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Monarch butterfly
The Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a milkweed butterfly (subfamily Danainae) in the family Nymphalidae. It is perhaps the best known of all North American butterflies. Since the 19th century, it has been found in New Zealand, and in Australia since 1871, where it is called the wanderer.[3][4][5] It is resident in the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira, and is found as an occasional migrant in Western Europe and a rare migrant in the United Kingdom.[6] Its wings feature an easily recognizable orange and black pattern, with a wingspan of 8.9–10.2 cm (3½–4 in).[7] (The viceroy butterfly is similar in color and pattern, but is markedly smaller, and has an extra black stripe across the hind wing.) Female monarchs have darker veins on their wings, and the males have a spot called the androconium in the center of each hind wing.[8] Males are also slightly larger than female monarchs.
The monarch is famous for its southward migration and northward return in summer from Canada to Mexico and Baja California which spans the life of three to four generations of the butterfly. The migration route was fully determined by Canadian entomologists Fred and Norah Urquhart after a 38-year search, aided by naturalists Kenneth C. Brugger and Catalina Trail who solved the final piece of the puzzle by identifying the butterflies' overwintering sites in Mexico. The discovery has been called "entomological discovery of the 20th century".[9] An IMAX film, Flight of the Butterflies, tells the story of the long search by the Urquharts, Brugger and Trail to unlock the secret of the butterflies' migration.[10]
The common name "monarch" was first published in 1874 by Samuel H. Scudder because "it is one of the largest of our butterflies, and rules a vast domain";[11] however, the name may be in honour of King William III of England.[12]
The monarch was one of the many species originally named by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae of 1758. It was first placed in the genus Papilio.[13] In 1780, Jan Krzysztof Kluk used the monarch as the type species for a new genus; Danaus.
The monarch is closely related to two very similar species which formed the Danaus (Danaus) subgenus before 2005. The first is the Jamaican monarch (D. cleophile) from Jamaica and Hispaniola. The second is the southern monarch (D. erippus), of South America south of the Amazon river. The southern monarch is almost indistinguishable from the monarch as an adult, though the pupae are somewhat different, and is often considered a subspecies of the monarch proper. But analysis of morphological, mtDNA 12S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, nuclear DNA 18S rRNA and EF1 subunit α sequence data by Smith et al. (2005) indicates it is better considered a distinct species. The separation of the monarch and southern monarch is comparatively recent. In all likelihood, the ancestors of the southern monarch separated from the monarch's population some 2 mya, at the end of the Pliocene. At the time, sea levels were higher and the entire Amazonas lowland was a vast expanse of brackish swamp that offered hardly any butterfly habitat.[14]
Following the review of Smith et al. (2005), two subspecies of the monarch are recognized:[14]
- D. p. plexippus, the nominate subspecies, described by Linnaeus in 1758, is the migratory subspecies known from most of North America.
- D. p. megalippe, named in 1826 by Jacob Hübner, is a nonmigratory subspecies, and is found from Florida and Georgia southwards, throughout the Caribbean and Central America to the Amazon River. Three local forms were at first considered to be other subspecies, but are actually colour varieties of D. p. megalippe:
- D. p. m. forma leucogyne, named by Arthur G. Butler in 1884
- D. p. m. forma portoricensis, named in 1941 by A.H. Clark
- D. p. m. forma tobagi, also named in 1941 by A.H. Clark
Smith et al. did not take up Danaus plexippus nigrippus in their studies. According to Hay-Roe et al. (2007), this taxon is still recognised as a subspecies:[15]
- D. p. nigrippus, named in 1909 by Richard Haensch as forma: Danais [sic] archippus f. nigrippus, and is found in South America south of Nicaragua
Origin of name[edit]
Danaus (Greek Δαναός), a great-grandson of Zeus, was a mythical king in Egypt or Libya, who founded Argos; Plexippus was one of the 50 sons of Aegyptus, the twin brother of Danaus.
In Homeric Greek plexippos (πληξιππος) means "one who urges on horses", i.e. "rider or charioteer". In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, at the bottom of page 467,[16] Linnaeus wrote that the names of the Danai festivi, the division of the genus to which Papilio plexippus belonged, were derived from the sons of Aegyptus.[17][18]
The monarch's wingspan ranges from 8.9–10.2 cm (3½–4 in).[7] The upper side of the wings is tawny-orange, the veins and margins are black, and in the margins are two series of small white spots. The fore wings also have a few orange spots near the tip. The underside is similar, but the tip of the fore wing and hind wing are yellow-brown instead of tawny-orange and the white spots are larger.[19]
The male has a black patch of androconial scales on either hind wing (in some butterflies, these patches disperse pheromones, but are not known to do so in monarchs), and the black veins on its wing are narrower than the female's. The male is also slightly larger.[19]
A color variation has been observed in Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia and the United States as early as the late 19th century. Named nivosus by lepidopterists, it is grayish-white in all areas of the wings that are normally orange. Generally, it is only about 1% or less of all monarchs, but has maintained populations as high as 10% on Oahu in Hawaii, possibly due to selective predation.[20]
Like all insects, the monarch has six legs, but uses the four hindlegs as it carries its two front legs against its body.[21]
The eggs are creamy white and later turn pale yellow. They are elongated and subconical, with about 23 longitudinal ridges and many fine traverse lines.[19] A single egg weighs about 0.46 mg (0.0071 gr), and measures about 1.2 mm (47 mils) high and 0.9 mm (35 mils) wide.[22][23]
The caterpillar is banded with yellow, black, and white stripes. The head is also striped with yellow and black. Two pairs of black filaments are seen, one pair on each end of the body. The caterpillar will reach a length of 5 cm (2 in).[24]
The chrysalis is blue-green with a band of black and gold on the end of the abdomen. Other gold spots occur on the thorax, the wing bases, and the eyes.[25]
Range and distribution[edit]
In North America, the monarch ranges from southern Canada to northern South America. It rarely strays to western Europe (rarely as far as Greece) from being transported by US ships or by flying there if weather and wind conditions are right. It has also been found in Bermuda, Hawaii, the Solomons, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea, Ceylon, India, the Azores, and the Canary Islands.[25]
Monarchs are especially noted for their yearly migration over long distances. In North America they make massive southward migrations starting in August until the first frost. There is a northward migration in the spring.[26] The monarch is the only butterfly that migrates both north and south as the birds do regularly, but no individual makes the entire round trip. Female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during these migrations.[27]
By the end of October, the population east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests in the Mexican states of Michoacán and México. The western population overwinters in various sites in central coastal and southern California, United States, notably in Pacific Grove, Santa Cruz, and Grover Beach.
The length of these journeys exceeds the normal lifespan of most monarchs, which is less than two months for butterflies born in early summer. The last generation of the summer enters into a nonreproductive phase known as diapause, which may last seven months or more.[8] During diapause, butterflies fly to one of many overwintering sites. The overwintering generation generally does not reproduce until it leaves the overwintering site sometime in February and March.
The overwintered population of those east of the Rockies may reach as far north as Texas and Oklahoma during the spring migration. The second, third and fourth generations return to their northern locations in the United States and Canada in the spring. How the species manages to return to the same overwintering spots over a gap of several generations is still a subject of research; the flight patterns appear to be inherited, based on a combination of the position of the sun in the sky[28] and a time-compensated Sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock based in their antennae.[29][30] New research has also shown these butterflies can use the earth's magnetic field for orientation. The antennae contain cryptochrome, a photoreceptor protein sensitive to the violet-blue part of the spectrum. In presence of violet or blue light, it can function as a chemical compass, which tells the animal if it is aligned with the earth's magnetic field, but it cannot tell the difference between magnetic north or south. The complete magnetic sense is present in a single antenna.[31][32]
Monarch butterflies are one of the few insects which can cross the Atlantic. They are becoming more common in Bermuda due to increased usage of milkweed as an ornamental plant in flower gardens. Monarch butterflies born in Bermuda remain year round due to the island's mild climate. A few monarchs turn up in the far southwest of Great Britain in years when the wind conditions are right, and have been seen as far east as Long Bennington in Lincolnshire. In Australia, monarchs make limited migrations in cooler areas,[3] but the blue tiger butterfly is better known in Australia for its lengthy migration.[4] Monarchs can also be found in New Zealand. On the islands of Hawaii, no migrations have been noted.
Monarch butterflies are poisonous or distasteful to birds and mammals because of the presence of the cardiac glycosides contained in milkweed eaten by the larvae. The bright colors of larvae and adults are thought to function as warning colors. During hibernation, monarch butterflies sometimes suffer losses because hungry birds pick through them looking for the butterflies with the least amount of poison, but in the process kill those they reject.
One study examined wing colors of migrating monarchs using computer image analysis, and found migrants had darker orange (reddish-colored) wings than breeding monarchs.[33]
Research also has overturned a prevailing theory that the migration patterns of the eastern and western populations are due to genetic reasons and that their genetic material was different. The American populations have been found to be distinct from the populations in New Zealand and Hawaii, but not from each other.[34]
The monarch can be found in a wide range of habitats, such as fields, meadows, prairie remnants, urban and suburban parks, gardens, trees, and roadsides. It overwinters in conifer groves.[35][36]
Adult food sources[edit]
Adult monarchs have been seen on a number of different nectar plants. A list of nectar resources exploited by monarch butterflies is:
- Apocynum cannabinum - Indian hemp
- Asclepias californica - California milkweed
- Asclepias incarnata - swamp milkweed
- Asclepias syriaca - common milkweed
- Asclepias tuberosa - butterfly weed
- Aster sp. - asters
- Cirsium sp. - thistles
- Daucus carota - wild carrot
- Dipsacus sylvestris - teasel
- Erigeron canadensis - horseweed
- Eupatorium maculatum - spotted joe-pye weed
- Eupatorium perfoliatum - common boneset
- Hesperis matronalis - dame's rocket
- Medicago sativa - alfalfa
- Solidago sp. - goldenrod
- Syringa vulgaris - lilac
- Trifolium pratense - red clover
- Vernonia altissima - tall ironweed[36]
Males will also take in moisture and minerals from damp soil and wet gravel, a behavior known as mud-puddling. The monarch has also been noticed puddling at an oil stain on pavement.[36]
The mating period for the overwinter population occurs in the spring, just prior to migration from the overwintering sites. The courtship is fairly simple and less dependent on chemical pheromones in comparison with other species in its genus.[37] Courtship is composed of two distinct stages, the aerial phase and the ground phase. During the aerial phase, the male pursues, nudges, and eventually takes down the female. Copulation occurs during the ground phase, where the male and female remain attached for about 30 to 60 minutes.[38] A spermatophore is transferred from the male to the female. Along with sperm, the spermatophore is thought to provide the female with energy resources to aid her in carrying out reproduction and remigration. The overwinter population returns only as far north as they need to go to find the early milkweed growth; in the case of the eastern butterflies, that is commonly southern Texas. The life cycle of a monarch includes a change of form called complete metamorphosis. The monarch goes through four radically different stages:
- The eggs are laid by the females during spring and summer breeding months onto the leaves of milkweed plants.[39]
- The eggs hatch (after four days), revealing worm-like larvae, the caterpillars. The caterpillars consume their egg cases, then feed on milkweed, and sequester substances called cardenolides, a type of cardiac glycoside. During the caterpillar stage, monarchs store energy in the form of fat and nutrients to carry them through the nonfeeding pupal stage. The caterpillar stage lasts around two weeks.
- In the pupa or chrysalis stage, the caterpillar spins a silk pad on a twig or leaf, and hangs from this pad by its last pair of prolegs. It hangs upside down in the shape of a 'J', and then molts, leaving itself encased in an articulated green exoskeleton. At this point, hormonal changes occur, leading to the development of a butterfly (metamorphosis). The chrysalis darkens (the exoskeleton becomes transparent) a day before it emerges, and its orange and black wings can be seen.
- The mature butterfly emerges after about two pupal weeks, and hangs from the split chrysalis for several hours until its wings are dry (often in the morning). Meanwhile, fluids are pumped into the crinkled wings until they become full and stiff. Some of this orangey fluid (called meconium) drips from the wings. Finally (usually in the afternoon), the monarch spreads its wings, quivers them to be sure they are stiff, and then flies away to feed on a variety of flowers, including milkweed flowers, red clover, and goldenrod.
Monarchs can live two to eight weeks in a garden having their host Asclepias plants and sufficient flowers for nectar. This is especially true if the flower garden happens to be surrounded by native forests that seem to be lacking in flowers.[citation needed]
Pictorial lifecycle[edit]
Monarch butterfly laying eggs on Asclepias curassavica 'Silky Gold'
Monarch eggs on milkweed
An early instar monarch caterpillar
Monarch butterfly in Santa Barbara California
Adult monarch butterfly feeding on a Zinnia
Host plants[edit]
The host plants used by the monarch caterpillar include:
- Asclepias amplexicaulis - clasping milkweed
- Asclepias asperula - antelope horns
- Asclepias californica - California milkweed
- Asclepias cordifolia - heart-leaf milkweed
- Asclepias curassavica - scarlet milkweed
- Asclepias curtissii - Curtiss' milkweed
- Asclepias eriocarpa - woollypod milkweed
- Asclepias erosa - desert milkweed
- Asclepias exaltata - poke milkweed
- Asclepias fascicularis - narrow-leaf milkweed
- Asclepias humistrata - sandhill milkweed
- Asclepias incarnata - swamp milkweed
- Asclepias linaria - pine-needle milkweed
- Asclepias meadii - Mead's milkweed
- Asclepias nivea - Caribbean milkweed
- Asclepias purpurascens - purple milkweed
- Asclepias speciosa - showy milkweed
- Asclepias subulata - rush milkweed
- Asclepias subverticillata - horsetail milkweed
- Asclepias syriaca - common milkweed
- Asclepias tuberosa - butterfly weed
- Asclepias verticillata - whorled milkweed
- Calotropis gigantea - crown flower
- Calotropis procera - apple of Sodom
- Cynanchum laeva - sand vine
- Sarcostemma clausa - white vine[24][25]
- Gomphocarpus physocarpus (syn Asclepias physocarpa) - balloon milkweed
- Gomphocarpus fruticosus (syn Asclepias fruticosa) - swan plant
- Cynanchum acutum (native plant)
Defense against predators[edit]
Monarchs are foul-tasting and poisonous due to the presence of cardenolide aglycones in their bodies, which the caterpillars ingest as they feed on milkweed.[37] Both forms advertise their unpalatability with bright colors and areas of high contrast on the skin or wings in a phenomenon known as aposematism.
Monarchs also contain cardiac glycosides in their bodies from the Asclepias plants the caterpillars eat. Overwintering monarchs in Mexico are often preyed upon by black-headed grosbeaks, which are immune to that toxin. Other birds, such as orioles and jays, have learned to eat only the thoracic muscles and abdominal contents because these contain less poison than the rest of the body.[25] Some mice are also able to withstand large doses of the poison. Over time, overwintering adults become less poisonous, thus making them more vulnerable to predators. In Mexico, about 14% of the overwintering monarchs are eaten by birds and mice.[35]
Monarchs share the defense of noxious taste with the similar-appearing viceroy butterfly in what is perhaps one of the most well-known examples of mimicry. Although long purported to be an example of Batesian mimicry, the viceroy is actually reported to be more unpalatable than the monarch, making this a case of Müllerian mimicry.[40]
Relationship with humans[edit]
The monarch is the state insect of Alabama,[41] Idaho,[42] Illinois,[43] Minnesota,[44] Texas,[45] and the state butterfly of Vermont[46] and West Virginia.[47] It was nominated in 1990 as the national insect of the United States of America, along with the honeybee (Apis mellifera),[48] but the legislation did not pass.[49]
Many people like to attract monarchs by growing a butterfly garden with a specific milkweed species. Others enjoy raising them for pleasure or for educational purposes. For migrating flocks, sanctuaries have been created at favorite wintering locations,[50] and these migrations can generate significant tourism revenue.
Many schools also enjoy growing and attending to monarch butterflies, starting with the caterpillar form. When the butterflies reach adulthood, they are then released into the wild.[51]
Some organizations, such as the Cape May Bird Observatory, have monarch identification tagging programs. Plastic stickers are placed on the wing of the insect with identification information. Tracking information is used to study their migration patterns, including how far and where they fly.[52]
The main villain on The Venture Bros. (a cartoon on the Adult Swim block of Cartoon Network) takes his name, costume and overall lifestyle from monarch butterflies.
Although monarchs feed on milkweed, variations in the quantity of cardiac glycosides exist between species, individuals, and even parts of the host plant. The levels of toxins in adult monarchs reflect the levels in their host plants. This means some monarchs are not foul-tasting, but are Batesian or automimics. Some species of predators have learned to measure the toxins by taste and reject butterflies with high cardiac glycosides contents, eating only the ones with low contents.
In the butterfly, the cardiac glycosides are concentrated in the abdomen and wings. Some species of predators differentiate these parts and consume only the most palatable ones.[53] Bird predators include brown thrashers, grackles, robins, cardinals, sparrows, scrub jays and pinyon jays.[53]
In North America, eggs and first instar larvae of the monarch are eaten by larvae and adults of the introduced Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis).[54]
On Oahu, a white morph of the monarch has emerged. This is because of the introduction, in 1965 and 1966, of two bulbul species, Pycnonotus cafer and Pycnonotus jocosus. They are now the most common insectivore birds, and probably the only ones preying on insects as large as the monarch. Monarchs in Hawaii are known to have low cardiac glycoside levels, but the birds may also be tolerant of the chemical. The two species hunt the larvae and some pupae from the branches and undersides of leaves in milkweed bushes. The bulbuls also eat resting and ovipositing adults, but rarely flying ones. Because of its colour, the white morph has a higher survival rate than the orange one. This is either because of apostatic selection (i.e. the birds have learned the orange monarchs can be eaten), because of camouflage (the white morph matches the white pubescence of milkweed or the patches of light shining through foliage), or because the white morph does not fit the bird's search image of a typical monarch, so is thus avoided.[55]
Parasites include the tachinid flies Sturmia convergens[56] and Lesperia archippivora. Lesperia-parasitized larvae complete their moult and suspend, but die before pupation. At that time, one white maggot comes out of the larvae, suspended by a silken thread. The maggot then forms a brown pupa on the ground.[57]
The bacterium Micrococcus flacidifex danai also infects the larvae and causes "black death". As usual, just before pupation, the larvae migrate to a horizontal surface. They die a few hours later, attached only by one pair of prolegs, with the thorax and abdomen hanging limp. The body turns black shortly after. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa has no invasive powers, but causes secondary infections in weakened insects. It is a common cause of death in laboratory-reared insects.[57]
The protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha is another parasite of the monarch. It infects the subcutaneous tissues and propagates by spores formed during the pupal stage. The spores are found over all of the body of infected butterflies, with the greatest number on the abdomen. These spores are passed, from female to caterpillar, when spores rub off during egg-laying, and are then ingested by caterpillars. Severely infected individuals are weak, unable to expand their wings, or unable to eclose, and have shortened lifespans, but probably occur at low frequencies in nature. This is not the case in laboratory or commercial rearing, where after a few generations, all individuals can be infected.[58]
Confusion of host plants[edit]
The black swallow-wort is problematic for monarchs in North America. Monarchs lay their eggs on these relatives of native milkweeds because they produce stimuli similar to milkweed. Once the eggs hatch, the caterpillars are poisoned by the toxicity of this invasive plant from Europe.
Habitat destruction[edit]
Recent deforestation of the monarch's overwintering grounds has led to a drastic reduction in the butterfly's population. Efforts to classify it as a protected species and to restore its habitat are under way. Monarch butterflies that once covered 50 acres of fir tree forest during their summer layover in central Mexico now occupy fewer than 3 acres, according to the latest census. Mexico's National Commission of Natural Protected Areas said that populations have crashed in the two decades and are down 59 percent from December 2011 levels, when the insects filled 7 acres of fir trees in central Mexico. Changes in agricultural land use diminish the area of milkweed. Drought and fluctuations in temperature are partly to blame for the decline of the monarchs.[59]
Genetically modified crops[edit]
Herbicide tolerant genetically modified crops (GMCs), specifically corn and soybeans, now enable Midwest farmers to use herbicides which have killed millions of acres of milkweed that used to grow between the rows of food crops. Destruction of the milkweed eliminates the monarchs' main food source. Chip Taylor, director of the conservation group Monarch Watch at the University of Kansas, said the Midwest milkweed habitat "is virtually gone" with 120-150 million acres lost.[59]
The monarch formed the subject of a controversial paper in Nature that suggested pollen from genetically modified maize could blow onto the butterfly's favored food plants, Asclepias spp. (milkweed), increasing larval mortality.[60] The percentage of forest occupied by monarch butterflies in Mexico, used as an indicator of the number of butterflies that arrive to that country each winter, reached its lowest level in two decades. According to a survey carried out during the 2012-2013 winter season by the WWF-Telcel Alliance, and Mexico's National Commission of Protected Areas (CONAP), the nine hibernating colonies occupy a total area of 2.94 acres of forest—representing a 59% decrease from the 2011-2012 survey of 7.14 acres
The latest decrease in monarch butterflies is likely due to a decrease in the milkweed plant (Asclepias)—a primary food for monarchs—from herbicide use in the butterfly's reproductive and feeding grounds in the US, as well as extreme climate variations during the fall and summer affecting butterfly reproduction.
"Extreme climate fluctuations in the U.S. and Canada affect the survival and reproduction of butterflies," Omar Vidal, director general of WWF-Mexico, said. "The monarch's lifecycle depends on the climatic conditions in the places where they develop. Eggs, larvae and pupae develop more quickly in milder conditions. Temperatures above 95°F can be lethal for larvae, and eggs dry out in hot, arid conditions, causing a drastic decrease in hatch rate."
A 273-million basepair draft sequence of the monarch butterfly genome was published in 2011, including a set of 16,866 protein-coding genes. Comparison to the sequence of the silk moth Bombyx mori reveals the Lepidoptera as a relatively fast-evolving order. The monarch genome provides a number of insights into the butterfly's migratory behavior, including the molecular underpinnings of the circadian clock and juvenile hormone pathway, as well as a suite of microRNAs that are differentially expressed between summer and migratory monarchs.[62][63][64]
See also[edit]
- Mimicry
- Aposematism
- Lepidoptera migration
- List of butterflies of Great Britain
- Peninsula Point Light, Michigan
- Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
- ^ Committee On Generic Nomenclature, Royal Entomological Society of London; Of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) Dept (2007-05-23) [1934]. The Generic Names of British Insects. Royal Entomological Society of London Committee on Generic Nomenclature, Committee on Generic Nomenclature. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Entomology. p. 20. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ Scudder, Samuel H.; William M. Davis, Charles W. Woodworth, Leland O. Howard, Charles V. Riley, Samuel W. Williston (1989). The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with special reference to New England. The author. p. 721. ISBN 0-665-26322-8. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ a b "Wanderer Butterfly". Australian Museum: nature culture discover. Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ a b "Regal the monarch butterfly". Critters of Calamvale Creek. Robert Doolan. 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ "Wanderer Butterfly". Online Learning Resources. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ UK Butterflies - Monarch - Danaus plexippus from UK Butterflies
- ^ a b Garber, Steven D. (1998). The Urban Naturalist. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 76–79. ISBN 0-486-40399-8. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ a b "Monarch, Danaus plexippus". Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ "Norah Urquhart a pioneer in monarch butterfly research". Inside Toronto. April 23, 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ "Flight of the Butterflies". Reuben H. Fleet Science Center. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ Guppy, Crispin S.; Jon H. Shepard (2001) [2001-03-15]. Butterflies of British Columbia. UBC press. pp. 352–354. ISBN 0-7748-0809-8. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
- ^ Adams, Jean Ruth (1992). Insect Potpourri: Adventures in Entomology. CRC Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-877743-09-7. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae (in Latin) 1. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. p. 471. OCLC 174638949. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
- ^ a b Smith, David A.; Gugs Lushai and John A. Allen (June 2005). "A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 191–212. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ Hay-Roe, Miriam M. et al. (2007), Pre- and postzygotic isolation and Haldane rule effects in reciprocal crosses of Danaus erippus and Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae), supported by differentiation of cuticular hydrocarbons, establish their status as separate species, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91: 445–453.
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae ed. X: 467 (in BHL)
- ^ Linnaeus divided his large genus Papilio, containing all known butterfly species, into what we would now call subgenera. The Danai festivi formed one of the 'subgenera', containing colourful species, as opposed to the Danai candidi, containing species with bright white wings. Linnaeus wrote: "Danaorum Candidorum nomina a filiabus Danai Aegypti, Festivorum a filiis mutuatus sunt." (= The names of the Danai candidi have been derived from the daughters of Danaus, those of the Danai festivi from the sons of Aegyptus).
- ^ Robert Michael Pyle suggested Danaus is a masculinised version of Danaë (Greek Δανάη), Danaus's great-great-granddaughter, to whom Zeus came as a shower of gold, which seemed to him a more appropriate source for the name of this butterfly (Pyle, Robert Michael (2001). Chasing Monarchs: Migrating with the Butterflies of Passage. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-618-12743-7. Retrieved 2013-03-20.). He masculinized the genus name because it had to agree in gender with the species name. If the species-group name is not a noun in apposition, Pyle could have been right and the genus name and specific epithet have to agree in gender, but in that case it is the specific epithet and not the genus name, that is to be altered. In the case of Danaus plexippus, however, the specific epithet is a noun in apposition, formed from a personal name in the nominative case, which should not be altered (see ICZN art. 31.1 and art. 32.3). If, instead of Danaus, Danaë had been intended, the name would simply have been Danae plexippus. Moreover, in Systema Naturae, there is a very strong connection of the names with Danaus, and not a single one with Danaë.
- ^ a b c Braby, Michael F. (2000). Butterflies of Australia: Their Identification, Biology and Distribution. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 597–599. ISBN 0-643-06591-1. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ The White Monarch, Lawrence Gibbs and Orley R. Taylor, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, June 1998
- ^ Darby, Gene (1958). What is a Butterfly. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 10.
- ^ Oberhauser, Karen S.; Michelle J. Solensky (2004). The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8014-4188-9. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ "Monarch Life Cycle". Biology. Monarch Watch. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- ^ a b David L. Wagner (2005). Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. ISBN 0-691-12144-3
- ^ a b c d James A. Scott (1986). The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. ISBN 0-8047-2013-4
- ^ Chill turns monarchs north; Cold weather flips butterflies' migratory path March 23, 2013; Vol.183 #6 Science News
- ^ Pyle, Robert Michael, "National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies", p712-713, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-51914-0
- ^ Gugliotta, Guy (2003): Butterflies Guided By Body Clocks, Sun Scientists Shine Light on Monarchs' Pilgrimage. Washington Post, May 23, 2003, page A03. Retrieved 2006-JAN-07.
- ^ Merlin, C; Gegear, RJ; Reppert, SM. (2009). "Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies". Science 325 (5948): 1700–1704. doi:10.1126/science.1176221. PMC 2754321. PMID 19779201.
- ^ Kyriacou, CP. (2009). "Unraveling Traveling". Science 325 (5948): 1629–1630. doi:10.1126/science.1178935. PMID 19779177.
- ^ Robert J. Gegear, Lauren E. Foley, Amy Casselman & Steven M. Reppert (2010). "Animal cryptochromes mediate magnetoreception by an unconventional photochemical mechanism" (PDF). Nature 463 (7282): 804–807. doi:10.1038/nature08719. PMC 2820607. PMID 20098414.
- ^ Monarch butterflies make use of a chemical magnetic compass
- ^ Davis, A.K (2009). "Wing color of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America across life stages: migrants are 'redder' than breeding and overwintering stages". Psyche 2009: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2009/705780. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Emory University (2012, May 31). '/releases/2012/05/120531112607.htm|Mystery of monarch butterfly migration takes new turn'. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ a b Rick Cech and Guy Tudor (2005). Butterflies of the East Coast. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. ISBN 0-691-09055-6
- ^ a b c David C. Iftner, John A. Shuey, and John C. Calhoun (1992). Butterflies and Skippers of Ohio. College of Biological Sciences and The Ohio State University. ISBN 0-86727-107-8
- ^ a b "ADW: Danaus plexippus: Information". Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ Emmel. Thomas C., "Florida's Fabulous Butterflies", p 44, World Publications, 1997, ISBN 0-911977-15-5
- ^ http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/activity/monarch-butterfly-life-cycle-and-migration/
- ^ Ritland, D.; L. P. Brower (1991). "The viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic". Nature 350 (6318): 497–498. doi:10.1038/350497a0. Retrieved 2008-02-23. "Viceroys are as unpalatable as monarchs, and significantly more unpalatable than queens from representative Florida populations."
- ^ "Official Alabama Insect". Alabama Emblems, Symbols and Honors. Alabama Department of Archives & History. 2001-07-12. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ "Idaho Symbols, Insect: Monarch Butterfly". Idaho State Symbols, Emblems, and Mascots. SHG resources, state handbook & guide. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "State Symbol: Illinois Official Insect — Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)". [Illinois] State Symbols. Illinois State Museum. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Minnesota State Symbols" (PDF). Minnesota House of Representatives. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Texas State Symbols". The Texas State Library and Archives. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "(Vermont) State Butterfly". Vermont Department of Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "West Virginia Statistical Information, General State Information" (PDF). Official West Virginia Web Portal. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (1990-06-01). "Choosing a National Bug". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions on Entomology". Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Saving Butterflies: Insect Ecologist Spearheads Creation of Oases for Endangered Butterflies". ScienceDaily. 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "Monarch Watch". The Kansas Biological Survey, Univ of Kansas. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "Monarch Monitoring Project". Cap May Bird Observatory. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ a b Barbosa, Pedro; Deborah Kay Letourneau (1988). "5". Novel Aspects of Insect-plant Interactions. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-471-83276-6. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ Koch, R. L.; W. D. Hutchison, R. C. Venette and G. E. Heimpel (October 2003). "Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), to predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Biological Control 28 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00102-6. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
- ^ Stimson, John; Mark Berman (1990). "Predator induced colour polymorphism in Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Hawaii". Heredity 65 (3): 401–406. doi:10.1038/hdy.1990.110. Lay summary.
- ^ Clarke, A.R.; M.P. Zalucki (2001). "Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)". Pan-Pacific Entomologist 77 (?): 68–70.
- ^ a b Brewer, Jo; Gerard M. Thomas (1966). "Causes of death encountered during rearing of Danaus plexippus (Danaidae)" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterist's Society 20 (4): 235–238. Retrieved 2008-04-13. Lay summary.
- ^ Leong, K. L. H.; M. A. Yoshimura, H. K. Kaya and H. Williams (1997). "Instar Susceptibility of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to the Neogregarine Parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 69 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1006/jipa.1996.4634. PMID 9028932. Lay summary.
- ^ a b Wines, Michael, Monarch Migration Plunges to Lowest Level in Decades March 13, 2013 NYT
- ^ John E. Losey, Linda S. Rayor & Maureen E. Carter (1999). "Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae" (PDF). Nature 399 (6713): 214. doi:10.1038/20338. PMID 10353241.
- ^ WWF, http://worldwildlife.org/stories/monarch-butterfly-survey-indicates-lowest-numbers-in-20-years, March 14, 2013
- ^ Zhan S, Merlin C, Boore JL, Reppert SM (November 2011). "The Monarch Butterfly Genome Yields Insights into Long-Distance Migration". Cell 147 (5): 1171–85. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.052. PMID 22118469.
- ^ Stensmyr MC, Hansson BS (November 2011). "A Genome Befitting a Monarch". Cell 147 (5): 970–2. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.009. PMID 22118454.
- ^ Johnson, Carolyn Y. (23 November 2011). "Monarch butterfly genome sequenced". The Boston Globe (Boston, MA). Retrieved 9 January 2012.


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TRENTON, N.J. - Two adults and three juveniles have been charged with gang-raping a 7-year-old girl who was sold by her 15-year-old stepsister during a party at a crime-ridden apartment building, police said Saturday.
Details on the arrests were announced at a Saturday night news conference at police headquarters in Trenton, the state's capital city. The group included a 20-year-old man who already had been charged Friday with having sex with the 15-year-old, and officials said further arrests may be made.
The other four — a 19-year-old Trenton man and three boys ages 13, 14 and 17 — were each charged with aggravated sexual assault and child endangerment.
Authorities say the 7-year-old girl was offered for sale by her 15-year-old stepsister on March 28. They say the teen went to a party with some men on the 13th floor of the Rowan Towers apartment building and the younger girl tagged along because she worried about her stepsister's safety.
Police say the 15-year-old sold sex to men, then took money to let them touch the younger girl. They say touching turned to forcible sex as at least seven men raped the 7-year-old.
Before the arrest announcements, the 15-year-old had been charged with promoting prostitution, aggravated sexual assault and other crimes; police have not released her name, and she remained in juvenile detention Saturday night.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36160630/ns ... and_courts

subset: commoncrawl


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Skip to comments.Panetta: Obama Absent Night of Benghazi
Posted on 02/08/2013 5:01:16 AM PST by yoe
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta testified this morning on Capitol Hill that President Barack Obama was absent the night four Americans were murdered in Benghazi on September 11, 2012:
Panetta said, though he did meet with Obama at a 5 o'clock prescheduled gathering, the president left operational details, including knowledge of what resources were available to help the Americans under siege, "up to us."
In fact, Panetta says that the night of 9/11, he did not communicate with a single person at the White House. The attack resulted in the deaths of four Americans, including Ambassador Chris Stevens.
[snip],a href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/petraeus-and-panetta-speak-not-president_659902.html">(As Bill Kristol) wrote in the month after the attack, "Panetta's position is untenable: The Defense Department doesn't get to unilaterally decide whether it's too risky or not to try to rescue CIA operators, or to violate another country's air space.
[snip] But for President Obama, a politically useful telephone calland the ability to have his aides rush out and tell the media about that phone callcame first."
(Excerpt) Read more at weeklystandard.com ...
I'd bet our commander in chief was frequenting one of D.C.s male bath houses with reggie love.
A: Because the pRes_ _ent KNEW
that MANPADs were FINALLY
on their way to al Qaeda, the Moslem Brotherhood,
and his other controllers and terrorist-friends.
Mission Accomplished ... to his well-"deserved" sleep he went.
Hey, cut our king some slack. He had an early flight to Vegas the next morning to campaign. His re-election was much more important than the lives of an ambassador and some Seals.
Some may recall the staggering number of national security briefings he missed just prior to, during, and after 9/11. I never dreamed of anyone like Obama unless we had to get under our desks as kids when the nukes hit.
The president's action doesn't even seem to qualify as voting "present."
I am positive that the morning after it was reported by a White House reporter that obama went to bed early because he had an early morning flight to a campaign stop.
I am positive that the morning after it was reported by a White House reporter that obama went to bed early because he had an early morning flight to a campaign stop.
I am positive that the morning after it was reported by a White House reporter that obama went to bed early because he had an early morning flight to a campaign stop.
I know I'm preaching to the choir here, but if this was George W. Bush, this story would be all over the media today.
Where are the 40+ survivors that were rescued, and why aren't they in front of Congress?
Would you believe:
Why aren't they being interviewed by the RATagandists....or FOXNEWS...or even the WND or National Enquirer? (not to mention the foreign press)
He was probably buzzed.
Pan in Italian is bread...Panetta...Breadhead.
baked high stoned blotto three sheets to the wind fried
Obviously the latest story.
He spend a whole hour or so on the phone with the PM of Israel (according to his claim during the presidential debate).
Oh, the attacks went on for another 6-1/2 hour. Uhhhhh, well, he was packing for that long, arduous trip to Las Vegas the next morning. Packing is hard work. You gotta make sure the socks match. And stuff.
These hearings are revealing that neither Obama or Clinton were involved during the 7-1/2 hours of the attacks, and neither of them apparently called for any involvement by any US military support some stationed just two hours away.
No wonder Clinton blamed the Internet and they trotted out Rice to spew that ridiculous story that the trailer for some obscure movie caused this.
So... what's up with Panetta letting the cat out of the bag?
When the SHTF there are some people that it is better that they are absent.
Of course, that becomes problematic when the particular person in question just happens to be the Commander-in-Chief of your armed forces, and when those who command under him are just as clueless as he is.
At the time we were shown a photo of Obama in the situation room as if he were directly addressing this problem in real time. This was a misrepresentation, a LIE.
He and his minions continuously lie and deceive. We are at war with profound evil.
He had some skeet to go shoot.
Anyone wanting on or off this ping list, please advise.
No, he won't be impeached over this, and nothing much will happen, formally, in Washington, but there's another judge and jury-the people.
The media will attempt to downplay Obama's perfidy and incompetence as regards Benghazi, but it'll keep popping back up. It's a visceral issue, four people are needlessly dead. They are dead because of a failed philosophy-the belief that appeasing terrorists somehow stops them from killing. The people instinctively know this was a tremendous mistake.
This was Obama's three am phone call that came at five pm, and he didn't even pick up the receiver.
This is a loser issue in Washington, but will be a winner for conservatives in any debate at any workplace water cooler going forward.
Benghazi will effectively kill off Hillary's chances too. IMHO.
At the time we were shown a photo of Obama in the situation room as if he were directly addressing this problem in real time. This was a misrepresentation, a LIE.
He and his minions continuously lie and deceive. We are at war with profound evil.
In fact, Panetta says that the night of 9/11, he did not communicate with a single person at the White House.
incredible.. but hang a fundraiser in O-s face and he's there like flies on poop.
impeachment inside of two years into his 2nd term works for me.. take your pick as to the articles of impeachmnt, it's a target rich area.
It would be interesting to see the White House visitors log book to see the people Obama spent his time with on 9/11.
"Duck & Cover", as I remember it in the 50s.
Its axel,valerie jarrett,maybe a few others at the top. and a few other trusted aids.
when the chips hit the fan you want the top of the food chain there in charge. Zero is simply not the top.
Further more panetta is now telling another whopper that it would have taken 9 hours to get help to the men at Benghazi.Only if the F-16's made several stops at Duncan donuts or Starbucks. And just like Hillary Panetta claims "what did you want me to do shoot the place up when we don't know what is going on. So now we see yet another talking point devised by the evil bent axel,they never knew what was going on. Can you say plausible deny-ability? They conveniently ignore all the requests for help from Doherty and Woods. This adm is just full of,true traitors IMHO.
ON another tract FNC just had a segment on the Iranians treatment of the iranian turned US citizen turned christian who was jailed. They claimed that John Kerry had done more in just a few days than hillary did in months. Not hard to believe with the dyke queen over analyzing her every move for potential political value or degradation. quite a gang,nastiest of the nasty.
Currently,We can rightly claim they are traitors and until they can prove they are not the charge will stick.
Thanks for the ping MM. I hope Benghazi never goes away.
They absolve themselves of being responsible, but just can't, for the life of themselves, say anything about anyone else being responsible either.
I would think that at least one person would be under the bus by now.
Very surreal. Nobody under the bus AND no bus.
Zero living up to his moniker...
Was this photo from when OBL was killed?
Was this photo Benghazi with BO photoshopped in?
I wrote to our local "news" channel, asking them why they had not covered this story.
Their response was to say their "national" stories were based on their national affiliate's "take" on things (I'm paraphrasing—in other words, they'll report the news as their big brother reports the news.)
I also tuned in ABC with Sawyer to see if this story would make their cue—it did not. I wrote to them, as well, under the heading "news tip" and suggested their censoring of this story made them complicit in this scandal.
Since our congresscritters do NOTHING, more of us need to attack the "media" for THEIR malpractice- ridicule the dinosaurs.
Hey, if they can give F-16s and Abrams tanks to the Muslim Brotherhood . . .
I wish I had kept a link to the story. It was not from OBL. And I know nothing of BO photoshopping, unless he's shooting a shotgun.
You got pics?
"Benghazi will effectively kill off Hillarys chances too."
Yeah, I only wish. Won't happen though.
The Low Information Voter does not have a clue.
One of them was heard to have said, "Who is this Ben Ghazi guy.?
This country has turned a very bad corner and only dire events will make it come to its senses.
This BS by Clinton, Obama, and; this entire admin is the worse leadership/management ever. ZIP. The SEC of State is responsible for the personnel assigned, the security, and; the lives of every swinging Richard in Dept of State wheresoever situated. Obama is responsible for US national security, not just here, but; wherever we place one single American. Now, Obama is responsible for everything this admin does or fails to do. Who do you think the CG comes looking for when an outpost is overrun and Willie is dead because the company CO failed to listen to his men? Hint. They come for the CO. Now, under Obama-no boss is held responsible for a damn thing. I look at Gen Martin Dempsey like a REMF.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
I don't post on realcavsfans but I like how they have all this user stuff involved on their site. Just wondering if you thought about doing this? http://www.realcavsfans.com/
Also, maybe think about doing a donation thing like this michigan state website i visit. Users make a donation and they recieve a special icon under their user name and other priveleges that regular users dont have. http://www.spartantailgate.com/
I'm sure some people hate these ideas. But just wondering.


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Skip to comments.BOMBSHELL: Saudi Arabia warned the United States IN WRITING about Tamerlan Tsarnaev....
Posted on 04/30/2013 9:05:23 PM PDT by penelopesire
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia sent a written warning about accused Boston Marathon bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2012, long before pressure-cooker blasts killed three and maimed hundreds, according to a senior Saudi government official with direct knowledge of the document. The Saudi warning, the official told MailOnline, was separate from the multiple red flags raised by Russian intelligence in 2011, and was based on human intelligence developed independently in Yemen. Citing security concerns, the Saudi government also denied an entry visa to the elder Tsarnaev brother in December 2011, when he hoped to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Tsarnaev's plans to visit Saudi Arabia have not been previously disclosed.
Was it preventable? A senior Saudi official says his country warned the U.S. about Tamerlane Tsarnaev in 2012, advising the federal government that he planned an attack on a major U.S. city
Did she know? Janet Napolitano (R) sits atop the Department of Homeland Security, the agency that allegedly received a detailed letter from the Saudi kingdom about Tsarnaev (L) and three Pakistani jihadis The Saudis' warning to the U.S. government was also shared with the British government. 'It was very specific and warned that 'something was going to happen in a major U.S. city,' the Saudi official said during an extensive interview. It 'did name Tamerlan specifically,' he added. The 'government-to-government' letter, which he said was sent to the Department of Homeland Security at the highest level, did not name Boston or suggest a date for his planned attack.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2317493/BOMBSHELL-Saudi-Arabia-warned-United-States-IN-WRITING-Tamerlan-Tsarnaev-2012-rejected-application-entry-visa-visit-Mecca-2011.html#ixzz2S0hyvVoy Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
(Excerpt) Read more at dailymail.co.uk ...
Not to worry, DHS and the TSA are working very hard to make sure grandma doesn't get on an airplane with her pacemaker.
Janet Napolitano (R) sits atop
Janet (not of this planet) is a republican?
(R) - right (position of the photo on the website.
Terrorist on the left has an (L) next to his name.
"Not much difference between the MB and AQ , is there?"
I see a huge difference.
AQ is like the young Bill Ayers blowing up things with nail IEDs while MB is like the older Ayers following the Alinski and Cloward-Piven strategy of taking down the US Constitutional Republic incrementally by stealth.
"Saudi Arabian ambassador in Washington now DENIES his nation warned the United States about Tamerlan Tsarnaev in 2012"
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2317493/Saudi-Arabian-ambassador-Washington-DENIES-nation-warned-United-States-Tamerlan-Tsarnaev-2012.html#ixzz2S3tj83KH Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
I hit the road May 29th. My daughter is thrilled that I am moving nearer and so am I. By mid June I will be all settled in
Man, this Obamanation of an administration is making Jimmy Carter look like Abraham Lincoln!
The GOPe has already made the political calculation that their future lies with the illegals, homosexuals, and the pro-infanticide bunch.
Assuming there is an election in '16, we'll see how their version of 'hope and change' works out for them.
The people who want our country back - and there are tens of millions who do - will be going third party.
I cannot think outside of the box......
I think Big Sis with an (R) after her name means (Retrobate)
All part of the political correctness regarding Islam from the Musi in hiding, Obama.
That is the democrips' wet dream, to be sure. BUT, what conservative voters do in 2016 will depend upon whom the GOP has as the candidate. You can tout your democrip strategery defeatism for the next three years, but I prefer to try and take the GOP back so we have a chance to win, not just make a protest vote for third party and resign ourselves to the end of The Republic.
Sorry, vomiting out worn out things like 'You can tout your democrip strategery defeatism' and similar nonsense has no effect.
For twenty years we've tried to 'work within the party' and primary this one or that one. Never works.
Defeatism? Hardly. We will be taking our country back and leaving the GOP RINOs in the dust.
Letting it happen on purpose... LIHOP...
If you can discouraqe enough folks from acting n 2014, your democrip/liebertarian strategery will be successful. Did you really believe you could spittle your crap at FR and not be challenged?
Hopeful but doubtful
Case in point...Janet Reno.
The Saudis' warning to the U.S. government was also shared with the British government. 'It was very specific and warned that 'something was going to happen in a major U.S. city,' the Saudi official said during an extensive interview.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2317493/Saudi-Arabian-ambassador-Washington-DENIES-nation-warned-United-States-Tamerlan-Tsarnaev-2012.html#ixzz2S5XFzqsW
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
We think alike...just read your post here. I am thinking(hoping) the same thing. The letter is floating around and someone has it. Someone in Britain?
Alright- the only excuse they have for this is that there were so many other potential jihadis being 'watched' that it was a 'triage' situation (Philip Mudd). Either way, Napilitano is screwed.
That's very interesting.
That all goes to illustrate voting the bas'ards out isn't that effective if the aides find new employment with the incoming newbies..... Retire them all says I.
I agree! We probably have many lib moles acting as 'aides' too'
So that's it. This is the root of your angst.
State and local is a different matter. There are many very fine, if not outstanding Republicans all over the country. About the only states/cities that are both civilized and solvent are run by Republicans. It ain't broke and I'm not trying to fix it.
But the way I see it we cannot afford business as usual at the national level. The record speaks for itself. Further, the party bosses have no intention of putting us on a proper course, as was evident in their soul-searching 'post mortem' after the Romney loss.
We therefore need a party who's willing to take longer strides; return America to a sovereign, powerful, respected nation committed to greatness. I admit it's a long road, but the GOPe has really left us no choice.
Thanks penelopesire.
obama couldn't hear the Saudi's warning. He was fixated on the King's shoes.
You mean, the Boston bombers weren't TEA partiers?/s
Pressure cookers don't kill people. Guns kill people. Evil people kill laws by not trusting their government./s
Pallywood productions from a pallywood preezee!
Nice summary!
True and the GOP (McCain) run cover for it.
Certainly seemed like the MSM was heading in that direction.
Just, how can you ignored Intel from independent sources? Beyond stupid........
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
The Central Bank more or less decided that it couldn't keep expanding the money supply, which was increasing at dangerously high rates(which hasn't really began to bleed into real goods yet), and it has more or less abruptly decided to discontinue giving spot money to banks on easy terms, further signalling no reductions in short term interest rates anytime soon.
I think the Everbright bank situation, and the proliferation of wealth management products (which are used to evade scrutiny on loans) prompted this.
As a result, and this has been going on for the past few months, actually, many commodities and other items are being sold below cost. Such as iron and iron products.
I get the feeling that there will be a good chance to pick up good pu at reasonable prices towards the fall, if this spirals further, past mid July or so. Maybe not 1997 or 2008 good, but something reasonable.


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Ryan,You raise a good point. According to Tom Lehmann, ideally you want to get all of the bulk dough cut and balled within 20 minutes
Hi everyone. I was actually referring to the different bacteria (and flavor) your dough gets using hot vs cold water.
Hi everyone. I was actually referring to the different bacteria (and flavor) your dough gets using hot vs cold water.Nate
I was under the impression that different bacteria were attracted to different water temps. Is this not the case?
In a commercial environment, there are other considerations that can override this 'bacteria/water temp' discussion. When you are placing 12 balls of dough into each proofing box for a 2-day cold ferment, you don't want those balls to expand so much that they grow into each other and need to be cut apart. Working with very cold water (and low yeast %) facilitates this process by allowing the dough to equalize its temp with the refrigerator faster and thus limit its growth. I do a straight dough with no preferments. The balls are allowed 2 days in refrigeration before being used and I get a wonderful tasting dough that is soft and extensible. I am always amazed at the difference between a 1-day vs. 2-day dough. There is a dramatic difference in not only the way it bakes, but also in the way it feels and stretches. Kirk
I was under the impression that different bacteria were attracted to different water temps and these bacteria produced different flavors. Is this not the case? My normal ambient temp for my ny dough is between 82-85 degrees and then they go into the fridge. If the ambient temp was say 50 degrees, will there be any diffence other than the longer ferment time?
Kirk,Could u possibly share a recipe you are using with the cold water. I've been using a poolish with room temp water and would like to venture into using the cold water.Nate
Just a couple thoughts / questions?I'm using ADY here at home, according to the pizza glossary on this site it says you should be hydrating the yeast in water that is 105-115 degrees before mixing with dry ingredients. Is using lower temperature water going to affect the yeast activation or effectiveness? Should I consider switching to IDY?I've never paid any real attention to my final dough temp, something I will definitely start doing.
Keep in mind that you only need to hydrate you ADY in a small portion of your total formula water. The rest can be at a much cooler temperature.


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A new study reveals how the amygdala is involved in controlling predatory behavior in mice.
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text:
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C foot, .014" (thin-wall) tubing thickness and other SPECIAL ORDER ONLY options may be available
Please choose one option from each section below.


text:
New arrivals in Business & Economics: January 2013
← Back to categories
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Demand : creating what people love before they know they want it / Adrian J. Slywotzky ; with Karl Weber
New York : Crown Business, c2011
UNI Stacks: HB801 .S56 2011
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Cost-benefit analysis : cases and materials / Euston Quah and Raymond Toh
Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2012
UNI Stacks: HB846.3 .Q34 2012
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World urbanization prospects [electronic resource]
[New York] : United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
UNI Stacks: HB2161 .U55 CD-ROM
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Creating a new racial order : how immigration, multiracialism, genomics, and the young can remake race in America / Jennifer Hochschild, Vesla Weaver, Traci Burch
Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HB3505 .H635 2012
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In the wake of the crisis : leading economists reassess economic policy / edited by Olivier J. Blanchard ... [et al.]
Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HB3717 2008 .I6 2012
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Boomerang : travels in the new Third World / Michael Lewis
New York : W.W. Norton & Co., 2012
UNI Browsing: HB3717 2008 .L49 2012
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Guardians of finance : making regulators work for us / James R. Barth, Gerard Caprio, Jr., and Ross Levine
Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HB3722 .B374 2012
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Crises and opportunities : the shaping of modern finance / Youssef Cassis
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2011
UNI Stacks: HB3722 .C375 2011
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The clash of generations : saving ourselves, our kids, and our economy / Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns
Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HC106.83 .K68 2012
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The escape artists : how Obama's team fumbled the recovery / Noam Scheiber
New York : Simon & Schuster, 2012
UNI Stacks: HC106.84 .S34 2012
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The price of inequality / Joseph E. Stiglitz
New York : W.W. Norton & Co., c2012
UNI Stacks: HC110.I5 S867 2012
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The Occupy handbook / edited by Janet Byrne ; guest editor, Robin Wells
New York : Back Bay Books, 2012
UNI Stacks: HC110.I5 O24 2012
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No slack : the financial lives of low-income Americans / Michael S. Barr
Washington, D. C. : Brookings Institution Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HC110.P6 B33 2012
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Ireland's economic history : crisis and development in the North and South / Gerard McCann
London : Pluto Press ; New York : Distributed exclusively in the U.S.A. by Palgrave Macmillan, 2011
UNI Stacks: HC260.5 .M37 2011
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Capitalism from below : markets and institutional change in China / Victor Nee, Sonja Opper
Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 2012
UNI Stacks: HC427.95 .N44 2012
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Culturematic : how reality TV, John Cheever, a Pie Lab, Julia Child, fantasy football, Burning man, the Ford Fiesta movement, Rube Goldberg, NFL films, Wordle, Two and a half men, a 10,000-year symphony, and ROFLcon memes will help you create and execute breakthrough ideas / Grant McCracken
Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business Review Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD30.19 .M34 2012
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Judgment calls : 12 stories of big decisions and the teams that got them right / Thomas H. Davenport & Brook Manville
Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business Review Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD30.23 .D3718 2012
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Oracles : how prediction markets turn employees into visionaries / Donald N. Thompson
Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business Review Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD30.27 .T566 2012
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What matters now : how to win in a world of relentless change, ferocious competition, and unstoppable innovation / Gary Hamel
San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD31 .H253 2012
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The outsiders : eight unconventional CEOs and their radically rational blueprint for success / William N. Thorndike, Jr
Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business Review Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD38.2 .T476 2012
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The women of Berkshire Hathaway : lessons from Warren Buffett's female CEOs and directors / Karen Linder
Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD38.25.U6 L56 2012
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Customer-oriented global supply chains : concepts for effective management / [edited by] Ephrem Eyob and Edem Tetteh
Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD38.5 .C87 2012
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Enterprise analytics : optimize performance, process, and decisions through big data / [edited by] Thomas H. Davenport
Upper Saddle River, N.J. : FT Press, c2013
UNI Stacks: HD38.7 .E557 2013
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The little black book of innovation : how it works, how to do it / Scott D. Anthony
Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business Review Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD45 .A678 2012
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The wide lens : a new strategy for innovation / Ron Adner
New York : Portfolio/Penguin, 2012
UNI Stacks: HD45 .A46 2012
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The handbook of crisis communication / edited by W. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay
Chichester, U.K. : Wiley-Blackwell, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD49 .H35 2012
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Insanely simple : the obsession that drives Apple's success / Ken Segall
New York, NY : Portfolio, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD53 .S44 2012
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Leadership and Web 2.0 : the leadership implications of the evolving Web / Grady McGonagill, Tina Doerffer
Gütersloh : Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2011
UNI Stacks: HD57.7 .M39556 2011
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Restoring trust in organizations and leaders : enduring challenges and emerging answers / edited by Roderick M. Kramer and Todd L. Pittinsky
New York : Oxford University Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD58.7 .R48 2012
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Making sense of change management : a complete guide to the models, tools, and techniques of organizational change / Esther Cameron and Mike Green
London ; Philadelphia : Kogan Page, 2012
UNI Stacks: HD58.8 .C317 2012
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Toyota by Toyota : reflections from the inside leaders on the techniques that revolutionized the industry / edited by Samuel Obara and Darril Wilburn
Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD58.9 .T69 2012
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Social entrepreneurship : theory and practice / Ryszard Praszkier, Andrzej Nowak
Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2012
UNI Stacks: HD60 .P727 2012
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Corporate social responsibility : a research handbook / edited by Kathryn Haynes, Alan Murray and Jesse Dillard
London : Routledge, 2013
UNI Stacks: HD60 .C69186 2013
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Reverse innovation : create far from home, win everywhere / Vijay Govindarajan, Chris Trimble ; [foreword by] Indra K. Nooyi
Boston : Harvard Business Press, 2012
UNI Stacks: HD62.4 .G683 2012
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Cultural variations and business performance : contemporary globalism / [edited by] Bryan Christiansen
Hershey, PA : Business Science Reference, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD62.4 .C853 2012
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Power, Inc. : the epic rivalry between big business and government--and the reckoning that lies ahead / David Rothkopf
New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012
UNI Stacks: HD2350.8 .R68 2012
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International directory of company histories
Chicago, Ill. : St. James Press, c1988-
UNI Reference: HD2721 .D36
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Sleeping with your smartphone : how to break the 24/7 habit and change the way you work / Leslie A. Perlow
Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business Review Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD5106 .P424 2012
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Directory of U.S. labor organizations
Washington, D.C. : Bureau of National Affairs, [1982-
UNI Reference: HD6504 .D64
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The predictable surprise : the unraveling of the U.S. retirement system / Sylvester J. Schieber
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD7125 .S327 2012
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The federal government and urban housing / R. Allen Hays
Albany, NY : State University of New York Press, 2012
UNI Stacks: HD7293 .H394 2012
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Bet the farm : how food stopped being food / Frederick Kaufman
Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD9000.5 .K3725 2012
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Crude reality : petroleum in world history / Brian C. Black
Lanham, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD9560.5 .B494 2012
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Run to failure : BP and the making of the Deepwater Horizon disaster / Abrahm Lustgarten
New York : W. W. Norton, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD9571.9.B73 L87 2012
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Inside Apple : how America's most admired-and secretive-company really works / Adam Lashinsky
New York : Business Plus, c2012
UNI Stacks: HD9696.2.U64 A6737 2012
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Cost-of-doing business study
Indianapolis, Ind. : National Retail Hardware Association/Home Center Institute, 1994-
UNI Reference: HD9745.U4 C68
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Statewide transportation improvement program
[Ames : Iowa Dept. of Transportation, 2009-
UNI Reference: HE213.I8 A422
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Railroad facts
Washington, D.C. : Office of Information and Public Affairs, Association of American Railroads, [1983-
UNI Reference: HE2713 .Y4
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Direction of trade statistics. Yearbook
Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, 1981-
UNI Reference: HF91 .D57
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The corporation that changed the world : how the East India Company shaped the modern multinational / Nick Robins
London : Pluto Press, 2012
UNI Stacks: HF486.E6 R65 2012
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The new global rulers : the privatization of regulation in the world economy / Tim Büthe and Walter Mattli
Oxford ; Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 2011
UNI Stacks: HF1411 .B88 2011
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Trade policy disaster : lessons from the 1930s / Douglas A. Irwin
Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HF1411 .I753 2012
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A community occupatioinal survey of Cedar Falls, Iowa, 1954 : a summary of an independent faculty research study at the Iowa State Teachers College / by Peter G. Haines and Rae [i.e. Rea] G. Cunningham
Cedar Falls : Iowa State Teachers College, 1954
UNI Spec Coll: HF5382.5.U6 I82
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The Almanac of American employers
Chicago : Contemporary Books, 1985-
UNI Reference: HF5382.75.U6 A45
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Customer-centric marketing strategies : tools for building organizational performance / Hans Ruediger Kaufmann and Mohammad Fateh Ali Khan Panni, editors
Hershey, PA : Business Science Reference, c2013
UNI Stacks: HF5415 .C87 2013
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Trust me I'm lying : confessions of a media manipulator / Ryan Holiday
New York : Portfolio, c2012
UNI Stacks: HF5415 .H7416 2012
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America at the mall : the cultural role of a retail utopia / Lisa Scharoun
Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., c2012
UNI Stacks: HF5430.3 .S28 2012
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Medieval market morality : life, law and ethics in the English marketplace, 1200-1500 / James Davis
Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, c2012
UNI Stacks: HF5474.G7 D38 2012
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The 20% doctrine : how tinkering, goofing off, and breaking the rules at work drive success in business / Ryan Tate
New York, NY : Harper Business, c2012
UNI Stacks: HF5549 .T29 2012
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The progress principle : using small wins to ignite joy, engagement, and creativity at work / Teresa Amabile, Steven Kramer
Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business Review Press, c2011
UNI Stacks: HF5549.5.M63 A58 2011
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CPA voice
Dublin, OH : The Ohio Society of CPAs
UNI Internet: HF5601
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Double entry : how the merchants of Venice created modern finance / Jane Gleeson-White
New York : W.W. Norton & Co., 2012
UNI Stacks: HF5605 .G54 2012
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Advances in accounting education : teaching and curriculum innovations
Stamford, Conn. : JAI Press, c1998-
UNI Stacks: HF5630 .A463
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The complete CPA reference / Nick A. Dauber, Jae K. Shim, Joel G. Siegel
Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, c2012
UNI Stacks: HF5636 .D377 2012
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Research on professional responsibility and ethics in accounting
Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier JAI, 2004-
UNI Stacks: HF5657 .R47
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An organizational learning approach to process innovations : the extent and scope of diffusion and adoption in management accounting systems / by Seleshi Sisaye, Jacob G. Birnberg
Bingley, UK : Emerald, 2012
UNI Stacks: HF5657.4 .S4253 2012
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Industry norms and key business ratios
[New York] : Dun & Bradstreet Credit Services,
UNI Reference: HF5681.R25 I525
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The fine print : how big companies use plain English to rob you blind / David Cay Johnston
New York : Portfolio, c2012
UNI Stacks: HF5681.I7 J64 2012
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U.S. GAAP financial statements
Durham, N.C. : AICPA, c2012-
UNI Reference: HF5681.B2 A35
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The advertising red books. Advertiser, indexes
New Providence, NJ : LexisNexis, c2003-
UNI Reference: HF5805 .A382
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The advertising red books. Advertiser, business classifications
New Providence, NJ : LexisNexis, 2003-
UNI Reference: HF5805 .A38
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Seducing the subconscious : the psychology of emotional influence in advertising / Robert Heath
Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
UNI Stacks: HF5822 .H37 2012
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Advertisers at work / Tracy Tuten
[New York] : Apress : Distributed by Springer Science+Business Media, c2012
UNI Stacks: HF5823 .T88 2012
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The psychology of entertainment media : blurring the lines between entertainment and persuasion / edited by L.J. Shrum
New York : Routledge, 2012
UNI Stacks: HF5827.9 .P78 2012
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The rise of the quants : Marschak, Sharpe, Black, Scholes and Merton / Colin Read
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2012
UNI Stacks: HG171 .R339 2012
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Reframing financial literacy : exploring the value of social currency / edited by Thomas A. Lucey and James D. Laney
Charlotte, N.C. : Information Age Pub., c2012
UNI Stacks: HG179 .R368 2012
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North American financial institutions directory
Skokie, IL : Thomson Financial Pub., c2000-
UNI Reference: HG1536 .P635
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American financial directory. Iowa
Skokie, IL : Accuity, 2006-
UNI Reference: HG2444.I8 A52
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The development of consumer credit in global perspective : business, regulation, and culture / edited by Jan Logemann
New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2012
UNI Stacks: HG3755 .D48 2012
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The Review of Corporate Finance Studies [electronic resource]
Cary, NC : Oxford University Press for The Society for Financial Studies, c2012-
UNI Internet: HG4001
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Mergent dividend record
New York, N.Y. : Mergent FIS, 1999-
UNI Reference: HG4028.D5 M6
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Review of asset pricing studies [electronic resource]
Cary, NC ; New York, NY : Oxford Univ. Press for the Society for Financial Studies, 2011-
UNI Internet: HG4501
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Mergent's handbook of NASDAQ stocks
New York : Mergent, Inc., c2001-
UNI Reference: HG4501 .H37
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Mergent's handbook of common stocks
New York, N.Y. : Mergent Inc., c2001-
UNI Reference: HG4501 .M59
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Venture capitalists at work : how VCs identify and build billion-dollar successes / Tarang Shah, Sheetal Shah
New York : Apress : Distributed by Springer-Verlag, c2011
UNI Stacks: HG4751 .S495 2011
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Security owner's stock guide
[New York] Standard and Poor's Corp
UNI Reference: HG4915 .S67
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Mergent bank & finance manual
New York : Mergent, c2001-
UNI Reference: HG4961 .M65
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Annual report / CME Group
Chicago, Ill. : CME Group
UNI Reference: HG6024.U6 C6
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A people's guide to the federal budget / National Priorities Project ; written by Mattea Kramer ... [et al.] ; foreword by Barbara Ehrenreich ; afterword by Josh Silver
Northampton, Mass. : Interlink Books, 2012
UNI Stacks: HJ2051 .P476 2012
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Revenue statistics = Statistiques des recettes publiques
Paris, France : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997-
UNI Reference: HJ2279 .O75
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Comprehensive annual financial report / Black Hawk County, Iowa
[Waterloo, Iowa : Black Hawk County, 2005]-
UNI Reference: HJ9238.B5 B5
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Motor vehicle registration manual. Volume 1
Southfield, MI : Polk Company, 1998-
UNI Reference: KF2210.Z95 P64
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State tax handbook / Commerce Clearing House
Chicago, Ill. : CCH, c1964-
UNI Reference: KF6730.Z9 C6
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All States tax handbook
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, inc.
UNI Reference: KF6750 .A93
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The color revolution / Regina Lee Blaszczyk
Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press in association with the Lemelson Center, Smithsonian Institution, c2012
UNI Stacks: TS171.4 .B57 2012
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text:
Managing the Chaos: Taking Holiday Decorations Out of Storage
Preparing for the holidays can get hectic and feel utterly chaotic. Don't worry! I've got a few tips on how to stay organized while taking all of your decorations out of storage. I hope these suggestions will be as useful for you as they were for me.
- Get help! No one decorates alone. Pull in a friend or ask your children to help out.
- If possible, survey your Christmas storage and identify what's in the boxes. Hopefully you've labeled them and put them in clear plastic bins!
- Bring the box of decorations into the designated Christmas decorations room – if you have a lot of decorations like we do, you'll definitely have a room where you'll unpack the Christmas decorations.
- Make piles according to the type of decoration or room. For example, dedicate a corner to Christmas wreaths or garlands. It helps to lay out all your ornaments, so you can see your whole collection by before placing them on the tree. This visually helps you decide where you want to place each ornament to balance the tree décor. For easy access, leave the Christmas tree ornaments and lights next to the tree.
- Decorate one box at a time. This keeps mess – and thus stress – to a minimum. It also means that you can stop whenever you like without leaving a mess!
- Repack as you go. Before moving onto another box, put the empty containers back into the box and seal it.
- It's always best to cover your work area with a sheet (like old bed sheets or towels) because the glitter from those ornaments can get everywhere! This helps to prevent the ornaments from rolling off your work area and breaking apart. Also, if the ornaments did break by accident, the mess is much easier to clean.
These tips ought to keep your stress levels at an absolute minimum. Prepare well enough in advance and you won't feel overwhelmed when the holidays start coming around. Good luck!by


text:
Extended maintenance of Ruby 1.9.3 ended on February 23, 2015. Read more
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text:
Skip to comments.Researcher Claims to Have Shot and Killed a Sasquatch
Posted on 02/17/2013 3:03:52 PM PST by DogByte6RER
Researcher Claims to Have Shot and Killed a Sasquatch
Nevada - (Ammoland.com) - Our regular readers will know that I love the story or idea that Bigfoots (or is it Bigfeets, as in more than one) could exist.
So regular readers on AmmoLand never mind when we detour and take a break from all the serious news coverage to speculate on the idea that we have a giant man sized, wood booger, hunting the same woods as me and you.
The recent gossip is, a controversial big foot researcher, named Rick Dyer, has shot a large bigfoot while filming a move, with Morgan Mathews about hunting bigfoots. The move is yet to be released and called Monsters and Men.
Then the very popular Facebook Group, FaceBook Find Bigfoot, interviews the leading skeptic on BigFoot Research, Musky Allen, who seems to have had a complete change of heart after he claims to have been given access to see the dead bigfoot body.
Here are two great videos. One bringing you up to date on the story.
(FReeper Note: Reference YouTube video links in Comment 2)
And the follow up interview with Musky Allen as he describes in great detail the dead monster and almost apologizes for the way he treated true believers of big foot in the past:
What more can I say, it may all be an elaborate hoax to promote a movie, but I think it makes a great story, and anyone who has spent anytime in the woods or sitting around a camp fire will defiantly enjoy hearing it and speculating about the truth.
To Be Continued
(Excerpt) Read more at ammoland.com ...
"Bigfoot 101 Must see Bigfoot Video: Update on the Tent Video, Musky Allen, FB"
"Musky Allen Confirms on Dyer's Dead Bigfoot !!"
They're people just like us - thumbs and all!
I saw on the local news a couple of days ago that some yahoos claim to have seen a 9 foot tall bigfoot on the Eglin reservation.
Has anyone seen the wookie?
Dyer was involved in a high profile hoax in 2008, so I'd consider the source.
The Dos Equis beer commercial with the Most Interesting Man in the World: He's so interesting, Sasquatch has taken a picture of him.
In other breaking news researcher claims to change spelling of movie to move. World is dumbfounded.
On second look it was just Moochelle.
All Hype for a book or TV show. Where is the PROOF? I want to see a BigFoot head on a pike first. BESIDES In Nevada its not called Bigfoot! Its called the Sage Ape.
was it near denver? (subtle reference)
is that a photoshop?
"is that a photoshop?"
Except for maybe the Patterson-Gimlin film, there are no good images of a Sasquatch.
is that a photoshop?
Yes. Except for maybe the Patterson-Gimlin film, there are no good images of a Sasquatch.
Sasquatch on the 6 Million Dollar man was played by Andre the Giant.
So far as I know, TR wasn't a smoker.
Probably shot his self in the foot, but since when did they start calling sixteen inches a foot?
So it really was a Sasquatch?
Aw, c'mon now, anyone can see it's just Chewie.
My biggest beef with the whole bigfoot saga. If it's real, why hasn't someone killed one in the woods yet? When we see the body, I'll believe it. Until then, color me skeptical...
Tastes like chicken...
Can you shoot one any time or is there a season? Do you need a Sasquatch stamp?
Is there a bag limit? Do you have to take them to an inspection station? How about Bucks and females can you shoot either , suppose they arent fully grown?
I need the answers before I go out hunting one.
Can you MURDER a Sasquatch?...
And I'm defiantly enjoying hearing about it.
'In other breaking news researcher claims to change spelling of movie to move. World is dumbfounded.'
Bigfoot aside, I just wish that the author of the article had finished 6th grade english.
The Eglin reservation is Eglin AFB in northwest Florida.
I guess that even bigfoot has to get away from it all from time to time. I wonder if he booked through Priceline?
I'm just standing back watching all the intelligent Conservatives exercise your sudden Democrat characteristic of denial without waiting for proof either either way. I don't know whether or not the species exists. But if it is ever verified, I'm going to laugh at all of you.
Did it taste like chicken?
That pic is obviously faked. The flag is a 50 star flag. At the time Roosevelt died in 1919 the flag would have had 48 stars with six even rows of eight stars each:
Other than that, it's pretty convincing ;-)
Did you catch that news segment last year where some Nihonjin scientists had recorded video of a fish some fisherman had caught in his net that had supposedly been extinct for tens of millions of years? They recorded as much video as they could along with plenty of measurements, then released it back into the ocean. Seriously.
No way!
T.R.'s atomic powered belt buckle makes everything in that illustration factually true.
No way!
T.R.'s atomic powered belt buckle makes everything in that illustration factually true.
Apparently not in Texas.
(Sasquatch In The Crosshairs!) Its Officially Legal To Kill Bigfoot In Texas
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Giron discusses gun laws; mostly touts record
State senator facing a recall election holds a telephone town hall
She talked about guns. But state Sen. Angela Giron talked about many other things during an hour-long telephone town hall Monday night.
With a recall election looming on Sept. 10, the Pueblo Democrat took the opportunity Monday to talk about her legislative record from the 2013 session and call on her supporters for help as she walks neighborhoods and campaigns to keep her job.
"I said it in my town halls: I'm certainly a Second Amendment supporter," Giron said Monday. "I don't think anything we worked on affected that right."
Giron told callers that she supported the right to carry concealed weapons, but also supported strengthening regulations for the permits, including eliminating the ability to apply for them online.
While Giron has been under significant heat for her support of the state's new gun safety laws, she stressed her other accomplishments in Denver, including $40 million in state funding for higher education in Southern Colorado.
A portion of that money will help build a new academic building on the campus of Colorado State University-Pueblo.
She also talked about her work on Colorado's Dream Act, providing in-state tuition rates for undocumented immigrant children who have completed at least three years in a state high school.
Giron explained to one caller that while the tuition rates were lower, those students still won't qualify for any government-sponsored financial aid.
In November, voters will decide whether to tax themselves to pay for a $950 million overhaul of the state's education funding system.
Giron said it could mean an extra $1,100 in per pupil funding for Pueblo City Schools and another $800 per pupil for District 70.
Giron said the additional funding could help reduce class sizes, retain teachers and keep students in class.
Giron also touched on her bill to provide breakfast to schools where at least 70 percent of student body are considered low-income.
She noted that it's easier for kids to learn when they're not hungry.


text:
1 of 2 photos
Visonic Amber Select X Model Base Station
2 of 2 photos
Visonic Amber Classic Model Base Station
Visonic Amber Classic and Amber SelectX Personal Emergency Response System (PERS) Kits
A single Amber Base station set to Common Area Mode will not detect a low battery or dead battery warning signal from the remote pendant that notifies the end user or system administrator to replace the pendant battery.
Visonic at (800) 223-0020 from 8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. ET Monday through Friday or online at www.visonic.com and click on North America and click on Product News under the Solutions & Products tab for more information about the recall.
About 24,000
The recalled Visonic Amber Personal Emergency Response System (PERS) kit enables a user to push a button on a pendant to signal a request for assistance. An Amber kit consists of one wireless pendant worn by the user, one Amber brand base station, generally connected to a phone line, a power supply and backup battery. Base stations are white, rectangular and measure about 9-inches wide by 7-inches deep by 2-inches high with emergency, call and check buttons. The emergency button is red on the Classic model and grey on the SelectX model. Recalled Classic models have catalog number 0-7425 and serial numbers 0408044281 through 4410052723. The first four digits of the serial number are manufacture dates from January 2008 through August 2010 in WWYY format. Recalled SelectX models have catalog number 0-100729 and serial numbers 2308600299 through 3013079617 The first four digits represent manufacture dates June 2008 through July 2013 in WWYY format. The first two digits are week of manufacturer and the second two numbers are the year of manufacture. For example serial number 2308 600299 indicates a manufacturing date of the 23rd week of 2008 or roughly June 2008. Each unit has an external label on the back of the base station, with the product name and serial number. Only Amber Classic or SelectX base stations that are placed in Common Area Mode by a professionally trained PERS system installer and are used without additional base stations, are included in the recall.
The firm received one report of a pendant that failed to operate due to a low battery undetected by the base station in Common Area Mode. No injuries have been reported.
Consumers should immediately contact their system installer or a Visonic alarm installation professional to determine if their Amber base station is set to Common Area Mode, and if so, to either reset their unit to another mode or make other system changes, such as adding an additional base station. Only a professionally-trained PERS system installer can identify and modify the particular mode configuration. Owners are also reminded to manually test their Amber PERS pendant regularly for low battery status.
Visonic distributors and professional alarm installation firms nationwide from January 2008 through August 2013 for between $220 and $240 for the kits.
Visonic Ltd., of Westford, Mass.
Visonic Ltd., of Tel Aviv, Israel
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