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Jacobean Drama
Jacobean Drama
The ascension of James I to the English throne in 1603 marked an era of social and philosophical transition that was reflected in the increasingly dark and ambiguous drama of the period. While a Christian humanist conception of the universe prevailed during the Elizabethan age, the scientific movement of the seventeenth century cast doubt upon earlier views of the cosmos as a highly moral environment governed by God. Astronomical discoveries, for example, along with the publication of Sir Francis Bacon's The Advancement of Learning in 1605, contributed to a new analytical mode of thinking that marked the separation of philosophical and artistic thought from the realm of religion and morality.
The transition between the Elizabethan and Jacobean ages was reflected in drama in varying degrees. With the exception of such late tragedies as Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, Shakespeare, for example, is generally associated with the Elizabethan sensibility. Most of his works display a sense of providential justice; a sense that the ravages of evil will ultimately be overcome by an inevitable movement of the cosmos toward moral harmony. The works of several of Shakespeare's noted Jacobean contemporaries including Webster and Middleton, however, depart from the Elizabethan sense of moral order through depictions of corruption and violence that do not suggest divine retribution and the ultimate triumph of good. Critics do not consider Jacobean drama to be amoral, however: many of the tragedies seek to affirm human dignity and honor in the face of suffering and injustice. Irving Ribner described Jacobean tragedy as the search "to find a basis for morality in a world in which the traditional bases no longer seem to have validity."
While extensive critical commentary has focused on the tragedies of the Jacobean period, by far the most popular and frequently performed dramas of the era were the tragicomedies of Beaumont and Fletcher. Although lauded in the seventeenth century, nineteenthand twentieth-century critics have frequently criticized the Fletcherian tragicomedies for sensationalism, contrived plots, and the use of merely entertaining dramatic devices at the expense of integrity and meaning. Some have blamed the growth of private theaters during the seventeenth century and the resulting rise of special interests among audiences for the perceived emphasis on escapist entertainment over meaningful artistic commentary. Others, such as Jacqueline Pearson, have defended the artistic significance and dramatic skill of the tragicomedies. Pearson comments: "Behind the clear-cut structure of sharp contrasts, surprise and suspense, lurks a teasing double-vision, a critical ability to see events simultaneously in very different ways." Also popular during the Jacobean period were masques, which became highly fashionable in the court of King James. Predominantly written by the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson, the Jacobean masques are noted for lavish set designs and musical scores provided by the major artists and musicians of the period. The focus of the performances was most often the glorification of nobility and right rule, presented in the context of an allegorical, mythological framework. Pat Rogers commented: "The masque can be seen as conspicuous consumption, a sign of decadence, or as the apotheosis of the arts."
Representative Works
Beaumont, Francis, and Fletcher, John
The Woman Hater c.1606
Love's Cure, or The Martial Maid c.1607
Philaster, or Love Lies a-Bleeding c.1609
The Coxcomb c.1609
The Captain c.1611
Cupid's Revenge c.1611
A King and No King c.1611
The Maid's Tragedy c.1611
The Scornful Lady c. 1615
Thierry and Theodoret [with Philip Massinger] c.1615
Beggars' Bush [with Massinger] c.1615
Love's Pilgrimage c.1616
Chapman, George
Bussy d'Ambois 1604
Eastward Ho [with Ben Jonson and John Marston] 1604-05
The Widow's Tears 1604-05
The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron 1607-08
The Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois 1610-11
The Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of France 1613
Dekker, Thomas
The Honest Whore [with Thomas Middleton] 1604
Westward Ho [with John Webster] 1604
Northward Ho [with Webster] 1605
The Whore of Babylon 1605-06
The Roaring Girl, or Moll Cutpurse 1611
If This Be Not a Good Play, the Devil Is in It 1611
The Virgin Martir, A Tragedie [with Philip Massinger] 1620
The Witch of Edmonton [with William Rowley and John Ford] 1621
*Ford, John
The Broken Heart 1633
Love's Sacrifice 1633
'Tis Pity She's a Whore...
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The Jacobean Worldview: An Era Of Transition
Una Ellis-Fermor
SOURCE: "The Jacobean Drama," in The Jacobean Drama: An Interpretation, revised edition, Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1958, pp. 1-27.
[In the following chapter from her frequently cited critical study of Jacobean drama, originally published in 1936, Ellis-Fermor emphasizes the "sense of defeat" that characterized drama of the Jacobean period in contrast with the "vitality" of the Elizabethan era. She notes the increasingly unresolved treatment of evil and the sense of a decaying civilization that characterized the era and asserts that Jacobean drama anticipated a changing collective worldview in its separation of poetry, philosophy and science from the realm of religion.]
The mood of the drama from the early Elizabethan to the late Jacobean period appears to pass through three phases, each reflecting with some precision the characteristic thought, preoccupation or attitude to the problems of man's being of the period to which it belongs. That of the Elizabethan age proper, the drama of Greene, Kyd, Peele, Marlowe and the early work of Shakespeare, is characterized by its faith in vitality, its worship of the glorious processes of life, an expansion and elation of mind which corresponds directly to the upward movement of a prosperous and expanding society. This robust gusto appears directly in the comedies of Shakespeare and only less directly in Romeo and Juliet, instinct with the sense of the nobleness of life; it is there in the vigour of the Spanish Tragedy no less than in the tenderness of Greene or Peele's tremulous response to loveliness. But already within this age another movement sets in, paradoxically, it might seem, were it not that one age always overlaps another and thought is for ever anticipated in germ. Marlowe, the leader of the earlier age in tragic thought, already points it towards the sense of defeat that was so marked a characteristic of the Jacobeans. For all his strength, for all the desperate valour of his aspiration, the final position of each play in turn is an intimate defeat of aspiration itself. This runs through a protean series of forms, as might be supposed of an Elizabethan thinker, to culminate in the quiescence of Edward II. Marlowe's keen spiritual sense sees through the delusion of prosperity that intoxicates his contemporaries as a whole and anticipates that mood of spiritual despair which is its necessary result and becomes the centre of the later tragic mood. And this position is reached by Marlowe through one section of his experience which is, in its turn, an epitome of the experience that touched a large number of the Jacobean dramatists after him, his exploration of the system of Machiavelli.
The impact of this system came obliquely to the Elizabethans, through the preposterous stage figure of the pseudo-Machiavellian villain, which presented truly neither Machiavelli's individual precepts nor the balance of his thought as a whole. Yet, because of the perversions suffered by his thought in transmission, what was received by the Elizabethan drama brought with it not only the withering breath of matter-of-fact materialism proper to his method, but a more bitterly cynical individualism than he had ever implied. This, touching some of the playwrights immediately (while others it almost missed), spread gradually over the habit of tragic thought, reinforced by the tradition of Marlowe's study of spiritual defeat.
It was reinforced still more effectively after the turn of the century by the apprehensions and the disillusionment that spread through political and social life with the death of Elizabeth, the accession of James, the influence of his court and the instability of the first years of his reign. This mood, culminating as it did in and about the year 1605, took the form for public and private men alike of a sense of impending fate, of a state of affairs so unstable that great or sustained effort was suspended for a time and a sense of the futility of man's achievement set in. One immediate corollary of this is a preoccupation with death where the Elizabethan had been in love with life. Even when the actual threat was removed, those who survived found the great age gone and themselves the inheritors of poverty of spirit.
These things then were the heritage of the Jacobean drama on the threshold of its growth: spiritual uncertainty springing in part from the spreading of Machiavellian materialism emphasized by Marlowe's tragic thought and in still greater degree from the cause which has reproduced it to-day for us, fear of the impending destruction of a great civilization. The greatest plays of the years 1600-12 form a group reflecting this mood in one form or another: Troilus and Cressida, Hamlet, The Malcontent, All's Well that Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Volpone, Lear, Macbeth, Timon of Athens, The Revenger's Tragedy, The Tragedy of Byron, The Alchemist, The Atheist's Tragedy, The Chaste Maid in Cheapside, The White Devil. Through all these runs, besides the sense of spiritual emptiness or fear, a growing tendency to hold more closely to the evidence of the senses and of practical experience, to limit knowledge to a non-spiritual world of man and his relations with man. Comedy thus, with Marston, Ben Jonson, Middleton, Chapman, becomes increasingly immediate and concentrated upon the manners, habits and morals of man as a primarily social, non-poetic and non-spiritual animal. Tragi-comedy with Beaumont, Fletcher and Massinger escapes into romance. Most significant of all, tragedy, the form of drama responsible for interpreting to man the conditions of his own being, becomes satanic, revealing a world-order of evil power or, if it attempt excursions beyond man's immediate experience, bewildered and confused. This, passing through the work indicated above, finds its fullest expression in the unremitting satanism of Tourneur and, belatedly, in the scientific detachment of Middleton.
After the spiritual nadir of the middle years of the period a slow return to equilibrium sets in. The great age has gone, but so has the age of brooding, Senecan apprehension. 'O nos dura sorte creatos', that phrase which epitomizes (for the early Jacobeans, as for Seneca or for us) the inexplicable fate of a generation born for destruction, is no longer the instinctive expression of their perplexity. Satanism and a revived Senecanism go hand in hand for a time, but gradually they give place to a mood that is sometimes serenity, sometimes indifference, but, in either case, that of an age that has ceased to live in touch with catastrophe. The resolution is complete in Shakespeare's latest plays, it breaks through imperfectly in incidental touches in the Duchess of Malfi, more strongly in the later plays of the Middleton-Rowley group, and is supreme in Ford. 'Look you, the stars shine still.' They do, indeed; but the whole gamut of tragic experience lies between Greene or Peele at the beginning and Ford at the end of the period, like as their moods and cadences sometimes are, and the severity, the increasingly undramatic continence which is the most marked feature of Ford's development, shows that a phase is closing, that he is the last spokesman of a dramatic period that, from the first plays of the early Elizabethans to his latest work, had been one continuous sequence in three clearly defined movements. It is with the last two of these that this study is primarily concerned, but something must be said first of the earlier, from which the later originated.
The double life of the age, the outer life of event and action and the inner of reflection and thought, stored in the drama, finding a high imaginative interpretation in theme, in commentary and, perhaps most fruitfully, in incidental and revealing imagery, is markedly different in the first two phases of the period, the Elizabethan proper and the early Jacobean. The notable changes that came with the turn of the century and the last years of Elizabeth form, in poetry as in social and political life, a division between the world of the 'nineties now past and the age we call Jacobean, setting in before the actual accession of James. In drama especially, the second grew out of the first, was in fact so directly fathered by it that the relationship between them forms the most fitting introduction to the later growth.
In the earlier drama, the Elizabethan, the qualities most marked are clarity and exhilaration, the material chosen the tumultuous event of war and conquest or the romance of fairy tale, myth or love. It reflects, as great poetic drama must, rather the desires of its audience than their normal lives, gathering together the moments of heightened experience in which they have lived most swiftly rather than the normal alternating of rapid event and inertia. The imperishable instinct for horrors that chill the blood and raise the hair is satisfied simply, lustily, childishly (almost, in the case of Kyd, gaily), with a gusto as healthy as high winds in spring; The Spanish Tragedy, The Battle of Alcazar, Titus Andronicus, The Massacre at Paris, The Jew of Malta, even Arden of Feversham and The Yorkshire Tragedy, do not so much represent the average effect of Elizabethan daily life as reveal a hearty, credulous love of straightforward bloodshed, murder and mutilation uncontaminated by sophisticated skill of setting. Equally robust and rude is the new patriotism, the sudden realization of nationalism which runs a whole gamut,
from jingoism in Peele's Edward I through Gaunt and his compeers to the gravity of Henry V, the bright exhilaration of the last scene of the Arraignment of Paris or the chivalry of Greene. The average man's eager preoccupation with politics foreign and domestic finds its account in a whole world of historical plays, Shakespeare's, Greene's, Marlowe's, Peele's and a host of chronicles given over wholly or in part to the exploration of problems of government of the nature of king-ship, the king-becoming virtues, the evolution of the common Elizabethan's idea of a state. And beside this vivid mirroring of event are the plays of fantasy and romance, the delicate myths of Lyly, the diaphanous joy and humour of Peele's Arraignment and Old Wives' Tale, the straightforward tenderness of Greene's romantic scenes, their descendants in the early romantic plays of Shakespeare. Scattered throughout this drama are reflections of speculative thought carried out in the same mood of bold exploration, more amply revealed in the prose and metaphysical verse, but never with more depth of implication than in Tamburlaine and Faustus. All this, most noticeably, is not a literature of escape from, but a road to life; a way into reality by
imaginative experience strictly related to, though no mere reproduction of, the experience of every day. Above all it is a literature of radiant comedy and of tragedy (and it produced very little genuine tragedy outside Faustus and Romeo and Juliet) still breathless from its first contemplation of the magnitude of fate.
But already Marlowe's decisive genius had made a significant modification in the field of experience to be drawn on by the drama, had defined the underlying mood that was to be a main factor in the development of English tragedy and in so doing had delimited indirectly the mood and field of its comedy. The full effect of his emphatic decision does not show itself immediately and might indeed never have done so had not much else in the fortunes and experience of the Jacobean age been propitious, but, coming when he does, the first explorer of tragic thought in English drama, he imposes something of his interpretation, contributes at least to the force and direction of its progress. For in Marlowe we find, earlier than in any of his contemporaries, the significant schism between the ideal or spiritual world and the world pragmatically estimated by everyday observation, which seems, in one form or another, to be an essential part of any tragic conception of the universe. The cleavage is anticipated in Tamburlaine and presented in its full operation in Faustus, where the possibility of reconciling the course of man's life with the aspiration of his spiritual instincts is rejected. 'Belike we must sin and so consequently die. Aye, we must die an everlasting death.' The separation between the two worlds is complete and the total of man's experience for him is thereafter no true universe but a battleground, a dual presentation of mutually contradictory experiences. Rejecting, then, the medieval Church's conclusion upon this conflict, Marlowe, a true pragmatic Elizabethan in this, accepts the immediate and actual world as real and arrives, through the series of historical plays, at some kind of synthetic interpretation of the half he has chosen to retain. But the invisible world he has rejected troubles him, though the Church's anathemas do not, and nearly to the end a note of defiance betrays his insecurity: 'Of this am I assured, that death ends all.' He is not assured, and, what is more important, he transmits to the succeeding dramatic tradition a limited interpretation, a deliberately truncated universe, a world that is self-contained in its actualism, seeking its synthesis and its elucidation within its own bounds, rejecting that wider universe of the soul of which the writers outside the drama still for a while remain free.
Marlowe in this is less an innovator than a thinker coming at the climax of a movement, defining what has long been implicit and, in so defining, giving to it a fresh direction, a modified or intensified significance. The beginnings of this movement may be traced in the separation of drama from the medieval Church and the slow process of secularization has occupied some three hundred years. But because of this act of separation, in spite of the retention of doctrinal and traditional themes, the drama seems to have grown beneath the surface during that interval into the least ecclesiastical—if not an anti-ecclesiastical—art. It was at the hands of Marlowe that the Church finally lost the drama but his attitude of religious atheism would not have been enough alone to separate the world of the drama from the complete universe still contemplated by many of his contemporaries if it had not been for the part played by Church and drama in their mutual misinterpretations of each other and of that universal whole.
For, partly through the accident of Marlowe's leadership, but partly also through conscious or unconscious anti-ecclesiasticism, the dramatists arrive earlier than the body of their contemporaries at a uniform rejection of the element of religion which habitually plays so large a part in the evolution of drama and so small a part in its full development. For outside the drama we can still meet in Marlowe's contemporaries of the late sixteenth century either a simple piety or a philosophic interpretation capable of beholding the apparent conflict as two aspects of a single world, capable of dwelling in this single world, this true universe where the seen is only an image of the unseen, of passing easily and without anxiety from contemplation of one aspect to that of the other. Whether in Sidney's sonnets, in Nashe's verses on the plague, in the description of the death of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in Hooker's survey of the nature of Law, in Bacon's pseudo-Aristotelian interpretation of First and Second Causes, there is, in all these, no doubt as to the relations of the spiritual world and the world of observed fact, nor as to the validity of man's judgment in supposing the seen to be the image and instrument of the unseen.
This still characteristic attitude, this unrestricted citizenship in two worlds simultaneously, this power of transfusing the world of affairs suddenly with irradiation from a spiritual universe at once circumambient and interpenetrating, this rhythm of which Marlowe's hard, clear thought had helped to denude the drama, is never better seen than in the man who seems himself an epitome of his age, Sir Walter Ralegh. In him is laid bare more clearly than perhaps in any other one man the process by which the best of both these worlds is achieved. In his letters and the records of his life we find an explorer associated with every major expedition of the last fifteen years of Elizabeth's reign, a leader of great practical acumen and an almost matchless power of controlling men, a soldier of some distinction and an able captain; a courtier and adventurer who had made his way by studying the whims of the Queen and made himself hated by forcing others in turn to study his; a statesman who achieved eminence, in Ireland if not in England; an historian and chronicler second to none in his age; a scientist among the first and no mean mathematician; a bold, adventurous man whose instinct for intrigue was only checked by his impatience of the processes of intriguing; a worldling—but such a one as reminds us there are worse things than a good worldling. And out of this medley of intrigue and adventure, extravagance and violence, comes a voice of grave assurance:
Blood must be my bodies balmer,
No other balme will there be given
Whilst my soule like a white Palmer
Travels to the land of heaven.
Nor is this a paradox. Ralegh, bred up as so many of his generation to 'hold the world but as the world', pursued it whole-heartedly in the half-conscious assurance that the other was at hand the moment he chose to withdraw into it. It was indeed about them on every side, and though they did not necessarily mingle the two, they did not forget which claimed precedence. Indeed, the mind of Ralegh (and of not a few contemporaries of like habit) has a double motion like the planets of Faustus's system, and while the daily revolution is concerned only with worldly business, the primum mobile is ever exerting, unseen, the quiet and irresistible pressure of its heavenly sway.
Such things as these are not the momentary indications of a passing mood, but rather the decantation of his thought, clear, simple and quintessential, so closely related to the sum of precedent experience as to be alone capable of completing and containing it. This apparent paradox—in truth the simplest of conditions—is the characteristic approach to life of Ralegh and of many of his contemporaries.
It is, then, this unity, whether in terms of Bacon's immense lucidity or Hooker's, or of Ralegh's snipe-like flight, threading from world to world, it is this acceptance of both the outer and the inner world, the seen and the unseen, the evidence of observed fact and the intuition of a spiritual universe, which Marlowe rejects and the drama after him is for a time powerless to recover, though here and there an individual such as Dekker makes a faint attempt. The denial of dogmatic theology gives a momentary freedom to the range of thought, a sudden and immense increase of stature and dignity to the figure of man who thus becomes the significant deity, at once priest and victim, of his own universe. For a time with Marlowe himself the stirring of this freedom, like a dark wind of thought, moves him to an exultation higher than the contemplations of his contemporaries whether in poetry or in drama. But even in him the mood dies down and the gigantic figure of Faustus, archtype of man's defiance in defeat, shrinks in Mortimer 'to a little point, A kind of nothing'.
The sinking of the clear exaltation of Elizabethan dramatic poetry into the sophisticated, satirical, conflicting mood, deeply divided, of the Jacobean drama has many concurrent causes other than Marlowe's rejection, after Faustus, of that 'wonder which is broken knowledge'. There were far-reaching political and social changes consequent upon the death of Elizabeth and the changing of the dynasty and these were felt by anticipation some years before that death actually happened. The apprehension, regret and disillusionment inevitable to the conscious passing of a long period of high civilization were not in this case unfounded, and those who had known the great age, even those who had only grown to manhood during its latest years, were touched by them, often (like the generation that succeeded the Great War) without being able to define their loss in what had passed. Moreover, the literature, and especially the drama, had reached a stage of its development in which some transition from wonder and discovery to assessment and criticism was inevitable; this would have happened had Elizabeth been immortal. As it was, the phase, within the drama itself, of testing and questioning the findings and methods of the earlier age coincided with a period of disillusionment and apprehension in the world from which that drama drew its themes and this, combined with the still living tradition of Marlowe's thought, set up a mood which resembles on one side that of English poetry in the second and third decades of the twentieth century and on another that of Seneca and his public in the first.
This was especially emphasized in the dramatic tradition by a factor which, though partly accidental, is of overwhelming importance, the impact upon the poetic universe of the Elizabethans of the thought of Machiavelli. Nothing could have been more alien to Elizabethan dramatic poetry, as it appears in the early work of Marlowe, Peele, Greene and Shakespeare, than Machiavelli's cold, scientific appraisal of the poverty of man's spirit. Although, in their utter inability to grasp the essentials of his system, they at first twisted his thought into some likeness to their own healthy love of melodramatic villainy, enough of his clear, withering honesty survives the perversion to drive the drama with irresistible force towards the acceptance of a materialist universe. For (and it is there that one accidental element occurs) through Gentillet's perversion of the system in the Contre-Machiavel, a figure so suitable for drama was evolved from Machiavelli's essentially undramatic philosophy that the Machiavellian villain became one of the most popular stage figures for twenty years and nearly every tragic dramatist from Marlowe to Webster adds his share. Again it is Marlowe who is responsible for the acclimatizing of Machiavellianism in England, and so again it is in Marlowe's own career that the trend of the later drama is anticipated. While the Machiavellian villain appealed to Kyd and to many of his public only as a theatrical figure apt for promiscuous villainy (which would have had relatively little lasting effect), Marlowe was concerned with the real system that lay behind this farrago of preposterous melodrama, came to a limited understanding of Machiavelli himself and so transmitted to his successors the results of his exploration of a materialist and approximately satanic interpretation of life. His own discovery of Machiavelli came hard upon the heels of the negative conclusions of Faustus and confirmed in him the rejection of the spiritual universe by offering him a systematic, logical, self-contained and severe interpretation of the world of facts which might else have been left disparate and inconclusive. The ardour of Marlowe's early Machiavellianism in the Jew of Malta and the Massacre at Paris is only matched by the pressure it exerted upon the subsequent tradition.
For Machiavelli, although easily misrepresented, was no mean force. One of the greatest, in some ways the most independent of assessors of human values, deeply civilized, trained to the highest point of sagacity and scientific precision, honest as few men are honest, Machiavelli offered to the mind that could grasp him with any completeness a compact, unshakeable interpretation of civilization based frankly upon the assumption of weakness, ingratitude and ill-will as essential elements of human character and society, upon the acceptance of religion only as the means of making a people docile to their governors, upon the open admission of cruelty, parsimony and betrayal of faith as necessary (if...
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Morality And Jacobean Drama
Peter F. Mullany
SOURCE: An Introduction to Jacobean Drama Studies: Religion and the Artifice of Jacobean and Caroline Drama, edited by Dr. James Hogg, Institut für Englische Sprache und Literatur, Universität Salzburg, 1977, pp. 1-28.
[In the following essay, Mullany discusses what he perceives as the increasing artificiality, sensationalism, and dissociation from reality that characterized drama of the Jacobean period.]
Religion is a perennial concern of literature and appears in a variety of uses. Not infrequently we find it used for sentimental effects in the saccharine entertainments produced for television and movies. In the popular...
(The entire section is 7156 words.)
Jacobean Tragedy
Robert Ornstein
SOURCE: "Tragedy and the Age," in The Moral Vision of Jacobean Tragedy, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1960, pp. 1-46.
[In the following excerpt, Ornstein focuses on the problem of critical interpretation associated with the "hectic portraits of vice and depravity " that characterize Jacobean tragedies. He emphasizes the gradual transition between the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, stressing the uncertainty associated with a changing epistemology.]
We applaud the Jacobean tragedians but we do not always approve of them. Their poetry seems at times superior to their principles and their sense of the theater more highly...
(The entire section is 1155 words.)
The Jacobean Masque
Graham Parry
SOURCE: "The Politics of the Jacobean Masque," in Theatre and Government Under the Early Stuarts, edited by J.R. Mulryne and Margaret Shewring, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 87-117.
[In the following essay, Parry describes the political purpose and theatrical techniques of Jacobean masques, focusing on the works of Samuel Daniel and Ben Jonson.]
(The entire section is 12318 words.)
Further Reading
Bluestone, Max, and Rabkin, Norman, eds. Shakespeare's Contemporaries: Modern Studies in English Renaissance Drama. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1970, 411 p.
Presents selected essays focusing on important Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists.
Braunmuller, A. R., and Bulman, J. C, eds. Comedy from Shakespeare to Sheridan: Change and Continuity in the English and European Dramatic Tradition. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1986, 290 p.
Offers an overview of the comic tradition and comic form. Includes essays on Stuart and Caroline comedy, discussing the works of Jonson,...
(The entire section is 610 words.)


text:
No excuse for tax form delay
The IRS says that due to all of the changes and the uncertainty of the "fiscal cliff" deal, there will be a delay in getting the 2012 forms out.
Why? Nothing that happened with the fiscal cliff farce has any bearing on 2012. Nothing.
The IRS forms were going to be the same forms back in November as they are today. Nothing changed. Everything they were fighting over was for 2013.
I guess the government is counting on all of us being L.I.V. That stands for low information voters. You know, the ones who have no idea what the heck is going on.
Tom Grant

subset: commoncrawl


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From Angola and Cameroon, to Liberia and Zambia, women participating in AWEP are making a difference, breaking down barriers, building partnerships, and expanding the benefits of trade. Several participants are focused on establishing businesses to benefit local farmers and expanding opportunities for agro-production. Others are working with rural businesses to teach aspiring entrepreneurs the ins and outs of exporting and international trade and financial literacy. Some have secured trade deals with U.S. companies, and others like AWEP 2010 alumna Mariama Sesay of Sierra Leone founded the Comprehensive Women's Organization (CWO) which aims to support women's empowerment in the agricultural sector in a country where women make up 67 percent of the agricultural labor force.
Some key success stories of note include women like Caroline Kendem of Cameroon who has developed an innovative business incubation idea that aims to establish a multi-production line facility. Securing a government-subsidized factory with 400 production lines, Ms. Kendem will house 10 SME's or entrepreneurs, allotting 40 production lines each. With production costs and overhead covered for two years, the entrepreneurs will have the chance grow their businesses, increase their production capacity and seek local and international trade deals. At the end of the two years, these 10 entrepreneurs will take their increased businesses capacity and continue to grow while 10 new entrepreneurs are brought in, ensuring sustainability.
The caliber of African women entrepreneurs emerging through AWEP clearly demonstrates that when women are empowered with the right combination of skills and resources, they can become an invaluable force multiplier in the field of business, creating jobs, contributing to trade, and generating wealth not just for themselves, but for their families and communities. It is heartening to see the determination, commitment and innovation of the AWEP participants. I am truly inspired by some of the progress we are seeing in some of our initiatives to spur women's entrepreneurship and innovation. Under the AWEP initiative, our sisters in Africa are breaking new ground in business, partnerships and prosperity. Supporting their progress is not just the right thing to do; it is the smart thing to do.
You can view videos of some of the women describing their participation in the 2011 African Women's Entrepreneurship Program below.
Ms. Nadir Luzianne Casimiro Tati Nuhrmann, Fashion Designer and Owner of Nadir Tati, from Angola
Ms. Isha Fofana, Founder/CEO of Mama Africa Women's Museum and Art Center, from Gambia
Ms. Priscilla Impraim, Chief Executive Officer at AB OVO Confectionery Limited, from Ghana
Ms. Joyce William Mbwete, Owner/Managing Director of Foot Loose Tanzania Limited, from Tanzania
Related Entry: Secretary Clinton Honors Participants in the Africa Women's Entrepreneurship Program
Adri D. in Indonesia writes:
Thanks guys That really means so much
God Bleeess
NIvedita N. in Mauritius writes:
AWEP has been a lifetime experience and a very powerful tool provided to us(women in Africa), a big Thank you to Melanne Verveer and all tha staff from the Department of State and Specially the Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. We met so many powerful and genuine Women and we learnt so much from them! Long live AWEP!


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Monday, 28 Jan 2013
Coleridge Design to Bring BMR Speaker Technology to the Masses via Kickstarter
Coleridge Design Associates introduces their new aCUBE BMR crystal speakers on Kickstarter with the hopes of brining BMR speaker technology to the masses.
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Embracing the Mathematics Clinics at CGU and at the highly regarded undergraduate Claremont Colleges, the Claremont Mathematics Clinic has proven to be an effective "two-way street" between applied mathematicians at the colleges and scientists and mathematicians in industry or government laboratories in need of amplified mathematical experience.
In the 170-plus year-long projects that have been completed by Clinic teams over the last two decades, students and faculty have gained an opportunity to apply their mathematical skills to an impressive variety of real-world, current problems. Client scientists and engineers who propose projects benefit from useful, relevant solutions. Recent projects led to two patents and a computational model that outperforms the current industry standard.
Clinic teams address problems of sufficient magnitude and complexity that their analysis, solution and exposition require substantial effort over the course of an academic year or full-time involvement over a summer. If problems require expertise from disciplines other than mathematics--such as engineering, physics or economics--advanced undergraduate or graduate students from these disciplines may join the Clinic team. The CGU Mathematics Clinic works closely with its counterparts at the Claremont Colleges, with clinic teams often combining graduate students and advanced undergraduates.
The creative resources of the Mathematics Clinic often far exceed those normally available even to a fairly large organization.
The Claremont Colleges' mathematics programs stress creative thinking. This means that students and faculty members are exceptionally well equipped to address problems. Many faculty members have considerable background in industry.
The Clinic includes specialists actively engaged in research in nearly all phases of applied mathematics, with established reputations in areas such as mathematical modeling of physical and economic systems; differential and integral equations; numerical analysis; Monte Carlo methods; operations research; scheduling; mathematical programming and optimization; probability theory; applied statistics; and computer science.
Recognizing the value of the Mathematics Clinic, the National Science Foundation has provided two major grants: one to develop the Clinic, and the other to bring new mathematicians to Claremont. To date, 52 post-doctoral mathematicians have participated in and benefited from the Clinic experience.
Students receive credit for their work in the Mathematics Clinic.
Gate to Base Capacitance Modeling for Nano-scale MOSFETs (pdf)
USC Information Sciences Institute -- 2007
There have been more than 250 projects conducted by the Mathematics Clinic over the last 30 years.
The areas of expertise of The Claremont Colleges faculty members who participate in the Mathematics Clinic cover an impressive range of mathematical applications. In addition to those faculty members listed below, more than 50 post-doctoral mathematicians from such institutions as Purdue University, Indiana University, The University of Guelph (Canada) and Trinity College (Ireland) have served as Mathematics Clinic advisors during year-long visits to Claremont
© 2017 Claremont Graduate University • 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA 91711 • (909) 621-8000 • Campus Safety • Emergency Info • Campus Map/Driving Directions


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Grants Pass Man Arrested For Attempted Murder
Grants Pass police have arrested an 18-year old transient and charged him with attempted murder in the September 10 shooting of 45-year Donald Perrin. The shooting allegedly occurred after an argument broke out between the two men.
Anthony Gilbert Rodriguez also faces a variety of gun charge. Authorities found Rodriguez at a Highland Avenue residence where he was staying. Precautions were taken as the residence was near a school, and the immediate surrounding area was blocked off to traffic. After police announced their presence, the suspect came out of the residence and surrendered.
21-year old Karly Wright was also found with one other person at the home. She was taken into custody on drug charges.


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This event occurs daily, every weekday.
Now Open Mon-Thurs, Through September 20, 9am – 3pm
Our team of Certified UCONN Master Gardeners will answer your plant questions regarding Garden Plants and Problems, Trees and Shrubs, Deer Resistant Plants, Shade and Sun, Soil Analysis, Garden Pests and Disease, Container Plants and House Plants.
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LINGUIST List 19.257
Mon Jan 21 2008
Jobs: Modified: Eng & Text/Corpus Linguistics: Linguist, SkyGrid, Inc
Editor for this issue: Catherine Adams <catherin
The LINGUIST List strongly encourages employers to use non-discriminatory standards in hiring policy. In particular we urge that employers do not discriminate on the grounds of race, ethnicity, nationality, age, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. However, we have no means of enforcing these standards.
Job seekers should pay special attention to language in ads regarding employment requirements and are encouraged to consult our international employment page at http://linguistlist.org/jobs/jobnet.html. This page has been set up so that people can report on the employment standards of various countries.
To post to LINGUIST, use our convenient web form at
1. Walter Johnson,
Modified: English & Text/Corpus Linguistics: Linguist, SkyGrid, Inc, CA, USA
Message 1: Modified: English & Text/Corpus Linguistics: Linguist, SkyGrid, Inc, CA, USA
Walter Johnson <walt
Modified: English & Text/Corpus Linguistics: Linguist, SkyGrid, Inc, CA, USA
E-mail this message to a friend
University or Organization: SkyGrid, Inc.
Job Location: California, USA
Web Address:
Job Rank: Linguist
Specialty Areas: Text/Corpus Linguistics; Natural Language Processing
Required Language(s):
English (eng)
SkyGrid has an exciting and challenging opportunity for linguists to join
our unique engineering and scientific team and help create the
next-generation of our StormWatch Internet application. StormWatch provides
real-time semantic analysis and delivery of internet news. You will
contribute alongside experts in fields such as natural language processing,
scalable Internet infrastructure, and semantic analysis to advance the
capabilities of our core technologies.
- Analyze Internet news content for linguistic patterns.
- Take ownership of StormWatch classification models for Internet content.
- Continuously and proactively strive to improve classification quality.
- Work closely with other team members to improve StormWatch.
- Organize and communicate your findings clearly, succinctly, and frequently.
- Work in a fast-paced environment.
- Degree in linguistics or equivalent working experience.
- A passion to work on a leading edge internet application.
- Ability to apply linguistic expertise to build classification models for
internet content.
- Experience in news analysis or computational linguistics a plus.
- Ability to work under pressure and meet deadlines.
- A team player with strong problem-solving and communication skills.
- Experience with Microsoft Excel and Word.
- Familiarity with Linux and programming a plus.
- Experience with software development a plus.
Competitive salary with bonus plan, strong stock options, and full
benefits. If you're smart, energetic, and driven to succeed we want you on
our team! Please send your resume to: jobs
About SkyGrid:
SkyGrid's vision is to provide a powerful internet platform that brings all
your news into one screen. The growing success of our StormWatch platform
is a result of leading-edge technology, easy-to-use products and a unique
devotion to great customer service. Current customers include leading
financial institutions. SkyGrid has received funding from a group of
sophisticated and highly experienced investors. SkyGrid's headquarters are
located in Sunnyvale, CA.
Application Deadline: Open until filled.
Email Address for Applications: jobs
Contact Information:
Walter Johnson
Email: jobs
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General Resources
This section offers an array of useful information, resources and tools for teachers of languages and for administrators of language programs. Resources are available under the following headings:
- Program Support Materials (Teachers & Administrators)
- Research, Video Clips, Articles & Info by Topic
- Support Organisations Contacts
- Awards, Programs & PD
Note: These are resources for all teachers of languages. Consult the other sections of the CASLT Web site for resources specifically for ESL, FSL, or modern languages.


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Amazon Prime's GM joins a nutritional products manufacturer
Anna Collins is the chief operating officer of Bulletproof.
Amazon Prime's GM joins a nutritional products manufacturer
Anna Collins is the chief operating officer of Bulletproof.
Facebook ads drove more shoppers to buy over the holidays
Facebook ads' return on ad spend rose 33% year over year, while purchase rates jumped 68%.
Sign up for IRNewsLink and get daily reports delivery to your inbox. Sign Up Now
Sponsored by 2013 Social Media 300
Retailers that act now can receive reduced prices for online ads.
Consider this fair warning: A set of discounts offered by Google for its new—and non-free—comparison shopping service are about to expire in the coming days.
In case you've been off the electronic leash in some tropical utopia of seclusion for the past few months—in which case I would like to offer my services as your personal assistant, assuming travel is included, and no smartphone or e-mail use required—you know that Google is replacing free listings on the Google Product Search comparison shopping service with paid product listings ads through a new online program called Google Shopping. This isn't some slow-moving plan. This is happening now, and e-retailers have already reported sharply reduced traffic from Product Search. A full report on those changes, the reasons behind it, and what retailers can do to thrive in the new environment, will appear in the September issue of Internet Retailer magazine. In the meantime, you can read more here or here.
No one likes it when things that were generally free become things that generally cost money. You should have heard all the compound curses that I crafted when I realized that listening to the streamed baseball broadcasts from my hometown required me to fork over just a bit more scratch to the baseball-industrial complex. But Google's having a sale, and you should know about it.
Here's the deal: Google is offering merchants that create product listing ads by Aug. 15 a monthly credit for 10% of their total product listing ad spend through the end of 2012. Google also is offering merchants that now take part in Product Search $100 worth of credit toward their Google advertising; that promotion also expires Aug. 15. Merchants interested in the latter can find the required form at http://www.google.com/ads/shopping. Google won't say how many retailers have taken advantage of those incentives; the company's representatives will offer only that the company is "excited about the number of retailers that have signed up for Product Listing Ads since the transition to Google Shopping was announced in May, and about the range of products offered by these companies."
Good luck with Google Shopping, and please remember me when you exile yourself to the South Pacific.
Online retailers have many ways of learning about what consumers want and how they shop, ...
Posted 01/24/17
Search data represents the largest, unbiased free source of consumer data in the world.
Posted 01/23/17
An e-retailer explains how averages can obscure the kinds of clients you serve.
Posted 01/23/17
Many IT managers admit they don't know where all their security keys and certificates are ...
Posted 01/23/17
The Supreme Court is surely going to find this question right back on their doorstep next year."


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A sugar-free effervescent tablet, loaded with electrolytes, designed specifically for a CamelBak® hydration system. Elixir dissolves easily in water and won't leave a sticky residue if used in a reservoir. Use one tablet for every 24 oz of water. Sold in an easy-to-carry portable tube. Only 10 calories per serving. Available in the U.S. only.
Calories 10
Total Carbohydrates 1 g / <1%
Vitamin C 86 mg / 140% (as ascorbic acid)
Calcium 33 mg / 3% (as Calcium carbonate)
Magnesium 18 mg / 4% (as magnesium sulfate)
Manganese 1.4 mg / 70% (as manganese gluconate)
Chloride 68 mg / 2% (as sodium chloride, potassium chloride)
Sodium 420 mg / 18% (as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate [preservative], sodium chloride)
Potassium 70 mg / 2% (as potassium bicarbonate, potassium chloride)
% Daily Values are based on a 2,000-calorie diet.
Other ingredients: Citric acid, sorbitol, artificial flavors, polyethylene glycol, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, magnesium oxide.
Contains no fruit juice.
How much Elixir drink does one tablet make?
One tablet self-mixes with 24 oz (.7L) of water. Use 4 tablets for a 100 ounce reservoir, 3 tablets for a 70 ounce reservoir, and 2 tablets for a 50 ounce reservoir.
Can I use Elixir in my CamelBak bottle?
Yes, the sugar-free formula rinses easily from bottles, too. We recommend using one tablet in a 25 oz (.75L) bottle, or half a tablet in a 16 oz (.5L) bottle. Because the tablet effervesces to mix with water, it is best to let the tablet finish mixing before placing the lid on your bottle. Elixir should not be stored in a bottle overnight as the effervescent material can remain active and cause the bottle to leak.
Does Elixir contain caffeine?
The Orange with Caffeine Elixir does contain caffeine and other ingredients to boost energy. Lemon-Lime and Berry Elixir do not contain caffeine or any other energy boosting ingredients.
Does Elixir contain sweeteners?
Elixir contains the sweeteners sucralose and acesulfame potassium. These sugar alternatives are recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug administration (FDA). These ingredients help deliver the benefits of a sugar-free product, including containing very few calories (only 10 calories per serving) and are easy to clean since there is no sticky sugar residue left behind. Our products do not contain the sweetener aspartame, commonly known as NutraSweet®.
(based on 2 reviews)
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Love it!
By Garrett V.
from Enterprise, Alabama
Best Uses
Comments about CamelBak Elixir Berry:
Love this flavor, I only wish it was easier to find and purchase.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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I can't have Gatorade or ...
By shawn
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I can't have Gatorade or Powerade or the other drinks bc they have gluten in them. I looked on the ingred no gluten, you can feel the difference within minutes, this berry flavor is very enjoyable.
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Mustang Hoofprints: May 4
Hello Mustang fans!
Next Monday is the start of finals week on the campus of Southwest Minnesota State University. The academic year has flown by and we are going to be celebrating commencement on Saturday, May 11, at 10 a.m. in the R/A Facility. Best of luck to all our students who are finishing up course work and taking their final exams!
We are a couple weeks away for the kick off of the 2013-14 Mustang Booster Club Membership Drive, which will be starting in mid-May. The top priority for the Mustang Booster Club is to raise athletic scholarship dollars for SMSU Athletics. The Membership Drive is the fund raising event that generates the most revenue for the booster club each year. If you are interested in participating on one of our membership drive teams, please contact Tim Steinbach in the SMSU Department of Athletics at 537-7204.
Please mark your calendars as the Mustang Booster Club will host the David and Carol Drown SMSU Golf Classic being held on Friday, June 14, at the Marshall Golf Club and Saturday, June 15, at the Tyler Golf Club.
For more information on Mustang Athletics, please go to SMSUmustangs.com.
This Week in Mustang Athletics
The SMSU baseball team (13-23-1 overall, 8-14 Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference) will be reversing sites for this weekend's four-game NSIC series versus Minnesota-Crookston. The series was originally scheduled to be in Marshall, but will now be played on Saturday and Sunday in Crookston due to expected rain showers in Marshall on Saturday. Saturday's doubleheader will begin at 1 p.m., while Sunday's twin bill will start at noon.
The Mustangs have now officially had all 16 scheduled home games for this season either canceled or relocated due to poor weather/field conditions. It marks the first time in program history that SMSU will not play a home game in Marshall. The Mustangs need to win all four games against Crookston to have a chance at qualifying for the NSIC tournament next week in St. Cloud. Good luck to Coach Blanchard and the SMSU baseball team this weekend!
The SMSU softball team (19-21, 12-16) finished its season this past weekend with a four-game sweep of Northern State and Minnesota State-Moorhead. Earlier this week, the NSIC announced that sophomore Morgan Peterson was named the NSIC Softball Player of the Week for her performance in six games last week.
Peterson finished the six-game week 7-for-18 (.389), scored six runs, hit one double, four home runs, 11 RBIs, 20 total bases, two walks, an on-base percentage of .450 and a slugging percentage of 1.111. Peterson was solid in the field as well as she committed no errors while collecting 10 assists.
SMSU paid tribute to the only senior on this year's Mustang softball team. First basemen Amy Dreessen was taken out of the game on Sunday in the top of the seventh to a standing ovation from the Mustang faithful. Dreessen was playing in her final game in a Mustang uniform and finished her career with a base hit to center in her last at-bat just a half inning earlier.
Dreessen finished her season with a .436 batting average to set the new SMSU single season record. She also set the record for highest on-base-percentage in a single season with her mark of .554. Dreessen finished just shy of setting the record for slugging percentage in a single season as she finished with a .726 mark, just .002 behind Amanda Burkhart's mark set in 2009.
In 2013, Dreessen set career highs in runs (28), hits, (51), doubles (12), triples (2), RBIs (28), slugging percentage (.726), walks (29), on-base percentage (.554) and fewest strikeouts (14).
Dreessen leaves the SMSU program ranked within the top five in SMSU history in on-base percentage (.436), walks (91), hit-by-pitch (13), chances (1,311), putouts (1,269), doubles (33) and home runs (18). She ranks in the top ten in total bases (259), slugging percentage (.512) and RBIs (92). Congratulations to Amy Dreessen on a great career at SMSU in the classroom and on the playing field.
The Mustangs did not qualify for the NSIC tournament for the second consecutive season. The Mustangs will welcome back eight starters and 15 letterwinners for the 2014 season.
Go Mustangs!
– Congratulations to Kari Loft, who provided the correct answer to our last Mustang Hoofprint's Trivia Question: Which current SMSU softball player ranks in the top five in school history in walks, doubles, chances, putouts and home runs? Amy Dreesen leaves the SMSU softball program ranked within the top five in SMSU history in on-base percentage (.436), walks (91), hit-by-pitch (13), chances (1,311), putouts (1,269), doubles (33) and home runs (18). She ranks in the top ten in total bases (259), slugging percentage (.512) and RBIs (92).


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Defoliants destroyed about 7,700 square miles of forests — six percent of Vietnam's land area.damaged large swaths of Vietnamese forest with bombs and defoliants, this landscape is a window into Vietnam's struggle to regenerate its once-abundant forests. With much of the country's woodlands and jungle lost or damaged over the past half-century by war, the spread of agriculture, and logging, Vietnam's forestry experts are split over what the nation's new forests should look like.
Southeast Asia's native forests are 'among the fastest disappearing in the world,' says one expert.Vietnam declined from 32 percent to 27 percent of the country. The International Union for Conservation of Nature said in 1998 that a "long period of selective logging" had reduced Vietnam's Hopea odorata stock to "small groups of trees or isolated individuals." The Viet Nam News reported this month that illegal logging was so rampant in 2010 that four forest rangers had been killed and 44 injured trying to stop it.
Vietnamese scientists say native species should not only promote biodiversity, but also supply domestic timber.domestic timber market and $2.8 billion-per-year furniture export industry.
MORE FROM YALE e360
Damming of the Mekong:
Major Blow to an Epic River


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SPORTS MAILBAG: Ladies basketball
Sports editor,
Denise and I went to watch the Lady Dragons play Mercyhurst Prep at the Joseph Massa Memorial Gym on Saturday afternoon. Sometimes you forget that these girls have grown up to be very nice ladies, and further very competitive and aggressive women.
I was very impressed with their performance against what is always a powerhouse in Mercyhurst Prep. They maintained a slim lead most of the game, both teams went back and forth to exploit each others weaknesses. After our point guard hit "a big three" with a bit more than 2 minutes left, Mercyhurst Prep called a time out, and froze the ball for the last shot. As time came down to about 15 seconds, the visitors attacked the basket, but Warren held its ground and came up with the rebound and that put the game into overtime. In overtime, the Lady Lakers won the tip, but after that it was all Warren, as that quickly got off to a 6 point lead and visitors had to start fouling. Our girls calmly sank the foul shots down the stretch, and thus the victory was complete. Thank you for a very entertaining afternoon.
Respectfully submitted,
Michael R. Olson, Warren
P.S. Congratulations to the coaching staff on a job well done.


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U.S. National Sled Hockey Team training in Buffalo this week
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. -- The 2012-13 U.S. National Sled Hockey Team is training March 26-March 30 at Northtown Center at Amherst in Williamsville, N.Y. The camp is the final stage of preparation before Team USA defends its 2012 gold medal at the 2013 International Paralympic Committee Ice Sledge Hockey World Championship April 12-20 in Goyang City, Korea.
The 2012-13 U.S. National Sled Hockey Team has won 10 of its 12 international games this season en route to a pair of tournament championships. In December, Team USA captured the 2012 World Sledge Hockey Challenge in Calgary, Alta. The U.S. avenged a preliminary round loss to Canada by beating the tournament host in the championship game. In January, the U.S. held the USA Hockey Sled Cup in Indian Trail, N.C., and won each of its four games, including a pair of victories against Korea. Most recently, the U.S. posted two wins in three games against Canada Feb. 14-16 in Rockland, Ont.
Jeff Sauer (Madison, Wis.), former men's ice hockey head coach at Colorado College and the University of Wisconsin, is the second-year head coach of the U.S. National Sled Hockey Team. The assistant coach of the U.S. National Sled Hockey Team is Guy Gosselin (Grafton, Wis.), who is also in his second season.


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eBay: Mobile Payments
December 10, 2010
Laura Chambers, senior director, PayPal Mobile at eBay, Inc., discussed a range of mobile payment innovations from PayPal and its development partners.
Members Only Content
This content is available to ANA Members only. Please login below or create an account.
You may already be a member. Find out if your company is already an ANA member.


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Posting this here because I dont really know what section to put it in.
I'm trying to get my hands on a set of cornhole tables before the 4th of July. Planning a huge BBQ at Lakewood park, and I don't have the time to order a custom set. I also don't have access to the tools and the time to build my own. (I'd prefer to do that, how I built my BP table) Does anyone have suggestions on a place in the greater cleveland area that has pre-built (preferrably cleveland sports themed) tables? Any advice welcome.


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your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy.
Huber, Charlotte MSN, RN
Handoff communication and transport teams are the keys.
The Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System is a confidential, statewide Internet reporting system to which all Pennsylvania hospitals, outpatient-surgery facilities, and birthing centers, as well as some abortion facilities, must file information on medical errors.
Safety Monitor is a column from Pennsylvania's Patient Safety Authority, the authority that informs nurses on issues that can affect patient safety and presents strategies they can easily integrate into practice. For more information on the authority, visit www.patientsafetyauthority.org. For the original article discussed in this column or for other articles on patient safety, click on "Patient Safety Advisories" and then "Advisory Library" in the left-hand navigation menu.
© 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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• Green gemstone set consisting of 8" bracelet, 18" necklace and pendant enhancer with snap hinge bail
• Nephrite jade, lime chrysoprase, serephinite, malachite and green aventurine beads of varying shapes and sizes
• Pendant enhancer of openwork sterling silver is centered with nephrite jade and measures 2" long x 1-1/2" wide
• Designed and crafted in America with gemstones from around the world
Sometimes you just have to have it all. This bracelet, necklace and enhancer set of gorgeous green gemstones will add color and fresh options to your jewelry wardrobe. Detach the enhancer of nephrite jade and sterling silver and wear it on your favorite chain or cord. Attach the bracelet to the necklace to form a single 26" necklace for every more versatility.
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The Harrisburg High School girls' soccer team picked up a couple of wins in recent action.
On Saturday, the Bulldogs shut out Salem 6-0 and prior to that knocked Centralia 5-0.
In the win against Centralia, Kelsey Hobbs scored a pair of quick goals, one coming at the 6:44 mark and another at the 16:46 point. Her second goal came compliments off a assist from Taylor McDaniel.
McDaniel then scored the next two goals for Harrisburg, while Jordan Stewart scored the last goal.
Alexis Bishop had five saves in goal for Harrisburg, posting her second shutout of the season. The Bulldogs put up 31 shots on goal against Centralia.
The Harrisburg junior varsity team also won 2-0.
On Saturday, Lillee Robinson had a pair of goals, as did McDaniel. Saylin Thurston also had a goal for the Bulldogs.
Four of the six assists came from Jordan, while Bishop recorded her third shutout of the year in goal for the Bulldogs.
The Bulldogs will travel to Cape Central High School in Missouri on Thursday for a 4:30 p.m. game.
Location, ST | website.com


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im tired of my local fields would like to play with a group of people in the woods anywhere really maybe start a team let me know if you need a new player
Looking to play in pittsburgh`
Started by dahunter23, Sep 24 2011 09:49 AM
5 replies to this topic
Posted 24 September 2011 - 09:49 AM
Posted 27 September 2011 - 07:09 PM
there has to be some people out there im willing to travel
Posted 08 October 2011 - 01:59 AM
im not looking for a team or anything but theres a big scenerio game at battlefront paintball in ohio on october 15.. im going. be there
Acquire currency disregard women
Posted 17 October 2011 - 06:02 PM
are you going to three rivers the 29th
Posted 19 October 2011 - 07:53 AM
yes i am. i will see you there
Acquire currency disregard women
Posted 10 January 2012 - 08:23 PM
still looking hit me up anyone
0 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


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With the help of hair-care experts, we comb through the claims�and test run�protein-packed keratin shampoos.
You know that more protein is a good thing for your diet, but can it help your hair, too? That�s the philosophy behind the rising popularity of keratin shampoos.
�Keratin is a protein naturally found in the flat cells of our hairs�it keeps them strong, elastic and healthy,� says Kelly Monica, a celebrity hair stylist and owner of Kelly Monica Hair Co. in Atlanta, Ga. �But the amount of keratin in our hair diminishes on its own, which leaves the hair feeling brittle and dry.�
The keratin craze began as a salon-only treatment that originated in Brazil as a semi-permanent straightening process for curly or frizzy hair, and came to the U.S. about 2007. (They were also known as Brazilian blow-outs.) Since then, the products have been improved, with some potentially dangerous chemicals removed, and now they�re often recommended as a smoothing treatment for anyone with dry, damaged hair�curly or straight.
With the popularity of the treatment in salons, it�s no surprise that keratin is the new buzzword in the shampoo aisle now, too. Tons of products promise that you can not only extend the life of your salon treatment with a shampoo, but even replace the treatment altogether by simply washing with them regularly.
Naturally it�s tempting to try keratin the bargain way, but professional hair stylists are divided on the effectiveness of these products on their own.
�If you've had a keratin treatment in the salon, keratin-protecting shampoos are essential�normal shampoos will quickly wash away that expensive treatment,� says Avi Elkayam, hairdresser and CEO of Runway Tools. �I'm not totally convinced that keratin shampoos by themselves really do anything.�
Others believe the shampoos do work�just not as instantaneously as an expensive salon treatment.
�Keratin shampoo works like a domino effect�by using the product consistently, it builds up protein levels on the hair, making it stronger and sleeker,� says Amanda Shackleton, a celebrity hair stylist and makeup artist. ��You may not see the results immediately, but after time, you will feel your hair getting softer, and in some cases see less split ends.�
If you want to road-test the trend at home yourself, keep a few cautions in mind.
�If you leave keratin shampoos or conditioners on beyond their recommended time, your hair will become brittle and start to break,� Elkayam says. �Too much protein is just as bad as not enough!�
Shackleton says price isn�t necessarily an indicator of quality but suggests avoiding shampoos with sulfates (which many drugstore brands still contain), which can cause damage that counteracts the good you�re doing.
And as with any hair care products, what works for your best friend or stylist may not be right for you. �More than just the price is getting the correct formula for your hair type,� Shackleton says. �Unfortunately there is no guarantee�it's trial and error.�
We did some product testing ourselves, with a few brands available to consumers. Here are our thoughts:
Keratin Complex Shampoo
$21, keratincomplex.com
This product smells identical to Johnson�s Baby Shampoo, but in every other way it�s clearly high-end. It feels silky going on and leaves hair smooth with tons of volume. And while some keratin shampoos feel drying, this seemed to boost moisture, too.
It�s a 10 Miracle Shampoo Plus Keratin
$21.95, itsa10haircare.com
Our tester with the longest locks loved that you only need a small amount of this super-thick product for one shampoo (cost-effective!). Surprisingly, it rinses out easily and leaves hair super-clean and easy to manage.
Organix Brazilian Keratin Therapy Shampoo
$7.99, drugstore.com
The avocado oil and cocoa butter in this drugstore shampoo made our hair super-glossy in addition to the smoothing effects of the keratin. Organix products are also sulfate- and paraben-free, which can be hard to find at such a low price.
KeratinPerfect Perfect Cleanse Keratin Enhanced Shampoo
$24, sephora.com
A tester prone to oily locks appreciated that not only did this shampoo calm frizzies and straighten as promised, but left her hair clean enough to skip a wash the next day.
Suave Color Care Keratin Infusion Lower Sulfate Shampoo
$4.49, drugstore.com
Don�t tell the salons, but we were pretty impressed with this bargain offering. It left hair super-soft and controllable�and the spicy smell is luxurious. We do take the warnings about sulfates seriously, though, so would be inclined to use it only occasionally.
Keranique Volumizing Shampoo for Thinning Hair
$35, keranique.com
Our fine-haired testers didn�t necessarily experience the miracle hair thickening this product promises, but that tends to take more time than we had for this test. We did really like the day-to-day effects of using this shampoo, from the tingling peppermint smell and sensation (great for early mornings) to the noticeable body it imparted.


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Monday Dispositions
Drove or in actual physical control of a motor vehicle under the influence Kristina Matthews, 38, 525-2nd St. SW, $450 fine, $25 court fee, obtain chemical dependency evaluation, attend victim impact panel.
Criminal trespass David Ray Eurich, 43, Rolette, $150 fine, $25 court fee.
Petty theft (to $250) Brandy Nicole Nelson, 23, Williston, $250 fine, $25 court fee.
Drove with suspended or revoked license Stephen Lee Falcon, 26, 3720-10th Ave. SE, $300 fine, also liability insurance required, $150 fine, $25 court fee; Kyle Patrick Grigsby, 27, 538 Valley St., $500 fine, $25 court fee, four days, also bench warrant for failure to appear for victim panel, attend victim impact panel, four days; Andrew Michael Hocker, 25, 907-9th Ave. NE, $100 fine, $25 court fee; Anthony Michael Jones, 23, $200 fine, $25 court fee.
Liability insurance required Michael Anthony Ashley, 25, 2612-4th St. NW, Unit 4, $150 fine, $25 court fee, also drove with canceled or revoked altered plate or card, $150 fine, $25 court fee; Scott Brian Samuelson, 44, 800-31st Ave. SE, Unit 507, $350 fine, $25 court fee, three days, credit for three days, also drove with suspended or revoked license, $250 fine, $25 court fee.
Bench warrant for disobeying court order Samuel Tyler Mauck-VelasQuez, 20, 15-11th Ave. SW, Unit 1, 30 days, credit for three days, 27 days suspended.
Unlawful possession of alcohol Frank James Rubbelke, 20, 812-3rd St. SW, $150 fine, $25 court fee; Tucker Fruze St. Croix, 20, $200 fine, $25 court fee.


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B.J. Hoeptner Evans
Manager, Media Relations and Publications
Phone: (719) 228-6800
E-Mail: email@example.com
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (May 5, 2010) – Lokomotiv Novosibirsk, the Russian Super League team of David Lee (Alpine, Calif.) and Reid Priddy (Richmond, Va.), lost its final two matches of the playoff semifinals and is done for the season.
Zenit Kazan, the Russian team that includes Lloy Ball (Fort Wayne, Ind.) and Clay Stanley (Honolulu, Hawaii), will play Lokomotiv Belogorie in the finals, which begin May 8 and will be a best-of-five match format.
On April 29, Belogorie defeated Novosibirsk, 3-1 (25-23, 23-25, 25-18, 29-27). Priddy scored 11 points on eight kills, one block and two aces. His kill percentage was 0.42.
Lee scored five points on three kills and two blocks. His kill percentage was 0.43.
To view photos, click here.
In the deciding match of the best-of-five semifinals, Belogorie defeated Novosibirsk, 3-1 (21-25, 25-20, 25-19, 25-21). Priddy led Novosibirsk with 19 points on 17 kills and two blocks. His kill percentage was 0.61. Lee added seven points on four kills and three blocks. His kill percentage was 0.4.
Summer Training
The summer training block for the U.S. Men's National Volleyball Team began May 3 at the USA National Team Center in the American Sports Centers in Anaheim, Calif.
Players on the A2 team will be preparing for the NORCECA Pan American Cup on May 22-30 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Players on the National Team will be training for the FIVB World League, which begins June 4 when the team will be in Russia for the first weekend.
Here is a list of the players who were in the gym on Monday:
Ryan Ammerman (S; Parker, Colo.; UC Irvine)
Matt Anderson (OH; West Seneca, N.Y.; Penn State)
Kevin Hanson (S; Newport Beach, Calif.; Stanford)
Andy Hein (MB; Carol Spring, Ill.; Pepperdine)
Tyler Hildebrand (S; Mesa, Ariz.; Long Beach State)
Tom Hoff (MB; Park Ridge, Ill.; Long Beach State)
Russell Holmes (MB; Fountain Valley, Calif.; BYU)
Max Holt (MB; Cincinnati, Ohio; Penn State)
Jayson Jablonsky (OH; Yorba Linda, Calif.; UC Irvine)
Rich Lambourne (L; Tustin, Calif.; BYU)
Cody Loe (MB; Chatsworth, Calif.; Cal State Northridge)
Paul Lotman (OH; Lakewood, Calif.; Long Beach State)
Matt McKinney (Opp; Santa Ynez, Calif.; UCLA)
Evan Patak (Opp; Pleasanton, Calif.; UCSB)
Sean Rooney (OH; Wheaton, Ill.; Pepperdine)
Riley Salmon (OH; League City, Texas; Pierce College)
Jacob Schkud (OH; Santa Monica, Calif.; Hawaii)
Brian Thornton (S; San Clemente, Calif.; UC Irvine)
Scott Touzinsky (OH; St. Louis, Mo.; Long Beach State)
Dustin Watten (L; Long Beach, Calif.; Long Beach State)
Matt Webber (OH; Brentwood, Calif.; UC Irvine)
Jonathan Winder (S; Irvine, Calif.; Pepperdine)
Southern California Scrimmages
The U.S. Men's National Volleyball Team is holding two intersquad scrimmages in Southern California in May.
On May 15, the U.S. men's A2 team will scrimmage at 5:30 p.m. and the U.S. National Team will scrimmage at 7:30 p.m. at JSerra Catholic High School, 26351 Junipero Serra Road in San Juan Capistrano.
Tickets are $10 and are available at the JSerra ticket office or via e-mail at email@example.com.
On May 21, the U.S. men's A2 team will scrimmage at 5:30 p.m. and the U.S. National Team will scrimmage at 7:30 p.m. at the Walter Pyramid at 1250 North Bellflower Blvd., in Long Beach.
Tickets are $10 for adults, $7 for kids and seniors and LBSU students will get in free. Tickets are available at the Walter Pyramid box office or online at www.longbeachstate.com.
Unicaja Almeria, the Spanish league team of U.S. players Matt Denmark (Edmond, Okla.) and David Smith (Saugus, Calif.), lost the tournament final to CAI Voleibol Teruel.
On May 1, CAI Voleibol Teruel defeated Almeria, 25-21, 25-21, 25-22 to win the league championship.
Smith started all three sets and scored four points on four kills. Denmark started the first two sets and scored two points on one kill and one block.
Benfica, the Portuguese league team that includes Alfee Reft (Oxnard, Calif.) and Robert Tarr (Cape Canaveral, Fla.), is tied in its best-of-five playoff series against Sporting Espinho and will play the deciding match on May 8.
On April 11 and April 17, Benfica took 3-2 victories. However, on April 25, Espinho came back to win 3-0. On May 2, it tied the series with a 3-1 victory.
Ball's E-Book Now Available
Lloy Ball's biography, The Biggest Mistake I Never Made, is now available for download.
The book details the life and career of Ball, a four-time Olympian, including his experience in Beijing when the U.S. Men won the gold medal at the Olympic Games.
The E-book costs $9.95. For more information, click here.
The NET Live
The NET Live is an Internet radio show hosted by former U.S. Men's Team player and two-time Olympian Kevin Barnett along with current team member, two-time Olympian and 2008 gold medalist Reid Priddy.
The show is usually broadcast at 10 a.m. PT on Mondays and features interviews with a variety of volleyball personalities along with banter by the two hosts and sidekick/engineer Dan "Kinda Good" Madden.
Click here to listen to the show.
You can also download the podcast from iTunes by clicking here.
Trivia Answer


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A responsibility with freedoms
Editor, OBSERVER:
Another mass shooting. This time in Washington, D.C.
How many good American have to die before people in this country realizes that free unfettered access to guns is not a good idea? Now that adults and children have been killed by the thousands as a result of shootings, shouldn't something be done.
I know the Second Amendment talks about the right to own guns, but a more fundamental set of rights are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. Notice please, Life comes first. It is the most basic right of all. No freedoms are without some legal responsibility.
It is up to free-thinking liberal and conservative thinkers to realize that a person, any person, should not have the total freedom to just go buy a gun of any kind whenever they want to. The NRA has made sure that there are enough gun buying loop holes in the laws so that guns are available to almost anyone that can pay for them.
I am not saying you can't have guns, but rather wouldn't we all be better off, gun owners too, if the restrictions on ownership were real and enforced. This is not a Constitutional issue. It is a human rights issue and the first right of all is not gun ownership.
It is the right to be able to live without the threat of a crazed legal gun owner killing you. Life comes first. Just ask the writers of the Declaration of Independence. I trust them more than the NRA and its graft-accepting members of Congress.


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Supercharging the Path to Purchase: Using Word-of-Mouth to Drive More Consumers to Buy
March 14, 2012
NBC Universal partnered with the Keller Fay Group in March 2010 to study how word-of-mouth impacts women on the path to purchase.
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This content is available to ANA Members only. Please login below or create an account.
You may already be a member. Find out if your company is already an ANA member.


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LINGUIST List 21.4386
Tue Nov 02 2010
Jobs: Historical-Critical Apparatuses: Researcher, Goethe U
Editor for this issue: Christy Bird <christy
The LINGUIST List strongly encourages employers to engage in non-discriminatory hiring practices. We urge employers not to discriminate on the grounds of race, ethnicity, nationality, disability, age, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. However, we have no means of enforcing these standards.
Job seekers should pay special attention to language in ads regarding employment requirements and are encouraged to consult our international employment page at http://linguistlist.org/jobs/jobnet.html. This page has been set up so that people can report on the employment standards of various countries.
To post to LINGUIST, use our convenient web form at
1. Alexander Mehler ,
Computational Humanities - Historical-Critical Apparatuses: Researcher, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Germany
Message 1: Computational Humanities - Historical-Critical Apparatuses: Researcher, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Germany
Alexander Mehler <mehler
Computational Humanities - Historical-Critical Apparatuses: Researcher, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Germany
E-mail this message to a friend
University or Organization: Johann Wolfgang Goethe University
Department: Information Technology
Job Location: Frankfurt, Germany
Web Address:
Job Rank: Researcher
Specialty Areas: Computational Humanities; Text Technology
The Hessian research funding program LOEWE recently approved the research
center 'Digital Humanities' at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt
am Main. It is devoted to improve scientific networking between humanities
and computer science. This includes the development and evaluation of new
approaches to the automatic analysis, annotation and further processing of
artifacts in the humanities. In this context we search excellent candidates
to fill the position of a
Research Assistant
(E 13 TV-G-U, half-day)
starting on 2011-01-01 until 2013-12-31.
The position belongs to the subproject corpus management / computational
humanities with an emphasis on historical-critical apparatuses.
The work within the project is supposed to lead to a doctoral dissertation
within the timeframe given. The candidate for this position is expected to
hold a university degree in computer science, computational linguistics or
in the humanities with a focus on text technology. Additional expertise in
the following areas is appreciated:
- Markup Languages
- Corpus Linguistics
- Machine Learning
Review of applications will begin on November 17, 2010, and continue until
the position is filled. E-mail inquiries may be addressed to Prof. Mehler
at the e-mail address listed.
Goethe University is an affirmative action, equal-opportunity employer.
Application Deadline: 17-Nov-2010
Mailing Address for Applications:
Prof. Dr. Alexander Mehler
Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik
Campus Bockenheim, Hauspostfach 154
Frankfurt am Main 60054
Email Address for Applications: mehler
Contact Information:
Prof. Dr. Alexander Mehler
Email: mehler
Read more issues
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While the LINGUIST List makes every effort to ensure the linguistic relevance of sites listed on its pages, it cannot vouch for their contents.


text:
View online
For many organizations, the exchange of files between business systems remains a common and important integration methodology. Files are the simplest unit of data to exchange and often represent the lowest common denominator to connect disparate systems for an enterprise infrastructure.
A managed file transfer system introduces control, management, and auditabilty to address problems that arise when ad-hoc file transfers are used to integrate or connect business systems in the enterprise.
IBM® WebSphere MQ File Transfer Edition provides an enterprise-grade managed file transfer capability that is both robust and easy to use. WebSphere MQ File Transfer Edition exploits the proven reliability and connectivity of WebSphere MQ to transfer files across a wide range of platforms and networks.WebSphere MQ File Transfer Edition takes advantage of existing WebSphere MQ networks, and you can integrate it easily with existing file transfer systems.
This IBM Redguides™ publication provides a business overview of WebSphere® MQ File Transfer Edition.
Related publications:
Table of contents
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Topic: Problem with attachment_fu when upload a .flv file
As the title described, I try to use attachment_fu to upload a normal .flv file, but rails report that, no content_type method defined. But it works well when upload images.
Other problem is, how can I change the sub directory of the uploaded file with attachment_fu?


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If you are looking for a fantastic read that will transport you to another time and place, grab you by the lapels and keep you enthralled from beginning to end, then Cogswell faculty, Bret Sweet's, first work of fiction completes your quest. "Among the Veils," the first book in the Paper Thrones series, was released in paperback on August 19th and Kindle version on September 4th.
Bret conceived the book during a difficult period in his life. His father suffered from dementia and eventually spent time going from assisted living to emergency rooms for extended periods. A musician friend told Bret that he wrote songs in his head when he was worried. Bret took the suggestion to heart, though he didn't want to write music, he challenged himself to write a book in his head during the many long hours devoted to making sure his father would not be alone and received the best care.
"The story just sort of came to me," said Sweet. "I started feeling isolated because caregivers I met at groups seemed to have more resources than I did. I began feeling like maybe the odds were against me. The book was how I stayed on point."
"Among the Veils" plot follows Clay Durward who works with young people in San Francisco. When he is called to a crime scene and asked to protect a small old boy, he learns the child carries the spirit of a ten thousand year old energy locked in his subconscious. In trying to help his ward, Clay finds himself embroiled in a civil war between two factions of Ancient Egyptian deities fighting out their rivalry among the darkest streets in America's crumbling cities.
"The conception process took about 3 months," said Sweet, "and about another 3 months to get it down on paper. The hardest part was the editing and getting it ready for print. About the 4,000th time I had to read through the book, it was really hard to concentrate."
Bret said he wrote the book for people who are taking care of their parents or other loved one suffering from some kind of neurological disease. He understands that these people are burning the midnight oil as they try to take care of the people they love. He hopes they will feel less alone, that they will feel validated. He wants them to know that they are his heroes.
The book embraces the culture of today with an effective use of modern technology through the use of a sound track, illustrations and wiki. The goal was to create an interactive experience for the reader and really involve them in every aspect of the story. Bret calls his unique genre, 'urban sci-fi' or 'street sword and sorcery.' His wife calls the style, 'Harry Potter meets The Wire.'
"Brilliant is an overused word, but appropriate for this story. Bret is an exceptionally talented writer and clever speaker. I'm sure he relates to Clay's character because Bret is also connected to the minds of the youth and has an unwavering passion for helping them….even if it means putting himself at risk among the darkest streets of America."
— Enitan Bereola II, Author 'Bereolaesque'
You can purchase a copy of "Among the Veils" at CreateSpace or Amazon.
About Bret Sweet
Mr. Sweet is the director of Digital Media Management at Cogswell, following his work in launching the College's Entrepreneurship initiative in 2010. He continues to develop Cogswell's entrepreneurship curriculum and teaches a variety of "business for artists" courses. He is certified by the National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE), and has taught business building strategies to thousands of Bay Area low-income youths and their families. From 2003-2007, Mr. Sweet was the lead entrepreneurship instructor at BUILD, which provides entrepreneurship education to high school students in low-income areas boasts an excellent college acceptance rate for its seniors. His activities have garnered him a host of accolades, including the NFTE's prestigious Teacher of the Year Award in 2004 and a speaking engagement at the 2012 NAACP National Convention. Mr. Sweet's background is as an entrepreneurial musician, music promoter and restaurateur. He received a B.A. in Television and Radio Production from San Francisco State University and a dual-MBA from the University of San Francisco.


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Share Your Reflection

Dear Professor Amer
Thanks for your eloquent thoughts
Dear Professor Amer
Thanks for your eloquent thoughts about equality between lenders and borrowers. You taught me how close Catholic and Islamic doctrine are in this issue.
As a child of the 60's i promised myslef that I would fight the sytem by not paying any interest if I could avoid it. Unfortunately I could not do so, but I did pay my house in eigth years saving over $160 thousand dollars in interest. As I watch college students stressed to the maximum over the loans that they will have to pay, I am glad I did not have children, for I also saw back in the 60's that I would not want to bring children to the world we were creating.
As I look at the mess we are in, I see we cannot continue of this path to destruction. Progress in my book does not mean practicing rampant capitalism, bailing out those who create the problems, or creating more technology and more products to consume. We need to reconcile our personal mission with our collective mission and start thinking that in a global economy, one person's act affects the whole world.
In the end, the great equalizer...DEATH....shows us that we cannot take our wealth to the grave. The new fuel of our economy should not be 'interest weath' but 'social capital'.
Thanks for your thoughts,

Thanks, Kate and Amara for the posting and the inclusion
Thanks, Kate and Amara for the posting and the inclusion of such a variety of responses. Thanks, Pat for your comment.
We have a great deal to learn from each other.
I would rather have a dialog of cultures than a clash of civilizations.
Our religious traditions are full of wisdom. But some in every traditions play on the emotions of the masses to create havoc and become leaders in the process.
Speaking of Faith is a significant step in nourishing this dialog and sharing the wisdom in our respective traditions.

Thanks to you, Ayman.
We were lucky to be able to
Thanks to you, Ayman.
We were lucky to be able to include your point of view in our coverage.

The social contract is broken. When minimum wages do not
The social contract is broken. When minimum wages do not provide a living wage, life for the lowest paid workers is untenable. When one observes the inequality of wealth, one can not but conclude that the system is immoral and must change. No longer can the slightest desire of tne wealthy trump the needs of the many.

so many fundamental values we forget in the rush!<br
so many fundamental values we forget in the rush!
thanks krista for such a good program


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Clint Eastwood
Perhaps the icon of macho movie stars, Clint Eastwood has become a standard in international cinema. He was born in 1930 in San Francisco, to Margaret Ruth (Runner), a factory worker, and Clinton Eastwood, Sr., a steelworker. Eastwood briefly attended Los Angeles City College but dropped out to pursue acting. He found bit work in such B-films as ... See full bio »