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Great white shark
The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a species of large lamniform shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. The great white shark is mainly known for its size, with mature individuals growing up to 6.4 m (21 ft) in length (although reports have been published of great white sharks measuring over 8 m (26 ft),[3] and 3,324 kg (7,328 lb) in weight).[4][5] [6][7] This shark reaches its maturity around 15 years of age and was previously believed to have a life span of over 30 years. The true lifespan of Great white sharks is far longer; now estimated to be as long as 70 years or more, making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fish currently known.[8] Great white sharks can accelerate to speeds that exceed 56 km/h (35 mph).[9]
The great white shark is an apex predator of the seas and has no natural predators.[10] The great white shark is arguably the world's largest known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals. It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals, including fish and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon, and is ranked first in having the most attacks on humans.[11][12] The IUCN list the great white shark as a vulnerable species,[2] while it is included in Appendix II of CITES.[13]
The bestselling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent blockbuster film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a "ferocious man eater". In reality, humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark,[14] however of all shark species, the great white shark is responsible for by far the largest number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans.[15]
- 1 Taxonomy
- 2 Distribution and habitat
- 3 Anatomy and appearance
- 4 Ecology and behavior
- 5 Relationship with humans
- 6 Conservation status
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus gave the great white shark its first scientific name, Squalus carcharias. Later, Sir Andrew Smith gave it Carcharodon as its generic name in 1833, and also in 1873. The generic name was identified with Linnaeus' specific name and the current scientific name Carcharodon carcharias, was finalised. Carcharodon comes from the Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth.[16]
Ancestry and fossil record[edit]
The great white shark came into existence during the mid-Miocene epoch. The earliest known fossils of the great white shark are about 16 million years old.[1] However, the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute. The original hypothesis for the great white's origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, such as the C. megalodon. Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size of both the great white and C. megalodon led many scientists to believe these sharks were closely related, and the name Carcharodon megalodon was applied to the latter. However, a new hypothesis proposes that the C. megalodon and the great white are distant relatives (albeit sharing the family Lamnidae). The great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to the C. megalodon, a theory that seems to be supported with the discovery of a complete set of jaws with 222 teeth and 45 vertebrae of the extinct transitional species Carcharodon hubbelli in 1988 and published on 14 November 2012.[17] In addition, the new hypothesis assigns C. megalodon to the genus Carcharocles, which also comprises the other megatoothed sharks; Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage.[18]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Great white sharks live in almost all coastal and offshore waters which have water temperature between 12 and 24 °C (54 and 75 °F), with greater concentrations in the United States (Atlantic Northeast and California), South Africa, Japan, Oceania, Chile, and the Mediterranean.[19] One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa, where almost all of the shark research is done.
The great white is an epipelagic fish, observed mostly in the presence of rich game, such as fur seals, sea lions, cetaceans, other sharks, and large bony fish species. In the open ocean, it has been recorded at depths as great as 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[20] These findings challenge the traditional notion about the great white as being a coastal species.[20]
According to a recent study, California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California and Hawaii known as the White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around 900 m (3,000 ft). After they arrive, they change behavior and do short dives to about 300 m (1,000 ft) for up to ten minutes. Another white shark that was tagged off of the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year. This refuted traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators and opens up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to have been discrete. The reasons for their migration and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities that may support this idea include seasonal feeding or mating.[21] A similar study tracked a great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia's northwestern coast and back, a journey of 20,000 km (12,000 mi; 11,000 nmi) in under nine months.[22]
Anatomy and appearance[edit]
The great white shark has a robust, large, conical snout. The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size which is similar to some mackerel sharks.
A great white displays countershading, by having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall mottled appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side. From above, the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight.
Great white sharks, like many other sharks, have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones, ready to replace any that break off. When the shark bites, it shakes its head side-to-side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh.[23]
Male great whites reach maturity at 3.5–4.0 m (11.5–13.1 ft) long and females at 4.5–5.0 m (14.8–16.4 ft) long. Adults on average are 4–5.2 m (13–17 ft) long and have a mass of 680–1,100 kg (1,500–2,430 lb). Females are generally larger than males. The great white shark can reach 6.4 m (21 ft) in length and 3,324 kg (7,328 lb) in weight.[3][4] [5][6][7] The maximum size is subject to debate because some reports are rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances.[25] Among living cartilaginous fish, only the basking and whale sharks and the manta ray average larger and heavier. These three species are generally docile in disposition and given to passively filter-feeding on very small organisms.[26]
A number of very large great white shark specimens have been recorded.[27] For decades, many ichthyological works, as well as the Guinness Book of World Records, listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals: In the 1870s, a 10.9 m (36 ft) great white captured in southern Australian waters, near Port Fairy, and an 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick, Canada, in the 1930s. Some researchers question these measurements' reliability, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. This New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark, as the two have similar body shapes. The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s when J. E. Randall examined the shark's jaws and "found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5 m (17 ft) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record, in 1870, of the shark's length".[28]
According to J. E. Randall, the largest white shark reliably measured was a 6.0 m (19.7 ft) individual reported from Ledge Point, Western Australia in 1987.[28] Another great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center: A female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton, Prince Edward Island, in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Prince Edward Island. This female great white was 6.1 m (20 ft) long.[7] However, there is a report considered reliable by some experts of a larger great white shark specimen from Cuba in 1945. This specimen was 6.4 m (21 ft) long and had a body mass of about 3,324 kg (7,328 lb).[4][5]
Several great white sharks caught in modern times have been estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long,[29] but these claims have received some criticism.[25][29] However, J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may have exceeded 6.1 m (20 ft) in length.[28] A great white shark was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia on 1 April 1987. This shark was estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long by Peter Resiley,[28][30] and has been designated as KANGA.[29] Another great white shark was caught in Malta by Alfredo Cutajar on 16 April 1987. This shark was also estimated to be around 7.13 m (23.4 ft) long by John Abela and has been designated as MALTA.[29] However, Cappo drew criticism because he used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the KANGA specimen was 5.8–6.4 m (19–21 ft) long.[29] In a similar fashion, I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the MALTA specimen was 5.3–5.7 m (17–19 ft) long.[29] However, photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size estimations yielded through Randall's methods.[29] Thus, a team of scientists—H. F. Mollet, G. M. Cailliet, A. P. Klimley, D. A. Ebert, A. D. Testi, and L. J. V. Compagno—reviewed the cases of the KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out.[29]
One contender in maximum size is the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier. While tiger sharks which are typically both a few feet smaller and have a leaner, less heavy body structure than white sharks, have been confirmed to reach at least 5.5 metres (18 ft) in the length, an unverified specimen was reported to have measured 7.4 metres (24 ft) in length and weighed 3,110 kilograms (6,860 lb).[26][31] Some other macropredatory sharks such as the Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, and the Pacific sleeper shark, Somniosus pacificus, are also reported to rival these sharks in length (but probably weigh a bit less since they are more slender in build than a great white) in exceptional cases.[32][33] The question of maximum weight is complicated by the unresolved question of whether or not to include the shark's stomach contents when weighing the shark. With a single bite a great white can take in up to 14 kg (31 lb) of flesh, and can also consume several hundred kilograms of food.
The largest great white recognized by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is one caught by Alf Dean in the south Australian waters in 1959, weighing 1,208 kg (2,663 lb).[25] Several larger great whites caught by anglers have since been verified, but were later disallowed from formal recognition by IGFA monitors for rules violations.
Great white sharks, like all other sharks, have an extra sense given by the Ampullae of Lorenzini which enables them to detect the electromagnetic field emitted by the movement of living animals. Every time a living creature moves, it generates an electrical field and great whites are so sensitive they can detect half a billionth of a volt. Even heart beats emit a very faint electrical pulse. If it is close enough, the shark can detect even that faint electrical pulse. Most fish have a less-developed but similar sense using their body's lateral line.[34]
To more successfully hunt fast and agile prey such as sea lions, the great white has adapted to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water. One of these adaptations is a "rete mirabile" (Latin for "wonderful net"). This close web-like structure of veins and arteries, located along each lateral side of the shark, conserves heat by warming the cooler arterial blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles. This keeps certain parts of the body (particularly the stomach) at temperatures up to 14 °C (25 °F)[35] above that of the surrounding water, while the heart and gills remain at sea temperature. When conserving energy the core body temperature can drop to match the surroundings. A great white shark's success in raising its core temperature is an example of gigantothermy. Therefore, the great white shark can be considered an endothermic poikilotherm because its body temperature is not constant but is internally regulated.[23] Great whites also rely on the fat and oils stored within their livers for long distance migrations across nutrient-poor areas of the oceans.[36] Studies by Stanford University and the Monterey Bay Aquarium published on 17 July 2013 revealed that In addition to controlling the sharks' buoyancy, the liver of great whites is essential in migration patterns. Sharks that sink faster during drift dives were revealed to use up their internal stores of energy quicker than those which sink in a dive at more leisurely rates.[37]
Bite force[edit]
A 2007 study from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, used CT scans of a shark's skull and computer models to measure the shark's maximum bite force. The study reveals the forces and behaviors its skull is adapted to handle and resolves competing theories about its feeding behavior.[38] In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine the great white shark's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen more than 6.1 m (20 ft) long could exert a bite force of over 18,000 newtons (4,000 lbf).[5]
Ecology and behavior[edit]
This shark's behavior and social structure is not well understood. In South Africa, white sharks have a dominance hierarchy depending on the size, sex and squatter's rights: Females dominate males, larger sharks dominate smaller sharks, and residents dominate newcomers. When hunting, great whites tend to separate and resolve conflicts with rituals and displays. White sharks rarely resort to combat although some individuals have been found with bite marks that match those of other white sharks. This suggests that when another shark approaches too closely to another great white, they react with a warning bite. Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show their dominance.
The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey. This is known as spy-hopping. This behavior has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef sharks, but this might be learned from interaction with humans (it is theorized that the shark may also be able to smell better this way because smell travels through air faster than through water). The white sharks are generally very curious animals, display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if the situation demands it. At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable "clans" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack; in that each member has a clearly established rank and each clan has an alpha leader. When members of different clans meet, they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a fascinating variety of interactions.[39]
Great white sharks are carnivorous and prey upon fish (e.g. tuna, rays,[39] other sharks[39]), cetaceans (i.e., dolphins, porpoises, whales), pinnipeds (e.g. seals, fur seals,[39] and sea lions), sea turtles,[39] sea otters, and seabirds.[40] Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest. Upon approaching a length of nearly 4 metres (13 ft), great white sharks begin to target predominately marine mammals for food.[41] These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy-rich fat. Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod-and-reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal, a pig, and a sheep from his boat in the South Farallons. The sharks attacked all three baits but rejected the sheep carcass.[42]
The great white shark's reputation as a ferocious predator is well-earned, yet they are not (as was once believed) indiscriminate "eating machines". They are ambush hunters, taking prey by surprise from below. Near Seal Island, in South Africa's False Bay, shark attacks most often occur in the morning, within 2 hours after sunrise, when visibility is poor. Their success rate is 55% in the first 2 hours, falling to 40% in late morning after which hunting stops.[39]
Hunting techniques vary by species of the prey. Off Seal Island, the sharks ambush brown fur seals from below at high speeds, hitting the seal mid-body. They go so fast that they can completely leave the water. The peak burst speed of these sharks is largely accepted in the scientific community to be above 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph). However further precision is still speculative.[43] They have also been observed chasing prey after a missed attack. Prey is usually attacked at the surface.[44]
Off California, sharks immobilize northern elephant seals with a large bite to the hindquarters (which is the main source of the seal's mobility) and wait for the seal to bleed to death. This technique is especially used on adult male elephant seals which can be as large or larger than the hunter and are potentially dangerous adversaries. Prey is normally attacked sub-surface. Harbour seals are taken from the surface and dragged down until they stop struggling. They are then eaten near the bottom. California sea lions are ambushed from below and struck mid-body before being dragged and eaten.[45]
Off The East Coast of North America, where white sharks are still poorly understood, individuals have been filmed and documented hunting grey seals. When hunting, atlantic great whites will hunt very close to shore, unlike their counterparts elsewhere which prefer deeper water for ambush and breach attacks. The sharks also utilize sandbars to set up ambushes, and will then chase the seals in a flat-out pursuit. This behavior was revealed to the public media during two episodes of Shark Week, the first being "Jaws Comes Home" and the second being "Return of Jaws".
White sharks also attack dolphins and porpoises from above, behind or below to avoid being detected by their echolocation. Targeted species include dusky dolphins,[29] Risso's dolphins,[29] bottlenose dolphins,[29][46] Humpback dolphins,[46] harbour porpoises,[29] and Dall's porpoises.[29] Close encounters between dolphins and predatory sharks often result in evasive responses by the dolphins.[46] However, in rare cases, a group of dolphins may chase a single predatory shark away in an act of defense.[46] White shark predation on other species of small cetacean has also been observed. In August 1989, a 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) juvenile male pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps, stranded in central California with a bite mark on its caudal peduncle from a great white shark.[47] In addition, white sharks also attack and prey upon beaked whales.[29][46]
Even though the great whites are known to generally avoid conflicts with each other, the phenomenon of cannibalism is not alien to this species. Large individuals may aggressively interact intraspecifically with small individuals. A 3 m (9.8 ft) long great white shark was nearly bitten into two by a reportedly 6 m (20 ft) long great white shark in Stradbroke Island, near Brisbane in Australia.[48]
White sharks also scavenge on whale carcasses. In one such documented incident, white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks.[49]
Almost nothing is known about reproduction in great whites. Some evidence points to the near-soporific effect of a large feast (such as a whale carcass) possibly inducing mating.[50] Great white sharks also reach sexual maturity at around 15 years of age.[51] Maximum life span was originally believed to be more than 30 years, but in a study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, the true lifespan of the great white shark was revealed to be up to 70 years or more with examinations of growth ring count in vertebrae including ages of 73 years old in the oldest male and 40 years old in the oldest female in the study, making the species far more vulnerable to pressures such as overfishing and environmental change.[52] (see references).
Little is known about the great white shark's behavior in the way of mating habits. Birth has never been observed, but pregnant females have been examined. Great white sharks are ovoviviparous, which means eggs develop and hatch in the uterus and continue to develop until birth.[53] The great white has an 11-month gestation period. The shark pup's powerful jaws begin to develop in the first month. The unborn sharks participate in oophagy, in which they feed on ova produced by the mother. Delivery is in spring and summer.[54] The Northern Pacific population of great whites is suspected to breed off of the Sea of Cortez (as was revealed in the Shark Week episode "Spawn of Jaws"), as evidenced by local fisherman who have said to have caught them and evidenced by teeth found at dump sites for discarded parts from their catches. If the Sea of Cortez is such a breeding ground, it is imperative that the area's laws be better enforced to ensure the survival of the breeding population.
Breaching behaviour[edit]
A breach is the result of a high speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water. This is a hunting technique employed by great white sharks whilst hunting seals. This behavior often takes place on cape fur seals at Seal Island in False Bay, South Africa but due to the randomness of the location of a shark's breach, it was very hard to document. It was first photographed by Chris Fallows and Rob Lawrence who developed the technique of towing a slow moving seal decoy to trick the sharks to breach.[55] Here, in the region of 600 natural predatory events are recorded annually from April to September each year. The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper water below. They can reach speeds of up to 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph) and can at times launch themselves more than 10 feet (3.0 m) into the air. Data recorded shows that the sharks are successful in just under 50% of all these natural predatory events.[56] In 2011, a 3 metres (9.8 ft) long shark jumped onto a seven-person research vessel off Seal Island in Mossel Bay. The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait, and the incident was judged to be an accident.[57]
Natural threats[edit]
Interspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.[46] An incident was documented on 4 October 1997, in the Farallon Islands off California in the United States. An estimated 4.7–5.3-metre (15–17 ft) female orca immobilized an estimated 3–4-metre (9.8–13.1 ft) great white shark.[58] The orca held the shark upside down to induce tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate and then proceeded to eat the dead shark's liver.[46][58][59] It is believed that the scent of the slain shark's carcass caused all the great whites in the region to flee, forfeiting an opportunity for a great seasonal feed.[60] Another similar attack apparently occurred there in 2000, but its outcome is not clear.[61] After both attacks, the local population of about 100 great whites vanished.[59][61] Following the 2000 incident, a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft) and swum to Hawaii.[61]
Relationship with humans[edit]
Shark attacks[edit]
Of all shark species, the great white shark is responsible for by far the largest number of recorded shark attacks on humans, with 272 documented unprovoked attacks on humans in which the great white shark was identified as of 2012.[15]
More than any documented attack, Peter Benchley's best-selling novel Jaws and the subsequent 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg provided the great white shark with the image of being a "man eater" in the public mind.[62] While great white sharks have killed humans in at least 74 documented unprovoked attacks in which the species was identified, they typically do not target them: for example, in the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed attacks against humans in the last two centuries, most of which were non-fatal. Many of the incidents seemed to be "test-bites". Great white sharks also test-bite buoys, flotsam, and other unfamiliar objects, and they might grab a human or a surfboard to identify what it is.
Other incidents seem to be cases of mistaken identity, in which a shark ambushes a bather or surfer from below, believing the silhouette is from a seal. Many attacks occur in waters with low visibility or other situations which impair the shark's senses. The species appears to not like the taste of humans, or at least finds the taste unfamiliar. Further research shows that they can tell in one bite whether or not the object is worth attacking. Humans, for the most part, are too bony for their liking. They much prefer a fat, protein-rich seal.[63]
However, some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not because sharks do not like human flesh, but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite. In the 1980s John McCosker, the Chair of Aquatic Biology at California Academy, noted that divers who dove solo and were attacked by great whites were generally at least partially consumed, while divers who followed the buddy system were generally rescued by their buddy. McCosker and Timothy C. Tricas, an author and professor at the University of Hawaii, suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal. Humans' ability to move out of reach with the help of others, thus foiling the attack, is unusual for a great white's prey.[64]
Humans are not appropriate prey because the shark's digestion is too slow to cope with a human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded attacks, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. Fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial bite rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption. From 1990 until 2011 there have been a total of 139 unprovoked great white shark attacks, 29 fatal.[65]
Attacks on boats[edit]
Great white sharks infrequently attack and sometimes even sink boats. Only five of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark attacks reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers.[66] In a few cases they have attacked boats up to 10 metres (33 ft) in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually attacking the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat Lucky Jim, knocking a crewman into the sea. Tricas and McCosker's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats due to the electrical fields they generate.[67]
Great white sharks in captivity[edit]
Prior to August 1981, no great white shark in captivity lived longer than 11 days. In August 1981, a white shark survived for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released.[68] The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film Jaws 3-D.
In 1984, shortly before its opening day, the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Monterey, California, housed its first great white shark which had died after 10 days. In July 2003, Monterey researchers captured a small female and kept it in a large netted pen near Malibu for five days. They had the rare success of getting the shark to feed in captivity before its release.[69] Not until September 2004 was the aquarium able to place a great white on long-term exhibit. A young female, which was caught off the coast of Ventura, was kept in the aquarium's massive 3,800,000-litre (1,000,000 US gal) Outer Bay exhibit for 198 days before she was released in March 2005. She was tracked for 30 days after release.[70] On the evening of 31 August 2006, the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay.[71] His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on 8 September 2006, and as of that date, he was estimated to be 1.72 metres (68 in) in length and to weigh approximately 47 kilograms (104 lb). He was released on 16 January 2007, after 137 days in captivity.
In addition, Monterey Bay Aquarium housed a third great white, a juvenile male, for 162 days between 27 August 2007, and 5 February 2008. On arrival, he was 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) long and weighed 30.6 kilograms (67 lb). He grew to 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) and 64 kilograms (141 lb) before release. A juvenile female came to the Outer Bay Exhibit on 27 August 2008. While she did swim well, the shark fed only one time during her stay and was tagged and released on 7 September 2008. Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on 12 August 2009, introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on 26 August 2009, and was successfully released into the wild on 4 November 2009.[72] The Monterey Bay Aquarium recently added a 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) long male into their redesigned "Open Sea" exhibit on 31 August 2011. The animal was harvested in the waters off of Malibu.
Probably the most famous captive was a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) female named Sandy, which in August 1980 became the only great white to be housed at the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California. She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls.[73]
Shark tourism[edit]
Cage diving is most common at sites where great whites are frequent including the coast of South Africa, the Neptune Islands in South Australia,[74] and Guadalupe Island in Baja California. Cage diving and swimming with sharks is a focus for a booming tourist industry due to its popularity.[75][76] A common practice is to chum the water with pieces of fish to attract the sharks. These practices may make sharks more accustomed to people in their environment and to associate human activity with food; a potentially dangerous situation. By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage, tour operators lure the shark to the cage, possibly striking it, exacerbating this problem. Other operators draw the bait away from the cage, causing the shark to swim past the divers.
At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them. Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys.[77] In South Australia, playing rock music recordings underwater, including the AC/DC album Back in Black has also been used experimentally to attract sharks.[78]
Companies object to being blamed for shark attacks, pointing out that lightning tends to strike humans more often than sharks bite humans.[79] Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming, which may alter natural behavior.[80] One compromise is to only use chum in areas where whites actively patrol anyway, well away from human leisure areas. Also, responsible dive operators do not feed sharks. Only sharks that are willing to scavenge follow the chum trail and if they find no food at the end then the shark soon swims off and does not associate chum with a meal. It has been suggested that government licensing strategies may help enforce these suggested advisories.[77]
The shark tourist industry has some financial leverage in conserving this animal. A single set of great white jaws can fetch a one-time price of up to £20,000. However, that is a fraction of the tourism value of a live shark, a more sustainable economic activity. For example, the dive industry in Gansbaai, South Africa, consists of six boat operators with each boat guiding 30 people each day. With fees between £50 to £150 per person, a single live shark that visits each boat can create anywhere between £9,000 and £27,000 of revenue daily.[81]
Conservation status[edit]
It is unclear how much of a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present. No accurate global population numbers are available, but the great white shark is now considered vulnerable.[2] Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce, making population recovery and growth difficult.
The IUCN notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark, but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable.[2] It is included in Appendix II of CITES,[13] meaning that international trade in the species requires a permit.[82] As of March 2010, it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU, which strives for increased international understanding and coordination for the protection of certain migratory sharks.[83] A February 2010 study by Barbara Block of Stanford University estimated the world population of great white sharks to be lower than 3,500 individuals, making the species more vulnerable to extinction than the tiger, whose population is in the same range.[84]
Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws, teeth, and fins, and as game fish in general. The great white shark, however, is rarely an object of commercial fishing, although its flesh is considered valuable. If casually captured (it happens for example in some tonnare in the Mediterranean), it is misleadingly sold as smooth-hound shark.
In Australia[edit]
The great white shark was declared as Vulnerable by the Australian Government in 1999 due to significant population decline and is currently protected under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act.[85] The causes of decline prior to protection included mortality from sport fishing harvests as well as being caught in beach protection netting.[86]
The national conservation status of the great white shark is reflected by all Australian states under their respective laws, granting the species full protection throughout Australia regardless of jurisdiction.[85] In fact, many states had prohibited the killing or possession of great white sharks prior to national legislation coming into effect. The great white shark is further listed as Threatened in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act, and as rare or likely to become extinct under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Act in Western Australia.[85]
In 2002, the Australian government created the White Shark Recovery Plan, implementing government-mandated conservation research and monitoring for conservation in addition to federal protection and stronger regulation of shark-related trade and tourism activities.[86] An updated recovery plan was published in 2013 to review progress, research findings, and to implement further conservation actions.[87] A study in 2012 revealed that Australia's White Shark population was separated by Bass Strait into genetically distinct eastern and western populations, indicating a need for the development of regional conservation strategies.[88]
Presently, human-caused shark mortality is continuing, primarily from accidental and illegal catching in commercial and recreational fishing as well as from being caught in beach protection netting, and the populations of great white shark in Australia are yet to recover.[87]
In New Zealand[edit]
As of April 2007, great white sharks were fully protected within 370 kilometres (200 nmi) of New Zealand and additionally from fishing by New Zealand-flagged boats outside this range. The maximum penalty is a $250,000 fine and up to six months in prison.[89]
In North America[edit]
In 2013, great white sharks were added to California's Endangered Species Act. From data collected, the population of great whites in the North Pacific is estimated to be fewer than 340 individuals. Research also reveals these sharks are genetically distinct from other members of their species elsewhere in Africa, Australia, and the east coast of North America, having been isolated from other populations.[90]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Gottfried, M. D.; Fordyce, R. E. (2001). "An associated specimen of Carcharodon angustidens (Chondrichthyes, Lamnidae) from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand, with comments on Carcharodon interrelationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 730–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0730:AASOCA]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c d Fergusson, I., Compagno, L.; Marks, M. (2000). "Carcharodon carcharias in IUCN 2012". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Vers. 2009.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 October 2009. (Database entry includes justification for why this species is vulnerable)
- ^ a b Taylor, Leighton R. (1 January 1993). Sharks of Hawaii: Their Biology and Cultural Significance. University of Hawaii Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8248-1562-2.
- ^ a b c Tricas, T. C.; McCosker, J. E. (12 July 1984). "Predatory behaviour of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), with notes on its biology". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (California Academy of Sciences) 43 (14): 221–238. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d Wroe, S.; Huber, D. R. ; Lowry, M. ; McHenry, C. ; Moreno, K. ; Clausen, P. ; Ferrara, T. L. ; Cunningham, E. ; Dean, M. N. ; Summers, A. P. (2008). "Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?". Journal of Zoology 276 (4): 336–342. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x.
- ^ a b "Great White Shark". National Geographic. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- ^ a b c Viegas, Jennifer. "Largest Great White Shark Don't Outweigh Whales, but They Hold Their Own". Discovery Channel. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140109004145.htm
- ^ Alaska's Great White Sharks, by Bruce A. Wright, 2007, page 27
- ^ Currents of Contrast: Life in Southern Africa's Two Oceans. Struik. 2005. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-1-77007-086-8.
- ^ Knickle, Craig. "Tiger Shark". Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark". Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
- ^ a b "Carcharodon carcharias". UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species On the World Wide Web. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
- ^ Hile, Jennifer (23 January 2004). "Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths". Marine Biology. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ a b ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark
- ^ "The Great White Shark". The Enviro Facts Project. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
- ^ "New Ancient Shark Species Gives Insight Into Origin of Great White". sciencedaily.com. University of Florida. 14 November 2012.
- ^ Kevin G. N., Charles N. C., Gregory A. W. (2006). [Archive copy at the Wayback Machine Tracing the ancestry of the great white shark] (PDF). Retrieved 25 December 2007.
- ^ "Areal Distribution of the White Shark". National Capital Freenet. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ a b Thomas, Pete (5 April 2010). "Great white shark amazes scientists with 4000-foot dive into abyss". GrindTV. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012.
- ^ Thomas, Pete (29 September 2006). "The Great White Way". "Los Angeles Times". Retrieved 1 October 2006.
- ^ "South Africa – Australia – South Africa". "White Shark Trust".
- ^ a b "Great White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias at MarineBio.org". Marin Bio. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Echenique, E. J. "A Shark to Remember: The Story of a Great White Caught in 1945". Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2013. Home Page of Henry F. Mollet, Research Affiliate, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.
- ^ a b c Ellis, Richard and John E. McCosker. 1995. Great White Shark. Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-2529-2
- ^ a b Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
- ^ a b Mollet, H. F. (2008) White Shark Summary Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758). Home Page of Henry F. Mollet, Research Affiliate, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.
- ^ a b c d "Size and age of the white pointer shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Klimley, Peter; Ainley, David (1996). Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Academic Press. pp. 91–108. ISBN 0-12-415031-4.
- ^ "Huge 'White Pointer' Encounter". Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ "Summary of Large Tiger Sharks Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & LeSueur, 1822)". Archived from the original on 10 April 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ Eagle, Dane. "Greenland Shark". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Pacific Sleeper Shark". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Biology of Sharks and Rays. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ "The physiology of the ampullae of Lorenzini in sharks". Biology Dept., Davidson College. Biology @ Davidson. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Body Temperature of the Great white and Other Lamnoid Sharks". ReefQuest Centre for Shark research. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ Barber, Elizabeth (18 July 2013). "Great white shark packs its lunch in its liver before a big trip". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013.
- ^ Jordan, Rob (17 July 2013). "Great White Sharks' Fuel for Oceanic Voyages: Liver Oil". sciencedaily.com. Stanford University.
- ^ Medina, Samantha (27 July 2007). "Measuring the great white's bite". Cosmos Magazine. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Martin, R. Aidan and Martin, Anne. "Sociable Killers". Natural History Magazine, Inc. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2006.
- ^ Johnson, R. L.; Venter, A.; Bester, M.N. and Oosthuizen, W.H. (2006). "Seabird predation by white shark Carcharodon Carcharias and Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus at Dyer Island". South African Journal of Wildlife Research (South Africa) 36 (1): 23–32.
- ^ Estrada, J. A.; Rice, Aaron N.; Natanson, Lisa J. and Skomal, Gregory B. (2006). "Use of isotopic analysis of vertebrae in reconstructing ontogenetic feeding ecology in white sharks". Ecology (USA) 87 (4): 829–834. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[829:UOIAOV]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16676526.
- ^ "Catch as Catch Can". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ "How Fast Can a Shark Swim?". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
- ^ "White Shark Predatory Behavior at Seal Island". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
- ^ Martin, Rick. "Predatory Behavior of Pacific Coast White Sharks". Shark Research Committee.
- ^ a b c d e f g Heithaus, Michael (2001). "Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review". Journal of Zoology (London: Cambridge University Press) 253: 53–68. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000061. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ Long, Douglas (1991). "Apparent Predation by a White Shark Carcharodon carcharias on a Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps". Fishery Bulletin 89: 538–540.
- ^ "Monster shark bites great white in half". The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 27 October 2009.
- ^ Dudley, Sheldon F. J.; Anderson-Reade, Michael D.; Thompson, Greg S. and McMullen, Paul B. (2000). "Concurrent scavenging off a whale carcass by great white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, and tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier" (PDF). Marine Biology. Fishery Bulletin. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Great White Shark Feeding On Whale Carcass". wn.com.
- ^ "Natural History of the White Shark". PRBO Conservation Science. 2 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
- ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140109004145.htm
- ^ "Carcharodon carcharias, Great White Sharks". marinebio.org.
- ^ "Brief Overview of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)". Elasmo Research. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "White Shark Breaching". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ Martin, R. A.; Hammerschlag, N.; Collier, R. S.; Fallows, C. (2005). "Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Seal Island, South Africa". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 85 (5): 1121. doi:10.1017/S002531540501218X.
- ^ Rice, Xan (19 July 2011). "Great white shark jumps from sea into research boat". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 20 July 2011. "Marine researchers in South Africa had a narrow escape after a three-metre-long great white shark breached the surface of the sea and leapt into their boat, becoming trapped on deck for more than an hour. [...] Enrico Gennari, an expert on great white sharks, [...] said it was almost certainly an accident rather than an attack on the boat."
- ^ a b Pyle, Peter; Schramm, Mary Jane; Keiper, Carol and Anderson, Scot D. (26 August 2006). "Predation on a white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) by a killer whale (Orcinus orca) and a possible case of competitive displacement". Society of marine mammalogy (USA: Marine Mammal Science) 15 (2): 563–568. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00822.x. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Nature Shock Series Premiere: The Whale That Ate the Great White". Tvthrong.co.uk. 4 October 1997. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
- ^ "Killer Whale Documentary Part 4". youtube.com.
- ^ a b c Turner, Pamela S. (Oct/Nov 2004). "Showdown at Sea: What happens when great white sharks go fin-to-fin with killer whales?". National Wildlife (National Wildlife Federation) 42 (6). Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
- ^ Benchley, Peter (April 2000). "Great white sharks". National Geographic: 12. ISSN 0027-9358. "considering the knowledge accumulated about sharks in the last 25 years, I couldn't possibly write Jaws today ... not in good conscience anyway ... back then, it was OK to demonize an animal."
- ^ McCabe, Meghan (2000). "Sharks: Killing Machines?".
- ^ Tricas, T.C.; McCosker, John (1984). "Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences". Predatory behavior of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, and notes on its biology 43 (14): 221–238.
- ^ "ISAF Statistics for Worldwide Unprovoked White Shark Attacks Since 1990". 10 February 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "Unprovoked White Shark Attacks on Kayakers". Shark Research Committee. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
- ^ Tricas, Timothy C.; McCosker, John E. (1984). "Predatory Behaviour of the White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias), with Notes on its Biology". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 43 (14): 221–238.
- ^ "Great white shark sets record at California aquarium". USA Today. 2 October 2004. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ Gathright, Alan (16 September 2004). "Great white shark puts jaws on display in aquarium tank". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ "White Shark Research Project". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (1 September 2003). "Great white shark introduced at Monterey Bay Aquarium". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ "Learn All About Our New White Shark". "Monterey Bay Aquarium". Retrieved 28 August 2009.
- ^ "Electroreception". Elasmo-research. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
- ^ "Shark cage diving". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
- ^ Squires, Nick (18 January 1999). "Swimming With Sharks". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2003. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- ^ Simon, Bob (11 December 2005). "Swimming With Sharks". 60 Minutes. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ^ a b "Blue Water Hunting Successfully". Blue Water Hunter. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "A Great white shark's favorite tune? 'Back in Black'" Surfersvillage Global Surf News (2011-06-03). Retrieved 2014-01-30.
- ^ "Shark Attacks Compared to Lightning". Florida Museum of Natural History. 18 July 2003. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
- ^ Hamilton, Richard (15 April 2004). "SA shark attacks blamed on tourism". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ "White Shark Manifesto-kelp Forests". World News. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ "Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II". CITES (1973). Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ "Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks". Convention on Migratory Species. 12 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ^ Sample, Ian (19 February 2010). "Great white shark is more endangered than tiger, claims scientist". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Government of Australia. "Species Profile and Threats Database – Carcharodon carcharias — Great White Shark". Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ a b Environment Australia (2002). White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Recovery Plan (Report). http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/white-shark-carcharodon-carcharias-recovery-plan.
- ^ a b Government of Australia Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2013). Recovery Plan for the White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) (Report). http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/recovery-plan-white-shark-carcharodon-carcharias.
- ^ Blower, Dean C.; Pandolfi, John M.; Bruce, Barry D.; Gomez-Cabrera, Maria del C.; Ovenden, Jennifer R. (2012). "Population genetics of Australian white sharks reveals fine-scale spatial structure, transoceanic dispersal events and low effective population sizes". Marine Ecology Progress Series 455: 229–244. doi:10.3354/meps09659.
- ^ "Great white sharks to be protected". New Zealand Herald. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006.
- ^ Quan, Kristene (4 March 2013). "Great White Sharks Are Now Protected under California Law". time.com.


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Apple Gains Ground: Winners & Losers
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Apple (AAPL) shares, which have fallen for much of 2013, were sharply higher on Monday, gaining 2.98% to reach $453 following reports the company may announce a new iPad later this year.
The tech titan will unveil a new iPad with 128 GB of storage, twice the amount of its largest model, according to the 9to5Mac Web site, which cites unnamed sources.
Apple Stock Plunges After-Hours: Live Blog Recap
Apple shares have taken a beating this year and are off more than 15%. Last week the company reported first-quarter revenue that failed to live up to Wall Street's estimate.
Yahoo! (YHOO) dipped 0.29% to $20.31 ahead of the firm's fourth-quarter earnings report.
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Research In Motion (RIMM) shares fell sharply, off 6.65% to $16.37 as Chinese electronics giant Lenovo backed away from comments it made last week suggesting it would buy the Canadian handset maker.
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Savannas are the result of a battle for living space between grasses and trees that neither side has won.prairies would result. If trees were to win, savanna would become increasingly dense woodland. Many African savannas are found in areas that have sufficient rainfall to support dense forest, but fire and large herbivores, such as elephants, constantly knock back trees, giving grasses space to grow and maintaining a rough equilibrium between the two sides. The "bush encroachment" observed across large swathes of southern Africa in recent decades is an example of the balance between grasses and trees being upset, he says.
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This philosophy was born out of the first print execution we ever produced back in 1982 to launch black Levi's. It became something of a model for our own business…and how we approach Client's problems always seeking to challenge the prevailing or conventional wisdom.
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23 rd December 2016
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text:
Let's get back to the Christian way
To the editor
It appears strange that every time a disastrous shooting occurs the powers to be want to confiscate all the weapons. Historically records prove that in countries with most ridged gun laws have the highest crime rate. It has been proven that criminals have little problem in securing weapons of any kind. Criminals are not to concerned in doing it legally. When Government is in control of weapons the criminal rate goes up,largely by government does the killing itself, examples Germany and Russia.
It seems that we had no school killing until prayer and any images of religious nature were banned from our classroom. This was because someone might be offended by it, we didn't consider the majority that would be offended by them deprived of having them in their presence. We have also banned anything religious from public property, crime rate has also gone up. Now we have efforts to dictate what churches might or might not be able to do.
Is it about time we go back to the Christian way that our country was founded on and not only survived but thrived for over 2000 years. When we elected Statesmen instead of politicians who are more interested in getting re-elected than in what is good for our country,'
We have more people getting government handout than we have people paying for all this government spending with their hard-earned tax dollars. The takers outnumber the payers so they are are being outvoted, to the ruination of our country. We have reached to point where all th tax dollars will not even pay the interest on our debt. In elementary school we learned that you cannot pay off debt with borrowed money. Maybe some of our government official need to enroll in the grade school classes.
Lerry Peichel
Sleepy Eye


text:
Suspect in Custody Following Shots Fired Incident
Minot Public School Board
When: noon today.
Where: Board room, Minot Public School District Administration Building.
Agenda: The board will meet in executive session for an expulsion hearing.
How to make your opinion known: Board meetings are open to the public. Board members are President Jim Rostad, Vice President Roger Kluck, Laura Mihalick, Brenda Foster and Steven Velk.


text:
Donatelli's - Meat Sauce Recipe
Recipe courtesy of Trish Appleby, owner at Donatelli's in White Bear Lake, MN
- Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives
- 2 pounds lean ground beef
- 1 tablespoon minced garlic
- Salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 1/8 cup vegetable oil
- 1/4 cup diced onions
- 1 (29-ounce) can tomato puree
- 2 (12-ounce) cans tomato paste
- 1 (15-ounce) can crushed tomatoes
- 1 tablespoon beef base
- 1 tablespoon chicken base
- 1/2 cup grated Parmesan
- 1 teaspoon garlic salt
- 1 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
- 1 teaspoon dried basil
- 1 teaspoon chopped parsley leaves
Brown ground beef with minced garlic and salt and pepper, to taste. Drain ground beef and set aside.
Place oil and onions in a saucepan and saute on high heat until soft. Add all cans of tomato products. Fill the tomato puree can with hot water and dissolve beef and chicken base in this water. Add this water and base mixture to saucepan. Add all other ingredients and heat through. Once hot, add the browned ground beef and simmer on low heat for approximately 1 hour, stirring occasionally.
Serve over your favorite pasta -- enjoy!!!!
Professional Recipe: This recipe was provided by a chef, restaurant or culinary professional and makes a large quantity. The Food Network Kitchens chefs have not tested this recipe in the proportions indicated and therefore cannot make any representation as to the results.
Recipe courtesy of Trish Appleby, owner at Donatelli's in White Bear Lake, MN
CATEGORIES:View All
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Veronica's Veggie Meatloaf with Checca Sauce
Recipe courtesy of Giada De Laurentiis
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Recipe courtesy of Stacey Poon-Kinney


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Weeks after graphics company ATI Technologies claimed that its graphics processing units (GPUs) were suitable for physics and even had some advantages when compared to dedicated physics processing units, Havok, a developer of physics and animation engines, unveiled its Havok FX – a physics engine capable of running physics effects calculations on hardware that supports Shader Model 3.0. The technology from Havok addresses the same needs – effects physics – that is targeted by AGEIA, a developer of PPUs.
Havok FX to Target Effects Physics
Just like AGEIA's PhysX PPU, Havok's new technology enables game developers to create more physical effects in their games, such as universal collision detection, body dynamics, fluid dynamics, hair simulation, clothing simulation and so on: virtually, all the effects physics that do not affect game-play.
Most real-world outdoor scenes have large numbers of small, movable objects, such as leaves, litter etc. Objects like these swirl, pile up, and interact with characters which walk through them, or with other objects. Many games have static visual representations of rubble, and gravel. With Havok FX these types of objects could respond to anything at any time.
Havok FX will target the domain of effects physics, and will embrace technology behind GPU hardware. AGEIA, however, will use its own physics processor and appropriate application programming interface to perform similar effects.
By performing simulation, collision detection and rendering directly on the GPU, Havok FX avoids the transfer of large amounts of data between the CPU and GPU, enabling a level of performance never seen before in physics simulation.
Game-Play Physics to Get Acceleration Too
Game-play physics affect how a game is played from moment-to-moment, and is generally computed on a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Physical changes that are caused in the game or that happen to a character or around it – like knocking over a box, and then climbing up on it – change what a gamer may want to do in each instant of game play. As a result, game-play physics share an intimate link with the core of a game's engine; including the game's logic or artificial intelligent (AI), and even with the game's audio systems. This close relationship continues to grow as physics is used for an ever broadening array of game-play techniques – from detecting objects that move into a game character's range of vision – to synchronizing sound effects instantly with physical events throughout the game. Both game-play physics and game logic demand instant access and tolerate no detectible latency to preserve the game-play experience. The close proximity between physics, game logic, and memory, defines game play and generally demands that these systems execute together on a system's central processing unit (CPU).
In order to accelerate game-play physics effects Havok advices to use its HydraCore technology that boosts game-play physics performance on multi-core and/or multi-threaded microprocessors.
Havok FX Explained
Havok FX will support a new type of rigid-body object called a Debris Primitive. A Debris Primitive is a compact representation of a 3D collideable object that can be processed via Shader Model 3.0 (SM3.0) in a very efficient manner. Debris Primitives can be pre-modeled as part of a game's static art content (e.g. custom/textured boulders, space junk, or collateral objects waiting for an explosive charge). Debris Primitives may also be generated on the fly during game play by the CPU, based on the direction and intensity of a force (e.g. brick and stone structure blown apart by a cannon blast). Once generated by the CPU, Debris Primitives can be dispatched fully to the GPU for physical simulation and final rendering – comprising a powerful blending of physics and state-of-the-art shading effects for particulate and large scale phenomenon.
Havok FX Debris Primitives can even interact with game-play critical objects, through an innovative approach that will provide the GPU with a one-way transfer of critical information that will allow Debris Primitives to respond to game play objects and large-scale world definitions. Havok FX Debris Primitives may be simulated in either OpenGL or DirectX. Havok will provide programming samples that illustrate interaction of Havok FX effects physics with Havok Complete game-play physics, to ensure that Physics Effects based on Havok FX deliver an immersive experience.
Havok FX to Be Released Soon to Game Developers
Havok FX is currently under development. Though no release date is currently announced, Havok is expected to provide early access to leading PC game developers before the end of 2005, to develop real-world tests of this new product on cutting edge GPUs from major graphics card vendors.
Given that many game developers already use AGEIA's PPUs and appropriate software, it is highly likely that Havok's FX will have cost advantage over the PhysX, but will not have time-to-market advantage. Furthermore, it is also unclear whether performance of physics effects calculated on GPUs will be sufficient: even now Havok recommends graphics cards like NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GTX for the best performance.
Havok FX will be a new product from Havok and is not part of any existing product or product bundle. It is an optional add-on product that game developers will be able to license for their platform or console based games.
Pricing is not available at this time.


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Man arrested in Iron River on assault, drug charges
Stabbing suspect's case continues
By LISA M. REED
Staff Writer
IRON MOUNTAIN – An arraignment date has been set for a Norway man charged with two felonies in a stabbing incident at the Continental Ski Jumping Tournament at Pine Mountain.
Andrew Michael Bray, 74, faces charges of assault with intent to murder and carrying a concealed weapon after a Dickinson County Sheriff's lieutenant was stabbed in the back.
Prosecuting Attorney Lisa Richards announced on Feb. 22 that court proceedings were delayed to allow Bray to have an examination to determine if he was competent to stand trial.
Richards said today that Bray was evaluated by the State's Center for Forensic Psychiatry.
"Judge Ninomiya accepted the forensic examiner's report and opinion on April 15," Richards said. "Mr. Bray waived his preliminary examination on the same date."
Bray is set for arraignment in Dickinson County Circuit Court before Judge Richard J. Celello on Monday, April 29 at 9 a.m.
Bray is accused of approaching a sheriff's deputy (Lt. Derek Dixon) from behind as Dixon was walking near the clubhouse with another deputy while patrolling at the Continental Ski Jumping Tournament at Pine Mountain on Feb. 10.
Police say Bray then stabbed Dixon in the back (just below the neck) with a knife.
Police said the knife was knocked out of Bray's hands and he was subdued and taken into custody.
According to the felony complaint, when interviewed, Bray stated he had been having homicidal thoughts and had been thinking about harming a police officer for the past few days.
Lt. Dixon was treated at Dickinson County Memorial Hospital and has returned to work.
Bray, who remains lodged in the Dickinson County Correctional Facility on a $1 million bond, is being represented by attorney Dan Jaspen of Iron Mountain.
Lisa M. Reed's e-mail address is email@example.com.


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Suckers — faces only mother fish could love/Biological Bits
The old saying "Don't judge a book by its cover," is true of the sucker family. They have an image of being a useless trash or rough fish, which is not true, as we will see. Some of the seldom seen sucker species are quite handsome, in their own unique way. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, eh?
There are 65 species of suckers in the world, with almost all being found in North America. Only two species are found outside of the North American continent, occurring in Asia. One is found in China, while the second in Siberia. The Chinese sailfin sucker is native to the Yangtze River and is the largest sucker in the world, attaining a maximum length of three feet and weight of 88 pounds. The sailfin sucker is an endangered species due to pollution, dams, and overfishing. The Siberian species is the longnose sucker, which is also common to North America and the Lake Superior watershed. The redhorse genus is the largest, having 22 species, six of which are found in Michigan.
Suckers are in general a small species of fish, typically ranging from 15 to 29 inches in length and three to 14 pounds in weight. One species, the Bigmouth buffalo, attains a weight of over 60 pounds in Iowa. The largest sucker in Michigan is the Black buffalo, with the state record being 33.25 pounds, taken in the Grand River in Ottawa County. All spawn in the spring, with the spring sucker runs just beginning in the Copper Country. They have large reproductive capability, with a single female being able to produce from 10,000 to 50,000 eggs, depending on the species and age. They live in a wide variety of places, from the Great Lakes, to inland lakes, to large rivers, to small streams.
Their diet consists of aquatic insects, clams, crayfish, mussels, freshwater shrimp, algae, and worms. They feed by vacuuming these items off rocks, logs, etc. on the bottom of lakes and streams. Suckers have pharyngeal teeth rather than the usual predator fish teeth of the pike and walleye. They are found in the throat area and are used to crush and grind the shells of small clams and crayfish.
In Michigan, we have 15 species of suckers, most of which are found in the Lower Peninsula. They are: Quillback, Longnose sucker, White sucker, Creek chubsucker, Lake chubsucker, Northern hogsucker, Bigmouth buffalo, Black buffalo, Spotted sucker, Silver redhorse, River redhorse, Black redhorse, Golden redhorse, Shorthead redhorse, and Greater redhorse. The Creek chubsucker is an endangered species, while the River redhorse is threatened. Only four of these species are found in the U.P., being the Longnose sucker, White sucker, Shorthead redhorse, and Silver redhorse. All four of these species are found in the Ontonagon River system and the Portage Lake waterway.
Suckers are often viewed as valueless, tasteless, nuisance, rough or trash fish. Not true in any of these areas. They are an important part of the aquatic ecosystem and as food, both commercially and for sport.
They are valuable as forage fish in lakes and streams, being a part of walleye, pike, and muskie's diets. They are important to fishermen for bait. Ice fishermen setting tip ups for pike often use small white suckers. Muskie anglers often use a large white sucker as bait. Pike darkhouse anglers use a live white sucker for a decoy while spearing. Area lake trout anglers frequently use a chunk of sucker as cut bait on their jigs when bobbing. Many are now gathering their sucker bait from local streams and preserving them with borax. They are easily caught on hook and line with worms. The lower Sturgeon River near Chassell is a good area.
Tasteless you say? Truth is suckers are among the tastiest fish, being low in cholesterol and high in protein. Both longnose and white suckers have firm sweet flesh, especially when taken from cold water. Shorthead and silver redhorse are harvested commercially. Fact is, if you have ever bought and eaten freshwater mullet, you have had sucker.
Suckers can be canned, smoked, or cooked fresh. They are a boney fish, having many Y-bones (intramuscular) like pike, so care has to be taken. Canning will dissolve many of these bones. Smoking suckers will allow easier removal of these Y-bones.
Sucker patties are a favorite of mine. One can prepare them one of two ways. In both cases you need to fillet the sucker in the usual manner. You may now bake the fillet in a 350 degree oven until the flesh flakes, which allows easy removal of the bones. The other method would be to cut the raw fillet into one inch chunks and pull out the biggest bones. Then grind in a food processor. You then take your raw or cooked sucker meat, combine with bread crumbs, eggs, your favorite herbs/spices, form into patties and fry like a burger. Then serve on a bun with tartar sauce and your favorite condiments. Great eating and healthy too.
Go Fish!


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Brief SummaryRead full entry
ARNOUX'S BEAKED WHALE Berardius arnuxii
The second largest beaked whale, Arnoux's is probably the most southernmost ranging of the family. The northern limit of its range is at about 34°S and from there it ranges to the edge of the Antarctic pack ice and beyond – it is regularly found in open leads in the pack ice 50km or more from the open sea. Although rarely observed in the open ocean the occurrence of individuals in confined space of ice leads has allowed some opportunistic studies of their behaviour. This appears to be a fairly sociable species (like its northern hemisphere counterpart Baird's beaked whale) – with no aggression being recorded between individuals even in confined surroundings. A typical dive appears to be about 40 minutes, and may be up to 70 minutes in duration. On average they surface for between 1.2 and 6.8 minutes and breath at a rate of 9.6 breaths per minute – about once every 6 seconds. Of 30 animals closely examined in ice leads 11 were toothless, 16 had one pair of teeth and 3 had two pairs (always in the lower jaw) but how this related to the age and sex of the animals involved isn't known. Given its range this species appears able to exploit a feeding niche under the pack ice.


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2009 Predictions – Review
Like every other blog on the planet, I'm going to review the predictions I laid down for 2009 at the start of the year. It's a fun process that reflects back on the last 365 days and determines how right or wrong I was about it all. Here's what I predicted:
SW:TOR, STO and DCU Online won't be released until 2010.
Bingo. Although, to be honest, a pretty easy one to predict.
WoW won't see an expansion until 2010 and the dual talent system will be delayed until the Spring.
Bingo again… and yep, another easy thing to predict. The dual talent system was delayed until the Spring and was extremely well received when it arrived. How did we ever live without it?
EQ2 will release a Luclin expansion in November.
Got this one completely wrong. EQ2 gets it's new expansion in February 2010 and it's about Erudin, not Luclin. Oh well, it was a good guess.
EQ will open a new nostaliga server in March.
It had already been announced that Everquest would open a new server in the Spring but the type wasn't chosen until May. So was I right about it being a "nostalgia" server? I guess you could say so. The winning choice was the 51/50 server – all new characters start at level 51 with 50 AAs. I'm going to count that as nostalgic.
LotRO continues steadily along and nothing exciting at all happens…
Yep, right on the money here. OK, it did get the Mirkwood expansion but otherwise it's been a pretty dull yet steady year for LotRO.
AoC gets a new expansion in the Spring.
Totally wrong… which is surprising actually. I was sure AoC would get an expansion in 2009 as the game desperately needs one. And still no release date for Rise of the Godslayer but hopefully it's not too far off.
WAR gets get cross realm scenarios (battle grounds) and announces a new expansion in the Summer.
Odd one this as I managed to predict the WoW cross realm LFG system (in a round about kinda way). Still no expansion plans for WAR which is a shame.
Vanguard gets a new expansion and just won't die.
50/50 here. No expansion for VG but it's still alive and (barely) kicking.
Tabula Rasa closes.
Y'know, I honestly can't remember if I knew about this before I predicted it. It's quite possible so I'm inclined to scratch this off the list.
Darkfall doesn't really amount to anything.
Call me an oracle cause I got this one absolutely right. To be fair, not hard to predict that a low-budget, independent hardcore sandbox RPG wouldn't be a massive success.
Overall, not a bad score I'd reckon although I don't think my 2009 predictions were anything radical or exciting but, then again, neither was 2009. I'll post my 2010 predictions soon, taking a stab at how the forthcoming year will pan out.
How did your 2009 predictions do?
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Fun and Cute Pixie with Ultra Short Fringe
This blonde hairstyle is short and layered. The hair is slightly messy.The hair is cut short all around with the back and sides cut very close to the head.The hair colour is a near bleached blonde.
Gary Gill - Monroe Hairdressing Photography: Daniel O'Connell Make-up: Irena Rogers Products: Wella Professionals Clothes Stylist: Neil Stuart


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This continuum is addressed to all dental professionals who wish to upgrade their skills in comprehensive dentistry, in treatment of complex cases and implant dentistry. The systematic understanding of occlusion and function will be taught in detail. This program will expand the knowledge of the craniomandibular system (TMJ), the neuromuscular complex, craniomandibular disorders, and how to assess a patient in a logical manner.
- Bob Lamb, DDS, MSD: firstname.lastname@example.com


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BNC Mobile Banking
BNC Mobile Banking enables you to use your smartphone to do your banking quickly, easily and securely...anytime, anywhere…all for FREE!*
BNC Mobile Banking supports all account types including checking, certificates-of-deposits, money markets, loans and lines-of-credit.
You must be an Online Banking customer with Bank of North Carolina to use BNC2go. Available for iPhone (iOS) and Android operating systems. To open an account online, click here.
Mobile Banking Enrollment Instructions
Step 1: User will log into Online Banking as normal, using their login ID and password
Step 2: Click the "Options" tab then "Mobile Settings"
Step 3: User will need to check the box beside "Enable web access for your mobile device" then enter their mobile number and choose their provider on the list. The user will also need to choose the accounts that they want accessible on their mobile device.
Step 4: Once completed, click "Submit"
Enrolling for Mobile Banking Text
Step 1: Log into Online Banking
Step 2: Select Options > Mobile Settings > Text Mobile Banking
Step 3: Enter in mobile phone number, select accounts to access via text, and create Mobile Short Name* for each selected account. Click Submit.
Step 4: Review enrollment information. Check "I accept these full terms and conditions" and click Confirm.
Step 5: Text the validation code provided on the confirmation screen to the FI's short code to complete the enrollment process.
Valid SMS Messages


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Finale Rule: May 13, 2011
Effective Date: June 13, 2011
CPSC amended its bicycle regulations to make minor changes to the existing regulations to reflect new technologies, designs, and features in bycycles by clarifying that certain provisions or testing requirements do not apply to specific bicycles or bicycle parts. The manedments also clarify several ambiguous and confusing provisions. The final rule also corrects typographical errors and removes an outdated reference.
View the Bicycles Final Rule
Business Education: Bicycle Requirements
Bicycle Requirements Proposed Rule
Previous Bicycle Requirements Rule (1995)
Federal Regulations:
16 CFR 1512 (View Regulation)
View Regulated Products and Related Regulations, Laws and Business Guidance
View Products Outside of CPSC's Jurisdiction
Bicycle Helmets
Bicycle Requirements
The link you selected is for a destination outside of the Federal Government. CPSC does not control this external site or its privacy policy and cannot attest to the accuracy of the information it contains. You may wish to review the privacy policy of the external site as its information collection practices may differ from ours. Linking to this external site does not constitute an endorsement of the site or the information it contains by CPSC or any of its employees.
Click Ok if you wish to continue to the website; otherwise, click Cancel to return to our site.


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Is there any talk of an iPhone app ever? I know about the ip board app but it doesn't work very well and it's somewhat hard to navigate. It would be really awesome if there was one, on mobile devices it's a weird setup, it gets the job done but it's hard to do some thongs especially bst, I can never tell where I previously offered. I know pbn has an app so we should also!
iPhone app?
Started by pb=life, Nov 26 2011 04:42 PM
1 reply to this topic
Posted 26 November 2011 - 04:42 PM
Posted 26 November 2011 - 08:14 PM
The PCs use an awesome mobile app. Regular members get the basic app.
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2008 Pan American Championships
The Team USA Trials which were held on January 4-6, 2008 will be used to select the team which will play a Sudirman Cup format.
The Pan American Individual Championships will be held October 3-5, 2008 and is open to entries by all USAB athletes who are eligible to participate. However, there are a limited number of entry positions available to USA Badminton. In the event that there are more entries received than positions available world rankings per event for priority ranking with the team trial results as the 2nd selection procedure if no world ranking data is available on the players.
(Eligibility) - To be eligible, a player must meet the BWF requirement for national representation. They must be a member in good standing with USAB and satisfy one or more of the following: i) be a citizen of the United States; or ii) have received approval from the BWF for non-citizenship international representation.
Application must be filed using the International Tournament Entry Form which can be downloaded by clicking on this link.
All individual entry request forms must be received at the USA Badminton Office by August 25, 2008.
All players who qualify and are selected must sign and abide by the USAB Code of Conduct. A copy of the USAB Code of Conduct can be obtained by contacting USAB. All players shall fall under the jurisdiction of the USAB assigned team manager and/or coach(es) in complying BWF regulations.
NOTE: All updates/changes regarding the tournament will be posted on the website, http://www.badmintonpanam.com/.
NO USA BADMINTON FUNDING IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PAN AMERICAN CHAMPIONSHIPS. Travel and Hotel accommodations are the responsibility of the athlete.
Hotel Information:
Hotel Jose Antonio-Miraflores
Single Room US$100
Double Room US$110
Triple Room US$125
Included breakfast buffet and taxes
Hotel Sol de Oro - Miraflores
Junior Suites US$150
Additional bed US$30
Included breakfast buffet and taxes
Please contact Mrs. Cecilia Calderon firstname.lastname@example.com for any additional information.


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $6.10 (40% off)
Posted by Reviewer2363699 on Jul 02, 2011
I use this almost every dag, in my coffee, when i bake, candy, chocolate... really good!
Posted by Reviewer3273986 on Aug 28, 2011
Very pleasant; a nice change of pace from plain stevia.
Good and cost effective
Posted by Reviewer1620513 on Sep 19, 2011
Not artificial, maybe not quite as nice as Da Vinci but better for you.
How to pimp your morning coffee
Posted by Reviewer1617860 on Sep 26, 2011
Very sweet, so don't use more than a few drops! Adds great taste to the coffee or smoothie.
Verry sweet
Posted by Reviewer2295283 on Sep 28, 2011
This may actually be TO sweet, but used in moderations, the taste is really good!
Posted by agathe on Sep 30, 2011
Lovely toffe aroma, but some bitter after taste. Have just used it in coffe with creem. Will try it some more!
Posted by boberick on Oct 03, 2011
Posted by Reviewer1991147 on Oct 05, 2011
I have only gotten to try this product in my coffee, and it was wonderful. I unpacked it at the post-office, and they all got a taste of this product and they were sincerely amazed over how much so little could do.
True Toffee taste
Posted by Reviewer3272012 on Oct 21, 2011
Tastes just like it!
Sweet for vegan&diabetic-friendly goods!
Posted by Reviewer2006558 on Oct 25, 2011
Greetings! :), Thank you so much for this great product which really adds a sweet,"caramel"-flavor! I had recently baked a yummy cake named "vegan Smile cake" and the Stevia made it even more "smiley"! :D. ...Wishing you Enlightened & joyful days!! :))*.


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Coleman Pack-Away Kitchen
Product Information:
To truly create your home-away-from-home on your next camping trip, make sure to bring along the Coleman® Pack-Away Kitchen. This ultra-useful accessory provides you with a full-size kitchen that can pack away into a 32" x 11" x 4" carrying case. With a cooking area, separate food prep area, hanging hooks and a mesh shelf for extra storage, the Pack-Away Kitchen has everything you need!
- Full size kitchen packs into a 32" x 11" x 4" carry case
- 24" x 24" cooking area adjusts to fit the width of Coleman® stoves and table top grills
- Separate 32" x 24" food prep area
- Includes a lantern hook, hanging hooks and a mesh shelf for extra storage
- Storage: Self-contained
- Frame material: Aluminum with MDF prep surface
- Weight capacity: 100 lbs, evenly distributed
- Carry weight: 11.6 lbs
- Table top is for light use only and is not recommended for use with stoves or very hot items. Table is not designed to support the weight of a person.
- Style: 2000003090
- Coleman
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 16176996
Customer Reviews:
Rated 4.5 out of 5�by 2 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5�by JellyMan73 I'm Actually impressed I am pleasantly surprised at how convenient this Coleman Pack-Away Kitchen fold up table is. It looks like a 5" thick, 11" wide by 30" long little carrying case. Then you open it up and easily unfold the entire thing, hooking a couple of the braces in and placing the once carrying case, which is now the table top in place. When it's together, you step back and look at and I can't believe that it fit in that carrying case. It is extremely sturdy and I can't see this thing tipping over unless you literally run at it and knock it over on purpose. My 11 year old son has set it up and taken it down with NO issues at all. This table will make our camping trips so much nicer. I can't believe I've waiting so long to purchase it. I highly recommend this product!! April 26, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5�by Grandma Dorr Portable Kitchen Love the frame it was just what we needed to supplement "our outside kitchen" this holiday weekend at the campsite. Just a couple of request the lampholder needs a couple of rubber tips or ridges on it to hold the lantern "centered".. Also, I prefer to have the grill sit on a counter top and not just racks so I went and bought a piece of plywood and had it cut to the 19x26 inches to hold the grill securely in place. As for the "mesh basket" under the top it needs to be put in place before the frame is fully extended which is just a suggestion so that it will slide on easier. Thank You for a wonderful product May 29, 2013
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Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (154 votes).
In short: Top event!In full: A fairly flat course with a couple of hills to make it challenging. One of my favourite events and enjoyed a PB as did many of my club colleagues.Very well organised and I will definitely be back next year.Nice longsleeve t-shirt at the end also!Date of review: November 9, 2009
Date of review: November 9, 2009
In short: Generally well organised, supported and a fast courseIn full: Much enjoyed this after a break last year. thanks to all the marshalls and supporters. Weather was ideal which helped. In awe of the winning time, amkes the rest of us feel completely inadequte, especially when he has run back to the 8M point to cheer friends on. Only moan is the two cars that were in the high street at the start should have had marshalls next to them to direct people round as no one could see them until the last minute. Otherwise a great day out and nice long sleeve T shirt as well. Back next year - probablyDate of review: November 9, 2009
In short: Great day all round, beautiful countryside. Welcomes all ranges.In full: Really enjoyed the scenic/challenging route. Organisation very welcoming and suites all abilities. This race was the final of three of a grand prix series - well worth entering. Tilty Hilly 5, Felsted 10K & Stebbing 10. Date of review: November 9, 2009
In short: Great race, good conditions and good marshalling.In full: Challenging in places, but a nice fast finish. And a nice big pb.Date of review: November 9, 2009
In short: Great race, beautiful autumnal scenery, friendly and encouraging marshalls with nice cakes at end!In full: No killer hills - just enouch to put in a challenge or two. Glad it wasn't windy tho!Date of review: November 9, 2009
In short: Very nice raceIn full: A good race with a few ups and downs. Well organised.Date of review: November 9, 2009
In short: A great race. Greart atmosphere, great course, great top!In full: My second year at the Stebbing 10, and managed to knock a bit of time off last year. I really like this race, the atmosphere is great, the course is scenic and challenging, there were loads of supportive marshalls, and nice cakes afterwards. I hate to say anything negative, but I feel that the start could have been managed better. As the start is on a public road which is open to traffic, we were asked to go down a side-road to wait. I was one of the few who listened to the marshalls and waited patiently down the side-road while the one minutes silence was carried out. When we were then called to assemble for the start those who had gone down the side-road were stuck at the back and due to the narrowness of the high street and the number of people crammed into it, had no chance of getting to the front of the field before the horn blew. Next time I'm afraid I will stay put in the high street.Date of review: November 9, 2009
In short: Well done to the organisers & race marshalls, great support all round, it seemed like the whole village turned out.Date of review: November 9, 2009
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