text:
Lian, like many orphan children in China, is in an institution waiting for a loving, permanent home. His story, for me, is the epitome of my work these past two years in the Bureau of Consular Affairs' Office of Children's Issues, the Central Authority for the Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (the Hague Adoption Convention). Lian is protected and secure because of the laws and regulations that China implemented when they became a member of the Hague Adoption Convention. He will become part of a loving, permanent family, who will know all of the medical issues he faces and all of his history while in the care of the Chinese system before he joins them in the United States. His new family will be prepared to support and love him through the transition to his new home. Most of all, they will know that Lian is truly an orphan, with no family waiting for him, desperate to know if he is alive and well.
I have had the great honor and pleasure to run the Adoption Division these past two years. I came to the assignment as an experienced consular officer. I could issue a birth certificate for a new baby born abroad or evacuate a U.S. citizen in crisis with my eyes shut, but, serving most of my career in the Middle East, I had very little experience with adoptions. So I arrived as a blank slate. I leave two years later fully convinced that the Hague Adoption Convention is the absolute best framework for ethical, transparent, and secure intercountry adoptions.
The Hague Adoption Convention is a multilateral treaty among more than 80 countries, and it entered into force for the United States on April 1, 2008. The Convention seeks to ensure that intercountry adoptions are made in the best interests of the child, and to prevent the abduction, the sale of, or trafficking in children. It works along with domestic child welfare systems to promote better lives for children worldwide, through ethical and transparent practices.
The Convention and its implementing legislation create rigorous nationwide standards for transparency and ethical practice for adoption service providers when they work with American families, children, and foreign authorities. The Department of State designates accrediting entities to evaluate adoption service providers, ensuring substantial compliance with Convention standards, protecting both the children and their American prospective adoptive parents.
I have seen all this first-hand over the past two years. I have visited 14 different countries, negotiated with dozens of Central Authorities, and participated in seminars, conferences, and workshops on all aspects of intercountry adoption. Time and time again I have seen success under the Hague Adoption Convention.
My mentor and colleague through all of this has been Ambassador Susan Jacobs, named by Secretary Clinton to be her Special Advisor for Children's Issues. I have never known anyone to be as dedicated and committed to helping orphans in need find loving, permanent homes through truly ethical and transparent means. I have seen Ambassador Jacobs skillfully negotiate protection for children one hour, and the next get on her hands and knees to make eye-contact with a withdrawn child in an orphanage. She cares deeply for all vulnerable children, and I will be forever grateful to have had the opportunity to work with her.
Lian is now with his permanent family in the United States, slowly but surely adjusting to his new life and winning over everyone around him with that gorgeous smile, now even better after successful corrective surgery. His face, and the memories I have of all the children I have met overseas, make even the most difficult day worthwhile. I will carry them, and the pride for the good work we have done, with me for the rest of my life.
Visit adoption.state.gov for more information on the Bureau of Consular Affairs' Office of Children's Issues, Adoption Division at the U.S. Department of State, and for updates on Special Advisor Jacobs' travels, follow her on Twitter: @ChildrensIssues.
Charles S. in Missouri writes:
Adoptions to the United States have dropped 60 percent since 2004, going from 22,991 to only 9,319 in 2011.
Is it really in the best interest of children to keep them in institutions? How much more bureaucracy should we add in to reconfirm over and over again that a child is truly an orphan? Is trading away the formative years of a child's life in an institution really the solution?
The Hague Treaty was begun by the United Nations to bring transparency, clarity and coordination to the inter-country adoption process. Senator Landrieu introduced the bill that brought the United States into the treaty, but has expressed regret after seeing the results.
The goal of the Hauge Treaty is to make certain that every child adopted cross nationally is a legitimate orphan in need of a family. The treaty places such strict requirements on its signers, however, that many children who need a home are left to grow old in orphanages. Nations that have signed on, or attempted to sign on, to the Hauge Treaty, have seen a dramatic decline in inter-country adoptions. Some nations have even stopped inter-country adoptions altogether after being encouraged by UNICEF to sign onto the treaty.
It is estimated that there are more than 132 million children worldwide who have been orphaned by disaster, disease or poverty, or abandoned on the streets by their parents.
Good intentions . . . perhaps so. But Susan and Alison while visiting many countries with these good intentions have slowed and even stopped a process that is now not only broken but handcuffed.
Unlike Alison I take little pride in the work done. This solution has done little to stop illegal activity and has literally removed a good option off the table.
Angela S. in Michigan writes:
I do not feel Hague is in the best interest of orphaned children. I do believe when Hague was implemented it was believed to be helpful to orphaned children. Unfortunatly it has kept, and will continue to keep, many orphaned children from ever joining a loving family. Many of the smaller countries are unable to ever implement all of Hagues requirements after signing on keeping thousands of child's in orphanages. The USA, iis encouraging countries who participate on intercountry adoption to sign the Hague well knowing the countries do not have the ability to implement it. Does the Hague truly prevent child trafficking as it was intended to do? I don't think so. Now thanks to Hague thousands mand maybe even millions of children will unecesarily spend their child hoods in orphanages. I know many families who would love to parent a orphaned child. I am one of those families. Please fix this broken system. Stop the Hague! At the very least give small third world countries the tool and resources to implement the Hague.
Drew P. in New York writes:
I write as a warning to others that consider international adoption. Avoid international adoption. The system is broken and Hague does nothing to benefit the children involved.
We and 64 other families have been trying to adopt children from Kyrgyzstan for more than 4.5 years and are continuing to try to complete the adoption. In the course of these delays, two children have died of neglect of treatable medical conditions.
Ours is not a unique story, it happens in international adoption each day. Avoid the sales lines of the agencies and avoid the bureaucrats "looking out for the best interest of the children".
David K. in Florida writes:
The Hague convention and its implementation in the US is a colossal failure. It has done nothing to help children in true need nor has it helped stop corruption and child trafficking for adoption. The accrediting body for the US, the COA, has a board that has deep ties to the adoption industry. The fox is watching the hen house.
The Hague itself is a first world solution imposed on third world countries who have neither the will nor the means to fully comply. In that sense it is a neo-imperialistic solution.
As long as profiting in the placement of children is allowed, international adoption will include legalized baby selling. If adoption is to truly be a humanitarian solution, the profits must be removed and the money that remains involved must be monitored in a truly transparent system.
Stenson writes:
There is great frustration in the adoption community, some of it directed at the Hague Convention.
However, international adoption became increasingly corrupt after the year 2000. Adoptive parents in the U.S. paid ever larger sums to agencies who contracted with corrupt middlemen in the developing world to buy them babies. The Hague can't fix the problem - corruption is a way of life in many developing countries.
Who's at fault?
1) The adoption community for turning a humanitarian endeavor into a business.
2) Developing countries for their unending corruption
3) Adoptive parents for allowing their dreams of raising a kid to override concerns about child trafficking
Chuck S. in Missouri writes:
Very grateful that Stenson has taken the time to further oversimplfy and broad brush the adoption community together with human trafficking.
As an adoptive parent I feel the frustration that Hague and its implementation affords. My anger however is saved for Stenson and the assumptions and exaggerations that extend a small sample of real corruption into the majority of legitamate cases and helpless children's lives. Your words and the many ignorant ones like them continue to serve as illegitimate testimony for condemning children to lives without a family.
What is at fault?
1. Ignorance equating humantarian not-for-profit work with corrupt capitalism.
2. Ignorance that equates poverty and desperation with corruption.
3. Ignorance that would equate compassion and mercy with slavery. Ignorance that assumes love turns a blind eye to corruption. Ignorance that exaggerates a problem to the point that then advocates that children be STUCK in institutions.


text:
Honeoye's Storm becomes 5th coach to reach 400 wins
Mark Storm has been coaching for 27 years and won a lot of games. But on Saturday night in the C. Jerry Robinson Blow the Whistle on Cancer Classic in Waterloo he reached a milestone. His Honeoye girls basketball team edged South Seneca, 32-28, to earn Storm his 400th career win. He is the fifth Section V girls basketball coach to reach that mark and third one this season. Storm has guided the Bulldogs to three sectional titles in basketball, two in softball and one in baseball. Below is the list of area coaches I know of who've reached 300 wins in girls basketball. If you know of someone who did it and isn't on there, please e-mail me at email@example.com.
By the way, according to a release, here's a little more on that tournament, which is named after Charles "Jerry" Robinson. "He was involved with high school and youth athletics for most of his adult life. Whether it was organizing and running the Waterloo Little League program or refereeing football, basketball or volleyball, he was always around the game and the kids. He was a member of the Central Western Girls Basketball Officials group from 1985 until he lost his fight with pancreatic cancer in October 2010. During his 25 years with CWGBO he had served on the Executive Committee, was the secretary of the organization, assisted in training young officials and was always there to help out when someone needed a hand. He was honored by this group in 2009 when he was selected as its "Official of the Year". His first concern was always the kids on the floor and helping his fellow officials. Even during his illness he continued to assist in training and evaluating our young officials.
"To honor his unselfish efforts to help improve this organization and high school athletics in general, the Central Western Girl's Basketball Officials Assn., in conjunction with the Finger Lakes Girls Basketball Leagues," sponsored the event.
(records as of Feb. 13, 2012; coaches in bold are active)
- 477: Al Best - Mynderse, Greece Athena, Arcadia
- 431: Tom Nowak – Elba
- 412: Pete Piraino – Keshequa
- 410: Steve Willoughby - Honeoye Falls-Lima
- 401: Mark Storm – Honeoye
- 397: Phil White – Bloomfield
- 385: Diane Kirnie - Newark
- 365: Chris Belmont – Marshall, Nazareth
- 329: Kathy Boughton - Brockport, Mercy
- 320: Dan Baker - Perry
- 316: Karen Schuster – Livonia
- 314: Bob Church – Penn Yan

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Here's how RW members rated this race in the past (222 votes).
In short: An excellant run really enjoyed it - will be back for next year.Date of review: January 23, 2009
In short: Great MarshallsIn full: The Marshalls were brilliant, 95% appalled and cheered you on and I try to thank most of them on the way round. Great but challenging course. Only negatives, XL top please for the larger blokes like me and can we park nearer the start/finishDate of review: January 22, 2009
In short: The hills don't get easier and its always windy but a great raceIn full: Well marshalled, great water stations and car parking has improved no endDate of review: January 22, 2009
In short: Very enjoyable, only one grumble.In full: Marshals were up and about early and very helpful to direct you to a car park. A shame I ended up at the start and therefore didn't get to race HQ until after the race, as the t-shirts were given out at the start rather than at the finish (why?), I therefore didn't get one. As every other race issues them at the finish why not here??Apart from this mild grumble really enjoyed the race. Hills were nowhere near what I was expecting and great to have a first lap to assess the course before putting the hammer down for the second. Eagerly waiting for the results to appear on the website but nothing yet.Travelled a long way for this one and will have it on my radar for next year. The marshals were superb and the weather very kind. I hate running in the rain and although it was cold and a bit windy the sunshine was awesome.Well done to all involved.Date of review: January 20, 2009
In short: Enjoyable race but quite challenging Date of review: January 20, 2009
In short: Great marshall support really appreciated - Thank you!!Date of review: January 20, 2009
In short: As usually, excellent organisation and very well marshalled. Challenging course with a constant crosswindDate of review: January 20, 2009
In short: The 'undulations' made this a challenging course which was worth the trip. Well marshalled and friendly.Date of review: January 19, 2009
In short: Good blast on a coldish day.In full: The left turn out of the crosswind was a blessing & the hill at 14m was a good stretch. Back next year.Date of review: January 19, 2009
In short: Excellent race - Great way to start the year offIn full: A challenging course with some tough hills but not as hellish as I was expecting.Friendly atmosphere with encouraging marshals. Well done Yaxely.Date of review: January 19, 2009
Visit the official Runner's World page
Follow Runner's World on Twitter
Click here
Other Natmag-Rodale Sites
Run For Charity
Injury Clinics
About Runner's World


text:
About the Author: Tristram Perry serves as the Public Diplomacy Officer covering broadcast media at the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.Watch the "Dahsyat" interview on YouTube.
It's an hour before show time, and I'm backstage at the "Dahsyat" ("Awesome") studio in the Four Seasons Hotel, talking to supermodel, actress and host Luna Maya. "I'm so nervous!" she exclaims. It's not every day that the host of the highest-rated youth TV show in Indonesia is jittery about interviewing a guest. But then again, Secretary Hillary Clinton is no ordinary guest. Used to chatting and joking with famous actors, singers and other celebrities, the idea of talking to the 67th U.S. Secretary of State leaves Maya and her co-host, news anchor Isyana Bagoes Oka, visibly shaken.
I try to reassure them, but it's our Information Assistant Dian Agustin, who points out the irony of someone so famous being so star-struck. Both co-hosts laugh at this and visibly relax. Even so, there's an air of tension and excitement and everyone from the stage crew to the station executives are anticipating Secretary Clinton's arrival on set.
A daily celebrity- and music-focused variety and talk show, "Dahsyat" draws millions of viewers and is very popular with youth, enjoying many times more viewers than even the number-one national news program in Indonesia. Broadcast live on top-rated national TV station RCTI, the program is a mixture between the Tyra Banks Show and MTV, featuring celebrity guests and performances by major Indonesian recording artists.
Suddenly, we get the signal, and everyone snaps to attention. Secretary Clinton enters the room a few moments later and I introduce her to Luna and Isyana. The Secretary greets everyone and walks around the set, shaking hands, warmly greeting the crew and posing for dozens of photos before putting on her lapel microphone. The co-hosts take the stage, to introduce their special guest. The music swells, and right on-cue, Secretary Clinton walks on as the audience applauds.
Questions alternate from policy to personal, with Isyana tackling Gaza and U.S. relations with the Muslim world, while Luna is more interested in Secretary Clinton's taste in music. "When I work, I listen to classical music, because I find it very soothing," said Secretary Clinton, "but I am someone who loves the music of my youth...for me it's the old standbys, The Beatles and the Rolling Stones..." and the entire studio -- including crew -- erupts into cheering and clapping. Later in the program, Secretary Clinton discusses the situation in Palestine, pointing out that "President Obama and I have promised that the United States will get re-engaged in trying to help in the Middle East," and cites Special Envoy Mitchell's appointment and her upcoming trip to Cairo as examples of their renewed efforts.
Soon, the interview ends, and the Secretary thanks her hosts and departs the studio, pausing for a round of photos and even signing a book for a fan. The studio crew is euphoric, and the crew begin congratulating each other. They can't believe that the Secretary is so friendly in person, and how well she connected with the young people in the audience. Later in the car back to the embassy, my phone buzzes with dozens of text messages from friends and colleagues who saw the show, remarking on how good the interview was, and wishing our two countries continued good relations.
S in California writes:
Where's the video clip?!
Rosemary in New Jersey writes:
Tristam - Thanks for the post. I saw the video this morning, and she was great! Of course she won the hearts of many young people stateside during the election cycle, so it's no surprise that these young people liked her.
She loves to keep up with people of all ages, and I love watching her work. She is awesome.
I am very proud of her. She is doing a great job on this tour.
Sue in New Hampshire writes:
Madame Secretary,
Great job in Indonesia, and, indeed, in office. You handled the questions from these young ladies very well.
Thank you for setting the example for putting aside differences and working for the common good.
Renee in Pennsylvania writes:
Secretary of State Clinton,
It is so refreshing to see you in a natural state communicating with our global countries. You are a breath of fresh air. Not stuffy, there for business but also for relationship building. I am proud to have you represent our country during these tough times. If anyone can promote unity it will be YOU!
Paul in Florida writes:
Sec. Clinton, this interview was really neat!! I am so glad that your our Sec. of State!! You are making us very proud! Thank you for everything your doing for the United States and the world! :) God Bless You!
Renee in Pennsylvania writes:
Hillary clinton you are awsome for this job. No one can do it better than you. You have captured the hearts and minds of all generation of peopleregardless of race,ethnic backgrounds and views. you meet the needs of all representing America firmly and proudly!
E.K in New Hampshire writes:
To meet Hillary is truly inspiring and an honor. We are blessed she will be representing the people of America.
Secretary Clinton will give her all and the rest of the world will know (if they don't know all ready) why we love and trust her heart and word. She is a Universal Woman meant to do great things.
Patrick Maryland writes:
I'm glad to see you had time on your trip to de-stress.
By doing an Interview on an "Awesome" tv show.
I watched it on YouTube and thought it was pretty Good.
I hope your trip to China is just a good. Keep :) things are looking up.
Cya :)
Wendy in California writes:
How delightful & inspiring -- both Sec State Hillary and the fabulous young Indonesian women. I hope everybody watches both clips so they see the whole thing which will just make you so proud. And hopeful for the future.
I loved the way Sec State Hillary wove in the reminiscences of Prez O into her interview.
William in New York writes:
Miss Perry,
Please inform your superiors that the current operation of the State Department Web site is far inferior to how it was under the Bush Administration. And the same can be said of the White House Web site.
Finding information is far less intuitive, videos of press conferences are being posted without English translation [is there something wrong with this picture?], and videos, photos and text of the same events are not linked up.
Come on folks, this is the 21st Century Obama Administration!
Rosemary in New Jersey writes:
@ Sue in California -- The link is under the picture. ;)
Mary in Canada writes:
Great post! Thanks for the info. It is truly amazing to see Hillary Rodham Clinton's humanity and compassionate intelligence at play. She's truly a wonderful human being whose dedication to Public Service shines through every one of her actions. She has a remarkable way of connecting with young (and old!) people. And last but not least, we love her....bellylaugh! It's the bellylaugh that not only connects us to her in a very personal, human way, but it's one that can melt the Arctic in a split second!
Thanks, Hillary, for showing the world that there are politicians out there who belong to the World....You're simply the Best. You go, girl!
Nenden in Indonesia writes:
Yes, it was awesome..amazing ! Great job Tristram.
Maureen S. in Wisconsin writes:
Better late than never to post a comment, but thank you for sharing!
I was really hoping I would already be back in Jakarta during Hillary's visit, she's definitely one of my favorite politicians. Well, I wasn't there. So this blog added to other (more serious) news I'd read... Good job, Tristram! :-)
C.E.H. writes:
How exciting to be part of the show! It's great opportunity for both of countries to have better understanding of each other.
Mustafa in Turkey writes:
...Secratary of State ,Hillary Rodham Clinton Great Lady ever...Because USA. is Great country of Great people ... Life is art of people harmony and the meaning of life is to save that harmony...
president Barack Obama AND HÝ" ADMÝŽÝ"TRATÝN will arrieve to create some peaceful harmony around the world for the world and for the Powerful future of USA and to Prove that AMER݃AN DREAM atmosphere come back for USA. and for the world people...
Ramesh writes:
Hi there awesome post!!!


text:
Photojournalist reflects on seven years of regional reporting, speaking to the effects of global policy and economics on the lives of individuals and on their communities..
In crisis areas, it is often women and children who suffer most. Countries with underdeveloped economies and countries at war face countless difficulties, but stories of the particular misery faced by women and children are often overlooked - resulting in far-reaching human, social and economic consequences.
Women, Children, Crisis pulls from a number of reporting projects around the globe that illuminate the adversity and outright crimes endured by women and children.
The United Nations estimates that over 200,000 women have been raped in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Armed groups use rape to spread disease and wreck or uproot communities, with shame turning victims into outcasts. These women suffer first by their rapists and secondly by husbands and family members who find it socially unacceptable to associate with them.
Aid agencies and international organizations recognize this mass-rape as a weapon of war. Another effect of war-torn countries where the duration of conflict eclipses generations is the use of child soldiers. Boys as young as seven are targeted by military leaders, given weapons and coerced into killing. There are an estimated 250,000 child soldiers in the world today, and some 30,000 former child soldiers in Liberia alone. In Sudan, boys that escaped the fate of becoming child fighters are returning to their villages to survey the damage wrought by war. Many ex-soldiers have dedicated themselves to rehabilitating their countries and with a unique photography program, working to regain respect of their communities as peacemakers.
In Nepal, an estimated 15,000 - 20,000 girls, some as young as 6 years old, work in indentured servitude. Poor families belonging to the Tharu community, an indigenous ethnic group in southern Nepal's Terai, send their daughters to cities as domestic servants in exchange for money. These girls are known as 'Kamlaris.' Besides labor exploitation abuse is rampant and girls are often sexually abused, raped, starved and beaten. "Olga's Girls," is the story of one woman's mission to end the practice and rescue these girls.


text:
Macaulay, Catharine
Catharine Macaulay 1731-1791
(Born Catharine Sawbridge; also wrote under the name Catharine Macaulay Graham.) Eighteenth-century British historian, political pamphleteer, philosopher, and feminist.
Catharine Macaulay is best remembered as the first prominent English female historian and as one of the pioneers of feminist thought. Her eight-volume History of England (1763-83) brought Macaulay fame in her own lifetime, not only because of the novelty of being penned by a woman historian, but because her ringing condemnation of seventeenth-century British monarchy gained great support from political radicals in England and revolutionaries in France and the United States. Her History of England was the first republican account of British history, and Macaulay used the renown gained from her the work to become a leading advocate for liberty, representative government, universal male suffrage, and colonial rights. Attacked for her marriage at age 48 to a man less than half her age, Macaulay fell from favor in England, but she continued to be popular abroad, particularly in the fledgling United States, where her admirers included George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. Her Letters on Education, with Observations on Religious and Metaphysical Subjects, published one year before her death in 1791, challenged the dominant belief that women were naturally inferior to men, and argued that through equal education women could obtain equal status to men. Macaulay was a major influence on the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, and today her Letters on Education, like her History of England, is studied as much for its literary and intellectual influence as for the ideals it espoused.
Biographical Information
Macaulay was born Catharine Sawbridge on April 2, 1731, in Wye, Kent, the youngest of four children of a wealthy Whig family. Like most girls in eighteenth-century England, Catharine did not receive a formal education, but she read voraciously from her father's extensive library. Her reading of Greek and Roman histories instilled in her lifelong republican and libertarian leanings. In 1860 Macaulay moved to London after marrying George Macaulay, a Scottish physician, who introduced her to some of the city's most radical literary and political figures. With her husband's encouragement Macaulay began to write her Whig interpretation of seventeenth-century British history, and in 1763 she published The History of England, from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line, the first volume of what would eventually be an eight-volume work. A second volume appeared in 1765, a year before George died, leaving Macaulay a substantial inheritance with which to raise their daughter.
Encouraged by the success of her History of England, Macaulay became increasingly political. Her association with radicals like Tobias Smollett, William Hunter, Thomas Hollis, and her brother, John Sawbridge—a radical Whig who would gain fame in his own right as the Lord Mayor of London—led to the formation of the Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights. Throughout the 1760s and 1770s Macaulay became a prominent speaker for republican values and published, with slightly varying titles, several more volumes of her History of England. During this time she also became England's first female pamphleteer, issuing several tracts condemning the royalist Tory views of contemporaries like Thomas Hobbes and David Hume.
In 1774 Macaulay moved to Bath, where she met John Wilkes, a radical parliamentarian who had been exiled from London for his criticism of King George III. She soon moved into the house of an admirer, Dr. Thomas Wilson, and their relationship sparked great speculation. The gossip became harsher still when in 1778 Macaulay married William Graham, a 21-year-old medical apprentice. While Macaulay denounced the double standard which allowed men to marry women half their age, she was unable to escape public condemnation of her actions, and she became a figure much lampooned in cartoons. Not only her political rivals seized upon this scandal to smear her reputation, but some old friends, including Dr. Wilson, renounced their friendship, and Macaulay was never able to regain her former high reputation in English society. Even as her reputation declined at home, Macaulay remained something of a hero abroad, particularly in France and the American colonies, where her History of England and pamphlets such as An Address to the People of England, Ireland, and Scotland on the Present Important Crisis of Affairs (1775) were read as texts denouncing England's tyrannical monarchies and supporting the American colonies' right to resist British taxation. In 1777 she traveled to France, where she met Jacques Turgot and Benjamin Franklin. In the spring of 1784, a year after finishing the final volume of The History of England, Macaulay traveled to the United States, where she discussed politics with John Adams and Mercy Otis Warren. The highlight of her trip to America was a ten-day stay at Mount Vernon with George Washington, whose admiration for Macaulay can be seen in many of his later letters to her.
In 1787 Macaulay returned to England. In 1790 she published her second major work, Letters on Education, which called for, among other things, the equal education of women. A final pamphlet denouncing Edmund Burke's criticism of the French Revolution appeared shortly before her death on June 22, 1791.
Major Works
The eight-volume, 3,500-page History of England for which Macaulay is best known, was published over a twenty-year period from 1763 to 1783. Considered to be the first anti-royalist history of its time, and certainly the first major historical work written by a British woman, The History of England served as a Whig interpretation of British seventeenth-century history from the foundation of the Stuarts to the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89. Macaulay intended for the work to show a long tradition of monarchical tyranny in Britain and also to act as a counter-argument to David Hume's popular History of Great Britain, which covered the same period but served as a major defense of his Tory support for the monarchy. Macaulay's history denounces Charles I as a despot and defends the parliamentary cause in the revolution and Civil War, which resulted in the King's execution. Like the political radicals with whom she associated, Macaulay believed the monarchy should be replaced by popular sovereignty and representative government to promote individual liberty and reason. Unlike her Whig comrades, however, Macaulay was unable to support Oliver Cromwell, whom she believed to be nearly as depraved as the despised kings of the previous centuries. Similarly, Macaulay's History of England did not consider the Glorious Revolution to be a success, since it did not lead to universal male suffrage and since, she believed, the king still retained the potential to become absolute again.
In addition to The History of England, Macaulay wrote several pamphlets which expanded her defense of republican values. Her 1767 Loose Remarks on Certain Positions to be found in Mr. Hobbes' Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society. With a Short Sketch of A Democratical Form of Government, in a Letter to Signior Paoli challenged Thomas Hobbes' belief that monarchies were necessary because of human imperfectability. The second part of the pamphlet offered Paoli, leader of the 1755 Corsican revolt against France, advice for constructing a republican constitution and encouraged him to enact other reforms, such as universal male suffrage, frequent elections, and rotating office appointments. Similarly, her 1775 Address to the People of England, Ireland, and Scotland denounced the Quebec Act and the Stamp Act which had infuriated American colonials. Calling the English "despots," Macaulay warned that repression of the American colonies would be followed by repression at home in Britain. Her final important pamphlet, the 1790 Observations on the Reflections of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke on the Revolution in France, in a Letter to the Earl of Stanhope, supported the French revolution and its calls for liberty and equality. In this work Macaulay heaped praise on the unicameral National Assembly, which she believed to be a more representational governing body than even the American Congress. Whereas Burke predicted the French Revolution would plunge the country into chaos, Macaulay predicted that a egalitarian and rational society would be created.
Two other major works by Macaulay, The History of England, from the Revolution to the Present Time in a Series of Letters to the Reverend Doctor Wilson, published in 1778, and A Treatise on the Immutability of Moral Truth, (1783) were largely ignored. Her final major work, however, the 1790 Letters on Education, with Observations on Religious and Metaphysical Subjects, helped reestablish Macaulay's reputation as a pioneering thinker. The Letters on Education was a direct refutation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's assertion that women were naturally inferior to men. Macaulay claimed that men were superior to women only in terms of physical strength, but that in all other ways the sexes were equal. Women's inferior status, she argued, could be best accounted for by their education and socialization, not their innate abilities. The only way to correct these forms of repression, Macaulay reasoned, was to give equal education to all boys and girls, men and women. While the Letters on Education also dealt with morality, non-violence, and the treatment of children, slaves, and the poorest members of society, it is primarily remembered as one of the earliest calls for gender equality and co-education.
Critical Reception
Macaulay's fame as an historian, a proponent of republican ideals, and an advocate for the equal education of women was fleeting. The History of England gained her a great deal of notoriety in her own lifetime, both in the form of grudging respect from her Tory adversaries and high praise from radicals in England and revolutionaries in France and America. The poet Thomas Gray called her History of England "the most sensible, unaffected and best history of England that we have had yet." Mercy Otis Warren claimed Macaulay's history as the inspiration for her own 1805 history of the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson so admired her history that he ordered all eight volumes for the University of Virginia and recommended that they be made required reading. As often as not however, praise and criticism tended to focus on the unique status of Macaulay as a female historian. John Adams called Macaulay "one of the brightest ornaments not only of her sex but of her age and country." Samuel Johnson found her criticisms of monarchs and other political figures libelous, and James Boswell quoted Johnson as saying "she is better employed at her toilet, than using her pen. It is better she should be reddening her own cheeks, than blackening other people's characters." Even Hannah More echoed Johnson's sexist sentiments, writing that Macaulay "was not feminine either in her writing or her manners, she was only a tolerably clever man." By the end of the eighteenth century Macaulay's social reputation had been shattered by her marriage to William Graham, and her political support for Whig radicals soon began to be seen as outmoded. In England her History of England was overshadowed by Hume's conservative History of Great Britain, and in the nineteenth century the four-volume History of the Commonwealth of England, published by William Godwin between 1824 and 1828, became the standard "radical" historical version of seventeenth-century British politics. For the next 150 years Macaulay's History of England languished in obscurity.
Modern critics have helped resurrect Macaulay's reputation to some degree. Most focus on her pioneer status as a female historian and her fall from grace due to her scandalous marriage to Graham. Some of these critics, including Lucy Donnelly, whose 1949 article on Macaulay's life and work helped renew critical interest, have called The History of England valuable despite its "absurdities … undisciplined clutter and exaggerations." Others have argued that The History of England offered original observations and a degree of scholarship unequalled in its time. Most scholars tend to agree that Macaulay's method for writing history was unusual in its day because, unlike such contemporaries as Hume, Edward Gibbon, and Voltaire, Macaulay did not write so much with a moral purpose but to defend her own republican political positions. While this defense of republicanism may have been a factor in the earlier decline in influence of The History of England, most modern critics regard it as an important historical work regardless of the gender of its writer.
While her political pamphlets receive only scant attention and her philosophical and religious texts remain mostly ignored, Macaulay's Letters on Education is often studied as an early expression of feminist ideals and as a major influence on Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). Wollstonecraft's 1790 review of Letters on Education was glowing in its praise; later she would call Macaulay "an example of the intellectual acquirements supposed to be incompatible with the weakness of her sex." While critics today are largely silent on many of the societal reforms Macaulay advocated in Letters on Education, all concur that it should be remembered as one of the earliest examples of political literature fighting for the equal treatment of women.
Principal Works
*The History of England, from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line [Vol. 1] (history) 1763
*The History of England, from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line. [Vol. 2] (history) 1765
*The History of England from the Accession of James I to the Elevation of the House of Hanover [Vol. 3] (history) 1767
Loose Remarks on Certain Positions to be found in Mr. Hobbes's Philosophical Rudiments of Government and Society. With a Short Sketch of a Democratical Form of Government, in a Letter to Signior Paoli (political pamphlet) 1767
*The History of England from the Accession of James I to...
(The entire section is 284 words.)
Lucy Martin Donnelly (essay date 1949)
SOURCE: "The Celebrated Mrs. Macaulay," in The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 2, April 1949, pp. 173-207.
[In the following essay, one of the earliest critical commentaries on Macaulay's life and work, Donnelly argues that despite the many flaws in the historian's writings, Macaulay should be remembered as one of the great proponents of political liberty.]
Years ago in London the director of a book shop in high repute urged upon me the importance of Catharine Macaulay. I drew back in surprise. Her works have long been reduced to dusty out of the way shelves and in "the historian in petticoats" personally I felt little or no interest. Like...
(The entire section is 13697 words.)
Daisy L. Hobman (essay date 1952)
SOURCE: "Mrs. Macaulay," in The Fortnightly, No. 1022, February 1952, pp. 116-21.
[In the following essay, Hobman argues that Macaulay was one of the most celebrated and influential women of the eighteenth century, as evidenced by the impression she left on men like Washington, Boswell, and Disraeli.]
Boswell, in his recently published London Journal, relates the story of Mrs. Macaulay and Dr. Johnson which is also told in the Life. He quotes the doctor as saying: "Sir, there is one Mrs. Macaulay in this town, a great republican. I came to her one day and said I was quite a convert to her republican system, and thought mankind all upon a footing;...
(The entire section is 2956 words.)
Mildred C. Beckwith (essay date 1958)
SOURCE: "Catharine Macaulay: Eighteenth-Century Rebel," in The South Carolina Historical Association, 1958, pp. 12-29.
[In the following essay, Beckwith discusses Macaulay's fame as England's first female historian and her radical defense of the American and French revolutions combined with an unwavering criticism of the British monarchy.]
The most widely known woman in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, save the Queen, was Catharine Sawbridge Macaulay. Her name was on tip-of-tongue among the literati of two continents. Americans eagerly embraced her political concepts, while the French liberals roundly applauded her demand for equal liberties; a...
(The entire section is 6949 words.)
Bridget Hill and Christopher Hill (essay date 1967)
SOURCE: "Catherine Macaulay and the Seventeenth Century," in The Welsh History Review, Vol. 3, No. 4, December, 1967, pp. 381-402.
[In the following essay, Bridget and Chrisopher Hill discuss Macaulay's History of England, which they praise for its detailed and perceptive interpretation of seventeenth-century English politics.]
'One hand a roll of ancient records grac'd, The other arm sweet Liberty embrac'd; And on her bosom Alfred hung—the Great, Who plung'd Corruption headlong from her seat'.
Anon., Six Odes Presented to that justly-celebrated Historian Mrs. Catherine Macaulay on her Birthday (n.d., 1777?), pp. 42-43....
(The entire section is 9311 words.)
Lynne E. Withey (essay date 1976)
SOURCE: "Catharine Macaulay and the Uses of History: Ancient Rights, Perfectionism, and Propaganda," in The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, Fall, 1976, pp. 59-83.
[In the following essay, Withey argues that Macaulay's History of England can be best understood by considering the author's social, political, and religious idealism, and notes that Macaulay considered historical analysis to be the best means for conveying the possibility of human political, moral, and institutional perfection.]
Late eighteenth-century London was a center of political debate, expressed variously in countless pamphlets, in coffee house discussions, and in...
(The entire section is 10469 words.)
Florence Boos and William Boos (essay date 1980)
SOURCE: "Catharine Macaulay: Historian and Political Reformer," in International Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, January/February, 1980, pp. 49-65.
[In the following essay, Florence and William Boos discuss Macaulay's History of England, which they call the first and most important Enlightenment history written by a woman, and her Letters on Education, which they regard as one of the earliest feminist attacks on gender inequality, slavery, and the education of England's children and poor.]
Catharine Macaulay was a prominent eighteenth-century British defender of Enlightened republican views, the...
(The entire section is 7042 words.)
Barbara Brandon Schnorrenberg (essay date 1990)
SOURCE: "An Opportunity Missed: Catherine Macaulay on the Revolution of 1688," in Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture, Vol. 20, 1990, pp. 231-40.
[In the following essay, Schnorrenberg details how Macaulay's History of England and political pamphlets were conscious corrections to the historical writings of David Hume and Edmund Burke and why, in particular, Macaulay believed that the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had proved insufficient in producing real liberty in England.]
Those of us who learned our history first in the Whig tradition were taught early that the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 was a good thing. It freed England, Scotland, Wales, and even an...
(The entire section is 4126 words.)
Donald T. Siebert (essay date 1992)
SOURCE: "Catherine Macaulay's History of England: Antidote to Hume's History?," in Transactions of the Eighth International Congress on the Enlightenment, edited by H. T. Mason, The Voltaire Foundation, 1992, pp. 393-96.
[In the following essay, Siebert analyzes the differences between Macaulay's and David Hume's historical accounts of the execution of Charles I, and argues that each retelling shows how these writers used history as a tool to advance their own political convictions.]
Without question Catherine Macaulay's History of England was intended partly as an Old Whig, republican answer to David Hume's version of seventeenth-century...
(The entire section is 1517 words.)
Bridget Hill and Christopher Hill (essay date 1993)
SOURCE: "Catharine Macaulay's History and her Catalogue of Tracts," in The Seventeenth Century, Vol. 8, No. 2, Autumn, 1993, pp. 269-85.
[In the following essay, Bridget and Christopher Hill contest the charge leveled by critics like Lucy Matin Donnelly that Macaulay's historical work lacked scholastic rigor, pointing to the little-known Catalogue of Tracts that Macaulay assembled shortly before her death and which demonstrates her broad range of interests and unusually detailed scholarship.]
In the eighteenth century Catharine Macaulay was far from alone as a historian of the seventeenth century, but what made her unique was that she was a woman and...
(The entire section is 7524 words.)
Cecile Mazzucco-Than (essay date 1995)
SOURCE: "'As Easy as a Chimney Pot to Blacken': Catharine Macaulay 'the Celebrated Female Historian,'" in Prose Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3, December, 1995, pp. 78-104.
[In the following essay, Mazzucco-Than argues that the principal fame Macaulay's History of England garnered in the eighteenth century as well as its subsequent neglect during the past two centuries is due to a single cause—-a continuing emphasis on the gender of the historian herself.]
There is nothing so bad for the face as Party-Zeal … I would therefore advise all my Female Readers, as they value their Complexions, to let alone all Disputes of this Nature;...
(The entire section is 13130 words.)
Catherine Gardner (essay date 1998)
SOURCE: "Catharine Macaulay's Letters on Education: Odd but Equal," in Hypatia, Vol. 13, No. 1, Winter, 1998, pp. 118-37.
[In the following essay, Gardener argues that Macaulay's Letters on Education should not be dismissed as a loose collection of the author's views on a wide range of subjects, but instead should be seen as a single, sustained argument for the perfection of society through, among other things, the equal education of women, an idea which greatly influenced the British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft.]
Catharine Macaulay's work Letters on Education published just five years before A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, is an...
(The entire section is 8935 words.)
F. G. A. Pocock (essay date 1998)
SOURCE: "Catharine Macaulay: Patriot Historian," in Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition, edited by Hilda L. Smith, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 243-58.
[In the following essay, Pocock analyzes Macaulay's History of England in the context of the age in which she lived, concluding that the greatness of her work was unfortunately overshadowed by the work of David Hume and Mary Wollstonecraft.]
Let us begin by recalling the best-known facts about Catharine Macaulay.1 She wrote a number of works, of which by far the most prominent is a History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick...
(The entire section is 6999 words.)
Further Reading
Davis, Natalie Zemon. "History's Two Bodies." In The American Historical Review, Vol. 93, No. 1, February, 1988, pp. 1-30.
Examines how five historians (Etienne Pasquier, Catharine Macaulay, David Hume, Marc Bloch, and Eileen Power) spanning the past five centuries have conceptualized the historical traditions they each inherited and how their struggles with that inheritance led to the field's continuous reform.
Ditchfield, G. M. "Some Literary and Political Views of Catherine Macaulay." In American Notes and Queries, Vol. 12, No. 4, December, 1973, pp. 70-76.
Uses the diary of Sylas Neville to...
(The entire section is 314 words.)


text:
Executing the game plan to a tee
P. West's Workman just one off pace after first round
EVERGREEN — Glenn Workman had a plan Monday.
Be smart. Take pars. Two putts are good enough.
The Pueblo West High School senior did just that in the first round of the Class 4A state boys high school championships at Hiwan Golf Club. The result was an even-par 70 over the 6,900-yard track, second in the field and a chance to play for a state title in the top threesome in today's final round.
Workman, bound for the University of Wyoming to play golf, trails Silver Creek's Andrew Rademacher (69) by a stroke and is tied with Isaac Petersillie (70) of Coronado heading into the second and final round.
"There's only two holes that are birdie holes out there," Workman said of the difficult mountain course best known for hosting several Colorado Opens."I just wanted to play my best, shoot an even-par round and move (today). I just want to hit fairways and see what happens. Whoever putts is going to win it."
Monday, Workman had 34 putts but no three-putts. Hitting greens in regulation, two-putting and taking par was the order of the day.
Today, Workman will be chasing a state individual title, trying to become Pueblo's sixth state champion and carving a legacy of his own.
"I definitely want to be part of the Pueblo legacy," he said. "I'm not there yet and have to prove myself in college. It'll be a cool thing, though, if I can win and join that group."
Workman made the turn at 1-over par with a birdie on the second hole and bogeys on No. 4 and No. 7.
He saved par on No. 11 with a 20-foot putt from the fringe and got a bad break on the par-5 No. 15 when his second shot clipped a tree. He bogeyed that hole.
But he held on and finished with a flurry, making birdie on Nos. 17 and 18. He knocked down a 15-footer on No. 17 and had a tap-in birdie on 18 after stiffing a 52-degree wedge.
Defending Class 4A team champion Pueblo South shot its way out of a repeat. The Colts trio combined for a 241 total, 18 strokes off the pace of Silver Creek 223. Valor Christian is second (228) and Cheyenne Mountain (230) third.
South's Chase Federico shot 8-over 78 and is in 12th in the 84-man field, Taylor Rodriguez was at 79 and Mathew Casias 82. The Colts are in sixth.
Federico, the South-Central League medalist, had a variety of numbers with three double bogeys, seven pars and three birdies.
"I hit the ball pretty bad today but my short game was there and I had a lot of good saves," Federico said. "You have to play the greens right. I brought it back but finished with a double and a bogey on the last two holes.
"I capitalized when I had a chance but didn't hit it very well. It's a real mental test out there."
Rodriguez had nothing to blame but his putter as he finished with eight three-putts. He did have eight pars.
And Casias never got untracked, shooting 41 on both nines. He made eight pars with no birdies.
"If you are on the wrong side of the hole, this course can eat you up," South head coach DJ Johnson said. "It was one of those days the kids couldn't get it going. It was respectable in some ways. They didn't fall apart.
"We played a little skittish out there. We weren't aggressive like we normally are. It is disappointing but golf is a very humbling sport. There's a lot of kids who are humbled tonight.
Two other Pueblo players had difficult rounds — Centennial's Justin Allenback shot an 87 and Central's Dakota Burns a 97.
Class 4A state golf
Hiwan Golf Club
Team scores
Silver Creek 223, Valor Christian 228, Cheyenne Mountain 230, Coronado 234, Durango 239, Pueblo South 241, D'Evelyn 243, Evergreen 249, Steamboat Springs 251, Windsor 328, Thompson Valley 260, Ponderosa 274.
First round leaders
RightAlign.103RightAlign.112RightAlign.116.9A. Rademacher, Silver Creek — 69
Glenn Workman, Pueblo West — 70
Isaac Petersillie, Coronado — 70
Wilson Belk, Cheyenne Mt. — 71
Jakob Rudosky, Mont.-Cortez — 75
Ross Macdonald, Valor Chr. — 75
Jackson Solem, Silver Creek — 76
Josh Sieple, Valor Chr. — 76
Trevor Bogus, Durango — 76
Dylan Hall, Vista Ridge — 77
Jake Staiano, Valor Chr. — 77
RightAlign.103RightAlign.112RightAlign.116.9Area players
RightAlign.103RightAlign.112RightAlign.116.9Chase Federico, South — 78
Taylor Rodriguez, South — 81
Mathew Casias, South — 82
Justin Allenback, Centennial — 87
Dakota Burns, Central — 97


text:
New Markdowns
view full screen
Magicsuit Lisa One Piece Swimsuit
Style: 570100622
Out of Stock
A sophisticated silhouette with silvertone beads, cut-in shoulders and a soft high-neck draped front that's oh so flattering. Creates an hourglass shape while elongating your figure.
- Unlined underwire bra.
- Higher neckline conceals bust.
- Miratex fabric offers total body control without panels. Due to the high spandex content, you may want to order one size up.
- Ruching and drape camouflages, minimizing tummy and hips.
- Adjustible straps.
- Front Drape: 95% Polyester; 5% Spandex: Back and Control: 69% Nylon; 31% Lycra/Spandex. Machine wash, cold. USA/Imported.
- From Magicsuit by Miraclesuit.
Read more… Read less…


text:
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I use a Natural Levain, plus IDY Kicker for Oven Spring and do a 72 hr cold rise. Then Let it sit 2hrs at RT before Stretching the Skins. Looking to get the best extensibility, with minimal shrink back and skickyness.
Ryan,Your NY style looks exactly like I want mine to be. I am new to this and suck at math so please help me. Can you provide me with measurements and techniques to get what you have. Thanks ! Mo
Peter,He is using ADY in this ? I user .25 less for IDY correct ?


text:
- 100% Faux leather
- Height: 9" (23 cm) width: 16" (41 cm) diameter: 5" (13 cm), handle drop: 5" (13 cm)
- Black color includes logo, red does not include logo
- Imported
The email address and password combination you provided was not found. Please try again.
We don't have the email address you entered in our records. Please try again.
Sorry, we are unable to log you in. Please contact Client Services at 877-bebe-777 or 877-232-3777 for further assistance.


text:
- Games
- Guides
- Pokemon Sun Walkthrough, Guide and TipsPokemon Moon Walkthrough, Guide and TipsSword Art Online: Hollow Realization W..Battlestar Galactica: Squadrons Hints ..
- Asphalt Xtreme Anarchy Hints & CheatsMafia 3 Walkthrough, Guide and TipsCall of Duty: Infinite Warfare Walkthr..Zombie Anarchy Hints & Cheats
- Plants vs. Zombies Heroes Walkthrough ..FIFA Mobile Hints and TipsFlip Diving Hints and TipsDan The Man Hints and Tips
- Latest
- News & ArticlesLatest game talk VideosNew trailers and videos Cheats, Hints and CodesLatest game help
- Game GuidesLatest exclusive guides Member WalkthroughsLatest walkthroughs New QuestionsCan you answer these?
- Game UpdatesRecent additions Member StatsOur top members Forum PostsLatest posts from the forums
- More
Submit Your Stuff· Send in your cheats, hints and codes
· Need help? Ask a question here Help a gamer Can you provide the answers for fellow gamers questions
- Forums
- PokemonPokemon News and updatesKeep informed and updated Pokemon GO StatsAll the details on Pokemon GO Pokemon GiveawayOur pokemon experts can help youFollow the dark path or use the lightMobile
- Forums


text:
Schools are bracing themselves for more problems with Novopay just days out from another education pay round.
With many new school staff joining the pay roll and some big issues showing up on pay reports, worries about Novopay's competence are second only to schools' concerns about their budgets.
At Mount Eden Normal School in Auckland, the balance available for spending on staff has swung from $10,000 in credit, to tens of thousands in debt.
When things go wrong with big software engineering projects, it's often hard to explain to non-technical people why the damn thing is so hard to resolve. Why not just throw people and money at it? Hire more staff? Sack the managers and bring in someone competent, etc. The answer to those questions is Brooks' Law.
Imagine that the Novopay system is a gigantic factory filled with tens of thousands of complex machines, all interlinked and interdependent on each other. Because that's basically what it is, it's just built in computer code instead of bricks and steel. If you make a small change to, say, the machine that calculates holiday pay, that change can have a massive impact on the entire factory. It could short out all the power. It could also have a very subtle impact that causes problems over the long term – like an error in calculating long service leave.
So if you have ten software engineers all fixing problems at once, they're going to spend a lot of time talking to each other, and testing their changes to make sure they don't cause problems in other parts of the system. And if you hire another ten engineers, all you've done is increase the amount of communication and testing that needs to be performed.
Software development companies know all of this stuff. It's why they conduct extensive testing and often ship products months, or sometimes even years late. Because they're aware that if they ship a faulty product something like the Novopay fiasco will happen. But Talent2 isn't a software development company – they're a recruitment company that decided to branch out into software development.
I guess the lesson here is that they call it software engineering for a reason. If you were building a real bricks n' mortar factory you wouldn't hire an HR company who'd never built anything before, and if half of the test subjects told you that a real factory wasn't ready you wouldn't ignore them and switch it on anyway. (I acknowledge that it's possible Craig Foss and Hekia Parata would actually do both of those things.)


text:
240 Union Street • Littleton, NH 03561
Cherry Blossom Floral Design •
240 Union St. • Littleton, NH 03561 • (603)444-1015 (877)488-1015
Home | About Us | Privacy Policy | Delivery Policy | Substitutions | Contact Us
Send beautiful fresh flowers for any occasion from Cherry Blossom Floral Design in Littleton, NH 03561
When you choose Cherry Blossom Floral Design for sending fresh cut flowers in Littleton, NH you know that you are choosing the most professional, experienced florist in the area. Cherry Blossom Floral Design flower bouquets are professionally arranged in a reusable vase. You can be confident that you are sending the most beautiful, fresh, quality floral arrangement available. As the best florist in Littleton, NH your satisfaction is guaranteed.
The best professional florist in Littleton, NH 03561, Cherry Blossom Floral Design assures quality service and beautiful fresh flowers delivered
A flower arrangement from Cherry Blossom Floral Design will brighten anyone's day! When choosing flowers from our professional floral staff,
you can see the years of experience that go into every bouquet that we deliver.
Our fresh flower delivery service in Littleton, NH and surrounding areas
In addition to local flower delivery in Littleton, NH 03561, Cherry Blossom Floral Design provides flower delivery services to the following nearby areas: Littleton, Bethlehem, Franconia, Sugar Hill, Lisbon, Landaff, Lyman, Twin Mountain and Whitefield.
Wedding Flowers Florist Littleton, NH | Birthday Flowers Littleton, NH | Florist Littleton, NH | Flower Delivery Littleton, NH| Birthday Roses, Littleton, NH


text:
iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $3.82 (32% off)
Posted by Reviewer1972947 on Mar 04, 2009
The best coffee I have ever tasted!! It sure is better than any coffee for any coffee maker, and puts Starbuck's coffee to shame, and this bottle as other reviewers also stated last and last and last, just amazing, and to steal a phrase, good to the last drop, no, will instead say, delicious to the last drop! Just love it and be not be put off by the price when a bottle of this takes you through the whole month, did for me anyway with two cups a day.
Organic Instant Coffee
Posted by lovelyBunny on May 24, 2014
it's not easy to find organic instant, and this is also pretty tasty. we keep it on hand for the times we don't have time to brew fresh coffee and we really like it. One of the better instant coffees.
Great Coffee
Posted by Reviewer1409111 on Aug 01, 2008
This is the only coffee I want to buy. It is organic, which is hard to find locally. It tastes great, and I know I will not take in a bunch of chemicals. Please keep it in stock. Good, fast service here. Thank you.
Posted by Reviewer1109169 on Dec 04, 2008
This instant coffee is the one I have at my desk. It's so good that I can't tell the difference between this instant and regular-perked coffee. Fresh taste without the chemical aftertaste of conventional instant coffees. Worth the price.
ASTONISHING! The BEST instant coffee in the world. Period.
Posted by Reviewer2225055 on Nov 20, 2012
Being a Food and Nutritional Scientist by profession I am very fussy when it comes to my coffee. In my humble opinion this is without a doubt the best tasting instant coffee currently available in the world. I live in the UK and import this by the case. It really IS that good. It is so good that I even add it to my brewed coffee in the morning. Amazing!
Instant coffee tastes like instant coffee
Posted by Reviewer2513310 on May 05, 2009
Can't understand all the rave about this product. The taste was not bad, but not nearly as "real coffee" tasting as I expected. Instant is instant.
Great for concentrated shots - Tastes Great!
Posted by Reviewer1637135 on Feb 16, 2009
Great for concentrated shots - Tastes Great! Great pick me up and dissolves in Cold or Hot water. I mix with Organic Cocoa to get a little chocolate high.
great coffee..no equal to other instant varieties.
Posted by Reviewer1230071 on Jan 27, 2011
I should say I hATE instant coffee or even plane old coffee as it all tastes like its watered down to me. I like mine very strong...espresso style strong. I use a bit more than the recommended teaspoon of this stuff and it tastes just like quality espresso! Fabulous!
Mount Hagen organic coffee
Posted by karishma on Jul 27, 2012
Good quality organic coffee!
still instant
Posted by Reviewer2259175 on Feb 07, 2009
I wanted to see if this would taste better, because it's organic. Sadly, it's still instant.


text:
It's one of the most cerebral positions in all of football. The anchor of the offensive line, each team's center must be able to recognize blitzes, make line calls and lead the front five protecting the franchise at quarterback.
Our B/R NFL 1,000 series is back, taking a look at each position by scouting, charting, grading and finally ranking each player based on his 2012 season.
The B/R 1,000 metric is based heavily on scouting each player and grading the key criteria for each position. The criteria are weighted according to importance for a possible best score of 100. Potential and past accomplishments are not taken into account.
Offensive linemen are judged on pass-blocking (50 points) and run-blocking (50 points). Everything else that goes into the position—quickness, strength, vision, technique—can be grouped into those two categories.
In the case of ties, I have asked myself, "Which player would I rather have on my team?" and set the rankings accordingly. Subjective? Yes. But ties are no fun.
Each player was scouted by myself and a team of experienced evaluators, with these key criteria in mind. The following scouting reports and grades are the product of months of film study from our team.
All statistics from Pro Football Focus. Players' heights, weights and seasons in the NFL are from NFL.com.


text:
RIO Head Case
Price: $49.95
Brand: RIO
The ultimate shooting head case.
More details...
Product Details
The ultimate shooting head case.
Features -
Contains 10 tough 6mm storage bags arranged to allow easy viewing and flipping of heads
Additional mesh pockets in both ends for storing leaders and tippet spools
Large enough to hold regular shooting heads, Skagit shooting heads and long Scandinavian shooting heads
Back to the top
Browse Catalog
Advanced search
Contact Us
Buyers Guides
Full Web site


text:
This document describes view index engine internals. The focus is to provide a brief description of various components inside the view engine and their interactions. The view engine is co-located with KV server in all the nodes. The cluster manager notifies view engine about relevent state changes happening within the cluster and view engine responds accordingly. Each view engine instance is responsible for indexing of hash partitioned data that belongs to each of the nodes.
The component of view engine responsible for an individual bucket data is called set view server. It can hold many design documents and each design document can contain many views. Each design document is considered as a related set of views. Each set view server owns multiple group servers (one corresponding to each design document). Group server owns all the operations of indexes belonging to a design document. The set view server delegates all the incoming requests to right group server. All the views related to a single design document is stored in a single index file (one per design document and per type of index - active/replica).
The configurations for view indexes can be setup per design document level.
In a high level overview, the three major tasks that view index engine is carried out are index updation, query handling and consistent index housekeeping. The indexes are updated per design document level and handled by its group server. ns server is responsible for triggering updates by time duration or number of changes threshold. The query happens in a distributed manner. Query request can be issued to any node in the cluster and the node that receives the query initiates internal sub query across all the nodes in the cluster, streams the results from all the nodes and merge the results on-the-fly to produce sorted result. The query initiator node streams the result as they arrive from internal query requests. The load balancing should be performed by the query client by randomly hitting nodes in the cluster. The index ondisk structures used are append only format and hence needs frequent housekeeping to reduce the fragmentation. The ns server is responsible for triggering compaction jobs on index structures by fragmentation threshold. When rebalance occur (any vbucket movements in the cluster nodes), we need to remove the corresponding data belonging to the vbuckets which got moved out of the current node from the index structures. We have cleaner jobs which operates on the index structures to remove data belonging to cleanup vbuckets.
Details on index structures
The design document definitions are store in a metadata file default/master.couch.1. The index files are stored in @indexes/default (default is the bucket name) directory. One file per design document and index type is used. Files are named similar to the following examples:
The main_ prefix signifies that it is an active index and replica_ signifies that it is a replica index for a design document. The hex digest followed by the index type is called index signature. It is calculated by applying md5sum on design document definition. If multiple design documents are defined with same definition, it will create only one index file (since they have same signature). The view engine also facilities to have multiple design document definitions to be present at a time for query request handling. For example, if a ddoc definition is changed while a query is under processing, the query can operate on older file (different signature) and new index file can be created independently without affecting the running query request.
Each design document's index file contains a back index btree and one or more view index btrees. The couch btree used for index is an append only btree and it is creates a snapshot on each btree insert operation (one snapshot per bulk insert). Latest snapshot information can be obtained by reading from the end of the index file backwards by locating a valid header information. Header information is block aligned and it has its first byte non-zero. While all other blocks written in the index file has first byte as zero.
The header contains necessary information related to the view btrees and id btree stored in the index file as well as few other meta data information as follows:
ddoc signature, number of views, number of vbuckets, active bitmask, passive bitmask, cleanup bitmask, id btree root file offset, view btrees root file offset and vbucket seqence numbers.
In order to retrieve data from a view, we should first locate a valid header. From the header, we can locate the the file offset position from which we can read the root node for a view btree. Views are addressed by number rather than its name (starting from 0). Once you read the root node from the corresponding file offset position, we can read its child nodes by offset information of child nodes retrieved from the root node. The same procedure can be applied to locate any node that particular btree.
The couch btree is a COW btree structure. Every time when you mutate any node in the tree, we need to append that node in the file as well as all its parent nodes up to the root node. Hence the same file may contain many instances of btree point in time. By obtaining different versions of root offset position, you can read all the snapshots of the index point in time.
Map and Reduce functions
The view btree's key is the same as the key emitted by the map javascript function. Map is applied and its results are used to insert into the btrees. Each btree node has a reduce value field which stores reduce value obtained by applying reduce function in its subtree nodes.
The reduce function is applied at the time of btree writes into the file. We have reduce and rereduce javascript functions. The reduce function is used to obtain a reduce value from key value pairs obtained by applying map function. It is used to obtain reduce value of a KV node.
The rereduce function is used to combine existing reduce values to obtain combined reduce value. In the case of btree, rereduce is used to calculate reduce value in a KP node.
To obtain reduce value of a view, you just need to read the root node and get its reduce field.
vBucket bitmasks (Partition bitmasks)
Each node in a cluster is mapped with many vbuckets and view engine is responsible for indexing all the data belonging to the vbuckets for that node. Even though data is partitioned into multiple vbuckets, we do not use separate btree per vbucket. Instead data belonging to all the vbuckets for that node is inserted into same btree index. But we tag each item inserted into the btree with that vbucket-id. Since vbuckets are moved in and out between the nodes by the cluster manager wrt rebalance and failover scenarios, we need a flexible scheme to remove and add data belonging to new vbuckets to the index. We use a vbucket bitmask per node in the btree which contains 1024 bits. The bits in the bitarray is set according to whether a vbucket's data is present in the subtree of that node. For KP-node, vbucket bitmask = union of all vbucket bitmasks of its child nodes. For KV-node, its the union of all vbuckets of data present in that node.
This bitmask is very helpful in determining if a node's subtree contains a given vbucket's data or not. During rebalance, when few vbuckets are moved out from the current node the view engine can easily remove the data belonging to the vbuckets from the btree by conditionally traversing down the subtrees. If this bitmask was not present, it requires to rebuild the btree by filtering out the entries belonging to given vbuckets. The vbucket bitmask is calculated while btree nodes are being written to the disk.
Index updater operation
The index updater is a component within the view engine which can be called on demand to update the indexes up to date with the KV server. Updater is part of design doc group server and one updater instance per group server. The updater is triggered by stale=false query or the periodic trigger update daemon by the ns server. The updater loads a batch of mutations that happened between last indexed sequence and latest mutation sequence and updates the view btrees.
The updater has mainly three components Loader, Mapper and Writer. They operate in a pipeline fashion. The loader is responsible for collecting a batch of changes from last indexed sequence of mutation to the latest mutation sequence and load it into a queue. The updater stores the highest sequence number for every partition it has already indexed . This way it's easy to find out whether an update it needed or not. The updater loops through all partitions and requests all the updates that happened since the last time the updater ran.
The mapper process dequeues the mutations in sequence, applies map function and enqueues into the writer queue. The writer queue contains one item per updated document (if there were no errors). The value of each item is a list of result from every map function of the design document.
The map function for all the views within the design document is applied and the result is an array of map results for each views.
The btree updates are efficient for bulk updates since it will result only in writing a single snapshot. If we were to do use single btree operation per item, it will result in that many snapshot being created and lot of storage space being consumed due to append only design. To apply bulk inserts, the keys should be in sorted order. We create a sort records temporary file and perform sorting before doing the actual btree updates.
Back index
In view index, we keep a back index btree per design document. The purpose of back index is to identify what was the previous key generated from a given document. Since we need to insert to the view index btree, before that we need to remove previous entry of indexed key from the view btree if a modification occurs to the document.
For eg,
We have a view index which maps city as the key.
Say, following mutations occur for a document doc1.
Mutation 1:
doc1 => {city:Bangalore, id:100}
Now we will add an item with key [Bangalore, doc1] to the view index.
Mutation 2:
doc1 => {city:Hyderabad, id:100}
Now we need to update the view index, by removing earlier key [Bangalore, doc1] and add new item with key [Hyderabad, doc1].
How do we know what was its previous key ?
Use a separate btree which stores docId => key mapping. This is called back index.
So every time a mutation arrives, we can lookup the previous key by using its documentId from the back index and update back index with new key for the document. The back index btree contains key value in the following format:
documentId => [view0-key, view1-key, view2-key …]
To apply bulk updates, we have operation records temporary file per view and one for back index btree.
The writer process reads a batch of items (buffer size) from the writer queue and performs the following set of operations.
1. Lookup in the back index and get the previous key if any
2. For each view and back index, place the btree operation entry in the corresponding sort file.
The sort record file will look something as follows:
view btree sort record file:
remove key:Bangalore
insert key:Hyderabad, val: Something
insert key:Mumbai, val: SomethingElse
back index sort record file:
remove key:doc1
insert key:doc1 val:Hyderabad
remove key:doc2
insert key:doc2, val:Mumbai
Once these sort files are created for the given batch, it is processed by an external sorting component, which sorts these files with 64MB inmemory buffer. Sorted records will be bulk inserted into the corresponding view btree in the index file and appends a new index header with new root node information for all btrees.
Initial index builder and incremental updates
Within the updater we have two types of update. Initial index build and incremental update. If an index for a design document is build for the first time, it is called initial index build. In the case of initial index build, the writer do not batch the incoming mutations, all mutations written into the sort record files and is used to build the initial view btrees. The btree is build in bottom up fashion and is very efficient (Refer: http://stackoverflow.com/a/15996616)
The further changes that happens after first time index build are called incremental updates. For incremental updates, we batch our changes in size of 1MB and applies to the index. The 1MB size batch is used so that the queries will see updates applied to btree at shortest intervals. The batch updates within the incremental update phase is called checkpointing.
Each time when a update to the index is made, the index header is updated with the latest mutation sequence numbers for all the vbuckets. This sequence set is useful for identifying from which sequences we need to start reading mutations for the next incremental update.
View query operation
The query for view engine operates in a distributed manner. The node that is receiving the query request acts as distributed query coordinator and broadcasts the query requests to all the other nodes. A k-way merge queue is used to enqueue streaming results from the nodes. Each node gets a request handler process which reads the query rows on arrival from http response and enqueues to the k-way merge queue. The k-way merge queue blocks the enqueue operation by each process based on k-way mergesort property. The results coming out of k-way merge queue is sort ordered and they are streamed to query response as they arrive.
The query server in each node is responsible for retrieving data from the view btrees. When a query request arrives, the query server will request for the latest view group information from the view group server corresponding to its design document. The group info request is a blocking request. When stale = false, it will block until current vbuckets seq num <= indexed seqs num by triggering an updater in the background.
The view group information contains details about the view index file path, file offset location for view btree root node, etc. The query server walks down that btree on disk to obtain results based on query parameter like ranges, limit, etc.
Rebalance and consistent views
A rebalance is needed if the topology of the cluster changes, by adding/removing/exchanging nodes. Rebalance is the process of distributing the partitions evenly across the cluster after a topology change. When vbuckets are redistributed across the cluster, the view engine also has to perform rebalancing of data stored in the indexes. During the rebalance, the query results in the cluster are always consistent. Let's take a look at how view engine achieves consistent views.
Partitions in view engine
Couchbase splits the key space into a fixed amount of partitions(vBuckets), usually 1024. That is, keys are deterministically assigned to a partition, and partitions are assigned to nodes to balance load across the cluster.
Partition states
A partition within the view engine can be in either of the following states.
active: Partition is indexed and the result will be returned on query time
passive: Partition is indexed, but will not be returned on query time
cleanup: Partition will be removed during the next cleanup cycle, hence they won't be returned on query time.
not-present: After cleanup a partition will not be part of the index any more, thus that partition will not appear in the query result.
The cleanup is a job that is run periodically to remove data belonging to the partitions which got moved out of current index.
Queries during rebalance
Currently the indexers operated locally on every node in the cluster. If partitions are moved between nodes, the indexers need to be made aware of that change and either index that partition or remove it from the index.
The cluster manager handles the details on which partition to move/add/delete and the view engine just performs such requests. The concept of indexable and unindexable partitions is needed here. It's independent of the state the partition is in:
indexable: That's the default state, the partition acts as described above.
unindexable: When set to unindexable, the indexing is stopped. A view query will return the results that are currently indexed.
With the possibility to mark partitions unindexable it's possible to have consistent views during rebalance. When a partition is handed over to a new server, the partition is marked as passive (and indexable) on the new server. It means that it will start indexing right away, but a query won't take it into account. On the old server the partition will be set to unindexable, that it won't receive any updates, only the partition on the new server will. Once the migration of the partition is complete and it is fully indexed, the partition is changed to active on the new server and marked for cleanup on the old one.
No matter when a query happens, it will always return the correct result, either from the old node, or after the migration from the new node.
This diagram shows the migration of one partition from one node to another during rebalance. Only states that change are listed.
|Partition state on Node A
|Partition state on Node B
|Initial state
|active, indexable
|Start migration of partition from Node A to Node B
|active, indexable
|passive, indexable
|Destination starts indexing newly added partition
|active, unindexable
|passive, indexable
|Destination completed indexing the newly added partition
|active, indexable
Replica partitions
The view engine supports optional replica partitions similar to replicas supported by the KV server. When a node which holds the active partition goes down, the cluster manager needs to promote the available replica partitions to active partitions. This process is called failover.
When you failover a node, the partitions from that node are not accessible anymore. The corresponding replicas that are split across the cluster will become active and serve the missing data. The end user will still get all the data back he expects.
This failover does not only work for your data partitions, but there are also so-called "index replicas". That means that your indexed data also has replicas throughout the cluster that can be activated once a node is failed over. The view engine has no knowledge on what should happen in case of a failover, it just follows the instructions it gets from the cluster manager.
The replica partitions have the same semantics as the main partitions, hence everything written above also applies to the replica partitions.
Queries during failover
Let's look at a single server, where some of the replica partitions should be used because of a failover.
Just as during rebalance, the cluster manager will tell the view engine to use those replica partitions from now on when a query was made. This means that all queries will still contain all the data the end user would expect to be returned.
Internally (not visible for the cluster manager) the view engine will now dynamically query those now active replica partitions in addition to the active main partitions. As querying two indexes and merging the results dynamically naturally results in a slowdown, the view engine transfers those now active replica partitions into the main index (replica design document index file to active design document file). The transfer works like this: The partition is added to the main index as passive partition. Once the indexing is completed it will be switched to active and removed from the list of replicas on transfer.
|Partition state on Node A
|Partition state on Node B
|Initial state
| main index: active, indexable
replica index: not-present
| main index: not-present
replica index: passive
|Failover initiated
|not available
| main index: not-present
replica index: active, unindexable
|Started indexing partition on main index.
|not available
| main index: passive, indexable
replica index: active, unindexable
|Indexing on main index completed
|not available
| main index: active, indexable
replica index: not-present
Index compaction in view engine
The view engine performs frequent updates to the index structures to keep upto date with the KV node data. As time passes, the fragmentation in the index file increases and it is required to compact the index files. The couch btrees follows an append only design and hence every update to the btree results in copy-on-write(COW) of one or nodes. All the btrees stores a meta data information about what is the total data size of the tree. To find out the fragmentation ratio, we can add up all the actual data sizes reported by all the btrees stored in an index file and compare it with the file size of that index file. If the fragmentation ratio exceeds the threshold value, view engine performs compaction of the index file.
The idea behind view index compaction is simple. Create a new empty file. For each btree from the current index file, iterate over all nodes and build a new btree in the new file. Once all btrees are rewritten, the group process for the corresponding design document will switch to the new index file and previous one is removed. Earlier in this document, we mentioned that the index file names look something like main_da1eaf6fac28abafd16daa38c3bbbfd7.view.1. The suffix ".1" signifies that it is the first version of the file. When the file is compacted and newone is created, it will increment that suffix number to become main_da1eaf6fac28abafd16daa38c3bbbfd7.view.2.
If the view engine sits idle, we can just compact the index file and switch to the new one. But view engine always server requests and updates can happen to the index file anytime. We cannot stop the view engine updates from happening. While doing the compaction, new changes would be happening to the current index file. Since we read the index header at an earlier point, we saw an earlier snapshot of all btrees. Unless newly created btrees are up to date with the current index, we cannot switch to the newly created compacted index file.
As mentioned in the earlier part of this document, the updater uses a sort record file for performing bulk updates to the btrees. The sort record file is essentially a list of operations to be applied to the btrees. To solve the view compactor problem of source index file being updated while compaction is running, updater is made aware of compactor execution. If a compactor process exists, the updater will not remove the sort record files after applying changes to the current index, it keeps those temporary files for compactor to use. Updater sends a message to the compactor with the list of sort record files. Immediately after view compactor rewrites the current btrees to a new file, it will start performing delta changes application to the new index file. It reads the message sent by the updater and updates the new index files with those changes. Compactor repeats this process until the updater completes all batch of updates. Immediately after that, compactor instructs design doc group server to switch its index file to new compacted index file.


text:
Oops! Please adjust the following fields to submit your booking successfully.
Sorry! We can't find a result for your search. Please check the spelling or search by map.
No results match your search filters
There is no Vans&Trucks vehicles availble at this location
"Selection Service" (Luxury and Fun vehicles with a VIP service) is not available at this location. For our normal premium vehicle range please search on All cars.
Sorry, we don't have yet any location in this country. Sign up to the newsletter to stay updated!
Choose your rental location
Contact us
Same smart app. More mobility.
Download the Europcar mobile app for iPhone, iPad and Android now!
More information
@ Europcar 2017


text:
Share your style: #myonepieceAdd Photo
Saturn Cabinet Knob Item # C0573
Die-cast Zinc
Based on an original by Schlage, our Saturn Cabinet Knob features a subtle concave face on a perfect sphere.
Our versatile Mid-Century Modern knobs blend as seamlessly in contemporary kitchens and baths as they do in mid-century homes.
Tip: This stylistic chameleon is at home in a wide range of decors.
Product Specifications
Need to know all about the details of this product? Get the full set of specs right here.
Want to chat?
We'd love to help you pick the right product or answer any questions you may have. Try our or call us at 888-401-1900.
You May Also Like
Customer Service
Call us at 1-888-401-1900
More Information
Need assistance with handcrafted solutions? Call us at 888-401-1900, useor email customer service.
Saturn Cabinet Knob
Die-cast Zinc