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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Thu Mar 01, 2007 4:54 pm
Post subject: OpenServo Version 3
Hi All,
I have been lurking here for some months and thought that I would try to stir the pot a bit. I have a design that I would like to propose as a basis for OpenServo version 3. A PDF of the design (schematic and preliminary layout) is here:
My list of improvements include:
Adding a ceramic resonator to run the Atmega168 at 20MHz.
Adding active braking so power is not spent holding in place.
Adding motor back EMF measurement for better speed feedback.
Adding a temperature sensor to prevent servo meltdown.
Changing the connector pin-out, so that the I2C lines have matching grounds for lower bus noise.
Adding an interrupt signal that would be common to all OS3 devices (open drain), so the master can be notified that one of the devices on the bus needs attention. (Multi-masters seems like over kill for this task)
Changing the connector to a 10 pin 2mm connector to get the extra pins needed.
Changing the PCB to a four layer design for better power and ground distribution (and to make the layout possible
Some notes on the design:
The I2C lines have been connected to the SPI SCL and MOSI lines, so that the same connector pins can be use both for initial programing (SPI) and for normal communication (I2C). Like wise the MISO line is used for programing and in normal operation, for attention signaling.
In order to get active braking and back EMF measurement, four signals are used to control the FET bridge. The new signals are EN_A and EN_B. To get this board to work with the existing firmware, the firmware will need to be changed to set one or the other high when its matching PWM signal is active. To provide braking, both PWM signals are made low and both EN_A and ENB are brought high, which grounds both sides of the motor.
The measurement of the motor back EMF is done with a simple sample and hold circuit. The scheme goes like this: When moving in a direction, the EN_A signal is brought high, the PWM_A signal is active, but periodically (TBD) the PWM_A goes low for a delay time (TBD), the SMPLn_A signal is made low for a sample time (TBD) to charge C10, the SMPLn_A signal is brought high, the PWM_A is made active again until the next delay and sample period, and the BEMFV signal from C10 is read by the ADC. Through out this process, the EN_A signal is high. To move in the opposite direction, the process is the same as above with the _A's replaced with _B's.
So then, it's now your turn . . .
Is the pin-out for EN_A, EN_B, SMPLn_A and SMPLn_B workable from a software point of view?
Does anybody have a collection of motor data that would put numbers on the TBD's above?
I used the Hitec 'standard' servo dimensions for the board size, are there other 'standard' sizes?
Did I miss a feature that is really needed?
Is the software doable?
Is there something else wrong with this picture?
I would very much welcome any ideas, comments, criticism, or hate mail. Well maybe not the last, but I can live with it. I could send the board out for fabrication today, but I would much rather it include your ideas and suggestions.
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Thu Mar 01, 2007 6:07 pm
Post subject:
Here is a look at my proposed connector for OpenServer version 3:
The datasheet for header is here:
The mating connector here:
And for the crimp pins here:
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Site Admin
Joined: 14 Jan 2006
Posts: 1031
Location: Manchester, UK
Posted: Thu Mar 01, 2007 6:15 pm
Post subject:
All I can say is Holy Crap! That is probably the most amazing thing I have seen this year. You certainly are a layout wizard!
I will address all of your points...
20MHZ resonator:- we have tried this before and it didn't work out at the time. It think it is something that is needed on V3 so we can run additional functions.
Back EMF measurement is fantastic. I like it. We have discussed this for v3 and don't think it would be hard to implement programatically.
The temperature sensor is a nice addition!
I am not sure about the connector pinout change at the moment. I will look a little closer over the schematic and see what this will impact. There is also the issue of the new PWM feature and moving that to a suitable pin.
I can't see it being a major problem though. I will ponder this a little more, as we are going through the process of standardising a USB interface. This uses the current OpenServo pinout, and would have to be redesigned if we decided to change.
The Interrupt is something I have added to my OpenServo independently. it works well and is not hard to implement in software. Again, very useful.
2mm Connector for the pinout doesn't seem to be a massive problem. Can you recommend a good connector?
So then, it's now your turn . . .
it's all workable from a software point of view. I can't forsee any major implementation problems. I am sure Mike will rise to the challenge.
Do you want motor data from the current OpenServo? I posted a lot of data captured from my OpenServo here:
Servos come in all shapes and sizes. Did you measure your board up against the current CVS schematic? This would be the best way to tell if it is going to fit. No complaints so far and all...
I don't think you missed any features for OpenServo v3. I started comiling the forum requests in no real order here:
I can't see any problems. I will spend a little time looking over your design a little closer.
Great work Cliff. I think it may be a little early to switch entirely to a v3 design, as we are still putting support in place (software and hardware) for the current implementation. You got the ball rolling at least.
I am sure Mike has some comments, and I would be interested in hearing what he thinks about the new pin layout.
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Thu Mar 01, 2007 9:23 pm
Post subject:
Hi Barry,
My connector choice stems from my thinking that there needs to be an OpenServo Bus standard. That is a bus that would use a standard connector and have a standard pin-out, which would serve to connect OpenServos, sensors, encoders, and other types of actuators. All of those devices could be connected using I2C, but it might be more interesting if the bus included the ability to talk to SPI and synchronous serial devices as well. A couple of enable signals and a versatile master would make it doable.
Power distribution is another problem daisy chaining devices on a common bus. For any given device, mili-Amps to many Amps are needed. This makes it awkward to daisy chain power through bus device connectors. My thought is to define a bus break-out board that would daisy chain the power and bus signals, and have connectors to route power and signals to the bus devices.
Since a range of devices would want to be supported, a standard connector definition would need to include connectors with more pins to support devices with higher power requirements. When I say a standard connector, what I'm thinking is a standard family of connectors, that all use the same crimper.
Connecting the break-out boards together, it would be desirable to use the same connector as used to connect to the device, but clearly a heftier connection is needed for the power. My thought is to use tab connectors for the power bus, as they are robust, can handle many Amps, and are cheap.
The break-out board design would look something like this:
The channel shown is the 1 inch channel from LynxMotion, to give a sense of scale. A closer view shows the ability to mix and match connectors:
And the pin-outs would be something like this:
For SPI / simple sync. serial break-out something like this:
By defining a standard bus and bus hardware that is modular and versatile, it becomes easier for someone like LynxMotion to offer a family of assembled bus parts. And if enough people are using those plug together parts, because it is easier than building a custom wire harness for each new project, the parts will get cheaper.
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Thu Mar 01, 2007 11:40 pm
Post subject:
I'm back again to address the rest of your points:
20MHZ resonator:- we have tried this before and it didn't work out at the time.
I have had the same problem with crystals on the AVRs in the past and the solution was to set the clock option fuse bit to increase the drive to the crystal.
There is also the issue of the new PWM feature and moving that to a suitable pin.
Rather than move the PWM pin, I would change the firmware such that on power up, the program checks the I2C clock line and if it is low, go into PWM mode (using the MISO for PWM) otherwise it would use the pin for the interrupt output. On the input cable connector, the I2C clock would be connected to its ground with a short wire. With the PWM as currently defined the I2C clock has the potential for rattling around and causing problems. In general I think it is better if the PWM mode is clearly set - it makes no sense to leave the I2C interface active, when there is no reason to want to do both PWM and I2C at the same time.
From the hardware wish list:
Quadrature encoder and Hall sensor - I thought about pads to connect those, but space got a little tight on the layout. I could make room if you want to try your hand at soldering 0402 resistors
. We have spare pins and I do think that provision should be made in software to support those devices, which is to say that we should define the pins to be used. Where a larger OpenServo board can be use (such as in the LynxMotion development), it will probability be more interesting to use those devices anyway.
Hall based current sensor - I think the back EMF measurement will give better motor information, which I believe was the motive. The device Mike selected is cheap and the only advantage the Hall current sensor has is measuring current both in and out - which is useful for managing a battery, but I don't see that as a job OpenServo should be doing.
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Site Admin
Joined: 14 Jan 2006
Posts: 1031
Location: Manchester, UK
Posted: Fri Mar 02, 2007 12:25 am
Post subject:
Although PWM and I2c is probably something that is not needed together it sure makes a nice feature. You can control via a manual R/C pack and monitor the actual motor params etc. Maybe I just want too much in life.
Regarding the Connector layout: What you are saying makes a lot of sense. The idea of a bus layout is one that I adopted for my robot platform and works very well. The variable size connectors is an interesting idea, and one that I quite like.
I have looked up the connector part, and it seems readily available over here. I have some in a parts bin somewhere in the warehouse. I will dig them up and have a play with cable layouts.
From the hardware wish list:
Most of the items on the wish list are crazy. I wouldn't expect to see them on a standard platform. I would love to have optical encoder inputs on the board, but I had a lot of trouble with missed pulses on my test platform. The AVR was not fast enough to process all of the information at the same time. As the new layout has a 20MHZ xtal on it, I would imagine I could ressurect the code and finish it.
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Joined: 02 Jan 2006
Posts: 651
Location: San Carlos, CA
Posted: Fri Mar 02, 2007 4:42 pm
Post subject:
Hey guys, I got myself buried in some work on my day job and some family activities on this weekend, but I do have to compliment Cliff on the terrific work. I'll collect my thoughts on the myriad of issues raised above and comment more extensively by Friday night.
The biggest thing for me will be to figure out the back EMF support in software. How to gracefully handle the toggling of the control outputs to make the measurement and then using the data to better drive the motor. Whenever we discussed back EMF previously I was always a bit worried about interrupting the PWM output to the motor thinking it would cause issues, but my worries are probably unfounded.
In any case, I'll need to reread the messages above a number of times to make sure I understand everything that has been discussed thus far. I'll get back soon.
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Fri Mar 02, 2007 6:15 pm
Post subject:
Hi Mike,
In case you missed this article on back EMF measurement, reviewing it might help your thinking about how do the software - although it doesn't talk about software it is a decent review of another back EMF implementation.
The article is here:
As to gracefully interrupting the PWM, I think all that is needed is switching between the compare output and the port output (port bit = '0'), by clearing the COM1x0 and COM1x1 bits to '0' (see Figure 14-5 on page 119 and the tables on page 130 and 131 of the ATmega168 data sheet). To restore PWM, the bits would be restored to their previous values. This disables the output while allowing the servo loop and PWM routines to carry on as normal, ignorant of the fact that the output is going nowhere.
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Joined: 02 Jan 2006
Posts: 651
Location: San Carlos, CA
Posted: Fri Mar 02, 2007 6:52 pm
Post subject:
Thanks for the link to the back emf info. I'll certainly be looking this over.
I've just started reviewing the ATmega168 datasheets regarding control of the PWM. I think the best implementation for turning off and on the PWM for the back EMF measurement may be to make sure we stop PWM on the boundaries of one PWM cycle. This prevents prevents us from chopping up a PWM pulse mid cycle. This would be done by manipulating the counter compare value which is reloaded at the end of each PWM cycle by the timer rather than directly manipulating the clock source to disable PWM.
I believe the other thing we'll need to consider is to synchronize ADC sampling of the back EMF value with the other ADC sampling for position control and such. Basically, we need to make sure we are ready to take an ADC sample during the brief period we turn of PWM to the motor. This means that ADC sampling and PWM output to the motors will have to have some sort of coordination that is currently not present in the code. They currently run asynchronous from each other.
Hopefully this all makes sense. How we turn PWM on/off for the back EMF measurement may not be too important, but it would probably be best to try for the most correct implementation and then make compromises as needed for practical reasons.
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Joined: 01 Aug 2006
Posts: 225
Location: Nebraska, USA
Posted: Sun Mar 04, 2007 6:52 am
Post subject:
Your design is spectacular, I love what you've done. What are the dimensions of the board?
"Nothing is fool-proof; For we fools are ingenious and will find a way."
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Sun Mar 04, 2007 1:04 pm
Post subject:
Hi Jay,
Thanks for the kind words.
The board dimensions are:
I'm planning to do the prototypes with PCB Express. They don't require a square board outline - as long as the outline is one continuous line, they are happy. I'm going to do the board 10 up and have 2 of those made (fits their 9 sq. In. x 2 board minimum).
This is a look at the route plan:
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Mon Mar 05, 2007 5:48 pm
Post subject:
Since you are thinking about software to support motor back EMF, thought I would take a cut at providing a better description of the bridge circuit and what I see as related issues. But, my description write-up had a mind of its own and got too long to be reasonable post here, so I'll post a link to a PDF of it, sometime in the next few days. In the meantime, here is a short version.
First, a simplified diagram of the circuit:
The upper switches PWM_A and PWM_B represent the bridge P-FETs, the EN_A and EN_B switches represent the bridge N-FETs, the SMPLn_A and SMPLn_B represent the sample switches, the 100M Ohm resistors represent sample switch leakage, the 10K and 20K Ohm resistors are the sample voltage dividers and the doted block is the ADC input circuit, where the 100M Ohm resistor is the input leakage, the switch is the ADC mux., and the 100K Ohm resistor and 14pF capacitor is the ADC sample and hold amplifier input impedance and capacitance. As a starting point, consider all the switches open.
Ok, if we are going to measure the back EMF (BEMF), we are going to have to start by getting the motor going moving the motor in direction A (either direction will do, so it might just as well be A), the EN_A switch is closed, grounding one side of the motor, and a PWM signal operates switch PWM_A, providing power to the motor. After a while we'll want stop the PWM signal, leaving the PWM_A switch open (signal goes low and stays there for now) and leave the EN_A switch closed so we have one side of the motor grounded for a reference.
When the PWM signal was driving the motor, the current through the motor coils created a magnetic field, which when we stop the PWM signal, will collapse producing a negative voltage (opposite in sign to the applied or generated voltages). If we look at the side of the motor opposite the grounded side, we will see a negative voltage spike, which after a time, will recover to the voltage generated by the coasting motor. The divider resistors (10K and 20K) on that side of the motor, will deliver to the sample switch 2/3 of the voltage (including the negative spike) generated by the motor. Since the collapse spike is not interesting, we will wait until the voltage has recovered to the generated voltage, before taking a sample with the sample switch. Here is a model showing the motor when we stop the PWM signal and a schematic of the generated spike:
After a suitable delay, the sample switch SMPLn_A is closed, charging the 10,000pF capacitor to the BEMF voltage. The capacitor can not be charged instantly, so we need to leave the switch closed for a while. Once the capacitor is charged, the sample switch SMPLn_A is opened and the motor is restarted by applying the PWM signal to switch PWM_A. The voltage on the capacitor can then be read by the ADC. In theory (perfect capacitor, perfect switches), the capacitor will hold the sampled voltage until the next sample is taken, but in the real world the charge will leak and the voltage will decline. The following show the models for charging the capacitor and the leakage that will discharge it.
Looking at the charge and discharge numbers above, we see that it is desirable to have a large capacitor to maintain the charge and desirable to have a small capacitor when charging with the sample. The trick is finding the best fit.
Enough for now, more later.
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Tue Mar 06, 2007 2:05 pm
Post subject:
Before continuing the discussion on the BEMF circuit, I would like to make it clear that this circuit is the result of a thought experiment, and that without some feedback on the behavior of the small servo motors, used with OpenServo, I don't have a clue whether or not this scheme will be useful. Electrically the circuit will work, but will the motor provide a useful signal?
My largest concern is whether or not the motor has enough inertia to coast, at close to the driven speed, for long enough to provide a useful BEMF signal or will friction slow it down too fast. Added to the friction slowing, by measuring the BEMF with a simple resistor divider, we are drawing current that will also slow the motor by braking. We also don't know how long, long enough is. At this point we have some numbers on how much sample time is needed (from my straw-man RC values), but don't have any idea how long the spike delay needs to be.
Perhaps an experiment to get a handle of some of these issues, short of building the new boards, would be to add a BEMF measurement window to the existing OpenServo code, running on the existing hardware. Maybe this could be added to the existing ADC routine, simply turning the PWM output off on entry and back on, on exit. First order, this would answer the question of whether shutting down the PWM periodically is going to do bad things to the control loop. If this works ok, a delay to increase the PWM off time could be added and the time increased gradually until it is obvious that performance is on the decline or bad things happen to the control loop. To get a handle on the braking effect due to the resistor divider, different resistor values can be tacked across the motor leads and the above window time stepping repeated. If reasonable performance is seen with a 1-2mS window and 30K resistor across the motor, we can guess that the motor has enough inertia to make the BEMF measurement work.
Note: If the maximum PWM duty cycle is being limited in the firmware, that limit should be increased, because the BEMF window is reducing the duty cycle.
With the BEMF window in the code, the spike could be measured by adding a 0.1uF capacitor from one of the motor leads to ground and using a oscilloscope probe connected between the other motor lead and ground. This will be an AC measurement, so the BEMF voltage can't be read this way and the voltage spikes will change sign, depending on the motor rotation direction. The width of the spike is going to change under different motor loads, so we will want to try a range of motor loads.
So, what do you think? Is this a reasonable experiment? Is putting the BEMF window in the code, doable without a big effort?
If this experiment can be done and shows that BEMF measurement is viable for OpenServo, we can sort out the best values for the circuit and how best to use the BEMF information in the control loop. Otherwise, I guess I'll have to start thinking about what to do with that big empty space on the bottom of the OS vX1 board.
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Joined: 02 Jan 2006
Posts: 651
Location: San Carlos, CA
Posted: Wed Mar 07, 2007 12:52 am
Post subject:
The approach you outline is very reasonable. Putting the anticipated delays in the current code to simulate the disable/enable of the PWM will indeed let us determine what impact, if any, there will be on servo operation.
Right now we sample servo position every 10 ms (100 Hz). After the sampled position is ready, the PID calculation is performed with the outputs determining a new PWM duty cycle for the motors. Therefore there is roughly a 10 ms heart beat to the system defined by this processing loop. I would like to look at formalizing the 10ms heartbeat with ADC sampling, processing and PWM output to occur in a synchronized manner -- currently they are somewhat unsynchronized. We will then add BEMF to sequence as you describe above into the processing loop.
Therefore, the core OpenServo processing loop will look like:
1. Wait for 10ms window boundry
2. Disable PWM
3. ADC BEMF measurement
4. Enable PWM
5. ADC position measurement
6. ADC current measurement
7. BEMF -- > velocity
8. Position/velocity --> PID --> motor direction/duty cycle
9. Update PWM timer with motor direction/duty cycle
10. Housekeeping (I2C commands, etc).
11. Goto step 1.
Note: I2C communication and servo pulse measurement remain asynchronous
With a 20 MHz clock I'm hoping that the entire processing loop can occur in less than 10ms and that PWM disable to the motor will be less than 2 ms so the PWM signal is delivered to the motors at least 80% of the time. If needed we can probably lengthen the processing window to 20 ms without ill effects, but I would like to keep to 10ms if possible.
With my STK500 dev board and a 20 MHz crystal (which I have) I can look into making the changes described and see if everything works from a timing perspective.
Any further comments on this?
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Joined: 23 Jan 2007
Posts: 150
Location: Saratoga, CA
Posted: Wed Mar 07, 2007 1:51 pm
Post subject:
Hi Mike,
I agree with trying to keep the servo loop at 10mS. As you noted, the issue comes down to processing speed and effective maximum PWM duty cycle. I assume that you are limiting the PWM duty cycle in the current OS 2 code, given that the battery voltage is 7.2V and the motors are 6V. I'm hoping that the BEMF window can be kept down to around 1mS, but if it needs to be closer to 2mS, we can still deliver close to 6V to the motor, by adjusting the PWM limit.
On the loop, I think I would do it like this:
1. Wait for 10ms window boundry
2. Disable PWM
3. ADC current measurement
4. ADC position measurement
5. Additional delay for BEMF recovery
6. BEMF sample on
6a. Delay
6b. Sample off
7. Enable PWM
8. ADC BEMF measurement
6. BEMF sample on
6a. Delay
7. ADC BEMF measurement
7a. Sample off
8. Enable PWM
9. BEMF -- > velocity
10. Position/velocity --> PID --> motor direction/duty cycle
11. Update PWM timer with motor direction/duty cycle
12. Housekeeping (I2C commands, etc).
13. Goto step 1.
My reasons for the changes are:
a) When the PWM signal is disabled, the board noise is low (we do have the field collapse spike, but the currents will be in a tight loop around the FETs), so this is a good time to get low noise measurements for the current and position.
b) A delay is need to allow the motor field to collapse and the BEMF voltage to recover, so we might as well use the delay time to do the ADC conversions on current and position.
c) By measuring the current first, the current filter will still have a good value for the running current.
d) The additional delay step may be necessary if the spike/BEMF recovery time is longer that the 200uS or so, used for the current and position conversions.
e) Steps 6-8 ? Due to the nature of the sample circuit, we have the option of doing the BEMF ADC conversion before or after the PWM signal is restarted. Also, I wanted to show the sample switch on and off steps. For the first option shown, the sample capacitor would be around the .01uF I used in the post above and the ADC conversion could be done anytime in the next 1-2mS, after the PWM is restarted, without causing significant error. Using the second option, the sample capacitor would be much smaller and the ADC conversion would need to be done shortly after (some small delay may be needed) the sample switch is closed. The option that works the best for the software, is the one that should be used ? I just wanted to point out that there is a choice.
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Chimney Swift
The Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) is a small swift.
Physical description
In flight, this bird looks like a flying cigar with long slender curved wings. The plumage is a sooty grey-brown; the throat, breast, underwings and rump are paler. They have short tails.
The breeding season of Chimney Swifts is from May through July. Their breeding habitat is near towns and cities across eastern North America. Originally, these birds nested in large hollow trees, but now they mainly nest in man-made structures such as large open chimneys. The nest is made of twigs glued together with saliva and placed in a shaded location. They will lay three to seven white eggs, which the female will cover at night. The incubation period is 19-20 days, and the fledglings leave the nest after a month. Chimney swifts can nest more than once in a season.
They are long distance migrants and winter in eastern Peru; other nesting locations in South America may exist. They migrate in flocks. This species has occurred as a very rare vagrant to western Europe. The gregarious nature of this species is reflected in that two individuals of this species turned up together on the Isles of Scilly.
Feeding habits
These birds live on the wing, foraging in flight. They eat flying insects. They usually feed in groups, flying closely together and making a high-pitched chipping noise. A vigilant observer can see them entering and exiting chimneys at a high speed, almost as if they were being shot out. Their flight is distinctive: they make rapid angular turns unlike most other birds.
Their population may have increased historically with the introduction of large chimneys as nesting locations. With suitable man-made habitat becoming less common, their numbers are declining in some areas. They were listed as Threatened by COSEWIC for several years with a likely listing of the species on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act.
- ^ BirdLife International (2004). Chaetura pelagica. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A manner of speaking
Bishop Ryan Catholic School sophomore Monica Anderson had her speech coach and teammates in stitches on Friday, trying on different accents and comical facial expressions.
Anderson, who was practicing for the poetry interpretation event, has been on Ryan's speech team for two years and is thriving. This year she has already qualified for the state Class B speech competition in dramatic interpretation, poetry interpretation, humorous interpretation and, with teammate Regaen Zarr, in humorous duo.
Anderson, who also acts in school plays, is in her element on the speech team. She loves being able to express herself through interpretation of different material. The team also feels like a family.
"These are my people," she said.
Teammate Tamu Kamba has qualified for state in serious interpretation and speech to entertain; Lindsey Bertsch has qualified for state in speech to inform and serious interpretation; and Brady Wingenbach has qualified in impromptu speaking. Other students on the speech team are Thomas Burke, a senior; John Salling, a senior; Erin MacLeod, a junior; Dominic Anderson, a junior; Meagan Behm, a junior; Katie Brunner, a sophomore; and Wyatt Smith, a freshman.
The team was revitalized when Katie Fast, who previously coached the Minot High School speech team, began teaching language arts at the school last year.
Fast, who loves theater, put together a brochure, put up informational posters and held meetings to encourage students to learn more about speech competitions. In her public speaking class, some of last year's freshmen learned to love public speaking. All of the kids from that class who joined the speech team have qualified for the state competition. She also acquired an assistant coach in Mary Armstrong, a freshman at Minot State University who placed at the state speech competition when she was in high school.
Other Ryan students who signed up for the activity said they're also enjoying the challenge. "I find it really fun," said Burke, who is only in his second year of speech. Burke said there will be advantages for people competing in speech, such as overcoming stage fright or doing well in future public speaking. Fast said speech students do well in job interviews and in resume preparation.
Some events are harder than others; Burke said he finds impromptu difficult because, at the competition, competitors are given a phrase and then have to use it to create a 4-minute speech in just a few minutes.
There are 14 total events in speech:
Serious interpretation is an 8-minute speech interpreting serious prose from a novel, nonfiction, short story, essay, biography, autobiography, or diary (must be published). It is not memorized.
Humorous interpretation is an 8-minute speech interpreting humorous material from a play, poem, novel, biography, essay, autobiography, short story (must be published). It is not memorized.
Dramatic interpretation is an 8-minute speech interpreting dramatic material from a published play with stage directions. It is not memorized.
Poetry interpretation is an 8-minute speech interpreting published poetry. Song lyrics are also considered poetry. More than one poem can be recited to make up the eight minutes. It is not memorized.
Serious and humorous duo are 8-minute interpretations of drama, prose or poetry, done with a partner. Students can compete in both categories with different partners. Students are not allowed to look at their partner during the scene or to memorize the material.
Extemporaneous programmed reading is a 7-minute speech. At the competition, students are given a poem, humorous or serious piece and have 30 minutes to cut and prepare it for a performance.
Storytelling is a 7-minute speech. Students must retell a story given to them without props or notes of any kind They have 30 minutes of preparation time after receiving the story.
Impromptu is a 7-minute speech including prep time and speaking time. They must give a speech based on a quote and may use notecards.
Radio broadcasting is a 6-minute presentation, with two minutes, 45 seconds to three minutes reserved for a news reading, and two minutes, 45 seconds to three minutes reserved for prepared commentary. Students are given 30 minutes prep time for cutting and preparing news.
Speech to inform is an 8-minute speech prepared, researched and written by the speaker. It may not be persuasive. It may have visual aids and the speaker may use note cards.
Speech to persuade is an 8-minute speech prepared, researched and written by the speaker, who may use notecards. It must be persuasive.
Speech to entertain is a 6-minute speech prepared and written by the speaker. It must be funny or entertaining. The speaker may use notecards.
Extemporaneous speaking is a 7-minute speech given on a topic of current events. Competitors are given 60 minutes at the competition to research the speech. They may bring research materials with them to prepare.
Most students compete in multiple categories; Fast said the only one none of her students are competing in this year is extemporaneous speaking.
Students practice once or twice a week after school and can compete at several speech meets during the season. The state finals are April 28 in Bismarck.


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"I see how bad they are, and I think about how hard it must be for you to watch!"
"Nah. It's not that hard to watch. I mean, it's embarrassing and awkward sometimes. But I push through."
"You love them so much. They should play better for you."
You hear THAT boys? You have officially been shamed by my grandmother. You make her sad.
If that's not enough to make you better at baseball, I don't know what is.


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COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. - Two-time Olympic Gold Medalist Steven Lopez is popping up all over store shelves. First it was on the Coca-Cola collectible Fridgepacks where Steven is featured with LeBron James (USA basketball), Shawn Johnson (gymnastics) and Sanya Richards (track &field) and now it is on the side of Minute Maid juice cartons.
Lopez is prominently featured on the side panel of Minute Maid Original Orange Juice with Calcium Low Pulp cartons and Minute Maid Fruit Punch cartons. He is pictured holding a glass of orange juice and fruit punch respectively, with a short bio on this most decorated athlete in Taekwondo history.
"It is so cool to be on the side panels of these two cartons," said Lopez of Sugar Land, Texas. "It is a little weird going into stores and seeing my face on the side of the Coca-Cola Fridgepacks and now the orange juice and fruit punch cartons, but at the same time I am very honored to be a part of the Coca-Cola Family. It is a dream come true and I hope everyone will go out and purchase these great products."
The Minute Maid Orange Juice and Fruit Punch cartons hit store shelves on June 1, while the Coca-Cola Fridgepacks were released on May 19.
About Coca-Cola and the Olympic Movement
The Coca-Cola Company has been an Olympic partner for 80 years and is the longest continuous corporate supporter of the Olympic Movement. The Company works with National Olympic Committees in more than 200 countries to help athletes train and compete. More than 90 percent of the Coca-Cola system's investment in the Olympic Games is directed to athlete development and to assist in staging the Games.
Throughout the Olympic Games, products of The Coca-Cola Company refresh athletes, volunteers, officials and spectators. The Coca-Cola Company is the exclusive nonalcoholic beverage partner to the Olympic Games through 2020.
About The Coca-Cola Company
The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest beverage company, refreshing consumers with more than 450 sparkling and still brands. Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the world's most valuable brand, the Company's portfolio includes 12 other billion dollar brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Coca-Cola Zero, vitaminwater, POWERade, Minute Maid and Georgia Coffee. Globally, we are the No. 1 provider of sparkling beverages, juices and juice drinks and ready-to-drink teas and coffees. Through the world's largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy the Company's beverages at a rate of 1.5 billion servings a day. With an enduring commitment to building sustainable communities, our Company is focused on initiatives that protect the environment, conserve resources and enhance the economic development of the communities where we operate. For more information about our Company, please visit our website at www.thecoca-colacompany.com.


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However, as best I can tell there is not much in the way of information on their pizzas to do an easy reverse engineering or clone.
harina de trigo, este product contiene gluten
Cake yeast should always be dissolved in water before adding the flour. Salt should be added to the flour before combining the flour with the water. Oil, at least up to 3% oil, can be added to the cake yeast/water mixture before adding the flour.
scott123,Is there a reason why you are suggesting that the cake yeast always be dissolved in water? And, for such a prehydration, what water temperature would you suggest? Also, with respect to the oil, is there a reason for adding the oil up front rather than later?
Peter, both the moist and dry/clumpy starch used as the medium for yeast in cake and IDY dissolve great in water, on their own, but, once they're fighting for water with the flour, there's always the chance that they won't dissolve/disperse all that well. With my low knead doughs, I became more acutely aware of potential yeast dispersal issues and have been prehydrating the yeast ever since. Adding the yeast to the water and giving it a quick swirl is no more work than adding it to the flour, and I can rest easy that the yeast has been fully dispersed.My policy on water temp is to go with whatever is easiest to work with along with the most consistent. I know ADY has issues with lower water temps, so, for this reason, I no longer work with it nor do I recommend it to others. As far as cake and IDY go, though, I feel that any water temp that produces a final dough temp between 55 and 80 is fine. The only thing that I'm a stickler about is that the final dough temp be pretty much the same from day to day, so the water should, if possible, be a consistent temp. If room temp is relatively consistent and not too high, that's ideal. If room temp is 70 and final dough temp is below 80, there's nothing wrong with that. If tap water is used straight from the faucet, then it's a bit more complicated, as tap water temp varies.We've talked about oil mixing approaches previously. You spoke about how, in your experience, higher oil doughs had gluten development issues with early oil, but you didn't see any of these issues with lower oil early oil doughs. I took your experience, combined it with my experience with lower oil doughs being unaffected by mixing order, felt that was enough data points to support the hypothesis, and, decided, at that point, to present it as fact I don't work with All Trumps any more, but I've made more than 300 All Trumps pies with 3% oil, all added before the flour, and, like All Trumps has a tendency to do, these all formed gluten like it was going out of style.
Question Scott....Why cake yeast? What does it do differently than IDY?
Thanks, Peter, that's good to know. It looks like Tom and I are in a somewhat similar ballpark. My dough, is, indeed, in the vicinity of a 4 minute knead (perhaps a bit more now that I use a more overkneading proof 13.2% protein flour), although time is incredibly relative depending on equipment. We also seem to part ways with the prehydration temp. I don't know if he's ramping the temp as a kind of mini-proof/yeast wake-up, but I don't subscribe to that concept in the slightest. The starch in both CY and IDY dissolves just fine in cool water as it does warm. As far as I know, there's no possible downside to adding refrigerated IDY (how I recommend storing IDY) or CY straight to 55-75 deg. water. With no extra work and no potential negative ramifications on the yeast to water side, and potential dispersal issues, regardless of how improbable, on the yeast to flour side, I'm going yeast to water every time.


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How do I put tabs back on bottom like they used to be?
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- Revision id: 18049
- Created:
- Creator: scoobidiver
- Comment: applies to Fx 4 and above
- Reviewed: Yes
- Reviewed:
- Reviewed by: mluna
- Is approved? Yes
- Is current revision? No
- Ready for localization: Yes
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- Readied for localization by: mluna
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As you may have noticed, in older versions of Firefox, the tabs were located below the browser controls. From Firefox 4, the tabs are now on top of the controls. Don't worry, this article will show you an easy way to change that back if you want. It will also go over why this change is a good thing and why you should keep them on top.
Table of Contents
How do I put tabs back on bottom like they used to be?
At the top of the Firefox windowOn the menu bar, click on the button, go over to the arrow and uncheck . menu, go down to and uncheck
Why are Tabs on Top better?
The main reason is that it just makes more sense. With the old way, the tab and the controls were grouped together and the page was separate. With tabs on top they are now all grouped together so that each tab has it's own set of controls.
This change also makes more sense for App Tabs. In the future, this arrangement will allow App Tabs to remove the browser controls or to allow a web app to use its own custom controls. This also goes for the new Add-on manager which is now displayed in a tab instead of a window.
And finally, in Firefox 4, we changed the way website notifications are displayed. Now, instead of a dialog box appearing at the top of the window, they are connected to their tab. This makes it clear which website the notification belongs to and allows you to ignore it and switch tabs if you wish. With tabs on bottom, the notifications will cover your tabs and get in your way.
If you'd like a more detailed explanation, check out this video by Alex Faaborg who works on the User Experience Team.


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PRINCESS ANNE, MD - (May 18, 2012) - Today's spring 2012 commencement at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore was a memorable one for the history books.
With 560 people receiving degrees, the class of 2012 was the university's largest in its storied, 125-year history. Graduates ranged in age from 20 to 74.
The youngest was Oluwasegun S. Akinola of Nigeria, who earned a Bachelor of Science degree in biology. James Kenneth MacIntosh Jr. of Fort Washington, Md. was the oldest, receiving a Master of Education in Career and Technology Education degree.
Seventeen people received ceremonial hoods signifying completion of years of work on a doctorate in Organizational Leadership, a terminal degree program now in its 10th year. One was Darlene L. Jackson-Bowen, whose husband, Corey, received his doctorate in the same field in December 2011.
A capacity crowd in the Hytche Athletic Center, and hundreds of others in satellite locations on campus watching a closed-circuit broadcast, saw and heard commencement speaker Charles F. Bolden Jr., the fourth African-American to fly into space and current Administrator of NASA, the nation's space agency.
Bolden, actress Beverly Todd and Dr. Samuel Kojo Dapaah, chief technical advisor to the U.S. Agency for International Development in Ghana, received the UMES Presidential Medal in recognition of career accomplishments in their respective fields.
Actor-director-musician David Ogden Stiers, perhaps best known to American TV audiences as a cast member in the popular situation-comedy, M*A*S*H, received an honorary doctorate. Some in the audience noticed Stiers spoke to each graduate who crossed the stage, and he explained to well-wishers after the ceremony what he was up to.
Stiers, who received his training at the renowned Julliard School, said his motivation was two-fold; he wanted the satisfaction of knowing each graduate heard "congratulations" at least once on an important day, and he also was hoping to gauge how that important moment registered with them.
All but 10-to-12 in some way acknowledged his gesture, which Stiers said he found overwhelmingly heartwarming.
Interim President Mortimer Neufville presided over the two-and-half hour ceremony, telling graduates,"Today you begin to change your direction. Go out in the world and do something memorable and spectacular."
Taking it all in was UMES' next president, Dr. Juliette B. Bell, who was warmly received when introduced to the crowd. Her first official day will be July 1.
Among UMES' newly minted alumni:
While it is not uncommon for college students today to take more than four years to complete their degree requirements, many in the class of 2012 entered UMES in the fall of 2008 just weeks before the nation was about to experience its most serious economic downtown since the Great Depression.
Bolden, a Naval Academy graduate and decorated Vietnam-era fighter pilot, offered his listeners an upbeat message.
"A new world is yours today," he said. "The programs and missions over which I preside at NASA today would have been science fiction when I was growing up."
"I ask you to think boldly about how you want to apply the skills you have learned here at UMES," he said. "I expect many of you will help lead us to a better world."
To see more photos from the May 18, 2012 commencement exercises, click on THIS PHOTO GALLERY provided by the Salisbury Daily Times.
Bill Robinson, director, UMES Office of Public Relations, 410-621-2355.


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Issue Brief #3754 on China
October 11, 2012
October 11, 2012 | Issue Brief on China
With the official acceptance of the Liaoning into the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), China now has its own aircraft carrier. From Beijing's perspective, this is a landmark event, as China had long been the only member of the U.N. Security Council's permanent five nations (the veto-wielders) not to have an aircraft carrier of its own.
It is important, however, to keep this development in perspective. China's new aircraft carrier is not yet operational insofar as it is not yet operating an air wing off of its flight deck. The Chinese are seeking to purchase a carrier-capable aircraft from the Russians (the Su-33) and to develop their own version, currently referred to as the J-15. For at least the next year, however, it is unlikely that China will actually field a carrier-capable aircraft in any numbers. Therefore, the Liaoning's greatest contribution to China is likely to be its political (rather than military) impact. The future deployment of a Chinese carrier will be an opportunity to influence and even intimidate other states over territorial and other issues.
Not a Military Threat—Yet
The PLA Naval Air Force has not yet conducted a carrier takeoff or landing of fixed-wing aircraft, although it has developed several land-based training centers at Huludao and Xi'an.[1] Without a carrier-capable aircraft, the PLAN is limited as to how far it can develop its own carrier operations.
Furthermore, an air wing requires more than just fighter and strike aircraft. Typically, it also requires an airborne early warning platform, either fixed-wing (e.g., the American E-2C Hawkeye) or rotary wing (e.g., the U.K.'s ASaC7 or Russia's Ka-31 early warning helicopters). To maximize mission time and range, it would be ideal to also have an in-flight refueling capability. The success of modern aerial missions also requires electronic warfare capabilities, which in Western air forces has often meant specialized aircraft such as the EA-6B and E/A-18. Thus far, there is little indication that the PLAN has obtained these vital combat support capabilities.
Similarly, an aircraft carrier requires the presence of a variety of escorts to provide additional anti-submarine and anti-air protection. China's surface fleet is slowly growing, with a substantial number of Type 052D (Luyang III) destroyers and Type 053H3 (Jiangwei-II) and Type 054 (Jiangkai-II) frigates in service or under construction. Nonetheless, it will take some time for the Chinese to become proficient in carrier group operations.
Chinese Throwing Their Weight Around
The introduction of the Liaoning does, however, point the way for future Chinese naval development. China now has the only East Asian navy to field a full-deck carrier capable of supporting high-performance aircraft—the first such capability among regional navies since World War II.[2] Like Beijing's space program, this lends the Chinese substantial prestige, placing them ahead of their Japanese competitors.
Moreover, in the near future, China will have one aircraft carrier available to support its political ends. This will allow the Chinese to project air power over key localities that are distant from land bases, such as the Spratlys or off the Philippines coast at Scarborough Shoal. Even if the Chinese are not able to mount sustained, extended flight operations along the lines of U.S. carrier air wings, they will nonetheless be able to outmatch any potential air opposition from Vietnamese or Philippine forces.
The experience of World War II allied convoys on the Murmansk run is that even a handful of aircraft can make an enormous difference, both on attack and on defense. The Liaoning, then, may well have a significant impact even if it only conducts limited air operations.
Implications for the United States
For the U.S., the incorporation of the Liaoning into the PLAN means that the Chinese will be a growing factor in waters that have long been an American preserve. From the East Asian littoral, the PLAN will be able to show its flag from a flat-top across the Pacific and into the Indian Ocean.
While not necessarily a military threat, this growing capability will be a political challenge to the U.S., as it underscores that China is increasingly a maritime power with the ability to project influence both regionally and, ultimately, worldwide.
Given the ongoing tensions in the Senkakus and the South China Sea, it is quite likely that the Chinese will deploy this mobile airfield to provide over-the-horizon support for its claims against Japan and Southeast Asia, respectively, although civilian agencies are likely to remain the more visible factor in these disputes.
In the longer term, it is possible that the Chinese will choose to dispatch it to the American exclusive economic zone (EEZ) to counter American freedom of navigation activities in what the Chinese claim as their EEZ.
What the U.S. Should Do
Back Up the "Asia Pivot"
Much of the discussion about the new Chinese aircraft carrier focuses on the current state of the ship, often explicitly downplaying Chinese capabilities. These dismissive stories fail to recognize both the political implications of Beijing possessing a ship of this sort and the continuing growth of the overall PLA Navy. Without a sustained commitment to U.S. naval superiority, not only will the Chinese fleet pose a threat to China's neighbors, but it will jeopardize American ability to secure and maintain its interests in the western Pacific.
—Dean Cheng is Research Fellow in Chinese Political and Security Affairs in the Asian Studies Center at The Heritage Foundation.
Show references in this report
[1]David A. Fulghum, "New Chinese Ship-Based Fighter Progresses," Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 28, 2011.
[2]Thailand operates the aircraft carrier Chakri Naruebet, but that vessel operates only Harrier aircraft and reportedly deploys only rarely. See Christopher Albon, "Thailand Uses Aircraft Carrier for Disaster Relief," U.S. Naval Institute, November 2010, http://blog.usni.org/2010/11/23/9128 (accessed October 11, 2012).
[3]Robert Haddick, "This Week at War: Does the United States Need More Aircraft Carriers?," Foreign Policy, May 25, 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/25/this_week_at_war_does_the_us_need_more_aircraft_carriers (accessed October 11, 2012).
[4]Daniel Fineran, "US Sends Aircraft Carrier Back to Gulf to Face Iran, Syria," Reuters, August 23, 2012, http://news.yahoo.com/u-sends-aircraft-carrier-back-gulf-face-iran-133020445.html (accessed October 11, 2012).


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Ready for Your Close Up?
You polished your resume, perfected your cover letter and got a call back from the hiring manager…who wants to schedule a digital interview. Yikes. According to the Aberdeen Group, a market research firm, 32 percent of organizations are investing in video interviews, up from 21 percent in 2012. So if you're job hunting, there's a good chance you'll encounter one.
The online platform can be more convenient for you and the company you're angling for, but nailing it takes a certain skill set. "You can't just sit down, turn on your computer, and expect to ace it," says Paul Bailo, author of "The Essential Digital Interview Handbook." "You really have to think like a producer and create a studio environment." Here's everything you need to know, from getting set up to ensuring your personality comes through.
Put Yourself in the Best Light
"Lighting can make or break the interview," says Bailo. (No pressure, right?) "Overhead lights cast shadows on your face that can make you look 90 years old. You'll look like the phantom of the opera." Probably not exactly the visual you're going for. For the most flattering effect, switch on three lamps at face level: one to your left, one on the right and one behind you. Indirect lighting like this illuminates you in a soft way.
Trick Out Your Tech
When you're trying to focus on making a good impression during an interview, the last thing you want to worry about is a tech malfunction. Make sure you have a solid set-up. "Your iPad and smartphone are equipped with HD cameras and higher-quality microphones than your laptop," says Melinda Barlow, vice president of sales at HireVue, a cloud-based digital interviewing platform. If you want to get fancy, consider investing in a separate mic (try the Blue Microphones Snowball) and camera (Bailo recommends the Logitech HD Webcam C920) for the absolute clearest audio and video. Either way, test-drive your equipment: Record yourself and play it back prior to the interview to make sure you're coming across how you want to.
Set the Stage
When choosing the setting for the interview, keep the backdrop professional, yet warm. Avoid visual distractions (windows, a view of your cluttered living room, your husband strolling by), but also steer clear of a blank white wall. "It appears blinding on camera, and can feel stark and sterile," explains Bailo.
"Try a wall with a piece of art or a bookcase in the background," says Barlow. And since the microphone will pick up any ambient noise, make sure you're in a quiet place — close the windows, turn off your phone and ask someone to watch your dog.
Get Framed
Wear the same kind of clothes you would for an in-person interview — even down to your heels. Although the hiring manager won't be able to see your feet, you'll psychologically feel more on top of things than if you were in your slippers, says Bailo.
Then, position the camera a couple of feet away from you, framing it so that just your head and chest are in view. "The camera should be at eye level," adds Bailo. "If it's placed too low, you'll be looking down at the hiring manager, which can lend the impression that you're superior. On the other hand, if the camera's too high and you're looking upwards, you can seem subservient." Using a mobile device? Prop it at a 90-degree angle. And since the HD camera will show everything, remember check yourself out before logging on.
Make a Connection
Try a virtual handshake. Since you can't shake hands the way you would in an in-person interview, do the digital version: "The way you say hello is with a 45-degree head nod," says Bailo. After making your introductions, nod subtly to indicate you're ready to get started.
And don't make one of the most common digital interview mistakes: "People fail to make eye contact and come across as robotic," says Barlow. "If you look directly into the camera, not at yourself, your personality will show through." It can be tricky to do, but it makes all the difference in how you're perceived. Bailo suggests printing out a picture of the hiring manager (try to find one on LinkedIn or the company's website) and taping it right next to the camera so it'll feel more like you're speaking to a live person.
Craft a Screenplay
One digital interview perk is that the hiring manager can only see what's on screen — so crib notes on the sidelines are fair game. "Write down key points you want to be sure to make on large Post-It paper and stick it on the wall behind the camera, where you can see it but it's out of the interviewer's sightline," says Bailo. Of course, you don't want to read from a script, but knowing it's there just in case you have a brain freeze will boost your confidence.
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What You Should Know About a Company Before You Join
How to Ace a Job Interview


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Panasonic, Philips and Sony, who own the majority patents for Blu-ray disc (BD) technology, are currently working with other Blu-ray patent holders to establish a one-stop-shop license for BD products. This license, which covers essential patents for Blu-ray Disc, DVD and CD, will be introduced in the middle of this year. The move may allow third parties to engage into Blu-ray business at lower price and with fewer complexities.
The fees for the new product licenses are $9.50 for a Blu-ray disc player (down from $30) and $14.00 for a BD recorder. The per disc license fees for Blu-ray disc will be $0.11 for a read only disc, $0.12 for a recordable disc and $0.15 for a rewritable disc. As a result of the efficiencies obtained with the combined license offering, the royalty rates for Blu-ray disc products are expected to be at least 40% lower than the current cumulative royalty rates for individual Blu-ray disc, DVD and CD format licenses.
The three founding companies believe that the introduction of this simplified one-stop shop product license will stimulate the growth of the market for Blu-ray disc products. Any holder of essential patents for Blu-ray disc, DVD and CD patents is invited to join this licensing entity as a licensor and also as shareholder.
The license program will be offered by a new independent licensing company that will be based in the United States with branch offices in Asia, Europe and Latin America. The chief executive of the new license company will be Gerald Rosenthal, former head of IP at IBM and more recently chief executive of Open Invention Network.
"By establishing a new licensing entity that offers a single license for Blu-ray disc products at attractive rates, I am confident that it will foster the growth of the Blu-ray disc market and serve the interest of all companies participating in this market, be it as licensee or licensor," said Mr. Rosenthal.
The Blu-ray disc product licensing program aims to create a level playing field in the market for Blu-ray disc products by introducing special measures to encourage companies selling Blu-ray disc products to comply with their license obligations. The program also includes measures to easily identify unlicensed products in the market and a system to address those who may not have obtained proper licenses for Blu-ray disc products.
In this one-stop-shop product license, the new license company will be a single point of contact for licensees, greatly reducing the burden on licensed companies that would otherwise have to report to multiple patent pools.
Tags: Blu-ray, Philips, Panasonic, Sony


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Hi! My name is Rue
I am a Maine Coon from Portland, OR
Nicknames: Rue Rue
Age: 5 years old
Gender: F
Coat: long haired
My favorite tricks and treats are: Cat Sip and Whisker Lickin's Tender Moments
Where I hang out: My favorite grey chair or a pile of freshly folded laundry
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My pet peeves: Loud noises and when people wake me up from my naps
What I love about my owners: How much they love me!
My cat hobbies: Playing with catnip, being brushed, and taking short car trips
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New Ulm man faces four felony charges for selling meth
NEW ULM – Following several sting operations in New Ulm in February, a 31-year-old New Ulm man was charged Monday with four felony controlled substance charges for allegedly selling and possessing methamphetamine and other drugs in his apartment.
According to the complaint, a Brown-Lyon-Redwood-Renville Drug Task Force (DTF) agent was contacted Feb. 5, by a cooperating individual (CI) regarding the sale of methamphetamine (meth) in Brown County. The CI told the agent he could buy an "eight ball" of meth from Ronnie Lee James Bottenfield Krueth for $420.
The agent and a New Ulm Police officer met with the CI and equipped him with an electronic listening recording/listening device and gave him $445 in pre-recorded buy funds. The extra money was given to him because Krueth kept changing the meth price, according to court documents.
The CI was driven by Hillside Apartments on the 1500 block of North Payne and went to Krueth's apartment. Krueth weighed an "eight ball" of a crystalline substance resembling meth and told the CI he'd give him "a little extra" and put the substance in a baggie in exchange for $435. Krueth said he'd give the CI two more ounces of meth in the near future, according to court documents.
The CI gave the agent the baggie containing the suspect meth and remaining $20 in buy funds. An NIK test on the suspected meth indicated it was meth.
The CI told the agent Krueth had about three pre-packaged "eight balls" of meth and about 10 pre-packaged half-gram units of meth ready for sale, according to court documents. The agent confirmed the weight of the baggie/substance was 3.8 grams.
Two days later, the CI told the agent he could buy eight grams of meth from Krueth for $720. The CI was given a recording/listening device and $1,000 in pre-recorded buy funds, according to court documents.
The CI bought the meth that was later tested positive for meth by the agent. Another meth purchase of four grams was made on Feb. 11, at Kreuth's apartment. The suspect meth tested positive for meth, according to court documents.
The DTF executed a search of Kreuth's residence pursuant to a search warrant signed by a Brown County District Court Judge on Feb. 15.
Inside Kreuth's apartment, agents noted he appeared to be under the influence of a powerful stimulant. He was removed from the apartment an detained in a squad car, according to court documents. Nobody else was in the apartment.
Searching the residence, agents found 66 20-mg tables of OxyContin, drug paraphernalia items, three digital scales, $3,210 in cash including more than $1,000 in DTF pre-recorded buy funds, 1.8 grams of suspect meth that later tested positive, many plastic baggies with suspect meth residue. according to court documents.
Kreuth faces up to 30 years in prison and/or a $1 million fine for first-degree controlled substance sale, up to 25 years and/or $500,000 fine for second-degree intent to sell a controlled substance, up to 20 years and/or $250,000 fine for two third-degree controlled substance possession charges.
Kreuth's court appearance date remains to be set.
(Fritz Busch can be e-mailed at firstname.lastname@example.com).


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Kristina Harter, USAV Communications Intern, Phone: (719) 228-6800, Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
USAV Facebook - @USA_Volleyball
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (May 20, 2013) – USA Volleyball announces the selection of 13 players for the 2013 U.S. Women's Junior National Volleyball Training Team (WJNTT) that will train at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Lake Placid, N.Y. beginning June 5. There, the roster will be narrowed to the final dozen players that will comprise the 2013 U.S. Women's Junior National Team (WJNT). They will directly depart on June 12 to represent the United States at the 2013 FIVB Volleyball Women's U-21 World Championship being held June 21-30 in the cities of Brno and Prostejov, Czech Republic.
Three of the 2013 WJNT players also competed on the 2012 WJNT that earned the 2012 NORCECA Women's Junior (U-20) Continental Championship bronze medal to qualify for the 2013 FIVB World Women's U-20 Championship. Libero Amanda Benson (Litchfield Park, Ariz.), setter Kelsey Humphreys (Newport Beach, Calif.) and outside hitter Amber Rolfzen (Papillion, Neb.) were part of the squad last summer.
While 10 players were not part of the 2012 WJNT program, many have been part of the USA Volleyball High Performance pipeline for several seasons and a number of them gained valuable experience when they competed at the Youth World Championships in 2011, said Rod Wilde, who serving his second year serving as the WJNT head coach.
The 10 incoming players include outside hitters Jordan Burgess (Tampa, Fla.), Kierra Holst (Coppell, Texas), Brittany Howard (Los Altos, Calif.) and Andie Malloy (Allen, Texas), middle blockers Sarah Burrington (Ruskin, Fla.), Chanell Clark-Bibbs (Houston), Canace Finley (Fort Collins, Colo.) and Merete Lutz (Houston), setter Nicole Edelman (Boulder, Colo.) and libero Caitlin Nolan (Southlake, Texas).
"With the addition of these players we should be a deeper and more experienced team as we go into this year's championship," Wilde said.
Wilde noted that other countries may have more experience competing at the international level, but he remains optimistic and has expectations to competing for a medal at the World Championship.
"Because of the player development system in this country, we are often competing against teams that have much more experience," he said. "Many of the international teams train together on a full-time basis. They are also able to compete against the highest level of competition by including their athletes in their professional leagues where they play with and compete against Olympic-level athletes. Obviously, this opportunity to train and compete at a high level gives the other international programs a distinct advantage. Even so, our teams have been able to hold their own and still be in the hunt for medals. We hope to be able to bring the USA a medal in this year's championship."
Wilde is grateful to have a number of players who have competed internationally and expects them to be the core of this year's team.
"I think two of our strengths will be at the outside hitting and setting positions." Wilde said, "We have the most international experience among the athletes at these positions."
During the week-long training in Lake Placid, Wilde hopes to develop a team culture and build a group confidence level that will set them on the right path to a medal at the World Championship.
"Every team develops at its own pace," Wilde said. "Our hope is to accelerate this process and in the time we have. We need to build on our strengths and try to minimize our weaknesses before going into the tournament."
In addition to the 13 players training for the final 12 spots for the World Championship event, six additional players will serve as alternates for the event and are part of the U.S. Women's Junior National Volleyball Training Team. The alternates include outside hitters Mckenzie Willey (Highland, Utah) and Elizabeth Fortado (Flower Mound, Texas), opposite Elizabeth Campbell (Denver), setters Allison Palmer (Laguna Beach, Calif.) and Julia Doyle (Plymouth, Minn.) and libero Karly Drolson (Del Mar, Calif.).
The team is made up of players born in 1994 or 1995, selected through High Performance tryouts across the country.
In addition to Wilde, the coaching staff includes assistants Charlene Whitted (USA Volleyball High Performance and USA Volleyball Olympian) and Blaine Tendler (director of Piedmont Mizuno Volleyball Club).
The FIVB Volleyball Women's U-20 World Championship Drawing of the Lots Ceremony, which creates the pools and first-round opponents for the event, takes place on May 24 in Istanbul, Turkey.
2013 U.S. Women's Junior National Volleyball Training Team Roster
# Name (Position, Height, Hometown, College)
1 - Sarah Burrington (MB, 6-5, Ruskin, Fla., Florida State University)
3 - Jordan Burgess (OH, 6-0, Tampa, Fla., Stanford University)
5 - Nicole Edelman (S, 6-0, Boulder, Colo., University of Colorado)
6 - Brittany Howard (OH, 6-3, Los Altos, Calif., Stanford University)
7 - Merete Lutz (MB, 6-8, Houston, Stanford University)
8 - Kelsey Humphreys (S, 6-0, Newport Beach, Calif., Stanford University)
9 - Andie Malloy (OH, 6-2, Allen, Texas, Iowa State University)
10 - Amanda Benson (L, 5-6, Litchfield Park, Ariz., Spiral/University of Oregon)
14 - Canace Finley (MB, 6-3, Fort Collins, Colo., University of Oregon)
15 - Amber Rolfzen (OH, 6-3, Papillion, Neb., University of Nebraska)
17 - Kierra Holst (OH, 6-4, Coppell, Texas, University of Oklahoma)
18 - Chanell Clark-Bibbs (MB, 6-1, Houston, Georgia Tech)
19 - Caitlin Nolan (L, 5-8, Southlake, Texas, Iowa State University)
2013 U.S. Women's Junior National Volleyball Alternates
2 - Mckenzie Willey (OH, 6-1, Highland, Utah, Arizona State University)
4 - Elizabeth Campbell (Opp., 6-2, Denver, Colo., Duke University)
11 - Julia Doyle (S, 6-0, Plymouth, Minn., University of Oklahoma)
12 - Allison Palmer (S, 5-9, Laguna Beach, Calif., Arizona State University)
13 - Karly Drolson (L, 5-7, Del Mar, Calif., UCLA)
16 - Elizabeth Fortado (OH, 6-2, Flower Mound, Texas, University of Arkansas)
Head Coach: Rod Wilde (USA Volleyball High Performance, Madison, Wis.)
Assistant Coach: Charlene Whitted (USA Volleyball High Performance, New Albany, Ohio)
Assistant Coach: Blaine Tendler (Piedmont Mizuno Volleyball Club, Burlington, N.C.)
Team Manager: Denise Corlett (Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.)


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Versions available for this page: CUBRID 8.2.1 | CUBRID 8.3.0 | CUBRID 8.3.1 | CUBRID 8.4.0 | CUBRID 8.4.1 | CUBRID 8.4.3 | CUBRID 9.0.0 |
The COUNT function returns the number of of rows returned by a query. If an asterisk (*) is specified, the number of all rows satisfying the condition (including the rows with the NULL value) is returned. If the DISTINCT or UNIQUE keyword is specified in front of the expression, only the number of rows that have a unique value (excluding the rows with the NULL value) is returned after duplicates have been removed. Therefore, the value returned is always an integer and NULL is never returned.
A column that has collection type and object domain (user-defined class or multimedia class) can also be specified in the expression.
COUNT ( * | [ { DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW } | UNIQUE | ALL ] expression )
The following is an example that returns the number of Olympic Games that had a mascot. (demodb)
FROM olympic
WHERE mascot IS NOT NULL;
Result value : 9


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Punishing an enemy's termity
Commodore Edward Preble wrote this letter to the Secretary of the Navy on September 18, 1804. This letter records the actions Preble took to free captured American sailors held by the pasha of Tripoli. On August 3, 1804, several Tripolitan ships sailed out of their protected harbor and Preble sought to engage them. This page outlines the Preble's plan and the opening shots of the engagement.
National Archives, Records of the U.S. Senate Used with the permission of the U.S. Senate


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Layered symmetrical bob hairstyle with bangs
A futuristic vibe works for this straight, radically-layered light blonde hair. The original length is only evidenced by leftover locks brought over the shoulders to hang down to the bust line. The rest has been chopped into an above-shoulder-length bob with gradually feathered ends slightly curving in towards the neck. A full fringe ending in a blunt line covers the forehead and eyebrows.


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Better, More Convenient, Private Support for Your iThemes Products Is Here.
We're moving support away from the forum and in to private tickets - Log In to Get Support Here
Note: any currently open support threads in the community forum will stay open while we resolve them.
Error: wp-includes/plugin.php on line 405
Posted 16 September 2011 - 10:59 AM
Warning: call_user_func_array() [function.call-user-func-array]: First argument is expected to be a valid callback, 'Array' was given in /home/munson/public_html/musiclibraryreport.com/wp-includes/plugin.php on line 405
Deactivating Ajax Edit fixes that error. Recent update of 5.0.1 does not fix the error. Older version of Ajax Edit does not have that error.
Posted 16 September 2011 - 11:32 AM
Thanks for posting this and welcome to the forums!
1 : To clarify, you see that error AFTER you've installed Ajax Edit Comments and WHILE you're trying to see the "Details" of a NEW plugin on the WordPress Dashboard --> Plugins page, when you're searching for new plugins, correct?
2 : Can you "Install" new plugins properly, even if the "Details" link gives you the above error?
3 : Does that or any other error show up anywhere other than in the pop-up window that results when clicking the "Details" link under plugins on Plugins --> Add New page?
4 : Could you maybe still have an OLDER wp-ajax-edit-comments directory and old un-wanted files? In the newer versions that folder, for example, was renamed to just ajax-edit-comments.
Thanks! The above will help us isolate the reason and see what could be causing this.
Posted 16 September 2011 - 01:33 PM
1.) Yes
2.) Yes
3.) Not so far but at this point have gone back to an earlier version.
4.) I had deleted the old plugin prior to installing 5.0.
Late addition: I just remembered that when I ran the automatic upgrade to 5.0.1 this morning I got the same error mesaage and the site locked up. I FTP'd to the site and re-named the plugin which got the site back. I then re-intalled the older version.
Edited by Art Munson, 16 September 2011 - 10:27 AM.
Posted 16 September 2011 - 06:16 PM
Thanks for the reply! Hmmm, that is so strange since we can't seem to duplicate the issue from our end.
Could you please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com with the following:
1 : Link to this thread
2 : Your WP login info (admin account please)
Some question you can please answer here please:
5 (continuing from before): You mentioned that the automatic upgrade to 5.0.1 resulted in that error message shown and the site locking up.
5A : How was the error shown? In a pop-up? On a completely white page? Inside the Dashboard? Or someplace else?
5B : How did the site lock up? What exact error message was shown?
5C : Have you been able to install 5.0.1 manually (deleting ANY version of AEC's folder, then downloading 5.0.1 via the Member's panel, and then uploading it from scratch and not as an upgrade) at all?
Wecan then try and go on from there.
Regards, and thanks again!
Edited by Bes Zain, 20 September 2011 - 07:59 AM.
Posted 20 September 2011 - 12:12 PM
5A - Inside the dashboard.
5B - Couldn't get to the admin panel. Renamed plugin folder using FTP to de-activate plugin got it back.
Error message was the same as in the "Details" popup when checking the details of a plugin in Plugins->Add New.
Warning: call_user_func_array() [function.call-user-func-array]: First argument is expected to be a valid callback, 'Array' was given in /home/munson/public_html/musiclibraryreport.com/wp-includes/plugin.php on line 405
5C - I was able to install the upgrade manually but still get the above error message checking the "Details" of any plugin in the section of Plugins->Add New.
Posted 20 September 2011 - 02:44 PM
Thanks for the info! Hmmm, just to rule something out:
6 : What other plugins do you have?
7 : Can you try disabling all other plugins?
8 : Can you duplicate this on any other site as a test?
Thanks again! You can email me anytime too btw! It's working on our side, so we REALLY want it to work 100% for you too!
Regards, and thank you for being a loyal AEC user!
Posted 24 September 2011 - 10:52 AM
6. Here's the list of plugins I have running:
Ajax Edit Comments
All in One SEO Pack
Audio Link Player
Cartpauj PM
Custom Field Template
Embed Page Menu
Facebook Page Publish
Fast Secure Contact Form
GD Star Rating
Google Analytics for WordPress
Google XML Sitemaps
IP Ban
NuRelm Get Posts
PixoPoint Menu Plugin
Rave Player
Simple Tags
Subscribe To Comments
Widgets on Pages
WP Affiliate Platform
WP Custom Search
WP eMember
7. I hesitate to disrupt my site too much as I have paying customers.
8. I will try as soon as I get a chance.
Another new problem has surfaced and that is when a comment is made on
some posts it will display in the left hand widget "Recent
Comments" it will also appear under comments in the admin panel but will
NOT display on the post. It will display only if some one makes another
comment. In essence the displayed comment under the post is delayed by one.
Did not have this problem with older versions of this plugin in.
I have currently gone back to version 18.104.22.168 as I am having no problems with that version.
Posted 26 September 2011 - 02:24 PM
The following was the original reply I was going to add � I'llSTILL post it as it outlines the good flow of testing steps that should be done in case anyone else experiences this before or AFTER the bug/issue has been found. You, Art, can ignore all the following EXCEPT #9).
Hi Art, :)
Thanks for the reply! Hmmm, definitely seems like a plugin conflict BUT may be something else too (since your old AEC version is working well � maybe the new AEC has some code in there that's causing another one of your plugins, which may be outdated or not using the proper code, to cause this � not sure atm). New version came out last week, btw: 5.0.3
6 : One of those plugins could be conflicting with the latest AEC. I'm trying to duplicate this error but not havingany success yet. If I can duplicate this error even on more than one site (in addition to your site), we can then file it as a bug as we will be able to see the problem itself.
8 : Let's see what you find with that (trying this on another site). That may help. Have no other plugins and try it with only one standard theme like TwentyTen/Eleven.
9 : Your new issue: again, it sounds like a plugin conflict. Does the admin not see the new comment until another comment is made OR the commentor him/herself, regardless of their logged in or guest status? (which one, please?)
10 : Try this: preview the site (or #8) in a new standard theme (like TwentyTen or TwentyEleven). See if the issue exists.
11 : Which version of self-hosted single-install (non-multisite) WP is on that site?
12 : I'll keep testing and hopefully if it's an Ajax Edit Comments bug, we can fix it ("hopefully" because if it's not, the other author of the plugin/issue/etc will have to take care of it).
Edited by Bes Zain, 26 September 2011 - 09:25 AM.
Better, More Convenient, Private Support for Your iThemes Products Is Here.
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Note: any currently open support threads in the community forum will stay open while we resolve them.


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Topic: Rails using wrong protocol when building URLS
I'm thoroughly confused on why rails is generating bad paths. I'm using apache as a proxy to mongrel. I've set a request header variable in the SSL virtual host on apache like so.
RequestHeader set X_FORWARDED_PROTO "https"
When I print out the header everything seems set properly. Even request.ssl? returns true. Yet form tags use 'http' instead of 'https' and redirects do the same. My routes are setup as the default. Anybody have any ideas?


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I collected my registration materials at the Women in Aviation International conference in Dallas last week and slung my name tag on its lanyard around my neck. Heading back to the elevator, I boarded a car with three other gentlemen.
One of the men noticed my name tag and asked, "Are you with Women of Aviation?" I am. "Are you a pilot?" Yes. "How long have you been flying?" Eleven years, I said, and I fly a Piper Cherokee.
The man's face lit up. "I'm a student pilot," he said. "I've been at it awhile." He said something about his music career keeps him busy. When I asked if he had ever read Flight Training, he looked quizzical, so I offered to send him a copy of the magazine. Did he have a business card? He didn't. Did I have a business card? Yes, I did. I started fumbling in my purse for one while he held the elevator door at my stop.
As I handed him my card, he said, "Maybe you've heard of our group. Earth, Wind, and Fire."
That's when I said something like "OhmygoshIloveyourmusicsendmeyouremailandI'llsendyouamagazine!" And the elevator doors closed.
I went online and found out that I had been talking to Verdine White, who, with his brother, Maurice, founded the group about 40 years ago. I wish we'd had more time to talk about flying, and I kind of think Verdine felt that way too. — Jill W. Tallman