were performed in a rig that used liquid nitrogen to produce cryogenic turbopump temperatures. This damper is most effective at cryogenic temperatures and is not a viable damper at room temperature. The unbalanced amplitude response of the rotor shaft was measured for undamped (baseline) and damped conditions at the critical speeds of the rotor (approx. 5900 to 6400 rpm) and the data were compared. The tests were performed for a speed range between 900 and 10 000 rpm. The tests revealed that the damper is very effective for damping single-mode narrow bandwidth amplitude response but is less effective in damping broadband response or multimode amplitude response.
The influence of a polymer damper on swing-through crutch gait biomechanics.
MacGillivray, Megan K; Manocha, Ranita H K; Sawatzky, Bonita
Forearm crutch technology has evolved slowly compared to other assistive mobility devices, despite the highly repetitive nature of forearm crutch gait and the high incidence of overuse injuries. Using 13 able-bodied volunteers between the ages of 19 and 27, we compared the ground reaction forces of a novel crutch design featuring an elastomeric polymer situated below the handle to an identical design without a damper system and to a commercially available generic rigid forearm crutch model. There were no differences in peak vertical force or impulse between crutches. The crutch with the damper system demonstrated a significantly smaller peak braking force and impulse compared to the generic forearm crutch model. However, the crutch with the damper system demonstrated a significantly larger peak propulsive force and impulse compared to both crutch models. This finding indicates that a forearm crutch with a damper system may help to propel the crutch forward when walking on level surfaces, which could impact forward momentum. PMID:26852356
Stability of a dual-spin spacecraft with spherical dampers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Laskin, R. A.; Likins, P. W.; Sirlin, S.
The present investigation is concerned with the stability characteristics of a specific dual-spin satellite configuration marked by a high degree of symmetry. The configuration includes a platform and a rotor. Both components contain arbitrarily located internal spherical dampers. The symmetry of the system configuration makes it possible to illustrate clearly the relationship between Routhian analysis, energy sink analysis, and digital simulation of the full nonlinear equations. Although the dual-spin spacecraft configuration contains energy dissipating devices on both platform and rotor, it is still possible to employ the rigorous, but relatively simple, Routh stability method. This method, unlike Floquet theory, has the potential of producing closed-form stability criteria. The energy sink method is capable of providing a closed-form stability criterion. Numerical simulation is a necessary requirement in the latter stages of design when the realistic perturbation environment must be considered.
Variable force, eddy-current or magnetic damper
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cunningham, R. E. (Inventor)
An object of the invention is to provide variable damping for resonant vibrations which may occur at different rotational speeds in the range of rpms in which a rotating machine is operated. A variable force damper in accordance with the invention includes a rotating mass carried on a shaft which is supported by a bearing in a resilient cage. The cage is attached to a support plate whose rim extends into an annular groove in a housing. Variable damping is effected by tabs of electrically conducting nonmagnetic material which extend radially from the cage. The tabs at an index position lie between the pole face of respective C shaped magnets. The magnets are attached by cantilever spring members to the housing.
Parametric study of pounding tuned mass damper for subsea jumpers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, P.; Li, L.; Patil, D.; Singla, M.; Li, H.-N.; Mo, Y. L.; Song, G.
In previous study, a pounding tuned mass damper (PTMD) was proposed to reduce the undesired vibration of a subsea jumper. Both experimental and numerical results verified the effectiveness of the PTMD. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the PTMD through a parametric study. The jumper is subjected to sinusoidal forces of different frequencies. The reduction ratio is defined for evaluation of the mitigation performance. Three parameters are considered in this study: the pounding stiffness, the gap between the delimiter and the mass block, and the mass ratio. The parametric studies show that the PTMD system is not so sensitive to the small variations of the pounding stiffness and the gap. The reduction ratio is significantly increased with the mass ratio increased up to 2%. Afterwards, it is not so economic or practically feasible to enlarge the mass ratio.
Viscous dampers cut vibration in heater drain line
Mays, B.; Rencher, D. ); Keowen, R.S.; Hueffmann, G.K.
This article discusses the control of unacceptable vibration levels that persisted for about two years in a 400 F heater drain piping system at Comanche Peak's 1100-MW Unit 1. The system in this PWR nuclear power plant is made up of approximately 300 ft of 8-in., Schedule 40 piping that runs from the steam generator heater to two 10-ft-diameter horizontal drain tanks. During start-up and shut-down operations, flashing of the 400 F water to steam occurs at the intakes of the tanks. This flashing caused severe vibration in the 8-in. piping from the tanks to about 80 ft upstream. Peak displacements of approximately three inches were measured. Viscous dampers were installed to solve the problem.
Differential-damper topologies for actuators in rehabilitation robotics.
Tucker, Michael R; Gassert, Roger
Differential-damper (DD) elements can provide a high bandwidth means for decoupling a high inertia, high friction, non-backdrivable actuator from its output and can enable high fidelity force control. In this paper, a port-based decomposition is used to analyze the energetic behavior of such actuators in various physical domains. The general concepts are then applied to a prototype DD actuator for illustration and discussion. It is shown that, within physical bounds, the output torque from a DD actuator can be controlled independently from the input speed. This concept holds the potential to be scaled up and integrated in a compact and lightweight package powerful enough for incorporation with a portable lower limb orthotic or prosthetic device. PMID:23366576
Damping performance of bean bag dampers in zero gravity environments
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Chao; Chen, Tianning; Wang, Xiaopeng
Bean bag dampers (BBDs), developed from impact damping technology, have been widely applied in engineering field to attenuate the vibration of a structural system. The damping effect of a BBD on vibration control in ground gravity environments is good, but its performance in zero gravity environments is not clear, and there are few studies on it. Therefore, the damping effect of BBDs in zero gravity environments was investigated based on the discrete element method (DEM) in this paper. Firstly, a three-dimensional DEM model of a BBD was established, and the damping effects of the single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems with BBDs and non-obstructive particle dampers (NOPDs) in zero gravity environments were compared. Moreover, the influences of the diameter of the inner ball, the tightness of BBD, the vibration frequency of SDOF system and the gap between BBD and cavity on the vibration reduction effect of BBD in zero gravity environments were also studied, and the results were compared with the system with BBD in ground gravity environments. There are optimum ranges of the diameter of the inner ball, tightness and gap for BBD, and the effects of these parameters on the damping performances of BBD in gravity and zero gravity environments are similar in evolving trends, and the values are without big differences in the optimum ranges. Thereby the parameter selection in BBD design in zero gravity environments is similar to that in gravity environments. However, the diameter of BBD should be a slightly larger than the size of the cavity when the structures with BBD work in zero gravity environments. The BBD is supposed to be picked tightly when the vibration frequency is high, and the BBD has better to be picked more tightly in zero gravity environments. These results can be used as a guide in the design of BBDs in zero gravity environments.
Use of Acoustic Wind Profilers for Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Flight Test Activities
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Donnohue, Casey J.; Underwood, Ken; Bellue, Dan G.
Sonic detection and ranging (SODAR) systems provide crucial information to meteorologists for advising uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) flight crews and mission directors on historical, current, and forecasted wind and turbulence conditions. The SODAR system provided advanced warning of increasing surface winds for an X-38 flight on February 6, 1999. The SODAR system has also provided important postflight data for X-38 engineers to review the performance of the parafoil in the presence of strong wind shears near the surface at landing.
Study, Development, and Design of Replaceable Shear Yielding Steel Panel Damper
Murakami, Katsuhide; Keii, Michio
For middle-high rise buildings, vibration controlled structures to reduce the damage of main frames are recently becoming general in Japan. A steel material damper is low price and excellent in the energy absorption efficiency at a large earthquake. Though the exchange of the dampers are necessary when an excessive accumulation of plasticity deformation occurs, a steel material damping system, which received an excessive accumulation of plasticity deformation after a large earthquake, can recover a seismic-proof performance and property value of the building after the replacement. In the paper, shear yielding steel panel dampers installed in the web of a beam connected with high tension bolt joint is introduced. This damper is made of low-yield point steel, and the advantages of this system are low cost, easy-production and easy-replacement. For this steel panel damper, the finite element method (FEM) analysis using the shell element model adjusted to 1/2 of 6.4 m beam span is executed to make the design most effective. Yielding property of the beam installing this damper, shape of the splice plate and the bolt orientation for the connecting are examined in this analysis. As a result, we found that the plastic strain extends uniformly to the entire damping panel when making the splice plate a trapezoidal shape. The basic performance confirmation examination was also done using the real scale examination model besides the FEM analysis, and the performance of the system was confirmed. In addition, design of a high rise building in which the steel shear-yielding panel dampers and oil dampers were adopted without disturbing an architectural plan is also introduced.
Effectiveness of large booms as nutation dampers for spin stabilized spacecraft
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Eke, F. O.
The issue of using long slender booms as pendulous nutation damping devices on spinning aircraft is discussed. Motivation comes from experience with the Galileo Spacecraft, whose magnetometer boom also serves as a passive nutation damper for the spacecraft. Performance analysis of a spacecraft system equipped with such systems are relatively insensitive to changes in the damping constant of the device. However, the size and arrangement of such a damper raises important questions concerning spacecraft stability in general.
Cavitation effects on the pressure distribution of a squeeze film damper bearing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zeidan, Fouad Y.; Vance, John M.
High speed motion pictures have revealed several operating regimes in a squeeze film damper. Pressure measurements corresponding to these distinct regimes were made to examine their effect on the performance of such dampers. Visual observation also revealed the means by which the pressure in the feed groove showed higher amplitudes than the theory predicts. Comparison between vapor and gaseous cavitation are made based on their characteristic pressure wave, and the effect this has on the total force and its phase.
The Effects of Manufacturing Tolerances on the Vibration of Aero-engine Rotor-damper Assemblies
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sykes, J. E. H.; Holmes, R.
A range of rotor assemblies incorporating one and two squeeze film dampers with various static misalignments is investigated. Waterfall diagrams are constructed which demonstrate the effects of such misalignment and damper support flexibility on the nature and severity of subsynchronous resonance and jump phenomena. Vibration signatures of similar rotor-bearing assemblies are shown to contrast strongly due to different accumulations of tolerances during manufacture, fitting, and operation.
Instability of an intershaft squeeze film damper in a two-spool rotor dynamics simulator
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Alderson, R. G.
An instability associated with an intershaft squeeze film damper is described. The squeeze film is located between the intershaft bearing outer race and the low-speed shaft of a five-bearing, two-spool test rig. The instability is dominated by response of the third system mode to destabilizing excitation of the type described by Hibner, et al. Installing a spring cage in place of the intershaft damper removes the instability and produces satisfactory performance throughout the operating range.
Experimental evidence for the effect of small wind turbine proximity and operation on bird and bat activity.
Minderman, Jeroen; Pendlebury, Chris J; Pearce-Higgins, James W; Park, Kirsty J
The development of renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines forms a vital part of strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Although large wind farms generate the majority of wind energy, the small wind turbine (SWT, units generating <50 kW) sector is growing rapidly. In spite of evidence of effects of large wind farms on birds and bats, effects of SWTs on wildlife have not been studied and are likely to be different due to their potential siting in a wider range of habitats. We present the first study to quantify the effects of SWTs on birds and bats. Using a field experiment, we show that bird activity is similar in two distance bands surrounding a sample of SWTs (between 6-18 m hub height) and is not affected by SWT operation at the fine scale studied. At shorter distances from operating turbines (0-5 m), bat activity (measured as the probability of a bat "pass" per hour) decreases from 84% (71-91%) to 28% (11-54%) as wind speed increases from 0 to 14 m/s. This effect is weaker at greater distances (20-25 m) from operating turbines (activity decreases from 80% (65-89%) to 59% (32-81%)), and absent when they are braked. We conclude that bats avoid operating SWTs but that this effect diminishes within 20 m. Such displacement effects may have important consequences especially in landscapes where suitable habitat is limiting. Planning guidance for SWTs is currently lacking. Based on our results we recommend that they are sited at least 20 m away from potentially valuable bat habitat. PMID:22859969
Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Small Wind Turbine Proximity and Operation on Bird and Bat Activity
Minderman, Jeroen; Pendlebury, Chris J.; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; Park, Kirsty J.
The development of renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines forms a vital part of strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Although large wind farms generate the majority of wind energy, the small wind turbine (SWT, units generating <50 kW) sector is growing rapidly. In spite of evidence of effects of large wind farms on birds and bats, effects of SWTs on wildlife have not been studied and are likely to be different due to their potential siting in a wider range of habitats. We present the first study to quantify the effects of SWTs on birds and bats. Using a field experiment, we show that bird activity is similar in two distance bands surrounding a sample of SWTs (between 6–18 m hub height) and is not affected by SWT operation at the fine scale studied. At shorter distances from operating turbines (0–5 m), bat activity (measured as the probability of a bat "pass" per hour) decreases from 84% (71–91%) to 28% (11–54%) as wind speed increases from 0 to 14 m/s. This effect is weaker at greater distances (20–25 m) from operating turbines (activity decreases from 80% (65–89%) to 59% (32–81%)), and absent when they are braked. We conclude that bats avoid operating SWTs but that this effect diminishes within 20 m. Such displacement effects may have important consequences especially in landscapes where suitable habitat is limiting. Planning guidance for SWTs is currently lacking. Based on our results we recommend that they are sited at least 20 m away from potentially valuable bat habitat. PMID:22859969
Experimental investigation of dynamic performance of a prototype hybrid tuned mass damper under human excitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Noormohammadi, Nima; Reynolds, Paul
Current sport stadia designs focus mainly on maximizing audience capacity and providing a clear view for all spectators. Hence, incorporation of one or more cantilevered tiers is typical in these designs. However, employing such cantilevered tiers, usually with relatively low damping and natural frequencies, can make grandstands more susceptible to excitation by human activities. This is caused by the coincidence between the activity frequencies (and their lowest three harmonics) and the structural natural frequencies hence raising the possibility of resonant vibration. This can be both a vibration serviceability and a safety issue. Past solutions to deal with observed or anticipated vibration serviceability problems have been mainly passive methods, such as tuned mass dampers (TMDs). These techniques have exhibited problems such as lack of performance and offtuning caused by human-structure interaction. To address this issue, research is currently underway to investigate the possible application of hybrid TMDs (HTMDs), which are a combination of active and passive control, to improve the vibration serviceability of such structures under human excitation. The work presented here shows a comparative experimental investigation of a passive TMD and a prototype HTMD applied on a slab strip structure. The most effective control algorithm to enhance the performance of the HTMD and also deal with the off-tuning problem is investigated. The laboratory structure used here is an in-situ cast simply-supported post-tensioned slab strip excited by forces from a range of human activities.
Design and testing of a MRF rotational damper for vehicle applications
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Giorgetti, A.; Baldanzini, N.; Biasiotto, M.; Citti, P.
Adaptive dampers are an interesting solution for conjugating the necessity of controllable devices and low power consumption. Magneto-rheological fluids (MRF) can be profitably employed in adaptive dampers because of the significant variation of fluid parameters with magnetic field properties. This paper focuses on the design process of an innovative rotational MR damper specifically created to be placed in the front-wheel suspension of a compact car. The advantages of the rotational damper and the definition of the optimal design are described. The proposed damper significantly reduces several key problems associated with MR devices: the quantity of fluid required, the sedimentation of ferromagnetic particles in the suspension and the abrasion of the seals. In fact, with this solution, low average working pressure, low flow velocity through valves, a wide range of variable damping characteristics, and high durability of the damper can be achieved. Thanks to this innovative component, different new architectures for adaptive suspension systems can be developed to have a planar distribution of the suspension components with a consequent space optimization and size reduction in the vertical direction.
A chambered porous damper for rotor vibration control: Part 2. Imbalance response and blade loss simulation
Walton, J.; Martin, M. )
In this paper, results of experimental rotordynamic evaluations of a novel, high load chambered porous damper design are presented. The chambered porous damper concept was evaluated for gas turbine engine application since this concept avoids the nonlinearities associated with high-eccentricity operation of conventional squeeze film dampers. The rotordynamic testing was conducted under large steady-state imbalance and simulated transient blade-loss conditions for up to 0.254 mm (0.01 in.) mass c.g offset or 180 g-cm (2.5 oz-in.) imbalance. The chambered porous damper demonstrated that the steady-state imbalance and simulated blade-loss transient response of a flexible rotor operating above its first bending critical speed could be readily controlled. Rotor system imbalance sensitivity and logarithmic decrement are presented showing the characteristics of the system with the damper installed. The ability to accommodate high steady-state and transient imbalance conditions makes this damper well suited to a wide range of rotating machinery, including aircraft gas turbine engines.
Research on seismic performance of slotted RC walls with replaceable damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Jian; Ou, Jinping; Huo, Lianfeng
Structural walls are important components of resisting the lateral loads for high-rise structures. However, the traditional walls are difficult to repair or replace in post-earthquake events. Hence, over the past few years, a research was made of several kinds of replaceable structures such as replaceable coupling beam and replaceable wall toe. In this paper, a new seismic energy dissipation wall structure is proposed. The new wall is one with purposely build-in vertical slits within the wall panel, and metallic dampers are installed on the vertical slits so that the seismic performance of the structure can be controlled. Moreover, the metallic damper is easy to be replaced in post-earthquake events. The proposed metallic damper is with a serial of diamond-shaped holes and designed based on the lateral deformation of the wall. The yielding scheme of the metallic damper is proposed in order to achieve the ductility and energy dissipation demand of the walls. The mechanical model of the metallic damper is established. Finally, the numerical simulations of the metallic damper based on the finite element software ABAQUS are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed mathematic model.
A parametric sensitivity and optimization study for the active flexible wing wind-tunnel model flutter characteristics
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rais-Rohani, Masoud
In this paper an effort is made to improve the analytical open-loop flutter predictions for the Active Flexible Wing wind-tunnel model using a sensitivity based optimization approach. The sensitivity derivatives of the flutter frequency and dynamic pressure of the model with respect to the lag terms appearing in the Roger's unsteady aerodynamics approximations are evaluated both analytical and by finite differences. Then, the Levenberg-Marquardt method is used to find the optimum values for these lag-terms. The results obtained here agree much better with the experimental (wind tunnel) results than those found in the previous studies.
Line-driven disk winds in active galactic nuclei: The critical importance of ionization and radiative transfer
Higginbottom, Nick; Knigge, Christian; Matthews, James H.; Proga, Daniel; Long, Knox S.; Sim, Stuart A.
Accretion disk winds are thought to produce many of the characteristic features seen in the spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). These outflows also represent a natural form of feedback between the central supermassive black hole and its host galaxy. The mechanism for driving this mass loss remains unknown, although radiation pressure mediated by spectral lines is a leading candidate. Here, we calculate the ionization state of, and emergent spectra for, the hydrodynamic simulation of a line-driven disk wind previously presented by Proga and Kallman. To achieve this, we carry out a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation of the radiative transfer through, and energy exchange within, the predicted outflow. We find that the wind is much more ionized than originally estimated. This is in part because it is much more difficult to shield any wind regions effectively when the outflow itself is allowed to reprocess and redirect ionizing photons. As a result, the calculated spectrum that would be observed from this particular outflow solution would not contain the ultraviolet spectral lines that are observed in many AGN/QSOs. Furthermore, the wind is so highly ionized that line driving would not actually be efficient. This does not necessarily mean that line-driven winds are not viable. However, our work does illustrate that in order to arrive at a self-consistent model of line-driven disk winds in AGN/QSO, it will be critical to include a more detailed treatment of radiative transfer and ionization in the next generation of hydrodynamic simulations.
Dependence of the amplitude of Pc5-band magnetic field variations on the solar wind and solar activity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Takahashi, Kazue; Yumoto, Kiyohumi; Claudepierre, Seth G.; Sanchez, Ennio R.; Troshichev, Oleg A.; Janzhura, Alexander S.
We have studied the dependence of the amplitude of magnetic field variations in the Pc5 band (1.6-6.7 mHz) on the solar wind and solar activity. Solar wind parameters considered are the bulk velocity Vsw and the variation of the solar wind dynamic pressure δPsw. The solar activity dependence is examined by contrasting observations made in 2001 (solar activity maximum) and 2006 (solar activity declining phase). We calculated hourly Pc5 amplitude using data from geostationary satellites at L = 6.8 and ground stations covering 1 < L < 9. The amplitude is positively correlated with both Vsw and δPsw, but the degree of correlation varies with L and magnetic local time. As measured by the correlation coefficient, the amplitude dependence on both Vsw and δPsw is stronger on the dayside than on the nightside, and the dependence on Vsw (δPsw) tends to be stronger at higher (lower) L, with the relative importance of the two solar wind parameters switching at L ˜ 5. We attribute the Vsw control to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability on the magnetopause, occurring both at high and low latitudes, and the δPsw control to buffeting of the magnetosphere by variation of solar wind dynamic pressure. The GOES amplitude is higher at the solar maximum at all local times and the same feature is seen on the ground in the dawn sector at L > 6. A radial shift of the fast mode wave turning point, associated with the solar cycle variation of magnetosphere mass density, is a possible cause of this solar activity dependence.
A Long Neglected Damper in the El Niño--Typhoon Relationship: a 'Gaia-Like' Process.
Zheng, Zhe-Wen; Lin, I-I; Wang, Bin; Huang, Hsiao-Ching; Chen, Chi-Hong
Proposed in the early 1970's, the Gaia hypothesis suggests that our planet earth has a self-regulating ability to maintain a stable condition for life. Tropical cyclone (TC) is one of the earth's most hazardous disasters; it is intriguing to explore whether 'Gaia-like' processes may exist in nature to regulate TC activities. El Niño can shift the forming position of the Western Pacific typhoons away from land. This shift enables typhoons to travel longer distances over ocean and is known to be a positive process to promote TCs to achieve higher intensity. What is neglected, however, is that there co-exists a negative process. Here we show that during El Niño, typhoons intensify over region undergoing strong ocean subsurface shoaling where upper ocean heat content can drop by 20-50%. This 'worsen' ocean pre-condition can effectively reduce ocean's energy supply for typhoon intensification during typhoon-ocean interaction. We find this an elegant, 'Gaia-like' process demonstrating nature's self-regulating ability. Though during El Niño, typhoons can take advantage of the longer travelling distance over ocean to achieve higher intensity, nature is also providing a damper to partially cancel this positive impact. Without the damper, the situation could be even worse. PMID:26194789
A Long Neglected Damper in the El Niño—Typhoon Relationship: a 'Gaia-Like' Process
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zheng, Zhe-Wen; Lin, I.-I.; Wang, Bin; Huang, Hsiao-Ching; Chen, Chi-Hong
Proposed in the early 1970's, the Gaia hypothesis suggests that our planet earth has a self-regulating ability to maintain a stable condition for life. Tropical cyclone (TC) is one of the earth's most hazardous disasters; it is intriguing to explore whether 'Gaia-like' processes may exist in nature to regulate TC activities. El Niño can shift the forming position of the Western Pacific typhoons away from land. This shift enables typhoons to travel longer distances over ocean and is known to be a positive process to promote TCs to achieve higher intensity. What is neglected, however, is that there co-exists a negative process. Here we show that during El Niño, typhoons intensify over region undergoing strong ocean subsurface shoaling where upper ocean heat content can drop by 20-50%. This 'worsen' ocean pre-condition can effectively reduce ocean's energy supply for typhoon intensification during typhoon-ocean interaction. We find this an elegant, 'Gaia-like' process demonstrating nature's self-regulating ability. Though during El Niño, typhoons can take advantage of the longer travelling distance over ocean to achieve higher intensity, nature is also providing a damper to partially cancel this positive impact. Without the damper, the situation could be even worse.
A Long Neglected Damper in the El Niño—Typhoon Relationship: a 'Gaia-Like' Process
Zheng, Zhe-Wen; Lin, I.-I.; Wang, Bin; Huang, Hsiao-Ching; Chen, Chi-Hong
Proposed in the early 1970's, the Gaia hypothesis suggests that our planet earth has a self-regulating ability to maintain a stable condition for life. Tropical cyclone (TC) is one of the earth's most hazardous disasters; it is intriguing to explore whether 'Gaia-like' processes may exist in nature to regulate TC activities. El Niño can shift the forming position of the Western Pacific typhoons away from land. This shift enables typhoons to travel longer distances over ocean and is known to be a positive process to promote TCs to achieve higher intensity. What is neglected, however, is that there co-exists a negative process. Here we show that during El Niño, typhoons intensify over region undergoing strong ocean subsurface shoaling where upper ocean heat content can drop by 20–50%. This 'worsen' ocean pre-condition can effectively reduce ocean's energy supply for typhoon intensification during typhoon-ocean interaction. We find this an elegant, 'Gaia-like' process demonstrating nature's self-regulating ability. Though during El Niño, typhoons can take advantage of the longer travelling distance over ocean to achieve higher intensity, nature is also providing a damper to partially cancel this positive impact. Without the damper, the situation could be even worse. PMID:26194789
Active stall control for large offshore horizontal axis wind turbines; a conceptual study considering different actuation methods
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pereira, R.; van Bussel, G. J. W.; Timmer, W. A.
The increasing size of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines and the trend to install wind farms further offshore demand more robust design options. If the pitch system could be eliminated, the availability of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines should increase. This research investigates the use of active stall control to regulate power production in replacement of the pitch system. A feasibility study is conducted using a blade element momentum code and taking the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW turbine as baseline case. Considering half of the blade span is equipped with actuators, the required change in the lift coefficient to regulate power was estimated in ΔCl = 0.7. Three actuation technologies are investigated, namely Boundary Layer Transpiration, Trailing Edge Jets and Dielectric Barrier Discharge actuators. Results indicate the authority of the actuators considered is not sufficient to regulate power, since the change in the lift coefficient is not large enough. Active stall control of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines appears feasible only if the rotor is re-designed from the start to incorporate active-stall devices.
Field-Aligned Current Dynamics and Its Correlation with Solar Wind Conditions and Geomagnetic Activities From Space Technology 5 Observations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Yongli; Boardsen, Scott; Le, Guan; Slavin, James; Strangeway, Robert J.
Field-aligned currents (FACs) are the currents flowing into and out of the ionosphere which connect to the magnetosphere. They provide an essential linkage between the solar wind - magnetosphere system and the ionosphere, and the understanding of these currents is important for global magnetosphere dynamics and space weather prediction. The three spacecraft ST-5 constellation provides an unprecedented opportunity to study in situ FAC dynamics in time scales (10 sec to 10 min) that can not be achieved previously with single spacecraft studies or large-spaced conjugate spacecraft studies. In this study, we use the magnetic field observations during the whole ST-5 mission to study the dependence of FAC current sheet motion and intensity on solar wind conditions. FAC peak current densities show very good correlations with some solar wind parameters, including IMF Bz, dynamic pressure, Ey, and some IMF angles, but not with other parameters. Instant FAC speeds show generally much weaker dependence on solar wind conditions comparing to FAC peak current densities. This obvious uncorrelation between FAC peak current densities and speeds implies that FAC peak current densities are more consistently controlled by solar wind conditions and geomagnetic activities, while FAC speeds are more oscillatory, sometimes with higher speeds during quieter times and lower speeds during more turbulent times. Detailed examination of FAC current sheet speed during two major storms in the ST-5 mission will also be given to illustrate the temporal evolution of the FAC dynamics with geomagnetic storm.
77 FR 74218 - Commercial Wind Leasing and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf...
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
... published a Notice of Availability (NOA) in the Federal Register (72 FR 62,672) of the Programmatic EIS for... Federal Register (77 FR 5560) of the Final EA for Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment... Department of the Interior's (DOI) ``Smart from the Start'' wind energy initiative offshore North...
A mechanism for weak double layers and coherent low-frequency electrostatic wave activity in the solar wind
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Singh Lakhina, Gurbax; Singh, Satyavir
A mechanism for the weak double layers and coherent low-frequency electrostatic wave activity observed by Wind spacecraft in the solar wind at 1 AU is proposed in terms of ion-acoustic solitons and double layers. The solar wind plasma is modelled by a three component plasma consisting of fluid hot protons, hot alpha particles streaming with respect to protons, and suprathermal electrons having κ- distribution. This system supports two types of, slow and fast, ion-acoustic solitary waves. The fast ion-acoustic mode is similar to the ion-acoustic mode of proton-electron plasma, and can support only positive potential solitons. The slow ion-acoustic mode is a new mode that occurs due to the presence of alpha particles. This mode can support both positive and negative solitons and double layers. An increase of the κ- index leads to an increase in the critical Mach number, maximum Mach number and the maximum amplitude of both slow and fast ion-acoustic solitons. The slow ion-acoustic double layer can explain the amplitudes and widths, but not shapes, of the weak double layers (WDLs) observed in the solar wind at 1 AU by Wind spacecraft. The Fourier transform of the slow ion-acoustic solitons/double layers would produce broadband low-frequency electrostatic waves having main peaks between 0.35 kHz to 1.6 kHz, with electric field in the range of E = (0.01 - 0.7 ) mV/m, in excellent agreement with the observed low-frequency electrostatic wave activity in the solar wind at 1 AU.
On the optimization of a hybrid tuned mass damper for impulse loading
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Salvi, J.; Rizzi, E.; Rustighi, E.; Ferguson, N. S.
The present paper deals with the optimization of a hybrid tuned mass damper (TMD) in reducing the transient structural response due to impulse loading. In particular, a unit impulse excitation has been assumed, acting as base displacement, which is a situation that may occur in different real applications. The proposed hybrid TMD is composed of a previously optimized passive TMD and an added optimized active controller. Such configuration has been conceived in view of reducing both the global and the peak response. Especially on the latter task, the introduction of the active controller brings in a significant contribution. Prior, a bounded-input-bounded-output stability analysis on the control gains is developed. Different control laws have been investigated, assuming as primary structures, first a single-degree-of-freedom benchmark system and then a multi-degree-of-freedom building, in order to point out the most appropriate control law for the given structural context. In particular, a new control law, based on a linear combination of acceleration and velocity, allowed for remarkable peak response reduction. The achieved dynamic response exhibits a time settling weakly oscillating response, an indication of a stable behavior, and therefore represents a suitable option for the active controller, in view of various engineering applications.
Dependence of plasmaspheric hiss on solar wind parameters and geomagnetic activity and modeling of its global distribution
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kim, Kyung-Chan; Lee, Dae-Young; Shprits, Yuri
Accurate knowledge of the global distribution of plasmaspheric hiss is essential for the radiation belt modeling because it provides a direct link to understanding the radiation belt loss in the slot region. In this paper, we study the dependence of hiss activity on solar wind parameters and geomagnetic activity indices using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms hiss measurements made from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2012 based on a correlation analysis. We find that hiss amplitudes are well correlated with the preceding solar wind speed VSW, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BZ, and interplanetary electric field (IEF) EY with delay times of 5-6 h for VSW and 3-4 h for IMF BZ and IEF EY, while the best correlation with the geomagnetic indices, AE, Kp, and SYM-H, occurs at a delay time of 2-3 h for AE and SYM-H and 3-4 h for Kp. Of the solar wind parameters, the dawn-to-dusk component of IEF EY yields the best correlation with the variation of hiss wave. More interestingly, the global distribution of hiss waves shows a significant dependence on the VSW and IMF BZ: the most intense hiss region tends to occur at prenoon sector for a more southward IMF BZ, while the tendency is opposite with increasing VSW. This implies different origins of hiss activity. Also, we employ an artificial neural network technique to develop models of the global distribution of hiss amplitudes based on the solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices. The solely solar wind parameter-based model generally results in a higher correlation between the measured and modeled hiss amplitudes than any other models based on the geomagnetic indices. Finally, we use the solar wind parameter-based model to investigate hiss activity during storm events by distinguishing between coronal mass ejection-driven storms and corotating interaction region-driven storms. The result shows that in spite of the differences in the behavior of solar wind parameters between the two storm
Design and characterization of axial flux permanent magnet energy harvester for vehicle magnetorheological damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dong, Xiaomin
An axial flux permanent magnet energy harvester (AFPMEH) is proposed and analyzed for a vehicle magneto-rheological (MR) damper. The relationship between the output voltage and the input excitations are analytically developed. Under different constant rotation speeds and sinusoidal excitations, the harvesting energy is numerically computed for different loads of pure resistance and coil in the MR damper. To check the performance of the proposed AFPMEH for the MR damper, the AFPMEH and MR damper are fabricated individually. Experiments are performed to measure the harvesting energy of the AFPMEH and the damping characteristics of the MR damper under different excited conditions. The excited conditions include three constant rotation speeds and sinusoidal inputs. Load inputs of the pure resistance and the coil of the MR damper are considered. The results show that the time history of the generated voltage of the AFPMEH in experiment is agreed well with that of the AFPMEH in simulation. Under constant rotation speeds, the root mean square (rms) of loaded voltage will increase with the increment of load, whereas the rms of power will be affected by the amplitude of load. The MR damper powered by the AFPMEH can almost obtain the similar damping characteristics of that external power supply. Under sinusoidal inputs, the rms of loaded voltage will increase with the increment of external loads, whereas the rms of power will be almost kept as a constant. The damping range of the MR damper can also be enlarged over 30% comparing to off-state damping force. A quarter car model with an MR damper powered by the AFPMEH is developed to investigate the control performance. The on-off skyhook control is adopted to tune the input current of the MR damper. The vibration performance of the MR suspension is investigated under different roads and vehicle speeds. The numerical results show that the MR suspension with the AFPMEH under on-off skyhook control can achieve better ride comfort
A non-hydrodynamical model for acceleration of line-driven winds in active galactic nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Risaliti, G.; Elvis, M.
Context. Radiation driven winds are the likely origin of AGN outflows, and are believed to be a fundamental component of the inner structure of AGNs. Several hydrodynamical models have been developed, showing that these winds can be effectively launched from AGN accretion disks. Aims: Here we want to study the acceleration phase of line-driven winds in AGNs, in order to examine the physical conditions required for the existence of such winds for a wide variety of initial conditions. Methods: We built a simple and fast non-hydrodynamic model QWIND, where we assume that a wind is launched from the accretion disk at supersonic velocities of a few 100 km s-1, and we concentrated on the subsequent supersonic phase, when the wind is accelerated to final velocities up to 104 km s-1. Results: We show that, with a set of initial parameters in agreement with observations in AGNs, this model can produce a wind with terminal velocities on the order of 104 km s-1. There are three zones in the wind, only the middle one of which can launch a wind: in the inner zone the wind is too ionized and so experiences only the Compton radiation force, which is not effective in accelerating gas. This inner "failed wind" is important for shielding the next zone by lowering the ionization parameter there. In the middle zone the lower ionization of the gas leads to a much larger radiation force and the gas achieves escape velocity This middle zone is quite thin (about 100 gravitational radii). The outer, third zone is shielded from the UV radiation by the central wind zone, so does not achieve a high enough acceleration to reach escape velocity. We also describe a simple analytic approximation of our model, in which we neglect the effects of gravity during the acceleration phase. This analytic approach agrees with the results of the numerical code, and is a powerful way to check whether a radiation driven wind can be accelerated with a given set of initial parameters. Conclusions: Our
Magnetic Topology of Active Regions and Coronal Holes: Implications for Coronal Outflows and the Solar Wind
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
van Driel-Gesztelyi, L.; Culhane, J. L.; Baker, D.; Démoulin, P.; Mandrini, C. H.; DeRosa, M. L.; Rouillard, A. P.; Opitz, A.; Stenborg, G.; Vourlidas, A.; Brooks, D. H.
During 2 - 18 January 2008 a pair of low-latitude opposite-polarity coronal holes (CHs) were observed on the Sun with two active regions (ARs) and the heliospheric plasma sheet located between them. We use the Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) to locate AR-related outflows and measure their velocities. Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) imaging is also employed, as are the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) in-situ observations, to assess the resulting impacts on the solar wind (SW) properties. Magnetic-field extrapolations of the two ARs confirm that AR plasma outflows observed with EIS are co-spatial with quasi-separatrix layer locations, including the separatrix of a null point. Global potential-field source-surface modeling indicates that field lines in the vicinity of the null point extend up to the source surface, enabling a part of the EIS plasma upflows access to the SW. We find that similar upflow properties are also observed within closed-field regions that do not reach the source surface. We conclude that some of plasma upflows observed with EIS remain confined along closed coronal loops, but that a fraction of the plasma may be released into the slow SW. This suggests that ARs bordering coronal holes can contribute to the slow SW. Analyzing the in-situ data, we propose that the type of slow SW present depends on whether the AR is fully or partially enclosed by an overlying streamer.
Weathering a Dynamic Seascape: Influences of Wind and Rain on a Seabird's Year-Round Activity Budgets
Pistorius, Pierre A.; Hindell, Mark A.; Tremblay, Yann; Rishworth, Gavin M.
How animals respond to varying environmental conditions is fundamental to ecology and is a question that has gained impetus due to mounting evidence indicating negative effects of global change on biodiversity. Behavioural plasticity is one mechanism that enables individuals and species to deal with environmental changes, yet for many taxa information on behavioural parameters and their capacity to change are lacking or restricted to certain periods within the annual cycle. This is particularly true for seabirds where year-round behavioural information is intrinsically challenging to acquire due to their reliance on the marine environment where they are difficult to study. Using data from over 13,000 foraging trips throughout the annual cycle, acquired using new-generation automated VHF technology, we described sex-specific, year-round activity budgets in Cape gannets. Using these data we investigated the role of weather (wind and rain) on foraging activity and time allocated to nest attendance. Foraging activity was clearly influenced by wind speed, wind direction and rainfall during and outside the breeding season. Generally, strong wind conditions throughout the year resulted in relatively short foraging trips. Birds spent longer periods foraging when rainfall was moderate. Nest attendance, which was sex-specific outside of the breeding season, was also influenced by meteorological conditions. Large amounts of rainfall (> 2.5 mm per hour) and strong winds (> 13 m s-1) resulted in gannets spending shorter amounts of time at their nests. We discuss these findings in terms of life history strategies and implications for the use of seabirds as bio-indicators. PMID:26581108
Sweeping Away the Mysteries of Dusty Continuous Winds in Active Galactic Nuclei
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Keating, S. K.; Everett, J. E.; Gallagher, S. C.; Deo, R. P.
An integral part of the unified model for active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is an axisymmetric obscuring medium, which is commonly depicted as a torus of gas and dust surrounding the central engine. However, a robust, dynamical model of the torus is required in order to understand the fundamental physics of AGNs and interpret their observational signatures. Here, we explore self-similar, dusty disk winds, driven by both magnetocentrifugal forces and radiation pressure, as an explanation for the torus. Using these models, we make predictions of AGN infrared (IR) spectral energy distributions from 2 to 100 μm by varying parameters such as the viewing angle (from i = 0° to 90°), the base column density of the wind (from N H, 0 = 1023 to 1025 cm-2), the Eddington ratio (from L/L Edd = 0.01 to 0.1), the black hole mass (from M BH = 108 to 109 M ⊙), and the amount of power in the input spectrum emitted in the X-ray relative to that emitted in the UV/optical (from αox = 1.1 to 2.1). We find that models with N H, 0 = 1025 cm-2, L/L Edd = 0.1, and M BH >= 108 M ⊙ are able to adequately approximate the general shape and amount of power expected in the IR as observed in a composite of optically luminous Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars. The effect of varying the relative power coming out in X-rays relative to the UV is a change in the emission below ~5 μm from the hottest dust grains; this arises from the differing contributions to heating and acceleration of UV and X-ray photons. We see mass outflows ranging from ~1 to 4 M ⊙ yr-1, terminal velocities ranging from ~1900 to 8000 km s-1, and kinetic luminosities ranging from ~1 × 1042 to 8 × 1043 erg s-1. Further development of this model holds promise for using specific features of observed IR spectra in AGNs to infer fundamental physical parameters of the systems.
Solar flare acceleration of solar wind - Influence of active region magnetic field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lundstedt, H.; Wilcox, J. M.; Scherrer, P. H.
The direction of the photospheric magnetic field at the site of a solar flare is a good predictor of whether the flare will accelerate solar wind plasma. If the field has a southward component, high-speed solar wind plasma is usually observed near the earth about 4 days later. If the field has a northward component, such high-speed solar wind is almost never observed. Southward-field flares may then be expected to have much larger terrestrial effects than northward flares.
Rheological controllability of double-ended MR dampers subjected to impact loading
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ahmadian, Mehdi; Norris, James A.
The vast majorities of the applications of MR dampers have been for transportation applications-mainly shock absorbers for automobile suspensions, heavy truck seats, and racecar suspensions-where the MR device is not subjected to very high velocities. For these applications, as well as many others, although the MR device is most often subjected to relatively low velocities, the MR fluid which passes through a narrow piston gap can experience very high velocities and shear rates. Yet, there is very little known about the dynamics of MR fluids at these very high shear rates. This study will provide some of the results from an extensive experimental study that was conducted on the impact dynamics of MR dampers, at the Advanced Vehicle Dynamics Laboratory of Virginia Tech. For brevity, the results that are included in this paper are limited to those for a double-ended MR damper, which is most suitable for impact applications. For an impact velocity of 160 in/s and drop mass of 55 lb, the results indicate that the double-ended MR damper transmits relatively large forces, which are hypothesized to be due to the large size of the damper and the large amount of MR fluid that needs to be accelerated in the damper. For all of the tests on the double-ended MR damper, the fluid became controllable once the piston velocity dropped below a threshold value. The relationship between the threshold value and fluid characteristics showed that the transition to controllable tended to occur at about the same point as the transitioning of the fluid flow from turbulent to laminar.
A disk-type magneto-rheological fluid damper for rotor system vibration control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhu, Changsheng
Based on the particular characteristic of a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid, i.e., a rapid, reversible and dramatic change in its rheological properties produced by the application of an external magnetic field, a simple disk-type MR fluid damper operating in shear flow mode is presented in this paper. The magnetic field of the disk-type MR fluid damper is analyzed by the finite element method in order to show if the design is reasonable. The effect of excitation current in the coil on the magnetic flux density in the axial gaps filled with the MR fluid is studied both theoretically and experimentally. Finally, the effectiveness of the disk-type MR fluid damper for attenuating the vibration of rotor systems and of a simple open-loop on-off control based on the feedback of rotational speed for controlling vibration of rotor systems are experimentally studied in a flexible rotor system. It is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the disk-type MR fluid damper can be easily controlled by a steady magnetic field produced by a simple electrical magnetic coil with a low DC current (less than 1 A) and that the disk-type MR fluid damper is very effective for attenuating and controlling the vibration of the rotor systems. It is possible to supply the optimum supporting damping for every vibration mode in the rotor system by using the disk-type MR damper, if the location of the disk-type MR fluid damper in the rotor is properly chosen.
Rheological properties of bi-dispersed magnetorheological fluids based on plate-like iron particles with application to a small-sized damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shah, Kruti; Xuan Phu, Do; Choi, Seung-Bok
In this study, the rheological properties and an application of bi-dispersed magnetorheological fluid (MRF) based on plate-like iron particles are experimentally investigated. A bi-dispersed MR Fluid is prepared using two different micron-scale sizes of plate-like iron particles. In the absence of a magnetic field, the properties of the fluid are isotropic. Upon the application of a magnetic field, the magnetized particles form a chain aligned in the direction of the field, which promotes the appearance of a yield stress. The reversible transition from solid to liquid is the basic requirement of MR applications. Due to the anisotropy in the shape and formation of a less compact structure in the iron plate-like particles, weak sedimentation and good redispersibility of the proposed MR fluid are created. The physical properties of the proposed MR fluids are evaluated and applied to the design of a small-sized controllable MR vibration damper, which can be used for vibration control of a washing machine. The MR damper is a semi-active device that dissipates energy during vibration motion to increase the stability of the application system. Three different weight fractions of the bi-dispersed MR fluids are prepared, and their rheological properties are presented and discussed. Based on their rheological properties, the figures of merit of the proposed MR fluids are derived. A comparison of these figures of merit gives the nominal behavior of the MR fluids, which are important in the design of the application device. A stability test is also performed to check the settling rate of MR fluids per day. The change in damping force due to the problem of particles settling in the MRF and the field-dependent damping force are measured with the MR damper operated just after filling the MRF and with the MR damper operated after waiting for 48 h after filling. With basic rheological properties and outstanding mechanical properties, it is clearly demonstrated that the proposed MR
Upper Thermosphere Winds and Temperatures in the Geomagnetic Polar Cap: Solar Cycle, Geomagnetic Activity, and Interplanetary Magnetic Field Dependencies
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Killeen, T. L.; Won, Y.-I.; Niciejewski, R. J.; Burns, A. G.
Ground-based Fabry-Perot interferometers located at Thule, Greenland (76.5 deg. N, 69.0 deg. W, lambda = 86 deg.) and at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland (67.0 deg. N, 50.9 deg. W, lambda = 74 deg.) have monitored the upper thermospheric (approx. 240-km altitude) neutral wind and temperature over the northern hemisphere geomagnetic polar cap since 1983 and 1985, respectively. The thermospheric observations are obtained by determining the Doppler characteristics of the (OI) 15,867-K (630.0-nm) emission of atomic oxygen. The instruments operate on a routine, automatic, (mostly) untended basis during the winter observing seasons, with data coverage limited only by cloud cover and (occasional) instrument failures. This unique database of geomagnetic polar cap measurements now extends over the complete range of solar activity. We present an analysis of the measurements made between 1985 (near solar minimum) and 1991 (near solar maximum), as part of a long-term study of geomagnetic polar cap thermospheric climatology. The measurements from a total of 902 nights of observations are compared with the predictions of two semiempirical models: the Vector Spherical Harmonic (VSH) model of Killeen et al. (1987) and the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM) of Hedin et al. (1991). The results are also analyzed using calculations of thermospheric momentum forcing terms from the Thermosphere-ionosphere General Circulation Model TGCM) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The experimental results show that upper thermospheric winds in the geomagnetic polar cap have a fundamental diurnal character, with typical wind speeds of about 200 m/s at solar minimum, rising to up to about 800 m/s at solar maximum, depending on geomagnetic activity level. These winds generally blow in the antisunward direction, but are interrupted by episodes of modified wind velocity and altered direction often associated with changes in the orientation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). The
Improvement of Digital Filter for the FNAL Booster Transverse Dampers
Zolkin, Timofey; Eddy, N.; Lebedev, V.
Fermilab Booster has two transverse dampers which independently suppress beam instabilities in the horizontal and vertical planes. A suppression of the common mode signal is achieved by digital notch filter which is based on subtracting beam positions for two consecutive turns. Such system operates well if the orbit position changes sufficiently slow. Unfortunately it is not the case for FNAL Booster where the entire accelerating cycle consists of about 20000 turns, and successful transition crossing requires the orbit drifts up to about 10 μm/turn, resulting in excessive power, power amplifier saturation and loss of stability. To suppress this effect we suggest an improvement of the digital filter which can take into account fast orbit changes by using bunch positions of a few previous turns. To take into account the orbit change up toN-th order polynomial in time the system requires (N + 3) turns of "prehistory". In the case of sufficiently small gain the damping rate and the optimal digital filter coefficients are obtained analytically. Numerical simulations verify analytical theory for the small gain and predict a system performance with gain increase.
Wind River watershed restoration: Annual report of U.S. Geological Survey activities November 2010 – October 2011
Jezorek, Ian G.; Connolly, Patrick J.; Munz, Carrie S.
This report summarizes work completed by U.S. Geological Survey's Columbia River Research Laboratory (USGS-CRRL) in the Wind River subbasin during November 2010 through October 2011 under Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) contract 40481. The primary focus of USGS activities during this contract was on tagging of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags, and working toward a network of instream PIT tag detection systems to monitor movements and life histories of these fish.
Leak testing of bubble-tight dampers using tracer gas techniques
Lagus, P.L.; DuBois, L.J.; Fleming, K.M.
Recently tracer gas techniques have been applied to the problem of measuring the leakage across an installed bubble-tight damper. A significant advantage of using a tracer gas technique is that quantitative leakage data are obtained under actual operating differential pressure conditions. Another advantage is that leakage data can be obtained using relatively simple test setups that utilize inexpensive materials without the need to tear ducts apart, fabricate expensive blank-off plates, and install test connections. Also, a tracer gas technique can be used to provide an accurate field evaluation of the performance of installed bubble-tight dampers on a periodic basis. Actual leakage flowrates were obtained at Zion Generating Station on four installed bubble-tight dampers using a tracer gas technique. Measured leakage rates ranged from 0.01 CFM to 21 CFM. After adjustment and subsequent retesting, the 21 CFM damper leakage was reduced to a leakage of 3.8 CFM. In light of the current regulatory climate and the interest in Control Room Habitability issues, imprecise estimates of critical air boundary leakage rates--such as through bubble-tight dampers--are not acceptable. These imprecise estimates can skew radioactive dose assessments as well as chemical contaminant exposure calculations. Using a tracer gas technique, the actual leakage rate can be determined. This knowledge eliminates a significant source of uncertainty in both radioactive dose and/or chemical exposure assessments.
A review of acoustic dampers applied to combustion chambers in aerospace industry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Dan; Li, X. Y.
In engine combustion systems such as rockets, aero-engines and gas turbines, pressure fluctuations are always present, even during normal operation. One of design prerequisites for the engine combustors is stable operation, since large-amplitude self-sustained pressure fluctuations (also known as combustion instability) have the potential to cause serious structural damage and catastrophic engine failure. To dampen pressure fluctuations and to reduce noise, acoustic dampers are widely applied as a passive control means to stabilize combustion/engine systems. However, they cannot respond to the dynamic changes of operating conditions and tend to be effective over certain narrow range of frequencies. To maintain their optimum damping performance over a broad frequency range, extensive researches have been conducted during the past four decades. The present work is to summarize the status, challenges and progress of implementing such acoustic dampers on engine systems. The damping effect and mechanism of various acoustic dampers, such as Helmholtz resonators, perforated liners, baffles, half- and quarter-wave tube are introduced first. A summary of numerical, experimental and theoretical studies are then presented to review the progress made so far. Finally, as an alternative means, ';tunable acoustic dampers' are discussed. Potential, challenges and issues associated with the dampers practical implementation are highlighted.
Optimal design of a shear magnetorheological damper for turning vibration suppression
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhou, Y.; Zhang, Y. L.
The intelligent material, so-called magnetorheological (MR) fluid, is utilized to control turning vibration. According to the structure of a common lathe CA6140, a shear MR damper is conceived by designing its structure and magnetic circuit. The vibration suppression effect of the damper is proved with dynamic analysis and simulation. Further, the magnetic circuit of the damper is optimized with the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL). In the optimization course, the area of the magnetic circuit and the damping force are considered. After optimization, the damper's structure and its efficiency of electrical energy consumption are improved. Additionally, a comparative study on damping forces acquired from the initial and optimal design is conducted. A prototype of the developed MR damper is fabricated and magnetic tests are performed to measure the magnetic flux intensities and the residual magnetism in four damping gaps. Then, the testing results are compared with the simulated results. Finally, the suppressing vibration experimental system is set up and cylindrical turning experiments are performed to investigate the working performance of the MR damper.
Development and performance evaluation of an MR squeeze-mode damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sapiński, Bogdan; Gołdasz, Janusz
In this paper the authors present results of a magnetorheological (MR) damper prototype development and performance evaluation study. The damper is a device functioning in the so-called squeeze-mode of MR fluid flow regime of operation. By principle, in a squeeze-mode damper the control (working) gap height varies according to the prescribed displacement or force input profile. Such hardware has been claimed to be well suited to small-amplitude vibration damping applications. However, it is still in its infancy. Its potential seems appealing yet unclear. Accordingly, the authors reveal performance figures of the damper complemented by numerical finite-element simulations of the electro-magnetic circuit of the device. The numerical results are presented in the form of maps of averaged magnetic flux density versus coil current and gap height as well as magnetic flux, inductance, and cogging force calculations, respectively. The simulated data are followed by experimental evaluation of the damper performance incorporating plots of force versus piston displacement (velocity) across a prescribed range of excitation inputs. Moreover, some insight into transient (unsteady) characteristics of the device is provided through testing results involving transient currents.
Design and novel type of a magnetorheological damper featuring piston bypass hole
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sohn, Jung Woo; Oh, Jong-Seok; Choi, Seung-Bok
This work proposes a novel type of magnetorheological (MR) damper configuration from which an excellent ride comfort can be achieved without using a sophisticated controller scheme. The proposed novel MR damper is featured by piston bypass holes to achieve low slope of the damping force in the pre-yield (low-piston-velocity) region and high magnitude of the damping force in the post-yield (high-piston-velocity) region. A mathematical model for the damping force of the proposed MR damper is formulated followed by the investigation on damping characteristics with respect to several geometrical design parameters such as the number of piston bypass hole, the diameter of the hole, the gap size of the orifice, the orifice length, the diameter of the bobbin, and the height of the coil. After selecting the main design parameters from the simulation results, numerical simulations for the damping force characteristics are conducted with eight design parameter sets to evaluate the significant effect on the damping force performance. The proposed MR dampers are then manufactured with the same design parameter sets and the damping force characteristics are experimentally obtained and compared with the analytical simulation results. It is identified from the parametric investigations that the size and the number of the piston bypass hole are very important on damping force characteristics of the proposed MR damper.
Dissipativity analysis of the base isolated benchmark structure with magnetorheological fluid dampers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Erkus, Baris; Johnson, Erik A.
This paper investigates the dissipativity and performance characteristics of the semiactive control of the base isolated benchmark structure with magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers. Previously, the authors introduced the concepts of dissipativity and dissipativity indices in the semiactive control of structures with smart dampers and studied the dissipativity characteristics of simple structures with idealized dampers. To investigate the effects of semiactive controller dissipativity characteristics on the overall performance of the base isolated benchmark building, a clipped optimal control strategy with a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller and a 20 ton MR fluid damper model is used. A cumulative index is proposed for quantifying the overall dissipativity of a control system with multiple control devices. Two control designs with different dissipativity and performance characteristics are considered as the primary controller in clipped optimal control. Numerical simulations reveal that the dissipativity indices can be classified into two groups that exhibit distinct patterns. It is shown that the dissipativity indices identify primary controllers that are more suitable for application with MR dampers and provide useful information in the semiactive design process that complements other performance indices. The computational efficiency of the proposed dissipativity indices is verified by comparing computation times.
Simulation and experimental research for piping damper with plunger-type accumulator
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Luo, Xiao-Hui; Hu, Jun-Hua; Wang, Xiao-Bin; Niu, Zi-Hua
It can be beneficial to reduce vibrations in shipboard piping, so the authors designed a new kind of piping damper with a plunger-type accumulator. Special requirements for the piping damper included low impact displacement, low speed, as well as an appropriate locking speed. Inside the damper, a plunger-type accumulator was installed and on the outside of the piston rod, a tube with exposed corrugations was added. Between the piston and the cylinder, a clearance seal was added. Using mathematical modeling, the effects of the dynamic performance of the damper's impact displacement on vibrations were observed. Changes to the clearance between the piston and the cylinder, the stiffness of the spring in the accumulator, the throttle valve size, and locking speed resistance of the damper were respectively simulated and studied. Based on the results of the simulation, dampers with optimal parameters were developed and tested with different accumulator spring stiffnesses and different throttles. The simulation and experimental results showed that parameters such as seal clearance between piston and cylinder, accumulator spring stiffness and throttle parameters have significant effects on the damper's impact displacement, low speed resistance and locking speed.
Vibration Reduction of Helicopter Blade Using Variable Dampers: A Feasibility Study
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lee, George C.; Liang, Zach; Gan, Quan; Niu, Tiecheng
In the report, the investigation of controlling helicopter-blade lead-lag vibration is described. Current practice of adding passive damping may be improved to handle large dynamic range of the blade with several peaks of vibration resonance. To minimize extra-large damping forces that may damage the control system of blade, passive dampers should have relatively small damping coefficients, which in turn limit the effectiveness. By providing variable damping, a much larger damping coefficient to suppress the vibration can be realized. If the damping force reaches the maximum allowed threshold, the damper will be automatically switched into the mode with smaller damping coefficient to maintain near-constant damping force. Furthermore, the proposed control system will also have a fail-safe feature to guarantee the basic performation of a typical passive damper. The proposed control strategy to avoid resonant regions in the frequency domain is to generate variable damping force in combination with the supporting stiffness to manipulate the restoring force and conservative energy of the controlled blade system. Two control algorithms are developed and verified by a prototype variable damper, a digital controller and corresponding algorithms. Primary experiments show good potentials for the proposed variable damper: about 66% and 82% reductions in displacement at 1/3 length and the root of the blade respectively.
Potential of viscous dampers for vibration mitigation of transmission overhead lines
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bassam, A.; Soltani, Amir
One of the important parameters in the design of transmission lines is the evaluation of the susceptibility of these cables to vibrations and if necessary, providing proper means to mitigate these vibrations. Transmission lines are especially susceptible to vibrations as a result of their light weight. Viscous dampers are one of the tools that can be applied to mitigate cable vibrations. However, the damping ratio obtained by these dampers is very limited. The present study provides a finite element formulation for an isoparametric cable element. A comparison is made between the results of presented approach with finite series method to validate the model. Additionally, a comparison is made between linear and non-linear behavior of a cable under sweep sinusoidal excitations with different amplitudes. Finally, a case study is conducted to investigate the potential of additional damping provided by a third viscous damper for the case in which two rubber bushings are already attached to the cable near the anchorages. Based on this case study, the dependency between the third damper location and optimum viscosity for maximum vibration mitigation that can be given to a cable with rubber bushings is investigated. The results of the present study show that although rubber bushings may help mitigating vibrations, they reduce the effect of additional damping devices. Additionally, for non-sagged cables, the nonlinearity is negligible in moderate vibrations. Lastly, if the third damper viscosity is selected properly, it can be very effective in further mitigating the vibrations amplitudes.
Numerical simulation for designing tuned liquid dampers to damp out double-pendulum oscillations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pinot, P.; Genevès, G.
This paper presents a simplified dynamic analytical model based on the Lagrangian formalism to describe the annular sloshing damper behavior used to damp out free oscillations of a double-pendulum system. A simulation program using this model has been developed with the mathematical software MATLAB®. This simulation method is applied to design dampers for the mass and coil suspensions of the French watt balance experiment. The motion of each suspension is equivalent to a double-pendulum motion having two main natural frequencies for each configuration considered. The shape of the damper used is a ring composed of one or two concentric annular channels partially filled with a liquid (water for instance). The depth of the liquid must be adjusted in each channel in order to tune the resonance frequency of the liquid to a natural frequency of the suspension. Two corrective parameters determined experimentally have been added to our model in order to yield results in fair agreement with experiment. The numerical simulation based on our analytical model has provided useful information for designing annular sloshing dampers as efficient as possible for the experiment concerned. Furthermore, this method can be used to study any pendulous load system behavior and to design appropriate sloshing dampers.
A high-force controllable MR fluid damper-liquid spring suspension system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Raja, Pramod; Wang, Xiaojie; Gordaninejad, Faramarz
The goal of the present research is to investigate the feasibility of incorporating a liquid spring in a semi-active suspension system for use in heavy off-road vehicles. A compact compressible magneto-rheological (MR) fluid damper-liquid spring (CMRFD-LS) with high spring rate is designed, developed and tested. Compressible MR fluids with liquid spring and variable damping characteristics are used. These fluids can offer unique functions in reducing the volume/weight of vehicle struts and improving vehicle dynamic stability and safety. The proposed device consists of a cylinder and piston-rod arrangement with an internal annular MR fluid valve. The internal pressures in the chambers on either side of the piston develop the spring force, while the pressure difference across the MR valve produces the damping force, when the fluid flows through the MR valve. Harmonic characterization of the CMRFD-LS is performed and the force-displacement results are presented. A fluid-mechanics based model is also developed to predict the performance of the system at different operating conditions and compared to the experimental results. Good agreement between the experimental results and theoretical predictions has been achieved.

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