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This short piece provides a way of thinking about the Enlightenment's legacy and the strength of modern propaganda in order to enable world history teachers to use these themes in their classes, both for teaching history and for helping students to reflect on their own lives. The authors provide background on the ideas of 1930s critical theorists and their impact on the interwar period, then suggest practical ways that world history instructors (in high schools and universities) can use these insights in developing lectures, lesson plans, and assignments for their classrooms.
Key Words
propaganda, Enlightenment, Frankfurt School, cultural studies, media, interwar Germany
In a recent special issue of the American Historical Review (December 2010), several authors look anew at the role of the Enlightenment in fostering contemporary debate among scholars and in history classrooms. As Karen O'Brien argues in her commentary on the issue, "the twenty-first century finds the Enlightenment in robust health . . . despite a phase of devastating postwar and postmodern critique." O'Brien's point, namely that the Enlightenment is still with us, as both ideal and reality, echoes the central question of this article: how might we approach the legacy of the Enlightenment in a world history classroom, when it seems that the contemporary world is more a product of propaganda than rationality?
Our readers might recall that in 2004 American funny man Jon Stewart's appearance on CNN's now defunct "debate show" CrossFire illustrated poignantly the implications of making television programming exclusively a profit-driven enterprise that abandons almost completely the need to enable viewers to develop their dispositions in such a way that they might value rigorous assessment and reassessment of belief over and above simplistic entertainment especially when it comes to considering world events. Hosted by James Carville and Paul Begala "for the left" and Tucker Carlson and Robert Novak "for the right," CrossFire was billed as a current events debate show that would challenge the views of liberals and conservatives alike. In place of his regular waggish shtick, Stewart posed a serious challenge to Begala and Carlson, claiming that their primetime theatrics had nothing to do with debate and were in fact detrimental to American political life. The segment's outcome was a no holds barred assault, with Stewart labeling both hosts as "partisan hacks" who earned their pay as mere lackeys of the dominant political parties. Stewart's central claim that "knee jerk, reactionary talk" should be distinguished from argumentative conversation recalls other comedic routines such as Monty Python's "The Argument Clinic." This skit makes plain a lesson that contemporary political commentators would do well to learn, namely, that argument is not simply the "automatic gainsaying of any statement the other person makes." Similarly, Stewart's criticism can be construed as a reminder that taking a contrary position, namely, reflexively opposing what your interlocutor says, is neither "honest debate" nor a useful model for responsible political exchange.
But, not incidentally, a de facto shift of position is not sufficient to demonstrate the sort of openness to learning we are promoting. For even the acquiescent first-year college student who is willing to adopt without much consideration the beliefs of his current professors is demonstrating a willingness to shift positions. In other words, if students are unable to understand the issue fully and have not developed both the ability and the disposition to question their beliefs and the background that holds their beliefs together, it is unlikely that they can make an "informed" decision regarding whether they ought to adopt a proposed belief. Such capricious ignorance is no more desirable from the perspective of conversation than Rush Limbaugh's obdurate insistence that he is always right. What is common to both Limbaugh and the naïve college student is that neither engages fully in the task of assessing whether there is good reason to adopt alternative views.
Keep in mind, what passes as argument on news media outlets hardly resembles the sort of dialogue that might help to increase awareness of our myriad contemporary challenges and their possible solutions. More often than not the growing fusion of politics and entertainment appears calculated to promote mindless affirmation of personal ideology at the expense of mutually beneficial conversation. So, Sean Hannity or Keith Olbermann, for example, are not in the business of cultivating the dispositions that will make them or their viewers more willing and more likely to engage others in constructive debate, debate that might result in someone believing that they have got "it" wrong. The result for the featured pundits and a growing segment of the American population, then, is a stubborn narrow-mindedness that obscures the fallibility of our beliefs and downplays the potential intellectual contributions of those with whom we interact.
That said what we experience in our classrooms tends to mirror the extreme polarization of the political realm in the twenty-first century United States where students often struggle to move beyond emotion to a rational analysis of history. Beginning their papers with "I feel," for example, university students in their first-year history surveys often betray their inability to sort argument from opinion challenging instructors at a fundamental level. With the onslaught of data through the web sources that are instantly available and the "truthiness" of much media coverage, students and teachers alike struggle to make meaning and to use history as a lens for understanding the modern world.
Despite what sometimes appears to be the failure of Enlightenment rationality, we want to use the example of 1930s Germany to offer ideas about how to conceptualize the teaching of world history. Our ideas are tentative ones, developed as a result of a team-taught course and several team-teaching projects in each of our fields: philosophy and history. What we are suggesting is that world history teachers can use both the historical study of the Enlightenment and a theme of propaganda to help stimulate critical thinking among students in survey courses. One of world history teachers' main goals is to challenge students to hear and recognize alternative voices and narratives in history and to embrace the multiplicities of human experience. World history texts and classrooms, furthermore, are ideal spaces for grappling with the complexity of the world around us. What we propose is a way of thinking about the Enlightenment's legacy and the strength of modern propaganda that enables world history teachers to use these themes in their classes, both for teaching history and for enabling students to reflect on their own lives. In the next few pages, we provide background on the ideas of 1930s critical theorists and their impact on the interwar period, then suggest practical ways that world history instructors (in high schools and universities) can use these insights in developing lectures, lesson plans, and assignments for their classrooms.
German critical theorists who lived in the early part of the twentieth century experienced historical conditions that shaped both their philosophical attitudes and their interests. In 1923, the same year that the Institute for Social Research emerged in Frankfurt as a new model for cultural critique and critical theory, the Weimar Republic was struggling to overcome a hyperinflation, renegotiating its war debt, and jailing a group of upstarts who staged a putsch in a Munich Beer Hall. Only four years earlier, Germany had emerged from a world war and proletarian revolution much reduced in political power. Just as Germany had been scarred and inspired by the experiences of war and revolution, a young generation of intellectuals had emerged from the same crucible. This mostly male, Jewish, bourgeois group was composed of young (between 20 and 30 years of age) war veterans. As Marxists, this group felt stranded between the increasingly hard-line Bolshevik model and the moderate socialism of Weimar. While their project matured, the Weimar state imploded before their eyes in 1933 with Hitler's rise to power. By the 1940s, the Institute in exile at Columbia University in New York had identified the need to combat not only the constraining elements they saw as inherent in capitalist culture and in the project of the Enlightenment, but more importantly perhaps, they found it necessary to demonstrate why capitalist culture led inevitably to a Totalitarian State.
A result of these historical changes is the development of the aims, goals, and central project of the early critical theorists of the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt School philosophers were not the first to use cultural criticism as a way of examining the ills of capitalist industrial society. Armed with the Marxist categories of class, exploitation, surplus value and profit, cultural critics of the twentieth century have waged campaigns against politicians and demagogues who have purported to create structures and institutions that promote the general good. These Marxist elements regarding ideology critique and emancipation provided the basis for the philosophy of the most influential thinkers of the Frankfurt School: Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse. As Albert Wellmer points out, "Both Marx and Critical Theory tried to analyze modern societies in the light of a normatively grounded idea of emancipated society." Like the Annales school emerging in France during the same period, Frankfurt School thinkers addressed a synthesis between social theory and social philosophy. To critique the dominant ideology of a totalizing society in the wake of the centralization of World War I, they believed one must embrace a "total" critique of a culture.
Critical theorists also recognized the importance of understanding history from the purview of human activity and as a product of the human agent. One of the governing assumptions of the critical theorists is that individual freedom implies political self-determination. In other words, from the claim that human beings are free it follows that they should have the right to direct the course of their lives. There is a need, as a consequence, to provide a critique that unmasks the underlying structures and institutions that are hindering the emancipation of human beings. For social critics, then, dismantling the ideology embedded in "existing culture" was necessary if human beings were truly to be emancipated. Horkheimer explains,
If…the theoretician and his specific object are seen as forming a dynamic unity with the oppressed class, so that his presentation of societal contradictions is not merely an expression of the concrete historical situation but also a force within it to stimulate change, then his real function emerges.
What the critical theorists were trying desperately to promote was a critical self-awareness that enabled people to recognize those antagonistic elements in the social, political, and cultural institutions and the rationalization processes that give them pseudo-normative force.
Horkheimer and Adorno's insistence on the necessity of critical self-awareness reflects a profound disappointment with the failure of Enlightenment promises of progress in the face of National Socialist ideology. In an odd juxtaposition, the Frankfurt theorists diagnose a sick and somnolent society in need of awakening, just as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels are promoting the same notion, but to different ends. Horkheimer and Adorno identified a "culture industry" that robs citizens of imagination, will and freedom, reducing humans to consumption-craving automatons. The culprits in creating this situation were the unholy trinity of scientists, capitalists and liberals, all of whom failed humanity with their limited imagination and lack of reflection. Yet for Hitler, the "culture industry" represents an opportunity for the clever politician. The endless repetition and mechanical reproduction of mass culture that Horkheimer and Adorno decry as soul-stealing provides the answer for Hitler to the decadence and weakness of the liberal Weimer state. Hitler laid bare this promise in Mein Kampf:
Like the woman whose psychic state is determined less by grounds of abstract reason than by an indefinable emotional longing for a force that will complement her nature . . . the masses love a commander more than a petitioner and feel inwardly more satisfied by a doctrine, tolerating no other beside itself, than by the granting of liberalistic freedom with which, as a rule, they can do little, and are prone to feel that they have been abandoned. They are equally unaware of their shameless spiritual terrorization and the hideous abuse of their human freedom, for they absolutely fail to suspect the inner insanity of the whole doctrine."
In the name of freedom, then, Hitler began establishing constraints by the 1930s, namely rules and the reinforcement of norms that were conducive to the impoverishment of the masses.
Detlev Peukert pointed out that Hitler's extraordinary appointment as Chancellor on January 30, 1933, came without an electoral majority or a clear political platform. Peukert also found Hitler's rise to power impossible without the support of "old power elites in business, public administration and the military" who saw the Nazi party as a "respectable alliance partner" who could be easily manipulated and controlled. More importantly, perhaps, Peukert's insight was that the new Nazi state incorporated both the old power elites (especially in the army) and the new Nazi techniques of political mobilization. The scientific Gleichschaltung, or coordination of all aspects of German society and state, that solidified by the end of 1934 sealed the deal. Opposition political parties were eliminated, the state bureaucracy was centralized, industry and army were brought under Nazi control, and a massive network of state-sponsored propaganda and cultural events was created. Historian Modris Eksteins comments on the success of this project:
Without the emphasis on technique, Hitler's rise to power is inconceivable. The devotion to enhancing the appeal of ritual, the obsession with propaganda, and the interest in technology and in the applications, as opposed to the substance, of science, all fitted under this rubric of technicism . . . Propaganda was to Hitler not just a necessary evil, a question of justifiable lies, of warranted exaggeration. Propaganda was to him an art.
Significantly, Klaus Mann's description of the horrifying success of the strategy in his 1936 novel Mephisto bears recalling:
The whole country was transformed into an armed camp; the armaments industry flourished; there was a permanent state of mobilization, and the foreigner gazed spellbound at this imposing, terrifying spectacle, like a rabbit at the snake that is just about to swallow it. Life was fun under the dictatorship . . . but nothing could be heard above the din blasting forth from megaphones and microphones.
Just five years later this integrated Nazi nation was at war with Europe, and dissent seemed to be strangely absent. How had it happened?
Horkheimer, Adorno, Benjamin and other Frankfurt thinkers made it their mission to identify the "false consciousness" that had invaded contemporary culture. Horkheimer, in what is one of his more biting and insightful criticism regarding justifications based on interests and the relegation of reason to instrumental reason, writes,
Having given up autonomy, reason has become an instrument….Its operational value, its role in the domination of men and nature, has been made the sole criterion….Meaning is supplanted by function or effect in the world of things and events….The more the concept of reason becomes emasculated, the more easily it lends itself to ideological manipulation and to propagation of even the most blatant lies….Subjective reason conforms to anything….Deprived of its rational foundation, the democratic principle becomes exclusively dependent upon the so-called interests of the people, and these are functions of blind or all too conscious economic forces…Once the philosophic foundation of democracy has collapsed, the statement that dictatorship is bad is rationally valid only for those who are not its beneficiaries, and there is no theoretical obstacle to the transformation of this statement into its opposite.
As Horkheimer notes, if the ruling class benefits from a dictatorship then it follows that they will rationalize the need for a dictator. For example, when Hitler issued his Decree for the Protection of People and State in February 1933 following the Reichstag fire, he was able to persuade the old political elites to accept the restrictions in the name of "national security." Article 2 of the decree spells out the executive's rights, "If in a state the measures necessary for the restoration of public security and order are not taken, the Reich Government may temporarily take over the powers of the highest state authority." This expansion of state authority was supported by a massive propaganda effort, which made even the persecution of dissidents a reason for a national political rally. As Hitler proclaimed in Mein Kampf,
The content of propaganda is not science any more than the object represented in a poster is art. The art of the poster lies in the designer's ability to attract the attention of the crowd . . . The function of propaganda does not lie in the scientific training of the individual, but in calling the masses attention to certain facts, processes, necessities, etc., whose significance is thus for the first time placed within their field of vision. The whole art consists in doing this so skillfully that everyone will be convinced that the fact is real, the process necessary, the necessity correct, etc. (Emphasis added.)
In Eichmann in Jerusalem, importantly, Hannah Arendt recognized that the propaganda Hitler described was accompanied by no noticeable opposition, writing that Eichmann felt himself supported in his actions to exterminate Jews by the silence from eighty million Germans living under Hitler's dictatorship:
German society . . . had been shielded against reality and factuality by exactly the same means, the same self-deception, lies, and stupidity that had now become ingrained in Eichmann's mentality. These lies changed from year to year, and they frequently contradicted each other; moreover, they were not necessarily the same for the various branches of the Party hierarchy or the people at large.
One of the fundamental facts of propaganda is that it is not necessary to tell people the same things all the time or even to bother with the truth. What propagandists promote are calculatedly vague nationalist or patriotic calls to arms that are disguised as clear common interests that citizens share.
The Enlightenment, keep in mind, established the notion of common interest as a unifying theme in a nation, with philosophes such as Rousseau and Diderot claiming the importance of the general will. Diderot claimed that the general will enlightened "you on the nature of your thoughts and your desires." And, as early as 1920 the National Socialist party program had emphasized the Enlightenment idea of the general good, instructing members that "It must be the first duty of each citizen of the state to work with his mind or with his body. The activities of the individual may not clash with the interests of the whole, but must proceed within the frame of the community and be for the general good." Who determines the general good in a society, however? As Horkheimer pointed out, the general will as a "pure act of understanding" masks the fact that it is not all citizens' interests being promoted. In fact, rather than liberating humanity, reason has been increasingly used to serve only the interests of political elites. Few could have imagined the price to be paid for adopting the values of the Enlightenment tradition.
The Frankfurt School hoped to combat the move toward a meaningless and powerless mass culture by promoting critical rationality and a rejection of instrumental rationality, but can this be successfully implemented? If enlightened revolutionary struggle is the only way to provide a critique of society and the prevailing social conditions that leads to the transformation of society, then why did it fail when espoused by the proponents of liberalism? The idea that knowledge through reason would be able to free or emancipate the individual was at the cornerstone of the Enlightenment notions of human progress. As Marianna Papastephanou points out "the myth of progress, social order and relevant ideologies are the solace through which, by means of the culture industry, the slumber of the masses is prolonged." As a consequence, Adorno and Horkheimer are trying desperately to rekindle a tradition that cherishes doubt and criticism by questioning a conception of reason that is being characterized only as instrumental reason. For many people today the freedom to consume equals emancipation. Therefore, when faced with a "paranoid society" and a persuasive national myth, what impact does abstract rational reflection have on the development of morality and conscience?
These insights about the limits of Enlightenment rationality and the uses of propaganda lead us back to the world history classroom. The Frankfurt theorists' project, namely to cultivate the questioning mind and to stimulate a view of societies and cultures based not merely on instrumental rationality nor on the emotional tugs of modern propaganda, provides a framework for those teaching the modern world. In looking at the Enlightenment's impact on world history and the various ideologies that it spawned, teachers might want to consider discussing the nature of propaganda and rationality as these notions emerged in the period beginning with the revolutions of the eighteenth century. With this information as a base for further discussion, students may be challenged to trace the ways in which rational bases for action helped establish the modern power dynamics that mark the development of the globe into the twentieth century.
We can see clearly the power of myth and tradition in human lives by the extraordinary success of national myths since the French Revolution. Lynn Hunt's work demonstrates that when the king was killed in 1793, the sacred center of the nation disappeared. A "new symbolic language fashioned for the newly mobilized masses" had to be constructed, or in other words a revised "master fiction" had to be supplied. Similarly, Benedict Anderson sees a celebration of rationality as the symbolic replacement for lost myths, a concept "born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely-ordained, hierarchical dynastic realm." Reason, then, appears to be just another competing myth. His "imagined communities" of nations have extraordinary power precisely because they perpetuate a mythic faith in unseen connections between people unknown to each other. National myths have power not because they appeal to rational foundations, but precisely because they do not. The Frankfurt thinkers realized this, yet still found themselves impotent in the face of the political revolution of National Socialism. Enlightenment rationality provides a basis from which to stand and evaluate the world, but a sophisticated understanding of the power of propaganda (and the use of myths) is also essential for understanding global processes. What follows is a short discussion of texts, assignments, and questions that might shape such an approach to the world history classroom.
Teaching Propaganda
In teaching world history from the 1700s to the present, the narrative of the nation-state and its myths takes a central role. Students have ample opportunity in all the major textbooks to consider the origins of nationalism and the ways in which imperialism, industrialization, and national liberation struggles shaped understandings of nationalism. However, these themes are often viewed by students as "givens" because they fit well into the students' worldview. Industrialization and technology create progress in students' minds, and their understandings of under-developed regions of the world are coded accordingly. Students view the world in simple terms, and world history often undermines their mental maps of the globe. A basic question of geography – "What is a continent?" often stymies students. When they define a continent as a landmass surrounded by water, the problem of our continental naming becomes immediately apparent. As Martin Lewis and Kären Wigen note, however, this is not just a mere matter of semantics, but we tend "to let a continental framework structure our perceptions of the human community . . . [e]ach continent is accorded its own history, and we locate its essential nature in opposition to that of the other continents." World history courses often challenge such conceptions, and the thematic approach we propose here, to make propaganda a central theme of the course, takes the notion of undermining students' solid conceptions of the world to its extreme. We think that historical propaganda can be an exceptional teaching tool in global history courses because students find it interesting and because it does shake the foundation of their certainties.
One of the more useful string of assignments that has worked in our global history courses is one that focuses around propaganda. Essential here is an integration of the arts and visual sources into the classroom. With the availability of YouTube videos, with art databases on all major library websites, and with increasing numbers of full-text works of poetry and prose literature, the internet can be an important tool for teachers who want to bring the arts into their classrooms. Historically, humans turned to the arts for a framework for making decisions and evaluating the impact of their actions. One needs only think of the trench poetry of the First World War to see an example of humans coming to terms with the tragedy in which they are trapped. Most famously, Wilfred Owen reflected on the emptiness of patriotism in the lines:
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs . . .
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori.
Yet art's importance as knowledge is continuously dismissed as relative and non-objective in a world of scientific supremacy. It is relegated to the realm of the passions or the emotions; art can move us, some maintain, but it can never provide us with concrete answers to questions such as "how ought I live?" Using visual sources to engage students and help those with difficulty reading historical documents find another point of connection with the past can prove invaluable.
In an introductory world history course, the propaganda theme begins with the empires of the seventeenth century. Students examine a series of written sources from emperors of the period, but they also "read" portraits of these emperors to see what image they sought to project to their subjects. Particularly useful for this assignment are the excellent (and quite different) portraits of leaders such as Kangxi (Qing China), Louis XIV (Bourbon France), Tokugawa Ieyasu (Tokugawa Japan) and Peter the Great (Romanov Russia).
Louis XIV (painted 1701) and Kangxi (painted circa 1720)
These portraits provide a starting point for talking about the nature of power and how it is maintained, the problems of imperial rule, and the changes that are coming with the rise of Enlightenment ideas and modern capitalism. A useful text in this regard is Jonathan Spence's Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-Hsi, which provides an accessible look at the problems of imperial rule and the intellectual ferment of the Qing court.
Once students have looked at some of the political propaganda of empires and have considered the nature of imperial power, it is a natural step to ask them to examine propaganda in the revolutions of the late eighteenth century. For framing this discussion, one piece that works well is a chapter in Merry Wiesner et al., eds., Discovering the Global Past, which features portraits of revolutionary heroes and eulogies about these leaders (George Washington, Toussaint L'Ouverture, Jean-Paul Marat, Simon Bolivar).
The class reads and analyzes the documents in the chapter, then as a class, we discuss the portraits and their meaning. Students are reticent about "reading" art in class at first, but they gradually warm up to the idea and enjoy picking out important themes in the art and the speeches. The students make explicit connections to the past by comparing Washington with Louis XIV, for example. We also discuss the need for propaganda when the body-politic is no longer centered around the real body of a ruler.
While examining these Enlightenment revolutionary figures, students make the leap (often unprompted) to the ways in which our leaders present themselves today. We talk about the symbols of the nation, the good and bad propaganda, and the myths that define us. With this basis for thinking about the founding myths of nations, students then proceed to study of the nineteenth-century with an eye for nationalist propaganda in all its forms. The class discusses how manifestoes work in the context of revolutions and liberation struggles, examine the ways riots might affect political decision-making, and look at how imperialists sought to couch their civilizing mission in the language of national progress. In Discovering the Global Past, Chapter 9 examines competing notions of progress, and students are able to see the ways in which authors try to sway their audiences through appeals both to emotion and reason. By the time the class has arrived at the twentieth-century, it is a fairly easy step to an assignment on reading modern propaganda.
Students are asked to find and evaluate war posters from both world wars, with an eye to variety of audience, nation, and participant. They write about a series of posters, but each is responsible for presenting one poster to the class for broader comment. This allows for an excellent discussion about why certain posters were chosen, what the posters demonstrate, and how effective each artist's approach might be. Students with foreign language background often bring in posters from the countries that interest them, then translate the posters for their classmates (from Chinese, Russian, Japanese, German, Spanish or French – the most common foreign languages at my institution). A particularly lively discussion always ensues when more than one student "chose" the same poster to present; we discuss what makes this particular image or message so appealing.
United States' war posters from World War II and I.
This assignment always generates great discussions, especially when paired with a short clip from a Bill Moyers' PBS documentary. In interviews more than three decades after the end of World War II, two leading propagandists discussed for cameras the secrets of their success. For Nazi filmmaker, Fritz Hippler, propaganda had an easy formula: "simplify and repeat." For his U.S. counterpart, Frank Capra, it was a matter of showing the American public an enemy and highlighting the values of "us" (the ordinary American) versus "them" (the evil elsewhere). After watching this, students often demand to know how the "Nazi" and the American propaganda chiefs can be saying similar things, and they go on to question how propaganda and advertising differ. Once students read a New York Times article form 2002, the debate becomes more intense. The Op-Ed piece by historian Victoria de Grazia examines the Bush administration's hiring of a former J. Walter Thompson advertising agency chairwoman to conduct market research in order to develop a public relations and branding campaign to manage the U.S.'s reputation in the Middle East. By comparing this contemporary effort with propaganda campaigns in World War I and II, the article asks students to think about who controls the message delivered to "the people" in their own country and abroad. This debate rarely ends with this class session, and especially once the class examines Cold War propaganda and texts from contemporary religious fundamentalists (Christian, Muslim, Jewish and Hindu), the central questions of propaganda and truth become defining themes of the course.
In interviews for the documentary, Weapons of the Spirit, we see an example of how visual sources might create debate about the nature of historical action. French villagers in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon looked puzzled when asked for the reason why they risked their lives to save five thousand Jews they didn't even know. As rescuer Marguerite Roussel said, "We never analyzed what we were doing. It happened by itself." Another, Georgette Barraud, simply stated that "it happened so naturally, we can't understand the fuss." One official summed up the town's actions by saying, "It was the human thing to do." For these rescuers, reason offered them little in the way of justification for action, but neither did they rely on any nationalist propaganda. In fact, if anything, Christian faith and communal ties were more decisive factors, suggesting that appeals to rationality are not necessarily "better" motivators than appeals to myths.
The 1930s and 1940s demonstrated that it was all too easy for a political movement to silence oppositional voices, identify and eliminate an internal enemy, and to build a near-totalitarian state. This era also showed the inadequacy of the "enlightened" intelligentsia's response to the crisis, highlighting the problem of audience. Where Hitler made his pleas to mass audiences in a highly-orchestrated theatrical spectacle, the opposition watched their newspapers and journals being smashed. Even the exiles who made it a life's work to oppose the intolerance and injustice of the Nazi program, failed to adopt effective means of disseminating their message and to attract popular support. After all, how many people today would or could read the Dialectic of Enlightenment?
Bertolt Brecht reminded us in 1934, "propaganda that stimulates thinking, no matter what field, is useful to the cause of the oppressed. Such propaganda is very much needed. Under governments which serve to promote exploitation, thought is considered base." For Brecht, the courage to tell the truth is only part of the answer; people must discover the cunning to spread the truth effectively among the many. World history courses can equip students with the tools to recognize propaganda and its power, thereby better understanding the history of the modern world and negotiating the contemporary society in which they live.
(c) 2011 The Middle Ground Journal, Number 3, Fall 2011.
Published by the Midwest World History Association (MWWHA), housed at The College of St. Scholastica. See also, The Middle Ground's curated Facebook Page.


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Salmon: Cyprus' Bad Haircut Day
One very big hint comes from the fact that the Cypriot finance minister, Michael Sarris, is in Moscow Tuesday (where, according to Reuters, he's denying via text message reports that he has resigned). Russia accounts for the lion's share of Cyprus' uninsured deposits, and president Vladimir Putin has said, according to Business Insider , that even a 9.9% tax on those deposits would be "unjust, unprofessional and dangerous." Given that the only way that Cypriot president Nicos Anastasiades kept the tax to less than 10% was by taxing the insured depositors at an unacceptable 6.75%, there is obviously a lot of appetite within Russia to help Cyprus find a way out of this mess.
One way to do that would be for Gazprom, the Russian energy giant, to spend a few billion euros ( see Greece.GreekReporter.com) on rights to Cyprus' natural gas resources; another, according to Storify would be for the Russians to buy a bank or two ( see this Financial Times article ), leaving Cyprus to raid local pension schemes for extra liquidity until natural-gas revenues come on stream. Or, of course, there's always the Buchheit-Gulati option, I recently wrote about . The thing they all have in common is the idea that they're basically trying to provide a bridge to the point at which Cyprus starts getting lots of money from its natural gas. Of course, the gas might not exist at all, or (according to the Guardian), it might take a decade before it actually starts seeing revenues, so there's risk here. But the point is that in Cyprus, uniquely, kicking the can down the road actually makes sense: If you get far enough down the road, there's a real chance that everybody could end up being paid off in full, or making a substantial profit.
It's not clear that Greece's parliament will grok the distinction, however, which makes this particular game very dangerous for the Eurogroup. For the time being, the EU and IMF -- and, crucially, the ECB (according to Reuters) -- are keeping the lines open to Nicosia: The idea seems to be that so long as they don't need to cough up any more than the 10 billion euros they've already agreed to, they'll let Cyprus find the balance of the needed cash any way it wants. But here's the rub: If Cyprus gets to reject the Troika and largely set its own terms, then everybody else ( the Greek parliament) will want to be able to do that as well. And no one in Europe's centers of power really wants the Mediterranean periphery getting too uppity.


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Entrepreneurial Endeavors
Lessons from those who had dreams and "ran" with them
Photo courtesy of the Bearded Brothers
Trail runners tend to be an ambitious bunch—setting goals, training hard, seeking new adventures. We come up with ideas that sometimes (perhaps often) seem crazy to our loved ones. We work with determination and revel in our triumphs.
It's no surprise, then, that many trail runners have another passion that requires the same mix of aspiration, drive and willingness to occasionally sacrifice sleep: entrepreneurship.
We spoke to three trail runners across the country who started their own businesses. Here, they share five lessons they've learned.


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Topic: Can NetBeans do Open Remote Folder (FTP) like e-texteditor does?
I gave NetBeans a try, but now I got into a bit of trouble configuring my projects. Basically I'm using a development server, with Phusion Passenger. All the files, dbs, etc are there. The projects have RailsEnv development set in httpd.conf.
I used to edit with UltraEdit, and basically each file had a local copy, and when I changed and saved one, it was automatically uploaded trough FTP. Now the thing is, I don't know how to make this happen with NetBeans.
If it's not possible (but I hope it is), then would you kindly suggest some other tool that can do the before mentioned job?
Long story short: I have this habit of developing directly on the dev. server, while NetBeans seems to like local development by default.
Thanks a lot for the reply.
Edit: Basically what I want is to reproduce the Open Remote Folder (FTP)... functionality from e-texteditor.
Last edited by WSzP (2009-11-07 10:55:59)


text: This document is intended to provide a concise summary of current views on what a consumer portal could be and to elicit views from a variety of sources about what it should be. The first part of this document is a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) with answers as they are understood currently. The second part is your chance to influence the answers.


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Section V Swimming and Diving Hall of Fame class
The Section V Swimming and Diving Hall of Fame is two years old, so organizers are making up for lost time.
The second class, inducted at a dinner last week, includes 32 individuals, some whose achievements stretch back to the 1940s.
Lisa Holzwasser Becker (Webster Thomas): Set Section V, Monroe County and school records in the 200-yard and 100 freestyles in 1977. Did the same in the 200 individual medley and 100 breaststroke in 1979.
Amy Bills (Webster): All-American and state champion in the 100 butterfly during 1984. Member of three state champion 400 freestyle relays. Won 11 Section V titles. Monroe County league Swimmer of the Year in 1983.
Greg Botos (Webster): State 50 freestyle and 100 butterfly champion in 1987 and 1988. Two-time All-American. Still owns team records in those events. Former junior national 100 butterfly champion and NCAA finalist.
Eileen Consadine Buck (Irondequoit): The 1985 200 freestyle state champ and 100 freestyle runner-up. Two-time Monroe County Outstanding Swimmer. Set 3 school records before winning 12 Big East titles at Villanova.
Darrell Byerts (Webster coach): Two girls teams finished No. 1 in state rankings and won five Section V Class A titles. Boys and girls team record is 521-223-1 over 35 years, with 19 All-Americans and 36 state champions.
Elizabeth "Libby" Snyder Day (Honeoye Falls-Lima): Three-time All-American. State champion in the 50 freestyle and 100 freestyle runner-up during 2003. Set three school records at Boston College.
Alicia Dugan (Pittsford Mendon): School record holder in three events, including the 50 and 100 freestyles. Member of All-American 400 freestyle relays in 1980 and '81. Became a captain at University of Pittsburgh.
Martin Haibach (East): Section V 200 individual medley champion 1963-65. Also 100 butterfly sectional champion in 1965. Three-time Rochester City League champ in 200 IM and 100 butterfly. Owned six school records.
Nick Lakin (Fairport): A seven-time high school All-American, twice in the 50 freestyle from 1996-98. Section V 50 freestyle record-holder won or shared seven state titles. Helped Fairport win two Section V Championships.
Doug Lennox (Gates Chili): Two-time Section V 100 butterfly champion set the state record in 1969. Also won the 50 free sectional title the next year. Awarded Princeton University's The War Memorial Swimming Trophy.
Catherine Lyons (Penfield): Won sectional titles 1978-81, twice setting meet records. Owned or shared seven school marks. Ithaca College's first individual champion was a 13-time All-American after high school.
Doug Meier (Penfield): First Section V swimmer to break a minute in the 100 butterfly. Section V 100 butterfly champion 1962-64. Set sectional championship meet records each of those years.
Mark Morris (Pittsford): A total of 11 boys teams were nationally-ranked, including the 1995 squad that was No. 1. Still active, teams have won 11 Section V titles. Coached 65 All-Americans and 40 state champions to date.
Tom Northrup (Pittsford): Set the 100 breaststroke state record at the 1967 state meet. Helped two 200 medley relays win Section V titles in record-setting fashion, and All-American did the same twice in his race.
Ryan Prosser (Fairport): Earned All-American honors nine times, including twice in the 100 backstroke. Set the 100 backstroke state record in 1993 and won five individual state titles. Eight-time Section V champion.
Robert Reiners (Official): Two-time elected president of the Rochester/Monroe County Certified Swim Officials. Officiated more than 50 years at the high school level and 40 with the NCAA.
Phil Reynolds (Irondequoit): Set the 100 breaststroke state and Section V records in 1962. Two-time sectional champion went on to Bucknell, where he was a national champion twice and a four-time All-American.
Jon Roberts (Fairport): Won eight state titles from 2002-04. Earned All-American honors and Section V titles 10 times. Member of 2007 United States National Team (100 breaststroke). Reached the 2008 Olympic Trials.
Mark Russell (Spencerport): All-American and state diving champion 1977-79. Undefeated in that time period. Produced four all-time top-10 performances and was all-conference 1980-83 while at Kentucky.
Bob Schaefer (Marshall): Won back-to-back Section V titles in the 100 freestyle during 1947-48. Member of three Section V champion 200 freestyle relays and helped set the sectional record.
Dick Schaefer (Marshall): Section V champion in the 100 breaststroke in 1945 and '46. Also was part of the 1947 150 medley relay sectional champ. He and his brothers won 12 individual and 10 relay sectional titles.
John Schaefer (Marshall): Won the Section V 220 freestyle title in 1948 and '49. Shared sectional relay championships in 1947 and '49. Set the Section V 220 freestyle record.
Tom Schaefer (Marshall): Helped set the Section V 200 freestyle relay record with brother Bob. Won Section V 50 freestyle titles in 1947 and '48. Also won 100 and 220 freestyle sectional championships.
Walter Schaefer (Marshall): Winner of three Section V titles in 1943-44, including the 100 and 220 freestyle. Set the Section V 220 freestyle record. All of the Schaefer brothers were inducted as a group this year.
Robert Schlegel (Contributor): Coached at the high school level for 37 years. Volunteered as an official, administrator and coach in the sport. National Interscholastic Swim Coaches Association award winner.
Steven Segerlin (Webster): Won diving state titles from 2001-03 and was a three-time high school All-American. Member of the 2002 Senior National Team. State runner-up in 2000. Three fourth-place finishes at 2002 Junior World Team Trials. NCAA champion at Auburn University.
Keith Shields (Victor): Coached 19 girls and 9 boys Section V Championship teams. Combined record of 581-165-6. Teams won 34 Finger Lakes league titles. Niagara District Volunteer of the Year Award winner.
Nick Steo (Pittsford Sutherland): The 1974 100 breaststroke state and Eastern Interscholastic Swimming Meet champion. Section V 100 breaststroke record holder was a 1973 200 medley relay All-American.
Laura-Lee Sullivan (Greece Olympia): Won three state and four sectional titles combined in either the 100 backstroke or 100 breaststroke. Earned All-American and set the Section V 100 breaststroke record in 1987.
Mike Townsend (Brighton): Set Section V records in the 50, 100 and 400 freestyle. Sectional 500 freestyle champion 1960, 62-63. Also a 200 freestyle national record holder, a sectional 100 and 400 freestyle champ.
Barb Wallace (Pittsford Sutherland): First girl in Monroe County league to earn All-American honors and reach boys sectional finals in 1975. Coached four swimmers who reached Olympic Trials, including Elizabeth Beisel.
Jeff Wood (Fairport): Earned high school All-American honors 13 times. Won five state and 11 Section V titles. State Swimmer of the Year in 2005. Set the Notre Dame 100 backstroke record and won two Big East titles.


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Look for the Deductions Above the Line
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- There are two types of tax deductions. "Above the line" deductions are claimed on Page 1 of Form 1040 and reduce Adjusted Gross Income. "Below the line" deductions are claimed on Page 2 of the 1040 and reduce Taxable Income. The "line" is your Adjusted Gross Income.
"Above the line" deductions are better than "below the line" ones. Because these deductions reduce your AGI, they could also increase a multitude of other tax benefits that are "phased out" or disallowed altogether based on your AGI, or a "modified" AGI, and could also reduce the amount of taxable Social Security or Railroad Retirement benefits. An "above-the-line" deduction of $1,000 could actually reduce your net Taxable Income by more than $1,000.
"Above the line" deductions include expenses that are claimed on Schedules C, D, E and F, and "Adjustments to Income" such as:
- Alimony
- Early withdrawal penalties for CDs and savings accounts
- Educator expenses
- Job-related moving expenses
- Qualified tuition and fees
- Self-employed deductions for health insurance premiums, half of the Self-Employment Tax and traditional retirement plan contributions
- Student loan Interest
- Traditional IRA contributions
"Below the line" deductions are the Standard Deduction or Itemized Deductions from Schedule A and Personal Exemptions. The tax benefit of a deduction claimed "below the line" is always limited to the amount of the actual deduction. A $1,000 "below the line" deduction will reduce your net taxable Income by only $1,000.
Here is a tip: You can deduct as a miscellaneous itemized deduction the cost of preparing your tax returns. If the invoice is itemized you can allocate the tax preparation fee to Schedules A, C, E and F as per the itemization.
The invoice for preparing your 2011 tax returns totals $350, which is itemized as $150 for Form 1040 and Schedule A, $125 for Schedules C and SE and $75 for Schedule E. You can deduct $150 on your 2012 Schedule A, $125 on Schedule C and $75 on Schedule E.
By allocating the fee you have reduced your AGI by $200. If you claimed the entire fee on Schedule A you would have reduced your taxable income only. And it is possible that, because of the 2% of AGI exclusion that applies to miscellaneous deductions, you would get only a partial, or no, tax benefit from the fee.
So if your tax return includes multiple schedules, ask your tax pro to itemize your invoice.


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Here's how RW members rated this race (117 votes).
In short: A Good DayIn full: A good generally well organised race. I agree with earlier comments about what goody bags, finished well up the field but wasnt offered a goody bag and didnt even know there were any. But banana and choc bar were nice finish items. Overall, very enjoyable course and will be back next year!Date of review: June 18, 2007
In short: Very Scenic and nice challenging courseIn full: Hot day, nicely undulating, was willing the 7 mile drink station to come, but it was closer to 8 mile. Locals with hosepipes etc were very welcome.Date of review: June 18, 2007
In short: No major hills, low traffic flow and good to see plenty of runners in the barDate of review: June 17, 2007
In short: A really well organised race that was very enjoyable.Date of review: June 17, 2007
In short: The most scenic road race in the Midlands !In full: A wonderful race around country lanes, through scenic villages and past timber framed cottages. Reasonably hilly, and the weather was warm again this year, but I guess my major reason for struggling was that this was my 15th race in 29 days. Excellent organisation - shame about the over officious timekeepers who apparently disqualified the runner-up because he jumped the start by half a second. On a 9 mile road race - come on ?Date of review: June 17, 2007
In short: really good eventIn full: really enjoyable race - i found the first 5 miles and the last mile quite challenging esp in the sun but this made for a good varied run. i think runners would have benefited from some additional marshals though as occassionally i found myself moving from the left to right hand side of the road because other runners ahead of me were, for no apparent reason! Date of review: June 17, 2007
In short: Well organised race over a pleasant course.Date of review: June 17, 2007
In short: Extremely Well Organised RaceIn full: My first 9 mile race ... usually only do 10K or 1/2 marathons.Very pleased with time of 1h 16m ... especially as it was so hot.Good to see people with hosepipes ! Very much appreciated.Goody bags? What goody bags? Didn't know there were any.... I was pleased with my medal, bar of choc and bananaDate of review: June 17, 2007
In short: I can see clearly now the rain has gone!In full: Very enjoyable race. Interesting course - not too hilly (seemed to be more downhill bits than uphill bits!!), lots to look at on the way round and well supported with marshalls etc. Date of review: June 17, 2007
In short: A very good raceIn full: This race was very well organised, its just a shame there wasn`t enough goody bags for all runners, Thankyou to all marshalls for your support on route especialy those at the water stations, despite the recent wet weather this was a very hot day, well done to all those runners who wanted to get under 65 mins with me, I enjoyed your company as my running buddy is injured @ the moment, see you all next year.Date of review: June 17, 2007
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LesYESLet your dough ferment overnite in the fridge, it gives the dough a great taste, closer to the pizzaria flavors.There is a lot of information on this topic right here on the site. Another resource is the book that most everyone refers to called American Pie, by Peter Reinhart. He also wrote a bunch of other books, I have the Bread Bakers Apprentice which goes into detail on the fermentation process that occurs when making bread dough/pizza dough. Great books to have if you do a considerable amount of this kind of cooking.Pizzaholic
If I might add my 2 cents, for most of you there is a perfectly free way to have a proofing box at home. If you have an oven with a separate switch for the internal light - i.e., you can turn on the light inside without turning on the heat - then simply put your dough inside the oven to proof with a bowl of water inside.


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The long-running German Village joint, which is scheduled to open a second, smaller location in the North Market this April, specializes in gargantuan, NYC deli-style sandwiches hefty enough they could pass for two meals. And don't forget to grab a couple of their excellent (and free!) pickles to munch on the side.
Runners-up: The Brown Bag Deli Restaurant, Katalina's Café Corner


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The signs and symptoms of a concussion can be subtle and may not be immediately apparent. Symptoms can last for days, weeks or even longer.
Common symptoms after a concussive traumatic brain injury are headache, loss of memory (amnesia) and confusion. The amnesia, which may or may not follow a loss of consciousness, usually involves the loss of memory of the event that caused the concussion.
Signs and symptoms of a concussion may include:
Some symptoms of concussions may be immediate or delayed in onset by hours or days after injury, such as:
Head trauma is very common in young children. But concussions can be difficult to recognize in infants and toddlers because they may not be able to describe how they feel. Nonverbal clues of a concussion may include:
See a doctor within 1 to 2 days if:
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that you call your child's doctor for advice if your child receives anything more than a light bump on the head.
If your child doesn't have signs of a serious head injury, and if your child remains alert, moves normally and responds to you, the injury is probably mild and usually doesn't need further testing. In this case, if your child wants to nap, it's OK to let him or her sleep. If worrisome signs develop later, seek emergency care.
Seek emergency care for an adult or child who experiences a head injury and symptoms such as:
Other symptoms include:
No one should return to play or vigorous activity while signs or symptoms of a concussion are present.
Experts recommend that an athlete with a suspected concussion not return to play until he or she has been medically evaluated by a health care professional trained in evaluating and managing concussions. Children and adolescents should be evaluated by a health care professional trained in evaluating and managing pediatric concussions.
Experts also recommend that adult, child and adolescent athletes with a concussion not return to play on the same day as the injury.
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We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here.


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Eight Man Squad
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|Eight Man Squad
|Volume #39, Naruto Chapter #354
|Naruto Shippūden Episode #121
|Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations
|Naruto Shippūden: UNSG anime cutscenes
|Appears in
|Anime, Manga, Game
|Team Info
This team was formed after news of Sasuke Uchiha's victory over Orochimaru reached Konoha. Upon realising that Sasuke still wouldn't be coming home, Naruto asked the Fifth Hokage to send a squad out to hunt down Sasuke's target, Itachi Uchiha, and use him as bait to bring Sasuke back to Konoha before the latter can get to him. Kakashi added that a small but elite squad of shinobi would be needed to take down a member of Akatsuki, and enlisted the members of Team Kurenai for their tracking skills. With this, Team Kakashi and Team Kurenai formed a single squad for one purpose: hunt down the Uchiha.
- Rank: Unknown
- Status: Failed; Itachi died and Sasuke's trail was lost
Starting out as a mission to capture the missing-nin Itachi Uchiha, it called for the squad to split up and search the area for any sign of Itachi. However, upon seeing Deidara's suicide explosion, the team regrouped, with Kiba finding Sasuke's scent. With Sasuke so close, the squad's primary mission of finding Itachi was replaced with finding Sasuke instead. While being stalled by Akatsuki member Tobi, the team learned that Itachi had died in battle with Sasuke. They tried to reach Sasuke before Tobi could, but failed as both Itachi's corpse and Sasuke were gone, and were unable to rediscover Sasuke's trail.


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Eagle Point School District Strike Settled
The Eagle Point School District says an agreement has been reached with striking employees.
The district says schools are closed Wednesday and will resume
Thursday with regular teachers. Schools opened this week with
The Eagle Point Education Association began the strike May 7.
Classes were canceled last week.
The district near Medford has 328 employees, including 186
teachers, and a total of about 4,100 students.
The two-year agreement still needs final approval from the
school board and union.
The district says the agreement keeps teacher preparation time
at current levels and increases contributions to health insurance
coverage. The district agrees not to subcontract transportation
services while the issue is under study.


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Gerald McCoy On Pro Football Focus Mid-Season All-Pro Team
With season-ending injuries his first two years in the league, Tampa Bay Buc fans were wondering if defensive tackle Gerald McCoy was injury prone or just a bust. The former No. 3 pick out of Oklahoma is proving the Bucs knew what they were doing when they drafted him. Pro Football Focus has McCoy listed as a Mid-Season All-Pro. This is big considering his numbers aren't as flashy as some other players. Still, his contribution goes beyond numbers. Also, receiver… Read More »


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Accentuate is a upscale fashion accessories boutique for women and men. Here at Accentuate, we offer a wide range of styles from NY and LA. We carry high fashion quality accessories at affordable prices. Some of our...
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Aéropostale, Inc. is a mall-based, specialty retailer of casual apparel and accessories, principally targeting 14 to 17 year-old young women and men through its Aéropostale® stores and 4 to 12 year-old kids through its...
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It all started back in 1988 at a farmer's market in Downingtown, Pa., where Anne Beiler and her husband, Jonas, sold a variety of snacks, including hand-rolled, soft pretzels. Anne and Jonas tried different combinations...
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We use only the finest quality ingredients in our products to give you everything you want without anything your skin doesn't need. Our proprietary bareMinerals formula represents the ideal mix of makeup and skincare;...
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We make fragrance fun with exclusive Signature Collection scents, the world's best Home Fragrances, Hand Soaps & Sanitizers, perfect gifts & so much more!
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BCBG stands for "Bon Chic Bon Genre" which means " Good Style Good Attitude " in French. Committed to the highest standards of creativity, innovation and quality design, BCBG is taking the world by storm. With critically...
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With over 300 stores in 16 Southern states, a thriving website and a rich community heritage, Belk offers the best in Modern. Southern. Style.
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Belk seeks to satisfy the modern, lifestyle like no one else, so that our customers get the style they desire and the value they deserve.
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The latest in make-up. Come over and get a free makeover from one of the many stylists
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Choose from all major carriers, a great selection of mobile phones, and family and individual plans to fit your needs.
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Relax after a long day of shopping at Body & Sole Massage. We specialize in chair and table massages.
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Buca di Beppo is the perfect place for great Italian food and fun! Buca offers authentic Italian cuisine in an eclectic, vintage setting. Buca's family-style dishes are perfect for celebrations and groups of all sizes.
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Sports bar with a complete menu including appetizers, salads, burgers, and 14 different sauces for wings.
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At Build-A-Bear Workshop you can make your own stuffed animal friends like bears, bunnies, dogs and more! Make a wish and add a heart - a Build-A-Bear Workshop trademark. Then dress them up in furbulous furry fashions...
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Wedding, Maternity, Children and Family photographer. Capturing those unforgetable moments is what we love to do. Additionally, we offer competitive prices with all the extras.
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A store for both men and women specializing in clothing, decor, accessories and more!
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Oriental restaurant specializing in bourbon chicken, orange chicken, and teriyaki chicken.
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Shop for your entire home with CharDen Home Decor. We have access to the highest quality table runners, table cloths, doilies, quilt and sham sets, curtains, sheet sets all from overseas and very affordable prices.
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Charlotte Russe, your BFF (Best Fashion Friend), has all the amazing fashion you could want...at prices you wouldn't believe.
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We didn't invent the chicken, just the chicken sandwich. Offering tender chicken specialties and sandwiches.
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The Children's Place makes shopping for kids easy, fun and affordable! Moms are greeted by the latest fashion trends and everyday essentials for kids in sizes newborn to 14. Our one-stop shopping experience offers a wide...
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A modern version of a traditional bakery where you can sample delicious and world-famous cinnamon rolls. Not just for breakfast, but for dessert, at the office or anytime you want to eat something unbelievably delicious.
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Every girl's favorite place to get the latest trends in fashion accessories... It's at Claire's!
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Surf, skate & wake boards, accessories & apparel as well as the hottest swimsuit collection in Jacksonville for all ages.
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Located on the Lower Level across from A'Gaci. The original Cotton On offer has expanded to successfully branch into intimates, sleepwear and activewear with Cotton On Body; children's fashion with Cotton On Kids...
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Great Kids' Fashion.Crazy Low Prices!Sizes 0-14.
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Charlotte, opened Cupcake Fifty Etc four years ago at the age of 50 with 50 flavors of cupcakes-thus the name Cupcake Fifty Etc She caters and specializes in cupcake tower's for weddings, baby showers, birthday parties...
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Get the latest in facial and skin cleansing with the most natural of ingredients
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Today, Dillard's continues to fulfill the same commitment our founder made over 70 years ago. We search for the finest merchandise around the world and bring the newest and best to you for the style of your life. We...
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To create magical moments for guests of all ages through interactive presentation, innovative products and unique experiences, bringing Disney's most important characters and stories to life.
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Express is the must-have sexy, sophisticated fashion brand for work, the weekend, or going out. It's what's new and what's now for fashion-oriented women and men. Express is modern fashion for the speed of life. Catering...
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Fast Fix specializes in jewelry and watch repair.
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Welcome to Foot Locker! Check out the latest kicks and news from our world.
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The latest fashions for girls and guys at reasonable prices. Forever 21 at The Avenues offers two stories of clothes that are sure to fit your every need, no matter what the occasion.
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We provide customers with a one-of-a-kind shopping experience to find eclectic, carefully hand chosen apparel, gifts, accessories, and jewelry.
See all things: Francesca's Collections Jewelry & Watches Accessories Women's Specialty Teen's Fashions
Selling New and Used cds, dvds, box sets, games and so much more. Make FYE your one stop shop for entertainment
See all things: fye - For Your Entertainment Music & Movies
GameStop is the world's largest video game retailer. With over 6,100 stores located throughout the United States and 17 countries, we are the retail destination for gamers around the world.
See all things: GameStop Music & Movies Toys, Games & Hobbies Electronics & Technology
Giti is an store created for free spirited girls who are not afraid to show off their personality through fashion. In August 2003, Giti was opended in Gainesville, Florida for the first time. As soon as the store was...
See all things: GITI Women's Fashions Women's Specialty
GNC Holdings, Inc., headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA, is a leading global specialty retailer of health and wellness products, including vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplement products, sports nutrition products and diet...
See all things: GNC Health, Bath & Beauty
Gymboree has been dressing children since 1986. The brand's fashionable clothing and accessories are designed and crafted to withstand rugged play while letting kids be kids in outfits they love to wear. Gymboree...
See all things: Gymboree Children's & Infant Fashions
Since the beginning, Häagen-Dazs has sought to innovate and bring new frozen dessert experiences to its customers, including distinctive flavors such as Vanilla Swiss Almond, Butter Pecan and Dulce de Leche to name just a...
See all things: Haagen-Dazs Restaurants (order at the counter) Ice-cream/Frozen Yogurt/Smoothies Desserts Dining Snacks
Hair Cuttery is the largest family-owned chain of hair salons in the country, with more than 900 company-owned locations on the East Coast, in New England and the Midwest. A full-service, value-priced salon, Hair Cuttery...
See all things: Hair Cuttery Services Health, Bath & Beauty
At Hairspray Salon, we strive to provide you with a beauty experience that surpasses your expectations. We pride ourselves in offering expert service for men & women, using the latest tools and products in the industry...
See all things: Hairspray Salon Services Health, Bath & Beauty
Through moments big and small, and through both happy and difficult times, Hallmark helps you give voice to caring thoughts and let others know your feelings.
See all things: Hallmark Cards, Books, Gifts & Stationery
We haven't been around quite as long as diamonds have-but almost. Our almost 100-year history as a family-led company culminates in our affiliation with Berkshire Hathaway and Warren Buffett. In other words, nobody knows...
See all things: Helzberg Diamonds Jewelry & Watches
Offering fashion and quality at the best price, H&M offers a varied assortment for the entire family, including concepts for ladies, men, teenagers and children. We currently have over 2300 stores in 40+ markets.
See all things: H&M Women's Fashions Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Teen's Fashions
It all started in 1988. A ton of teen retail accessory stores filled the malls, but there wasn't a cool music-inspired accessory store for both guys and girls. Then came Hot Topic. ... As 1990 rolled around, adding...
See all things: Hot Topic Accessories Specialty Shops Teen's Fashions
Icing specializes in the latest fashion accessories including jewelry, handbags, decor and more!
See all things: Icing by Claire's Accessories
At Indian Fashions, you will find traditional Indian clothing, jewelry, accessories and more!
See all things: Indian Fashions Specialty Shops
Instyle designed women's clothing that allows women to dress for all different occasions and bring their personality out through their clothes. Instyle sells a variety of different and trendy clothing from denim washed...
See all things: InStyle (Women's Clothing) Women's Fashions Accessories
New brands, new shops, new styles. There's more to love at jcpenney.
See all things: jcpenney Department Stores & Anchors
Get that look that best fits you at JCPenney Salon
See all things: JCPenney Styling Salon Services Health, Bath & Beauty
Become known and trusted as "The Expert in Men's Apparel" and a leading menswear brand by designing and contract-manufacturing classically styled career and casual apparel sold in a nationwide chain of service-oriented...
See all things: Jos. A. Bank Men's Fashions
Make everyday a good hair day! Discover the latest in premium flat irons that will help you create the look you want.
See all things: Jose Eber Health, Bath & Beauty
Founded in 1986, Journeys is a fashion-forward leader in the retail footwear market, targeting 13-22 year-old guys and girls. Our stores promote and reflect our customers' lifestyle and attitude and is designed to stay...
See all things: Journeys Shoes & Footwear Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Sporting Goods & Athletic Wear
Justice Clothing for Girls features the very latest in girls clothing and preteen fashion accessories including tops, bottoms, dresses, outerwear, pj's and more.
See all things: Justice Children's & Infant Fashions Teen's Fashions
Shop our selection of engagement rings, wedding rings, necklaces, pendants and chains, cultured pearl necklaces and more. Kay Jewelers carries a wide selection of looks, from classic to modern to unique, there's a...
See all things: Kay Jewelers Jewelry & Watches
Kids Foot Locker is a national children's athletic retailer that offers the largest selection of brand-name athletic footwear, apparel and accessories for children. Its stores feature an environment geared to appeal to...
See all things: Kids Foot Locker Shoes & Footwear Children's & Infant Fashions
We offer eyebrow threading, facials, eyelash extensions,henna tattoos and more!
See all things: LaBiotique Health, Bath & Beauty
Providing the best in footwear for all athletic women
See all things: Lady Foot Locker Shoes & Footwear Women's Fashions Sporting Goods & Athletic Wear
In Italy since 1994, "Le Crepes" serves more than 70 different unique combinations of crepes for every palate, with uncompromising attention to freshness and presentation. Customers can enjoy breakfast, lunch, dinner, or...
See all things: Le Crepes Specialty & Gourmet Foods Restaurants (order at the counter)
Light up your footwear with LEDz Shoes.
See all things: LEDz Shoes Shoes & Footwear
Offering seventeen flavors of French-crafted macarons made from scratch with no preservatives nor artificial flavors and totally gluten-free. Other delights include croissants, pain au chocolat, French madeleines, gourmet...
See all things: Le Macaron French Pastries Restaurants (order at the counter) Bakery Coffee / Tea Café French Desserts Dining
LensCrafters is a leader in optical retailing, offering quality products from some of the biggest names in frames, including Ray-Ban, Bulgari, Burberry, Oakley, Dolce & Gabbana, Donna Karan, Polo Ralph Lauren and many...
See all things: LensCrafters Services Sunglasses, Optical & Eyewear
The #1 destination for hats --all teams, all styles, all brands. Visit our website http://www.lids.com/ Tweet us http://twitter.com/lids4hats Check out our blog http://blog.lids.com/
See all things: Lids Accessories Sporting Goods & Athletic Wear Specialty Shops
Get the best in your favorite team colors and jerseys!! Whether it's NFL or college, we've got all the latest in sports apparel.
See all things: Lids Locker Room Sporting Goods & Athletic Wear Specialty Shops
At LOFT, we believe the best relationships are BUILT ON TRUST. Well, that and an amazing wardrobe. We believe in offering VERSATILE, ACCESSIBLE and AFFORDABLE fashion with undeniably FEMININE appeal, special and...
See all things: LOFT Women's Fashions
LUSH is the ultimate beauty delicatessen. A cosmetics grocer with fresh, handmade, and inventive merchandise loaded with the finest natural ingredients; butchers' blocks of soap; a myriad of colorful spheres (the original...
See all things: Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics Health, Bath & Beauty
Be creative. Be adventurous. Be inspired. New ideas, up-to-the-minute inspiration, fabulous future events, even behind-the-scenes candids and gossip from the flurry that is fashion week. Stay M·A·C, Stay Tuned!
See all things: MAC Cosmetics Health, Bath & Beauty
Offers award winning ice cream and treats. "We hand-fold your favorite nuts, candy or fruit into our ice cream, right in front of you! We make much more than ice cream, we offer smoothies, milkshakes, cakes, treats and more."
See all things: Maggie Moo's Ice Cream Specialty & Gourmet Foods
Enjoy the authentic flavors of Asia, made fresh for you at Mandarin Express. Bold flavors and fresh ingredients define who we are, and we pride ourselves on our superior quality.
See all things: Mandarin Express Restaurants (order at the counter)
Discover MetroPCS® and its world of no contracts, unlimited talk, text and data plans and fast 4G LTE Network. Find your affordable MetroPCS® plan today!
See all things: Metro PCS Services Electronics & Technology
Stop by Mischief for today's most popular trends in men's clothing.
See all things: Mischief Men's Fashions Men's Specialty
Spa treatment in the mall never felt so good!
See all things: Modern Nails & Day Spa Services Health, Bath & Beauty
You know you're a true Moe's fan when: • You yell "Welcome to Moe's" along with the crew. • You refuse to pay for chips and salsa. • You sell your microwave on ebay. • Your ipod is filled with songs from the...
See all things: Moe's Southwest Grill Restaurants (order at the counter) Mexican Dining
Monarch Jewelers offers a premium selection of gold, diamond, silver, and stainless steel jewelry along with a variety of fashionable timepieces. We can also assist you with professional jewelry cleaning, repair, and...
See all things: Monarch Jewelers Jewelry & Watches
Cracked phone screen? Need a new phone case? At My Phone Repair, we've got you covered. Stop by to have your phone repaired, pick up a new phone case and more!
See all things: My Phone Repair Accessories Electronics & Technology
Build your own Salads. You pick it, We Toss it or Chop it!
See all things: Natural Greens Restaurants (order at the counter)
New York & Company brings the energy, excitement and style of New York City to women everywhere. NY&C is the modern wear-to-work destination.
See all things: New York & Company Women's Fashions
Gourmet popcorn products are the perfect addition to any family celebration, corporate gathering, and/or public event. We offer our flavored popcorns in single flavored bags, 2 & 3 flavored combo bags, plus specialty gift...
See all things: On & Poppin Gourmet Popcorn Specialty & Gourmet Foods
California Lifestyle Apparel, Shoes, Accessories. Girls Apparel: Jeans, Tees, Tanks, Camis, Shirts, Flannels, Long Sleeve Tees, Tops, Dresses, Shorts, Skirts, Hoodies, Sweaters, Vests, Jackets, Pants & SWIMWEAR! Girls...
See all things: PacSun Shoes & Footwear Women's Fashions Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Accessories Teen's Fashions
Palm Beach Autographs is Tim Tebow's Exclusive memorabilia partner. All Palm Beach Autographs signatures come fully documented with COA and tamper-evident Hologram and were personally witnessed by a member of our staff...
See all things: Palm Beach Autographs Miscellaneous
A world of fashion and comfort, a world of imagination and design.
See all things: Papaya Women's Fashions
To democratize fashion and design in footwear and accessories to inspire fun, fashion possibilities.
See all things: Payless ShoeSource Shoes & Footwear
Perfume Collection offers a great selection of popular fragrances for men, women and teens.
See all things: Perfume Collection Health, Bath & Beauty
Peterbrooke Chocolatier transforms the art of fine European chocolate making into a truly American experience by combining the very best ingredients and old world techniques with a variety of all-American treats...
See all things: Peterbrooke Chocolatier Specialty & Gourmet Foods Specialty Shops
Piercing Pagoda offers customers an extensive selection of popularly priced 10 karat and 14 karat gold chains, charms, bracelets, rings and earrings, as well as a variety of silver and diamond jewelry in select locations...
See all things: Piercing Pagoda Jewelry & Watches
PLAYlive Nation is a premium social gaming lounge focused on an immersive experience. Each customer is treated like a Very Important Person (VIP). Our goal is to provide a clean, safe, and cool atmosphere which welcomes...
See all things: PlayLive Nation Entertainment Toys, Games & Hobbies
Variety of all breeds and all kinds of accessories for your favorite canine
See all things: Puppy Ave. Specialty Shops Miscellaneous
Rainbow Shades offers a wide variety of name brand sunglasses. You are sure to find the perfect pair at Rainbow Shades.
See all things: Rainbow Shades Men's & Women's Fashions Accessories
At Regis Salon, we believe style and beauty serve to enhance your own unique journey. Our goal is to offer an engaging space where you can refine and redefine how you look and feel, to be confident every day. Our stylists...
See all things: Regis Salons Services Health, Bath & Beauty
Enjoy Thai food here at The Avenues!
See all things: Ruby Thai Restaurants (order at the counter)
Casual neighborhood bar and grille offering a variety of menu items.
See all things: Ruby Tuesday Restaurants (order via wait staff) American Dining
Samuels Jewelers has been serving jewelry customers since 1891. Our 100 year diamond tradition began in San Francisco, where Albert Samuels first opened his doors in 1891. The three story building on Market Street housed...
See all things: Samuels Jewelers Jewelry & Watches
Japanese cusine specializing in teriyaki chicken.
See all things: Sarku Japan Restaurants (order at the counter) Japanese Dining
Offers hand-tossed Italian specialties, including Sicilian and thin crust pizzas, calzones, and stuffed pizzas. Convenient take-out service is also available.
See all things: Sbarro Restaurants (order at the counter) Pizzeria Dining
Sears' stores sell apparel, tools, and appliances, as well as providing home services (remodeling, appliance repairs) under the Sears HomeCentral brand. Sears is the leading home appliance retailer in North America and is...
See all things: Sears Department Stores & Anchors
Since we opened our first store in Kansas City 50 years ago, Sears Optical Centers have been improving family eye care by helping families see better and look great. Everything you love about Sears is what you'll find at...
See all things: Sears Optical Services Sunglasses, Optical & Eyewear
See Natural Sign Nails Spa specializes in manicure/pedicure and massage.
See all things: See Natural Sign Nails Spa Services Health, Bath & Beauty
Let's Beauty Together at Sephora. Play in the world of prestige beauty, be inspired, and discover hundreds of products plus exclusive brands. Meet us at the Beauty Studio for complimentary classes, makeovers, and expert...
See all things: Sephora Health, Bath & Beauty
Stop by Signature Perfume for the best in men's and women's fragrances.
See all things: Signature Perfume Specialty Shops
One stop shop for all things silver and gold
See all things: Silver & Gold Connection Jewelry & Watches
The Avenues Mall invites parents to bring their children to the Simon Mall play area for a morning or afternoon of supervised fun. Children under 42" can run, roll, and slide while parents enjoy the soft seating. Please...
See all things: Simon Mall Play Area Entertainment
Specializing in shoes for both style and comfort.
See all things: SKECHERS USA Shoes & Footwear Accessories
The cool cure for the summer heat. Every fruit you can think of, blended just the way you like it.
See all things: Smoothie Shack Specialty & Gourmet Foods
Jewelry for every occasion
See all things: Sparkle Women's Fashions
Store specializing in the fun and bizarre
See all things: Spencer Gifts Accessories Specialty Shops Teen's Fashions
Splash Eco Auto Spa full service auto spa business providing services to customers while they work, shop and/or dine at popular shopping centers, outlets and malls across the United States. The concept of our business is...
See all things: Splash Eco Auto Spa Services Miscellaneous
Come into Sprint today for all the latest phones and accessories!
See all things: Sprint Music & Movies Specialty Shops Services
Enjoy a cup of your favorite coffee, made just the way you like it.
See all things: Starbucks Coffee Restaurants (order at the counter) Bakery Coffee / Tea Café Dining Snacks
Deviate from the norm with Subculture's diverse clothing, corsets, and accessories. Steampunk, Gothic, and Retro Pinup cultures blend together to create a myriad of unique and eccentric underground style.
See all things: Subculture Women's Fashions Women's Specialty
Enjoy a freshly made sub with all of your favorite sandwhich options.
See all things: Subway Restaurants (order at the counter) American Sandwiches Dining
Dozens of brands from Aviators to Ray Bans
See all things: Sunglass Hut International Accessories Specialty Shops Sunglasses, Optical & Eyewear
Enjoy a variety of teas from around the world at Teavana.
See all things: Teavana Restaurants (order at the counter) Coffee / Tea Café Dining
The Bodhi Tree...eco boutique provides products & services that nourish, heal, honor & support the body, spirit & earth. ~Namaste
See all things: The Bodhi Tree Specialty Shops Variety
Natural skin and hair care for your body. Vitamin induced benefits that help you take care of you while looking fabulous
See all things: The Body Shop Health, Bath & Beauty
Located on the Upper Level next to Victoria Secret
See all things: The Buckle Women's Fashions Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions
Clothes for the professional woman. Work in style
See all things: The Limited Women's Fashions
Located on the Lower Level near Center Court across from Guest Services
See all things: The Walking Company Shoes & Footwear
Wine slush mixes, bottled wine, Gourmet Dip Mixes, Gourment salsa mixes, Sweet Gourment Mixes, wine accessories and other associated gifts.
See all things: The Winey Wench Specialty & Gourmet Foods
Our mission is to help customers celebrate life's special moments through personalized gifts -- from the celebration of birthdays to commemoration of achievements to weddings to births of babies. Our focus is on the...
See all things: Things Remembered Jewelry & Watches Accessories Specialty Shops
T-Mobile USA has you covered whether you stay in one region or need service nationally or even internationally. We have coverage areas in over 80 countries with more than 180 roaming partners.
See all things: T-Mobile Specialty Shops Services Electronics & Technology
Torrid designs and retails on trend fashion apparel, accessories, and lingerie for young, stylish women sizes 12 to 28. It's collections inspire them to feel sexy, confident and down right irresistible. Torrid has stores...
See all things: Torrid Women's Fashions Specialty Shops Teen's Fashions
Each week, bringing hundreds of new, exciting and trendy shoe styles from around the world at the most incredible prices.
See all things: Traffic Shoes Shoes & Footwear
Your stop for latest in urban footwear and accessories.
See all things: Underground Station Shoes & Footwear
We specialize in tattoos and piercings.
See all things: Untouchable Tattoo Specialty Shops Services
Vans was founded in 1966 by Paul and James Van Doren, Serge Delia, and Gordon Lee. It has stood for authenticity in youth lifestyle, music and action sports since day one. Vans has one of the top action sports teams in...
See all things: Vans Shoes & Footwear Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Teen's Fashions
Victoria's Secret is inspired by a love for lingerie, and the desire to bring beauty—and fantasy—into every woman's wardrobe. We believe little luxuries are of grand importance. And what's closest to your body is always...
See all things: Victoria's Secret Women's Fashions Specialty Shops Teen's Fashions
Call for an appointment to get your eyeglasses at the vision center
See all things: Vision Works Services
Weekends is an official retailer for Tervis brand tumblers. They are made in America right here in Florida. Tervis is the original customizable, double-wall insulated drinkware that keeps hot drinks hot, cold drinks cold...
See all things: Weekends Specialty Shops
WINDSOR 10300 Southside Blvd Space 1230A Jacksonville, FL 32256 ...
See all things: Windsor Women's Fashions
Xtreme Whitening is a recognized leader in the teeth whitening industry and have been since we began in 2008.Our goal is to provide safe, high quality products with a great values.Our products are 100% safe and not...
See all things: Xtreme Teeth Whitening Services
Making your atmosphere smell like a favorite memory or place.
See all things: Yankee Candle Specialty Shops Cards, Books, Gifts & Stationery Miscellaneous
Since brothers Morris and William Zale opened our first store more than 85 years ago, Zales has stayed true to their vision: to provide guests with quality merchandise at affordable prices. Zales offers an outstanding...
See all things: Zales Jewelers Jewelry & Watches
Oriental clothing and home furnishings
See all things: Zensation Specialty Shops
Providing our customers with cutting edge clothing styles, music and hard goods for skate, snow, surf, and active young lifestyles. We support the skate and snowboard industry that our customers live and ride for. Shop...
See all things: Zumiez Shoes & Footwear Women's Fashions Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Teen's Fashions
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A new study reveals how the amygdala is involved in controlling predatory behavior in mice.
Expanding ENCODE
August 27, 2014|
Latest Encyclopedia of DNA Elements data enable researchers to compare genome regulation across species.
Covering the life sciences inside and out
August 27, 2014|
Latest Encyclopedia of DNA Elements data enable researchers to compare genome regulation across species.
August 27, 2014|
What researchers are learning as they sequence, map, and decode species' genomes
August 21, 2014|
Hummingbirds perceive sweetness through a receptor with which other vertebrates taste savory foods.
August 14, 2014|
Researchers report the first example of large-scale RNA-based communication between species—a parasitic plant and two of its hosts.
August 7, 2014|
The stressors a female rat experiences during pregnancy can have repercussions for her granddaughters, a study shows.
July 30, 2014|
Hibernation-related proteins are common even in non-hibernating animals, a study shows.
July 10, 2014|
Mice undernourished during pregnancy can transmit the effects of such nutritional stress to their sons' germ cells, epigenetically.
July 10, 2014|
Cognitive testing in chimpanzee pedigrees reveals a genetic basis for intelligence.
July 10, 2014|
Big ad campaigns and celebrity involvement have helped increase public interest in genetic genealogy, but helping consumers understand their DNA ancestry testing results remains difficult.
July 7, 2014|
Pathogenic mutations in mitochondrial DNA are common in healthy people, according to a new study.