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DNA: marvellous messages or mostly mess?
2003 is the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. Its discoverers, James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, won the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1962 for their discovery. [2011 update: this online version has been updated with animations and links to further amazing discoveries about the multiple codes in DNA.]
The amazing design and complexity of living things provides strong evidence for a Creator. We know from the Bible that God rested from (i.e. finished) His creative work after Day 6 (Genesis 2:2–3) and now sustains His creation (Col. 1:16-17, Hebrews 1:3). So how do complex living creatures arise today?
God's information technology
One aspect of this sustenance is that God has programmed the 'recipe' for all these structures on the famous double-helix molecule DNA.1 This recipe has an enormous information content, which is transmitted one generation to the next, so that living things reproduce 'after their kinds' (Genesis 1, 10 times). Leading atheistic evolutionist Richard Dawkins admits:
'[T]here is enough information capacity in a single human cell to store the Encyclopaedia Britannica, all 30 volumes of it, three or four times over.'2
Just as the Britannica had intelligent writers to produce its information, so it is reasonable and even scientific to believe that the information in the living world likewise had an original compositor/sender.3 There is no known non-intelligent cause that has ever been observed to generate even a small portion of the literally encyclopedic information required for life.4
The genetic code (see 'The programs of life' below) is not an outcome of raw chemistry, but of elaborate decoding machinery in the ribosome. Remarkably, this decoding machinery is itself encoded in the DNA, and the noted philosopher of science Sir Karl Popper pointed out:
'Thus the code can not be translated except by using certain products of its translation. This constitutes a baffling circle; a really vicious circle, it seems, for any attempt to form a model or theory of the genesis of the genetic code.'5,6
The unity of life
Many evolutionists claim that the DNA code is universal, and that this is proof of a common ancestor. But this is false—there are exceptions, some known since the 1970s. An example is Paramecium, where a few of the 64 (4³ or 4x4x4) possible codons code for different amino acids. More examples are being found constantly.1 Also, some organisms code for one or two extra amino acids beyond the main 20 types.2 But if one organism evolved into another with a different code, all the messages already encoded would be scrambled, just as written messages would be jumbled if typewriter keys were switched. This is a huge problem for the evolution of one code into another.
Also, in our cells we have 'power plants' called mitochondria, with their own genes. It turns out that they have a slightly different genetic code, too.
Certainly most of the code is universal, but this is best explained by common design—one Creator. Of all the millions of genetic codes possible, ours, or something almost like it, is optimal for protecting against errors.3 But the created exceptions thwart attempts to explain the organisms by common-ancestry evolution.
References and notes
So, such a system must be fully in place before it could work at all, a property called irreducible complexity. This means that it is impossible to be built by natural selection working on small changes.
DNA is by far the most compact information storage system in the universe. Even the simplest known living organism has 482 protein-coding genes. This is a total of 580,000 'letters,'7—humans have three billion in every nucleus. (See 'The programs of life', for an explanation of the DNA 'letters.')
The amount of information that could be stored in a pinhead's volume of DNA is equivalent to a pile of paperback books 500 times as high as the distance from Earth to the moon, each with a different, yet specific content.8 Putting it another way, while we think that our new 40 gigabyte hard drives are advanced technology, a pinhead of DNA could hold 100 million times more information.
The 'letters' of DNA have another vital property due to their structure, which allows information to be transmitted: A pairs only with T, and C only with G, due to the chemical structures of the bases—the pair is like a rung or step on a spiral staircase. This means that the two strands of the double helix can be separated, and new strands can be formed that copy the information exactly. The new strand carries the same information as the old one, but instead of being like a photocopy, it is in a sense like a photographic negative. The copying is far more precise than pure chemistry could manage—only about 1 mistake in 10 billion copyings, because there is editing (proof-reading and error-checking) machinery, again encoded in the DNA. But how would the information for editing machinery be transmitted accurately before the machinery was in place? Lest it be argued that the accuracy could be achieved stepwise through selection, note that a high degree of accuracy is needed to prevent 'error catastrophe'—the accumulation of 'noise' in the form of junk proteins. Again there is a vicious circle (more irreducible complexity).
Also, even the choice of the letters A, T, G and C now seems to be based on minimizing error. Evolutionists usually suppose that these letters happened to be the ones in the alleged primordial soup, but research shows that C (cytosine) is extremely unlikely to have been present in any such 'soup.'9 Rather, Dónall Mac Dónaill of Trinity College Dublin suggests that the letter choice is like the advanced error-checking systems that are incorporated into ISBNs on books, credit card numbers, bank accounts and airline tickets. Any alternatives would suffer error catastrophe.10
DNA is not read directly, but first the cell makes a negative copy in a very similar molecule called RNA,11 a process called transcription. But in all organisms other than most bacteria, there is more to transcription. This RNA, reflecting the DNA, contains regions called exons that code for proteins, and non-coding regions called introns. So the introns are removed and the exons are 'spliced' together to form the mRNA (messenger RNA) that is finally decoded to form the protein. This also requires elaborate machinery called a spliceosome. This is assembled on the intron, chops it out at the right place and joins the exons together (see also this animation of the spliceosome machinery). This must be in the right direction and place, because, as shown above, it makes a huge difference if the exon is joined even one letter off. Thus, partly formed splicing machinery would be harmful, so natural selection would work against it. Richard Roberts and Phillip Sharp won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discovering introns in 1977. It turns out that 97–98% of the genome may be introns and other non-coding sequences, but this raises the question of why introns exist at all. [Update, 2011: now we know there is a splicing code; see related articles below.]
Junk DNA?
Dawkins and others have claimed that this non-coding DNA is 'junk,' or 'selfish' DNA. Supposedly, no intelligent designer would use such an inefficient system, therefore it must have evolved, they argue. This parallels the 19th century claim that about a hundred 'vestigial organs' exist in the human body,12 i.e. allegedly useless remnants of our evolutionary history.13 But more enlightened evolutionists such as Scadding pointed out that the argument is logically invalid, because it is impossible in principle to prove that an organ has no function; rather, it could have a function we don't know about. Scadding also reminds us that 'as our knowledge has increased the list of vestigial structures has decreased.'14,15,16
While Dawkins has often claimed that belief in a creator is a 'cop-out,' it's claims of vestigial or junk status that are actually 'cop-outs.' Such claims hindered research into the vital function of allegedly vestigial organs, and they do the same with non-coding DNA.
Actually, even if evolution were true, the notion that the introns are useless is absurd. Why would more complex organisms evolve such elaborate machinery to splice them? Rather, natural selection would favour organisms that did not have to waste resources processing a genome filled with 98% junk. And there have been many uses discovered for so-called junk DNA, such as the overall genome structure and regulation of genes. Some creationists believe that this DNA has a role in rapid post-Flood diversification of the 'kinds' on board the Ark.17
Some non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) seem to regulate the production of proteins coded in other genes, and seem to be almost identical in humans, mice and zebrafish. The recent sequencing of the mouse genome18 surprised researchers and led to headlines such as '"Junk DNA" Contains Essential Information.'19 They found that 5% of the genome was basically identical but only 2% of that was actual genes. So they reasoned that the other 3% must also be identical for a reason. The researchers believe the 3% probably has a crucial role in determining the behaviour of the actual genes, e.g. the order in which they are switched on.20
Also, damage to introns can be disastrous—in one example, deleting four 'letters' in the centre of an intron prevented the spliceosome from binding to it, resulting in the intron being included.21 Mutations in introns also interfere with imprinting, the process by which only certain genes from the mother or father are expressed, not both. Expression of both genes results in a variety of diseases and cancers.22
Another intriguing discovery is that DNA can conduct electrical signals as far as 60 'letters,' enough to code for 20 amino acids. This is a typical length for molecular switches that turn on adjoining genes. Theoretically, the electrical signals could travel indefinitely. However, single or multiple pairings between A and T stop the signals; that is, they are insulators or 'electronic hinges in a circuit.' So, although these particular regions don't code for proteins, they may protect essential genes from electrical damage from free radicals attacking a distant part of the DNA.23
So times have changed—Alexander Hüttenhofer of the University of Münster, Germany, says:
'Five or six years ago, people said we were wasting our time. Today, no one regards people studying non-coding RNA as time-wasters.'24
More than just a super hard drive
Actually, DNA is far more complicated than simply coding for proteins, as we are discovering all the time.1 For example, because the DNA letters are read in groups of three, it makes a huge difference which letter we start from. E.g. the sequence GTTCAACGCTGAA … can be read from the first letter, GTT CAA CGC TGA A … but a totally different protein will result from starting from the second letter, TTC AAC GCT GAA …
This means that DNA can be an even more compact information storage system. This partly explains the surprising finding of The Human Genome Project that there are 'only' about 35,000 genes, when humans can manufacture over 100,000 proteins.
Advanced operating system?
Dr John Mattick of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, has published a number of papers arguing that the non-coding DNA regions, or rather their non-coding RNA 'negatives,' are important components of a complicated genetic network.25,26 These interact with each other, the DNA, mRNA and the proteins. Mattick proposes that the introns function as nodes, linking points in the network. The introns provide many extra connections, enabling what in computer terminology would be called multi-tasking and parallel processing.
In organisms, this network could control the order in which genes are switched on and off. This means that a tremendous variety of multicellular life could be produced by 'rewiring' the network. In contrast, 'early computers were like simple organisms, very cleverly designed [sic], but programmed for one task at a time.'27 The older computers were very inflexible, requiring a complete redesign of the network to change anything. Likewise, single-celled organisms such as bacteria can also afford to be inflexible, because they don't have to develop as many-celled creatures do.
Evolutionary interpretation
Mattick suggests that this new system somehow evolved (despite the irreducible complexity) and in turn enabled the evolution of many complex living things from simple organisms. However, the same evidence is better interpreted from a Biblical framework. This system can indeed enable multicellular organisms to develop from a 'simple' cell—but this is the fertilized egg. This makes more sense; the fertilized egg has all the programming in place for all the information for a complex life-form to develop from an embryo.
It is also an example of good design economy pointing to a single designer as opposed to many. In contrast, the first simple cell to allegedly evolve the complex splicing machinery would have no introns needing splicing.
But Mattick may be partly right about diversification of life. Creationists also believe that life diversified—after the Flood. However, this diversification involved no new information. Some creationists have proposed that certain parts of currently non-coding DNA could have enabled faster diversification,28 and Mattick's theory could provide still another mechanism.
Hindering science
A severe critic of Mattick's theory, Jean-Michel Claverie of CNRS, the national research institute in Marseilles, France, said something very revealing:
The circle of life
'I don't think much of this work. In general, all these global ideas don't travel very far because they fail to take into account the most basic principle of biology: things arose by the additive addition of evolution of tiny subsystems, not by global design. It is perfectly possible that one intron in one given gene might have evolved—by chance—some regulatory property. It is utterly improbable that all genes might have acquired introns for the future property of regulating expression.'
Two points to note:
This agrees that if the intron system really is an advanced operating system, it really would be irreducibly complex, because evolution could not build it stepwise.
It illustrates the role of materialistic assumptions behind evolution. Usually, atheists such as Dawkins use evolution as 'proof' for their faith; in reality, evolution is deduced from their assumption of materialism! E.g. Richard Lewontin wrote, ' … we have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism. … Moreover, that materialism is absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.'29 Scott Todd said, 'Even if all the data point to an intelligent designer, such an hypothesis is excluded from science because it is not naturalistic.'30
Similarly, while many use 'junk' DNA as 'proof' of evolution, Claverie is using the assumption of evolution as 'proof' of its junkiness! This is again a parallel with vestigial organs. In reality, evolution was used as a proof of their vestigiality, and hindered research into their function. Claverie's attitude could likewise hinder research into the networking capacity of non-coding DNA.
'Junk DNA' (or, rather, DNA that doesn't directly code for proteins) is not evidence for evolution. Rather, its alleged junkiness is a deduction from the false assumption of evolution.
Just because no function is known, it doesn't mean there is no function.
Many uses have been found for this non-coding DNA.
There is good evidence that it has an essential role as part of an elaborate genetic network. This could have a crucial role in the development of many-celled creatures from a single fertilized egg, and also in the post-Flood diversification (e.g. a canine kind giving rise to dingoes, wolves, coyotes etc.).
The programs of life
Information is a measure of the complexity of the arrangement of parts of a storage medium, and doesn't depend on what parts are arranged. For instance, the printed page stores information via the 26 letters of the alphabet, which are arrangements of ink molecules on paper. But the information is not contained in the letters themselves. Even a translation into another language, even those with a different alphabet, need not change the information, but simply the way it is presented. However, a computer hard drive stores information in a totally different way—an array of magnetic 'on or off' patterns in a ferrimagnetic disk, and again the information is in the patterns, the arrangement, not the magnetic substance. Totally different media can carry exactly the same information. An example is this article you're reading—the information is exactly the same as that on my computer's hard drive, but my hard drive looks vastly different from this page. In DNA, the information is stored as sequences of four types of DNA bases, A,C,G and T. In one sense, these could be called chemical 'letters' because they store information an analogous way to printed letters.1 There are huge problems for evolutionists explaining how the 'letters' alone could come from a primordial soup.2 But even if this was solved, it would be as meaningless as getting a bowl of alphabet soup.
The 'letters' must then link together, in the face of chemistry trying to break them apart.3 Most importantly, the letters must be arranged correctly to have any meaning for life.
A group (codon) of 3 DNA 'letters' codes for one protein 'letter' called an amino acid, and the conversion is called translation. Since even one mistake in a protein can be catastrophic, it's important to decode correctly. Think again about a written language—it is only useful if the reader is familiar with the language. For example, a reader must know that the letter sequence c-a-t codes for a furry pet with retractable claws. But consider the sequence g-i-f-t—in English, it means a present; but in German, it means poison. Understandably, during the post–September-11 anthrax scare, some German postal workers were very reluctant to handle packages marked 'Gift.' Return to main text.
References and notes
How DNA is transcribed into mRNA with RNA polymerase, then translated into a protein in the ribosome with tRNA 'adaptor' molecules. This protein is then escorted by chaperones into a chaperonin so it folds correctly. All this machinery is itself encoded in the DNA, but the DNA can't be read without this decoding machinery—a vicious circle, or chicken-and-egg problem. Furthermore, most of these processes use energy, supplied by ATP, produced by the motor ATP synthase (right). But the ATP synthase motor can't be produced without instructions in the DNA, read by decoding machinery using ATP… a three-way circle, or perhaps an egg-nymph-grasshopper problem.
The 20-nanometer motor (height), ATP synthase (one nanometer is one thousand-millionth of a metre). These rotary motors in the membranes of mitochondria (the cell's power houses) turn in response to proton flow (a positive electric current). Rotation of the motor converts ADP molecules plus phosphate into the cell's fuel, ATP.
Related Articles
Further Reading
References and notes
- DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid. See Wieland, C., The marvellous 'message molecule', Creation 17(4):10–13, 1995. Return to text.
- Dawkins, R., The Blind Watchmaker, W.W. Norton, New York, p. 115, 1986. Return to text.
- Grigg, R., Information: A modern scientific design argument, Creation 22(2):52–53, 2000; creation.com/design-history#aside. Return to text.
- Gitt, W., In the beginning was Information, CLV, Bielenfeld, Germany, 1997. Return to text.
- Popper, K.R., Scientific Reduction and the Essential Incompleteness of All Science; in Ayala, F. and Dobzhansky, T., Eds., Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, University of California Press, Berkeley, p. 270, 1974. Return to text.
- Sarfati, J., Self-replicating enzymes? Journal of Creation 11(1):4–6, 1997; creation.com/replicating. Return to text.
- Fraser, C.M. et al., The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium, Science 270(5235):397–403, 1995; perspective by Goffeau, A., Life with 482 Genes, same issue, pp. 445–446. Return to text.
- Gitt, W., Dazzling design in miniature, Creation 20(1):6, 1997; creation.com/dna. Return to text.
- Sarfati, J., Origin of life: instability of building blocks, Journal of Creation 13(2):124–127, 1999; creation.com/blocks. Return to text.
- Bradley, D., The genome chose its alphabet with care, Science 297(5588):1789–91, 13 September 2002. Mac Dónaill's theory involves parity bits, an extra 1 or 0 added to a binary string to make it add up to an even number (e.g. when transmitting the number 11100110, add an extra 1 onto the end (11100110,1), and the number 11100001 has a zero added (11100001,0). If there is a single error changing a 1 to a 0 or vice versa, the string will add up to an odd number, so the receiver knows that it has not been transmitted accurately. Mac Dónaill found that he could treat certain structural features of the DNA 'letters' as a four-digit binary number, with the fourth digit a parity bit. He found that these DNA letters all have even parity, while 'alphabets composed of nucleotides of mixed parity would have catastrophic error rates.' Return to text.
- RNA = ribonucleic acid. Return to text.
- Wiedersheim claimed that there were over 180 'rudimentary' structures in the human body, including 86 'vestigial' organs, in The Structure of Man: an Index to his Past History; transl. Bernard, by H. & M., Macmillan, London, 1895. Return to text.
- The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1993) defines 'vestigial' as 'degenerate or atrophied, having become functionless in the course of evolution.' Some evolutionists now re-define 'vestigial' to mean simply 'reduced or altered in function.' Thus, even valuable, functioning organs (consistent with design) might now be called 'vestigial.' This seems like changing the rules in the face of a losing argument. Return to text.
- Scadding, S.R., Do 'vestigial organs' provide evidence for evolution?, Evolutionary Theory 5(3):173–176, 1981. Return to text.
- See also Bergman, J. and Howe, G., 'Vestigial organs' are fully functional, Creation Research Society Books, Kansas City, 1990. Return to text.
- A recent example was certain very short muscles in horse legs that are now known to have a vital role in dampening damaging vibrations. See Sarfati, J., Useless horse body parts? No way! Creation 24(3):24–25, 2002; creation.com/useless based on Nature 414(6866):895–899, 855–857, 20/27 December 2001. Return to text.
- For an overview, see Walkup, L., Junk DNA: evolutionary discards or God's tools? Journal of Creation 14(2):18–30, 2000; creation.com/junk-dna. Return to text.
- Nature 420(6915):509–590, 5 December 2002. Return to text.
- Gillis, J., 'Junk DNA' contains essential information—DNA has instructions needed for growth, survival, Washington Post, 4 December 2002. Return to text.
- Evolutionists call the almost identical sequences 'highly conserved,' because they interpret the similarities as arising from a common ancestor, but with natural selection eliminating any deviations in this 5% because precision is essential for it to function properly. Creationists interpret the same evidence as evidence of a designer creating the sequences in a precise way, because that's necessary for it to function. This is one more example of how allegedly evolution-inspired scientific advances make at least equal sense under a Biblical framework. Return to text.
- Cohen, P., New genetic spanner in the works, New Scientist 173(2334):17, 16 March 2002. Return to text.
- Batten, D., 'Junk' DNA (again), Journal of Creation 12(1):5, 1998; creation.com/junk-dna. Return to text.
- Coglan, A., Electric DNA: There's another information superhighway lurking in our genes, New Scientist 161(2173):19, 13 February 1999; citing Jacqueline Barton of the California Institute of Technology, Chemistry & Biology 6(2):85. Return to text.
- Dennis, C., The brave new world of RNA, Nature 418(6894):122–124, 11 July 2002; cited on p. 124. Return to text.
- Mattick, J.S. Non-coding RNAs: The architects of eukaryotic complexity, EMBO Reports 2:986–991, November 2001. Return to text.
- Cooper, M., Life 2.0, New Scientist 174(2346):30–33, 8 June 2002; Dennis, ref. 24. Return to text.
- Ref. 26, p. 32. Return to text.
- E.g. Wood, T.C., Altruistic Genetic Elements (AGEs), cited in Walkup, ref. 17. Return to text.
- Lewontin, R., Billions and billions of demons, The New York Review, 9 January 1997, p. 31; Evolutionist's blind faith in atheism, regardless of how absurd it seems. Return to text.
- Todd, S.C., correspondence to Nature 401(6752):423, 30 Sept. 1999; A designer is unscientific—even if all the evidence supports one! Return to text.
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The beautiful B-17Tuesday, April 29th, 2014
Last week I mentioned that Irma Ward and her husband, Hugh, came to our regional fly-in. Hugh wanted a ride on the EAA B-17 Aluminum Overcast, and Irma, a painter, had set up an easel to capture the beautiful bird while it waited for clear skies and eager riders.
I was impressed at how rapidly Irma was committing the majestic lines of the B-17 to canvas with oil paint. She had completed a pencil sketch and had moved on to the actual painting when I talked with her on Friday morning.
Irma kindly sent me a photo of the finished painting. Isn't it beautiful? She has a website, where you can see more of her work.


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Upgrade or repowering?
Editor's note: This is the final of a four-part series previewing tonight's public hearing with the Public Service Commission on NRG.
When the state's Public Service Commission convenes its public hearing today on the solution to electric system reliability needs there will be more than two businesses that are very concerned about the PSC's eventual decision.
Whether the PSC decides a transmission upgrade plan proposed by National Grid, or a repowering at its Dunkirk site proposed by NRG Energy is the answer, the decision will affect the future of many local businesses. Ellen Luczkowiak is president of the Dunkirk Chamber of Commerce which is part of the Chautauqua County Chamber of Commerce. She was asked about the reaction of Dunkirk Chamber members concerning the situation.
"I can tell you in a word; fear is a big thing here in Dunkirk," she replied. "Fear for the businesses who are members who won't be able to afford Chamber memberships. They're paying taxes, their tax increases are going to be huge. The schools having to find ways to make cuts, which is certainly going to cut education in our youth.
"So from the standpoint of the Chamber, we're very concerned. Very concerned because I think it would harm a lot of the clubs in the area. People are really going to have to tighten their belts."
The Chamber not only supports its local members, it is part of the ongoing effort to attract new business to the area. Luczkowiak said that effort will be affected if the PSC opts for National Grid's proposal, which, as things stand now, would eventually lead to the closing of NRG's current coal-fired generating plant in 2015. Without the re-powering with a natural gas combined-cycle plant being built, NRG's contributions to the local economy will be cut dramatically.
The current Payment in Lieu of Taxes agreement between the Chautauqua County Industrial Development Agency and NRG calls for one more payment at the original schedule. After that, the payment schedule was set up to be tied to the amount of production at the plant. With only one of the two smaller generating units to be run under a reliability agreement running until 2015, and neither of the two larger units in operation, local governments are already making contingency plans.
Luczkowiak said the closing of the plant will not only affect local government and the bottom of line for businesses, there will be another consequence.
"It's going to be tough to bring in new business. We work very hard to go outside of New York and in to different areas, even Canada, to bring in new businesses to this area because that helps the Chamber grow, but it also helps Dunkirk to grow. When Dunkirk has positive growth, the Chamber grows," she explained. "If NRG leaves that's going to take such a huge hit, like I said, on a number of areas; taxes, education and everything. It's going to kill the Chamber as well, so that fear is a big thing right now.
"We want to make sure that we do everything in our power, that's what we're there for, our function is to help businesses grow, help the community thrive. So because of that, we want to make sure we're doing everything we can to see that this thing goes through."
The Dunkirk Chamber is second only to Jamestown's in number of members in the county Chamber. Luczkowiak said most Dunkirk businesses are Chamber members.
"We feed the big chamber with what we have here," she added. "By doing that we have responsibility to our area community, which is why we do things like the scholarships, Music on the Pier, trying to bring about information to outside areas, cities, people, to say, listen we are a viable community here. Come do business here.
"In a nutshell, we really are working hard to make sure we are at these types of meetings and provide a voice for the businesses who maybe can't get there. We make sure we have Chamber representation for these things so that they know we're working for them."
Luczkowiak said she expected a large turnout of Chamber members at the hearing and cited a letter from Assemblyman Andy Goodell to many area residents asking them to come to the hearing as "huge."
"You're not only hitting the businesses and the Chambers, you're hitting the residents and that is huge, that's what we need. I give him a lot of credit for that," she added. "Truth be told, if this doesn't work that could affect their jobs. We're already talking about lowering the number of legislators; working on combining communities and schools; and everything else, because how are we going to grow the population if we keep losing business?"
The hearing is set to begin at 6 p.m. in the SUNY Fredonia Williams Center with presentations during the first hour by both National Grid and NRG. After that, the PSC and the administrative law judge running the proceeding will hear from scheduled speakers and then the general public will have its turn.
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Microsoft Corp. this week said that students, who present appropriate IDs at select retailers, can receive free Xbox 360 game console this summer when they purchase Windows 7-based personal computers that cost over $699. The campaign will last till early September and is projected to increase popularity of both Windows 7 PCs as well as Xbox 360.
Microsoft stresses that students can buy any Windows-based PCs with the price of $699 or higher at participating retailers in the U.S., but the company specifically recommended HP Pavillion DM4, Dell Inspiron 14r and Samsung 9-series notebooks. The campaign will last from May 23 to September 9, 2011. Verification of the student status is required. Students will get Xbox 360 4GB game consoles for free with their PCs.
With the new campaign, the world's largest software designers follows Apple, which provides students during the back-to-school (BTS) season free iPod personal digital media players with the purchase of select Macintosh personal computers.
The move will help Microsoft to increase popularity of its latest operating system along with the Xbox 360 game console among students, a very prospective audience. Given the fact that a lot of students in the U.S. as well as colleges utilize Apple Macintosh systems, Microsoft does need to push its platforms into education segment.
Tags: Microsoft, Xbox, Windows, Apple, iPod


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MINNEAPOLIS, Minn. (July 29, 2006)
- The U.S. Men's Volleyball Team continued its reign over Japan with a 3-0 (25-18, 25-20, 25-18) victory at their 2006 FIVB World League pool-play match on Saturday at the Target Center in Minneapolis.
The U.S. men swept six-straight games from the Japanese last weekend in Hiroshima, Japan, winning by scores of 25-15, 25-22, 25-17 on July 22 and 25-12, 25-21, 25-18 on July 23. Saturday was another quick match that finished in 1 hour, 10 minutes before an estimated crowd of 2,170.
The United States is now firmly in second place in Pool A with a record of 3-2. Serbia & Montenegro leads Pool A with a 4-1 record following its Friday win over Poland. Poland falls to 2-3 and Japan is 1-4. The United States and Japan will play again at 7 p.m. on Sunday in Minneapolis. The U.S. Men will face Serbia & Montenegro on Aug. 4-5 at Spokane Memorial Arena in Spokane, Wash.
"I thought we got off to a bit of a slow start," said U.S. Head Coach Hugh McCutcheon (Christchurch, New Zealand). "Fortunately, we were able to make some nice plays down the stretch such as Clay Stanley (Honolulu, Hawaii) serving for five points to close out the second set."
Blocking was key to the United States' victory as the U.S. Men tallied 15 scoring blocks to Japan's three. David Lee (Alpine, Calif.) led the United States in scoring blocks with four. Minnesota native Jim Polster (Laguna Niguel, Calif.) and Phil Eatherton (Glencoe, Mo.) each had three.
"I think we're better blockers than Japan," Eatherton said. "We played them well. We had good scouting reports and good video from our last matches."
Overall, Polster led the U.S. scoring with 13 points on 10 kills, three aces along with the three blocks. Reid Priddy (Richmond, Va.) added 10 kills and one block for 11 points.
As a team, Japan had two more kills than the United States, 37-35. Ishijima Yusuke led the Japanese team with 13 points on 12 kills and one block. Koshikawa Yu and Chiba Shinya each added 10 points on nine kills and one block. But the team fell victim not only to U.S. blocking, but also to its own serving and hitting errors.
"It was the same as the first two matches," said Japan Head Coach Tatsuya Ueta. "Our passing was bad, and we could not execute the rest of the game plan."
In Game 1, the United States jumped out to a 20-13 lead thanks to strong serves from Polster and Setter Donald Suxho (Korce, Albania). Japan hurt its own cause with service and hitting errors. The Japanese passing game also seemed to be inconsistent, perhaps due to the fact that it was the first international match for libero Masuno Akira.
Japan came out stronger in Game 2 and took an 8-5 lead before the United States came back behind the strong net play of Polster, Priddy and Eatherton and the serving on Lee, who took the United States from a 7-8 deficit to a 12-9 lead. Clay Stanley (Honolulu, Hawaii) came in to serve for five-straight points and closed out the game with a service ace.
Game 3 was more of the same as the United States took a 19-11 lead. Japan staged a valiant comeback and brought the score to 22-16, but it was too little, too late.
For more U.S. World League information, go to
The FIVB World League web site is
2006 FIVB World League Standings as of July 29, 2006
Pool A
Serbia & Montenegro 4-1
Poland 2-3
Japan 1-4
Pool B
Brazil 5-0
Finland 3-3
Portugal 2-4
Argentina 1-4
Pool C
Russia 4-1
France 4-1
Italy 2-3
China 0-5
Pool D
Cuba 4-0
Bulgaria 4-0
Korea 1-4
Egypt 0-5
U.S. Roster
Japan at USA
July 29-30 in Minneapolis, Minn.
(Twelve-man rosters can be updated between World League weekends)
1. David Lee (MB, Alpine, Calif.)
2 Pieter Olree (OH, Reading, Pa.)
3 Jim Polster (OH, Laguna Niguel, Calif.)
5 Rich Lambourne (L, Tustin, Calif.)
6 Phil Eatherton (MB, Glencoe, Mo.)
7 Donald Suxho (S, Korce, Albania)
8 Reid Priddy (OH, Richmond, Va.)
12 Tom Hoff (MB, Park Ridge, Ill.)
13 Clay Stanley (OPP, Honolulu, Hawaii)
14 Kevin Hansen (S, Newport Beach, Calif.)
15 Gabe Gardner (OH, San Clemente, Calif.)
16 Dave McKienzie (OPP, Littleton, Colo.)
U.S. World League Schedule
Date: July 14-15
Opponent: Poland
Location: Salt Lake City, Utah - The "E" Center
Match 1: Poland defeats USA 3-1 (22-25, 25-23, 25-23, 25-23)
Match 2: Poland defeats USA 3-1 (26-24, 25-13, 20-25, 25-22)
Date: July 22-23
Opponent: Japan
Location: Hiroshima, Japan - Hiroshima Green Arena
Match 1: USA defeats Japan 3-0 (25-15, 25-22, 25-17)
Match 2: USA defeats Japan 3-0 (25-12, 25-21, 25-18)
Date: July 29-30
Opponent: Japan
Location: Minneapolis, Minn. - Target Center
Match 1: USA defeats Japan 3-0 (25-18, 25-20, 25-18)
Date: Aug. 4-5
Opponent: Serbia & Montenegro
Location: Spokane, Wash. - Spokane Memorial Arena
Date: Aug. 12-13
Opponent: Poland
Location: Katowice, Poland - Spodek
Date: Aug. 18-19
Opponent: Serbia & Montenegro
Location: Beograd, Serbia - Hall Pionir
World League Final
Date: Aug. 23-27
Location: Russia


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No, any media in this pack would be in the form of DVDs and CDs.
These contain assorted items that can be gender neutral or gender specific, you cannot request a specific gender.
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Submit News
Apple Increases Supplier Audits by 72 Percent in 2012, Cuts Off Those that Don't Comply
Tiffany Kaiser
January 25, 2013 12:00 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
(Source: slashgear.com)
Apple reported one supplier and one agency to the local authorities for underage workers
Apple said it upped its
audits of suppliers
(mainly in Asia) by 72 percent from 2011 to 2012, and even cut ties with suppliers that didn't follow the code of conduct.
For all of 2012, Apple conducted a total of 393 audits -- an increase of 72 percent compared to 2011. Apple said it has even started auditing its smaller component makers in addition to the larger ones like Foxconn.
During these audits, Apple found two main issues: underage workers and excessive overtime.
In one particular case, Apple discovered that Asian supplier Guangdong Real Faith Pingzhou Electronics Co Ltd had 74 issues concerning underage workers. Apple terminated the business relationship.
In addition, Apple found that an employment agency was forging documents to allow underage workers to gain employment at its supplier's factories. Apple reported the agency to local authorities.
After auditing small to large suppliers in 2012, Apple found that 95 percent had complied with the code of conduct regarding underage labor.
According to Apple, limiting work weeks to a maximum of 60 hours was another challenge. About 92 percent of suppliers complied, while Apple corrected the remaining 8 percent.
Other issues were discovered in 2012 as well, such as bonded labor agencies that help immigrant workers find jobs (but take a significant amount of their pay in return) and discriminatory behavior against women. To correct this, Apple forced the bonded labor agencies to reimburse $6.4 million in excess foreign contract worker fees for 2012. It also stopped the discrimination against women, such as practices where women must take pregnancy tests before gaining employment.
"At Apple, we care just as much about how our products are made as we do about how they're designed," said Apple in a statement. "We know people have very high expectations of us. We have even higher expectations of ourselves."
Apple said it is focusing on
student interns
for 2013, saying that it will make sure suppliers don't abuse the internship program.
Apple's supplier problems stem from many Foxconn-related issues over the past few years, such as
employee suicides
, explosions from the
buildup of aluminum dust
used to polish devices, low wages, crowded dorms and long hours.
A year ago, a report from
The New York Times
blamed Apple for Foxconn's list of issues, saying that Apple wasn't doing enough about it. From there, Apple voluntarily
joined the Fair Labor Association (FLA)
for random audits.
"I'm an Internet expert too. It's all right to wire the industrial zone only, but there are many problems if other regions of the North are wired." -- North Korean Supreme Commander Kim Jong-il
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January 27, 2012, 4:24 AM
Explosion Rocks Foxconn's iPad 2 Factory, Three Dead
May 23, 2011, 10:10 AM
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Wildlife, rivers, rainforest
Click on a date to reserve your space
|Trip Length
|7 days/6 nights
|Group Size
|San Jose, Costa Rica
|From $3,295 and $4,095
|If you have questions about this journey or would like to receive a detailed trip brochure, call 800-445-2995 or click here.
Day 1 (San Jose to Tiskita Lodge) Head directly off the beaten path this morning on a charter flight to a private airstrip just minutes away from your lodge on the Osa Peninsula. After you settle into your ocean-view bungalow, youll learn about the history of this unique lodge and the surrounding environment. Our local guide will lead us through the coastal rainforest for a wonderful in-person introduction to Costa Rican wildlife.
Days 2 and 3 (Tiskita Lodge) Venture out over the next two days to look for wildlife and learn about unique rainforest animals. The indigenous people in this area live very close to nature, and well make time to visit a nearby Guayami family to learn about their way of life. In addition to the planned activities, you have access to horses, bicycles, and snorkeling equipment to enjoy at your leisure. Help yourself to fruit from one of the largest and most varied tropical fruit orchards in the world!
Day 4 (Tiskita to San Jose to Pacuare Lodge) Fly back to San Jose this morning and head to the river put-in. It will be a short day on the river, through some mellow Class II/III rapids perfect for practicing team paddling skills. (There is an option of 4-wheel-drive ground transportation in and out of the lodge, for extra cost.) Arrive at the lodge mid-afternoon, with time to settle into your bungalow, with private alfresco showers, terraces, hardwood floors, and jungle view. Regroup for an introduction to the lodge, then relax and enjoy a delightful, delicious candlelight dinner.
Day 5 (Pacuare Lodge) You can pick a morning and an afternoon activity from the list of lodge offerings: hiking, canopy zipping, canyoning, and horseback riding. If you wish, the lodge will arrange a jungle massage treatment for some lovely unwinding (additional cost). Share your stories over candlelight dinner tonight.
Day 6 (Whitewater rafting and return to San Jose) After a daybreak excursion into the rainforest, you set out on a rambunctious river ride through spectacular primordial rainforest scenery. Considered one of the Top 10 whitewater rivers in the world by National Geographic, the Pacuare descends through dense vegetation that supports jaguars, ocelots, monkeys, sloths, and many other species. Theres time to pull over along the way to explore waterfalls and pools. Youll have much to celebrate and share at tonights farewell dinner!
Day 7 (Departures home) Catch your flight back homeunless youd like to extend your stay with more adventures!
Terms & Conditions • Travel Protection • Privacy Policy
Off The Beaten Path
7 East Beall Street
Bozeman, Montana 59715
1-800-445-2995 • Fax 406-587-4147


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Instyle Gifts has such a diverse and beautiful range! I bought a fabulous pair of sandals (complete with a bit of bling) as well as a really lovely baby set for a new baby. You cannot go past Instyle Gifts if you want something unique at great price. Meredith, Padstow NSW
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How to Upgrade Your Computer on the Cheap written by Guest Author for BillCutterz Money Saving Blog.
If your computer is starting to show its age, don�t throw it out�there are plenty of ways to get the performance you want out of your existing machine, or get a good deal on a trade-in. Here are some of the cheapest ways to upgrade your computer without risking your security or wasting money on a lemon.
1. Take your computer in for a deep diagnostic
If your computer is already struggling to handle basic tasks like word processing or web browsing after two or three years, it�s probably not a hardware issue�you likely have malware, or just bloated, unnecessary processes running in the background constantly, sucking up your computer�s processing power.
An up-to-date malware scanner should catch most threats (as long as you�re reasonably careful about where you go and what you download), but things like registry key infections will probably require a specialist. Find a technician you trust, and ask whether your computer ought to be able to handle the processes that it�s struggling with. They�ll help you find which programs (or malware) are slowing your computer down, and help you clean things up. A solid diagnostic shouldn�t cost more than $50-$75, and it can extend the usable life of your computer by a year or more.
2. Install extra RAM
RAM defines how many tasks your computer can handle at once, so if things start to get choppy when you have lots of tabs or applications running, popping in an extra GB or two of RAM can make an older computer run like a champ. For those intimidated by the prospect of �fiddling� with their computers, don�t worry�installing new RAM isn�t much more complicated than swapping out the batteries in your remote control.
The challenge is making sure your new RAM is compatible with the slots on your device�they�re not all alike, so consult an expert before buying. An extra GB of RAM shouldn�t cost much more than $25, and if you buy it from a repair shop, they�ll often install it for free.
3. Add a hard drive
Computers need free space to operate efficiently�most processes involve shuffling a lot of data around, and a computer that doesn�t have room to do so will start slowing down and experiencing errors. If your hard drive is consistently between 75% and 90% full, buying an external hard drive can really help your computer run faster.
For extra credit, you can install the hard drive inside your computer, but an external hard drive that plugs into a USB port will correct this problem just as easily. For around $50, you can pick up a 500 GB external hard drive that will probably be more than you need, unless you�re storing hundreds of high-definition movies on your computer.
4. Trade up
If salvaging your computer is more work than you want to put in, most computer repair shops will accept trades toward a new or used computer. This is probably the best option if you own a laptop, since they�re much more challenging to repair or upgrade. Many manufacturers also offer online discounts�check out this Lenovo ecoupon that slices hundreds of dollars off the sticker price. The only way you can go wrong, really, is buying from a big-box store�you�ll deal with insane markup and clueless support.
5. Recycle it
If your computer is so far gone that even the repair shops won�t take it, it still isn�t a good idea to throw it out�computers contain toxic chemicals and heavy metals that can leak out and poison groundwater, and landfills are also prime turf for identity thieves, who can resurrect your dead computer to steal personal information. Instead, take it to an e-waste processing facility, where it can be responsibly disassembled and reclaimed.
Patricia Shuler is a BBGeeks.com staff writer from Oakland, California. She�s an admitted tech-junkie who�s quick to share her honest opinion on all things consumer electronic�including up-to-date news, user reviews, and �no holds barred� opinions on a variety of social media, tech, computer, and mobile accessories topics.
The post How to Upgrade Your Computer on the Cheap appeared first on BillCutterz Money Saving Blog.


text:
Published on Wednesday, February 13, 2013
The School of Educational Studies at Claremont Graduate University congratulates Professors Cecilia Rios-Aguilar and William Pérez for the important recognition they have received from the Hispanic Research Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association.
Professor Pérez has been awarded the group's Early Career Scholar Award for 2013, and Professor Rios-Aguilar has received the group's 2013 award for research in Elementary, Secondary, or Postsecondary Education. This well deserved recognition is yet another testament of the excellent work being done across the school.
© 2017 Claremont Graduate University • 150 E. 10th St., Claremont, CA 91711 • (909) 621-8000 • Campus Safety • Emergency Info • Campus Map/Driving Directions


text:
Website by Stephanie Daniels and Joy Burke
For those who don't particularly like rhubarb.
"I hate rhubarb." That was the first sentence uttered by my local butcher after I described this sauce I wanted to make to pair with some pork chops. To be fair, rhubarb is a much-maligned spring vegetable. I was just convinced that I had to love it, and that I'd instantly find all kind of amazing uses for it. Though rhubarb and I don't have much history to contend with, in cooking more that one dish with it in the...


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Used Morris cars for sale in Stowmarket
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text:
Diclofenac (Topical application route)
Brand Names:
- Flector
- Pennsaid
- Solaraze
- Voltaren
Dosage Forms:
- Gel/Jelly
- Solution
- Cream
- Patch, Extended Release
Warnings:Topical route(Gel/Jelly;Solution)
NSAIDs may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may be increased in patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Diclofenac is contraindicated in the peri-operative setting of CABG surgery. NSAIDs can also cause an increased risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events especially in the elderly, including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal .Topical application route(Patch, Extended Release)
The risk of potentially fatal cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke may be increased with NSAID use. Cardiovascular disease, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and longer treatment durations may further increase this risk. Use for perioperative pain after CABG surgery is contraindicated. The risk of serious gastrointestinal events, such as bleeding, ulceration, and potentially fatal stomach or intestinal perforation, is also increased with NSAID use .
Acetic Acid (class)
Uses of This Medicine:
Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and other symptoms of arthritis of the joints (eg, osteoarthritis), such as inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain. However, this medicine does not cure osteoarthritis and will help you only as long as you continue to use it.
Diclofenac topical gel is also used to treat actinic keratosis, a skin problem that may become cancerous if not treated. The exact way that topical diclofenac helps this condition is unknown.
Diclofenac topical solution is used to treat pain and swelling caused by osteoarthritis of the knees.
Diclofenac topical patch is used to treat acute pain caused by minor strains, sprains, and contusions (bruises).
This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription.
Before Using This Medicine:
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of topical diclofenac in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Older adults—
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of topical diclofenac in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related kidney problems, which may require caution and an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving diclofenac.
|Pregnancy Category
|1st Trimester
|Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
|2nd Trimester
|Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
|3rd Trimester
|Studies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, the benefits of therapy in a life threatening situation or a serious disease, may outweigh the potential risk.
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Other medicines—
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.
- Ketorolac
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Abciximab
- Apixaban
- Ardeparin
- Argatroban
- Beta Glucan
- Bivalirudin
- Ceritinib
- Certoparin
- Cilostazol
- Citalopram
- Clopidogrel
- Clovoxamine
- Cyclosporine
- Dabigatran Etexilate
- Dabrafenib
- Dalteparin
- Danaparoid
- Deferiprone
- Desirudin
- Dipyridamole
- Duloxetine
- Enoxaparin
- Eptifibatide
- Erlotinib
- Escitalopram
- Femoxetine
- Feverfew
- Flesinoxan
- Fluoxetine
- Fluvoxamine
- Fondaparinux
- Ginkgo
- Gossypol
- Heparin
- Lepirudin
- Levomilnacipran
- Meadowsweet
- Methotrexate
- Milnacipran
- Nadroparin
- Nefazodone
- Nitisinone
- Parnaparin
- Paroxetine
- Pemetrexed
- Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
- Pentoxifylline
- Pralatrexate
- Prasugrel
- Protein C
- Reviparin
- Rivaroxaban
- Sertraline
- Sibutramine
- Tacrolimus
- Ticlopidine
- Tinzaparin
- Tirofiban
- Venlafaxine
- Vilazodone
- Vortioxetine
- Zimeldine
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Acebutolol
- Acetohexamide
- Alacepril
- Alprenolol
- Amiloride
- Amlodipine
- Arotinolol
- Atenolol
- Azilsartan Medoxomil
- Azosemide
- Befunolol
- Bemetizide
- Benazepril
- Bendroflumethiazide
- Benzthiazide
- Bepridil
- Betaxolol
- Bevantolol
- Bisoprolol
- Bopindolol
- Bucindolol
- Bumetanide
- Bupranolol
- Buthiazide
- Candesartan Cilexetil
- Canrenoate
- Captopril
- Carteolol
- Carvedilol
- Celiprolol
- Chlorothiazide
- Chlorpropamide
- Chlorthalidone
- Cilazapril
- Ciprofloxacin
- Clopamide
- Cyclopenthiazide
- Delapril
- Desvenlafaxine
- Dilevalol
- Diltiazem
- Enalaprilat
- Enalapril Maleate
- Eprosartan
- Esmolol
- Ethacrynic Acid
- Felodipine
- Fluconazole
- Flunarizine
- Fosinopril
- Furosemide
- Gallopamil
- Gliclazide
- Glimepiride
- Glipizide
- Gliquidone
- Glyburide
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Hydroflumethiazide
- Imidapril
- Indapamide
- Irbesartan
- Isradipine
- Labetalol
- Lacidipine
- Landiolol
- Levobunolol
- Lidoflazine
- Lisinopril
- Lithium
- Losartan
- Manidipine
- Mepindolol
- Methyclothiazide
- Metipranolol
- Metolazone
- Metoprolol
- Moexipril
- Nadolol
- Nebivolol
- Nicardipine
- Nifedipine
- Nilvadipine
- Nimodipine
- Nipradilol
- Nisoldipine
- Nitrendipine
- Olmesartan Medoxomil
- Oxprenolol
- Penbutolol
- Pentopril
- Perindopril
- Pindolol
- Piretanide
- Polythiazide
- Pranidipine
- Propranolol
- Quinapril
- Ramipril
- Sotalol
- Spirapril
- Spironolactone
- Talinolol
- Tasosartan
- Telmisartan
- Temocapril
- Tertatolol
- Timolol
- Tolazamide
- Tolbutamide
- Torsemide
- Trandolapril
- Triamterene
- Trichlormethiazide
- Valsartan
- Verapamil
- Xipamide
- Zofenopril
Other interactions—
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.
Other medical problems—
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
- Anemia or
- Bleeding problems or
- Blood clots or
- Congestive heart failure or
- Edema (fluid retention or body swelling) or
- Heart attack, history of or
- Heart disease or
- Hypertension (high blood pressure) or
- Kidney disease, mild to moderate or
- Stomach ulcers or bleeding, history of or
- Stroke, history of—Use with caution. May make these conditions worse.
- Aspirin-sensitive asthma or
- Aspirin (or other NSAIDs) sensitivity, history of or
- Kidney disease, severe—Should not be used in patients with these conditions.
- Damaged or non-intact skin caused by skin diseases (eg, exudative dermatitis, eczema, infection lesions), burns, or wounds (for skin patch only)—Should not be used in patients with this condition.
- Heart surgery (eg, coronary artery bypass graft [CABG] surgery)—Should not be used to relieve pain right before or after the surgery.
- Liver disease—Use with caution. The effects may be increased because of slower removal of the medicine from the body.
Proper Use of This Medicine:
Keep using this medicine for the full time of treatment. However, do not use this medicine more often or for a longer time than your doctor ordered. This medicine is not for long-term use.
This medicine comes with a Medication Guide and patient instructions. Read and follow these instructions carefully. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.
Skin patch:
- Use this medicine exactly as directed by your doctor. It will work only if applied correctly.
- Wash your hands with soap and water before and after applying a patch. Do not touch your eyes until after you have washed your hands. If it gets into your eyes, wash the eyes right away with water or saline. If eye irritation persists for more than one hour, call your doctor.
- Apply the patch right away after removing it from the protective pouch. Do not cut it into smaller pieces and do not touch the sticky surface of the patch.
- Apply the patch to a clean, dry, intact skin area. Choose an area with little or no hair and free of scars, cuts, or irritation. Avoid putting the patch on areas where it could be rubbed off by tight clothing.
- Press the patch firmly in place with your fingertips to make sure that the edges of the patch stick well. If the patch begins to peel off, the edges of the patch may be taped down.
- If the patch still peels off, it may be used with a mesh netting sleeve (eg, Curad® Hold Tite™, Surgilast® Tubular Elastic Dressing) to hold the patch applied to the ankles, knees, or elbows. The mesh netting sleeve must not be occlusive and must allow air to pass through.
- Do not use the patch when you take a bath or shower.
- To help you remember to use your medicine, try to get into the habit of using it at regular times. If you are using the transdermal system (skin patch), try to change it at the same time and day of the week.
Topical gel:
- Wash your hands before and after using this medicine.
- For Voltaren® 1% topical gel: Use the enclosed dosing card to measure the correct dose.
- Apply the medicine very carefully to clean, dry skin, and avoid getting any in your eyes, nose, or mouth.
- Do not apply this medicine to areas with broken skin or open wounds, infection, or severely peeling skin.
- Apply enough medicine each time to cover the entire affected area.
- Do not use heating pads or cover the treated area with a bandage unless your doctor has told you to.
- Do not use cosmetics (eg, makeup or sunscreens) or other skin care products on the same skin areas where you have applied this medicine.
- For Voltaren® 1% topical gel: After applying this medicine, do not shower, bathe, or wash the affected area for at least one hour.
- For Voltaren® 1% topical gel: Wait at least 10 minutes before covering the treated skin with gloves or clothing.
Topical solution:
- Use this medicine exactly as directed by your doctor. It will work only if applied correctly. Do not apply this medicine anywhere on your body other than where your doctor tells you.
- Wash your hands with soap and water before and after applying the solution. If you get this medicine in your eyes, wash the eyes right away with water or saline. If eye irritation persists for more than 1 hour, call your doctor.
- Apply the solution to a clean, dry, intact skin area. Choose an area free of open wounds scars, cuts, or irritation.
- Put 10 drops of the solution at a time on your hand or directly to your knee. Apply the solution evenly on the front, back, and sides of your knee.
- After using the Pennsaid® solution, wait for at least 30 minutes before showering or bathing.
- Do not use external heat or dressings to the treated knee. Avoid wearing clothing or applying skin care products, such as sunscreen, insect repellant, lotion, moisturizer, or cosmetics, over the treated knee until the skin is completely dry.
- Avoid skin-to-skin contact between other people and the treated knee until the skin is completely dry.
- Protect the treated knee from sunlight.
The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
- For topical dosage form (gel):
- For actinic keratosis using Solaraze® 3% gel:
- Adults—Apply to affected skin area two times a day.
- Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
- For osteoarthritis of the hands, elbows, or wrists using Voltaren® 1% gel:
- Adults—Apply 2 grams to the affected skin areas four times a day (a total of 8 grams each day). However, the total dose should not exceed 32 grams per day over all affected joints. Use the enclosed dosing card to measure the appropriate dose.
- Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
- For osteoarthritis of the knees, ankles, or feet using Voltaren® 1% gel:
- Adults—Apply 4 grams to the affected skin areas four times a day (a total of 16 grams each day). However, the total dose should not exceed 32 grams per day over all affected joints. Use the enclosed dosing card to measure the appropriate dose.
- Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
- For actinic keratosis using Solaraze® 3% gel:
- For topical dosage form (solution):
- For osteoarthritis of the knee:
- Adults—40 drops (10 drops at a time) on each affected knee four times a day.
- Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
- For osteoarthritis of the knee:
- For transdermal dosage form (skin patch):
- For acute pain:
- Adults—One patch applied to the painful area two times a day.
- Children—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor.
- For acute pain:
Missed dose—
If you miss a dose of this medicine, apply it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.
If you forget to wear or change a patch, put one on as soon as you can. If it is almost time to put on your next patch, wait until then to apply a new patch and skip the one you missed. Do not apply extra patches to make up for a missed dose.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
After removing a used patch, fold the patch in half with the sticky sides together. Make sure to dispose of it out of the reach of children and pets.
Precautions While Using This Medicine:
It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits. This will allow your doctor to make sure this medicine is working properly and to decide if you should continue to use it. Blood and urine tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects.
This medicine may raise your risk of having a heart attack or stroke. This is more likely in people who already have heart disease. People who use this medicine for a long time might also have a higher risk.
This medicine may cause bleeding in your stomach or intestines. These problems can happen without warning signs. This is more likely if you have had a stomach ulcer in the past, if you smoke or drink alcohol regularly, are over 60 years of age, are in poor health, or are using certain other medicines (such as a steroid medicine or a blood thinner).
Serious skin reactions can occur during treatment with this medicine. Check with your doctor right away if you have any of the following symptoms while using this medicine: blistering, peeling, loosening of the skin, red skin lesions, severe acne or skin rash, sores or ulcers on the skin, or fever or chills while you are using this medicine.
Some possible warning signs of serious side effects that can occur during treatment with this medicine may include black, tarry stools, decreased urination, severe stomach pain, skin rash, swelling of the face, fingers, feet, or lower legs, unusual bleeding or bruising, unusual weight gain, vomiting of blood or material that looks like coffee grounds, or yellow skin or eyes. Also, signs of serious heart problems could occur such as chest pain, tightness in the chest, fast or irregular heartbeat, unusual flushing or warmth of skin, weakness, or slurring of speech. Check with your doctor immediately if you notice any of these warning signs.
This medicine may cause a serious allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Although this is rare, it may occur more often in patients who are allergic to aspirin or to any of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. The most serious signs of this reaction are very fast or irregular breathing, gasping for breath, wheezing, or fainting. Other signs may include changes in color of the skin of the face, very fast but irregular heartbeat or pulse, hive-like swellings on the skin, and puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes. If these effects occur, get emergency help at once.
It is important to tell your doctor if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant before using this medicine. Using this medicine while you are pregnant can harm your unborn baby. Do not use this medicine during the latter part of a pregnancy unless your doctor tells you to.
If your symptoms become worse, check with your doctor.
Diclofenac may cause redness, soreness, scaling, and peeling of the affected skin. Do not stop using this medicine without first checking with your doctor. If the reaction is very uncomfortable, check with your doctor.
While using this medicine, your skin may become more sensitive to sunlight than usual, and too much sunlight may increase the effects of the medicine. During this period of time:
- Stay out of direct sunlight, especially between the hours of 10 AM and 3 PM, if possible.
- Wear protective clothing, including a hat and sunglasses.
- Do not use a sunlamp or tanning bed or booth.
- Make sure you have discussed the use of a sun block product with your doctor.
If you have a severe reaction from the sun, check with your doctor.
Before having any kind of surgery or medical tests, tell your doctor that you are using this medicine. It may be necessary for you to stop treatment for awhile, or to change to a different nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug before your procedure.
Do not take other medicines unless they have been discussed with your doctor. This includes prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicines and herbal or vitamin supplements.
Side Effects of This Medicine:
- More common
- Application site reactions, including skin rash; pain, tingling, or burning sensation
- flu-like syndrome (body ache, headache, fever, with or without chills)
- itching skin
- Less common or rare
- Blood in the urine
- cough
- dry, itching, or burning eyes
- eye pain
- headaches, including migraines
- increased sensitivity of the skin
- nasal congestion
- pain or tenderness around the eyes and cheekbones
- redness of the skin
- redness or swelling of the eyes
- skin rash other than at the application site
- sore throat
- tightness in the chest
- troubled breathing
- ulcers or sores on the skin, other than at the application site
- More common
- Burning skin
- dry skin
- scaly skin
- thickened skin
- tingling skin
- Less common
- Acne
- back pain
- belching
- bleeding skin
- chest pain
- diarrhea
- heartburn
- indigestion
- joint pain
- lack or loss of strength
- loss or thinning of the hair
- muscle pain
- neck pain
- runny nose
- stomach upset or pain
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Last Updated: 11/4/2014


text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $3.00 (30% off)
Posted by Reviewer2696387 on Dec 04, 2011
I thought this was natural sugar but it has additives. Will be returning.
The product was not delivered
Posted by Reviewer2232689 on Apr 05, 2012
I will never buy products in iHerb.com.
Nu Naturals, NuStevia White Stevia Powder
Posted by Reviewer1038862 on Aug 26, 2008
Tastes great, quick dissolving, no bitter aftertaste. This is the best stevia I've tasted.
not yet received
Posted by Reviewer2262296 on May 25, 2011
There seems to be a customs problem. Order not yet received
Items 21-24 of 24 total
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text: Following the inventory of Smart Grid projects carried out by the JRC in 2011, this report provides guidance and advice for conducting cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid projects. The authors presented step by step assessment framework is based on the work performed by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) on cost-benefit analysis and provide methodological guidelines and best practices. Modifications to fit the European context have been proposed wherever necessary. This work draws on the existing collaboration between the European Commission (EC) and the US Department of Energy in the framework of the EU-US Energy Council.


text:
The U.S. Olympic Committee says Rochester is among 35 cities they're considering for the 2024 Summer Olympic bid, RBJ news partner News10 NBC is reporting.
Rochester Mayor Tom Richards said he received the letter, which reads: "We explore this exciting possibility; we are actively seeking to gauge the interest of U.S. Cities that may have the ability to host an event with the scope and scale of the Olympic games."
The USOC letter inviting 2024 interest includes some of the basic requirements for hosting a games:, including 45,000 hotel rooms, an international airport, an Olympic village that sleeps 16,500 and has a 5,000-person dining hall, a workforce of up to 200,000 and more.
"I think that's nice but as a practical matter, we're not really in the running," Richards told News10 NBC. (For the full story, visit whectv.com.)
The International Olympic Committee's deadline for applying isn't until 2015.
The 35 cities that received the letter from the U.S. Olympic Committee are:


text:
Quinoa Pilaf with Crimini Mushrooms
Recipe courtesy of Chef Bobo, Executive Chef and Food Service Director, The Calhoun School
This dish has been a big hit as a side dish at Calhoun. The kids at Calhoun were fascinated to learn that quinoa is not a grain but a seed[. It looks like a grain and reacts like a grain when cooked but it is still a seed. You can see the stamen in cooked "grain". It's nutty and delicious as a replacement for rice.]
- 1 tablespoon kosher for Passover olive oil
- 1 small shallot, peeled and chopped
- 1/2 cup crimini mushrooms, wiped clean and thinly sliced
- 1 1/2 cups quinoa, rinsed well and drained
- 1/2 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves removed from their stems
- 1 bay leaf
- 1 1/2 teaspoons kosher salt
- Freshly ground black pepper
- 3 cups vegetable stock, or water
Place a saucepan on high heat and get it hot. Add the olive oil and swirl it around to make sure the entire surface is covered with oil. Add the shallot and sweat (cook until translucent but not brown). Add the crimini mushrooms and cook until brown. Add the quinoa, thyme leaves, bay leaf, kosher salt and black pepper to the pan and stir. Let the ingredients heat up and roast a little to bring out all their fullest flavors. The steam coming up should be very aromatic.
Slowly and carefully add the vegetable stock (it will spatter because the pan and ingredients are hot). When it comes to full boil, reduce the heat to a low simmer, cover and allow to steam for about 15 minutes.
After 15 minutes, turn off the heat, remove lid and fluff the quinoa and then replace the lid and allow to sit for about 10 minutes.
Taste for seasoning and adjust, if necessary. Serve.
Professional Recipe: This recipe was provided by a chef, restaurant or culinary professional and makes a large quantity. The Food Network Kitchens chefs have not tested this recipe in the proportions indicated and therefore cannot make any representation as to the results.
Recipe courtesy of Chef Bobo, Executive Chef and Food Service Director, The Calhoun School
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Quinoa Pilaf
Recipe courtesy of Giada De Laurentiis
Quinoa Pilaf with Pine Nuts
Recipe courtesy of Ellie Krieger


text:
Composition FOR NIMULEXNimesulide(150mg)
food interaction for NIMULEX
alcohol interaction for NIMULEX
pregnancy interaction for NIMULEX
lactation interaction for NIMULEX
medicine interaction for NIMULEX
There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk, for example in life-threatening situations. Please consult your doctor.
How it works
Common side effects
- NMD 150MG TABLET(10 tablets in strip)Strides Arcolab LtdRs. 3.80/tabletRs. 38same price
Expert advice FOR NIMULEX
- if you are allergic to Nimesulide, or any of the other ingredients of this medicine.
- if you have or had gastric ulceration/bleeding in the past.
Frequently asked questions FOR NIMULEX
Q. Is Nimesulide an antibiotic?
No, Nimesulide is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs; pain-relieving drug) which relieves acute pain in conditions like joint pain and period pain. However, it may be used with antibiotics to relieve pain associated with certain infections
Q. Can I take Nimesulide with paracetamol or ibuprofen?
Nimesulide, paracetamol and ibuprofen are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; pain-relieving drugs). Taking two NSAID drugs together is not advisable as it may increase the potential for gastric ulceration and bleeding
Q. Does Nimesulide contain aspirin or sulphur?
No. Nimesulide is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs; pain-relieving drug) doesn't contain aspirin or sulphur
Q. Is Nimesulide safe?
Nimesulide is safe at prescribed dose and duration as advised by your doctor.


text:
Coffee Cleaning Products
Coffee Maker and Espresso Machine Cleaning Supplies
We recommend a cleaning regime for every espresso machine we sell, and whether you're looking for a simple brush or a container of decalcifying fluid, we have the cleaning products you need for your espresso machine. Coffee just tastes better when you take the time for regular maintenance. Show you coffee maker or espresso machine some love, keep a clean machine!
Learn More about Coffee Cleaning Products
Espresso Machine Group Head Brush - RedThe Espresso Machine Group Head Brush, in a bright red hue, is specifically crafted to clean espresso machine shower heads and filter baskets. The espresso brush features sturdy ABS bristles. Learn More
Rinza Milk Frother CleanerThe last thing you want to taste in your next cappuccino is your last latte. The Urnex Rinza Milk Frother Cleaner is specially formulated to break down milk protein build-up for effective cleaning of automatic milk frothers, steam wands and frothing pitchers. Designed to be cycled through auto-frothers for quick and easy cleaning without disassembly. We recommend the Rinza Milk Frother Cleaner for superautomatic models from Jura, Saeco, Gaggia and Delonghi. Learn More
Cafiza Home Espresso Machine Cleaning Tablets - 8 countFor delicious espresso each time you use your machine, Urnex brings us these Cafiza Home Espresso Machine Cleaning Tablets, a package of eight, perfectly dosed tablets that can be used to clean your super automatic or as a pre-dosed backflus detergent detergent on machines with a three-way brew pressure release/solenoid valve. Learn More
Regular Price: $6.95
Dezcal Coffee/Espresso Machine DescalerCleaning your coffee maker and espresso machine frequently is essential for flawless performance each and every time. The Urnex Dezcal Coffee/Espresso Machine Descaler is formulated to descale your home coffee maker and espresso machine efficiently and effectively. Even when using filtered water in your machines, mineral deposits can slowly build up in the hot water tank or boiler and other internal components. The result? Poor performance & clogged water tubes, reduced brew temperature and extended brew time. Learn More
Cleancaf Coffee Machine CleanerFor that pure, clean coffee flavor that tastes just like the day you brought your machine home, regular cleanings are in order. The Cleancaf Coffee Machine Cleaner from Urnex is just the cleanser you need to ensure that your home coffee maker works flawlessly. Learn More
Joe Glo Espresso Machine Backflush Detergent CleanerTo backflush your espresso machine and keep it working (and keep your espresso tasting) like a dream, go with the Joe Glo Espresso Machine Backflush Detergent Cleaner. This premium quality, fast-acting, low-foaming espresso machine backflush detergent completely removes residual coffee oils, odors and flavors from your group heads, lines and valves. Learn More


text:
By Sammie Morris
Title: LaNelle Geddes papers, 1957-2007
Primary Creator: Geddes, LaNelle E.
Extent: 0.5 Cubic feet
Date Acquired: 11/06/2007
Subjects: Women's Archives at Purdue University
Forms of Material: Artifacts (object genre), Awards, Certificates, Correspondence, Diplomas
Languages: English
Recounts growing up in Houston, schooling including PhD in Biophysics and coming to Purdue in 1975 where her husband was head of the Department of Biomedical Engineering. She became head of the School of Nursing in 1980. She details the changes during her Deanship as well as changes in the nursing profession. Even though retired from the university, she maintains an office in the school and mentors the new faculty and graduate students.
Repository: Purdue University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections
Access Restrictions: Collection is open for research.
Use Restrictions: No use restrictions.
Physical Access Note: Collection is located on-site.
Acquisition Source: LaNelle Geddes
Acquisition Method: Donation
Preferred Citation: LaNelle Geddes Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Purdue University Libraries