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Chow Chow
Basic Chow Chow Information
- Lifespan: 8 - 12 years
- Height: 17 - 20 inches
- Weight: 45 - 70 pounds
Medical Conditions Seen in Chow Chows
- Glaucoma
- Ventricular Septal Defect
- Hip Dysplasia
- Elbow Dysplasia
- Entropion
- Cataracts
- Corneal Dystrophy
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Ectropion
- Epilepsy
- Cushing's Disease
- Hypothyroidism
- Progressive Retinal Atrophy
Chow Chow Traits
- Jogging Partner
- Lap Dog
- Good with Children
- Warm Weather
- Cold Weather
- Grooming Requirements
- Shedding
- Barking
- Ease of Training
Chow Chow History
- Recent DNA studies indicate that the chow chow is among the 14 most ancient breeds recognized by the AKC.
- Its origin is unclear except that it has been known in China for hundreds or even thousands of years.
- They may have been used as hunting dogs for the Chinese nobility, and later kept in monasteries. Other accounts claim they were used for food in Mongolia and Manchuria.
- The dogs were brought to England in the late 1700s, and were dubbed chow chows by the English. The name is probably derived from a term meaning Oriental knick knack.
- Only in the late 1800s, with the sudden interest in exotic breeds aroused by the advent of dog shows, were chows earnestly brought to the western world.
- Queen Victoria was a proponent of the breed.
- The AKC recognized the chow chow in 1903.
- In the 1980s, the breed soared in popularity in America, peaking when it was the 6th most popular breed.
- Since then they have plummeted in popularity, their numbers falling by 91% in the last decade.
- The black or blue tongue is a breed characteristic, as is the somewhat stilted gait.
Chow Chow Behavior Concerns
- Makes a devoted and protective family member.
- Generally tolerant of children, but may not be playful enough for them. As with any large dog, they should be supervised when around children.
- Not overly demonstrative.
- Reserved toward, and even wary of, strangers.
- Not friendly towards strange dogs.
- Usually good with small pets.
- Tends to be independent and stubborn. Rebels against forceful methods.
- Does best with a firm owner who can combine reward-based training with good control and leadership.
Chow Chow Suggested Exercises
- Makes a calm and alert housedog.
- Requires daily exercise in the form of a leisurely walk, short jog, or quick game. It is not physically suited to overly vigorous exercise.
- Enjoys cold weather.
- Becomes overheated easily.
- Obedience training is essential not only for control, but for the mental exercise it provides.
Chow Chow Grooming
- The chow chow comes in two coat types. The rough coat is straight and off-standing. The smooth coat is hard and smooth. Both coat types have wooly undercoats.
- The rough coat needs brushing every other day to remove dead coat and prevent serious matting. The smooth coat needs brushing once or twice a week.
- Shedding is above average.
Suggested Chow Chow Nutritional Needs
- Cow chows tend to stay in good weight or to be slightly overweight. You must use your hands to feel beneath the thick coat.
- Adult dogs should be fed a balanced diet, with restricted calories if the dog starts to gain too much weight.
- Puppies should be fed a large-breed growth food, which slows their growing rate but not final size. This may decrease the incidence or severity of hip dysplasia in adults.
Did you know?
- Grapes and raisins are harmful to dogs.
- Some dog parasites are transferable to humans.
- Many common pet ailments may be detected early and prevented by visiting your veterinarian twice yearly - saving both time, money, and most importantly, ensuring the best quality of life for your dog.
Come visit us, we would love to see you!
We are here to help! Book an appointment today to continue your pet on a path to great health and wellness
Ask the Vet
Have unanswered pet health questions? Dr.Donna Spector, with 10+ years of hands-on Internal Medicine experience, is here with your answers every Friday.


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Earl Roland Carr
RANDOLPH – Earl Roland Carr, 93, of Main Street, Randolph, passed away Saturday (Feb. 23, 2013) in the Randolph Manor with his family by his side.
Mr. Carr was born July 6, 1919, in Randolph the son of the late Roland and Velma Young Carr.
Earl was a 1937 graduate of Randolph Central School and was a veteran of the United States Army, serving during WW II from Sept. 15, 1944, to Jan. 14, 1946. He was a member of Company C 258th Combat Engine Battalion in Central Europe and the Rhineland.
A self-employed contractor, Earl was a home builder and did heavy equipment operating throughout Western New York into his late 70s and was known as a hard working, ambitious man. He loved his family dearly and was a member of the First Baptist Church in Randolph, a church that he built with his construction talents and served the church as a deacon and trustee. He was also a life member of the Randolph American Legion Post 181.
He is survived by two daughters: Sharon Craumer and late husband Bill of Randolph, Earlyn Hall and husband Dick of East Randolph; five grandchildren: Jeff Craumer (Margaret Skye), Debra Craumer-McGuigan and her late husband Donald, Monica Craumer-Meacham and husband Dan, Tonia Hall McAllsiter and Tom Hall and wife Tonia L.; 10 great-grandchildren and seven great-great-grandchildren.
He was preceded by his wife Joyce McElwain Carr, whom he married on Aug. 11, 1937, and who preceded him on Dec. 13, 2010; two sisters: Grace Wescott and Eva Mae Carr.
Funeral services will be held at 7 p.m. Tuesday (Feb. 26, 2013) in the First Baptist Church of Randolph where the family will be received one hour prior to the services. The Rev. Kenneth Schultz, pastor of the church, will officiate. Burial will be in the Randolph Cemetery. Full Military Honors will be conducted by Randolph Legion Post 181. To send a condolence log onto www.vanrensselaerandsonfuneralhome.com. Memorials may be sent to the Randolph Rescue Squad or the Chautauqua County Humane Society, 2825 Strunk Road, Jamestown, NY 14701.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hireko Golf Technical Director Jeff Summitt Answers Some of the Most Frequently Asked Questions About the Dynacraft Prophet ICT Driver and Fairway Woods
I have been inundated by questions recently about our two Dynacraft Prophet drivers (and fairways too). I wondered why, as this is a model that has not been part of our active line for a couple years. It finally dawned on me, these were in our latest Spring Quarterly flyer and many customers may be experiencing these clubheads for the very first time. As Hireko's only interchangeable golf clubheads, these need additional explanation. So here are some of those questions that I have fielded recently.
Am I missing the Dynacraft ICT adapter because it looks like something screws into the hosel?
You are not missing anything. The adapter is already attached to the head when you receive it. What you are seeing is the rifling or barreling of the hosel. This was added by design because the adapter is made out of aluminum and when bored becomes very smooth. The rifling allows extra "bite" for the epoxy to hold the shaft to the adapter.
How do I know what position the adapter is in?
There is a white orientation dot at the base of the adapter. This means you will need to remove the adapter. As shipped, the dot will be pointing toward the toe or in position #1.
Where are the instructions located?
If you go to the product page, look down by the product description and click on the Product Manual tab. Here you will find the Dynacraft Prophet ICT Adapter Instructions lnk to the instructions.
What is the difference between the two Prophet ICT drivers?
The biggest difference aside from price is cosmetics as their functions and size are the same. Our original Dynacraft Prophet ICT head features a geometric shape, while the newer of the two versions has a traditional shape.
Do I need to adjust or do any additional tip trimming?
No. The adapter was developed so that the bottom of bore to ground line and the insertion depth are no different from a bonded driver that you would find today.
Will you get any more adapters?
Unfortunately no, these models are discontinued and the minimum run to produce the adapters was way too much for what we would sell.
Then can you remove a shaft from the adapter and re-shaft it?
Sure, and it is easier than extracting a shaft out of a normal golf clubhead. Simply unscrew the Dynacraft ICTadapter and remove it from the head. Cut off the ferrule if one was installed. Heat up the adapter to break the epoxy bond loose and insert it into your shaft puller. Don't worry, the adapter is aluminum that has
been anodized black and is not made of plastic that will melt. Watch out, the adapter will be hot so use a glove to catch it as it is extracted from the shaft.
Will you be receiving fill in Dynacraft Prophet 3 woods to match?
The model is now officially retired so no more fill in pieces will be available.
Will you have another adjustable golf driver in the future?
We are constantly working on new products. We just have to make sure before we bring one to market that is does three things. First and foremost, it must perform well out on the course and not just to introduce an adjustable golf driver for the sake of having an adjustable driver. Number two is to make one that is affordable, After all, this is Hireko Golf and there are plenty of expensive adjustable drivers readily available. Lastly, it must not violate any existing patents. We already had one nixed because a patent was released that would had been similar to a concept that we had already worked on for the better part of 6 months. So it was scraped, but that is the nature of the business.


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It is important to understand the clinical signs of diabetes in cats, but to get a proper feline diabetes diagnosis, you must bring your cat to the veterinarian for testing.
There are several steps involved in feline diabetes testing. According to VCA Animal Hospitals, the recommended tests to diagnose this condition are a complete blood count (CBC), a serum biochemistry profile and a urinalysis. These tests, when performed together, give veterinarians the best assessment of the severity of the diabetes and any complicating conditions that might also need to be treated.
The CBC is a test that evaluates the cat's red blood cells, white blood cells and the platelets. In an uncomplicated case of diabetes mellitus, these components may be at normal levels, but changes in the range of red and white cell values are occasionally seen, too. This blood test can also indicate dehydration, which is common in diabetic pets, even though they drink a lot of water.
The serum biochemistry profile tests the liquid portion of the blood for substances like glucose, enzymes, fats, proteins and other indicators of the cat's health. The elevation of glucose is a main indicator of diabetes in cats. Abnormalities in the other components may be present in complicated cases of diabetes.
The urinalysis is necessary to diagnose diabetes as well because it shows whether there is glucose present in the urine which is not normal in healthy cats. Many cats with diabetes will also have complicating urinary tract infections which the urinalysis will help identify.
A proper diagnosis of feline diabetes is the first step toward successful treatment of this manageable condition.


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I hate to tell you, but you cut your stone for no good reason at all You run into the 'make sure there's room on every side for air flow' advice quite a bit in different food forums. Unfortunately, it's totally bunk. As long as there's room on two of four sides (by the left and right walls) there's plenty of air flow. I always tell people to buy a square stone with room on the sides, but is almost touching the back wall and front door. If you haven't already broken your extra piece in half, wedge it between the stone and the back wall. If you put it by the back wall it won't go anywhere. And as long as it's centered, the missing 2 inches should make no difference because of the roundness of the pizza.That icing rack for $7 looks perfect. Just hack off the extra length (through the two outer supports) and you should be good to go. Since quarry tiles are lighter (and generally darker), I'd go with those. If it were me, I might even consider using regular black glazed bathroom tiles, since they won't be in contact with the food. Maybe. I might talk to the guy at home depot first about lead in the glaze.P.S. I'm not a big fan of screens because they insulate the crust and extend the baking time, but if you're dead set on using one, increase the pre-heat of the stone another 50 or so degrees.
Wow... My compliments for the dedication.. I am just surprised at the results you are already getting on the pizza stone... I would not get too bummed about the char on the bottom of the pizza that. Your pizzas look great. The infrared thermometer is a great tool, you can get them for around $40... A true Neapolitan Pizza is cooked at 800 degrees for a total of 90 seconds. We use an Acunto Wood Fired Pizza Oven. I enjoyed your post and had to give my two cents and compliments.
Jon, congratulations on the birthday of your 2 year old.You might buy yourself a little more top browning with the door closed, but, overall, I still think the stone at the top is just not going to cut it.
What's going to really make the difference is properly fermented dough. No offense, but that dough was more than a little past it's peak. I would guesstimate about 3 days past. There's members on this forum that have made some pretty amazing 7+ day fermented doughs, but, much like sourdough, I think it's very advanced pizzamaking and should probably be avoided until you completely master the basics. I would, for now, play it pretty safe and use the dough in 2 days- using just enough yeast for the dough to double in that time.It's a little like Goldilocks- this pizza's too charred, this pizza's not brown enough- just one faux ceiling and I think you'll hit that magic middle ground.
The one piece of the puzzle that we haven't talked about is flour. I noticed that you were talking about a source for KASL and that you're also in SoCal. Like most topics here, there's differing opinions on KASL. I'm, as everyone is aware, very anti-KA as a whole, but I'm super anti-KASL. As Scott R has pointed out before, it's good for bagels, but it isn't ideal for pizza. Since you live in the anti-bromate state, you don't have a lot of options, but I'd like to see you incorporate some real pizzeria flour into your advancing model. How often do you get to Nevada?
Hi Norma, I've read a good number of your posts on these forums and they are filled with good advise and questions, and so I appreciate your comments here in this thread. Thanks! Right now, I think any good HG flour would be an improvement and I'd buy almost anything I could get my hands on. The catch is if I'm going to go with a 25# or 50# bag I'm more concerned with getting it right (or close to right) the first time. This is why I still not picked up the La Romanelle from Smart and Final pictured below.BTW, I scavenged some steel rebar and steel stakes from a construction yard scrap pile. I'm hoping I'll be able to cut it when I get home. If I can get the oven set up changed, I may make a couple pies tonight
I would suggest working with Sysco Los Angeles. They are a great distributor. In the meantime I can send you samples of flour, however we cant sell bromated flour in CA.Where can I send the All Trumps, Supreme & Remarkable?Sysco also has a great high gluten under their label of Arrezio which I recommend.
2. Rebar. It's really along the same lines as the flat steel rod, thing, just round and a bit cheaper. 4 pieces should allow you to suspend 2 12" tiles and 2 6" tiles.
In some markets, the different available flour varieties are labeled according to the ash mass ("mineral content") that remains after a sample is incinerated in a laboratory oven (typically at 550 °C or 900 °C, see international standards ISO 2171 and ICC 104/1). This is an easily verified indicator for the fraction of the whole grain remains in the flour, because the mineral content of the starchy endosperm is much lower than that of the outer parts of the grain. Flour made from all parts of the grain (extraction rate: 100%) leaves about 2 g ash or more per 100 g dry flour. Plain white flour (extraction rate: 5060%) leaves only about 0.4 g.
Geez Scott, you failed to mention this stuff can be a to cut without the proper tools. I have a very nice and smooth piece of metal which once upon a time used to be a jigsaw blade specifically designed to cut metal, but evidentially not rebar. Ive Googled for a solution but now am trying to figure out a method that would not involve buying a masonry or diamond saw blade. To be honest I really didnt have much time last night and so the jigsaw was all I tried and when it failed I gave up. Maybe the angle grinder will work, but Im not sure what blades I have.
scott123,Maybe you already know this, but scott r informed us a while back that Papa Gino's, the regional northeast pizza chain, uses/used the Spring King flour, as was noted in Reply 102 at http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,8167.msg80731/topicseen.html#msg80731. Peter
Geez Scott, you failed to mention this stuff can be a to cut without the proper tools.
Home depot has flat steel rods that can be cut with a hacksaw and rested on the shelf lips on both sides of the oven.
I am not a flour expert but
Rebar is crap steel, lots of recyled whatever in it, however it still should be cuttable with a new metal jig saw blade. More work but a hacksaw would do it also. Try cutting at slow speed and coat the blade with a bar of soap from time to time. If you do have an 4" angle grinder you can get a metal cutting disc at the big box stores. To me the fastest method. For example: http://power-tools.hardwarestore.com/54-359-grinding-wheel-metal/bosch-metal-cutting-disc-649462.aspxDon
I'm not sure how thick the scrap rebar you found is, but I was kind of envisioning something along the lines of 1/4" rebar. I wouldn't call it a walk in the park, but a hacksaw and some elbow grease should make pretty short of work of that.


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Category: Finding Deductions
Can I Claim Tax Preparation Fees with my Itemized Deductions?
Yes. The IRS allows you to claim your tax preparation fees on your tax return. Enter the fees you paid for preparation of your tax return, including fees paid for filing your return electronically. Enter the fees within the Deductions > Itemized Deductions > Miscellaneous Deductions section of our program.


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Join us for the 2016 season of FIFA Predictor. Prizes for this season include signed shirts by World Cup stars like Diego Forlan, Fabio Cannavaro and Ronaldo, and the Grand Prize includes a trip to the FIFA Ballon d'Or 2016.
We have our winners! Congratulations to the 11 club members that predicted their way to prizes with our FIFA World XI Predictor for 2015.


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In 1947, ETS's founders envisioned an organization devoted to educational research and assessment that could make fundamental contributions to the progress of education in the United States.
In K–12 assessment, recent innovations in both formative and summative assessments have been studied in the CBAL™ (Cognitively Based Assessments of, for, and as Learning) initiative with several states.
Policy Information Center Reports
ETS provides policy and research publications for students, parents, educators, researchers and policymakers.
Fault Lines in Our Democracy: Civic Knowledge, Voting Behavior, and Civic Engagement in the United States
This report shows that weak civic knowledge among young people is linked to less voting, less volunteering and greater distrust in government. This report calls for sustained efforts on the part of parents, the public, the educational system, and local and national leaders to address these fault lines in our democracy that threaten our nation's civic well-being.
ETS Research Spotlight (Issue 6): CBAL™ Results from Piloting Innovative K–12 Assessments
The sixth issue of ETS Research Spotlight focuses on a report highlighting our long-term Research & Development initiative — Cognitively Based Assessment of, for, and as Learning (CBAL)
State Pre-K Assessment Policies: Issues and Status
This report identifies and describes state-funded Pre-K assessment policies and programs operating in 2012 and discusses the special challenges related to assessing young children.
The Mission of the High School: A New Consensus of the Purposes of Public Education?
This report provides a perspective on a variety of issues that need to be addressed as the mission of the high school is being transformed to prepare all students for college and careers.
ETS Policy Notes — The Family: America's Smallest School
This issue of ETS Policy Notes provides highlights from the "Addressing Achievement Gaps" symposium held in Washington, D.C., on October 18, 2010.
ETS Policy Notes — A Look Inside the Fourth-Grade Reading Classroom
This issue of ETS Policy Notes provides an interesting and informative overview of some of the data collected for the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading assessment at the fourth-grade level.
ETS Policy Notes — After the Bell Rings: Learning Outside of the Classroom and Its Relationship to Student Academic Achievement
This issue of ETS Policy Notes provides highlights from the "Addressing Achievement Gaps" symposium held in Washington, D.C. on October 5 and 6, 2009.
R&D Connections
This publication from ETS's Research & Development team presents research in nontechnical language for educators and administrators.
Each issue highlights a particular area of research relevant to K–12 educators and discusses how it affects the field of education and offers possible real-world applications.
Some of our topics are:
- Why Bother with Research When We Have Common Sense?
by B. Bridgeman
R&D Connections No. 20
- Formative Assessment – Supporting Students' Learning
by C. Wylie & C. Lyon
R&D Connections No. 19
- Dropping Out of High School: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Remediation Strategies
by J. Burrus & R. D. Roberts
R&D Connections No. 18
- Setting Standards on The Praxis Series® Tests: A Multistate Approach
by R. J. Tannenbaum
R&D Connections No. 17
- Why Do Standardized Testing Programs Report Scaled Scores?
by X. Tan & R. Michel
R&D Connections No. 16
- Can Speech Technology Improve Assessment and Learning?
by I. I. Bejar
R&D Connections No. 15
- The Case for a Comprehensive, Four-Skills Assessment of English-Language Proficiency
by D. E. Powers
R&D Connections No. 14
- Constructed-Response Scoring — Doing it Right
by C. A. McClellan
R&D Connections No. 13
- Leveling the Field on Math and Science Tests for Students with Learning Disabilities
by E. Stone and L. Cook
R&D Connections No. 12
- Constructed-Response Test Questions: Why We Use Them; How We Score Them
by S. A. Livingston
R&D Connections No. 11
- Measuring Learning Outcomes in Higher Education
by O. L. Liu
R&D Connections No. 10
- What Does It Mean to Repurpose a Test?
by C. Wendler and D. Powers
R&D Connections No. 9
- Ensuring Valid Content Tests for English-language Learners
by J. W. Young
R&D Connections No. 8
- Standard Setting: What Is It? Why Is It Important?
by I. I. Bejar
R&D Connections No. 7
- The Practice of Comparing Scores on Different Tests
by N. J. Dorans
R&D Connections No. 6
- Is Test Score Reliability Necessary?
by M. E. Walker
R&D Connections No. 5
- The Facts About Subscores
by W. Monaghan
R&D Connections No. 4
- The Case for Noncognitive Assessments
by P. Kyllonen
R&D Connections No. 3
- E-rater® as a Quality Control on Human Scores
By W. Monaghan and B. Bridgeman
R&D Connections No. 2
- Testing and Time Limits
By B. Bridgeman, A. McBride, and W. Monaghan
R&D Connections No. 1
See also:
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ETS works closely with states and the consortia to bring technological innovations to K–12 assessment.
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Explore the big ideas in educational assessment. Sign up for K–12 Trends and Innovations, our new enewsletter at our ETS Email Preference Center.


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Wood High Chair - Various Colors
by Other | Item #: 252746 |
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About this itemThis commercial grade high chair features a wide pyramid design to prevent from tipping. Available in three colors: natural, walnut and mahogany.
This commercial grade high chair allows children to safely enjoy their meal with their parents. It comes with a stable wood chair, a safety harness strap and wide pyramid design to avoid tipping. It's easy to stack and store multiple high chairs. Simple assembly is required (installation tool included). Chair is ideal for commercial use only. Never leave your child unattended, to prevent from injury!
- Wood high chair
- Durable safety harness straps
- Wide pyramid design to prevent tipping
- Easy to stack and store multiple high chairs
- Simple assembly require
- Installation tool included
- Ideal for commercial use only
- Reliable manufacturer for over 25 years
- Available in natural, walnut and mahogany
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28.5" H x 20.4" W x 19.6" D
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Bravissimo has launched new ad campaign featuring the ladies who wear their bras.
The women, all different ages and sizes, have one thing in common – their boobs are DD or above, with their exact cup sizes proudly displayed in the TV and magazine ads which launched this week.
Bravissimo's Jo Lee says: "Our customers were saying they wanted normal women with normal shapes advertising our products so we listened to them." There are sure to be male fans of the bra-vellous new campaign out there too.
I have to wonder if they were inspired by the Embracing Real Beauty Dove campaign by Ogilvy...very similar concept. What do you think?
Very similar, but with Bravissimos product range the idea is a lot closer to their home. So to speak. They have a great range of shirts and super halter-tops, frankly I'd prefer to see that shown in ad campaigns, because heaven knows its almost impossible finding a shirt that stays shut when you have an ample bosom.
I like the idea of showing more and more "real" women in ads. I do wish, in this case, they had shot them better. It's just not a very good image and that takes away from the positive statement. One thing Dove got very right was the production values in its photography.
While I can see the idea is the inspired by Dove, I don't mind. It's taking it a step further and I agree, at least they're talking with real people in mind. Certainly not the Uber Sex Nazis who kill with a stare found in the Victoria's Secret spots.
Too true. The photography feels cheap.


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Magellan RoadMate 5220-LM 5" Touchscreen With Lifetime Maps
Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
- Additional discounts do not apply.
Magellan brings you the RoadMate 5220-LM. Enjoy the security of knowing your maps are always up to date by taking advantage of the Free Lifetime Map Updates feature, which allows you update your maps for free up to four times a year. There are many features to this Magellan RoadMate to make your trip effortless.
Traffic Camera Alerts by PhantomALERT are included at no additional cost. These audible and visual warnings alert you to fixed red light and speed cameras. This is verified crowd source data that you refresh on your unit by the free Content Manager from Magellan. You can even become one of the many reporters on the street by submitting your own discoveries or rating the reliability of the alerts you are shown. Premium content is available for an extra cost which includes black-spots (high accident areas), school zones, and dangerous intersections. Best Parking is another great feature which makes parking in the city a much easier affair. Also updated by Content Manager, Best Parking provides parking garage locations with both their hours of operation and their entrance location.
Other Features:
• Spoken Street Names: Hear the names of the streets called out in the voice navigation.
• Quickspell: Magellan's patented method of helping you enter in addresses correctly - even if you are not sure of the spelling.
• 7 Million Points of Interest: Make it easy to find gas stations, restaurants, ATMs, coffee shops, and much more.
• Highway Exit POIs: Find gas stations and rest areas along your route while you are navigating.
• Multi-Destination Routing: Plan your entire afternoon or driving vacation with all your stops in one route.
• Built-in Maps: A wealth of detail in millions of points of interest as you travel the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico.
• Automatic re-route: Missed the turn? It happens to the best of us. Quickly get back on track with auto re-route.
• Customizable Route Method: Select shortest distance, fastest time, most use of freeways, or least use of freeways.
• Address Book: You can definitely get there from here! Create and store personal points of interest, and skip repeated address entry.
• Auto Night View: Adjusts color and contrast for easy night viewing.


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I ordered some goodies from YS last week to be delivered to my office. I'm not a big sheng expert and learning about it at the moment, so I got two of the small cakes Scott has now and this tiny brick which provided me with 3 different things to sample without breaking the bank. USPS claims the package was delivered to my office this Saturday which is weird because no one is here. So the package is AWOL. Mailroom doesn't know where it is, USPS doesn't know where it is.
I have to say Scott was incredibly helpful and is resending my order which is so nice of him (and definitely ensuring I will order from him again!). But I am shengless for the time being. Gah.


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3M High-Capacity Maintenance Sorbent Roll
by 3M | Item #: 787603 | Model #: MMMMRL15150DD |
We're sorry, this item is not available in your selected Club. Check another Club
About this item
The perfect solution to large spills. Large size lets you quickly roll out the sorbent you need to cover large surfaces. May be easily cut to fit tight corners. Can also be used as a precaution in areas where large spills may occur. Provides increased fluid-holding capacity so less sorbent is used. Permits simple reclamation for recycling of valuable liquids and reuse of sorbent. Minimizes sorbent waste for disposal.
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The vaquita (Phocoena sinus) is a rare species of porpoise. It is endemic to the northern part of the Gulf of California. Estimates of the number of individuals alive range from 100 [2][3] to 300.[3] The word "vaquita" is Spanish for little cow.[4] Since the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) is believed to have gone extinct in 2006,[5] the vaquita has taken on the title of the most endangered cetacean in the world.[6]
Other names include cochito, desert porpoise, Gulf of California harbor porpoise, Gulf of California porpoise, and gulf porpoise.
Physical description[edit]
Vaquitas are the smallest and most endangered species of the cetacean order and are found only in the northern end of the Gulf of California. The vaquita is stocky and has a classic porpoise shape. The species is distinguishable by the dark rings surrounding their eyes, patches on their lips, and a line that extends from their dorsal fins to their mouth. Their back is a dark grey that fades to a white underside. As vaquitas mature, the shades of grey lighten. [7] Female vaquitas tend to grow to be a bit larger than the male. Females usually end up at a length of 140.6 cm, compared to the males 134.9 cm. The lifespan, pattern of growth, seasonal reproduction, and testis size of the vaquita are all similar to that of the harbour porpoise.[8] The flippers are proportionately larger than other porpoises' and the fin is taller and more falcate. The skull is smaller and the rostrum is shorter and broader than in other members of the genus. The females are discernible from the males due to their larger size.[7]
Vaquitas use high-pitched sounds to communicate with one another and for echolocation to navigate through their habitats. They generally seem to feed and swim at a leisurely pace. Vaquitas avoid all boats and are very evasive. They rise to breathe with a slow forward motion and then disappear quickly. This lack of activity at the surface makes them difficult to observe.[9] Vaquitas are usually alone unless they are accompanied by a calf,[10] meaning that they are less social than other dolphin species. They may also be more competitive during mating season.[11] They are the only species belonging to the porpoise family that live in warm waters.[12] Vaquitas are nonselective predators.[13]
Like other Phocoena, the vaquita are usually seen by themselves. If they are seen together, it is usually in small groups of 2 to 3 individuals.[7] Less often, groups of around 8 to 10 have been observed, with the most ever seen at once being 40 individuals.
Vaquitas tend to forage near lagoons.[7] All of the 17 fish species found in vaquita stomachs can be classified as demersal and or benthic species inhabiting relatively shallow water in the upper Gulf of California. Vaquitas appear to be rather nonselective feeders on small fish and squid in this area. Some of the most common prey are teleosts (fish with bony skeletons) such as grunts, croakers, and sea trout.[14] Like other cetaceans, vaquitas may use echolocation to locate prey. It also is possible they locate their prey by following the sounds of prey movement.[1]
Life cycle and reproduction[edit]
Little is known about the life cycle of vaquitas. Researchers are still determining things such as their age at sexual maturity, longevity, reproductive cycle and population dynamics. Estimates have been made but further research is needed to establish these values. Most of these estimates come from vaquitas that have been stranded or caught in nets. Some are based on other porpoise species similar to vaquitas.
It is believed that vaquitas live approximately 20 years in ideal conditions.[15][16] Vaquitas sexually mature at 1.3 meters, as early as 3 years but more likely at 6 years old. Reproduction occurs during late spring or early summer. Their gestation period is between 10 and 11 months. They have seasonal reproduction, and usually have one calf in March. The interbirth period, or elapsed time between offspring birth, is between 1 and 2 years. The young are then nursed for about 6 to 8 months until they are capable of fending for themselves.[17]
The habitat of the vaquita is restricted to the northern area of the Gulf of California, or Sea of Cortez.[4] Vaquitas live in shallow, murky lagoons along the shoreline. They rarely swim deeper than 30 meters and are known to survive in lagoons so shallow that their back protrudes above the surface. The vaquita is most often sighted in water 11 to 50 metres deep, 11 to 25 kilometres from the coast, over silt and clay bottoms. Vaquitas tend to choose habitats with turbid waters, due to the fact that they have high nutrient content.[1] The high nutrient content is important because it attracts the small fish, squid, and crustaceans that they feed on. They are able to withstand the significant temperature fluctuations characteristic of shallow, turbid waters and lagoons.
Vaquita have never been hunted directly, but it is known that the vaquita population is declining. The decline is largely due to animals becoming trapped in gillnets intended for capturing the totoaba, another species endemic to the Gulf. Estimates placed the vaquita population at 567 in 1997.[4] With their population dropping as low as 150 individuals in 2007 and possibly even lower today, inbreeding depression may have begun to affect the fitness of the species, potentially contributing to the population's further decline.[18]
The vaquita is considered the most endangered of 129 extant marine mammal species.[19] The vaquita has been classified as one of the top 100 Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) mammals in the world.[7] The vaquita is an evolutionarily distinct animal and has no close relatives. These animals represent more, proportionally, of the tree of life than other species, meaning they are top priority for conservation campaigns. The EDGE of Existence Programme is a conservation effort that attempts to help conserve endangered animals that represent large portions of their evolutionary trees. The U.S. government has listed the vaquita as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The vaquita is also listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in the Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in the most critical category at risk of extinction.
Primary threats[edit]
Studies performed in El Golfo de Santa Clara, one of the three major ports in which vaquitas live, indicated that gillnet fishing causes approximately 39 vaquita deaths a year. This is close to 17% of the whole vaquita population within this port. While these results were not taken from the entire range of habitat in which vaquitas live, it is reasonable to assume that these results can be applied to the whole vaquita population, and in fact may even be a little low.[20] Even with a gillnet ban throughout the vaquita refuge area, which contains 50% of the vaquita's habitat, the population is still in decline, which suggests a complete ban of gillnet use may be the only solution to saving the vaquita population.[21]
Other potential threats to the vaquita population include habitat alterations and pollutants. The habitat of the vaquita is small and the food supply in marine environments is affected by water quality and nutrient levels. The damming of the upper Colorado river has reduced the inflow of freshwater into the gulf, potentially affecting the vaquita.[15] In addition, the use of chlorinated pesticides may also have a detrimental effect. Despite these possible problems, it is important to note that most of the recovered bodies of the vaquitas show no signs of emaciation or environmental stressors,[15] implying that the decline in the vaquita population is due almost solely to bycatch. However these additional hazards may pose a long term threat.
Secondary impact of declining numbers[edit]
Though the major cause of vaquita porpoise mortality is bycatch in gillnets, as numbers continue to dwindle new problems will arise that will tend to make recovery more difficult. One such problem is reduced breeding rates. With fewer individuals in the habitat, there will be less contact between the different sexes and consequently less reproduction. This may be followed by increased inbreeding and reduced genetic variability in the gene pool, following the bottleneck effect.
When inbreeding depression occurs, the population experiences reduced fitness because deleterious recessive genes can manifest in the population. In small populations where genetic variability is low, individuals are more genetically similar. When the genomes of mating pairs are more similar, recessive traits appear more often in offspring. The more related two individuals are in the breeding pair, the more deleterious homozygous genes the offspring will likely have which can greatly lower fitness in the offspring.[22] It is important to note that these secondary impacts of dwindling vaquita numbers are not necessarily a threat yet, but they will become problematic if the vaquita population continues to decline.[23]
Ecological consequences[edit]
Removal of the vaquita will have a significant ecological impact on the northern Gulf of California. The Gulf of California is considered a large marine ecosystem, due to its high species diversity and large habitat size.[24] With such biodiversity in the region, it is important to consider the potentially harmful effects of drops in the vaquita population on seemingly unrelated species due to apparent competition.
Sharks have been determined to be the only predators of vaquitas. Due to its limited number of predator species, the vaquita population is sensitive to small changes in predation from sharks.[24] Although the vaquita accounts for only a small percentage of the diets of sharks in the region, extinction of the vaquita could potentially cause negative effects on shark population sizes. Extinction of the vaquita may also impact the vaquita prey populations in the northern Gulf ecosystem. The disappearance of the vaquita could lead to potential over-population of their prey species such as benthic fishes, squid, and crustaceans.[15]
Conservation efforts for the vaquita are mainly focused on fishing restrictions to prevent vaquita bycatch. These fishing restrictions could prove beneficial for the fish in the upper gulf as well as the vaquita. As a result of increased restrictions on gillnet use, the populations of the targeted fish and shrimp species will receive protection from overfishing.[25] Historically, numerous commercially fished species have experienced devastating impacts due to overfishing, and the vaquita conservation program may lessen the severity of such devastation in the future.[25] Another solution to prevent vaquita bycatch might be to redesigning fishing nets. A redesigned net could be used to effectively catch fish but leave the vaquita untouched.
Recovery efforts[edit]
Because vaquitas are indigenous to the Gulf of California, Mexico is predominantly leading conservation efforts with the creation of the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA), which has attempted to help prevent the accidental deaths of vaquita by outlawing the use of fishing nets within the vaquita's habitat.[7] CIRVA has worked together with the CITES, the ESA, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) to make a plan to nurse the vaquita population back to a point at which they can sustain themselves.[9] CIRVA concluded in 2000 that between 39 and 84 individuals are killed each year by such gillnets. In order to try to prevent extinction, the Mexican government has created a nature reserve covering the upper part of the Gulf of California and the Colorado River delta. CIRVA recommends that this reserve be extended southwards to cover the full known area of the vaquita's range and that trawlers be completely banned from the reserve area.
On October 28, 2008, Canada, Mexico, and the United States launched the North American Conservation Action Plan (NACAP) for the vaquita, under the jurisdiction of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), a NAFTA environmental organization.[26] The NACAP is a strategy to support Mexico's efforts to recover the vaquita. Also in 2008 Mexico launched the program PACE-VAQUITA, another effort to help preserve the species. PACE-VAQUITA compensates fishermen who choose one of three alternatives: rent-out, switch-out, and buy-out.
In the rent-out option fishermen acquire temporary contractual obligations to carry out conservation efforts. They are paid if they agree to terminated their fishing inside the vaquita refuge area.There is a penalty if fisherman breach the contract which includes getting their vessels taken by the government. The switch-out option provides fishermen with compensation for switching to vaquita-safe harvesting technology. Finally the buy-back program compensates fisherman for permanently turning in their fishing permits as well as their respective gear.[27] In 2008, because of how few fisherman were enrolling in the switch-out option, PACE Vaquita added a yearly, short-term option for fisherman. The fisherman could simply rent the vaquita safe fishing equipment yearly for compensation. Then, in 2010, this option was broken down even further. Fisherman now had the option of buying the vaquita-safe net, or they could do the yearly rent, but for less compensation.[16] Despite these efforts the probability that these attempts at conservation will work is slim. Only about a third of fishermen in the area have accepted to these terms so far. Some fishermen continue to fish in the protected areas despite the economic alternatives. Even measuring the population size of the vaquita will be difficult as the rarity of the vaquita bycatch will make it difficult to demonstrate the difference these programs are creating.[27]
See also[edit]
This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Vaquita" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.
- ^ a b c Rojas-Bracho, L., Reeves, R.R., Jaramillo-Legorreta, A. & Taylor, B.L. (2008). "Phocoena sinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
- ^ Mark Carwardine (1995). Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4053-5794-4. OCLC 31010070.
- ^ a b Aquarium Passport Book, Aquarium of the Pacific 2005
- ^ a b c "Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)". Encyclopedia of Endangered Species. Volume 1. Gale. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ Turvey, S.T.; Pitman, R.L., Taylor, B.L., Barlow, J., Akamatsu, T., Barrett, L.A., Zhao, X., Reeves, R.R., Stewart, B.S., Wang, K., Wei, Z., Zhang, X., Pusser, L.T., Richlen, M., Brandon, J.R. and Wang, D. (2007). "First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?". Biology Letters 3: 537–540. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. PMC 2391192. PMID 17686754.
- ^ Jaramillo-Legorreta, A.; Rojas-Bracho, L.; Brownell, R. L.; Read, A. J.; Reeves, R. R.; Ralls, K.; Taylor, B. L. (2007-11-15). "Saving the vaquita: immediate action, not more data". Conservation Biology: 1653–1655. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00825.x.
- ^ a b c d e f Barlow, J. (2014). "Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)". EDGE of Existence programme. Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ Hohn, A. A.; Read, A. J.; Fernandez, S.; Vidal, O.; Findley, L. T. (June 1996). "Life history of the vaquita, Phocoena sinus (Phocoenidae, Cetacea)". Journal of Zoology 239 (2): 235–251. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05450.x.
- ^ a b "Gulf of California Harbor Porpoise / Vaquita / Cochito (Phocoena sinus)". Species Information. NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. 2013-07-08. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "About the Vaquita". Save The Vaquita Project. January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "Vaquitas, Phocoena sinus ~ MarineBio.org". MarineBio Conservation Society. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "Basic Facts About Vaquitas". Wild Places and Wildlife. Defenders of Wildlife. 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ Rojas-Bracho, L. "Vaquita (P. sinus)". Species fact Sheets. Society for Marine Mammalogy. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ Rice, Danielle (2011-05-02). "About the Vaquita: An Endangered Animal". Vaquita: An Endangered Species. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
- ^ a b c d Rojas-Bracho, L.; Reeves, R. R.; Jaramillo-Legorreta, A. (2006-11-13). "Conservation of the vaquita Phocoena sinus". Mammal Review 36 (3): 179–216. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00088.x.
- ^ a b Avila-Forcada, S.; Martínez-Cruz, A. N. L.; Muñoz-Piña, C. (May 2012). "Conservation of vaquita marina in the Northern Gulf of California". Marine Policy 36 (3): 613–622. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.10.012.
- ^ Thomas A. Jefferson; Marc A. Webber; Robert L. Pitman (29 August 2011). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Identification. Academic Press. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-0-08-055784-7. OCLC 326418543.
- ^ Taylor, B. L.; Rojas-Bracho, L. (October 1999). "Examining the risk of inbreeding depression in a naturally rare cetacean, the vaquita (Phocoena sinus)". Marine Mammal Science 15 (4): 1004–1028. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00875.x.
- ^ Pompa, S.; Ehrlich, P. R.; Ceballos, G. (2011-08-16). "Global distribution and conservation of marine mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (33): 13600–13605. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101525108.
- ^ d'Agrosa, C.; Lennert-Cody, C. E.; Vidal, O. (August 2000). "Vaquita bycatch in Mexico's artisanal gillnet fisheries: driving a small population to extinction". Conservation Biology 14 (4): 1110–1119. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98191.x.
- ^ Gerrodette, T.; Taylor, B. L.; Swift, R.; Rankin, S.; Jaramillo-Legorreta, A. M.; Rojas-Bracho, L. (2011). "A combined visual and acoustic estimate of 2008 abundance, and change in abundance since 1997, for the vaquita, Phocoena sinus". Marine Mammal Science 27 (2): E79–E100. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00438.x.
- ^ CIRVA committee, Report of the Fourth Meeting of the International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA). IUCN. 2012
- ^ Rojas-Bracho, L.; Taylor, B. L. (October 1999). "Risk factors affecting the vaquita (Phocoena sinus)". Marine Mammal Science 15 (4): 974–989. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00873.x.
- ^ a b Díaz-Uribe, J. G.; Arreguín-Sánchez, F.; Lercari-Bernier, D.; Cruz-Escalona, V. C. H.; Zetina-Rejón, M. J.; Del-Monte-Luna, P.; Martínez-Aguilar, S. (2012-04-10). "An integrated ecosystem trophic model for the North and Central Gulf of California: An alternative view for endemic species conservation". Ecological Modelling 230: 73–91. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.01.009.
- ^ a b Elton, Catherine (November–December 2011). "Safety Net". Audubon 113 (6): 74–80. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "Recovering the Vaquita and Promoting Sustainable Local Livelihoods: Project Summary". Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ a b Gerrodette, T.; Rojas-Bracho, L. (2011-02-07). "Estimating the success of protected areas for the vaquita, Phocoena sinus". Marine Mammal Science 27 (2): E101–E125. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00449.x.
- Folkens, P. A.; Reeves, R. R.; et al. (2 April 2002). National Audubon Society guide to marine mammals of the world. A.A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41141-0. OCLC 47073007.
- Culik, B. (2010). "Phocoena sinus". Odontocetes: The toothed whales. UNEP/Convention on Migratory Species Secretariat. Retrieved 2014-01-20.


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Spring has sprung and the preowned aircraft business is still germinating. A slow and orderly recovery continues its linear track to the lowest inventory levels since the market peaked in the fourth quarter of 2008.
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In what is becoming an annual or semi-annual event, President Barack Obama signed a tax bill last December that extended "bonus" depreciation for purchases of new aircraft, including business jets. With each extension, the level of enthusiasm among aircraft buyers and manufacturers has dissipated to the point where new announcements are more soporific than stimulating.
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Conservation treatment
The following is a brief description of the stabilization of one of the exhibited ink wash drawings,"Skull of Diplodocus, lateral view", which needed conservation treatment in preparation for exhibition in the Dinofest 1998 art show, Drawn from the Earth. The illustration was moved to SCMRE for stabilization prior to exhibition. In addition to being unstable, it was dirty and discolored to a yellowish brown color, probably from long exposure to excessive light and humidity. The illustration was examined by a conservator, who recorded the drawing's description, condition and treatment needs on a treatment proposal form, as indicated below.
The illustration was composed of the black ink wash drawing and several notations in other media. These included the field accession number 1631and catalog number 1921 written in graphite pencil on the upper right corner. Stamps reading "From US National Museum Washington USA" in blue ink were impressed on the recto upper left corner perpendicular to the image and on the verso, diagonally near the center, of the illustration. The substrate of the illustration was characteristic of a mixed-pulped paper and had several features that appeared to be part of the original construction of the drawing. Pinholes located at the corners might indicate that the illustration had been attached to the table during tracing or on the wall for display. [Note: Ridgway, 1938, recommends that the drawing paper be "laid down with thumbtacks or dampened and pasted along the edges"]. Scratch lines around and in the "eye hole" areas of the image might have been made by the artist.
Surface cleaning - This is the first necessary step before other treatments. It minimizes abrasion from accretions and prevents dirt from being imbedded into paper fibers during subsequent wet treatment, such as washing or mending.
Mending - This closes tears and reinforces physical weakness caused by tears.
Filling - This inserts similar materials into losses to fill and strengthen the substrate.
Matting and Framing - This protects drawings from direct handling and harsh environments.
Initial Procedures Before Stabilization
Photodocumentation and Solubility Tests - Before starting stabilization, the condition of the illustration was documented using both color slides and black/white film (Fig. 13). [Note: This process was repeated again after the illustration was stabilized, so that there would be a permanent record of the drawing before and after stabilization.] The paper and ink were tested to record their properties and reactivity in response to various solvents. This initial process helped determine treatment methods. As a result of the testing, it was found that the blue ink used to stamp the drawing was extremely soluble in water.
Selection of an appropriate surface cleaning methods - Various cleaning methods were tested, such as using a soft hair brush, grated vinyl erasers, and a vinyl eraser block, on small areas of the verso. These procedures were carried out under a stereo microscope. The paper's surface was not extremely porous, so the grated vinyl eraser method was chosen because of its gentle, less abrasive cleaning properties.
Preparation for Filling - Three different types of Japanese tissue with similar textures to the drawing were selected for possible insert materials. Toning was necessary to match the color of the illustration. This process is primarily cosmetic; it allows the object to be viewed without visual disturbance.
The method of toning was as follows: acrylic pigments were mixed to a desired color and then diluted with water to form a solution in a tray. The selected Japanese tissues were floated on the colored acrylic solution in the tray for few seconds, followed by air-drying. The tissues were then rinsed using deionized water to remove loose pigment particles, then dried again under blotters and weight.
Because the insert tissue is much thinner than the illustration's paper substrate, several pieces of tissues were laminated (adhered together) to the same thickness as the illustration in order to be more compatible with the drawing. Adhesion was done using dilute wheat starch paste.
Stabilization Procedures
Surface Cleaning - The illustration was surface cleaned using grated vinyl erasers and a soft hair brush on non-image areas. Eraser crumbs were brushed off to prevent abrasive and discoloring residues being left on the illustration. Cleaning was carried out cautiously around areas of image, pencil marks, and tears to avoid removing any original markings or further damaging tear areas.
Mending - Mending and filling were carried out on a light table. During mending, the illustration was placed on the top of the light table to align tears and close gaps using wheat starch paste applied by tipping in spots of paste with a fine-pointed brush. After the tears were aligned, a mending strip of feathered, pasted Japanese tissue was placed on the verso to reinforce each tear.
Filling - Selected laminated tissue was laid on the top of the polyester film, which was placed between the illustration and the repaired tissues. The outlines of losses were traced using a dull needle on a light table. After tracing, the excess part of the laminated tissue was torn away and the shaped fill was then aligned and inserted into the loss area using wheat starch paste. Because the repaired areas looked very clean and new, "cosmetic surgery" to tone down the edge of repair was conducted using pastels and a paper stump.
Matting and Framing - The illustration was attached to a backboard of acid-free archival quality matboard using Japanese tissue and wheat starch paste. The attachment method, called a T-hinge, consisted of two strips of tissue representing the stem and cross-bar of a "T". Two small vertical rectangles of Japanese tissue were adhered with dilute wheat starch paste along the top edge of the verso of the illustration to form the stems of the T-hinges. The drawing and hinges were then aligned on the backboard. Each hinge stem was secured to the backboard by overlaying it with a pasted and larger horizontal cross-bar of Japanese tissue. This allows the drawing to be removed from its backboard at some future date by cutting around the stem of its hinge. The illustrations were sent back to the Paleobiology department for framing using UV filtering plexiglas and an aluminum frame.
After it was matted and framed, the drawing of "Skull of Diplodocus, lateral view" as well as the drawing of "skull of Diplodocus, posterior view", and the drawing of "skull of Diplodocus anterior view" were shipped by a fine arts moving van for exhibition in the Dinofest art exhibit.


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Congenital Heart Defect Awareness
Congenital heart defects threaten the lives of 40,000 newborns every year in the U.S.
In Michigan alone, more than 1,700 babies are born with a heart defect each year. To help bring awareness to this, the American Heart Association in conjunction with the Michigan Department of Community Health has officially proclaimed the second week of February a week to better educate residents of the symptoms and treatments of Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) and bring more attention to preventive measures and existing treatments.
Congenital heart defects are structural problems with the heart present at birth.
They result when a mishap occurs during heart development soon after conception and often before the mother is aware that she is pregnant. Defects range in severity from simple problems, such as "holes" between chambers of the heart, to very severe malformations, such as complete absence of one or more chambers or valves.
The Heart Association wants new parents to know, there is a simple inexpensive screening that hospitals can do on all newborns.
A pulse oximetry screening test, or more commonly known as a Pulse Ox test, can show if there is a potential problem with a newborn's heart. It can be helpful in diagnosing undetected critical congenital heart defects. All parents should request that this screening be completed on their newborn while in the hospital.
Congenital Heart Defect Awareness Week is be held every Feb. 7-14 each year, the second week of American Heart Month.
The week is sponsored by the Congenital Heart Information Network and the American Heart Association.
About Congenital Heart Defects
The word "congenital" means existing at birth. The terms "congenital heart defect" and "congenital heart disease" are often used to mean the same thing, but "defect" is more accurate.
The heart ailment is a defect or abnormality, not a disease. A defect results when the heart or blood vessels near the heart don't develop normally before birth.
Common types of defects
Congenital heart defects are structural problems arising from abnormal formation of the heart or major blood vessels. At least 18 distinct types of congenital heart defects are recognized, with many additional anatomic variations. Recent progress in diagnosis and treatment (surgery and heart catheterization) makes it possible to fix most defects, even those once thought to be hopeless.
The Outlook
If a child is born with a heart defect today, the chances are better than ever that the problem can be overcome and that a normal adult life will follow. As diagnosis and treatment continue to advance, scientists will develop better treatments for these and other defects.
Understand the Risk
Up to 1.3 million Americans alive today have some form of congenital heart defect. In the United States, about 36,000 children are born with a heart defect each year. At least nine of every 1,000 infants born each year have a heart defect. The causes of congenital heart disease are still under investigation, but scientists and physicians are making progress.
Causes of Heart Defects
Many times, experts don't know the exact cause of most heart defects. Although the reason defects occur is presumed to be genetic, only a few genes have been discovered that have been linked to the presence of heart defects. So they're likely due to a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors. There's usually a 2 to 15 percent chance of a heart defect happening again in the family. The odds depend on what type of defect the parents have and whether anyone else in the family has a heart defect.
Symptoms & Diagnosis
Congenital heart defects are often diagnosed in infancy, or even before birth. But some defects are harder to detect than others and may not be diagnosed until much later in childhood or even adulthood.
Diagnosing Children
Severe heart disease generally becomes evident during the first few months after birth. Some babies are blue or have very low blood pressure shortly after birth. Other defects cause breathing difficulties, feeding problems, or poor weight gain. Minor defects are most often diagnosed on a routine medical check up. Minor defects rarely cause symptoms. While most heart murmurs in children are normal, some may be due to defects.
If the heart problem is significant, the child's pediatrician or family physician will likely refer the child to a pediatric cardiologist. They have the training and equipment to find out what tests and treatments the child will need, and how often your child will need heart checkups in the future.
Care and Treatment
Not all people with congenital heart defects require treatment. Some may only need to be observed and visit their cardiologist. In other cases, surgery or a cardiac catheterization may be needed to reduce the effects of and/or repair the defect. Even when a defect is treated as a child, further conditions may develop that would benefit from additional medical treatment.


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Dow Books 10-Day Winning Streak as S&P Nears All-Time High
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- The Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its tenth-straight winning session for the first time since 1996, and the S&P 500 neared its all-time high on Thursday after a drop in last week's jobless claims bolstered confidence in the world's largest economy.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 83.86 points, or 0.58%, to 14,539.14.
The S&P 500 climbed 0.56% to 1,563.25, to inch within 2 points of its record closing level of 1,565.15 reached in October 2007. The Nasdaq closed up 0.43% to 3,258.93.
"Here it is, 2013, and basically the question I would have is: what took so long?" said Doug Cote, chief market strategist at ING Investment Management U.S., when asked about the S&P 500 nearing its all-time highs on Thursday. "It's a glaring case of why you should own other asset classes other than the big, mega-cap indices, because the smaller cousins are trouncing it."
Among the top performers on the S&P 500 were a trio of energy companies that spiked higher on rising natural gas prices. Shares of WPX Energy (WPX) jumped 4.9% to $16.79, Chesapeake Energy (CHK) gained 5.2% to $22.52 and shares of Noble Energy (NBL) climbed 1.5% to $115.98.
Crude traded in New York gained 51 cents to settle at $93.03, the highest settlement price since Feb. 25.
The equities rally, which began on March 1 punctuated by positive economic data, has given Washington policymakers reason to cheer, said Paul Pagnato, managing director and partner at Hightower's Pagnato-Karp Group, which oversees more than $2 billion in client assets.
The rally "gives confidence that what our federal banking system and our government has done as well as the rest of the world's intervention, is working,'' Pagnato told TheStreet in interview on March 11.
The Labor Department reported Thursday that the number of people who have filed to receive unemployment insurance benefits fell by 10,000 to 332,000 in the week ended March 9 from an upwardly revised 342,000 the prior week. Economists, on average, were expecting initial jobless claims of 350,000.
Men's Wearhouse (MW) surged 19% to $34.62 after the Houston-based retailer said it was exploring the sale of its K&G operations, which sells clothing for men, women and children. Men's Wearhouse hired Jefferies & Co. to evaluate strategic alternatives for K&G.
Chevron(CVX) shares were rising 1.4% to $120, hitting a new 52-week high Thursday after a number of analysts on Wednesday expressed confidence in the ability of the U.S.' second largest oil company to achieve ambitious production and development goals following its analyst conference on Tuesday.
eBay (EBAY) shares were popping 1.6% to $51.80 after Evercore Partners analyst Ken Sena upgraded the stock to "overweight" from "equal-weight" in reaction to a selloff Wednesday of eBay shares on worries that the company's online payments service unit PayPal would be hurt by Mastercard's (MA) plan to raise fees on digital wallet transactions.


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Make the saw easier to work with an air ratchet
Because of rotator-cuff pain, Club member Farrell Eaves of Signal Mountain, Tennessee, found it difficult to tilt the heavy arbor of his table saw. To make the job easier and far less painful, he removed the hand wheel and welded a 1/2-in. drive socket in its place. Now he uses an air ratchet whenever he needs to adjust the arbor. Brought to you by: American Profile


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Bill Kauffman
Manager, Media Relations and Publications
Phone: 719-228-6800
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Unofficial DataVolley Stats - Official Stats
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (June 22, 2010) – The U.S. Women's National Volleyball Team defeated host Mexico 25-14, 25-16, 25-15 Tuesday evening on the final day of pool competition at the IX Women's Pan American Cup being held in Tijuana and Rosarita, Mexico.
Team USA finished Pool B in first place with a perfect 5-0 record to earn a berth directly into the semifinals on June 25. Cuba captured Pool A with a 4-0 record and has secured a semifinal berth. With South American teams Peru and Argentina facing each other in one quarterfinal match on June 24 and the winner advancing to the semifinals, the U.S. has guaranteed itself as one of the top three finishing teams from NORCECA to gain a berth into the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix. The other quarterfinal match will have Dominican Republic facing Puerto Rico.
Mexico led 6-4 early in the opening set, but the U.S. answered with a 14-4 run to grab an 18-10 advantage and cruised to the 25-14 set victory. In the second set, the Americans scored three unanswered points to break a 5-all tie and used a 4-0 scoring run to assume an 18-11 advantage in taking the second set 25-16. Team USA rattled off the first five points of the third set, then used a 4-0 scoring run to break free from an 8-6 advantage to cruise to a 25-15 victory.
"We are ready to practice tomorrow and the day after tomorrow," U.S. Women's National Team Head Coach Hugh McCutcheon (Christchurch, New Zealand) said in reference to receiving consecutive days off from competition by winning the pool. "Now we have to focus in the next phase of the competition."
The Pan American Cup is a qualifying event into the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix. The top three teams from NORCECA during the Pan American Cup earn berths into the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix, while the top side from South America also earns a berth.
Megan Hodge (Durham, N.C.), who missed the previous two matches of the tournament to attend and ultimately accept as co-recipient of the Honda-Broderick Cup award for the top collegiate female athlete for 2009-2010, led Team USA with 10 kills on 23 attacks and two aces for 12 points. Nancy Metcalf (Hull, Iowa) chipped in eight kills on 16 attacks and a team-high three blocks for 11 points. Heather Bown (Yorba Linda, Calif.) contributed nine points via five kills on 11 swings, two blocks and two aces. Foluke Akinradewo (Plantation, Fla.) carded five kills on eight attacks to go with two blocks and an ace for eight points. Jordan Larson (Hooper, Neb.) tacked on all six of her points on kills from 15 attacks. Cynthia Barboza (Long Beach, Calif.) contributed all four of her points in playing just the third set with three kills and a block. Ogonna Nnamani (Bloomington, Ill.) was a reserve in all three sets, but still put up four kills during the match. Alisha Glass (Leland, Mich.) rounded out the U.S. scoring with two blocks and a kill for three points.
"We are happy with the victory and it was good to win 3-0," said Metcalf, who is serving as the team captain during the tournament. "We have to work to continue to improve and make our team better."
Metcalf led the U.S. defense with seven digs to go with eight excellent service receptions on 13 attempts, while Stacy Sykora (Burleson, Texas) added three digs and a team-high nine excellent service receptions on 16 attempts. Glass piled up 23 running sets on 56 total attempts as the U.S. converted 45.7 percent of its kill attempts with a .337 hitting efficiency (42-11-92) with her running the offense.
McCutcheon started Glass at setter, Metcalf at opposite, Akinradewo and Bown at middle blocker, and Larson and Hodge at outside hitter. Sykora was the designated libero for the match. Barboza started the third set in place of Larson. Nnamani and Courtney Thompson (Kent, Wash.) were part of double-switches in all three sets.
Team USA out-blocked Mexico 10-1 and held a 5-0 service ace advantage during the match. Further, the U.S. managed a 42-25 advantage in kills for the match. The Americans also enjoyed a slim 18-13 margin in team digs, but Mexico had 27 excellent service receptions during the match to USA's 24. The U.S. held Mexico to a 25.8 kill percent and .124 hitting efficiency (25-13-97).
Andrea Rangel paced Mexico in the loss with 11 points, while Samantha Bricio added 10 points. Mexico was using its women's junior national team in preparation for the upcoming NORCECA Women's Junior Continental Championship that will be held July 6-11 in Tijuana, Mexico.
"It was the best match for us in the competition" Mexican Claudia Rodriguez said. "To play against a team of USA's caliber is of great help for our young players."
"I agree with Claudia about this being the best match for us," Mexico Head Coach Jose Bernal said. "I liked the attitude and a lot of positive things from our girls."
Earlier today in Pool B, Peru finished the group in second place with a 4-1 record after defeating Costa Rica (0-5) 25-7, 25-7, 25-9. Puerto Rico finished third with a 3-2 record in pool play with a 25-18, 25-19, 25-18 victory over Trinidad & Tobago (2-3). Both Peru and Puerto Rico will compete in the quarterfinal round on June 24, while Costa Rica and Trinidad & Tobago fall into the classification round matches.
In Pool A, Cuba finished the group with a 4-0 record following its 23-25, 25-23, 25-15, 25-22 victory over third-place Argentina (2-2). Dominican Republic concluded pool play in second place with a 3-1 record after its 23-25, 25-20, 25-23, 25-14 victory over Canada (0-4). Brazil (1-3) was idle on the final day of pool competition. Cuba advances directly to the semifinals on June 25, while Dominican Republic and Argentina advance to the quarterfinals on June 24.
Mexico scored the first two points of the opening set. Consecutive Mexico errors tied the set at 4-all, but it bounced back with the next two points to regain a 6-4 advantage. Bown and Metcalf scored back-to-back kills to knot the score at 6-all, then Akinradewo pounded a kill on the slide to give the U.S. a 7-6 lead. Glass took an overpass and directed for a kill to yield an American 8-6 margin at the first technical timeout. Mexico hit wide and long on consecutive attacks to produce the fifth and sixth straight points for the U.S. at 10-6. Mexico collected back-to-back points to close to 10-8. Larson nailed a kill and Akinradewo and Metcalf put up consecutive blocks to stretch the lead to 13-8. Larson launched a back-row kill after a Mexico service error to increase the American advantage to 16-10 at the second technical timeout. Out of the break, Bown added to the run with a block and Mexico followed with an error at 18-10. Team USA extended its advantage to 20-11 with a Metcalf kill and Mexico error leading to the host team's second timeout of the set. Out of the break, Hodge hit a cross-court winner to increase the lead to 21-11. Hodge slammed a kill followed by a Bown block to put the score at 23-12. Mexico notched consecutive points to slice the deficit to 23-14, but Larson found open space for a kill and Mexico sent an attack long to end the set at 25-14. Bown turned in four points in the opening set as the American defense provided four blocks. Mexico committed eight other errors in the set.
The U.S. scored three consecutive points to take an 8-5 advantage into the second set's first technical timeout after Glass put down a kill on the second touch, Bown served an ace and Mexico could not receive cleanly Bown's following serve. Mexico sliced the deficit to one at 9-8. After a Mexico service error, Akinradewo stuffed a Mexico attack at 11-8. Team USA extended its advantage to four points at 13-9 with a Metcalf kill after a Mexico error. The U.S. went into the second technical timeout up 16-11 after a Larson kill and Hodge ace. Mexico attacked long out of the break and Nnamani slammed a kill to stretch the U.S. lead to 18-11. Larson hammered a kill and Metcalf claimed a block at 21-13. Hodge gave the Americans set point at 24-16 with a kill, and Mexico followed immediately with an attack that sailed wide at 25-16. Middle blockers Akinradewo and Bown had four points apiece in the second set to combine for eight points out of the middle.
Team USA gained a 5-0 lead to start the third set with three kills from Hodge, a Metcalf spike and Bown block. Mexico scored back-to-back points to cut the deficit to 5-2. Mexico continued its charge by cutting the gap to two points at 7-5. Barboza and Metcalf scored kills followed by a Mexico error and Barboza block to push the USA lead to 12-6. The U.S. went into the second technical timeout leading 16-9 after a Hodge and Barboza hammered kills. Mexico scored three consecutive points out of the break to whittle the deficit to 16-12. Nnamani answered with consecutive kills of their own and Hodge followed with an ace forcing Mexico to call timeout down 19-12. Barboza and Hodge took care of consecutive attacks for kills to send the score to 22-14. Akinradewo hammered a quick attack for a kill and Mexico followed with an attack error to yield match points at 24-15. Hodge ended the match with a kill at 25-15, her eighth point of the set.
U.S. Women's National Team Press Kit for Pan American Cup
Additional information on the event can be found on the USA Volleyball Pan American Cup event page at usavolleyball.org/events/3057.
U.S. Women's National Team Roster for 2010 Pan American Cup
# - Name (Pos, Ht, Hometown, College)
1 - Ogonna Nnamani (OH, 6-1, Bloomington, Ill., Stanford)
2 - Alisha Glass (S, 6-0, Leland, Mich., Penn State)
3 - Christa Harmotto (MB, 6-2, Aliquippa, Pa., Penn State)
5 - Stacy Sykora (L, 5-10, Burleson, Texas, Texas A&M)
6 - Tamari Miyashiro (L, 5-7, Kaneohe, Hawaii, Washington)
7 - Heather Bown (MB, 6-3, Yorba Linda, Calif., Hawaii)
8 - Cynthia Barboza (OH, 6-0, Long Beach, Calif., Stanford)
11 - Jordan Larson (OH, 6-2, Hooper, Neb., Nebraska)
12 - Nancy Metcalf (OPP, 6-1, Hull, Iowa, Nebraska)
15 - Courtney Thompson (S, 5-8, Kent, Wash., Washington)
16 - Foluke Akinradewo (MB, 6-3, Plantation, Fla., Stanford)
18 - Megan Hodge (OH, 6-3, Durham, N.C., Penn State)
Head Coach: Hugh McCutcheon (Christchurch, New Zealand)
Assistant Coach: Karch Kiraly (San Clemente, Calif.)
Assistant Coach: Paula Weishoff (Irvine, Calif.)
Athletic Trainer/Medical Support: Jill Wosmek (Silver Lake, Minn.)
Technical Coordinator: Jamie Morrison
Team Leader: Mary Wise
International Referee: Julie Voeck
IX Women's Pan American Cup
June 18-26, 2010 * Tijuana and Rosarita, Mexico
(All Times Listed as Pacific Time)
Final Pool Standings
Pool A: 1. Cuba 4-0; 2. Dominican Republic 3-1; 3. Argentina 2-2; 4. Brazil 1-3; 5. Canada 0-4
Pool B: 1. USA 5-0; 2. Peru 4-1; 3. Puerto Rico 3-2; 4. Trinidad & Tobago 2-3; 5. Mexico 1-4; 6. Costa Rica 0-5
Pool A
June 18: Argentina def. Canada 22-25, 25-20, 25-22, 19-25, 15-11 (at Rosarita)
June 18: Cuba def. Brazil 27-25, 23-25, 25-17, 25-21 (at Tijuana)
June 19: Dominican Republic def. Brazil 25-14, 16-25, 25-19, 25-23 (at Tijuana)
June 19: Cuba def. Canada 21-25, 25-19, 25-21, 25-19 (at Rosarita)
June 20: Argentina def. Brazil 25-13, 25-15, 25-22 (at Rosarita)
June 20: Cuba def. Dominican Republic 31-29, 23-25, 25-19, 23-25, 15-12 (at Tijuana)
June 21: Brazil def. Canada 25-21, 28-26, 25-21 (at Rosarita)
June 21: Dominican Republic def. Argentina 25-14, 27-25, 26-28, 25-20 (at Tijuana)
June 22: Dominican Republic def. Canada 23-25, 25-20, 25-23, 25-14 (at Rosarita)
June 22: Cuba def. Argentina 23-25, 25-23, 25-15, 25-22 (at Tijuana)
Pool B
June 18: USA def. Peru 27-25, 25-22, 25-17 (at Tijuana)
June 18: Puerto Rico def. Costa Rica 25-13, 25-15, 25-19 (at Rosarito)
June 18: Trinidad & Tobago def. Mexico 25-21, 25-15, 25-23 (at Tijuana)
June 19: USA def. Puerto Rico 25-13, 25-17, 25-14 (at Tijuana)
June 19: Trinidad & Tobago def. Costa Rica 25-15, 25-22, 25-21 (at Rosarito)
June 19: Peru def. Mexico 25-17, 25-7, 25-21 (at Tijuana)
June 20: Peru def. Puerto Rico 25-21, 25-22, 25-14 (at Tijuana)
June 20: USA def. Trinidad & Tobago 25-17, 25-9, 25-11 (at Rosarito)
June 20: Mexico def. Costa Rica 25-17, 15-25, 25-14, 25-14 (at Tijuana)
June 21: Peru def. Trinidad & Tobago 25-18, 25-23, 25-15 (at Tijuana)
June 21: USA def. Costa Rica 25-11, 25-10, 25-2 (at Rosarito)
June 21: Puerto Rico def. Mexico 25-22, 25-14, 25-15 (at Tijuana)
June 22: Peru def. Costa Rica 25-7, 25-7, 25-9 (at Tijuana)
June 22: Puerto Rico def. Trinidad & Tobago 25-18, 25-19, 25-18 (at Rosarito)
June 22: USA def. Mexico 25-14, 25-16, 25-14 (at Tijuana)
Classification Matches (Match Times Subject to Change to Accommodate Host)
June 24: Peru (2B) vs. Argentina (3A), 5 p.m., at Tijuana (Match 28)
June 24: Dominican Republic (2A) vs. Puerto Rico (3B), 7 p.m., at Tijuana (Match 29)
Classification 5-10
June 24: Brazil (4A) vs. Mexico (5B), 4 p.m. at Rosarita (Match 26)
June 24: Trinidad & Tobago (4B) vs. Canada (5A), 6 p.m. at Rosarita (Match 27)
Classification 5-8
June 25: Winner Match 26 or 27 vs. Loser Match 28 or 29, 3 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 32)
June 25: Winner Match 26 or 27 vs. Loser Match 28 or 29, 6 p.m. at Rosarita (Match 31)
June 25: USA (1B) vs. Winner Match 28 or 29, 5 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 33)
June 25: Cuba (1A) vs. Winner Match 28 or 29, 7 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 34)
Classification 9-10
June 25: Loser Match 26 vs. Loser Match 27, 4 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 30)
Classification 7-8
June 26: Loser Match 31 vs. Loser Match 32, 1 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 35)
Classification 5-6
June 26: Winner Match 31 vs. Winner Match 32, 3 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 36)
June 26: Loser Match 33 vs. Loser Match 34, 5 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 37-Bronze)
June 26: Winner Match 33 vs. Winner Match 34, 7 p.m. at Tijuana (Match 38-Gold)


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S3 Graphics – the No.1 graphics company of the mid nineties and a partly-owned subsidiary of VIA Technologies these days – announces tomorrow its first design win for the DeltaChrome graphics processors with DirectX 9.0 support. Club 3D, a well-known company to adopt promising technologies, will sell some new S3 products in the European Union.
"We are very pleased with Club 3D's selection of our DeltaChrome graphics processor," said Nadeem Mohammad, Product Marketing Manager, S3Graphics.
Club-3D's first DeltaChrome graphics card will feature 256MB DDR SDRAM memory, D-Sub, DVI and TV-Out connectors. It will be based on the most powerful and feature-rich version of DeltaChrome graphics processors – the F1 – with 8 rendering pipelines with one TMU per each, Advanced Pixel and Vertex Shaders beyond DirectX 9.0 specs, some memory bandwidth saving technologies, multi-display capabilitie, 400MHz RAMDAC integrated, integrated TV-Out controller, TMDS transmitter and so on, support for 480p / 720p / 1080i / 1080p HDTV resolutions via component (YPbPr) output, 480i standard TV output via S-video and composite output, programmable video engine and AGP 8x support.
Besides the flagship F1, S3 Graphics is also expected to offer DeltaChrome S8, DeltaChrome S4, Delta Chrome M128 and some other products at different price-points.
Unfortunately for VIA and S3, the DeltaChrome products will appear on the market a year after the announcement nearly 1.5 years after the first DirectX 9.0 supporting graphics card – ATI RADEON 9700 PRO – started to sell.
Performance and driver quality of S3 DeltaChrome products is something analysts are extremely curious about. As we know from the past, products with buggy drivers, low performance and image quality are not adopted widely on the market. Another concern for S3 is the shady future of the DeltaChrome part – particularly S3's ability to release PCI Express x16-supporting GPUs.
The DeltaChrome-based Club 3D graphics card will be available online and from leading retailers in


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Topic: Using file_column with multiple models
I'm setting up a Rails app with a basic CMS.
I have two models that at times may have associated images - Release and Event. In the CMS, I would like to give the administrator the option to associate one or more images when adding a release or event, in the same form.
My question is how to best set up the database schema and MVC to make this work.
Thanks in advance for any suggestions.


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Star Quiz Level 11 Tips and Strategies
- App name: Star Quiz - guess the celebrity!
- Developer: Mangoo Games
- Genre: Trivia
- Release: Jul 23, 2013
If you are stuck on Star Quiz - guess the celebrity! level 11 you came to the right place. Below you will find a video walkthrough and some written tips that will guide you through that level. Have fun and enjoy this great game.
Level 11 Walkthrough
This page contains Star Quiz - guess the celebrity! video walkthroughs for iOS (iPhone/iPad) called "- guess the celebrity! answer" and has been uploaded on TheGameAnswers official channel at Dec 12, 2014.
Still need help with this level? Here you can ask questions and discuss with other Star Quiz users.
Hit like if this helped you!
Stuck on some levels in Star Quiz? This walkthrough can help you finish the game.


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This Sunday, March 24, is World Tuberculosis (TB) Day. Around the world, countries will mark the day in 1882 when Dr. Robert Koch announced his discovery of the bacterium that causes TB. Since the 1980s, this day has also served as a rallying call to raise public awareness and recommit political will toward eliminating the disease.
Today, TB is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa-accounting for 1,000 lives lost each day. Given this enormous human toll, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) continues to address the deadly links between TB and HIV as a top policy and programmatic priority.
In November 2012, the Obama Administration released the PEPFAR Blueprint for Creating an AIDS-Free Generation. The Blueprint, which demonstrates in detail the United States' unwavering commitment, through PEPFAR, to helping end AIDS, outlines specific implementation steps to prevent and treat TB and HIV co-infection. The Blueprint also highlights PEPFAR's ongoing commitment to strengthen the capacity of partner countries efforts to address these dual epidemics, as they move ever closer to achieving an AIDS-free generation.
Today, while 79 percent of the total global burden of HIV-positive TB cases is found in sub-Saharan Africa, the tide of hope is rising. Through a combination of widespread antiretroviral treatment (ART), early identification and treatment of TB, isoniazid preventive therapy, and infection control activities, TB infection rates can be reduced dramatically. Ending HIV-associated TB is no longer merely aspirational, it is achievable.
To help makes this promise a reality, PEPFAR works closely with national TB and AIDS programs, multilateral institutions including the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and other partners to strengthen systems that address TB and HIV. Over the past five years, PEPFAR funding for TB/HIV collaborative activities has increased by more than eight-fold. High rates of HIV testing among TB patients are being reported in many of the countries where PEPFAR works. In 2011, 59 percent of reported TB patients in Africa had a reported HIV test, compared with less than 4 percent in 2003.
These efforts have contributed substantially to the estimated 1.3 million lives that were saved from 2005-2011 through collaborative TB/HIV interventions. Moreover, from 2009-2011, TB-related AIDS deaths in Africa declined by 15 percent compared with 10 percent over the prior four years. The pace of progress toward ending HIV-associated TB mortality is accelerating, but more work remains to reach the finish line.
PEPFAR also supports efforts to scale up the Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF test, a new fully automated molecular diagnostic test for TB. This test enables TB/HIV programs to diagnose TB more quickly, which helps to reduce TB transmission and slow the progression of TB disease. In short, it helps save lives. In August 2012, PEPFAR and USAID partnered with UNITAID and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in an innovative public-private partnership to reduce the cost of Xpert MTB/RIF cartridges by 40 percent (from $16.86 to $9.98 per cartridge). This partnership will accelerate access to this cutting-edge technology in the 145 countries eligible for this pricing.
While confronting TB and HIV remains a considerable challenge, we are collectively turning the tide of these dual epidemics. To help achieve an AIDS-free generation, PEPFAR will continue its efforts to prevent and treat TB/HIV co-infection, and to strengthen the systems and tools needed to manage both diseases. On this World TB Day, let us all recommit to saving even more lives in 2013 by keeping our focus firmly on the intersection between TB and HIV.


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I cooked it at 650 and it turned out great.
Is that your dome temp or your stone temp? I wonder if anybody on the forums has had success with keeping the temps of both the stone and the dome in sync. I usually end up with a 150F - 200F difference right after the first pie is put in. By the time I'm cooking my third pie, it's taking 10 minutes to finish the top instead of the first pie's 3-4 minutes. Not a big deal, but a little frustrating none the less.I have a large BGE, plate setter feet down, two-inch high stable pie pan, then BGE 14" stone.In a typical wood fired pizza oven, what is the normal temp difference between the floor and the upper dome? I realize that the top spot of the dome is the hottest and is used many times to put that final char on the pie.
Hey Fred, I was just thinking there is one setup no one has reported testing yet, and you're probably the best to do it due to your access to the gear How about a 12" pizza stone in a large egg? Probably a smaller plate setter too (or something rigged up). I don't think we have a problem bringing the stone to temperature. The issue is usually the dome being cooler and the pizza not cooking evenly. I'm thinking the smaller stone would allow better heat circulation. Please remember to reduce your dough weight for the smaller pie
. . . at our store, we have been baking pizza every wednesday for months testing various BGE setups for making pizza ... we've also burned through a lot of gaskets !
I've had my Egg for over a year now and can honestly say that I can cook a MEAN steak or tenderloin. I've been trying to use the Egg for pizza and have had nothing but frustration. Today, my Mom came by to visit the grandkids and to have pizza for dinner (my modified JerryMac NY pizza dough was already in the fridge). Every pie I've cooked on the Egg includes a FULL firebox of lump (about 4 pounds), the platesetter set feet up, the grid on top of the platesetter, and the BGE stone on top of the grid. After an hour the stone was up to 500F. But, the dome temp was around 350F. WTF?What methods have you fellow BGE'ers used to get your stone to 500F+ with a respectable dome temp? The pizzas made were very good, but had little to no topside char.I've had my Egg over 800F dome temp many times for meat searing. How can I get those dome temps without heating the stone too much? Check out my blog below to see what happened when I had my stone heated to 800F. Not good.Do we eliminate the platesetter and raise the grid with fire bricks? Please help. I want at least a 600F dome temp and a 500F to 550F stone temp. Any ideas?Grazie.
I have baked some on the Primo XL Oval with pretty good success. Once I get completely satisifed with my BGE setup / etc. I will move onto the Oval. I have a couple of ideas of how to utilize it's oval shape ...I'll post here when / as I get to it. How do you setup your Primo for pizza?
Gtsum, no doubt you have many recipes in mind. They are everywhere. I did come up with a rather simple NY pizza recipe you can try if you don't already have one and looking. You can read about it here.http://www.pizzamaking.com/forum/index.php/topic,10789.0.html
Incidentally, I tried using isopropyl alcohol to light the lump for the first time after seeing some guy's video on You Tube. It's an awesome method if you want a quick start. The heat that comes from the alcohol burning is insane. Never use more than 3 ounces though. You really want to get the liquid down into the center of the lump rather than all over the top of the pile.After lighting the alcohol (that was injected into the lump pile) and then closing the dome lid, the dome temp went from its lowest setting to about 700F in about 8 seconds. After the alcohol burns off the temp will quickly return to about 175F and will constantly climb up from there. I was up to a 600F+ dome temp in about 35 minutes.It works really good, but keep it away from children!Here's a link to the guy's video...