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Luck of the IrishBlessed with a plethora of mountain trails and a vibrant race scene, this small island should be on every runner's to-do list
There are clear, cool days in the Irish hills when you cannot imagine anything more delightful than running from here to there. Then there are days when the mist is down around your ankles and a 30-mile-an-hour wind drives an icy rain and all you can think about is a turf fire and a warm bowl of potato-leek soup. Living in the Irish capital of Dublin and traveling around Ireland for the past seven years, I've experienced its mountains under a vast array of conditions. What the mountains lack in sheer elevation (only a handful are higher than 3000 feet), they make up for in steepness, mud, rocks and bogs. And when you start at sea level, even a 2000-foot mountain can become quite formidable.
Alan Ayling heads back along the Cathair Ridge from Carrauntoohill, Ireland's highest mountain. Photo by John Sheils
This article appeared in our August 2008 issue.
Getting There »
All flights from the United States to Ireland fly into Dublin, the capital, on the east coast, or Shannon, which is in the middle of nowhere on the west coast. (A good choice is to fly into Dublin and make your way west and return from Shannon.) Aer Lingus offers direct flights from New York, Boston, Chicago and Los Angeles; Delta flies from New York and Atlanta and USAir from Philadelphia. Airfares are as low as $300 in January and February and $650 and up during the summer.
To access most routes described here, a car is essential; however if you want to travel from Dublin to western Ireland it might be better to take a train or a bus and rent the car when you arrive. There is good train service to Killarney in Kerry and Westport in Mayo.
Seasons »
Ireland has a very temperate climate. Summer temps rarely exceed 70 and generally run in the low 60s, while winter is typically in the 40s and 50s. During the winter it is dark by 4 p.m., while in the summer daylight lingers past 11. May is an ideal time to visit, as airfares are not up to their summer peaks, the days are long and you have the best chance for clear weather.
The forecast is almost always mixed sun and clouds with a chance of showers. However, never go out for a long mountain run without foul-weather gear.
Accommodations and Food »
Over the past few years Ireland has become one of the more expensive European destinations. Accommodation in a hotel or nice country house run at least $250 for two with breakfast. A less expensive alternative is a bed-and-breakfast inn, which runs about $50 to $75 per person. Even less expensive is a hostel, where a bed is provided in a large dorm room housing five to eight other people.
Irish food has improved greatly over the past 10 years, with an emphasis on fresh local products such as fish and lamb. Pub meals provide an inexpensive alternative to restaurants. The quality varies, so it is best to stick to basics like soup, burgers or fish and chips.
An excellent reference for food and lodging is Georgina Campbell's Ireland guide. (www.ireland-guide.com)
Race Info »
For descriptions and starting locations for all routes, go to the Irish Mountain Running Association website (www.imra.ie) and choose "Events." Some routes are not run every year, so use the drop-down menu to select different years.
Though the events are described as races, the route descriptions and maps will provide enough information to allow you to run on your own. All races are open to the public, and newcomers are welcomed. At your first race, you must join the IMRA annually for 10 euro (about $13). Fees for individual races are 7 euro, and discounts are given to students and seniors.
For routes and information about events in Northern Ireland go to www.nimra.org/uk.
Maps »
The standard 1:30,000 map of Wicklow is the Harvey Map (www.harveymaps.co.uk/). There are also Harvey Maps of the mountains of Kerry (which includes Carrauntoohill) and Connemera, a wild and beautiful mountainous area in northwest Ireland. All areas of Ireland are covered by the Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 maps, which can be ordered at http://www.osi.ie. Most maps can be obtained at various locations, but the Great Outdoors on Chatham Street in Dublin stands out as an excellent outdoor shop, with a large selection of mountain-running products.
Waymarked Trails »
These trails are a combination of small country roads, forest roads (called green roads) and singletrack trail, and are marked by signposts featuring the yellow walking man. While these trails do not go over the mountain tops, they pass through very beautiful areas. Prominent among these trails in western Ireland are the Kerry Way in County Kerry and the Western Way in County Mayo. The best known waymarked trail is the Wicklow Way, which heads south from Dublin and provides the venue for a very popular IMRA-organized relay that covers 120 kilometers in mid-June. For more information, see www.12travel.ie/ie/walking/index1.html.
Shoes »
On most routes with a worn, rocky track, standard trail shoes work fine. However, for runs over open mountain terrain with slippery mud, a rubber-studded fell-running shoe is recommended. The leading shoe in Ireland is the distinctive blue-and-gold Walsh PB, available online through several sites. Another excellent option available in the United States is Inov-8's Mudclaw (www.inov-8.com).
About the size of Maine, Ireland has a remarkably diverse landscape—flat in the middle but upturned around the edges. The rounded hills of County Wicklow is known as the garden of Ireland, while the rugged, steep mountains of Kerry in the southwest are a misty fantasy tale. The remote peaks of the Twelve Bens in Connemara in the northwest and the massive sea cliffs at Slieve League in Donegal on the north coast offer a dramatic backdrop for an intense run.
Forget your pre-conceptions of a traditional trail, with blazes, cairns and trees. Irish mountains are open, covered in ferns and heather instead of trees. And interspersed with mud holes and bog hags, which are mini 30- to 50-yard-wide "canyons" whose walls are two- to four-foot soft "cliffs" of eroded peat. Negotiating these features is a tiring exercise requiring a jump or stumble, a few running strides and then a frustrating scramble back up the other side's collapsing peat. Most popular routes have a rough track, but in many cases these tracks degenerate into intermittent sheep paths. Maps are highly recommended, and, when the clouds roll in, a compass is essential.
Unlike in North America, where numerous clubs form independent communities and races are directed by widely dispersed individuals or organizations, the Irish Mountain Running Association (IMRA) is the running community, bringing together a nation of diverse athletes into a tightly knit group.
Runners from teens to septuagenarians, with backgrounds in hill walking, orienteering, mountain biking, adventure racing or road running and with professions as diverse as physicist, policeman, bus driver, journalist, student, lawyer, soldier and social worker, come together at least once a week to run in the hills.
Dublin is the social heart of the mountain-running scene. During my six years as an active member of IMRA, I saw at least three marriages and many long term relationships develop. It was very rare to do a training run in the Dublin hills and not run into someone I knew. Running the Wicklow Way Ultra, which uses an out-and-back course, as I passed each runner going in the opposite direction, I realized I had shared a pint with nearly every one of them. When I received my Irish citizenship, the largest group of attendees (and the ones who stayed the latest) at the subsequent party were mountain runners.


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Training For a Self-Supported Stage Race - Page 3
I couldn't stop laughing the first time I gave the tricked-out Inov-8 pack a try. First of all, it's not exactly friendly to a woman's anatomy. The bottles sit like mini rocket launchers on the sides of my breasts, which are squished by the shoulder and sternum straps. Plus, I made the mistake of using my favorite effervescent Nuun electrolyte tablets in the bottles, and the fizzy pressure made them explode like geysers in my face when I uncapped the straws.
But once I started running and tried numerous adjustments of the straps, I warmed up to this system and am cautiously optimistic it'll work well. The sloshing and jiggling of bottles on the front straps takes getting used to, but having the water in front helps balance the weight of the back.
Other participants in the Grand-to-Grand Ultra recommend another pack system I'd like to try as well: the Salomon XA25 with an optional 5-liter front pocket that attaches on the chest and has bottle holders.
In any event, choosing a pack is only the first step; gradually getting used to running with it takes a period of many weeks. I filled mine about three-quarters full with gallon-sized Ziplocks full of dog kibble for weight. (I heard kitty litter also works well for this purpose, and might be a smarter choice for wilderness training runs where large animals might catch the scent of dog food and want a taste.) I was shocked by how heavy the pack felt—and more shocked when the scale revealed it was only 13 pounds.
Running with the loaded pack slowed my pace by a couple of minutes per mile and put extra strain on my quads and knees going up and down hills. The muscles around my neck and upper back slowly started to ache.
Jen Segger, a professional coach for the Grand-to-Grand Ultra, emphasizes the importance of core and strength training to prepare for pack running, along with squats and lunges. "Focus on developing all the deep internal muscles that stabilize the trunk, including the glutes, pelvic muscles, abs and muscles surrounding the upper and lower spine," she says. "A strong back is key to keeping your trapezius muscles relaxed and not aggravated."
I'm going to take her advice and add it to my to-do list, which is shaping up unlike any other from summers past. With less than three months remaining to prepare, I have to work on the following:
* Base training: Increase mileage, which currently averages around 50 miles per week, by 30 to 50 percent (65 to 75 miles per week), emphasizing back-to-back long runs and running-hiking in the mid-afternoon heat.
* Pack training: Start with one pack run weekly and build up. Wear the pack around during the day. Literally run errands.
* Terrain-specific training: Learn to run in the sand wearing full-cover gaiters. Train at altitude as much as possible.


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ps: any chance of correcting the title of this thread from "advise" to "advice" ?
.I am starting to think that what I need to do is get the new Electrolux to do 80% of the work, then scour Crag's List and eBay and find a good, cheap used Bosch to reside under the counter for whenever I want to do a less hydrated dough. And then my husband will have me committed for being an obsessed pizza addict.


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Ideas for the Weekend
Looking for something to do this weekend? There's plenty to do right here locally!
Recycling Event:
If you have old electronics to recycle, tomorrow is when you'll want to do it. It's Electronics Recycling and Community Shred Day at the Irondequoit Town Hall. You can go between 9am and 1pm with your old TVs, computers, batteries, cell phones, appliances, bikes, metal fencing, etc. and your items will be recycled in a way that is kind to the environment free of charge. Only a handful of items will require a small fee for recycling. The rest will be taken away for you at no cost.
Artisan Event:
There is an event I am participating in at the Main Street Armory in the city tomorrow called Mayday Underground Crafts + Art. Over 90 vendors will be at the Armory with their handmade wares, including some from right here in Irondequoit. I've told you before about the Irondequoit-based talent and would like to give you a preview of some things you'll be able to find tomorrow:
Carol Traynor is an art teacher in the West Irondequoit School District and has a shop on Etsy. Shown above is one of her matchstick paintings.
Irondequoit's Vickie Porter is a mixed media jewelry maker. Find her shop on Etsy as well. I love the domino pendant above.
Irondequoit's Meredith Schreiber is another talented townie! Check out her shop on Etsy.com.
Sara Senour throws pottery and offers her pieces on Etsy as well.
I will also be at Mayday tomorrow with my jewelry line.
Casey Wright of Irondequoit is another talented member of our community. She, too, will be at Mayday! Check out her Etsy shop as well.
Wright, along with Amanda Preske, actually began Mayday Underground back in 2010.
To read more about the event, check out the Mayday Underground website or Facebook page.
Evening Suggestions
Support the local economy by going out to dinner at one of our great restaurants here in town. Pasta Villa is always a favorite. My favorite dish there? The Chicken Saltimbocca. Delicious!
We also enjoy Monte Alban Mexican Grill On East Ridge Road. My local friend, Christine, and I just dined there Wednesday night and it's also a good place to dine on the weekend. I recommend their chilled drink called Horchata, which tastes like liquid rice pudding. I can also recommend the Quesadilla Especial.
Going out for dessert and coffee? Skip the chains and go to Sips Coffee & Cafe on Pattonwood Drive in the Stutson Bridge Plaza. My recommendations? If tomorrow is still chilly, try the White Mocha. If we should be lucky enough to have spring weather, I like their flavored Iced Latte.
Enjoy your weekend, neighbors.


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Or Smoky Russian Caravan?
I am curious about how smokey teas are, any tried them and what was your experience with them?
Prismatic wrote:Lapsang Souchung has been my favorite tea since college—over fifty years now. One of the best is Mark T. Wendell's Hu-Kwa, but I also like Upton's Black Dragon, a little less smoky and more delicate.
When I was in college in the 1950's Mr. Wendell was still alive and I used to buy it from him in downtown Boston. He was always willing to talk about tea. In those days it was hard to get tea from Red China and he was making do with tea from Taiwan for much of his business.
entropyembrace wrote:I love my smokey teas!
They can be mixed though if the leaf quality isn't good you'll end up with a flat taste overpowered by the smoke and it won't be a very pleasant experience. You should be looking for something that looks like a good keemun tea...evenly chopped leaf buds. The best Lapsang Souchong is from Wuyi and with the Russian Caravan I think it's important to look for aroma notes other than the smoke since it's a blend of Lapsang Souchong with other teas.
here's a photo of AAA grade lapsang souchong from Wuyi
it's available at http://www.jingteashop.com/pd-red-tea-z ... -zhong.cfm and is my favourite Lapsang Souchong.
[W]e at last learned from our tea manager that the tea we drank earlier was the original WuYi Bohea tea, or what the tea manager considers the authentic Lapsang Souchong, or the proper Zheng Shan Xiao Chung. He cautioned us that the Lapsang Sauchong we see in the West is not the original smoky tea, and although it is somewhat confusing, the same Chinese name Zheng Shan Xiao Chung applies both to this original tea and to the Lapsang Souchong teas known from exports. Xiao Chung refers to the limited production from this region, and the relatively small leaf of the genuine article. Approximately 300 to 400 years ago, no trademarks defined tea from this area. Zheng means genuine or authentic, so Zheng Shan (mountain) was used to distinguish teas of this area from other producing areas. The local dialect pronounces pine as "lap," which was later added and thus became Lap Shan Xiao Chung. This, however, eventually developed into Lapsang Souchong (as it is known today).
The special grade fine leaf tea that was served (the group later learned) was made after six hours of withering and 12 hours in the smoking rafters. The gentle hint of smoke we detected in the tea was sweet and haunting, inviting repeated sips. This original Zheng Shan Xiao Chung is soft and tasty, without the brasher smoke of a conventional Lapsang Souchong.
At an altitude of 1135-meters, this tea comes from trees in a small area in this hidden reserve. Admittedly, the very limited production from a single season's (spring) plucking makes this costlier than the standard Lapsang Souchong, and one that rarely finds its way to being exported. However, knowing a bit about its locale and comparing it to the bolder, somewhat harsher standard version, the original Zheng Shan Xiao Chung can still be considered a relative bargain.
After the four-minute mark it quickly acquires a harsh astringent aftertaste, which is bearable and wholly separate from the foretaste, but not subtle by any means.It must not be overbrewed or it turns bitter— 3 to 4.5 minutes is best


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"It doesn't sound like much but those extra hours [saved by flying privately] make my life 10 times more efficient. "
Cabotage Caveats
Sports fans panicked a couple of years ago when the Department of Transportation, the FAA's parent organization, ordered a charter service run by Air Canada to cancel sports-team flights in the U.S. With the start of the National Hockey League's regular season a few weeks away, Air Canada brought suit and the Canadian Transportation Agency quickly retaliated against the American action with a ban on U.S. sports-team flights within Canada.
While the lawyers rattled sabers and the hockey teams scrambled to make alternative travel arrangements, the regulatory authorities worked on a compromise. They resolved the dispute in a couple of weeks–no doubt some sort of record for rapid regulatory action. If ballet companies had been involved instead of professional sports teams, the mess might have dragged on for years.
One of the issues that was at stake is called cabotage. Though it sounds like an ingredient for coleslaw, it involves an important legal principle. The basic idea is that commercial air carriers in most countries are prohibited from carrying people or property between two points in a country other than their own. As set down by the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, "each contracting State shall have the right to refuse permission to the Aircraft of other contracting States to take on its territory, passengers, mail and cargo carried for remuneration or hire and destined for another point within its territory."
The Air Canada charter service, called Air Canada Jetz, ran into trouble in part because, in addition to carrying Canadians, its aircraft would pick up passengers in U.S. cities and transport them (along with the sports team) to another American city. That function is supposed to be reserved for U.S. carriers, and that's why flights on air carriers based outside the country are generally not available between points within the U.S.
Cabotage is often confused with another concept: value-added tax, or VAT. Cabotage is a transportation issue relating to the owner, operator and sometimes the country of registration of the aircraft, while VAT is a tax that can be applied to the aircraft itself. Similar situations often give rise to both.
VAT bubbled to the surface recently as a result of legal changes in the United Kingdom. Until 2011, it was possible to import a business jet into the UK for free circulation in the European Union (EU) for a nominal charge, which would exempt the jet from the imposition of VAT even though the aircraft was transporting EU nationals between two points in the EU. The charge was nominal because the UK valued aircraft with a maximum authorized takeoff weight in excess of 17,500 pounds at zero for purposes of the VAT. Following the change in law, you can still import your aircraft into the UK, but it no longer has a zero valuation for VAT purposes; you now have to pay the going rate of 19.5 percent of the aircraft's value. Temporary importation at nominal expense remains a possibility, but the first step is to ask your aviation attorney whether your flights in the EU may be subject to VAT at all.
In the EU, a flight constituting cabotage can also be subject to VAT. The U.S., though, has its own customs duties and procedures and no VAT, but cabotage rules remain a significant problem for international air carriers and business jets. Don't think this isn't a problem for you because your aircraft is registered in the U.S., for cabotage rules apply to operations conducted by "foreign civil aircraft." To be a foreign civil aircraft, the airplane needs only to be "owned, controlled or operated by persons who are not citizens or permanent residents" of the U.S. A U.S.-registered aircraft owned by a corporation will flunk this test, for example, if the president of the corporation isn't a U.S. citizen or if less than two-thirds of the corporation's board of directors are U.S. citizens. Many aircraft that qualify for U.S. registration because they are held in an owner trust or are "based and primarily used" in the U.S. are thus deemed foreign civil aircraft.
Such aircraft are regulated by Part 375 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, which prohibits cabotage and the carriage of passengers and cargo for "remuneration or hire." The Department of Transportation has always taken such a broad view of remuneration or hire that it has disallowed even operations involving compensation that are considered non-commercial under FAA regulations.
Through the efforts of the National Business Aviation Association a few years back, some of these operations, such as time-sharing agreements and intra-corporate family operations (with appropriate charge-backs), are now permitted under Part 375, provided they are business (not personal) flights. Certain other operations can be allowed by obtaining a permit from the Department of Transportation, though the DOT won't grant a permit for a personal flight between two points in the U.S.
In case you were thinking of ignoring cabotage restrictions, Part 375 dryly notes that violations can be punished with fines, suspensions and revocations of permits and certificates and–if a required foreign air carrier permit was not obtained–criminal penalties under the Federal Aviation Act.
Cabotage and related rules are complicated and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Flights that appear to run afoul of regulations may be permitted by application to the regulatory authorities. Key factors in evaluating flights between two points in a country include whether there is any form of compensation; who gets on and off the airplane, where and when; whether the flight is part of a continuous trip that begins and/or ends outside the country; whether the flight is operated under Part 91, Part 135 or is a scheduled airline trip; and whether common carriage is involved. But cabotage can also arise if your aircraft is registered in another jurisdiction even if it is carrying purely local passengers and operated by a local company.
The rules can be tricky. Consult your aviation attorney about whether your aircraft is a "foreign civil" airplane or whether your operations outside the U.S. may violate local cabotage rules.
Nice read, I just passed this onto a friend who was doing some research on that. And he actually bought me lunch as I found it for him smile Thus let me rephrase that Thanks for lunch! kdeedekadd
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While many ladies are seeking out the best new eyeshadow shades for autumn, one area of their looks that may need a bit of help are their eyebrows. Fall is notorious for its dry air, so it's important to do everything you can to improve your eyebrow health and keep them properly moisturized throughout the season, according to GulfNews.com.
"If eyes light up a face, brows add balance and symmetry," Alessia Donato, a professional makeup artist and beauty therapist, told the news source. "It is, therefore, important to pay extra attention to their shape."
While it's tempting to tweeze and pluck your eyebrows yourself, it may be a better idea to consult a professional instead. These individuals will help you find the perfect shape and depth to accentuate your look and ensure that you're doing everything possible to improve the health of your brows.
To ensure that your eyebrows are in tip-top shape year-round, consider using blinc Eyebrow Mousse. This product nurtures the underlying skin and provides brilliant color that won't fade, run or smudge to enhance one of your best features.


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Silver Mirrored Tray
- Summary
Add a touch of Jazz Age glamour to your home with a mirrored tray that evokes stylish accoutrements found in fashionable hotels, nightclubs and cocktail lounges of the 1920s. An elegant way to display bottles or decanters of fine spirits, the tray also makes a lovely addition to a vanity or boudoir.
- Mirrored glass tray is framed by a stainless-steel border, giving it a clean, geometric silhouette.
- Perfect for a home bar, dining room, bedroom or boudoir.
- Dramatic presentation piece is artfully assembled and polished by hand.
- Dimensions & More Info
- Small tray: 16 1/4" x 10 1/4" x 2" high.
- Large tray: 22" x 14 1/4" x 2" high.
- Made in India.
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Orders received by 9:00 p.m., Eastern time, Monday through Thursday will arrive the next business day; orders placed Friday through Sunday will arrive on the following Tuesday.
Return Policy
At Williams-Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction are our priority. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement.
If within 30 days, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required for all returns and exchanges. Returns with a gift receipt will be refunded in the form of a Merchandise Credit for the amount indicated on the gift receipt. Returns with original receipt will be refunded in the original form of payment, cash and check refunds over $100 will be issued as a company check (may take 14 business days from time of request).
For all cutlery returns (knife sets, single knives, cutting boards, knife sharpeners, and knife storage) please contact us at 888.922.4108 to initiate the return.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, custom upholstery, food, items shipped direct from the vendor, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. Final sale items ending in .97 or .99 cannot be returned.
Made to Order and Final Sale Furniture items are non-returnable, and cannot be cancelled once the order is placed.
For returns of items purchased from your Williams-Sonoma Gift Registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later. View Full Return Policy.


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1. Nolinski Paris - steps away from the Palais Royal Gardens, this boutique hotel opened earlier this year. Set in a Haussmanian Building, the pet-friendly hotel has a spa and brasserie. Five Star Alliance Perk: guests receive a welcome pastry or appetizer, and a smartphone to use during the stay with unlimited international phone calls and internet.
2. Victoria Palace Hotel - set in the 6th arrondissement, steps away from Rue de Rennes, this historic hotel has been a Paris landmark since 1913, the hotel offers understated Left Bank luxury, upscale amenities, and a centralized location with easy access to public transportation. Five Star Alliance Perk: guests making reservations with Five Star Alliance receive complimentary full breakfast for two, 40 Euro bar credit per room, and welcome chocolates.
3. Hotel du Louvre - overlooking the famous Louvre Museum, this historic property was built in 1855. There's the reknowned Brasserie du Louvre on-site, and the Bar offers Napoleon III style with jazz evenings. Five Star Alliance Perk: guests that book with Five Star Alliance receive a complimentary welcome cocktail.
4. La Tremoille - nestled along a quiet street in the heart of the Golden Triangle, combines a Haussman-era building with contemporary styling, for a modern retreat close to the Champs-Elysees, Georges V Avenue, and Montaigne Avenue. Five Star Alliance Perk: guests that book with Five Star Alliance receive a complimentary box of Laduree Macaroons.
5. Hotel Pont Royal - in the heart of Saint Germain des Pres, close to Cafe de Flore and the Musee d'Orsay, the hotel offers original painintgs by Beaux Arts students, Parisian views, and L' Atelier de Joel Robuchon with new French cuisine. Five Star Alliance Perk: guests making reservations with Five Star Alliance receive daily buffet breakfast for two, WiFi and on-demand video, plus a 30 Euro beverage credit.


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Frieda L. Willard
FAIRMONT – Funeral Service for Frieda L. Willard, 99, of Fairmont, Minn., will be 1:30 p.m. Tuesday, Jan. 29, 2013, at St. Paul Lutheran Church in Fairmont. Interment will be in Fairview Memorial Park in Fairmont.
Visitation will be held one hour prior to the service, beginning 12:30 p.m. Tuesday at the church. Frieda passed away Saturday morning, Jan. 26, 2013, at Lakeview Methodist Health Care Center in Fairmont.
Frieda Lenore (Rahmeyer) Willard was born May 8, 1913, in Cook City, Ill. She was the daughter of Fred and Johanna (Benders) Rahmeyer. She attended Fairmont Township country school.
In 1936, Frieda was united in marriage to Lowell Willard in Welcome, Minn. The couple resided in Fairmont, where Frieda worked at Stokely Van Camp until her retirement in 1978. This union was blessed with three children: Larry, Robert and Roger. Frieda and Lowell shared 39 years together before Lowell passed away in 1975.
Frieda was a member of St. Paul Lutheran Church in Fairmont, where she was very active in many capacities including the Ladies Aid and LWML. During her free time, she enjoyed crafts, gardening, sewing and baking. She most loved spending time with her family and friends.
Left to cherish her memory include her son, Roger Willard and his wife, Sylvia, of Fairmont, Minn.; daughter-in-law, Lois Willard of Fairmont, Minn.; grandchildren, Carmen Willard, Kim Tobin, Tonia Kahler, Gina Willard, Jackie Jersak, Jodi Bergmanis, Tammy Plumhoff, Debbie Jensen, Kip Willard, Mike Willard, and Laurie Olson; and many great-grandchildren, nieces, nephews, other relatives and friends.
Along with her parents, Fred and Johanna Rahmeyer, Frieda was preceded in death by her husband, Lowell Willard; sons, Larry and Robby Willard; sisters, Amelia Rahmeyer and Loretta Luedke; and brothers, Walter Rahmeyer, Ervin "Dutch" Rahmeyer, Fred "Bud" Rahmeyer, Arthur Rahmeyer, and Lawrence Rahmeyer.


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Tags: herring gulls, gulls, larus argentatus, seagull, sea bird, scavenger, water, swimming, nature, england, europe, dover, kearsney abbey, spr
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dancing seagullby serenityphotography
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- Photography
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- If you live anywhere near the coast in Britain then you will be familiar with the Herring Gull. The large, noisy birds are scavengers, and seen by many as pests. A lot of people would be surprised to learn that their numbers have declined steeply over the last 25 years, and that they are considered a threatened species. Love them or hate them, they are undeniably striking birds. See more at www.SerenityPhotogaphy.co.uk
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More about serenityphotography
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- kent, england
- Artist Biography
- Born in Dover, England, I became disillusioned with the rat race and began travelling in 1997. On my first round the world trip I discovered a passion for travel, photography and scuba diving. Since then I have spent a total of five years on the road, become a diving instructor and semi-prof ...


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Easy Spirit Gift Cards $25.00-$500.00
Give the gift of style and comfort that always fits -- an Easy Spirit Gift Card. It's so easy. Simply choose the amount, then customize it with your personal message. Your recipient can redeem the Gift Card on EasySpirit.com, any company-owned Easy Spirit Specialty Retail or Outlet store in the United States.


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Hello everybody, I hope you like this image as much as my "Mother Robin" shot. This one was alot of hard work and patience. Also, please feel free to comment, reading your comments and visiting your site makes my day.
The Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), also spelled Grey Catbird, is a medium-sized northern American perching bird of the mimid family. It is the only member of the "catbird" genus Dumetella. Like the Black Catbird (Melanoptila glabrirostris), it is among the basal lineages of the Mimidae, probably a closer relative of the Caribbean thrasher and trembler assemblage than of the mockingbirds and Toxostoma thrashers.[1]
CatBirdfeedingyoungBirdmotherbabiesdumetella carolinensisnestchicksolympus E5olympusolympus digital cameramichael pyle
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Red wolf
The red wolf (Canis rufus rufus) is a North American canid which once roamed throughout the Southeastern United States and is a glacial period survivor of the Late Pleistocene epoch.[4] Based on fossil and archaeological evidence, the original red wolf range extended throughout the Southeast, from the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, north to the Ohio River Valley and central Pennsylvania, and west to central Texas and southeastern Missouri. Historical habitats included forests, swamps, and coastal prairies, where it was an apex predator. The red wolf became extinct in the wild by 1980. 1987 saw a reintroduction in northeastern North Carolina through a captive breeding program and the animals are considered to be successfully breeding in the wild.[5]
Species description
The Red Wolf stands about 66–79 cm (26–31 in) at the shoulder. The total length is 111–165 cm (44–65 in) including a tail of 30–43 cm (12–17 in). The body weight can range from 16 to 41 kg (35 to 90 lb) but averages at about 24.5 kg (54 lb).[6] Male red wolves are approximately 10% larger than females. Coat long, coarse; mostly brown and buff colored on the upper part of the body with some black along the backs. Muzzle long; nose pad wide and black; ears rufous; legs long; tail long, bushy, black tipped. Body is intermediate in size between the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and the coyote (Canis latrans)[5][7]
General description
The red wolf pup begins life with a slate or dark gray pelt with auburn-tinged fur visible on its head. As it matures, this color changes color to a mixture of buff, tawny, cinnamon and brown along the body and a black tipped tail; it often has black guard hairs too and sometimes presents with black or dark bars on its forelegs. The pelt molts once annually in the winter. Its muzzle is white furred around the lips. The red wolf is generally intermediate in size between the coyote and the gray wolf. However, the disproportionately long legs and large ears are two obvious features that separate red wolves from coyotes and gray wolves.[8] Its overall appearance is more slender and gracile than that of a gray wolf.
The taxonomy of the red wolf has been debated since before efforts began in 1973 to save it from extinction. In 1971, Atkins and Dillon conducted a study on the brains of canids and confirmed the distinctiveness and primitive characteristics of the red wolf.[9] Many studies throughout the 1970s focused on the morphology of the red wolf came to the conclusion that the red wolf is a distinct species.[8] In 1980, Ferrell et.al. found a unique allele in Canis specimens from within the red wolf range, supporting the conclusion that the red wolf is a distinct species.[10] Still, some in the scientific community considered it a subspecies of the gray wolf[11] or a hybrid of the gray wolf and the coyote.[12][13]
In 1992, the USFWS conducted an exhaustive review of the literature, including their own, and concluded that the red wolf is either a separate species unto itself or a subspecies of the gray wolf.[14][15][16] Many agency reports, books and web pages list the red wolf as Canis rufus but recent genetic research has opened a new debate about the taxonomy of both the red wolf and Canada's eastern wolf (Canis lycaon).[9] Wilson et. al. (2000) concluded that the eastern wolf and red wolf should be considered as sister taxa due to a shared common ancestor going back 150,000-300,000 years. In addition, Wilson et. al. further stated that they should be recognized as distinct species from other North American canids, and not as subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus). However, these conclusions have been disputed,[17][18] and Mammal Species of the World[1] currently lists them both as subspecies of the gray wolf. Regardless of its true identity, the US Fish and Wildlife Service views the red wolf to be worthy of recovery efforts.
In May 2011, an analysis of red wolf, Eastern wolf, gray wolf, and dog genomes revealed that the red wolf was 76-80 percent coyote and only 20-24 percent gray wolf, suggesting that the red wolf is actually much more coyote in origin than the Eastern wolf. This study analyzed 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and found no evidence for a unique Eastern wolf or red wolf species.[19] However, the US Fish and Wildlife Service still considers the red wolf a valid species and plans to make no changes to its recovery program.[20]
When considered as a full species, three subspecies of red wolf were originally recognized by Goldman;[21] two of these subspecies are extinct. Canis rufus floridanus (Maine to Florida).[18] has been extinct since 1930 and Canis rufus gregoryi (south-central United States)[18] was declared functionally extinct in the wild by 1980. Canis rufus rufus, the third surviving subspecies, was also functionally extinct in the wild by 1980, although that status was changed to "critically endangered" when captive-bred red wolves wolves were reintroduced in eastern North Carolina in 1987. The current status of the "non-essential/ experimental" population in North Carolina is "endangered" and the population numbers around 100 wild animals.
Fossil and historic record
Paleontological evidence has suggested an origin of the red wolf line 1–2 Ma, branching from a wolf-coyote ancestor, which itself appeared about 4.9 Ma.[22][23] Between 150 000–300 000 years ago, the North American branch evolved into the red wolf, eastern wolf and the coyote.[24] Another wolf-like branch migrated to Eurasia and evolved into the gray wolf, which later migrated to North America.[23] It is thought that its original distribution included much of eastern North America, where red wolves were found from Maine south to Florida and in southcentral US westward to Texas. Records of bounty payments to Wappinger Indians in New York in the middle 18th century confirm its range at least that far north;[25] it's possible that it could have extended as far as extreme eastern Canada.[26]
Geographic distribution
The originally-recognized red wolf range extended throughout the Southeast, from the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, north to the Ohio River Valley and central Pennsylvania, and west to central Texas and southeastern Missouri.[27] But research into paleontological, archaeological and historical specimens of red wolves by Ronald Nowak expanded their known range to include land south of the Saint Lawrence River in Canada, along the eastern seaboard, and west to Missouri and mid-Illinois, terminating in the southern latitudes of central Texas.[28] Since 1987, red wolves (Canis rufus rufus) have been released into northeastern North Carolina where they roam 1.7 millions acres.[29] These lands span five counties (Dare, Hyde, Tryrrell, Washington and Beaufort) and include three national wildlife refuges, a U.S. Air Force bombing range, and private land.[29] The red wolf recovery program is unique for a large carnivore reintroduction in that more than half of the land used for reintroduction lies on private property. Approximately 680,000 acres (2,800 km2) are federal and state lands, and 1,002,000 acres (4,050 km2) are private lands. Beginning in 1991, red wolves were also released into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee.[28] However, due to exposure to environmental disease (parvovirus), parasites and competition, (with coyotes as well as intraspecific aggression), the red wolf was unable to successfully establish a wild population in the park. Low prey density was also a problem, forcing the wolves to leave the park boundaries in pursuit of food in lower elevations. Other red wolves have been released on the coastal islands in Florida, Mississippi, and South Carolina as part of the captive breeding management plan. St. Vincent's Island in Florida is currently the only active island propagation site.
Given their wide historical distribution, red wolves probably utilized a large suite of habitat types at one time. The last naturally occurring population utilized coastal prairie marshes, swamps and agricultural fields used to grow rice and cotton. However, this environment probably does not typify preferred red wolf habitat. There is evidence that the species was found in highest numbers in the once extensive bottomland river forests and swamps of the southeastern United States. Red wolves re-introduced into northeastern North Carolina have utilized habitat types ranging from agricultural lands to forest/wetland mosaics characterized by an overstory of pine and an understory of evergreen shrubs. This suggests that red wolves are habitat generalists and can thrive in most settings where prey populations are adequate and persecution by humans is slight.[30]
Life history and behavior
The red wolf has one estrous cycle per year and typically becomes sexually mature by its second year. Litters average three pups[30] and red wolves live in family units similar to those of gray wolves.[9][30] Data acquired from the restoration project indicate that the offspring of a breeding pair are tolerated in their natal home range until the onset of sexual maturity.
The red wolf lives in an extended family unit which includes a dominant breeding pair and young from prior seasons. The red wolf will scent mark territorial boundaries to deter intrusion from other wolf packs. As an apex predator, red wolves have no natural predators, although they may compete for prey with bobcats and coyotes and kills may be stolen by American black bears.
Dietary habits
Prior to extinction in the wild, the red wolf diet consisted of nutria, rabbits and rodents.[9] In contrast, the red wolves from the restored population rely on white-tailed deer, raccoon, nutria and rabbits. It should be noted, however, that white-tailed deer were largely absent from the last wild refuge of red wolves on the Gulf Coast between Texas and Louisiana (where specimens were trapped from the last wild population for captive breeding), which likely accounts for the discrepancy in their dietary habits listed here. Historical accounts of wolves in the southeast by early explorers such as William Hilton, who sailed along the Cape Fear River in what is now North Carolina in 1644, also note that they ate deer.[31]
Captive breeding and reintroduction
Formal efforts backed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began to save the red wolf from extinction in 1973 when a captive breeding program was established at the Point Defiance Zoological Gardens, Tacoma, Washington. Four hundred animals were captured from southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas from 1973 to 1980 by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.[32][33] Measurements, vocalization analyses, and skull X-rays were used to distinguish red wolves from coyotes and red wolf-coyote hybrids.[32] Of the 400 animals captured, only 43 were believed to be red wolves and sent to the breeding facility. The first litters were produced in captivity in May 1977. Some of the pups were determined to be hybrids, and they and their parents were removed from the captive breeding program. Of the original 43 animals, only 17 were considered pure red wolves and since three were unable to breed, 14 became the breeding stock for the captive breeding program.[33] These 14 were so closely related that they had the genetic effect of being only eight individuals.
In Dec. 1976, two wolves were released onto Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge's Bulls Island in South Carolina with the intent of testing and honing reintroduction methods. They were not released with the intent of beginning a permanent population on the island.[34] The first experimental translocation lasted for 11 days, during which a mated pair of red wolves were monitored day and night with remote telemetry. A second experimental translocation was tried in 1978 with a different mated pair, and they were allowed to remain on the island for close to nine months.[34] After that, a larger project was executed in 1987 to reintroduce a permanent population of red wolves back to the wild in the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge on the eastern coast of North Carolina. Also in 1987, Bulls Island became the first island breeding site. Pups were raised on the island and relocated to North Carolina until 2005.[35]
In September 1987, four male-female pairs of red wolves were released in Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge (ARNWR) in northeastern North Carolina and designated as an experimental population. Since then, the experimental population has grown and the recovery area expanded to include four national wildlife refuges, a Department of Defense bombing range, state-owned lands, and private lands, encompassing about 1,700,000 acres (6,900 km2).[36]
In 1989, the second island propagation project was initiated with release of a population on Horn Island off the Mississippi coast. This population was removed in 1998 because of a likelihood of encounters with humans. The third island propagation project introduced a population on St. Vincent Island, Florida offshore between Cape San Blas and Apalachicola, Florida in 1990, and in 1997 the fourth island propagation program introduced a population to Cape St. George Island, Florida south of Apalachicola, Florida.
In 1991, two pairs were reintroduced into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where the last known red wolf was killed in 1905. Despite some early success, the wolves were relocated to North Carolina in 1998, ending the effort to reintroduce the species to the Park.
In 2007, the US Fish an Wildlife Service estimated that there were 300 red wolves remaining in the world, with 207 of those in captivity.[37]
According to the latest Red Wolf Recovery Program First Quarter Report (October–December 2010), the US Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that there are currently 110-130 red wolves in the Red Wolf Recovery Area in North Carolina, however, since not all of the newly bred in the wild red wolves have radio collars, they can only confirm a total of 70 "known" individuals, 26 packs, 11 breeding pairs, and 9 additional individuals not associated with a pack.[29]
Interbreeding with the coyote (a species not native to North Carolina) has been recognized as a threat affecting the restoration of red wolves. Currently, adaptive management efforts are making progress in reducing the threat of coyotes to the red wolf population in northeastern North Carolina. Other threats, such as habitat fragmentation, disease, and anthropogenic mortality, are of concern in the restoration of red wolves. Efforts to reduce the threats are presently being explored.[29]
Over 30 facilities participate in the red wolf Species Survival Plan and oversee the breeding and reintroduction of over 150 wolves.[38]
Cultural reference
On April 30, 2008, Indiana University East revealed the Red Wolves to be the new mascot for the campus.
On January 1, 2008, Arkansas State University's Mascot Selection Steering Committee decided to use the Wolves as a mascot. The Red Wolves were officially approved by the university board of trustees on March 7, 2008. The ceremony and unveiling of the new Red Wolves logo was held on March 13, 2008.
On July 1, 1976, the red wolf became the official mascot of the United States Navy's premier Naval Special Warfare Support Helicopter Squadron, HAL-4. Today, they are known as HSC-84 and fly the HH-60H Rescue Hawk.
The chorus of the song "Coyotes" (written by Bob McDill, re-popularized by Don Edwards's performance in the documentary Grizzly Man) states that "the red wolf is gone." The line is an allusion to the cowboy's vanishing way of life.
- ^ a b Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000773.
- ^ Kelly BT, Beyer A & Phillips MK (2008). Canis rufus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 2008-10-23. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered.
- ^ Audubon, J. and J.Bachman.1851.The quadrapeds of North America, Volume 2.New York, NY.p.334.
- ^ Reich, D.E., R.K. Wayne, and D.B. Goldstein. 1999. Genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves. Molecular Ecology 8:139 - 144.
- ^ a b U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.1997.Endangered Red Wolves. http://library.fws.gov/Pubs4/endangered_red_wolves.pdf:1-3.
- ^ Red Wolf Species Profile (2011).
- ^ Alden,P. and Nelson, G.2010.National Adubon Society Field Guide to the Southeastern States.p.365
- ^ a b Nowak, R. 2003.Wolf Evolution and Taxonomy. ''In'' Wolves, Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Edited by Mech, D and Boitain, L.,University of Chicago Press, University of Chicago Press.
- ^ a b c d Atkins, D. and L.Dillon. 1971. Evolution of the cerebellum in the genus Canis. J. Mammal. 52:96-97.
- ^ Ferrell et.al.1980. Biochemical markers in species endangered by introgression: The red wolf. Biochem. Genet. 18:39-49.
- ^ Lawrence,B. and W. Bossert. 1975.Relationships of North American Canis shown by a multiple character analysis of selected populations.Pp73-86 in M.W. Fox, ed., The wild canids: Their systematics, behavioral ecology, and evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
- ^ Mech, L.1970. The wolf: The ecology and behavior of an endangered species. Natural History Press, Garden City, NY.
- ^ Wayne, R. and S.Jenks. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis supports extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf (Canis rufus).Nature 351:565-68.
- ^ Phillips,M. and V.Henry.1992. Comments on red wolf taxonomy.Conserva. Biol. 6:596-99.
- ^ Nowak, R.1992.The red wolf is not a hybrid.Conserv. Biol.6:593-95.
- ^ Nowak et. al. 1995.Another look at wolf taxonomy.pp375-97 in L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip, eds. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world.Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta.
- ^ Koblmuller, S., Nord, M., Wayne, R. K. and J. Leonard. (2009) Origin and Status of the Great Lakes wolf. Molecular Ecology 18 : 2313-2326.
- ^ a b c Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of Wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist 1: 95-130
- ^ VonHolt, BM; et al (12 May 2011). "A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids". Genome Res. doi:10.1101/gr.116301.110. PMC 3149496. PMID 21566151. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3149496.
- ^ Esch, Mary. "Study: Eastern wolves are hybrids with coyotes". AP News. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hIGn3MyVkj3dkd4W2UljCK0y4sVg?docId=787311a8475a4d3aae6e8498aa2edd80. Retrieved 1 June 201`.
- ^ E.A. Goldman. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammology. 18:37-45.
- ^ W. W. Dalquest and G. E. Schultz 1992. Ice Age mammals of northwestern Texas
- ^ a b B. Kurten and E. Anderson. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America 1-442
- ^ Wilson, P.J., S. Grewal, I.D. Lawford, J.N.M. Heal, A.G. Granacki, D. Pennock, J.B. Theberge, M.T. Theberge, D.R. Voigt, W. Waddell, R.E.Chambers, P.C. Paquet, G. Goulet, D. Cluff, and B.N. White. 2000. DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:2156 - 2166.
- ^ J. Michael Smith: The Highland King Nimhammaw and the Native Indian Proprietors of Land in Dutchess County, NY: 1712-1765. Hudson River Valley Review
- ^ Wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.1997. Endangered Red Wolves. http://library.fws.gov/Pubs4/endangered_red_wolves.pdf:p7.
- ^ a b Nowak, R. M. (2002). The original status of wolves in eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1(2), 95-130.
- ^ a b c d "Current Red Wolf Facts," found on the Red Wolf Recovery web page, http://www.fws.gov/redwolf/index.html, accessed on July 5, 2011.
- ^ a b c Phillips et.al.2003. Restoration of the Red Wolf ''In''Wolves, Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Edited by Mech, D and Boitain, L.,University of Chicago Press, University of Chicago Press.
- ^ Powell, W. S. (1973). Creatures of North Carolina from Roanoke Island to Purgatory Mountain. North Carolina Historical Review, 50(2 ), 121-168.
- ^ a b Carley,C.1975.Activities and findings of the red wolf recovery program from late 1973 to July 1, 1975. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque,NM.
- ^ a b McCarley,H. and J. Carley. 1979. Recent changes in distribution and status of red wolves (Canis rufus)Endangered Species Report no.4. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, NM.
- ^ a b Carley, Curtis J. 1979. "Report on the Successful Translocation Experiment of Red Wolves (Canis rufus) to Bulls Island, S.C." Presentation at the Portland Wolf Symposium, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon, August 13–17, 1979.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Cape Romain NWR, red wolf web page
- ^ USFWS.2010. Red Wolf Recovery Program, 1st Quarter Report, October–December 2010, Manteco, NC.
- ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Red Wolf (Canis rufus) 5-Year Status Review: Summary and Evaluation.
- ^ http://www.pdza.org/page.php?id=296
Further reading
- Nowak, R. M. (2003). Chapter 9: Wolf evolution and taxonomy. In D. Mech & L. Boitani (Eds.), Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (pp. 239–258). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Philips, M. K., Kelly, B., & Henry, G. (2003). Restoration of the red wolf In D. Mech & L. Boitani (Eds.), "Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (pp. 272-288). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Nowak, R. M. (2002). The original status of wolves in eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1(2), 95-130.
- Wilson, P. J., Grewal, S., Lawford, I. D., Heal, J. N. M., Granacki, A. G., Pennock, D., et al. (2000). DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 2156–2166.
- ^ Roy, M.S., Geffen, E., Smith, D., Ostrander, E.A. & Wayne, R.K. (1994). "Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci.". Molecular Biology and Evolution 11 : 553–570.
- ^ Roy, M.S., Girman, D.G., Taylor, A.C. & Wayne, R.K. (1994). "The use of museum specimens to reconstruct the genetic variability and relationships of extinct populations.". Experientia 50 : 551-557.
- ^ Wayne, R.K. & Jenks, S.M. (1991). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus". Nature 351 : 565-568.
- ^ Wayne, R.K., Lehman, N., Allard, M.W. & Honeycutt, R.L. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA variability of the grey wolf - genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation". Conservation Biology 6 : 559-569.
- ^ R. Nowak, R.M. (1992). "The red wolf is not a hybrid.". Conservation Biology 6 : 593-595.
- ^ Silverstein, A., Silverstein, V. B. & Silverstein, R. A. (1994). "The Red wolf: endangered in America.". Brookfield: Conn. Millbrook Press.
- Nowak, R. M. (1979). North American Quaternary Canis. Unpublished Monograph, University of Kansas Hays.
|Wikispecies has information related to: Canis rufus
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Canis rufus
Suggested reading for related issue of Eastern wolf:
- Rutledge, L. Y., Bos, K. I., Pearce, R. J., & White, B. N. (2010). Genetic and morphometric analysis of sixteenth century Canis skull fragments: implications for historic eastern and gray wolf distribution in North America. Conservation Genetics, 11(4), 1273-1281.
- Wilson, P. J., Grewal, S. K., Mallory, F. F., & White, B. N. (2009). Genetic Characterization of Hybrid Wolves across Ontario. Journal of Heredity, 100(1), 80-89.
- Wilson, P. J., Grewal, S., McFadden, T., Chambers, R. C., & White, B. N. (2003). Mitochondrial DNA extracted from eastern North American wolves killed in the 1800s is not of gray wolf origin. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 936-940.


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Topic: Drying shoulda functional tests
I am trying to solve my very repetitive functional tests code - I use shoulda and its great macros, however I would like to catch the alway used parts of testing code into one place, without having neccessay to explicitely call it - the best way for me isnt another shoulda macro (like the deprecated should_be_restful, which is exactly what I mean - I want to test the basic CRUD operations on many similar controllers), I would like to use some abstract test case. Doesn't someone have a nice example? What I did is almost what I need, but for an unknown reason the tests are runned twice
Thanks for any kind of advice.
class AbstractControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
logged_in_as :admin do
context "index" do
setup do
get :index
should_render_template :index
class Admin::LabelsControllerTest < AbstractControllerTest


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A range of factors are driving increases in the quantity of distributed photovoltaics connected to utility distribution systems. Going forward, it is anticipated that this growth will continue and that battery storage systems may also become common. These systems are expected to be both customer and utility owned. In either case, there is interest in understanding the full range of ways in which these systems might be used to maximize their value, to enable their integration in large numbers, and to optimize the behavior of the grid.
This report provides a compilation of known use cases for distributed photovoltaic and storage systems. Each use is presented in the form of a brief description that focuses on how the distributed resources are utilized (i.e. the function they perform) and not on the specifics of a particular system architecture. The uses have been compiled from multiple sources, including the Smart Grid work of the National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), and several individual utilities in addition to internal research at EPRI.
The resulting contents provide a concise reference for utilities, manufacturers, and system integrators to understand a range of ideas that have been considered by others. The integration of distributed photovoltaic and storage systems is a rapidly evolving subject matter and new uses will be incorporated in future revisions of this work.


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Acuvue Oasys Contact Lenses - Spherical
by Acuvue | Item #: 16755 | Model #: 73390556233 |
We're sorry, this item is not available in your selected Club. Check another Club
About this item
Available in most strengths. Requires a valid prescription. See your local club for specific availability and to purchase your lenses.
Acuvue Brand Contact Lenses are the # 1 doctor-prescribed eye contacts in the U.S. and around the world. Bring in your contact lens prescription to your local Sam's Club to be fulfilled.


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My 300th Blog Post
I just noticed that yesterday's article was my 300th blog post. Absolutely insane, I tell you. For some reason the number caught my attention and really sticks out to me as a landmark. I guess that when I first started my poor little blog back at the end of the 2008, I never thought I'd stick it out for so long. And not only have I stuck it out but I've been loving every minute of it (except for when I get called a cock for writing provocative guest posts… well, maybe just a little).
If you look through my archives, I started off pretty strong in January 2009 and posted very frequently but it then it all took a big nose dive in the Spring as my commitment wavered. Back in March and April 2009, the pressures and commitments of work and relationships made it difficult for me to clear a path for my budding blogging hobby and I found things just weren't clicking.
However, I woke up one day in May and decided, with sheer utter determination, that I was going to make a solid go of this whole blogging lark and since then I've been blogging almost every day with no sign of stopping. I think now I can honestly understand the whole mentality behind mind over matter and all that guff. If you want to accomplish something, you just have to make it happen regardless of the obstacles. Of course, now it sounds like my blog has done something tremendous like found the cure of cancer which it hasn't (yet… that tomorrow's post) but it's still a personal sign to myself that I can actually do the things I want in life.
I've gained so much out of blogging that I never anticipated. I've made great cyber friends through other blogs and social networking and learnt more about MMORPGs than I ever could have imagined due to all of the great feedback I've had and other blogs that I've discovered. It's all been very rewarding. If, of course, you think knowing a lot about an addictive video gaming genre is valuable.
My writing, another passion of mine, has also developed a lot in my last 300 posts. I started off very self-conscious then went through the stale, purely objective phase and now I'm entering more of a subjective, personal and intimate phase. I'm restraining myself less and writing more sarcastic and opinionated articles which are hopefully more humorous and engaging. It may not be to everyone's tastes but it's very interesting to me to see my style of writing evolve this way. I guess now I'm off the opinion that I want to challenge and shake things up a little (in a very British mild-mannered and sexual repressed kind of way).
So that was post number 301. Tomorrow, more interesting facts such as how I've received 4,033 comments, some not even spam. Excited? I bet you are.
If you liked this post, why not subscribe to the RSS feed.


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She's allegedly lost more than 100 lbs. without the help of exercise, and now Here Comes Honey Boo Boo matriarch Mama June may be set to drop some more.
Honey Boo Boo's "Mama June" (real name: June Shannon) is being considered to join the cast of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, the New York Daily News reports.
Read More >
Other Links From TVGuide.com
- Dancing with the Stars
- Good Morning America
- Here Comes Honey Boo Boo
- June Shannon
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Location, ST | website.com


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So, you're thinking about playing pump? Need a couple of opinions on the do's and don'ts, why and why nots of this most honorable style of paintball? Well then you have come to the right place. I am hoping to compile a massive amount of information concerning all things pump paintball. This thread is going to be laid out in an organized manner as such:
· Why is pump fun?
· Basic Definitions
· What is pump Paintball and who plays it?
· What are the two types of pump paintball?
· Equipment for playing pump.
· Do's and don'ts
· Myths(the advantages and disadvantages)
· Starting up
· Pump manufactures as well as links to their sites
Color Codes:
Disclaimers are in red.
Topics are in bold.
Sub topics are in orange.
Secondary subtopics are in blue.
And edits are in this light purple.
A. Why is pump Fun?
There are many reasons why people consider pump paintball to be extremely fun, and your personal opinion may not be the reason someone else likes to play it. So basically I'll just list off the reasons I've heard over the years and let you come to the conclusion of why you like to play.
1. Saves money. More money equals more play time, which makes people happy.
2. Puts you at a disadvantage. Some people like a challenge, and pump is great for that.
3. More laid back.
4. You like to look intimidating to young and old players alike.
5. Miscellaneous reasons.
For me, the fun comes out of the miscellaneous reasons category. Simply put, I love to play pump because it is just fun for me. All the reasons listed above just go into that reason. I don't know why I like pump more than semi play, I just do. And if you find yourself to be that way, then more power to you.
B. Basic Definitions:
Sniper: Any autococker style gun that has a pump kit.
12g changer: The part on a gun(most likely Stock Class) that holds your 12g Co2 cartridge.
Auto Trigger: A feature on some guns that allows you keep the trigger depressed so all you have to do to fire the marker is pump it.
C.What is pump paintball and who plays it?
Pump paintball is in fact the original way that paintball was played back when it was first invented. Today, the original concept still remains the same. Any gun that requires you to pump, or cock the marker between each shot is a pump marker. Generally the markers are non-electric(with a few exceptions such as e-gripped pumps). Today, pump is becoming more and more popular, and even has its own division within the NPPL(National ProfessionalPaintball League) , as well as many other various leagues around the country.
But who plays pump paintball? In fact, anyone can play pump paintball. First timers all the way up to seasoned veterans are allowed to play pump. As was stated above, pump is becoming more popular, and the style is starting to see a much higher mix of noobs and vets. It also doesn't matter if you are a woodsball, speedball, or anywhere inbetween player. You can use a pump out on the Xball field just as well as you can use it in the woods.
D.What are the two types of Pump Paintball.
To put it simply, pump paintball can be broken down into two categories. These two classifications are Open Class, and Stock Class. Beloware explanations and examples of both:
Open Class: This is basically a no holds barred class within pump paintball. The guns use any common hopper such as the Halo, Dye Rotor, or WinchesterPocket Hopper. They can also use any style of air system. This includes either HPA or Co2. Generally the air sources come from tanks instead of the 12g Co2 cartridges.There are many open class gun options out there. The most common open class out there today is commonly referred to as a sniper. This is any autococker style gun that has a pump kit attached to it.
Some examples of common Open Class style markers: The CCM S6.5
The Empire Sniper
The PPS Nasty Houndstooth
Check-it V2 classic(Sniper)
Some advantages to Open Class:
1. Generally the pump stroke is smoother when compared to a Stock Class. (This is my experience. It has been recently brought to my attention that this may not be the case, so I need the opinions who have had differing experiences)
2. You can use any tank you want. You don't need to spend a bunch of money on 12grams.
3. You can carry as much paint as your hopper holds instead of the smaller 20 ball capacity of the Stock Class.
4. You don't have to "rock and cock" allowing you to stay on target easier between shots.
5. You have a great selection of Open Class markersfrom 50$ all the way up to 1,000$
Some disadvantages to Open Class:
1. Your setup is probably not going to be as tight as a Stock Class. (There are ways to make your setup tighter like the Hawaiian setup)
Stock Class:
Stock class pump paintball follows a much stricter set of rules compared to Open Class. These rules are as follows:
1. Guns may not have a constant air source. This means that you must use 12g Co2 Cartridges.
2. Stock class guns are not allowed to use 12g quick changers. Basically, where the 12g goes has to be threaded so it takes at least one and one half full rotations to remove the changer.
3. The feed tube must be parallel to the bolt.
4. The feed tube can only hold up to 20 paintballs
5. The feed tube may not contain any devise that helps the paintball move towards the breach. Basically this means you have to rock the gun either backwards or forwards to get a ball to load.
6. Auto trigger is not allowed.(I'm a little iffyon this rule)
Those are all of the rules that Iam familiar to achieve a purely Stock Class setup.
Here are a few of the more common Stock Class Guns:
CCI Phantom(Comes in tons ofvariants)
Lapco Grey Ghost
Carter Buzzard
After that, there are other variants to stock class where the rules become more and more lax until you get to Open Class. The two main sub-classes are:
1. Modified Stock:
The rules for a Modified stock class gun say that you may have either a constant air source, or a non stock class feed tube(You can use a hopper) but you may not use both. So you can use either a tank or a hopper, but not both.
Examples of both:
Cockerpunks phuzzard modded Phantom. (Note the tank on the back)
A vert feed phantom. (Notice the vertical feed)
2. Super Stock:
Super stock is pretty much the last step before you hit open class. You can have both a constant air source, and a Non-horizontal feed tube. You are also allowed auto triggers, and other modifications.
Here we have a super stock phantom: (notice both the vertical feed hopper as well as the constant air source) At the moment, I cannot find a substantial difference between this and the Open Class format.
Some advantages of Stock Class:
1. You can get a very small, tight setup.
Some disadvantages of Stock Class:
1. Pretty much all of the advantages that you get from Open Class is a disadvantage of Stock Class. By sticking to a purely Stock Class setup you are automatically at a mechanical disadvantage when to compared to almost any other type of gun on the market today.
Here's a great video explaining the the difference. Thank You Kermit:
Also, there are ways of converting Stock Class guns to Open Class, and vice Versa. PM me if you have any questions concerning specifics.
E. Equipment for Pump Paintball
After buying a gun, you may find yourself wanting more specialized pump equipment. There are many companies that are producing specialized pump equipment. There are also companies that produce equipment that works very well with pump as well. Here is a list of equipment that is made for pump, or works well with it.
GXG 50 round hopper. This is my favorite pump hopper. Not many people like it because it is very prone to jamming if you have the hopper full. With modification, it feeds very well. The reason I like it is that it is extremely small and makes for a nice small profile.
Winchester Pocket Hopper. If you can find these, they are great hoppers. But unfortunately they are no longer in production.
Extreme Rage 100 round hopper. This is a very nice large hopper. It does provide probably the biggest area to get shot out of the pump hoppers.
Proto Primo. This is one of the greatest inventions for pump players hopper wise. The primo gives a great feed rate, but isn't excessively bulky or large. Even though it isn't made specifically for pump players, it works very well.
ViewLoader Revolution. This is one of the most beloved hoppers to ever be used by pump players. It gives a great feed rate, and can be picked up for around 20 dollars. Definitely one of the best values for pump players.
There are many different manufactures of 50 round pods for pump players. GXG makes a very good pod, but like I said there are tons of manufactures.
If you have 50 round pods, you might wantto pick up a 50 round pod pack. I have never used one so I won't comment on effectiveness of either pack I list below.
PbMafia 50 round pack:
GXG pack:
F.Do's and Don'ts
So these are just some basic tips when considering if pump is for you or not, as well as some basic explanationsof each.
1. Try out pump. This is an obvious one. How are you going to know if you like pump or not if you don't at least give it a try?
2. Start with a low priced marker. After you've tried out pump a couple of times, you might be itching to get your own pump marker. Go for a relatively low priced pump. This ensures that if you buy your own marker only to burn out later, you have made a relatively small investment in order to try out a new style of play.
3. Throw yourself into the mix. By this, all I mean is that you should put yourself into a vast amount of different scenarios when out there on the battlefield. Don't stick with the semis all the time. Sometimes you gotta test out your abilities and join a rental group taking on more experienced people.(This applies to paintball in general)
4. Try both Stock Class and Open Class. You don't know which one you're going to like unless you have time with both. Who know, maybe you'll like them both equally.
1. Don't invest in pump until you have a good idea of whether you really like it or not. By this I mean don't buy a gun until you have played a couple of times with a pump gun. I didn't buy my own pump gun until I had been playing for about six months.
2. Do not buy an expensive marker for your first one. Notice that I've put this in both the do's and don'ts. It is imperative that you don't blow a large chunk of capital only to find out down the road that pump just isn't for you.
3. Don't play pump just because you want to be cool. You should have a better reason to play pump other than to look cool or different.
4. Don't bash semi players for playing something other than pump. Chances are they will mow you down with even more impunity if you do.
G. Myths(Advantages and disadvantages):
Disclaimer: This is a very controversial topic within the pump community. I want to put it out there from the very beginning that I am of the opinion that any advantage you gain through playing pump can be gained also by playing semi. That being said, my opinion is that pump puts you at a disadvantage so that you must focus on the more basic skills to overcome said disadvantage. (How's that Kermit )
Ok so here we go, a list of myths concerning pump paintball.
1. Pump play will make you a better player. First of all, no style of play will make you better unless you are willing to learn from your mistakes and work on your short comings as a paintball player.
That being said, pump puts you at a disadvantage that you must overcome to come out victorious. The main disadvantage is your lack of firepower. It can be compared to the firing rate of a sniper rifle versus a machine gun. In the time it takes you to shoot one or two balls, your opponent could have put twenty plus in the air. This plays a large part in developing how accurate you are with your gun. With these firing limitations, you need to learn to put a ball on your target the first time you aim at them. If you can't, you are going to get taken out by someone that can use the "accuracy through volume" principal. Sooner or later one of the hundreds of balls they shoot at you is going to hit you, so it is imperative that you shoot them first.
The firepower disadvantage comes into play here as well. You cannot lane with a pump gun. You just can't. This leaves you in a bit of a bind if you try to sit in the back of the game all the time. You're chances for hitting someone with a pump gun increase dramatically as you go farther up the field. So the logical step is to be as aggressive as you can be and get as close to your targets as you can. Remember, the term "sniper" isn't even remotely accurate for a paintball gun.
Field awareness:
This can be accomplished just as easily with a semi as it can with a pump, therefore not giving you any advantage.
2. Pump guns are more accurate. This just simply isn't true. All paintball guns on today's market have the same accuracy. Accuracy has a great deal to do with factors outside of the aspect of the gun.
3. Pump will save you money on paint. Again, this is one of those myths that can be proven false if you have great self-control. Any semi or mech player can one ball the trigger all day and save a considerable amount of paint. However, playing pump, again, puts you at that mechanical disadvantage to where you are literally not able to get on the trigger and put ten plus balls down range every second. Therefore, you generally shoot far less paint.
4. Pump markers hold their value better than semis. In my experience I have found this to be true. Just look at semi guns from 5 years ago. They've depreciated well over half if not more from their original prices. Pumps may depreciate, but definitely at such a steep rate as semis.
5. Pump is extremely fun. Fuck yeah it is. End of story.
Those are the major myths that surround pump play. If I've missed any, shoot me a pm and if you can convinceme I'll post it up.
G. Starting Up:
So now is just a brief few steps to start up.
If you are a noob, there is only one thing you need to do, and that is to try pump. Find someone that has a pump, or see if your local field has pumps you can borrow for the day. This is the only thing you need to do as a pump noob.
Now, after you've had a few games under your belt at pump, it's time to reflect on whether or not you like playing pump. If you didn't have fun, no problem. Just stop playing. However, if you did have fun, you're probably ready to make an investment. Remember, you don't want to make a large investment. I'll list some good start up guns below.
The Tippmann SL68:
The Azodin Kaos Pump:
I. Manufacturers:
There are a ton of manufactures out there that make quality pump guns. I'll post the names and links to their pages or pages that sell their guns.
The ones I've posted are the first ones that came to mind:
Open Class:
Empire Paintball
Palmers Pursuit Shop
WGP(Out of business, but you can still find their stuff all over the place)
Sanchez Machine
Stock Class:
Carter Machine
http://www.cartermachine.com/ (His website is probably the coolest)
Ronin (Not the manufacturer website, but this is where you buy it.)
Are you looking to convert your old cocker into a pump of death? Look here.
3/25/2011: First edit. Added Kermit's video, as well as the first set of definitions. Also went through and changed colors and fixed the error that combined every few words. Finally, posted links to manufactures and other sites that included pump products.
3/26/2011: Minor edit. Added explanations of Modified and Super Stock Class, as well as pictures of both. Also made a slight change to advantage #1 of Open Class.
4/6/2010: New Section Edit. Added the section Starting up. I'll be adding to this section more and more.
4/21/2012: New section Edit. Added the sections Why is pump fun?, and "Equipment for Pump Paintball.
I'll update this thread occasionally. The next thing to come up will be videos for some of the more important topics. Thanks to Jarz for giving me the mega thread idea. And thanks to Kermit for the awesome video. If you have any questions or suggestions post them up here or shoot me a pm and I will try to reply as quickly as possible.
Edited by Empire91, 21 April 2012 - 02:17 PM.


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Bishop caused that interception. (Actually that was also a terrible play by Derrick Anderson.) Bishop just makes plays – START HIM!
hummm…desmond bishop picking up where he left off
One Response to "hummm…desmond bishop picking up where he left off"
Trav Says:
August 15, 2009 at 9:46 pm |
A pick of his own now. It's cut and dried:
Bishop makes plays.
Poppinga does not.


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JW has decided to hang up his cleats after encouraging little interest on the FA market.
Probably my favourite Indian since I started following baseball and the Indians in 2001. It would have been nice to have seen him with the Tribe during ST as a NRI, although his chances of breaking camp would likely have been minimal.
It would be nice to see him in a role with the organisation in the future. Great pitcher, great professional.


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Final Winter Market To Be Held Thursday
Thursday will be the community's last chance to enjoy fresh locally grown produce from the winter market this season. The winter market will be open from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. in the Dr. Lillian Vitanza Ney Renaissance Center.
The market is offering an array of fresh produce including brussel sprouts, collards, kale, peppers, lettuce, arugula, salad mix, eggplant, Asian mustard, tomatoes, leeks, rutabaga, garlic, cut herbs, leeks, shallots, potatoes, parsnips, cabbage, onions, shallots, winter squash, potatoes, carrots, pea shoots and garlic. The farmers will also bring fresh, local eggs, cheese, goat milk fudge, cob popcorn, home-ground flours, jams and jellies, dry beans, and fresh-frozen meat including roasting chickens, goat meat and pork. All natural, organic goat milk soap and baked goods including cookies, brownies, bread and muffins will also be available.
Novelty vendors will be selling handmade and commercially made alpaca products including gloves, vests, yarn, hats, scarves, and socks (discounts available); handmade jewelry; handmade soaps, lotions, and candles; dream catchers; Valentine's Day gifts; calligraphy items; hand painted glassware, signs and bottles.
"It has been a wonderful addition to the downtown fabric this winter. The community has been so supportive of the market," said Tiffani Conti, JRC event and marketing associate. "There is an amazing community-driven effort to promote eating and shopping local and the market is one alternative to enjoy local produce while supporting our local agriculture."
Those who shop at the winter market have been enjoying free produce with every purchase. New this week, for every $2 produce purchase every customer will receive a $1 coupon to purchase additional product. Coupons must be used Thursday with no limit to the number of coupons distributed per customer.
"We are proud to be able to offer such an amazing incentive program, with the help of the Chautauqua Region Community Foundation, to encourage the community to eat fresh and local," added Conti. "Planning efforts have already started for the Downtown Jamestown Farmers Market and we are working very hard to include similar incentive programs for the summer season. We are anticipating another successful summer market with the community's support, the USDA Farmers Market Promotion Program grant we received, and additional market upgrades."
Free parking is available in front of the Renaissance Center. Metered parking is available along Foundry Alley and in the parking lot behind the Renaissance Center.
Busti Cider Mill & Farm Market: Fresh grown vegetables, apples, jams and jellies, maple products, local honey, fresh ground flours (whole wheat, rye, buckwheat, corn meal), bakery items and apple cider when available.
Calligraphy by Kathleen: Handmade calligraphy poetry, cards, signs, and keepsakes;
Creations by Sally & George: hand-painted bottles with lights, glassware, mailboxes, and Welcome signs;
Dun Roving Farm Alpaca Store: Handmade and commercial alpaca & alpaca blend products including socks, hats, mittens, scarves, gloves, vest, shawls, blankets, yarn & knitting needles, felted soap, roving to spin, and raw fleece;
Lady of the Lake: Hand crafted beach glass jewelry and art work, candles, candle holders, soaps and lotions, and dream catchers;
Small Meadows Farm: Locally grown produce, eggs, organic homemade goat milk soap, frozen meats and cheese.
More information about the market or call JRC at 664-2477, ext 226.


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October 7, 2013 · Print This Article
Addie Wagenknecht, Asymmetric Love Number 2, 2013
Official Site-Twitter-Email
Nicholas O'Brien is a new media artist, curator/organizer, and academic living and working in Chicago. Since getting his BFA from The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Nicholas work has been included in multiple national and international venues including The Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, The Xth Biennial in Lyon net art project mybiennialisbetterthanyours.com, Lampo, Tank.tv, and the Centro Multimedia in Mexico City. He has also curated many screenings and live audio-visual performances within the Chicago area under many different projects including co-founding an alternative artist-run space called BUSKER which operated between 2005 and 2007. Currently, Nicholas is an adjunct faculty in the Department of Interactive Art and Media at Columbia College teaching media theory. More information about his work can be found at doubleunderscore.net
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