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Great white shark
The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a large lamniform shark found in coastal surface waters in all major oceans. The great white shark is known for its size, with the largest individuals known to have approached or exceeded 6 metres (20 ft) in length,[3] and 2,268 kilograms (5,000 lb) in weight.[4] It reaches maturity at around 15 years of age and can have a life span of over 30 years.
The great white shark is arguably the world's largest known extant macropredatory fish and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals. It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals including fish, pinnipeds, and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus, Carcharodon, and is ranked first in a list of number of recorded attacks on humans.[5][6][7] The IUCN treats the great white shark as vulnerable,[2] while it is included in Appendix II of CITES.[8]
The best selling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent blockbuster film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a "ferocious man eater". In reality, humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark.[9]
Carolus Linnaeus gave the great white shark its first scientific name, Squalus carcharias in 1758. Sir Andrew Smith gave it the generic name Carcharodon in 1833, and in 1873 the generic name was identified with Linnaeus' specific name and the current scientific name Carcharodon carcharias was finalised. Carcharodon comes from the Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth.[10]
Ancestry and fossil record
The great white shark came into existence during the Mid-Miocene epoch.[11] The earliest known fossils are about 16 million years old.[1] However, the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute.[11] The original hypothesis for the great white's origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, C. megalodon. Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size of both the great white and C. megalodon led many scientists to believe that these sharks were closely related, and the name Carcharodon megalodon was applied to the latter.[11] However, a new hypothesis proposes that C. megalodon and the great white are distant relatives (albeit sharing the family Lamnidae), and that the great white is more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to C. megalodon.[11] In addition, the new hypothesis assigns C. megalodon to the Carcharocles genus, which also comprises other megatoothed sharks, and Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage.
Distribution and habitat
Great white sharks live in almost all coastal and offshore waters which have water temperature between 12 and 24 °C (54 and 75 °F), with greater concentrations in the United States (Atlantic Northeast and California), South Africa, Japan, Australia (especially New South Wales and South Australia), New Zealand, Chile, and the Mediterranean.[12] One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa where much shark research is conducted.
It is an epipelagic fish, observed mostly in the presence of rich game like fur seals, sea lions, cetaceans, other sharks, and large bony fish species. In the open ocean it has been recorded at depths as great as 1,220 m (4,000 ft).[13] These findings challenge the traditional notion about the great white as being a coastal species.[13]
According to a recent study, California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California and Hawaii known as White Shark Café, to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around 900 m (3,000 ft). After they arrive, they change behavior and do short dives to about 300 m (1,000 ft) for up to 10 minutes. Another white shark tagged off the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year. This refuted traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators and opens up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to be discrete. Why they migrate and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities include seasonal feeding or mating.[14]
A similar study tracked a great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia's northwestern coast and back, a journey of 20,000 km (12,000 mi; 11,000 nmi) in under 9 months.[15]
Anatomy and appearance
The great white shark has a robust large conical snout. The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size (like some mackerel sharks).
Great whites display countershading, having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall "mottled" appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side. From above, the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight.
Great white sharks, like many other sharks, have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones, ready to replace any that break off. When the shark bites it shakes its head side to side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh.
Males reach maturity at 3.5–4.0 metres (11–13 ft), and females at 4.5–5.0 metres (15–16 ft). Adults on average are 4–5.2 metres (13–17.1 ft) long and have a mass of 680–1,100 kilograms (1,500–2,400 lb). Females are generally larger than males. It is widely accepted that the great white shark can approach 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) in weight.[3] However, the maximum size is still subject to hot debate because such reports are often rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances.[17]
A number of very large great white shark specimens have been recorded.[18] For decades, many ichthyological works, as well as the Guinness Book of World Records, listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals: a 10.9 m (36 ft) great white captured in Southern Australian waters near Port Fairy in the 1870s, and a 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick, Canada in the 1930s. Some researchers question these measurements' reliability, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. The New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark, as the two have similar body shapes. The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s, when J. E. Randall examined the shark's jaws and "found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5 m (17 ft) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record, in 1870, of the shark's length".[19]
According to J. E. Randall, the largest white shark reliably measured was a 6.0 m (19.7 ft) individual reported from Ledge Point, Western Australia in 1987.[19] Another great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center: a female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton, Prince Edward Island in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off PEI. This female great white was 6.1 m (20 ft) long.[3] However, a larger great white shark specimen was verified by T. C. Tricas and J. E. McCosker in 1984. This specimen was 6.4 m (21 ft) long and had a body mass of about 3,324 kg (7,330 lb).[20]
Several great white sharks caught in modern times have been estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long,[21] but these claims have received some criticism.[17][21] However, J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may have exceeded 6.1 m (20 ft) in length.[19] A great white shark was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia on April 1, 1987. This shark was estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long by Peter Resiley,[19][22] and has been designated as KANGA.[21] Another great white shark was caught in Malta by Alfredo Cutajar on April 16, 1987. This shark was also estimated to be around 7.13 m (23.4 ft) long by John Abela and has been designated as MALTA.[21] However, criticism occurred — Cappo used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that KANGA specimen was 5.8–6.4 m (19–21 ft) long.[21] In the similar fashion, I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that MALTA specimen was 5.3–5.7 m (17–19 ft) long.[21] However, photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size estimations yielded through Randall's methods.[21] Thus, a team of scientists, H. F. Mollet, G. M. Cailliet, A. P. Klimley, D. A. Ebert, A. D. Testi, and L. J. V. Compagno, reviewed the cases of KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and cannot be ruled out.[21]
A close contender in size is the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, with the largest specimen reported to have been 7.4 metres (24 ft) in length with a mass of 3,110 kilograms (6,900 lb).[23] Some other macropredatory sharks such as Greenland Shark, Somniosus microcephalus, and Pacific sleeper shark, Somniosus pacificus, are also known to rival these sharks in length.[24][25] The question of maximum weight is complicated by the unresolved question of whether or not to include the shark's stomach contents when weighing the shark. With a single bite a great white can take in up to 14 kg (31 lb) of flesh, and can consume several hundred kilograms of food.
The largest great white recognized by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is one landed by Alf Dean in south Australian waters in 1959, weighing 1,208 kg (2,660 lb).[17] Several larger great whites caught by anglers have since been verified, but were later disallowed from formal recognition by IGFA monitors for rules violations.
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Great white sharks, like all other sharks, have an extra sense given by the Ampullae of Lorenzini, which enables them to detect the electromagnetic field emitted by the movement of living animals. Every time a living creature moves it generates an electrical field and great whites are so sensitive they can detect half a billionth of a volt. Even heart beats emit a very faint electrical pulse. If close enough, the shark can detect even that faint electrical pulse. Most fish have a less-developed but similar sense using their body's lateral line.
To more successfully hunt fast and agile prey such as sea lions, the great white has adapted to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water. One of these adaptations is a "rete mirabile" (Latin for "wonderful net"). This close web-like structure of veins and arteries, located along each lateral side of the shark, conserves heat by warming the cooler arterial blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles. This keeps certain parts of the body (particularly the stomach) at temperatures up to 14°C (25°F)[26] above that of the surrounding water, while the heart and gills remain at sea-temperature. When conserving energy the core body temperature can drop to match the surroundings. A great white shark's success in raising its core temperature is an example of gigantothermy. Therefore, the great white shark can be considered an endothermic poikilotherm, because its body temperature is not constant but is internally regulated.
Bite force
A 2007 study from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, used CT scans of a shark's skull and computer models to measure maximum bite force. The study reveals the forces and behaviors its skull is adapted to handle and resolves competing theories about its feeding behaviour.[27] In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine great white shark's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen more than 6.1 m (20 ft) long could exert a bite force of over 18,000 newtons (4,000 lbf).[20]
Ecology and behavior
This shark's behavior and social structure is not well understood. In South Africa, white sharks have a dominance hierarchy depending on size, sex and squatter's rights: Females dominate males, larger sharks dominate smaller sharks, and residents dominate newcomers. When hunting, great whites tend to separate and resolve conflicts with rituals and displays.[28] White sharks rarely resort to combat although some individuals have been found with bite marks that match those of other white sharks. This suggests that when another shark approaches too closely, great whites react with a warning bite. Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show dominance.
The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey; this is known as "spy-hopping". This behaviour has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef sharks, but this might be learned from interaction with humans (it is theorized that the shark may also be able to smell better this way, because smell travels through air faster than through water). The white sharks are generally very curious animals, display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if situation demands such.[28] At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable "clans" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown, but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack: each member has a clearly established rank, and each clan has an alpha leader. When members of different clans meet, they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a fascinating variety of interactions.[28]
Great white sharks are carnivorous, and prey upon fish (e.g. tuna, rays,[28] other sharks[28]), cetaceans (i.e., dolphins, porpoises, whales), pinnipeds (e.g. seals, fur seals,[28] and sea lions), sea turtles,[28] sea otters, and seabirds.[29] Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest. Upon approaching a length of nearly 4 metres (13 ft), great white sharks begin to target predominately marine mammals for food.[30] These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy-rich fat. Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod-and-reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal, a pig, and a sheep to his boat in the South Farallons. The sharks attacked all three baits but rejected the sheep carcass.[31]
Great white sharks' reputation as ferocious predators is well-earned, yet they are not (as was once believed) indiscriminate "eating machines". They are ambush hunters, taking prey by surprise from below. Near the now famous Seal Island, in South Africa's False Bay, shark attacks most often occur in the morning, within 2 hours after sunrise, when visibility is poor. Their success rate is 55% in the first 2 hours, falling to 40% in late morning, after which hunting stops.[28]
Hunting techniques vary by prey species. Off Seal Island the shark ambush brown fur seals from below at high speeds, hitting the seal mid-body. They go so fast that they can completely leave the water. The peak burst speed of these sharks is largely accepted in the scientific community to be above 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph). However further precision is still speculative.[32] They have also been observed chasing prey after a missed attack. Prey is usually attacked at the surface.[33]
Off California, sharks immobilize northern elephant seals with a large bite to the hindquarters (which is the main source of the seal's mobility) and wait for the seal to bleed to death. This technique is especially used on adult male elephant seals which can be as large or larger than the hunter and are potentially dangerous adversaries. Prey is normally attacked sub-surface. Harbour seals are simply grabbed from the surface and pulled down until they stop struggling. They are then eaten near the bottom. California sea lions are ambushed from below and struck mid-body before being dragged and eaten.[34]
White sharks attack dolphins and porpoises from above, behind or below to avoid being detected by their echolocation. Targeted species include dusky dolphins,[21] Risso's dolphins,[21] bottlenose dolphins,[21][35] Humpback dolphins,[35] harbour porpoises,[21] and Dall's porpoises.[21] Close encounters between dolphins and predatory sharks often result in evasive responses by the dolphins.[35] However, in rare cases, a group of dolphins may chase a single predatory shark away in an act of defense.[35] White shark predation on some species of whales have also been observed — white sharks often attack and prey upon pygmy sperm whales, Kogia breviceps, in the Mediterranean Sea.[36] In addition, white sharks also attack and prey upon beaked whales.[21][35]
Even though the great whites are known to generally avoid conflicts with each other, the phenomenon of cannibalism is not alien to this species. Large individuals may aggressively interact intraspecifically with small individuals. A 3 m (9.8 ft) long great white shark was nearly bitten into two by a reportedly 6 m (20 ft) long great white shark in Stradbroke Island, near Brisbane in Australia.[37]
White sharks also scavenge on whale carcasses. In one such documented incident, white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks.[38]
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Little is known about great white shark behaviour in the way of mating habits. Birth has never been observed, but pregnant females have been examined. Great white sharks are ovoviviparous (eggs develop and hatch in the uterus, and continue to develop until birth). [39] The great white has an 11 month gestation period. The shark pup's powerful jaws begin to develop in the first month. The unborn sharks participate in intrauterine-cannibalism: stronger pups consume their weaker womb-mates. Delivery is in spring and summer.
Almost nothing is known about mating behavior. Some evidence points to the near-soporific effect of a large feast (such as a whale carcass) possibly inducing mating.[40]
Great white sharks reach sexual maturity at around 15 years of age.[41] Maximum life span is believed to be more than 30 years. (see "references" below)
Natural threats
Although the great white is typically regarded as an apex predator in the wild, it is in rare cases, preyed upon by the larger orca (also known as a killer whale). Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.[35] An incident was documented on October 4, 1997 in the Farallon Islands off California - an estimated 4.7–5.3-metre (15–17 ft) female orca immobilized an estimated 3–4-metre (9.8–13 ft) great white shark.[42] The orca held the shark upside down to induce the tonic immobility, and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate and then proceeded to eat the dead shark's liver.[35][42][43] Another similar attack apparently occurred there in 2000, but its outcome is not clear.[44] After both attacks, the local population of about 100 great whites vanished.[43][44] Following the 2000 incident, a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to depth of 500 m and swum to Hawaii.[44] Great whites may have similarly avoided the much larger shark, C. megalodon.[21][44]
Breaching behaviour
A breach is the result of a high speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water. This is a hunting technique employed by great white sharks whilst hunting seals. This behaviour most often takes place on cape fur seals at Seal Island in False Bay, South Africa, and was first documented by photographer Chris Fallows. Here, in the region of 600 natural predatory events are recorded annually between April and September each year. The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper water below. They can reach speeds of up to 40 miles per hour and can at times launch themselves more than 10 feet in the air. Data recorded shows that the sharks are successful in just under 50% of all these natural predatory events.[45] In 2011, a 3-metre long shark jumped onto a 7-person research vessel off Seal Island. The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait, and the incident was judged to be an accident.[46]
Relationship with humans
Shark attacks
More than any documented attack, Peter Benchley's best selling novel Jaws and the subsequent 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg provided the great white shark with the image of a "man eater" in the public mind.[47] While great white sharks have killed humans, they typically do not target them: for example, in the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed attacks against humans in the last two centuries, most non-fatal. Many incidents seem to be "test-bites". Great white sharks also test-bite buoys, flotsam, and other unfamiliar objects, and might grab a human or a surfboard to identify it.
Other incidents seem to be cases of mistaken identity, in which a shark ambushes a bather or surfer from below, believing the silhouette is from a seal. Many attacks occur in waters with low visibility, or other situations which impair the shark's senses. The species appears to not like the taste of humans, or at least finds the taste unfamiliar. Further research shows that they can tell in one bite whether or not the object is worth attacking. Humans, for the most part, are too bony for their liking. They much prefer a fat, protein-rich seal.[48]
However, some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not because sharks do not like human flesh, but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite. In the 1980s John McCosker noted that divers who dove solo and were attacked by great whites were generally at least partially consumed, while divers who followed the buddy system were generally rescued by their buddy. Tricas and McCosker suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack, and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal. Humans' ability to move out of reach with the help of others, thus foiling the attack, is unusual for a great white's prey.[49]
Humans, in any case, are not appropriate prey because shark's digestion is too slow to cope with the human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded attacks, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. Fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial limb injury rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption.
A shark conservationist, Jimmy Hall, reported and documented his personal encounter with a very large great white shark, nicknamed as Schatzi, in December 2005, in waters off Hawaii. This encounter received worldwide attention as it remained entirely peaceful. J. Hall was first cautious but later on swam with this shark without cage protection and touched it repeatedly while filming it simultaneously.[50]
A Great White Shark was unofficially implicated in a fatal attack in The Seychelles in August 2011. [51]
Attacks on boats
Great white sharks infrequently attack and sometimes even sink boats. Only 5 of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark attacks reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers.[52] In a few cases they have attacked boats up to 10 metres (33 ft) in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually 'attacking' the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat Lucky Jim, knocking a crewman into the sea. Tricas and McCosker's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats due to the electrical fields they generate.[53]
Great white sharks in captivity
Prior to August 1981, no great white shark in captivity lived longer than 11 days. In August 1981, a shark survived for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released.[54] The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film Jaws 3-D.
In 1984, shortly before its opening day, the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Monterey, California, housed its first great white shark, which died after 10 days. In July 2003, Monterey researchers captured a small female and kept it in a large netted pen near Malibu for five days. They had the rare success of getting the shark to feed in captivity before its release.[55] Not until September 2004 was the aquarium able to place a great white on long-term exhibit. A young female, which was caught off the coast of Ventura, was kept in the aquarium's massive 3,800,000-litre (1,000,000 US gal) Outer Bay exhibit for 198 days before she was released in March 2005. She was tracked for 30 days after release.[56] On the evening of August 31, 2006 the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay[57] His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on September 8, 2006 and as of that date, he was estimated to be 1.72 metres (68 in) in length and to weigh approximately 47 kilograms (100 lb). He was released on January 16, 2007 after 137 days in captivity.
In addition, Monterey Bay Aquarium housed a third great white, a juvenile male, for 162 days between August 27, 2007 through February 5, 2008. On arrival, he was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long and weighed 30.6 kilograms (67 lb). He grew to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) and 64 kilograms (140 lb) at release. A juvenile female came to the Outer Bay Exhibit on August 27, 2008. While she swam well, the shark fed only one time during her stay and was tagged and released on September 7. Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on August 12, 2009, introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on August 26, and successfully released to the wild on November 4, 2009.[58]
Probably the most famous captive was a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) female named "Sandy", which in August 1980 became the only great white to be housed at the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California. She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls.[59]
Shark tourism
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Their infamous reputation gives sharks great appeal for tourists. While it is safe to dive near sharks of most species, diving with great whites requires great care. One common approach is for divers to stay within a steel cage.
Cage diving is most common off the coasts of Australia, South Africa, and Guadalupe Island off the coast of Baja California, which great whites frequent. Cage diving & swimming with sharks is a focus for a booming tourist industry due to its popularity.[60][61] A common practice is to chum the water with pieces of fish to attract sharks. These practices may make sharks more accustomed to people in their environment and to associate human activity with food—a potentially dangerous situation. By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage, tour operators lure the shark to the cage, possibly striking it, exacerbating this problem. Other operators draw the bait away from the cage, causing the shark to swim past the divers.
At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them. Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys.
Companies object to being blamed for shark attacks, pointing out that lightning tends to strike humans more often than sharks bite humans.[62] Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming, which may alter natural behaviour.[63]
One compromise is to only use chum in areas in which whites actively patrol anyway, well away from human leisure areas. Also, responsible dive operators do not feed sharks; only sharks that are willing to scavenge follow the chum trail, and if they find no food at the end then the shark soon swims off and does not associate chum with a meal. It has been suggested that government licensing strategies may help enforce these suggested advisories.
The shark tourist industry has some financial leverage in conserving this animal. A single set of great white jaws can fetch a one-time price of up to £20,000. However, that is a fraction of the tourism value of a live shark, a more sustainable economic activity. For example, the dive industry in Gansbaai, South Africa, consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 people each day. With fees between £50 to £150 per person, a single live shark that visits each boat can create anywhere between £9,000 and £27,000 of revenue daily.
Conservation status
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It is unclear how much a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present. No accurate population numbers are available, but the great white shark is now considered endangered. Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce, preventing population recovery.
The IUCN notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark, but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable.[2] It is included in Appendix II of CITES,[8] meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit.[64]
Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws, teeth, and fins, and as game fish in general. The great white shark, however, is rarely an object of commercial fishing, although its flesh is considered valuable. If casually captured (it happens for example in some tonnare in the Mediterranean), it is misleadingly sold as smooth-hound shark.
From April 2007 great white sharks were fully protected within 370 kilometres (200 nmi) of New Zealand and additionally from fishing by New Zealand-flagged boats outside this range. The maximum penalty is a $250,000 fine and up to six months in prison.[65]
See also
- ^ a b Gottfried M.D., Fordyce R.E. (2001). "An associated specimen of Carcharodon angustidens (Chondrichthyes, Lamnidae) from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand, with comments on Carcharodon interrelationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 730–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0730:AASOCA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b c Fergusson, I., Compagno, L.; Marks, M. (2000). "Carcharodon carcharias in IUCN 2009". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Vers. 2009.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/3855/0/full. Retrieved October 28, 2009. (Database entry includes justification for why this species is vulnerable)
- ^ a b c Viegas, Jennifer. "Largest Great White Shark Don't Outweigh Whales, but They Hold Their Own". Discovery Channel. http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/largest-great-white-shark.html. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ "Great White Shark". National Geographic. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/great-white-shark.html. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
- ^ Knickle, Craig. "Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department". www.flmnh.ufl.edu. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Tigershark/tigershark.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
- ^ "ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark". Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/Statistics/species2.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ Daley, Audrey (1994). Shark. Hodder & Stroughton. ISBN 0-340-61654-7.
- ^ a b UNEP-WCMC (2010). Carcharodon carcharias. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species On the World Wide Web. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
- ^ Hile, Jennifer (January 23, 2004). "Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths". Marine Biology. National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0123_040123_tvgreatwhiteshark.html. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ "The Great White Shark". "The Enviro Facts Project". http://sacoast.uwc.ac.za/education/resources/envirofacts/greatwhite.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
- ^ a b c d Kevin G.N, Charles N.C, Gregory A.W (2006) (PDF). [Archive copy at the Wayback Machine. Tracing the ancestry of the great white shark]. Archive copy at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
- ^ "Areal Distribution of the White Shark". Web.ncf.ca. http://web.ncf.ca/bz050/wsdistro.html. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ a b Thomas, Pete (April 5, 2010). "Great white shark amazes scientists with 4000-foot dive into abyss". GrindTV. http://www.grindtv.com/outdoor/blog/16855/great+white+shark+amazes+scientists+with+4000-foot+dive+into+abyss/.
- ^ "The Great White Way". "Los Angeles Times". http://www.latimes.com/travel/outdoors/la-sp-outdoors29sep29,0,4253252.story?coll=la-home-headlines. Retrieved 2006-10-01. [dead link]
- ^ "South Africa - Australia - South Africa". "White Shark Trust". http://www.whitesharktrust.org/migration/main.html.
- ^ A Shark to Remember: The Story of a Great White Caught in 1945. Home Page of Henry F. Mollet, Research Affiliate, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.
- ^ a b c Ellis, Richard and John E. McCosker. 1995. Great White Shark. Stanford University Press, ISBN 0804725292
- ^ a b Mollet, H.F. 2008. White Shark Summary Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758). Home Page of Henry F. Mollet, Research Affiliate, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.
- ^ a b c d "Size and age of the white pointer shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus)". http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/Mike_Cappo.html. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ a b Wroe, S.; Huber, D. R. ; Lowry, M. ; McHenry, C. ; Moreno, K. ; Clausen, P. ; Ferrara, T. L. ; Cunningham, E. ; Dean, M. N. ; Summers, A. P. (2008). "Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?". Journal of Zoology 276 (4): 336–342. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Klimley, Peter; Ainley, David (1996). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Academic Press. pp. 91–108. ISBN 0124150314.
- ^ "Huge 'White Pointer' Encounter". http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Cc/Ken_Jury.html. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
- ^ "Summary of Large Tiger Sharks Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & LeSueur, 1822)". http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Gc/Gc_large.html. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ "GREENLAND SHARK". http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GreenlandShark/GreenlandShark.html.
- ^ "Pacific Sleeper Shark". http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/deepsea-pacific_sleeper.htm.
- ^ "Body Temperature of the Great white and Other Lamnoid Sharks". Elasmo-research.org. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/p_body_temp.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ "Measuring the great white's bite". Cosmos Magazine. 27 July 2007. http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1499.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "R. Aidan Martin and Anne Martin". "Sociable Killers". "Natural History Magazine, Inc". http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/picks-from-the-past/201391/sociable-killers. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
- ^ Johnson, R. L.; A. Venter, M.N. Bester, and W.H. Oosthuizen (2006). "Seabird predation by white shark Carcharodon Carcharias and Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at Dyer Island". South African Journal of Wildlife Research (South Africa) 36 (1): 23–32. http://www.oceans-research.com/media/publications/SeabirdPublishedManuscript.pdf.
- ^ Estrada, J. A.; Aaron N. Rice, Lisa J. Natanson, and Gregory B. Skomal (2006). "Use of isotopic analysis of vertebrae in reconstructing ontogenetic feeding ecology in white sharks". Ecology (USA) 87 (4): 829–834. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[829:UOIAOV]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0012-9658. PMID 16676526. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658%282006%2987%5B829%3AUOIAOV%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCode=ecol.
- ^ "Catch as Catch Can". Elasmo-research.org. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/b_catch.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ "How Fast Can a Shark Swim?". Elasmo-research.org. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_shark_speed.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ "White Shark Predatory Behavior at Seal Island". Elasmo-research.org. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/predation.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ "Predatory Behavior of Pacific Coast White Sharks". Sharkresearchcommittee.com. http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/predation.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g Heithaus, Michael (2001). "Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review". Journal of Zoology (London: Cambridge University Press) 253: 53–68. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000061. http://www.science.fau.edu/sharklab/courses/elasmobiology/readings/heithaus.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ^ Long, Douglas (1991). "Apparent Predation by a White Shark Carcharodon carcharias on a Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps". Fishery Bulletin 89: 538–540
- ^ "Monster shark bites great white in half". The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 27 October 2009. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/monster-shark-bites-great-white-in-half/story-e6freuy9-1225791557651.
- ^ Dudley, Sheldon F. J.; Michael D. Anderson-Reade, Greg S. Thompson, and Paul B. McMullen (2000). "Concurrent scavenging off a whale carcass by great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, and tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier" (PDF). Marine Biology. Fishery Bulletin. http://fishbull.noaa.gov/983/13.pdf. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Carcharodon carcharias, Great White Sharks". marinebio.org. http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=38.
- ^ "Great White Shark Feeding On Whale Carcass". wn.com. http://wn.com/Great_white_shark_feeding_on_whale_carcass.
- ^ "Natural History of the White Shark". May 2, 2010. http://www.prbo.org/cms/176.
- ^ a b Pyle, Peter; Mary Jane Schramm, Carol Keiper, Scot D. Anderson (26 August 2006). "PREDATION ON A WHITE SHARK (CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS) BY A KILLER WHALE (ORCINUS ORCA) AND A POSSIBLE CASE OF COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENT". Society of marine mammalogy (USA: Marine Mammal Science) 15 (2): 563–568. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00822.x. http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/marine/MMS.pdf. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Nature Shock Series Premiere: The Whale That Ate the Great White". Tvthrong.co.uk. 1997-10-04. http://www.tvthrong.co.uk/nature-shock/nature-shock-series-premiere-whale-ate-great-white. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ a b c d Turner, Pamela S. (Oct/Nov 2004). "Showdown at Sea: What happens when great white sharks go fin-to-fin with killer whales?". National Wildlife (National Wildlife Federation) 42 (6). http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueid=70&articleid=991. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ Martin, R. A.; Hammerschlag, N.; Collier, R. S.; Fallows, C. (2005). "Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Seal Island, South Africa". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 85 (5): 1121. doi:10.1017/S002531540501218X.
- ^ Rice, Xan (2011-07-19). "Great white shark jumps from sea into research boat". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/19/great-white-shark-jumps-boat. Retrieved 2011-07-20. "Marine researchers in South Africa had a narrow escape after a three-metre-long great white shark breached the surface of the sea and leapt into their boat, becoming trapped on deck for more than an hour. [...] Enrico Gennari, an expert on great white sharks, [...] said it was almost certainly an accident rather than an attack on the boat."
- ^ Benchley, Peter (April 2000). "Great white sharks". National Geographic: 12. ISSN 00279358. "considering the knowledge accumulated about sharks in the last 25 years, I couldn't possibly write Jaws today ... not in good conscience anyway ... back then, it was OK to demonize an animal.".
- ^ McCabe, Meghan. "Sharks: Killing Machines?". http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/mccabe.html
- ^ Tricas, T.C.; John McCosker (1984). "Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences". Predatory behavior of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and notes on its biology 43 (14): 221–238.
- ^ "A Great White Named Schatzi". December 28, 2005. http://www.hawaiisharkencounters.com/great_white.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ "Great White shark 'carried out fatal Seychelles attack'".
- ^ "Unprovoked White Shark Attacks on Kayakers". Shark Research Committee. http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/unprovoked_kayaker.htm. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ Tricas and McCosker. Predatory Behaviour of the White Shark. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sci. 43(14):221-38, 1984.
- ^ "Great white shark sets record at California aquarium". USA Today. 2004-10-02. http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/2004-10-02-great-white_x.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ Gathright, Alan (2004-09-16). "Great white shark puts jaws on display in aquarium tank". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/09/16/BAGCM8PN3E1.DTL. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ "White Shark Research Project". Monterey Bay Aquarium. http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/whiteshark.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (2003-09-01). "Great white shark introduced at Monterey Bay Aquarium". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/01/MNG1IKTP904.DTL. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ "Learn All About Our New White Shark". "Monterey Bay Aquarium". http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_whiteshark/whiteshark_ours.aspx. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
- ^ "Electroreception". Elasmo-research. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/electroreception.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-27.
- ^ "Swimming With Sharks". BBC. 1999-01-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/256863.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ "Swimming With Sharks". 60 Minutes. 2005-12-11. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/06/60minutes/main1099368.shtml. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ "Shark Attacks Compared to Lightning". Florida Museum of Natural History. 2003-07-18. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/attacks/relarisklightning.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
- ^ "SA shark attacks blamed on tourism". BBC. 2004-04-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3716093.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- ^ CITES (1973). Text of the Convention: Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
- ^ "Great white sharks to be protected". New Zealand Herald. 2006-11-30. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10413182. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- "Carcharodon carcharias". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=159903. Retrieved 23 January 2006.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Carcharodon carcharias" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
- Biology of the White Shark, a Symposium. Gretchen Sibley editor; Jeffrey A. Siegel, Camm C. Swift assistant editors. Los Angeles: Southern California Academy of Sciences, 1985. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, volume 9.
- Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias MarineBio"
- Shark Research Committee


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Just picked up a 10# bag vidallias yesterday. Last night fried up two small ones with five garlic cloves, put on a left over dough and made a white pie. Dusted with tomatoe powder and a little sea salt, opened a bottle of pinot grigio, and the wife and I sat on the deck and watched the rabbits running around! Was a great night! unfortunatley no pictures tom
Regular red onions.
Just to add a little color to the thread;I like red onions wrapped in bacon Troy
I've never seen that before. What a great idea. Ever put any cheese in there with the onion?
No never tried cheese, I coat with sriracha sauce before wrapping with bacon, then top with a little of my spice rub and smoke at 275 for about an hour and a half till the bacon is crisp

subset: commoncrawl


text: Mary Paris of Dawson Springs was selected as MCC's Student of the Month for September. Dr. Scott Vander Ploeg nominated Paris and commented, "Mary appears to be quite devoted to her studies, though I've not had her as a student in my classes. She certainly is doing a great job as President of the local chapter of the honor society. I'm impressed with her tenacity and good humor. She is also impressive as a returning student, and has a good back-story for her approach to school involvement." Paris is working towards an Associate in Arts degree. The "Student of the Month" award for September was presented to Paris on September 27. She also received a Barnes & Noble gift card.


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (80 votes).
In short: Nice low-key race with mix of abilities, good atmosphere, nice courseIn full: This was my first time in Shifnal and really enjoyed the run, although heat and humidity were pretty intense. Went there expecting multi-terain, and whilst there was some off-road, there was more on-road than expected. Undulating but no major hills to cause too many problems. more encouragement from the marshalls would have been nice, and although couldn't blame some of them for wanting to sit in the sun reading the Sunday papers, I found it disappointing that on two occassions during the race I had to ask which way I was meant to go because they were too engrossed with reading about England's defeat yesterday (apologies to you football fans!)Date of review: July 2, 2006
In short: Absolutely fabulous race, well organised and very friendly feel from both runners and marshals alike. Use of showers at end and goody bag. Lovely small scale race not yet overtaken by the profit making side of things. (ps 2005 but no option on menu!)Date of review: September 27, 2005
In short: Great marshalling. Well organised. Date of review: July 18, 2005
In short: nice varied course , plenty of water stops, would do againDate of review: July 7, 2005
In short: An enjoyable challengeIn full: A good starter if you want to try a more varied surface. Challenging but not offputting. Date of review: July 4, 2005
In short: Great race. Included a bit of everything from hopping over styles, along single tacks, fields and roads. All off road or on qiet lanes. Well marshalled and lots of drink stations where bottles were given out. Date of review: July 4, 2005
In short: Very well organised, good marshalling and with lots of water stations. The route was great, with lots of variety...Date of review: July 3, 2005
In short: What a brilliant race.In full: Excellent organisation. More water points than you could shake a stick at. Lovely and varied scenery. Very cheap to enter. Delightful marshalls. The whole race was understated and excellent to run.Date of review: July 3, 2005
In short: This was an exellently organised race. Water was plentiful and marshals were brilliantIn full: This race is definately on my calendar for 2006. It was unlike any half I have done before with an 'interesting' mix of road, paths, woodland and fields! Quite tough going in places but well worth it - passing through a number of picturesque villages.Date of review: July 3, 2005
In short: This was the first Shifnal half. The race description was accurate, it was hilly and definately multi-terrain; about a third was cross country and included a couple of styles. Miss out the styles and next years race will be betterDate of review: August 24, 2004
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Country: Tunisia
Country: Turkey
Collection: World War Two Collection
Newsmap. Monday, February 8, 1943 : week of January 29 to February 5
Date: February 8, 1943
Creator: [United States.] Army Orientation Course
Description: Front: Text describes action on various war fronts. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Inset maps: [Rostov area] ; [Tunisia coast]. Includes 8 photographs. Back: The World at War map indicates points where U.S. forces are stationed.
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Employment details settled with Brewster
FORESTVILLE – By a 3-1 vote, the Forestville Village Board approved a pay rate of $18.54 per hour, a 40-hour work week and time and a half for overtime for the former mayor and current Streets and Water Supervisor Charles Brewster.
Trustee Linda Aures voted "nay" and after the vote was taken explained her reasoning. Although she served with Trustee Kimberly Stott on a committee to look at the candidates, Aures was also the sole vote against the appointment of Brewster when he was appointed on Oct. 30.
Brewster has served in the position effective Nov. 5, but some conditions of employment, such as hours of work, salary and payment for overtime were not established at the time of hire.
During the workshop portion of the meeting, the board discussed what the probationary period should be for Brewster. Carol Woodward thought that three months was adequate, but after discussion, the board granted Aures her request for a six-month probationary period. At the request of Aures, they also clarified the time Brewster was given to complete his water license from "in a timely manner" to nine months from the first available class.
In her explanation, Aures indicated she was unhappy with the process from the beginning. She wondered where the village lawyer was in the process.
"We filled a position before we had a job description,"she said. "We put the cart before the horse. As I said from the beginning, we did this 'bass-ackwards.'"
Noting that the former streets and water supervisor was paid $16.54 per hour after 15 years experience, she called the approved rate of pay "unconscionable."
Brewster was again present to give a report concerning his job. He said that the water project was proceeding on schedule and he was working with the contractor to confirm the locations of the old pipes. Daily testing has been fine since the boil water order was rescinded. He thanked the village residents for their cooperation with the effort to clear the brush and leaves in the village. He noted that he and John Carpenter repaired the water leak on Center Street.
In the public comment section of the meeting Forestville resident Michael Wojtkowiak commended Aures for voting her conscience on the salary. He stated that if the salary had been noted at the time of the job opening, "it seems to me you could have drawn a better clientele."
He continued, "You could have done a lot better than an auto mechanic. Chuck was either foolish to accept the job without knowing the salary or knew something. … The Village of Forestville looks pretty shady."
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"Judge Downey, what were you thinking?" the chief justice asks of the longtime jurist done in by computer porn and sex harassment claims.
By CHRIS TISCH
Published September 23, 2006
TALLAHASSEE - For 17 years, Pinellas-Pasco Circuit Judge Brandt Downey ran a bustling criminal courtroom and oversaw some of the highest-profile cases in the area. In that time, Downey earned a reputation as a hard-working and energetic jurist, even if he sometimes made controversial decisions.
On Friday morning, those years of hard work seemed long ago as Downey stood, with head lowered, before the Florida Supreme Court.
Chief Justice R. Fred Lewis read a scathing 15-minute public reprimand to Downey, whose long career was dismantled by allegations that he habitually viewed pornography in the courthouse and made advances on female lawyers in his courtroom.
"Judge Downey, what were you thinking?" Lewis pointedly asked the Pinellas judge. "What were you thinking?"
Downey stood silent as Lewis chided him. A nearly full courtroom listened. Downey apologized to the justices before leaving.
"I would like to humbly accept this reprimand," he said quietly. "I have already apologized profusely to my family and friends. ... I am honestly and truthfully sorry for my actions. ... I feel in my heart that God has forgiven me for my sins."
In a deal brokered with the Judicial Qualifications Commission and approved by the state's high court, Downey will remain a judge until his retirement at the end of the year. He has agreed to never seek judicial office again, or serve as a senior judge, something many jurists do after retirement.
Lewis called the arrangement a "deal with the devil" that the court felt compelled to approve. If the court had rejected the agreement, the JQC case against Downey likely would have continued long after his retirement, and there would have been no guarantee that he could not run for judge again.
The tall and lanky Downey was for years one of the most visible figures in the Pinellas criminal courthouse. He was known for working long and hard, often keeping juries late into the night to decide some of the most high-profile murder cases in the county. He was sometimes accused of tilting toward the prosecution, but defense attorneys generally respected his work ethic and often polite demeanor.
But Downey also showed another side. He generated controversy by dressing down a jury that acquitted a defendant. Some of his decisions were criticized by appellate judges, whose directions Downey once ignored. He also was charged with violating judicial canons by discarding a note from a juror who claimed a fellow juror was sleeping during a murder trial, a move that some lawyers said demonstrated his arrogance on the bench.
Downey weathered the controversy until his career began to unravel in the spring of 2005, when a virus infected the courthouse computer system. Technicians determined Downey had allowed the virus into the system by accessing pornographic Web sites.
Almost simultaneously, the circuit's chief judge, David Demers, learned that Downey had seemingly pursued relationships with two female lawyers who appeared before him. Downey has always denied that he sexually harassed these lawyers, though he has acknowledged that his actions toward them were inappropriate.
Demers learned that Downey asked one of the lawyers to lunch and asked another judge to transfer her cases to his courtroom. He sent another female lawyer e-mails that sounded sexually suggestive.
Downey took a two-week leave of absence from the bench, during which he sought counseling. He returned to his courtroom, but Demers later shifted Downey off his criminal bench to civil court, where the cases on his docket were not so high-profile.
In December, the JQC charged Downey with violating numerous judicial canons. Downey at first tried to fight the charges, mostly without a lawyer, but he soon agreed to end his judicial career at year's end. He will receive retirement pay of up to $99,924 per year, though he can receive less if he wants benefits to continue to his wife if he dies before her.
He was ordered to write a letter of apology and to appear before the Florida Supreme Court for a public reprimand. In exchange, Downey admitted the pornography allegations, and the other charges were dropped.
The deal was so extraordinary that the state Supreme Court, for the first time in its history, summoned the JQC and the judge to appear before it this summer to explain the deal. Some justices seemed to want Downey immediately suspended, but they approved the arrangement.
Downey's case was the first on the docket Friday morning. Lewis took his seat in the middle of the other justices and called Downey forward.
"The conduct that brings you here today is truly shocking," Lewis said, later adding: "Your reckless behavior contributed to what was really a hostile work environment in that courthouse. It's inexcusable, the way you behaved."
Lewis also told Downey his actions were "an embarrassment to the people of Florida."
"I am embarrassed to sit in the middle chair this morning," Lewis said. "You should have known better ... it's a shadow on all of us.
"Let this be a message that this behavior by judicial officers will not be tolerated," he added.
Downey made his short apology and left the courtroom. As he prepared to exit the courthouse, he noticed television news cameramen waiting outside the door. A look of worry seeped into his face.
"Are they here for me?" he asked. Someone told him they were.
With that, Downey opened the door and walked onto the courthouse steps. The cameras surrounded him and a reporter with a microphone peppered him with questions.
Downey, who declined to comment, walked through them, down the steps and onto the sidewalk. The cameramen followed him for a full city block before they let him go, his head still lowered.
[Last modified September 23, 2006, 01:08:23]
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text:
Debates of April 17th, 1996
House of Commons Hansard #27 of the 35th Parliament, 2nd Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The word of the day was institutions.
- Teenage Suicide
- Académie Des Grands Montérégiens
- 1996 Census
- Gasoline Prices
- Expro Of Valleyfield
- World Curling Championships
- Entrepreneurship
- Council Of Canadians
- The Late Justice David McDonald
- Sir Wilfrid Laurier
- Mike Henry
- International Child Abduction
- Clifford Olson
- Goods And Services Tax
- Stanley Knowles Visiting Professorship
- Royal Visit
- Quebec Referendum Act
- Distinct Society
- Somalia Inquiry
- Department Of National Defence
- Somalia Inquiry
- Department Of National Defence
- Somalia Inquiry
- Tran Trieu Quan
- Lebanon
- Fisheries
- Coast Guard
- Canada Pension Plan
- Strategis
- 1996 Census
- Presence In Gallery
- Government Response To Petitions
- Committees Of The House
- Oceans Act
- Committees Of The House
- Petitions
- Questions On The Order Paper
- Bank Act
- Agriculture
- Immigration
2 p.m.
The Acting Speaker (Mr. Kilger)
As is our custom, we will now sing O Canada, which will be led by the hon. member for Saanich-Gulf Islands.
[Editor's Note: Whereupon members sang the national anthem.]
Teenage Suicide
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
Sarkis Assadourian Don Valley North, ON
Mr. Speaker, Canada's teenage suicide rate is alarmingly high compared with other industrialized countries. From 1979 to 1991 suicide by young people from 15 to 19 doubled to 13.5 per 100,000, making Canada third behind New Zealand and Finland. When this occurs in a nation that is constantly rated as the world's best, we must ask ourselves what has gone wrong.
I urge my fellow members of Parliament to become more aware of this problem and to support the efforts of this government to turn this tragic statistic around. Our efforts must reflect the need to communicate a message of hope to Canada's youth. We must not fail in our commitment to create jobs and to create a society where hope for a better tomorrow is the trademark of our efforts.
Académie Des Grands Montérégiens
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
Yvan Loubier Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot, QC
Mr. Speaker, on April 26, the Académie des grands Montérégiens will pay tribute to five personalities of our great region, including someone who is well known in Saint-Hyacinthe, Claude Marchesseault.
In the last three decades, Mr. Marchesseault has been involved in areas as diversified as economic development, recreation, exceptional children, the agri-food industry, the arts, philanthropy and municipal affairs, while at the same time holding an important position at the Fédération des caisses populaires Desjardins.
Since its founding, the Académie des grands Montérégiens has honoured a number of outstanding people from our region, including Raymond Lévesque, Arlette Cousture, Juliette Huot, François-Albert Angers, Yves Beauchemin and Louis Laberge.
I salute the invaluable contribution made to our community's development by the indefatigable Claude Marchesseault, who cannot be ignored and who has now joined the ranks of the great men and women honoured by the Académie.
1996 Census
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
Chuck Strahl Fraser Valley East, BC
Mr. Speaker, one month from now Canadians will be asked to identify themselves by race in the 1996 census. We have the option of classing ourselves as white, Chinese, Asian, black, Arab, Filipino, Latin American, Japanese, Korean, or other. We do not have the option of skipping the question.
If an employer or a landlord demanded to know a Canadian's race, they would bear the full weight of the human rights law which prohibits racial discrimination and so they should. Yet incredibly the federal government requires the very same racial identification by law.
I would urge all Canadians to send a message to the federal government that in Canada we believe in the equality of all Canadians regardless of the country of their birth or the colour of their skin. Identifying our ethnic origin as Canadian on question 19 of the census will tell this Liberal government that Canadians want to be known as Canadians, nothing more and nothing less.
Census by race, what a disgrace.
Gasoline Prices
Statements By Members
April 17th, 1996 / 2 p.m.
Gurbax Malhi Bramalea—Gore—Malton, ON
Mr. Speaker, gasoline prices in the region recently soared to their highest level since the gulf war. The average price in Ontario last
Friday was over 58 cents per litre. That amounts to an increase in just one week of as much as three cents a litre.
No doubt an unusually cold winter and low inventory at refineries are contributing to the price hike. Yet most of the price fluctuation at the pumps seems to have little to do with the wholesale price of gasoline.
Even though there was no increase in gas taxes in last month's budget, the price of gas is rising out of control. We must do something to stop it.
Expro Of Valleyfield
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
Bernard Patry Pierrefonds—Dollard, QC
Mr. Speaker, earlier this week, Expro Chemical Products of Valleyfield signed a major contract with the U.S. firm OEA Inc. The value of this contract lies not only in the amount of money Expro will receive but mainly in its new mandate.
This company, which used to specialize in the manufacturing of explosives used mostly for defence purposes, has just been awarded its first contract for a civilian application. Expro is now responsible for supplying a propellent used in the air bag release mechanism for 1997 American car models.
This is a great example of the sense of innovation and initiative that drives Canadian businesses. Expro's example shows it is possible to convert defence industries to civilian and peaceful uses.
World Curling Championships
Statements By Members
2 p.m.
Walt Lastewka St. Catharines, ON
Mr. Speaker, Canadian curlers are the best in the world. They proved this in Hamilton last month.
On March 30 the Canadian women's team won the women's World Curling Championships. The high powered and charismatic women's team skipped by Marilyn Bodogh from the St. Catharines Curling Club with vice Kim Gellard, second Corie Beveridge and lead Jane Hooper Perroud did Canada proud.
On March 31 the Canadian men's team won the men's World Curling Championships.
Friends, family and Canadian curling fans cheered our teams on and shared in the joy of winning the worlds for Canada.
I know my colleagues in this House join me in congratulating these outstanding Canadian athletes. Their talent and determination are exemplary and we are proud of them as proud Canadians.
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Pierrette Venne Saint-Hubert, QC
Mr. Speaker, last fall, two Saint-Hubert residents decided to do something on their own and start a business without asking for any government assistance.
Ginette Piché et Colette Gagné took advantage of the change from hospital care to ambulatory care to launch a company called "Beau ménage, bons soins".
Their company provides personal care and housecleaning services to seniors and those who are convalescing or incapacitated, according to their needs and their means.
The range of services offered helps people with health problems to remain in their homes. In the current context, such a resource is indispensable. The business is about providing good and diversified services, which is a great way to improve the quality of life of the elderly.
Initiatives such as this one are always welcomed. This is why I want to congratulate Ginette Piché and Colette Gagné and urge them to persevere in their endeavour.
Council Of Canadians
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Daphne Jennings Mission—Coquitlam, BC
Mr. Speaker, yesterday a senior citizen in my riding came into my office very concerned and anxious about a letter he had received from the Council of Canadians. Basically this letter was nothing short of a scam and fear mongering against one of our most vulnerable groups in society, our seniors.
By distorting and misrepresenting the true facts, this Council of Canadians plays on the fears of our seniors and attempts to extort money from them. This group wants the seniors of Canada to pay for what they are entitled to get for nothing: a petition presented to the government on behalf of seniors. Every member of Parliament provides that service free of charge. I know from the past three years in this House that we all present all constituents' petitions on a regular basis.
This group, which professes to care about seniors' lack of money, asks for money 10 times throughout its letter. And if they cannot commit to paying monthly contributions to this group, then $35, $50 or $75 now will protect their hard earned pensions.
The confidence men of old were pikers compared with this group.
The Late Justice David McDonald
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
John Loney Edmonton North, AB
Mr. Speaker, I rise today to pay tribute to the Hon. Justice David McDonald, a great Canadian from Alberta who died on April 8 in Edmonton.
Justice McDonald's life was committed to the highest ideals of public service. He served in the courts as a practising lawyer from 1957 to 1973. He was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in 1974 where he served until his appointment to the Court of Appeal of Alberta in November 1995.
He was chairman of the Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP from 1977 to 1981. He also served as president of the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice from 1974 to 1977.
A Rhodes scholar and a jurist of uncommon intellect, Justice McDonald was a humanist who influenced all those who had the privilege to work with him.
We extend our sympathies to his wife Dorothy, his children Jacqueline, Jonathan and Catherine.
Please join with me in honouring a great Canadian, the Hon. Justice David McDonald.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Denis Paradis Brome—Missisquoi, QC
Mr. Speaker, on April 16, at 2.30 a.m., in this House of Commons, the government of the day yielded to pressure from the Liberal Party. The date was April 16, 1896. That was 100 years ago yesterday.
Nine days later, a general election was called for June 23. Today, it is important to remember that, for Canada, the 1896 election marked the beginning of a new era.
Wilfrid Laurier, who was born in Saint-Lin-des-Laurentides, spent all his life in Arthabaska. He was the Leader of the Opposition at the time. Two months later, he became Prime Minister of Canada, the first of many Quebecers to do so.
At the time, Laurier said that Canada could accommodate more than one race. He was referring to French and English Canadians. Nowadays, would we talk about peoples instead of races?
However, Laurier also added-
Mike Henry
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Brenda Chamberlain Guelph—Wellington, ON
Mr. Speaker, after 20 years of service to the people of Guelph-Wellington, Mike Henry is retiring as general manager of the Guelph Chamber of Commerce.
To say that we will all miss Mike is an understatement. As the Guelph Tribune recently said: ``He was a dedicated and sociable ambassador for Guelph, who was also a diplomat in co-ordinating the efforts of volunteers toward the chamber's many goals''.
Mike Henry has served our community well. His retirement is well earned but I know his work throughout Guelph-Wellington will be missed.
Mike, you have earned our respect, appreciation and gratitude. May your retirement be as fulfilling and wonderful as was your work for all of us in Guelph-Wellington.
International Child Abduction
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Benoît Tremblay Rosemont, QC
Mr. Speaker, on January 17, 1993, Mrs. Micheline Tremblay, who resides in the riding of Rosemont, learnt that her son Karim, then three and a half years old, had been abducted by his father and illegally taken to Egypt, his father's country of origin.
In spite of three years of relentless efforts, Mrs. Tremblay never saw her son again. Every legal recourse undertaken proved virtually ineffective, because Egypt has not signed any international convention or bilateral agreement with Canada on international child abduction.
But Egypt could enter into such an agreement with Canada, as it did with France. What is missing is Ottawa's political will to act on this fundamental civil rights issue. I call upon the support of all members of this House to demand that the Canadian government remedy this situation and make sure that Karim is reunited with his mother as soon as possible.
Clifford Olson
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Art Hanger Calgary Northeast, AB
Mr. Speaker, last week Clifford Olson sent several members of this House, myself included, a sneering note which detailed the child killer's intent to seek early release under section 745 of the Criminal Code.
Olson's note to my office reads as follows: "I'm coming back Art. Quick, get section 745 repealed. Smile, sucker". This note was signed in type, Clifford Robert Olson, the beast of British Columbia.
Section 745 allows criminals sentenced to life imprisonment the eligibility for early release. Olson will make formal application for his judicial parole review this August. In addition, police killer Roy Glaremin will apply a second time this May for early release.
Fifty of the 60 murderers applying for early parole thus far have had their eligibility period reduced, at least 18 of whom have had their parole eligibility reduced to 15 years.
I call on the Minister of Justice to wipe the smirk off Olson's face. End this insanity, repeal section 745 without delay.
Goods And Services Tax
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Progressive Conservative
Elsie Wayne Saint John, NB
Mr. Speaker, we were told by the Prime Minister in August 1993 that he would honour all of his promises within two years. We were also told by the new heritage minister that if the GST were not abolished she would resign.
The GST remains in place and we are still waiting for both to keep their promises. Now the government says that harmonization will honour an election vow to scrap the GST, but a few years ago at least one member of the current cabinet saw harmonization as a barrier to replacing the GST.
The exact words of the finance minister when he was running for the Liberal leadership were:
There is some possibility that when we take power in 1992, the provinces will have entrenched the GST in their sales tax regimes. It would be extremely difficult to undo in that instance, but-I am committed to scrapping the GST-
This is from De Novo , a publication that was circulated at the Liberal leadership convention.


text:
Merkel urges German companies to hire more refugees
German Chancellor Angela Merkel has stated on September 15 that viable solutions are necessary in Germany to hire refugees in the country, which saw about a million people enter it in 2015.
Reuters reports that Merkel, who is fighting for her political life over her open-door policy, summoned the bosses of some of Germany's biggest companies and learnt that they have currently hired just over refugees out of the 2015 influx.
Many of the companies responded that obstacles for hiring are a lack of German-language skills, the inability of most refugees to prove any qualifications and uncertainty about their permission to stay in the country.
«Many are in integration courses or waiting to get on them. So I think we will need to show some patience, but must be ready at any time to develop viable solutions,» Merkel commented on the situation.
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Survey: 83% of residents are dissatisfied with government's work
Residents expressed the biggest amount of disappointment with the government's work, which received sharp criticisms last November. Previously, the government's work assessment declined by seven points. Scepticism became only sharper in December, dropping by 11 points, according to data from Baltic International Bank's Latvian Barometer.
EM: construction businessmen will have to submit data to registry once a year
On Tuesday, 24 January, Latvian Cabinet of Ministers approved amendments to rules that govern construction businesses registration. Those amendments provide for expansion of information submitted to Construction Information System to secure information accessibility...
New cargo transshipment record at Klaipeda port
Last year, Klaipeda port registered a new record cargo transshipment-wise, becoming the leader among Baltic States, according to data published by the port.
Kozlovskis: bombing threats in Latvia on a rise
Recent bombing threats have impacted the work of shopping centres and other businesses in Latvia, said Interior Affairs Minister Rihards Kozlovskis in an interview to 900 seconds programme of LNT.
Kenny to be proposed for post at RJA after learning Latvian language
The newly-elected rector of Riga Graduate School of Law Mel Kenny will be proposed for approval in the Cabinet of Ministers after he achieves the necessary Latvian language knowledge level appropriate for the post.
Economist: residents' expectations will reduce real estate price rise
The value of SEB Housing Price Index, which is the difference between the number of people who predict apartment price rise and those who predict price decline, declined to 36.5 points at the end of 2016.
SES: approximately 2 m3 oil leak took place in Plavini HES
A 2 m3 oil leak from a written-off high power transformer has taken place in the territory of Plavini hydroelectric station. This leak has caused pollution and a threat to the environment, as reported by State Environmental Service representative Maruta Buklevica.
LPCS: average milk procurement price has grown provisionally
The average milk procurement price in Latvia grew in December by 7.6% in comparison with November. In comparison with December 2015, the price grew by 38.5%, according to provisional data from Central Union of Latvian milk manufacturers.
VIDEO: an «open» meeting of Ventspils University College Senate held behind closed doors
On 19 January 2017, a meeting of Ventspils University Senate was held. Without prior informing of society, this meeting was attended by infamous Ventspils resident Aivars Lembergs and 1st deputy chairman of Ventspils City Council for matters of infrastructure and the so-called curator of the education institution Janis Vitolins.
EM: a model is chosen to make gas trade process less complicated
A model has been chosen to make the gas trade process less complicated and more comprehensible for consumers. All interactions with customers will be performed by the trader – one contract, one receipt and one customer service, leaving technical matters to the transmission system's operator, as BNN was informed by Economy Ministry.
Reirs: ME system is good, but only in relation to the people that need it
Estonia's experience shows that there can be significantly larger minimal wages and significantly lower unemployment level than what is found in Latvia, Diena was told by Welfare Minister Janis Reirs.
LBLA: businesses in Latvia find it difficult to produce biological food
There is still a disproportion between production and processing volumes of biological agriculture products in Latvia. Companies produce more than they process. This is why it is important to develop processing, believes board member of Latvian Biological Agricultural Association and Aloja Starkelsen Janis Garancs.
PHOTO: women's solidarity march in Riga
On Saturday, 21 January, voluntary women's solidarity events under a single title – Sister march – were organized around the world. In Riga, the event gathered at least 200 people.
De facto: NA opposes businessmen's efforts to change requirements for guest workers
Business organizations want the government to review requirements for attraction of guest workers, because it is nearly impossible to find workers in many fields. But the proposal's viewing in the government has come to a halt because of arguments against it from the National Alliance, as reported by De Factor programme of LTV.
Kudors: Baltics should arm themselves with strategic patience
In relations with Russia, Baltics should arm themselves with strategic patience in the next several years, as stated in Latvia's Foreign Policy Institute's compilation on Latvia's external and security policy.
Little precipitation is expected in Latvia this week; frost expected
On Monday, 23 January, weather in Latvia will be dictated by a small low atmospheric pressure area. With that, some precipitation is expected in many parts of Latvia: mostly rain and wet snow. Wind will draw in from the south-west and air temperature will stay within 0° C… +4° C, as reported by Environmental, Geology and Meteorology Centre.
Week in Lithuania. CIA declassifies document on Lithuania's post-WWII guerrillas
A report about guerrilla fighting against the Soviet occupation after World War II is among hundreds of thousands of declassified documents published online by the United States Central Intelligence Agency.
People no longer believe in their own country, because they associate it with people who make decisions
The biggest threat to Latvia is the fact that society, including state officials, is afraid. People are afraid of change, afraid of voicing their thoughts (thoughts that often do not comply with the politically correct stance), afraid of being misunderstood. Fear makes it harder to develop. It limits people's internal freedom. Such is the opinion Inga Antane, president of Baltic Association – Transport and Logistics and sworn attorney of Triniti law firm, explained in her interview to Atbalsts.
Expert: «Lithuania's renewed National Security Strategy is a «hodgepodge»
This week, the Lithuanian Parliament has overwhelmingly approved a renewed National Security Strategy, laying out 14 major hazards and risk factors to national security.
Industry: advertisements contribute the entire economy of the European Union
Every euro invested in advertisement has seven times the influence on a country's GDP. Every one euro brings seven euros in return to the country's GDP, as emphasized by Latvian Advertising Association, noting that advertisement sector contributes to employment in all of the European Union.
Six deputies applied with administrative penalties in Saeima's autumn session
According to information provided to the parliament, six deputies were applied with administrative penalties during Saeima's autumn session.
Slower economic growth for Estonia forecast – at 2.2% - for 2017
The economic growth of Estonia in 2017 will be slower than previously expected, Swedbank economists have announced lowering their previous economic forecast for the Baltic country by 0.2% to 2.2%.
Latvian and Lithuanian authorities dismantle two criminal groups
Latvian State Revenue Service's Finance Police has successfully apprehended two organized crime groups that caused significant damage to the state budget in 2015 and 2016 by realizing different VAT fraud schemes.
Estonia to drop special pensions, push forward sweeping pension reforms
The Estonian government has decided to drop special pensions and to push forward with plans regarding other significant changes in the pension system, including tying the retirement age to the average life expectancy.
KNAB performs inspection about Jakrins' approval in the board of Rīgas satiksme
Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau intends to inspect if the approval of acting head of Riga City Council's Transport Department Emils Jakrins in the management board of Rīgas satiksme had any signs of breach of good management principles.
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Linda @ 2017-01-22 22:05:44
re Gorbachev: the buck stops with the commander of all the forces and as he was in charge and orders came from above during that time the decision ultimately has to be his unfortunately.
Linda @ 2017-01-20 23:50:44
Linda @ 2017-01-16 22:30:28
Be careful in the South Seas .... large world powers like to test nuclear weapons in such areas.
Linda @ 2017-01-16 22:28:20
I didn't know that a burger bar is classed as a restaurant? Eatery perhaps?
Est client @ 2017-01-16 21:16:47
They should treat clients in different countries same way they do in Finland.


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On Friday, February 15, the Cogswell Comic Creation Club – fondly known around campus as the C4 – seven hardy souls and one faculty adviser gathered in room 156 at 2:00PM for 12 hours of intense comic development. Yes, that does mean that they were busy drafting and drawing in this art form until 2:00AM Saturday morning.
The goal was for each participant to generate one six page story. They were well fortified with snacks and caffeine enhanced beverages.
Some students created their artwork the old-fashioned way – using paper and pencil – while others generated their comics straight from their computers. A lively discussion ensued about digital versus hand-drawn. The main question centered on, can you say you are selling original artwork if it's digital? They didn't reach a conclusion but had a good time arguing the pros and cons of each method.
Can't wait to see the final products!
Let us know what you think about the digital versus hand-drawn debate.


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The New York Yankees are like those loitering dinner guests.
You wait for them to leave, so you can go to bed, but they stay up drinking your last bottles of wine, refusing to let the party end.
MORE: Showalter and Girardi restrained by umpires
The Yankees should have excused themselves weeks ago from this maddening American League wild-card race, but here they are, refusing to succumb to circumstances.
Take a good last look at them now, because when the Yankees assemble for spring training in Tampa, Fla., they're not going to look anything like the team that began this glorious run in 1996.
Mariano Rivera, 43, whose seven blown saves are the most in his career, since 2001, has already announced his retirement.
Andy Pettitte, 41, a pedestrian 10-9 with a 4.03 ERA, strongly is considering joining him.
There has even been speculation that shortstop Derek Jeter, 39, who may not step on the field again this season, could also call it a Hall of Fame career. Yet, anyone who knows Jeter, would never ever believe he could leave the game like this, not playing only 17 games this year with his ankle and leg woes, batting .190.
"There's been no indication of that, none,'' Yankees president Randy Levine told USA TODAY Sports, when asked if Jeter could retire, or even leave as a free agent. "We haven't heard anything like that. …It's frustrating for him. It's frustrating for all of us. He's a warrior. But the overwhelming priority here is to do what's best for his health. …
"It has been a very trying year.''
Indeed, the Yankees have employed more players (54) than any season in their history. They've coughed up nearly $80 million for players on the disabled list. Jeter and Alex Rodriguez have spent all of 10 days on the field together.
Now, in what could be their farewell voyage, they began a 10-game trip Monday in Baltimore. It should determine whether their final week the season will be spent focusing on Rivera's retirement ceremony or setting up a possible playoff rotation.
"This has been an unprecedented year for all of us,'' Levine said. "A lot has gone wrong. But we're hanging around. The good thing is we have a lot within reach, and control our destiny.''
The Yankees entered Monday with a 76-67 record, and although the Boston Red Sox will beat them out for the American League East division title for only the second time in 18 years, the Yankees remain alive in the wild-card race, 2 ½ games out.
Their resiliency has been a testament to manager Joe Girardi and his staff, along with GM Brian Cashman and a front office whose piecemeal moves kept the team in contention. Girardi is a free agent at the season's conclusion, but the Yankees have no intention of letting him walk away.
"He's done a great job,'' Levine said. "We've had an overwhelming amount of injuries [24 DL moves], and to be in contention, is a real tribute to the manager, his staff and the players.''
Certainly, no one is going to feel sorry for the Yankees.
They still have the game's highest payroll: $236.18for their 40-man roster, according to salary figures obtained by USA TODAY Sports. That's $1.6 million higher than the Los Angeles Dodgers.
Yet, when this season ends, Rivera has his retirement ceremony and Rodriguez his arbitration hearing to see if a league-imposed 211-game suspension sticks, that may be the time the Yankees reach for the Kleenex.
These no longer are your iconic Yankees with owner George Steinbrenner grabbing the finest players money can buy.
These are his sons' team, prepared to downsize their palace, slashing payroll to below $189 million for the first time since 2004, averting the luxury tax.
"The goal is to get to $189 [million],'' Levine said, "as long as it's consistent in fielding a championship team.''
The Yankees, tax implications or not, have no choice but bring back pending free-agent second baseman Robinson Cano, and are lucky the Dodgers say they have no plans to pursue him.
In fact, except for the $23 million owed to ace CC Sabathia and injured first baseman Mark Teixeira, they're not on the books for anyone else earning more than Jeter's $9.5 million option, unless Rodriguez wins his appeal.
The Yankees may have a real mess next year, but then again, isn't that what we all figured this year, and were wrong?
"We're always about winning it all,'' Levine says, "but to get into the playoffs, in light of all the obstacles we've had, would be a great success.
"Very gratifying.''


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Common minke whale
The common minke whale or northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) is a species of minke whale within the suborder of baleen whales.
Otto Fabricius, in his Fauna Groenlandica (1780), was the first to describe the minke, noting its small size and white baleen. He unfortunately described it under the name Balaena rostrata, which was already preoccupied by a beaked whale. In 1804, Baron de Lacepede named it Balaenoptera acuto-rostrata, basing his description partly on the stranding of a juvenile near Cherbourg, France in 1791.[3] There are several forms of common minke whale, including Scammon's minke whale (B. a. scammoni) from the North Pacific and the dwarf minke whale, from the Southern Hemisphere.[3]
Until recently, all minke whales were considered a single species. However, the common minke whale was recognized as a separate species from the Antarctic minke whale based on mitochondrial DNA testing.[4] This testing also confirmed that the Antarctic minke whale is the closest relative of the common minke whale, thus confirming the validity of the minke whale clade.[4]
The common minke whale is the smallest of the rorquals, and one of the smallest baleen whales (second smallest only to the Pygmy Right Whale). At sexual maturity, Northern Hemisphere males average about 6.9 m (22.5 ft) and females 7.3 m (24 ft). In the North Atlantic, the average size at physical maturity is 8 m (26 ft) for males and 8.5 m (28 ft) for females, while maximum lengths are 8.8 m (29 ft) and 9.1 m (30 ft), respectively. At birth they are 2.6-2.8 m (8.5–9 ft) in length. For the dwarf form, the longest reported lengths are 7.62 m (25 ft) for males and 7.77 (25.5 ft) for females.
The back is dark grey and the belly white. All forms have a pale chevron above the flippers or behind the head. All forms also have a white or light marking on each flipper. On the dwarf form the white marking covers most of the flipper. On the northern forms, there is a distinct white band running horizontally through the middle of each flipper.[5]
The common minke whale differs from the Antarctic variety in several aspects. The common species is slightly smaller than the Antarctic, which has much less white marking on the flippers. There are also less distinctive differences in body coloration and shape.[5]
Common minke whales have a disjointed distribution. In the North Atlantic, they occur as far north as Baffin Bay, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, and Novaya Zemlya and as far south as 40° N (New Jersey) and the Hebrides and central North Sea during summer. They occur year-round off the Canary Islands. There are occasional sightings and strandings off Spain and Portugal, western Sahara, Mauritania, and Senegal. It is rare off the Azores and a vagrant in the Mediterranean Sea, with a single record in the Black Sea. During the winter it has been recorded off Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Antilles, and the east coast of the United States south of 40° N. In the western North Pacific, they range from the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan in the south to the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering and Chukchi Seas in the north. In the eastern North Pacific, they occur in the Gulf of Alaska south along the entire west coast of North America down to Baja California and into the Gulf of California. During winter, they've been acoustically recorded mainly between 15° and 35° N in the eastern and central North Pacific. The dwarf form occurs as far south as 65° S during summer, but was mainly caught between 55 and 62° S.[5] It has also been recorded off most of the South Atlantic coast of South America, in the Beagle Channel, off South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and as far north as 2° S (northern Brazil).
Common minke whales have a diverse diet, feeding on various species of fish and crustaceans. In the North Atlantic, they prey on sand lance, sand eel, salmon, capelin, mackerel, cod, whiting, sprat, wolffish, dogfish, pollack, haddock, herring, euphausiids, and copepods. In the North Pacific, they mainly eat euphausiids, Japanese anchovy, Pacific saury, and walleye pollack. In the Southern Ocean, dwarf minkes feed mainly on myctophid fishes.[6]
Whaling was mentioned in Norwegian written sources as early as the year 800 and hunting common minke whales with harpoons was common in the 11th century[citation needed].
By the end of the 1930s they were the target of coastal whaling from countries including Brazil, Canada, China, Greenland, Japan, Korea and Norway. Hunting continued apace until the general moratorium on whaling was introduced in 1986.
Following the moratorium, most hunting of common minke whales ceased. Japan and more recently Iceland (in August 2003) have continued hunting for minkes on scientific grounds, which have been criticised by many environmental organisations[7] as being a cover for commercial whaling. Both countries have the long-term goal of resuming open commercial whaling.[citation needed] Although Norway initially followed the moratorium, they placed an objection to it with the IWC and resumed commercial hunting in 1993. Norwegian whalers caught 639 in 2005. The quota for 2006 was set at 1052 animals, from which a catch of 546 was taken.[8]
Common minke whale-watching
Due to their relative abundance common minke whales are often the focus of whale-watching cruises setting sail from, for instance, the Isle of Mull in Scotland, County Cork in Ireland and Húsavík in Iceland. Common minke whales are frequently inquisitive and will indulge in "human-watching". In contrast to the spectacularly acrobatic humpback whale, minkes do not raise their fluke out of the water when diving and are less likely to breach. Minkes can stay submerged for as long as twenty minutes.[citation needed]
Conservation status
The common minke whale is considered "Least Concern" on the IUCN red list.[2] In addition, the species is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS)
See also
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009)
- ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L., Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. (2008). Balaenoptera acutorostrata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
- ^ a b "Mammal Species of the World". http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14300012. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ a b "Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species". http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/960. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ a b c Jarrett, Brett and Shirihai, Hadoram (2006). Whales Dolphins and other Marine Mammals of the World. pp. 62–68. ISBN 0-691-12757-3.
- ^ Perrin, W. F., Bernd G. Würsig, and J. G. M. Thewissen. 2009. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
- ^ Help Us Stop Iceland's Whale Hunt!
- ^ Tok bare halve hvalkvoten - lofotposten.no


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