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Cancer Facts for Gay and Bisexual Men
Protect yourself and the people you care about.
This information is also available as a printable PDF booklet.
Recognizing barriers. Saving lives.
The most common types of cancer among men in the US are prostate, lung, colon, and skin cancers. Anal and testicular cancers are also found in men. There are things you can do to help reduce your risk for these cancers or find them early – when they are small, have not spread, and are easier to treat.
But gay and bisexual men face a number of barriers to getting the routine health care and cancer screening tests they need. Some of the reasons for this include:
- Low rates of health insurance: Many health insurance policies do not cover unmarried partners. This makes it harder for many gay and bisexual men to get quality health care. Many states now offer family health insurance plans that may help you get coverage in other ways.
- Fear of discrimination: Many men don't tell their doctors about their sexual orientation, because they don't want discrimination to affect the quality of health care they receive. This can make it harder to have a comfortable relationship with a provider. A lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender/transsexual (LGBT) community center or group may be able to refer you to LGBT-friendly health care professionals.
- Negative experiences with health care professionals: Fear of having a negative experience with a health care professional can lead some men to delay or avoid medical care, especially routine care such as early detection tests. Missing routine cancer screenings can lead to cancer being diagnosed at a later stage, when it's harder to treat. Today, there are many LGBT-friendly health professionals. Don't give up – find the respectful care you deserve!
The American Cancer Society can help you learn more about the cancers that men are most at risk for, as well as how to find these cancers early. All men can do things to help reduce their cancer risk.
Prostate cancer
Who is at risk?
Most prostate cancer occurs in men older than 50. African American men are more likely to develop prostate cancer than men of other races. Having one or more close relatives with prostate cancer also increases a man's risk, as does eating a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products.
What you can do
Prostate cancer can often be found in its early stages by having a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a rectal exam. But many prostate cancers grow slowly and will never cause harm. The tests used today can find prostate cancer, but many times they can't tell if the cancer is truly dangerous. Finding and treating slow-growing cancers that are not dangerous to your health can lead to treatment side effects that you might not want, such as problems with your sex life or trouble controlling your urine.
Talk to a doctor about prostate cancer screening tests every year starting when you're 50. Talk about the benefits and limitations of testing so you can make an informed decision about whether to be tested. If you're African American or have a close relative who has/had prostate cancer when they were younger than 65, you should start having these discussions at age 45.
Lung cancer
Who is at risk?
People who smoke are at greatest risk for lung cancer, and current evidence suggests that gay and bisexual men are more likely to smoke than heterosexual men.1 Smoking is responsible for 80% of all lung cancer deaths, and is linked to many other cancers, too. It's also responsible for other tobacco-related diseases such as heart disease, bronchitis, stroke, and emphysema. Research further suggests that smoking is the leading cause of death in HIV-positive men who have the virus under control.2
Smoking is common in bars and clubs where gay and bisexual men may socialize. Even if you don't smoke, this exposure increases your risk of lung cancer and other diseases caused by secondhand smoke.
What you can do
Lung cancer is one of the few cancers that can often be prevented simply by not smoking. If you don't smoke, don't start. You can also reduce your exposure to secondhand smoke by seeking smoke-free places.
If you or a loved one smokes, talk to a health care professional about quitting, or call your American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345 to find out how we can help improve your chances of quitting for good.
Certain men at high risk for lung cancer may want to talk to a doctor about whether getting a low-dose CT scan to screen for early lung cancer is right for them. Screening may benefit adults who are active or former smokers between the ages of 55 and 74 who have no signs of lung cancer and who have a 30 pack-year smoking history. (A pack-year is 1 pack of cigarettes per day per year. One pack per day for 30 years or 2 packs per day for 15 years would both be 30 pack-years.) You should discuss the benefits, limitations, and risks of lung cancer screening with a doctor before testing is done.
Colon cancer
Who is at risk?
Most colorectal cancers (commonly known as colon cancer) are found in people age 50 or older. Those with a personal or family history of the disease, and people who have polyps in the colon or rectum, or inflammatory bowel disease are at greater risk. A diet high in red and processed meats, alcohol use, being overweight, smoking, and being inactive also increase risk.
What you can do
Colon cancer almost always starts with a polyp – a small growth on the lining of the colon or rectum. Testing can help save lives by finding polyps before they become cancer. If pre-cancerous polyps are removed, it can help prevent colon cancer. A diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and limits red or processed meat may also help lower risk.
The American Cancer Society recommends all people at average risk for colorectal cancer have 1 of the following tests starting at age 50:
Tests that find polyps and cancer:
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years*
- Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years*
- Colonoscopy every 10 years
- A CT colonography every 5 years*
Tests that find mainly cancer:
- Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT), also known as a stool blood test, every year**
- Stool DNA test (sDNA) every 3 years*
* If the test is positive, a colonoscopy should be done.
** Highly-sensitive versions of these tests should be used with the multiple stool take-home method. One test done by the doctor is not enough for testing. A colonoscopy should be done if the test is positive.
Tests that have the best chance of finding both polyps and cancer should be your first choice when possible. Talk with a doctor or nurse to find out which tests are right for you.
Skin cancer
Who is at risk?
People with fair skin, especially those with blond or red hair, are at greater risk for skin cancer than people with darker coloring. But anyone who spends a lot of time in the sun is at risk. People who have had close family members with melanoma or who had severe sunburns before the age of 18 are at higher risk for skin cancer.
What you can do
Most skin cancers can be prevented by staying out of the midday sun for long periods of time. Here are some other things you can do to help prevent skin cancer:
- Protect your skin by wearing hats with wide brims, long-sleeve shirts, and sunglasses when you are outside.
- Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher on all exposed skin. Sunscreens should block both UVA and UVB sun rays, and should be applied at least 15 to 30 minutes before going outside. Be sure to wear sunscreen on cloudy or overcast days too because UV rays travel through clouds.
- Avoid other sources of UV light, like tanning beds and sunlamps. These are dangerous and can damage your skin.
- Know your skin, and report any skin changes to a doctor or nurse. Have a skin exam done during your regular health check-ups.
Anal cancer
Who is at risk?
Infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV) increases the risk of anal cancer. HPV risk is increased by having anal sex and having many sex partners. Smoking also increases your risk for this cancer. Another risk factor is a weak immune system because of HIV infection or other factors.
What you can do
You can help reduce your risk of anal cancer by not having many sex partners and using condoms. Quitting smoking will also help lower your risk of anal cancer and many other cancers.
Condoms will not always protect against HPV, because HPV can be passed by skin-to-skin contact with any area of the body, such as skin of the genital or anal area not covered by the condom. Still, it's very important to use condoms to protect against HIV and other diseases that are passed through body fluids.
Be aware of any rectal symptoms, and report them to a health care professional right away. A rectal exam will find some cases of anal cancer early. Some experts recommend screening with an anal Pap test for those who might be at high risk for anal cancer. This test has not been studied enough to know how often it should be done, or if it helps reduce the risk of anal cancer. But you may want to talk to a doctor to see if this test might be right for you.
Testicular cancer
Who is at risk?
Most testicular cancers occur in men between the ages of 20 and 34. White men have a higher risk than men of other races. The main risk factor for testicular cancer is a condition called cryptorchidism, or undescended testicle(s). A family history of testicular cancer also increases a man's risk. Some evidence suggests that men with HIV, especially those with AIDS, are at greater risk.
What you can do
Most testicular cancers start with a lump on a testicle that's often painless. Men may also notice swelling, or have a heaviness or achiness in the lower abdomen (belly) or scrotum. Some doctors recommend monthly testicular self-exams after puberty. This helps you know what's normal for you so you can notice any changes that may take place. See a health care professional right away if you notice changes or have any signs or symptoms of testicular cancer.
Finding cancer early
We may not know enough today to help prevent all cancers. But for many cancers, early detection – finding cancer while it's small, before you have symptoms, and before it has spread – gives you the best chance of getting treatment that works.
All men should see a doctor or nurse on a regular basis, learn about the benefits and limitations of testing, and get the cancer screening tests that are right for them. They should also try to make healthy lifestyle choices that help reduce cancer risk. Knowing about these common cancers and what you can do to help reduce your risk of cancer or find it early may help save your life or the life of someone you love.
To learn more about what you can do help reduce your cancer risk, call us at 1-800-227-2345.
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—United States, 2005–2013. MMWR. 2014;63(47):1108-1112.
2 Helleberg M, Afzal S, Kronborg G, et al. Mortality Attributable to Smoking Among HIV-1–Infected Individuals: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. First published online December 18, 2012 doi:10.1093/cid/cis933. Available at http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/12/15/cid.cis933.abstract on June 8, 2015.
Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities; Board on the Health of Select Populations. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. 2011; Institute of Medicine.
Take control of your health, and reduce your cancer risk.
- Stay away from tobacco.
- Get to and stay at a healthy weight.
- Get moving with regular physical activity.
- Eat healthy with plenty of fruits and vegetables.
- Limit how much alcohol you drink to no more than 2 drinks a day.
- Protect your skin from the sun.
- Know yourself, your family history, and your risks.
- Get regular check-ups and cancer screening tests.
The most common cancers in men are prostate, lung, colon, and skin cancers. Anal and testicular cancers are also found in men.
The American Cancer Society can help you learn more about these cancers, how to find them, and how to help reduce your risk.
For cancer information, day-to-day help, and emotional support, call us at 1-800-227-2345. We're here when you need us – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Last Medical Review: March 11, 2016 Last Revised: March 11, 2016
American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint requests, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.


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If you're reading this than you probably agree with us when we say that Camp Chef stoves are awesome. You can do all kinds of amazing things with them. You can add a grill box and create an awesome BBQ grill. Add a griddle and you have a restaurant style flat top. You can boil and steam with them, canning is a breeze. There really isn't anything they can't do. They are the base of the ultimate outdoor kitchen.
One key feature of any of the Camp Chef stoves that sometimes goes overlooked is their usefulness during emergency situations. When the power goes out they're ready to handle all of your cooking duties. From boiling water to make it safe for drinking to cooking your meals, your Camp Chef stove will be ready to pitch in a helping hand.
Here's the sporting chef himself discussing the usefulness of a Camp Chef stove during an emergency.

subset: commoncrawl


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Newest DVD's for Kids
Here's a shortcut to the newest DVD's in the Kids' Room collection.
Latest Kids DVD's
Check out our latest feature films for Kids! We've also added some
favorites from TV for the younger set like Bubble Guppies, Chloe's
Closet, Dinosaur Train, Doc McStuffins, Dragons : Riders of Berk,
and Sofia the First!
An American Girl : Saige Paints the Sky : Meet nine-year-old Saige, a talented artist with a passion for horses, in this modern-day story about finding your voice! Saige is excited about the new school year, until she discovers that art - her favorite
Escape From Planet Earth : The 3D animated family comedy catapults moviegoers to planet Baab where admired astronaut Scorch Supernova (Brendan Fraser) is a national hero to the blue alien population. A master of daring rescues, Scorch pulls off astonishing feats with the quiet aid of his nerdy, by-the-rules brother, Gary (Rob Corddry), head of mission control at BASA. When BASA's no-nonsense chief Lena (Jessica Alba) informs the brothers of an SOS from a notoriously dangerous planet, Scorch rejects Gary's warnings and bounds off for yet another exciting mission. But when Scorch finds himself caught in a fiendish trap set by the evil Shanker (William Shatner) it's up to scrawny, risk-adverse Gary to do the real rescuing. As the interplanetary stakes rise to new heights, Gary is left to save his brother, his planet, his beloved wife Kira (Sarah Jessica Parker) and their adventure hungry son Kip. Rated PG.
Horrid Henry : When Henry fails yet again to hand in his homework, he inadvertently sets off an unexpected and curious chain of events. He forms an unlikely alliance with Moody Margaret, the infuriating girl next door, outwits corrupt
Magic Journey to Africa : A ten-year-old girl from Barcelona encounters a young bushman who inspires her to learn more about Africa in this educational – and visually dazzling – fantasy adventure. With a young Himba boy named Mel as her guide and a winged horse to carry her across the land, young Jana discovers the beauty of the Namib Desert while learning about the remarkable creatures that inhabit it. Not rated.
A Monster in Paris : ...A Monster in Paris is a charming but slight musical comedy-adventure from France enlivened by an offbeat premise, some lovely songs, and an impressive visual style... The film, directed by veteran animator Bibo Bergeron (Shark Tale), has been redubbed for English-speaking audiences by a capable cast of American actors, though the speaking and singing voice of Vanessa Paradis has been ported over from the original French version. Set in a romanticized Paris circa 1910, Monster follows a pair of hapless heroes (voiced by Jay Harrington and Adam Goldberg) who accidentally transform a common house flea into a 7-foot-tall, anthropoid being with a marvelous singing voice (provided by Sean Lennon in the English dub). With the help of cabaret singer Lucille (Paradis), the creature develops a following as a nightclub performer (!) while avoiding the machinations of the local police commissioner (Danny Huston). Not rated.
My Lucky Elephant : In a far away land of jungles and wild animals, there lived a little orphan boy who was all alone in the world. But he knew that no matter how hard life can be, it's always better if you can share it with a friend. This is the story of how he found one, an elephant named Lucky. Together they face a changing world, but always manage to triumph. After a series of humorous challenges, they discover the Academy of Art, where elephants learn to paint. And Lucky becomes the star painter, a famous artist and celebrity. Finally, life is good for them, with money and food aplenty. But when Lucky falls in love with another elephant, Candy, and starts his own family, what will the boy do? My Lucky Elephant is an exotic adventure in a magical and beautiful place, and yet it's about what everyone is looking for in life - a true friend, a home, family. Rated PG.
Oz the Great and Powerful : Disney's fantastical adventure Oz The Great And Powerful, from the director of the Spider-Man trilogy, follows Oscar Diggs (James Franco), a small-time circus magician with dubious ethics. When Diggs is hurled away to the vibrant Land of Oz, he thinks he's hit the jackpot — until he meets three witches (Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams), who aren't convinced he's the great wizard everyone's expecting. Reluctantly drawn into epic problems facing Oz and its inhabitants, Oscar must find out who is good and who is evil before it's too late. Putting his magical arts to use through illusion, ingenuity — and even some wizardry — Oscar transforms himself into the great wizard and a better man as well. Rated PG.
Return to Nims Island : RETURN TO NIM S ISLAND!, featuring Bindi Irwin [is] a wild ride filled with pristine beaches, exotic animals, dastardly pirates, and all your favorite characters from the original. After his cruise ship discovery of Nim and her beautiful island, Edmund tries to explain the wonder of his find to his classmates only to find that nobody will believe him. Frustrated, Edmund runs away and sneaks aboard the same fateful cruise ship as his last adventure and steals a row boat to make his way to Nim s Island. At the same time, Nim s world is turning upside down, as she s faced with the possibility of having to move to the mainland for her father to pursue his scientific research. Left alone for her last weekend on the island, Nim finds Edmund, as well as the pirate animal poachers that followed him! Soon, Nim and Edmund are in a stealth battle of cunning and wits to rescue her beloved sea lion Selkie. With Nim s know-how and Edmund s bravery, they are able to defeat the pirates and maybe even solve the scientific mystery that would allow Nim to stay on her beloved Island. Rated PG.
Teen Beach Movie : Teen Beach Movie centers around two teen surfers, Brady and Mackenzie, who are magically transported into a 1960s beach movie where they must try to blend in until they can find their way out. They soon discover that there is an intense rivalry between the local surfers and bikers. Things don't go according to plan when our modern-day duo accidently change the plot of the movie, and the two lead characters fall for them instead of each other! As everyone around them starts singing and dancing, and a fight between the bikers and surfers breaks out, Brady and Mack must attempt to get out of the movie and back to present day. Rated G.


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Portales man sentenced to prison
February 28, 2007
A Portales man convicted of taking more than $600,000 from an armored car service where he worked last year has been sentenced to 6 1/2 years in prison.
State District Judge Teddy Hartley also ordered Scott Kirby, 23, to repay the money that was not recovered, 9th Judicial District Attorney Matthew Chandler said Wednesday.
Kirby pleaded guilty Oct. 12 to a second-degree felony charge of embezzlement over $20,000. Two counts of disposal of stolen property were dismissed as part of a plea agreement.
Kirby had been employed as an armored truck driver for Albuquerque-based courier company Respond Inc. He was assigned to pick up money from businesses in Clovis and Portales, including Wal-Mart stores in Clovis and Portales and Chili's and Applebee's restaurants in Clovis.
Kirby picked up more than $600,000 in cash and checks the weekend of March 4-5, 2006, but did not deposit it, Chandler said.
He was arrested March 6, 2006, in Portales.
Chandler has said $269,000 in cash was recovered. Chandler said he could not release the amount of restitution because details of the exact amount would be worked out by a civil court in a case between Respond's insurance carrier and the three defendants in the case.
Two accomplices in the crime, who, according to court documents, were to be paid $20,000 each to help Kirby cover his tracks, were also caught by police.
Chris Adcox, 22, of Clovis and Jeremy Hooker, 23, of Portales are in the Curry County Detention Center awaiting trial.


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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (593 votes).
In short: Mud is not optional In full: Ran this race for the first time and while it's dirty, tough and hard I have never smiled so much during a race. So much more fun than a standard road race, fab atmosphere and a wonderful sense of achievement. Date of review: December 18, 2012
In short: loads of funDate of review: December 1, 2012
In short: My favourite race of the year, brilliant, especially if you like mudDate of review: November 19, 2012
In short: FantasticIn full: Great fun, well organised fantastic marshalsDate of review: November 19, 2012
In short: Absolutely Brilliant!In full: First time of doing the slog and what fun I had! Mud galore, I slipping and sliding everywhere, the sheep deep was hilarious, marshalls shouting"get in there" to the shreeks of delight from spectators, two cracking slippy hills and a stream (or bath as another marshall put it) to wade through, running through fields right next to cows and all the delights they had deposited, is not something you would normally experience! The organisation was exceptional, facilites were spot on and well the course itself just fantastic!And to top it all you get a great t-shirt and goody bag! If you do any race make it this one, 9.1 miles of absolute delight, I ran,well plodded all the way around with a huge grin on my face! Well done to everyone who organised it, you should be so proud, a truly fantastic race. Date of review: November 18, 2012
In short: Mud Fest!In full: If you like you runs with lots mud, muddy water and the odd hill this is the race for you. Well organised cant fault it!!Date of review: November 15, 2012
In short: One of my all time favourite races!In full: Missed out last year, managed to bag a transfer this year, and WOW was it worth it.This is one of those races that plasters an enormous grin on the chops the whole way round! Misleading start on the road, after half a mile I wondered what all the fuss about the mud was. Hahaha it had yet to appear!! A lot of stinky mud, a lot of smelly water, a dunking in the sheep dip, a soaking in the pig trough and 2 tumbles meant I was covered from head to toe in brown stuff by the end! I didn't find the race too hilly, but very slippy mud in places and quagmires in others made for slow going.Truly great camaraderie from every other runner, clockwork organisation from start to finish. Great value for the entry fee, decent changing facilities at the end. And I got a spot prize for 'looking like I had tried hard', Brilliant!!!Will make sure I get my entry in early next year, as this is a truly fantastic race.Date of review: November 14, 2012
In full: So much fun and I only do it for the beer afterwards.Date of review: November 14, 2012
In short: Muddy Fantastic!Date of review: November 14, 2012
In short: Best fun you can have with your clothes on - get filthy without getting told off by your mum! Wonderful, wonderful race. In full: This is my all-time favourite race. It's tough, not just because there are some hilly bits but because if you're towards the back of the field, as I am, you are slipping and sliding in the mud that's been churned up by over 1000 pairs of feet before you! But it's just brilliant. Organisation is incredibly smooth, the marshals are encouraging and friendly (although none of them wanted a hug from me - I wonder why?) and the camaraderie amongst the runners is heart-warming, as people stop to haul someone back to their feet and encourage others to splash right in the middle of the deepest muddy bits. The bugler playing the Last Post, the two minute silence and the respect given to Remembrance Day all add to the specialness that is this race. Keep on doing what you're doing, organisers - this is the best race going!Thank you.Date of review: November 14, 2012
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Get an overview of this hotel4-star spa hotel, walk to Windsor Castle
Located in the heart of Windsor, this spa hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Windsor Bridge, Windsor Castle, and Eton College. Legoland and Frogmore House are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Hotel Features
Along with a full-service spa, this smoke-free hotel has a restaurant and a health club. WiFi in public areas is free. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a spa tub, and a sauna are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 98 individually decorated rooms feature free WiFi and 24-hour room service. Digital TV, coffee makers, and free newspapers are among the other amenities available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Sir Christopher Wren Hotel and Spa
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to a full-service spa, Sir Christopher Wren Hotel and Spa features a health club and a spa tub. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
Event facilities measuring 1259 square feet (117 square meters) include conference space. This business-friendly hotel also offers a sauna, spa services, and a terrace. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
Sir Christopher Wren Hotel and Spa is a smoke-free property.
- Sauna
- Health club
- Bar/lounge
- Conference space
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- 24-hour front desk
- Porter/bellhop
- Laundry facilities
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Express check-out
- Full-service spa
- Free WiFi
- Total number of rooms - 98
- Number of floors - 3
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Meeting rooms 9
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Garden
- Terrace
- Restaurant
- Offsite parking reservations required
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Conference space size (meters) - 117
- Conference space size (feet) - 1259
- Spa services on site
- Wedding services
- Number of meeting rooms - 11
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 5
- Spa tub
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge), Valet parking (surcharge), Offsite parking reservations required
Room Amenities
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Room service (24 hours)
- Free newspaper
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- Designer toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Individually decorated
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Digital TV service
- Free WiFi
- Private bathroom
Where to Eat
Full breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 7 AM and 10:30 AM.
Thames View Restaurant - This restaurant specializes in Modern European cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Reservations are required. Open daily.
Thames View Lounge Bar - This bar serves brunch, lunch, dinner, and light fare. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting). Open daily.
24-hour room service is available.
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include a health club, a spa tub, and a sauna.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Pilates classes on site
- Yoga classes/instruction on site
Spa Services
Wrens Club has massage/treatment rooms. Services include hot stone massages, sports massages, Swedish massages, and massages. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and hydrotherapy. The spa is equipped with a sauna and a steam room.
The spa is open daily.
- Hot stone massage
- Swedish massage
- Steam room in spa
- Sports massage
- Manicures and pedicures
- Body wraps
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Hydrotherapy treatments
- Sauna in spa
- Massages
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at midnight
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
No elevators
Optional extras
- Fee for full breakfast: GBP 10 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: GBP 25 per night
- Valet parking fee: GBP 25.00 per day
- Early check-in fee: GBP 40
- Late check-out fee: GBP 60
Hotel Name
- Christopher Wren Hotel
- Sir Christopher Wren
- Sir Christopher Wren Hotel
- Sir Christopher Wren Hotel Windsor
- Sir Christopher Wren Windsor
- Sir Wren
- Sir Wren Christopher
- Wren Hotel
- Wren Sir Christopher
- Sir Christopher Wrens Windsor
- Sir Christopher Wrens Hotel
- Sir Christopher Wren Hotel Spa
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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Resilient Flooring – Beautiful and Durable
The perfect combination of beauty and durability can be found in DuPont™ Vinyl Sheet Flooring. DuPont(TM) Elevations comes in patterns that have the look of natural tile or stone, but with a softness underfoot that you just can't get from the 'real thing'. The patterns are timeless classics; and combined with the easy maintenance that vinyl offers, your floors will look new for years to come!
DuPont™ Vinyl Sheet Flooring is available at select Home Depot stores in the following SKUS:
DuPont™ Elevations San Pablo Canyon Clay
DuPont™ Elevations San Pablo Sand Stone
DuPont™ Elevations Captiva Oasis Beige
DuPont™ Elevations Captiva Summer Dusk
DuPont™ Elevations Mirador Desert Blush
DuPont™ Elevations Mirador Aztec Clay
DuPont™ Elevations Pompano Sand Dollar
DuPont™ Elevations Pompano Sunwashed Clay
For customer service, please Contact US or call:1-800-835-9898


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About Us
Contact Us
Made in USA Toys
Pianos for Kids
Toddler Toys
Toy Boxes & Toy Chests
Kids Furniture & Decor
Clothes Stands, Clothes Trees
Clothes Tree for Toddlers Natural by P'kolino
Clothes Tree for Toddlers Natural by P'kolino
Item #: PK-PKFFTR00NT00
Regular Price: $129.95
Our Price:
Availability:Usually ships in 2-3 business days
This playfully sculpture-esque alternative to the standard clothes tree is so fabulously cool looking you may not want to cover it up. With several branches and fruit-o-plenty there is plenty of hanging capacity.
The tree stands 4 feet tall. With its wide base and solid, single-form construction this tree is stable and extremely durable.
No nuts and bolts assembly required. As seen at Parents and Parenting Magazine!
Designed in the USA.
Age: 3 and up
Wood: (Natural) Birch laminated Fiber Board, (Orange, Green and White) Fiber Board
Dimensions: 24 in. (60.96 cm) D X 46 in. (116.84 cm) H
P'kolino Safety Message
P'kolino products meet or exceed US, EU, and Canadian safety standards. Independently Tested for durability, toxicity, mechanical safety, regulatory standards, use and abuse and age grading.
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Issue Brief #3612 on Terrorism
May 22, 2012
May 22, 2012 | Issue Brief on Terrorism
When the Nigerian sect Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad, otherwise known as Boko Haram, and the Nigerian Taliban emerged from their year-long hiatus in 2010, few in Washington noticed.[1] But when Boko Haram launched a suicide attack against the United Nations headquarters in the capital city of Abuja last August, the organization made it known that its strikes were not limited to Nigerian targets. The Obama Administration should not overlook the potential threat Boko Haram poses to the United States and its allies. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP) in Pakistan were once localized organizations with regional interests until they directed attacks on U.S. soil.
The Obama Administration should take decisive action against Boko Haram. The first step should be designating Boko Haram a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO). Boko Haram meets the legal FTO requirements, and the implications of the designation would provide the Administration and Congress with a framework to address the terrorist threat.
Legal Requirements for FTO Designation
Although FTO designation is not the only terrorist list available to the Administration, it is the only designation available to organizations that engage in terrorist activity.[2] Under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) as amended under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) (P.L. 104-132), the requirements for FTO designation include:
The Secretary of State is authorized to designate any organization meeting these requirements. While designations last for two years, organizations can be removed from the list at any time by the Secretary of State or an act of Congress. Designated groups can also file suit to be removed.
The implications of FTO designation are twofold: financing and immigration. Sanctions can include the blocking of assets, the prosecution of supporters who provide funds, denial of visas, and deportation of members.[4]
Boko Haram Meets FTO Requirements
Boko Haram easily satisfies all of the requirements for FTO designation.
Foreign organization. Although Boko Haram's origins are subject to debate, some sources link the organization to the Maitatsine movement of the 1980s.[5] Boko Haram's modern roots can be tracked to the Alhaji Muhammadu Ndimi Mosque in Maiduguri in northern Nigeria. Following the extrajudicial killing of Boko Haram leader Mohammed Yusuf by Nigerian security forces, the group intensified its operations. Boko Haram's objective is to establish an Islamic State governed by Sharia law. Publicly available information regarding the internal dynamics of the organization is limited, but it is believed that Boko Haram is factionalized and its operations are not necessarily coordinated.[6]
While Boko Haram's operations are concentrated in Nigeria's northern and middle belt regions, there are concerns that regional operations are expanding. When the Qadhafi regime fell last year, it created a power vacuum across the Sahel region, providing opportunities for terrorist organizations to expand their regional influence. According to General Carter Ham, commander of U.S. Africa Command, "multiple sources" indicate that al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Shabaab in Somalia, both designated FTOs, have made contacts with Boko Haram.[7] Reports also indicate that Nigerians associated with Boko Haram are now operating alongside AQIM in Gao, Mali. The cross-pollination among terrorist groups in a region with little governance creates an environment where extremists have the opportunity to mobilize and expand their operations.
Engages in terrorist activity. Under section 219 of the INA (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) as amended under the AEDPA (P.L. 104-132), terrorist activity is defined by U.S. Code § 2656f(d)(2). Section 2656f(d)(2) defines terrorist activity as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetuated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents."[8]
According to Assistant Attorney General Lisa Monaco at the Department of Justice's national security division, since 2009, Boko Haram has targeted violent attacks against Nigeria's "police, politicians, public institutions and civilian population."[9] Furthermore, Boko Haram targets its attacks toward Nigeria's Christian community.
Nigeria's population is divided between Christians and Muslims. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, a Christian, is accused by northern Muslims of stealing the presidential election, as he disrupted the zoning rotation in April 2011.[10] While Boko Haram targets many of its attacks against Nigerian police and security forces (whom they consider puppets of the Christian-led government), Christian civilians rank highly among the causalities from Boko Haram attacks. However, Boko Haram has also assassinated moderate Muslims who have condemned the group's violence.
Threatens the security of U.S. nationals or the national security of the United States. While Boko Haram's primary target is the Nigerian government, it would be a mistake for the Obama Administration to think the U.S. is immune from attack.
In a video message accompanying the suicide attack on the U.N. headquarters, the suicide bomber explained to his family that his actions were meant to send a message to the U.S. President and "other infidels."[11] While many argue that the attack on the U.N. was meant to embarrass the Nigerian government, it would be irresponsible for the Administration to discount this deliberate threat.
Prior to the U.N. bombing, General Ham acknowledged that AQIM and al-Shabaab are working with Boko Haram, and emphasized that the groups' coordination "presents a significant threat not only in the nations in which they primarily operate but regionally and…to the United States. Those three organizations have very explicitly and publicly voiced an intent to target Westerners and the U.S. specifically."[12]
Linkages between Boko Haram, AQIM, and al-Shabaab have the potential to cause destabilization across East Africa, the Sahel, North Africa, and West Africa. Separately, each of these organizations threatens concentrated regional pockets. Together, they are able to combine their resources, knowledge, training, and propaganda to create an expansive and dangerous network.
Furthermore, in a letter to the State Department last January, Monaco urged FTO designation for Boko Haram since it meets the criteria for a foreign terrorist listing, in that it either engages in terrorism that threatens the United States or has a capability or intent to do so. The letter also highlighted Boko Haram's links with "transnational terrorist groups" and open espousal of "violence against the West."
FTO Designation: A Needed Step for Security
The Obama Administration should not jeopardize U.S. security with its complacency. Currently, there is no legal clarity for classifying Boko Haram or its actions. Should the Obama Administration designate Boko Haram as an FTO, the U.S. government would be required to hold members of the organization and individuals who provide material support to it criminally liable. FTO designation also provides closer interagency counterterrorism coordination, as all U.S. agencies recognize listed organizations.
FTO designation would also encourage the Nigerian government to take the threat Boko Haram poses to its national security more seriously. President Goodluck Jonathan and his administration lack a comprehensive strategy for managing the current crisis. Designating Boko Haram would erase any ambiguity regarding U.S. policy and could be used as a diplomatic tool to encourage a more robust Nigerian approach.
Most importantly, FTO designation would restrict Boko Haram's ability to operate and limit the threat the organization poses to the United States and its citizens.
Morgan Lorraine Roach is a Research Associate in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. Steven Groves, Bernard and Barbara Lomas Fellow in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom at Heritage, assisted in the preparation of this paper.
Show references in this report
[1]Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad is the proper name of the organization and translates to "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad." However, "Boko Haram," meaning "Western education is sinful," is the nominal and most commonly used name for the organization. According to Andrew Walker with the United States Institute for Peace, Nigerians who rejected Mohammed Yusuf's teachings referred to Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad as "Boko Haram," as in "those people who go on and on about Western education being sinful." Andrew Walker, "What is Boko Haram?" United States Institute for Peace Special Report 38, May 2012.
[2]Other terrorist lists include the "state sponsors of terrorism" pursuant to section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (P.L. 96-72; 50 U.S.C. app. 2405(j)(as amended)), the "specially designated terrorists" (SDTs) pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (P.L. 95-223; 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), "specially designated global terrorists" (SDGTs) established under Presidential Executive Order 13224, the "specially designated nationals and blocked persons" (SDNs) list which includes the SDT, SDGT, state sponsors, and FTO lists maintained by the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets and Control, and the "Terrorist Exclusion List" (TEL), pursuant to Section 411 of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-56; 8 U.S.C.,1182). Audrey Kurth Cronin, "The 'FTO List' and Congress: Sanctioning Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations," Congressional Research Service, October 21, 2003, pp. 3–6, http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32120.pdf (accessed May 22, 2012).
[3]Immigration and Nationality Act 219, Designation of a Foreign Terrorist Organization, http://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-29/0-0-0-5017.html (accessed May 22, 2012).
[4]Cronin, "The FTO List."
[5]The Maitatsine movement was created by Muhammadu Marwa, a Cameroonian Islamic preacher who moved to Kano around 1945. Marwa's fiery sermons earned him the nickname "Maitatsine," meaning "he who curses" in Hausa. Marwa recruited impressionable youth, migrants, and those who felt marginalized by the Islamic hierarchy as his followers, known as "Yan Tatsine" ("followers of Maitatsine"). Although Marwa was killed in 1980 by Nigerian security forces, his movement sparked rebellions throughout the 1980s. J. Peter Pham, "In Nigeria False Prophets are Real Problems," World Defense Review, October 19, 2006, http://worlddefensereview.com/pham101906.shtml (accessed May 22, 2012), and Pham, "Boko Haram's Evolving Threat," Africa Center for Strategic Studies Africa Security Brief No. 20, April 2012, http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/AfricaBriefFinal_20.pdf (accessed May 22, 2012).
[6]Ricardo Larémont posits the existence of three Boko Haram factions. The first, headed by Abubakar Shakau, Yusuf's deputy, is said to be the ideological branch and open to negotiation with the Nigerian government. The second faction is supported by northern government officials, seeking to expose the federal government's incompetence. The third group is a criminal faction that uses AQIM tactics (e.g., kidnapping for ransom) to turn a profit. See Ricardo René Larémont, "Boko Haram, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and the Al-Shabab," testimony before the Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence, Committee on Homeland Security, U.S. House of Representatives, November 30, 2011, http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=693041 (accessed March 22, 2012).
[7]Mark Tram, "Nigeria Attack: Islamist Militants Claim Responsibility for U.N. Building Blast," The Guardian, August 26, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/26/nigeria-attack-islamists-claim-responsibility (accessed May 22, 2012).
[8]22 U.S. Code § 2656f(d)(2) (2004).
[9]Mark Hosenball and John Shiffman, "U.S. Justice Department Urges Terror Label for Nigerian Militants," Chicago Tribune, May 17, 2012, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-17/news/sns-rt-us-usa-security-bokoharambre84h01i-20120517_1_haqqani-network-militant-group-terrorist-group (accessed May 22, 2012).
[10]The political rotation system known as "zoning" dictates that the office of president rotates between the Muslim north and the Christian south. When President Umaru Yar'Adua, a Muslim, died in the middle of his term, his vice president, Goodluck Jonathan, a Christian, assumed office. He then stood for the April 2011 presidential election (and won), angering northerners.
[11]"Nigeria U.N. Bomb: Video of 'Boko Haram bomber' Released," BBC, September 18, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14964554 (accessed May 22, 2012).
[12]David Alexander, "African Islamist Groups Seen as U.S. Threat: General," Reuters, September 15, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/15/us-usa-defense-africa-idUSTRE78E13920110915 (accessed May 22, 2012).


text:
The Communist Manifesto, Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
The Communist Manifesto Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
The following entry presents criticism of Engels and Marx's political pamphlet, Manifest der kommunistischen Partei (1848; The Communist Manifesto). See also, Friedrich Engels Criticism.
Early in 1848, two young German intellectuals set forth their plan for proletarian revolution against the prevailing socio-economic forces in Europe, which in their eyes were corrupt. Manifest der kommunistischen Partei (The Communist Manifesto), the slim volume outlining their plan, has been described as the most influential secular document in world history, ranked behind only such religious works as the Bible and the Koran for the impact it has had on world events. Indeed, it has been characterized as the Socialist movement's "holy" book. Calling for workers of the world to unite, The Communist Manifesto examines the oppression felt by the working class in Europe, analyzes the unequal distribution of wealth under the capitalist system, and provides a vision for a new way of life, wherein the proletariat fights for and wins economic and social equality with the ruling bourgeois class. With the Russian Revolution in the early part of the twentieth century, The Communist Manifesto was catapulted from being an important philosophical text to being the framework for a new nation. Communism and the Soviet Union, both of which have their birth in this text, went on to become globally polarizing forces. The Cold War can be considered a result, in large part, of the diametrically opposed socio-economic philosophies held by the communist East and the capitalist West. While the late twentieth century saw the Soviet Union crumble, leaving capitalism seemingly the victor, the socialist plan sparked by The Communist Manifesto nevertheless remains a strong influence on the world's political and philosophical thought, and The Communist Manifesto itself is assured an eminent place in the history of human experience, both for the revolutionary philosophy it presents and for the way it changed the face of nation-building.
Textual History
The first step to understanding the The Communist Manifesto is to understand its authors. Karl Marx, who is generally considered the primary author of both the text and the philosophy that has come to bear his name, was born in Germany in 1818. He received a university education, studying law and then philosophy. Shortly after he received his degree, his anti-bourgeois sentiment growing, he realized he could not participate in the German education system. He turned to journalism—a pursuit that would help support him for the rest of his life. In this capacity he began developing his revolutionary ideas, until he was forced out of Germany in 1843. For the next several years his involvement with revolutionary, anti-capitalist organizations increased and he continued to develop his theories by studying economic science and pursuing literary study. In 1844 he met Friedrich Engels. Engels grew up in the same area of Germany as Marx, and came from a similar class and educational experience. Sent by his father to England to represent the family in its textile business, Engels observed first-hand the exploitation of textile workers, and the injustice of the industrial capitalist system. Independently, both men published critical works that questioned the existing European socio-economic system, but upon their meeting in 1844, they found in each other not only a lifelong friendship, but an intellectual partnership that would take them both to new philosophical heights. Their friendship and intellectual partnership led them to discuss all of their intellectual projects together; their mutual influence was so great that it is difficult for critics to determine where in their joint works Engels' thought ends and Marx's begins. In The Communist Manifesto the authors put forth a theory of history, an analysis of capitalism, and an outline for socialism. Their call for proletarian revolution was met with interest from other disaffected bourgeois intellectuals, hope from the increasingly mobilized working class, and fear from the supporters of the existing system. The manifesto was quickly translated and published in most European languages. It gave birth to modern Socialism, and helped change the world order; it was espoused by revolutionaries across Europe, and saw its greatest victory in 1918 with the Russian Revolution. Marx and Engels continued to hone and develop their socialist theories, and both went on to publish prolifically on the subject. Numerous essays, lectures, and articles picked up where The Communist Manifesto left off. The authors revised its preface liberally as it went through multiple editions, and they saw world changes resulting from the manifesto's influence. While the specifics of their proletarian revolution were to change as the social, economic and political climates changed, Marx and Engels always maintained the accuracy of the ideas put forth in The Communist Manifesto. Upon its fortieth anniversary, Engels decided that the preface could no longer be revised, as the text was then an historical document and needed to be preserved as such. Theories of socialism and communism continued to evolve, but the The Communist Manifesto was a finalized text. It went through no further revisions at the hands of its authors, but its influence did not lessen, as the Socialist and Communist movements of the twentieth century held to its ideals and built new societies from its revolutionary plan.
Major Themes
Divided into four parts, The Communist Manifesto begins with a theory of world history based on class struggles, and provides an explanation of the abuse of the working class by the bourgeoisie. The evils perpetrated upon the working class—the proletariat—are enumerated, and the injustice of the capitalist economic system, whereby a few get rich off the labor of many, is outlined. In the second section of The Communist Manifesto the virtues of communism are portrayed. Marx and Engels anticipate and refute the objections of the bourgeoisie and demonstrate the benefits to be gained by all through communism. The third and fourth chapters deal largely with contemporary social movements, whose inadequacies are outlined. While support for these groups is given, the ultimate virtue of the plan put forth in the previous sections is maintained. Throughout the entire manifesto, the workers of the world are called to unite and throw off the oppression of bourgeois capitalist society, so that after the proletarian revolution, a new society based on equality—economic, social, and political—could be built.
Critical Reception
Since the time of its initial publication, The Communist Manifesto has sparked a wide range of reactions, from early intellectual and revolutionary enthusiasm, to vicious condemnation, to fervent adherence to its philosophy. For millions of people The Communist Manifesto has served as an essential text, greatly affecting their ways of life. It has influenced nation-building, affected social and economic policies, and played a very important role in world politics as nations drew alliances during the Cold War. Vast amounts of commentary have been produced by both pro-communist and anti-communist scholars and critics. Marx and Engels themselves contributed to the debates through their numerous revisions of the preface to The Communist Manifesto. Upon the text's seventy-fifth anniversary, Algernon Lee explored the European influences on Marx and Engels as they were formulating their ideas. With The Communist Manifesto's one hundredth birthday, Paul M. Sweezy and Leo Huberman reexamined the text's history and its international significance. Some critics have explored the authors' own lives and education in an effort to elucidate The Communist Manifesto. Others have detected a wide and diverse range of influences on the work, including Romanticism, French materialist philosophy, millenarianism, Darwinism, and gothic melodrama. Rhetorical analyses of the text have been conducted, as have economic, political, cultural, and philosophical readings. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union The Communist Manifesto has increasingly been examined as an historical document, as the product of a particular historical moment. As one of the most important secular documents in human history, however, The Communist Manifesto remains assured of its place in the literary canon, and the philosophy it espouses retains a certain force in contemporary social, economic, and political thought.
Principal Works
"Briefe aus dem Wuppertal" ["Letters from Wuppertal"] (essays) 1839; published in Telegraph für Deutschland
*Schelling und die Offenbarung: Kritik des neuesten Reaktionsversuchs gegen die freie Philosophie (essay) 1842
Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England [The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844] (essay) 1845
*Po und Rhein (essay) 1859
*Savoyen, Nizza und der Rhein (essays) 1860
Essays Addressed to Volunteers (essays) 1861
Der deutsche Bauernkrieg [The Peasant War in Germany] (essay) 1870
†Herr Eugen Dürhings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft: Philosophie; Politische Oekonomie; Sozialismus [Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science; or Anti-Dühring] (essays) 1878
Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft [Socialism, Utopian and Scientific] (essay) 1882
Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats [The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State] (essay) 1884
Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie [Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy] (essay) 1888
‡Revolution and Counter-Revolution (essays) 1896
"Die deutsche Reichsverfassungskampagne" ["The Campaign for a German Constitution"] (essay) 1902
"Grundsätze des Kommunismus" ["Principles of Communism"] (essay) 1932
The Fourteenth of March 1883: Frederick Engels on the Death of Karl Marx (essay) 1933
Dialektik der Natur [Dialectics of Nature] (essay) 1935
Misère de la philosophie: Résponse à la "Philosophie de la misère" de M. Proudhon [The Poverty of Philosophy] (essay) 1847
Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte [The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte] (history) 1852
Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie [A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy] (history) 1859
§Die Klassenkämpfe in Frankreich 1848 bis 1850 [The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850] (essay) 1895
Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte [Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844] (essays) 1932
Karl Marx: Early Writings (essays, histories, and criticism) 1963
Selected Letters: The Personal Correspondence, 1844-1877 (letters) 1981
Die heilige Familie, oder Kritik der kritischen Kritik: Gegen Bruno Bauer und Consorten [The Holy Family; or, Critique of Critical Critique] (essay) 1845
"Die deutsche Ideologie" ["The German Ideology"] (treatise) 1846
Manifest der kommunistischen Partei [Manifesto of the Communist Party] (pamphlet) 1848
Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Ökonomie [Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production.] 3 vols. (essay) 1867-94
Historisch-Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Werke, Schriften, Briefe. 12 vols. (essays, histories, criticism, and letters) 1927-35
*These works were published anonymously.
†The essays in this collection were originally published as a series of articles in the Social Democratic party organ Vorwärts between January 1877 and June 1878.
‡The essays in this collection were originally published as a series of articles under Marx's name in the New York Daily Tribune in 1852.
§This work was written between 1850 and 1859.
Algernon Lee (essay date 1926)
SOURCE: Lee, Algernon. "Essentials of Marx: General Introduction." In The Essentials of Marx, pp. 1-24. New York: Vanguard Press, 1926.
[In the following excerpt, Lee discusses the political climate in Europe at the time Marx and Engels were solidifying their theories on economics and class, and maintains that they were influenced by French materialist philosophers, the German philosopher Hegel, and the British economists. Lee finds that the authors of the Communist Manifesto recognized three burgeoning movements—the struggle for political democracy, the trade union movement, and the appearance of underground revolutionary societies—all of which were filtered into their fluid...
(The entire section is 7762 words.)
Howard Selsam (essay date 1948)
SOURCE: Selsam, Howard. "The Ethics of the Communist Manifesto." In A Centenary of Marxism, edited by Samuel Bernstein and the editors of Science and Society, pp. 22-32. New York: Science and Society, Inc., 1948.
[In the following essay, Selsam examines the ethical basis of The Communist Manifesto and the moral questions it raises. He also explores how the text passes judgment on capitalism, calling for its end, while at the same time eulogizing it as a good system that once worked.]
One hundred years is a nicely rounded period in terms of which to pass judgment on a doctrine or a document, to evaluate or re-evaluate it. How does it stand the...
(The entire section is 5187 words.)
Paul M. Sweezy and Leo Huberman (essay date 1949)
SOURCE: Sweezy, Paul M., and Leo Huberman. "The Communist Manifesto after 100 Years." In The Communist Manifesto. Principles of Communism. "The Communist Manifesto" after 100 Years, edited by Paul M. Sweezy and Leo Huberman, pp. 87-113. New York: Modern Reader Paperbacks, 1968.
[In the following essay, originally published in 1949, Sweezy and Huberman provide an overview of the history of socialism and discuss the Communist Manifesto in terms of historical materialism, class struggle, the nature of capitalism, the inevitability of socialism, and the road to socialism.]
(The entire section is 8585 words.)
Francis B. Randall (essay date 1963)
SOURCE: Randall, Francis B. "Introduction: Marx the Romantic." In The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, translated by Samuel Moore, edited by Joseph Katz, pp. 8-41. New York: Washington Square Press, 1964.
[In the following excerpt, originally written in 1963, Randall explores the Romantic influences on both Marx and The Communist Manifesto, with special focus on Marx's experience and a close reading of the first two chapters of the Manifesto.]
Early in 1848 there were no communist states in the world and no revolutionary governments of any sort. There was no Communist party in our sense and no revolutionary organizations or even trade...
(The entire section is 5717 words.)
Haig A. Bosmajian (essay date 1963-64)
SOURCE: Bosmajian, Haig A. "A Rhetorical Approach to the Communist Manifesto." In Karl Marx: "The Communist Manifesto," edited by Frederic L. Bender, pp. 189-99. New York: Peter Lang, 1988.
[In the following excerpt, originally published in 1963-64, Bosmajian looks at some of Marx's literary influences and provides an analysis of the rhetorical style of the Communist Manifesto.]
Late in February, 1848, an octavo pamphlet of thirty pages published by a German printer in London at 46 Liverpool Street, Bishopsgate, appeared for the first time with a title page which read, in part: "Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei. … Prolertarier aller Länder...
(The entire section is 4807 words.)
Harold J. Laski (essay date 1967)
SOURCE: Laski, Harold J. Introduction to The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, pp. 3-105. New York: Pantheon Books, 1967.
[In the following excerpt, Laski provides brief character studies of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and presents a section-by-section analysis of the Communist Manifesto. The critic acknowledges that the Manifesto is an immensely important document because it pulls from an enormous body of thought and writing to lay out a concise logical whole that goes beyond thought and philosophy to offer a revolutionary plan for the workers of the world.]
The Communist Manifesto was published...
(The entire section is 16417 words.)
S. S. Prawer (essay date 1976)
SOURCE: Prawer, S. S. "World Literature and Class Conflict." In Karl Marx and World Literature, pp. 138-149. London: Oxford University Press, 1976.
[In the following excerpt, Prawer details the literary devices and references present in the Communist Manifesto, while also examining the origins and intentions of the work.]
National one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the numerous national and local literatures there arises a world literature.
(MEW [Werke] IV, 466)
'The combination of scientific...
(The entire section is 4249 words.)
Rondel V. Davidson (essay date 1977)
SOURCE: Davidson, Rondel V. "Reform versus Revolution: Victor Considérant and the Communist Manifesto." In Karl Marx: "The Communist Manifesto," edited by Frederic L. Bender, pp. 93-104. New York: Peter Lang, 1988.
[In the following essay, originally published in 1977, Davidson examines the influence Victor-Prosper Considérant's Manifest de la démocratie pacifique (1843) had on Marx and Engels' philosophy and their subsequent writing of the Communist Manifesto. The critic considers arguments that the Communist Manifesto is a mere translation of Considérant's work, and demonstrates where the two works are similar and where they are fundamentally...
(The entire section is 5420 words.)
Donald Clark Hodges (essay date 1999)
SOURCE: Hodges, Donald Clark. "Conclusion: Assessing the Manifesto." In The Literate Communist: 150 Years of "The Communist Manifesto," pp. 185-98. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
[In the following excerpt, Hodges looks at the Communist Manifesto's literary and religious tradition, and its importance to Russia in the late nineteenth century. He also follows its influence into the twentieth century as it affected the Russian revolution, the rise of Soviet power, and the subsequent fall of the Communist bloc.]
The Manifesto of Marx and Engels begins with the balance sheet of historical evolution at the threshold of the crucial...
(The entire section is 5986 words.)
Aijaz Ahmad (essay date 1999)
SOURCE: Ahmad, Aijaz. "The Communist Manifesto in Its Own Time, And in Ours." In A World to Win: Essays on the "The Communist Manifesto," edited by Prakash Karat, pp. 14-47. New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 1999.
[In the following essay, Ahmad looks at the Communist Manifesto as both Marx's first mature work and a transitional text in the development of his philosophy. The critic also examines the Manifesto's conception of the bourgeoisie and the Marxist perspective on the laws of history.]
It is said that the Bible and the Quran are the only two books that have been printed in more editions and disseminated more widely than The Communist...
(The entire section is 13154 words.)
Irfan Habib (essay date 1999)
SOURCE: Habib, Irfan. "The Reading of History in the Communist Manifesto." In A World to Win: Essays on the "The Communist Manifesto," edited by Prakash Karat, pp. 48-67. New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 1999.
[In the following essay, Habib considers the primary goal of the Communist Manifesto to have been the formulation of a concise text that contextualized history and took thought in a new direction by solidifying and then disseminating the ideas that would lead to revolution. However, the critic explains, the text and its theories evolved with time, and this evolution should be kept in mind by subsequent students of Socialism and The Communist Manifesto.]...
(The entire section is 6465 words.)
Further Reading
Bender, Frederic L. "Historical and Theoretical Backgrounds of the Communist Manifesto." In Karl Marx: "The Communist Manifesto," edited by Frederic L. Bender, pp. 1-39. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988.
Analyzes the historical and theoretical influences on The Communist Manifesto.
Hobsbawm, Eric. Introduction to The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, pp. 1-29. London: Verso, 1998.
Provides an overview of The Communist Manifesto, the events surrounding its creation, and the social and political movements it inspired.
Hodges, Donald...
(The entire section is 419 words.)


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I grew up with this picture:
On Saturday mornings, while my sister was at youth orchestra, my father and I would often have a quick scour round the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. It was the galleries devoted to Victorian painting that I always loved the best and I was lucky because Birmingham had one of the best collections in the world. For me it was magical.
I loved those big necked Rosetti women with their flaming hair and pouty lips, (and possibly thyroid problems.) I loved "Christ in the Carpenter's shop in Nazareth" by Holman Hunt and I loved Ford Maddox Ford's "Work", where the figure of a man dressed in women's clothes slinks down the side of the composition to hide from the police. I loved the "Death of Chatterton", with the chalk -faced poet stretched out on the couch beneath his attic window, looking so beautiful and romantic in death and I loved "The Last of England", with the baby's hand reaching out from under the mother's wraps as the parents look mournfully out, surrounded by cabbages for the long voyage to goodness knows where. A terrible, sad tale indeed, but I never tired of looking at it and wondering.
I realise now these pictures turned me into a storyteller. They are seared in my brain. I can recite their contents like poems learnt off by heart. And those two sisters in grey silk by Egg, one asleep, one with her book – how I wondered who they were and where they were going. Were they sisters? Did they mind being dressed the same? What is she reading? Of what is the other one dreaming? The same questions still throw themselves at me and I long to answer them. Maude and Florence? Lucy and Susan? Mary and Kate? Who are you and what is your story? Do you love the same man? Does your mother favour one of you over the other? Have you enough money to last you through the winter in Rome?
Now I look for the people in the stories I write in Victorian paintings. Sometimes I even find them.
May I introduce to you Felix Carswell, the young hero of The Butchered Man? I found him staring out at me in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. I hope he approves of my biography of him.
The Butchered Man – buy here on Kindle, Smashwords and now in paperback


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Elder Thompson
Elder Nathan Blake Thompson has been called to serve in the Texas Lubbock Mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He will speak in sacrament meeting on Dec. 9 at 9 a.m. at the Eighth North Chapel in Castle Dale. He will enter the...
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Boost your school pride (and your cool factor!) with American made Nocona College Boots. Choose authentic, premium quality western boots made by legendary boot manufacturer, Nocona Boots. These Women's Nocona Boots are officially licensed and designed with the Texas Christian logo to show your alumni support to the world. The Nocona Texas Christian University cowboy boot features a tan Ponteggio leather foot under an 11" matching leather shaft. Official TCU lasered school logo accents. Natural leather piping. Cushion insole offers comfort from the first step. Single stitched 3/4 welt. Easy-wearing low 1 1/2" cowboy boot heel with rubber grip surface. Updated snip toe. Shaft circumference is 14" (based on a size 7B).
Please note, Ponteggio leather may arrive darker than shown. To achieve desired appearance quickly, work the leather in hand.


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Looking good reep! After lookignat those pies I am Glad now I am making pizza this weekend FWF Party Sat. and then the Za Man and Co. sunday ! Plenty of room in the oven right ? how long are you heating up the FGM 1500 short ? Thanks John
Lessons learned: 1) I switched over to semolina flour for the opening of the dough. That worked better and was easy on the marble surface.
3) Trust the oven. I did not respread coals over the oven floor to reheat it this time. I just let the oven sit with the flame and coals on the side the whole time. This seemed to work just fine as I had no uneven cooking issues. I love my oven.
4) I was having problems getting the formed pizza on the peel, so I ended up opening the dough, then placing it on the peel, then topping and loading.


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Is Apple Losing Its Luster? Not by a Long Shot
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- The times, they are a changin'. The great Bob Dylan wrote that, and while the song wasn't about Apple (AAPL) , it's certainly applicable now.
Prior to the last three months of 2012, Apple could seemingly do no wrong. Everyone loved its products, the stock price appreciated at a strong pace with some bumps along the way, and if you took jabs at the company, its stock or its products, you were crucified. That has all changed in recent months, and it may be reflecting a waning interest in the company's products if you believe research firms.
data by YCharts
Shares of Apple have fallen over 20% over the past three months.
Research firm Kantar Worldpanel is out with a note that showed while Apple has over 50% market share in the United States, with 51.2% as of the end of Dec. 23, that's down from 53.3% as of Nov. 25, and perhaps a growing concern that Apple products are growing stale.
Kantar Worldpanel ComTech analyst Mary-Ann Parlato doesn't see it this way, noting that more than 30% of iOS sales came from other smartphones users in the past year. "In particular, 36% of iOS sales were derived from other smartphone users over the last year. While this figure remains stable over time, the proportion of Android users moving towards the Apple brand increases. 19% of iOS sales over the last year were derived from Android users, compared to 9% in 2011," Parlato said in the statement. She attributed this to both strong sales of the iPhone 5, as well as older models attracting customers.
Still, it's important to note that market share slipped nearly more than 2%, with Google's (GOOG) Android operating system seeing an increase, moving from 44.2% to 44.8% market share in the United States. Another gainer was Microsoft's (MSFT) Windows phone, which moved up from 2.2% to 2.6%, though vastly behind both Apple and Google in market share.
Apple is set to report fiscal first-quarter earnings Wednesday after the close of trading. Analysts polled by Thomson Reuters expect Apple to earn $13.43 per share on $54.7 billion in revenue for the holiday quarter.
There have been plenty of questions about demand for Apple products , with seemingly endless reports and market share analysis about demand falling. The proof is not in the pudding though.
Actual results from Verizon (VZ) and AT&T (T) are painting a different picture. During Verizon's fourth-quarter earnings call, the company noted 6.2 million iPhones were activated during the quarter, with half of them being the iPhone 5 version. Last week, AT&T said it activated 10.2 million smartphones, and while it didn't break out iPhone numbers many expect it to be in the 80% range. AT&T reports earnings later this week.


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Access to Smokies Streams through Cherokee Reservation
Does anyone know if there is a problem accessing streams in the Smokies through the Cherokee Indian reservation? There are several streams that I would like to try, but the best access is through the reservation. To compound the problem, fishing in all of these streams seem to be restricted to Members of the Cherokee tribe on the reservation.
Would there be a problem hiking upstream even if I wasn't fishing? I thought about buying a permit just to act in good faith even though I was not going to fish Enterprise Waters.
MBB--Interesting problem and one I have pondered a bit. You don't mention which streams you have in mind but the most obvious ones are the Park portions of Bunches Creek and Raven Fork. Since I never fish the Reservation waters I'm not sure if the "open to the public with permits" fishing on either goes all the way to the Park line, but a look at the free map Tribal fisheries provides would tell you. There are some streams on the Reservation set aside solely for tribal members, and I tend to think that Raven Fork at the point where it adjoins the Park is one of them. I know that is the case with Straight Fork from its juncture with Raven Fork to the Park line.
You might want to try to talk to Robert Blankenship or the fellow who heads the Tribal Fisheries program (can't recall his name off the top of my head) and see what they say. Frankly, I'd also worry a bit about leaving a vehicle in the two places I mention above.
Finally, if you do figure out a way to get into Raven Fork at the Park boundary, be aware of the fact that you are entering really remote and rugged country. You will be in "The Gorges" in fairly short order, and there is no place anywhere in the Park which is tougher going. I definitely wouldn't advise doing it by yourself, and unless you are reasonably fit and a lot more "catty" than this 68-year-old, don't do it at all. There are places--lots of them--where the only real way to progress upstream is to swim. The banks on either side are that steep and some of the pools are over your head.
Hope this helps a bit, and if you pursue it, I'd love to know what you learn. There is, I might add, another way into Bunches Creek (although the way back out isn't exactly easy).
Jim Casada
You will most likely have problems
Thanks for the information guys. The primary stream is Bunches, though I am also interested in Stillwell Creek. I have heard before that going up through Raven Fork gorge was unadvisable so that wasn't in my plans.
Jim, do you know another way to Bunches other than the upper trail that takes you to Flat Creek? I have heard there is a way from the Masonic monument, but never tried to see if there was a manway there or not. I will thank you ahead of time for your help.
MBB--The route you mention is the one I had in mind. As for the alternative one you mention (not known to me), my suggestion would be to wait until late fall (after the leaves are down) and maybe try a bushwhacking expedition if you are good with a GPS and comfortable in such approaches. I'll try to ask my brother, Don, who has hiked every maintained trail in the Park and a lot which aren't maintained, about this. He may have some thoughts, and if so, I'll post them.
Jim Casada
P. S. Your decision on Raven Fork is an eminently sensible one.
MBB--As I suspected would be the case, my brother was able to give me detailed thoughts on accessing upper Bunches Creek. It's a fairly long e-mail and I can't figure out how to cut-and-paste it here. If you will e-mail me directly (firstname.lastname@example.com) I'll forward it to you. No doubt you'll be able to figure out the technical details of posting it. I'm marginally literate (at best) when it comes to computers.
Jim Casada
Jim, came across your post reference your brothers email on Bunches Creek. Ronnie Parris and I are planning to do this trip and camp for waters not fished. Would you be kind enough to provide the email and any guidance for this trip.
Heading Bryson way this weekend to get 10 doz. Royal Stimulators that have just been tied for this years fishing by a local friend that Ronnie played H.S. Football with
Breck--I'm not clear whether you want my e-mail, that of my brother, Don, or that for Ronnie Parris. Just let me know (my e-mail is email@example.com) and I'll try to help out.
Who is the fly tier?
Jim Casada
There are three local tiers in Bryson City who sell flies. James Conner, Richard Bowers, and Robert Shuler. The fly tier is probably Richard Bowers. He just lives a bit farther up the road from Ronnie, and I think they are about the same age. I see Richard most days, he still ties some of the best Smokies patterns I've seen. James still ties every day, and Robert stopped a couple years back because of his arthritis. I don't sell any that I tie. It takes the fun out of it for me.
Getting into Raven Fork can be done a couple ways. The guys who kayak the gorge section have made freinds with the Cherokee man who owns the land on the lower end you have to cross to get access to the stream. I don't remember his name right off. He's a pretty decent guy, and is in one of the new kayaking films produced this past year. If you go to Boater Talk, and American Whitewater, you maybe able to get some "beta" on raven Fork and contact info for the land owner there. Most folks start on Straight Fork below Round Bottom and cross the ridge to Raven. Its a nice little hike.
Before you guys go, and I know Ronnie ia aware of this, but watch the weather closely. If we get rain, the gorges get nasty very fast. More flash floods happen there than any other area. Many of the old timers here call that area "the water bowls", and the stories of flooding and drownings are many, eerie, and probably true. I've witnessed first hand three of these floods in as many years. I would hate to be in the gorges if it happened as it would be fatal.
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