text:
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the center of diversity is in China.[1] There are about 40 valid species.[1] There are countless horticultural varieties and cultivars.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Taxonomy
- 3 Description
- 4 History
- 5 Economic uses
- 6 Cultural significance and symbolism
- 7 Gallery
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
The name "chrysanthemum" is derived from the Greek words chrysos (gold) and anthemon (flower).[2]
The genus once included more species, but was split several decades ago into several genera, putting the economically important florist's chrysanthemum in the genus Dendranthema. The naming of the genera has been contentious, but a ruling of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature in 1999 changed the defining species of the genus to Chrysanthemum indicum, restoring the florist's chrysanthemum to the genus Chrysanthemum.
The other species previously included in the narrow view of the genus Chrysanthemum are now transferred to the genus Glebionis. The other genera separate from Chrysanthemum include Argyranthemum, Leucanthemopsis, Leucanthemum, Rhodanthemum, and Tanacetum.
Wild Chrysanthemum taxa are herbaceous perennial plants or subshrubs. They have alternately arranged leaves divided into leaflets with toothed or occasionally smooth edges. The compound inflorescence is an array of several flower heads, or sometimes a solitary head. The head has a base covered in layers of phyllaries. The simple row of ray florets are white, yellow or red; many horticultural specimens have been bred to bear many rows of ray florets in a great variety of colors. The disc florets of wild taxa are yellow. The fruit is a ribbed achene.[3]
Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC.[4] Over 500 cultivars had been recorded by the year 1630.[3] The plant is renowned as one of the Four Gentlemen in Chinese and East Asian art. The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival. The flower may have been brought to Japan in the eighth century AD,[citation needed] and the Emperor adopted the flower as his official seal. The "Festival of Happiness" in Japan celebrates the flower.
Chrysanthemums entered American horticulture in 1798 when Colonel John Stevens imported a cultivated variety known as 'Dark Purple' from England. The introduction was part of an effort to grow attractions within Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey.[5]
Economic uses[edit]
Ornamental uses[edit]
Modern cultivated chrysanthemums are showier than their wild relatives. The flower heads occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like or decorative, like pompons or buttons. This genus contains many hybrids and thousands of cultivars developed for horticultural purposes. In addition to the traditional yellow, other colors are available, such as white, purple, and red. The most important hybrid is Chrysanthemum × morifolium (syn. C. × grandiflorum), derived primarily from C. indicum, but also involving other species.
Over 140 varieties of chrysanthemum have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Chrysanthemums are divided into two basic groups, garden hardy and exhibition. Garden hardy mums are new perennials capable of wintering in most northern latitudes. Exhibition varieties are not usually as sturdy. Garden hardies are defined by their ability to produce an abundance of small blooms with little if any mechanical assistance, such as staking, and withstanding wind and rain. Exhibition varieties, though, require staking, overwintering in a relatively dry, cool environment, and sometimes the addition of night lights.
The exhibition varieties can be used to create many amazing plant forms, such as large disbudded blooms, spray forms, and many artistically trained forms, such as thousand-bloom, standard (trees), fans, hanging baskets, topiary, bonsai, and cascades.
Chrysanthemum blooms are divided into 13 different bloom forms by the US National Chrysanthemum Society, Inc., which is in keeping with the international classification system. The bloom forms are defined by the way in which the ray and disk florets are arranged. Chrysanthemum blooms are composed of many individual flowers (florets), each one capable of producing a seed. The disk florets are in the center of the bloom head, and the ray florets are on the perimeter. The ray florets are considered imperfect flowers, as they only possess the female productive organs, while the disk florets are considered perfect flowers, as they possess both male and female reproductive organs.
Irregular incurves are bred to produce a giant head called an ogiku. The disk florets are concealed in layers of curving ray florets that hang down to create a 'skirt'. Regular incurves are similar, but usually with smaller blooms and a dense, globular form. Intermediate incurve blooms may have broader florets and a less densely flowered head.
In the reflex form, the disk florets are concealed and the ray florets reflex outwards to create a mop-like appearance. The decorative form is similar to reflex blooms, but the ray florets usually do not radiate at more than a 90° angle to the stem.
The pompon form is fully double, of small size, and very globular in form. Single and semidouble blooms have exposed disk florets and one to seven rows of ray florets.
In the anemone form, the disk florets are prominent, often raised and overshadowing the ray florets. The spoon-form disk florets are visible and the long, tubular ray florets are spatulate.
In the spider form, the disk florets are concealed, and the ray florets are tube-like with hooked or barbed ends, hanging loosely around the stem. In the brush and thistle variety, the disk florets may be visible.
Culinary uses[edit]
Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers of the species C. morifolium are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as chrysanthemum tea (菊花茶, pinyin: júhuā chá, in Chinese). In Korea, a rice wine flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called gukhwaju (국화주).
Chrysanthemum leaves are steamed or boiled and used as greens, especially in Chinese cuisine. The flowers may be added to thick snakemeat soup (蛇羹) to enhance the aroma. Small chrysanthemums are used in Japan as a sashimi garnish.
Insecticidal uses[edit]
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components, called pyrethrins, which occur in the achenes, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. In sublethal doses they have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides. They are not persistent, being biodegradable, and also decompose easily on exposure to light. Pyrethroids such as permethrin are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum.
Environmental uses[edit]
Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study.[6]
Cultural significance and symbolism[edit]
In some countries of Europe (e.g., France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Croatia), incurve chrysanthemums are symbolic of death and are used only for funerals or on graves, while other types carry no such symbolism; similarly, in China, Japan and Korea, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation and/or grief. In some other countries, they represent honesty.[7] In the United States, the flower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful,[8] with New Orleans as a notable exception.[9]
Chrysanthemum crest on the Mikasa
Chrysanthemum crest on the gate of Yasukuni Shrine
- In Australia,the chrysanthemum is sometimes given to mothers for Mother's Day, which falls in May in the southern hemisphere's autumn. Men may sometimes also wear it in their lapels to honour mothers, although the flower is naturally in season during the southern hemisphere's spring and early summer.[10]
- The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four Gentlemen" (四君子) of China (the others being the plum blossom, the orchid, and bamboo). The chrysanthemum is said to have been favored by Tao Qian, an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobility. It is also one of the four symbolic seasonal flowers.
- A chrysanthemum festival is held each year in Tongxiang, near Hangzhou, China.[11]
- Chrysanthemums are the topic in hundreds of poems of China.[12]
- The "golden flower" referred to in the 2006 movie Curse of the Golden Flower is a chrysanthemum.
- "Chrysanthemum Gate" (jú huā mén 菊花门), often abbreviated as Chrysanthemum (菊花), is taboo slang meaning "anus" (with sexual connotations).[13]
- Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC.
- An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) was named Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city".
- The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival.
- Industrial musicians Einstürzende Neubauten base their song "Blume" around the flower.
- The Chrysanthemum Throne is the name given to the position of Japanese emperor.
- Chrysanthemum crest (菊花紋章, kikukamonshō or kikkamonshō) is a general term for a mon of chrysanthemum blossom design; there are more than 150 patterns. The Imperial Seal of Japan is a particularly notable one; it is used by members of the Japanese imperial family. There are also a number of formerly state-endowed shrines (官国弊社, kankokuheisha) which have adopted a chrysanthemum crest, most notably Tokyo's Yasukuni Shrine.[14]
- The Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum is a Japanese honor awarded by the emperor.
- The city of Nihonmatsu, Japan hosts the "Nihonmatsu Chrysanthemum Dolls Exhibition" every autumn in historical ruin of Nihonmatsu Castle.[15]
- In Imperial Japan, small arms were required to be stamped with the Imperial Chrysanthemum, as they were considered the personal property of the Emperor.
- The chrysanthemum is also considered to be the seasonal flower of September.
United States[edit]
- The chrysanthemum was recognized as the official flower of the city of Chicago by Mayor Richard J. Daley in 1966.[16]
- The chrysanthemums is the official flower of the city of Salinas, California.[17]
- The yellow chrysanthemum is the official flower of the sorority Sigma Alpha and the pharmacy fraternity Lambda Kappa Sigma .[18]
- The white chrysanthemum is the official flower of Triangle Fraternity.
The chrysanthemum is the official flower of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia.
- The term "chrysanthemum" is also used to refer to a certain type of fireworks shells that produce a pattern of trailing sparks similar to a chrysanthemum flower.[citation needed]
- The chrysanthemum is also the flower of November.[19]
Tutankhamen was buried with floral collars of chrysanthemum. Resins of the plant were used in incense cones used to ward off insects.
Chrysanthemum japonense var. ashizuriense
A peach coloured Chrysanthemum
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Liu, P. L., et al. (2012). Phylogeny of the genus Chrysanthemum L.: Evidence from single-copy nuclear gene and chloroplast DNA sequences. PloS One 7(11), e48970.
- ^ landscaping.about.com
- ^ a b Chrysanthemum. Flora of China. eFloras.
- ^ History of the Chrysanthemum. National Chrysanthemum Society, USA
- ^ The New York Botanical Garden, Curtis' Botanical Magazine, Volume X Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1797
- ^ B. C. Wolverton, Rebecca C. McDonald, and E. A. Watkins, Jr. "Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-efficient Homes" (PDF). Retrieved 27 Dec 2013.
- ^ Flower Meaning. Retrieved 22 September 2007. Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://www.teleflora.com/about-flowers/chrysanthemum.asp
- ^ http://www.pbase.com/septembermorn/metairie_cemetery
- ^ http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2000/archives/2000/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs?p=1456
- ^ "Remarkable Investment Attraction Result of Tongxiang City". Zhejiang Foreign Frade and Economic Cooperation Bureau. Archived from the original on 16 December 2003. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ^ 2010年03月27日星期六 二月十二庚寅(虎)年. "国学365-中国历代菊花诗365首". Guoxue.com. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ Chao, E. (2009). Niubi: the real Chinese you were never taught in school. Plume
- ^ Inoue, Nobutaka (2 June 2005). "Shinmon". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
- ^ "二本松の菊人形". City.nihonmatsu.lg.jp. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ Chrysanthemum: The Official Flower of Chicago. Chicago Public Library.
- ^ City of Salinas Permit Center. City of Salinas Community Development Department.
- ^ Sigma Alpha, University of California, Davis chapter.
- ^ "Birth Month Flower of November - The Chrysanthemum - Flowers, Low Prices, Same Day Delivery". 1st in Flowers!. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Further reading[edit]
- Carvalho, S. M. P., et al. (2005). "Temperature affects Chrysanthemum flower characteristics differently during three phases of the cultivation period". Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 8 (2): 209–216.
- van der Ploeg, A. and E. Heuvelink. (2006). "The influence of temperature on growth and development of chrysanthemum cultivars: a review". Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 81 (2): 174–182.
Atlas of Ancient Egypt Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir 1980 Les Livres De France None Stated Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, The Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul/ 1995 Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers ISBN 0-8109-3225-3 Life of the Ancient Egyptian Strouhal, Eugen 1992 University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 0-8061-2475-x Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, The Redford, Donald B. (Editor) 2001 American University in Cairo Press, The ISBN 977 424 581 4 Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, The Shaw, Ian 2000 Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-815034-2


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United States
|United States of America
"In God We Trust" (official)[1][2][3]
"E pluribus unum" (Latin) (traditional)
"Out of many, one"
|Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
|Washington D.C.
|Largest city
|New York City
|Official languages
|None at federal level[a]
|Federal presidential constitutional republic
|Barack Obama (D)
|Vice President
|Joe Biden (D)
|Speaker of the House
|Paul Ryan (R)
|Chief Justice
|John Roberts
|Upper house
|Lower house
|House of Representatives
|Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain
|July 4, 1776
|September 3, 1783
|Current constitution
|June 21, 1788
|9,826,675 km2[4][c] (3rd/4th)
3,794,101 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2013 estimate
|322,939,000[5] (3rd)
|34.2/km2 (179th)
88.6/sq mi
|2012 estimate
|$15.685 trillion[6] (1st)
|Per capita
|$49,922[6] (6th)
|GDP (nominal)
|2012 estimate
|$15.685 trillion[6] (1st)
|Per capita
|$49,922[6] (12th)
|Gini (2011)
high · 39th (2009)
| 0.937[8]
very high · 3rd
|United States dollar ($) (USD)
|Time zone
|(UTC−5 to −10)
|Summer (DST)
|(UTC−4 to −10[e])
|Drives on the
|Calling code
|ISO 3166 code
|Internet TLD
|.us .gov .mil .edu
|^ English is the official language of at least 28 states; some sources give higher figures, based on differing definitions of "official".[9] English and Hawaiian are both official languages in the state of Hawaii.
|^ English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80 percent of Americans aged five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language.
|^ Whether the United States or China is larger is disputed. The figure given is from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's The World Factbook. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the territories.
|^ The population estimate is of people whose usual residence is within the 50 states and the District of Columbia, regardless of nationality. It does not include those living in the territories (over 4 million people, mostly in Puerto Rico).
|^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
|^ Does not include insular areas and United States Minor Outlying Islands, which have their own ISO 3166 codes.
|^ Except US Virgin Islands.
The United States of America (USA), often called the United States (US) or America is a country in North America. It is made up of 50 states, a federal district, and five territories. It has great influence over world finance, trade, culture, military, politics, and technology.
Government[change | change source]
The United States is a federal republic. The federal government of the United States is set up by the Constitution. There are three branches of government. They are the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. State governments and the federal government work in very similar ways. Each state has its own executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The executive branch of a state government is led by a governor, instead of a president.
Executive branch[change | change source]
The executive branch is the part of the government that enforces the law. Members of the U.S. Electoral College elect a president who is the leader of the executive branch, as well as the leader of the armed forces. The president may veto a bill that the Congress has passed, so it doesn't become a law. The President may also make "executive orders" to ensure that people follow the law.
The president is in charge of many departments that control much of the day-to-day actions of government. For example, Department of Commerce makes rules about trade. The president chooses the heads of these departments, and also nominates federal judges. However, the Senate, part of the legislative branch, must agree with all of the people the president chooses. The president may serve two 4-year terms.
Legislative branch[change | change source]
The legislative branch makes laws. The legislative branch is called the United States Congress. Congress is divided into two "houses".
One house is the House of Representatives. The Representatives are each elected by voters from a set area within a state. The number of Representatives a state has is based on how many people live there. Representatives serve two-year terms. The total number of representatives today is 435. The leader of the House of Representatives is the Speaker of the House.
The other house is the Senate. In the Senate, each state is represented equally, by two senators. Because there are 50 states, there are 100 senators. The President's treaties or appointments of officials need the Senate's approval. Senators serve six-year terms. The Vice President of the United States serves as president of the Senate. In practice, the vice president is usually absent from the Senate, and a senator serves as president pro tempore, or temporary president, of the Senate.
Representatives and senators propose laws, called "bills", in their respective houses. A bill may be voted upon by the entire house right away or may first go to a small group, known as a committee, which may recommend a bill for a vote by the whole house. If one house votes to pass a bill, the bill then gets sent to the other house; if both houses vote for it, it is then sent to the president, who may sign the bill into law or veto it. If the president vetoes the bill, it is sent back to Congress. If Congress votes again and passes the bill with at least a two-thirds majority, the bill becomes law and cannot be vetoed by the president.
Under the American system of federalism, Congress may not make laws that directly control the states; instead, Congress may use the promise of federal funds, or special circumstances such as national emergencies, to encourage the states to follow federal law. This system is both complex and unique.
Judicial branch[change | change source]
The Judicial Branch is the part of government that interprets what the law means. The Judicial Branch is made up of the Supreme Court and many lower courts. If the Supreme Court decides that a law is not allowed by the Constitution, the law is said to be "struck down" and is no longer a valid law.
The Supreme Court is made up of nine judges, called justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. One of these justices, called the chief justice, heads the court. A Supreme Court justice serves until he or she dies or resigns (quits in the middle of his or her term). When that happens, the president nominates someone new to replace the justice who left. If the Senate agrees with that choice, the person becomes a justice. If the Senate does not agree with the president's choice, then the president must nominate someone else.
Famous court cases such as Marbury v. Madison (which was decided in 1803) have firmly established that the Supreme Court is the ultimate interpreter of the United States Constitution and has the power to strike down any law that conflicts with it.[10]
Politics[change | change source]
- See also: States of the United States and Politics of the United States
The United States of America consists of 50 states, 5 territories and 1 district (Washington D.C.). States can make laws about things inside the state, but federal law is about things dealing with more than one state or dealing with other countries. In some areas, if the federal government makes laws that say different things from the state laws, people must follow the federal law because the state law is not a law any more. Each state has a constitution of its own, different from the federal (national) Constitution. Each of these is like the federal Constitution because they say how each state's government is set up, but some also talk about specific laws.
The federal and most state governments are dominated by two political parties: the Republicans and the Democrats. There are many smaller parties; the largest of these are the Libertarian Party and the Green Party. People help in political campaigns that they like. They try to persuade politicians to help them; this is called lobbying. All Americans are allowed to do these things, but some have and spend more money than others, or in other ways do more in politics. Some people think this is a problem, and lobby for rules to be made to change it.
Since 2009, the president is a Democrat, so Democrats have slightly more power in the federal government. There are still many powerful Republicans who can try to stop the Democrats from doing things that they believe will be bad for the country. Also, the Democrats do not always agree with each other on what to do. And if enough people decide to vote against Democrats in the next election, then they will lose power. In a republic like the United States, no party can do whatever they want. All politicians have to argue, compromise, and make deals with each other to get things done. They have to answer to the people and take responsibility for their mistakes.
The USA's large cultural, economic, and military influence has made the foreign policy of the United States, or relations with other countries, a topic in American politics, and the politics of many other countries.
Land[change | change source]
The country grew from East to West. It conquered and bought lands.
The states are divided into counties. Alaska and Louisiana do not use the word "county". Instead, Louisiana uses the word "parish", and Alaska uses the word "borough".
The United States consists of several other lands that are not states. Many of these are colonial territories, and none is on the North American continent. These five places are de facto American places:
The United States has one federal district that was split from a state:
- Washington, D.C., the capital.
New York City is the city that has the most people in it. Los Angeles, Chicago, Seattle, Miami, Indianapolis, Las Vegas, Houston, Philadelphia, Boston, Denver, St. Louis, Dallas, and Pittsburgh are also big cities in the United States.
The Philippines (islands) was a possession of the United States. Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and other Pacific island nations were governed by the United States as a United Nations "Trust Territory", but are independent; the Philippines (1946), Palau (1947), Micronesia (1986), etc...
The U.S. military has bases in many countries. The U.S. Naval base at Guantanamo Bay was rented from Cuba after that country had a Communist revolution.
Geography[change | change source]
The United States is the fourth biggest country in the world by land area. Only Russia, Canada and China are bigger. The U.S's geography varies a lot and includes:
- forests and grass fields on the east coast
- the Appalachian Mountains in the east
- the Great Plains in the middle of the country
- the Mississippi-Missouri river in the middle of the country
- the Rocky Mountains west of the plains
- deserts and coastal areas west of the Rocky Mountains
- forests in the Pacific Northwest
- Arctic regions of Alaska
- volcanic islands in Hawaii
- a long coastline with many beaches
- the everglades in Florida
The climate varies along with the geography, from tropical (hot and wet in summer, warm and dry in winter) in Florida to tundra (cold all year) in Alaska. Large parts of the country have warm summers and cold winters. Some parts of the United States, like parts of California, have a Mediterranean climate.
Economy[change | change source]
The United States has a capitalist economy. The country has rich mineral resources, with many gold, coal and uranium deposits. Farming makes the country among the top producers of, among others, corn (maize), wheat, sugar and tobacco. America produces cars, airplanes and electronics. About 3/4 of Americans work in the service industry.
The top 15 trading partners in terms of total trade are:
|South Korea
Demographics[change | change source]
|Historical populations
The United States of America has people of many different race and ethnic backgrounds. 80% of the people in the United States descend from European immigrants. Many people are descended from Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Africa, and Italy.[11] 13% of the people in the United States are African-American. Most of them descend from the African slaves that were brought to America. Asian-Americans make up only 5% of the population in America but make up a bigger portion in the west coast. For example, in California, Asian-Americans make up 13% of the population of that state. Hispanic-Americans or people of Latin origins make up 15% of the nation. The original peoples, called Native American, American Indians, or Amerindians and Inuit (Eskimos) are a very small group.
11% of the people in the United States are foreign born. 18% speak a language other than English at home. For people 25 and older, 80% are high school graduates while 25% have a bachelor's degree or higher.
The 2000 Census counted self-reported ancestry. It identified 43 million German-Americans, 30.5 million Irish-Americans, 24.9 million African-Americans, 24.5 million English-Americans, and 18.4 million Mexican-Americans.
Money[change | change source]
The social structure of the United States has a big range. This means that some Americans are much, much richer than others. The average (median) income for an American was $37,000 a year in 2002. However, the richest 1% of Americans have as much money as the poorest 90%. 51% of all households have access to a computer and 41% had access to the Internet in 2000, a figure which had grown to 75% in 2004. Also, 67.9% of American families owned their homes in 2002. There are 200 million cars in the United States, two for every three Americans. The debt has grown to over $16,000,000,000,000.[12]
Religion[change | change source]
There are many different religions in the U.S. Statistically, the largest religion is Christianity, including groups such as Catholicism, Protestantism and Mormonism. Other religions include Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Unitarian Universalism, Wicca, Druidry, Baha'i, Raelism, Zoroastrianism, Taoism and Jainism.[13] Religions which were founded within the United States include Eckankar, Satanism and Scientology. Native American religions have various animistic beliefs.
The United States is one of the most religious countries in the Western World, and most Americans believe in God. The number of Christians in the U.S. has gone down. 86.2% called themselves Christian in 1990 and 78.4% said this in 2007. The others include Judaism (1.7%), Islam (0.8%), Buddhism (0.7%), Hinduism (0.4%), and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%). Those who have no religion are at 16.1%. There is a large difference between those who say that they belong to a religion and those who are members of a religious body of that religion.[14]
Doubts about the existence of a God, gods or goddesses are higher among young people. [citation needed] Among the non-religious population of the U.S., there are deists, humanists, ignotic, atheists, and agnostics.[15]
Languages[change | change source]
|Languages (2007)
|225.5 million
|Spanish, incl. Creole
|34.5 million
|2.5 million
|French, incl. Creole
|2.0 million
|1.5 million
|1.2 million
|1.1 million
|1.1 million
|0.3 million
The United States does not have an official language, the United States Congress has considered officially designating English as such for many years,[16] since it is the most used language, and the language in which the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution are written. 38 states out of 50 have English as the official language. Spanish has increased in usage in certain sectors of society, due to a flow of immigrants—especially from Mexico and Cuba. French is also a main language in parts of Louisiana because France once owned the area as a colony.
Culture[change | change source]
American popular culture goes out to many places in the world. It has a large influence on most of the world, especially the Western world. American music is heard all over the world, and American movies and television shows can be seen in most countries.
Federal holidays[change | change source]
|January 1
|New Year's Day
|Celebrates the beginning of the year
|3rd Monday in January
|Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
|Honors Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an African-American civil rights leader
|3rd Monday in February
|President's Day
|Honors all of the American presidents, but specifically George Washington (b. February 22) and Abraham Lincoln (b. February 12)
|Last Monday in May
|Memorial Day
|Honors military servicemen, who gave their lives, also marks the traditional start of summer
|July 4
|Independence Day
|Celebrates the Declaration of Independence; otherwise known as "The Fourth of July"
|1st Monday in September
|Labor Day
|Celebrates the achievements of workers, and marks the traditional end of summer
|2nd Monday in October
|Columbus Day
|Honors Christopher Columbus, the man who discovered the Americas for Europe (not celebrated in some states, like Montana)
|November 11
|Veterans Day
|Honors all military servicemen (past and present)
|4th Thursday in November
|Gives thanks for God's blessings, and the autumn harvest, and marks the traditional beginning of the "holiday season"
|December 25
|Celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ (non-Christians celebrate it as a winter holiday)
Flag[change | change source]
The American flag is made up of 50 stars on a blue background, and has 13 stripes, seven red and six white. It is one of many symbols of the United States like the Bald Eagle. The 50 stars represent the 50 states. The red stands for courage. The blue stands for justice. The white represents peace and cleanness. The 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies.[18]
Music[change | change source]
American music is deeply influenced by African-American music, making it different from European music. Elements from folk such as the blues were changed into popular genres with big audiences. Jazz was invented by people like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington in the early 20th century. Country music started in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.
Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry composed rock and roll pieces, and James Brown composed funk pieces. Hip hop and house music is American music. Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Britney Spears and Madonna have composed pieces in the US, as have artists Lady Gaga, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Rihanna, and Beyoncé.
References[change | change source]
- ↑ 36 U.S.C. § 302 National motto
- ↑ Simonson, 2010
- ↑ Dept. of Treasury, 2011
- ↑ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. September 30, 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html. Retrieved January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers).
- ↑ "U.S. POPClock Projection". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html. (figure updated automatically).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "United States". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=51&pr.y=7&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011". Newsroom. United States Census Bureau. September 12, 2012. http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/income_wealth/cb12-172.html. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 2013". United Nations Development Programme. March 14, 2013. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
- ↑ Feder, Jody (January 25, 2007). "English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress". Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service). http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- ↑ http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbury/home.html
- ↑ http://www.geolytics.com/?gclid=CK7Nw9bgpJYCFRJ4xgod32jc5g
- ↑ http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/09/04/who-do-owe-most-that-16-trillion-to-hint-it-isnt-china/
- ↑ Media, Minorities, and Meaning: A Critical Introduction - Page 88, Debra L. Merskin - 2010
- ↑ http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions.pdf
- ↑ Merica, Dan (2012-06-12). Pew Survey: Doubt of God Growing Quickly among Millennials
- ↑ "United States Facts - Ten Interesting and Unusual United States Facts". Geography. http://geography.about.com/od/unitedstatesofamerica/a/unitedstatesfacts.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ↑ "2014 Federal Holidays". U.S Office of Personnel Management. http://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/snow-dismissal-procedures/federal-holidays/#url=2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ↑ USA Flag Meaning. 2009 Retrieved from http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/usa-flag/usa-flag-meaning.html on 16th of September 2010
Other websites[change | change source]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: United States
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide about: United States of America
Government[change | change source]
- US Constitution in basic English
- Official website of the United States government - Gateway to governmental sites
- The White House - Official site of the Presidential residence
- Senate.gov - Official site of the United States Senate
- House.gov - Official site of the United States House of Representatives
- SCOTUS - Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Portrait of the USA - Published by the United States Information Agency, September 1997.
- US Census Housing and Economic Statistics Updated regularly by US Bureau of the Census.
- CIA world factbook
Other[change | change source]
- National Motto: History and Constitutionality
- Historical Documents
- Reference: US specific web resources sorted by state
- Geography Trainer US States 1.1 game
- United States of America - Citizendium

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Debates of Oct. 6th, 2011
House of Commons Hansard #28 of the 41st Parliament, 1st Session. (The original version is on Parliament's site.) The word of the day was budget.
- Question Period
- Chinese Canadian History
- Improving Trade Within Canada Act
- Inco Limited Acquisition Act
- Falconbridge Limited Acquisition Act
- Petitions
- Questions on the Order Paper
- Keeping Canada's Economy and Jobs Growing Act
- Louiseville Buckwheat Pancake Festival
- Justice
- Holocaust Remembrance Day
- The Environment
- Dartmouth—Cole Harbour
- Guinness World Record
- Former Member of Parliament for Lethbridge
- Organization for Single Parents
- Veterans
- Affordable Social Housing
- The Economy
- Multiculturalism
- Health
- Aviation Safety
- Justice
- G8 Summit
- Canada-U.S. Relations
- Search and Rescue
- Government Spending
- Government Appointments
- Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency
- The Environment
- Public Safety
- Champlain Bridge
- Foreign Affairs
- Champlain Bridge
- Taxation
- Health
- The Environment
- Justice
- Foreign Affairs
- Disability Insurance
- Tourism Industry
- Employment Insurance
- Border Crossings
- Presence in Gallery
- Business of the House
- Points of Order
- Keeping Canada's Economy and Jobs Growing Act
Organization for Single Parents
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Raymond Côté Beauport—Limoilou, QC
Mr. Speaker, last Sunday I had the pleasure of attending the 25th anniversary celebrations of Sources Vives, an organization serving Beauport, Côte-de-Beaupré, Île d'Orléans and Sainte-Brigitte-de-Laval. The organization was founded by single parents, both men and women, in order to bring people together and provide support for anyone in that situation or going through a separation.
The many services offered by this organization help to put an end to isolation, enhance families and cultivate positive attitudes. Thus, it has a special place in the community.
In closing, I wish to commend all the administrators and volunteers for their initiative and the success of the organization, and I wish them all the best in their future endeavours.
Statements By Members
2:05 p.m.
Greg Kerr West Nova, NS
Mr. Speaker, when the new veterans charter was introduced, our Conservative government promised Canada's veterans that it would be a living document, and we kept our promise. This week, the enhancements to the new veterans charter came into force. Through these enhancements, we are providing improved care and financial assistance, an enhanced earnings loss benefit and options for disability award payments.
Canada's veterans requested changes to the new veterans charter and we responded.
Enhancements to the new veterans charter are just one way in which the Conservative government is working to provide our veterans and their families the support they need. We must never forget the wonderful contribution these great Canadians have made to our country.
Affordable Social Housing
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Tyrone Benskin Jeanne-Le Ber, QC
Mr. Speaker, the state of affordable social housing in this country is pitiful. The various affordable social housing programs administered by the federal government provide residents with inadequate basic living conditions and ignore those who need specialized services or who have physical limitations.
This government should do more to support affordable social housing.
In this time of austerity we must never forget that social housing is not wasted money. It is a sound economic investment. The more we do to help those who are most in need, the faster they will be able to find their own footing and participate in and contribute to Canada's economy. By helping people with basics, such as a base from which they can begin to build, we can help them turn their lives around.
Everyone has trouble making ends meet at some point. I encourage the government, on behalf of my constituency, to make a true investment in Canada. I challenge the government to see that economic prosperity is not only banks and multinationals, but about the people of Canada and especially those that need our help from time to time.
The Economy
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Chungsen Leung Willowdale, ON
Mr. Speaker, our government's top priority remains on completing the economic recovery. Canadians gave our Conservative government a strong mandate to stay focused on what matters: creating jobs and economic growth.
Canada has now created nearly 600,000 net new jobs since January 2009. We are the only G7 country that has regained more than all of the output and the jobs lost during the downturn.
We are not immune to the volatile global economic environment, largely due to problems of confidence in the efforts of governments to reduce their deficits. This is why our government is staying the course with our low tax plan to create jobs and growth. The last thing the Canadian economy needs is a massive NDP tax hike that would kill jobs, stall our recovery and set Canadian families back.
The next phase of the Canadian economic action plan will preserve our country's advantage in the global economy.
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Jim Karygiannis Scarborough—Agincourt, ON
Mr. Speaker, on October 8, 1971, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau introduced multiculturalism. Canadian multiculturalism represents the belief that no matter where one comes from or how long one has been in Canada, once the oath of citizenship is taken, one is a Canadian.
For too long political parties have relied on ethnic or cultural groups to vote for them. It is time that we integrate multicultural communities as full partners in the decision-making process of Canada. We need to ensure that all Canadians are fully engaged in the great experiment we call Canada. Multiculturalism is alive and well in Canada and it has a rightful place in our country.
We need to respect our fellow Canadians as equals. We need to accept them as full participants in all aspects of Canadian life. We need to celebrate their full participation in our communities. We need to embrace where it will take us. We need to come together as Canadians and show the world that in Canada we are all equal parts of the human race.
Statements By Members
2:10 p.m.
Colin Carrie Oshawa, ON
Mr. Speaker, today the hon. Minister of Health announced a new approach for energy drinks, which will include maximum limits for caffeine content. The proposed maximum caffeine levels for energy drinks is part of a new way to manage these popular beverages. Parents need to have access to as much information as possible so they are able to make good decisions when it comes to what their family eats and drinks.
The popularity of energy drinks has resulted in higher levels of caffeine consumption among young people than in the past. This has caused concerned among some parents, health care providers and public health officials about potential health risks to teens and children. These new measures will not only allow Canadians to make informed decisions, they will also reduce the chances of over consumption of caffeine and other ingredients, such as vitamins.
Today's proposed changes will be especially helpful to parents of teenagers who regularly consume energy drinks.
I applaud the Minister of Health for taking this initiative. This is yet another example of how our government is committed to taking action to support Canadian families.
Aviation Safety
Statements By Members
October 6th, 2011 / 2:15 p.m.
Dennis Bevington Western Arctic, NT
Mr. Speaker, on Tuesday, northerners were devastated by the fourth airplane crash in only weeks.
On Tuesday, an Air Tindi Cessna 208 crashed on a scheduled flight from Yellowknife to Lutselk'e, killing the pilot and one passenger. This crash comes only days after the funerals for two pilots killed when an Arctic Sunwest Twin Otter crashed in Yellowknife's Old Town, injuring seven others. The day after that crash, a single-engine Cessna crashed near Fort Simpson. Luckily the pilot walked away.
On August 12, a First Air 737 crashed near Resolute Bay killing 12 of the 15 on board. The crew of that aircraft was based in Yellowknife.
I am sure all members of the House will stand with me to extend their condolences to the families and friends of the victims of these crashes.
For northerners, flying is something they do all the time due to the isolation of our communities. They have no other choice. Understandably, they are concerned about the safety of northern aviation.
Last year, government officials promised to beef-up transport Canada's aviation safety inspection arm. My constituents want to know if the government has kept its promises.
Statements By Members
2:15 p.m.
Brent Rathgeber Edmonton—St. Albert, AB
Mr. Speaker, our Conservative government received a strong mandate to keep our streets and communities safe. That is why we are committed to a zero tolerance policy for drugs in prison.
Our government has been consistent: we must develop a correctional system that actually corrects criminal behaviour.
We reject categorically suggestions from the NDP and their soft on crime friends like the Elizabeth Fry Society that suggest: providing prisoners with needles and drugs in order to engage in harm reduction; taking drugs away from prisoners violates the Charter of Rights and Freedoms; drug interdiction methods are unfair to inmates by violating their privacy and drug sniffing dogs can scare away visitors; and, most shockingly of all, strip searches of inmates suspected of smuggling drugs or weapons is tantamount to "lawful sexual assault by the state".
Yesterday the member for Sackville—Eastern Shore demanded that I apologize for allegedly wronging this criminal group. I suggest it is the NDP that should apologize to Canadians for its complicity in the soft on crime coalition and for refusing to stand up for victims. I call—
Statements By Members
2:15 p.m.
The Speaker Andrew Scheer
Order. Oral questions. The hon. Leader of the Opposition.
G8 Summit
Oral Questions
2:15 p.m.
Nycole Turmel Leader of the Opposition
Mr. Speaker, the President of the Treasury Board was a no-show at a conference about freedom of information, which is not a surprise considering his track record.
He used his personal email to go undetected. He left no paper trail. His ally from Huntsville now says the paper trails and emails are a bad idea, that they should have spoken on the phone.
Does the Prime Minister realize that the minister has lost all credibility?
G8 Summit
Oral Questions
2:15 p.m.
Calgary Southwest
Stephen Harper Prime Minister
Mr. Speaker, if this is a reference to the G8 funding, I think this has been looked at thoroughly by the Auditor General. The government has accepted those recommendations. There were 32 projects. They were all public. They all came in at or under budget, and they are all good projects for the area.
G8 Summit
Oral Questions
2:15 p.m.
Nycole Turmel Leader of the Opposition
Mr. Speaker, the Auditor General said that the government violated the rules by establishing the G8 legacy fund. He did not find any evidence or explanations justifying how or why this $50 million was spent. The minutes from municipal meetings provide us with a hint: in them, the minister says that it is the Prime Minister's Office that decides.
Can the Prime Minister explain why his office was involved in the distribution of G8 funds?
G8 Summit
Oral Questions
2:15 p.m.
Calgary Southwest
Stephen Harper Prime Minister
Mr. Speaker, it has now been several months since the Auditor General examined this situation, and the facts have not changed. The Minister of Transport was the one who approved 32 public projects. All the money was spent fairly and all these projects were carried out under the appropriate budget. These are good projects for the riding.
G8 Summit
Oral Questions
2:20 p.m.
Nycole Turmel Leader of the Opposition
Mr. Speaker, the Auditor General spoke to five departments to try to understand what happened and figure out who decided what. No one was able to provide an answer. The only answer we were able to find was in the minutes from municipal meetings, which quote the minister as saying that the budgets must first be approved by the Prime Minister's Office. That is what the minister said.
If he has nothing to hide, is the Prime Minister prepared to open his books to the Auditor General?
G8 Summit
Oral Questions
2:20 p.m.
Calgary Southwest
Stephen Harper Prime Minister
Mr. Speaker, there is nothing new here. The Auditor General reviewed these projects several months ago now and the government accepted her recommendations.


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WBLF-AM 970's Norm Brown and Jim Brown have the call from Bald Eagle High School of this District 6 contest as the Eagles battle the Red Raiders.
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quote:Originally posted by Ram1
Ok, but I'm still asking the all-important question...WAS THERE A PARTICULAR BEATLE THAT YOU WERE OFFERED TO DATE??
Hilarious thread. Guess we will never get the answer, lol.
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Last updated by burtbeckwith 4 years ago
Grails 1.2-RC2 Release Notes16th of December 2009SpringSource are pleased to announce the 1.2 Release Candidate 2 release of the Grails web application development framework.Grails is a dynamic web application framework built on Java and Groovy, leveraging best of breed APIs from the Java EE sphere including Spring, Hibernate and SiteMesh. Grails brings to Java and Groovy developers the joys of convention-based rapid development while allowing them to leverage their existing knowledge and capitalize on the proven and performant APIs Java developers have been using for years. Further information about the release can be obtained using the links below:
- Changelog: See JIRA
- Download: http://grails.org/Download .
- Documentation: http://grails.org/doc/1.2.x
New Features
Dependency Resolution DSLGrails 1.2 features a new DSL for configuring JAR dependencies that can be resolved against Maven repositories:
Built on Apache Ivy, users can now explicitly control how Grails resolves all of its dependencies without needing to use Maven or Apache Ivy directly.There is also a new command to easily install dependencies into your local cache for use with the DSL:
grails.project.dependency.resolution = { inherits "global" // inherit Grails' default dependencies repositories { grailsHome() mavenCentral() } dependencies { runtime 'com.mysql:mysql-connector-java:5.1.5' }}
grails install-dependency mysql:mysql-connector-java:5.1.5
Significant Performance OptimizationsGSP and the Sitemesh rendering layer have been significantly improved to offer 2 to 3 times better throughput. This was achieved by:
- Output buffering has been refactored to a streaming approach: the minimum amount of new objects are created.
- Tag library calls return an instance of org.codehaus.groovy.grails.web.util.StreamCharBuffer class by default.
- Tag libraries can now return object values too. This was changed to reduce object generation.
- Sitemesh doesn't have to parse the output coming from GSP since the head, meta, title and body tags are captured from the beginning. This is done in GSP compilation when the config param "grails.views.gsp.sitemesh.preprocess" is unset or is true.
- Some performance improvements are the result of monitoring for unnecessary Exceptions created in Grails and preventing them from happening.
BootStrap environmentsThe
BootStrap.groovy class now has environment support:
def init = { ServletContext ctx -> environments { production { ctx.setAttribute("env", "prod") } development { ctx.setAttribute("env", "dev") } } ctx.setAttribute("foo", "bar") }
Spring 3 UpgradeGrails now also supports Spring annotation prototypes through component scanning such as @Service, @Component etc.Any class can be annotated with @Component and will automatically become a Spring bean injectable in other classes.In addition you can annotate classes with @Controller and these will be able to handle requests just like regular Spring MVC controllers, thus providing support for those wanting to use a combination of Spring MVC and Grails:
In this example, going to
@Controller class SpringController { @Autowired SessionFactory sessionFactory @RequestMapping("/hello.dispatch") ModelMap handleRequest() { def session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession() return new ModelMap(session.get(Person, 1L)) } }
/hello.dispatch will execute the handleRequest() method and atempt to render either a GSP or JSP view at grails-app/views/hello.(jsp|gsp)
URI Re-writing onto any URIYou can now re-write any request URI onto any other URI using the following syntax in your
grails-app/conf/UrlMappings.groovy file:
This feature can be used to provide pretty URIs for Spring MVC controllers (see above) or static resources.
Per-method transactions with @TransactionalBuilding on the component scanning features you can now use the Spring org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional annotation on Grails service classes to configure transaction properties and have per-method transaction definitions:
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.*class BookService { @Transactional(readOnly = true) def listBooks() { Book.list() } @Transactional def updateBook() { // … } }
Fine-grained control over DataSource propertiesThe DataSource.groovy file now provides control over all of the underlying DataSource bean's properties:
dataSource { pooled = true dbCreate = "update" url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/yourDB" driverClassName = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" username = "yourUser" password = "yourPassword" properties { maxActive = 50 maxIdle = 25 minIdle = 5 initialSize = 5 minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = 60000 timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = 60000 maxWait = 10000 } }
Global Configuration of GORM defaultsGORMs default mapping settings are now globally configurable inside @grails-app/conf/Config.groovy@:
The default values for constraints is also globally configurable:
grails.gorm.default.mapping = { cache true id generator:'sequence' 'user-type'( type:org.hibernate.type.YesNoType, class:Boolean ) }
You can even define named constraint groups:
grails.gorm.default.constraints = { '*'(nullable:true, blank:false, size:1..20) }
And then reuse them inside your domain classes:
grails.gorm.default.constraints = { myConstraints(nullable:true, blank:false, size:1..20) }
static constraints = { myProperty shared:"myConstraints" }
Improved Dynamic Finders for Boolean propertiesGORM dynamic finders have been improved with an easier notation for handling boolean properties. For example given a domain class of:
You can do:
class Book { String title String author Boolean paperback }
def results = Book.findAllPaperbackByAuthor("Douglas Adams")
In this case the boolean value is implicitly inferred from the method signature.
def results = Book.findAllNotPaperbackByAuthor("Douglas Adams")
Named Query SupportGORM now supports defining named queries in a domain class. For example, given a domain class like this:
You can do:
class Publication { String title Date datePublished static namedQueries = { recentPublications { def now = new Date() gt 'datePublished', now - 365 } publicationsWithBookInTitle { like 'title', '%Book%' } } }
// get all recent publications def recentPubs = Publication.recentPublications.list()// get up to 10 recent publications, skip the first 5… def recentPubs = Publication.recentPublications.list(max: 10, offset: 5)// get the number of recent publications… def numberOfRecentPubs = Publication.recentPublications.count()// get a recent publication with a specific id… def pub = Publication.recentPublications.get(42)// dynamic finders are supported def pubs = Publication.recentPublications.findAllByTitle('Some Title')
Support for SQL restriction in criteria builderThe criteria builder now supports arbitrary SQL expressions:
def c = Person.createCriteria()def peopleWithShortFirstNames = c.list {
sqlRestriction "char_length( first_name ) <= 4"
Support for hasOne mappingGORM now supports
hasOne mapping where the foreign key is stored in the child instead of the parent association. For example:
In the above case a foreign key column called
class Person { String name static hasOne = [address: Address] } class Address { String street String postCode }
person_id will be created in the
address table rather than the default where an
address_id is created in the
person table.
Strict Validation ErrorsThere is a new
failOnError argument available on the
save() method that will throw an exception if a validation error occurs:
try { book.save(failOnError:true) } catch(ValidationException e) { // handle }
Improved support for annotated entitiesYou can now use annotated entities instead of the GORM syntax inside domains located in @grails-app/domain@. These entities can use Grails constraints and events just like normal GORM entities for those who prefer annotations over GORM syntax:
import javax.persistence.*@Entity @Table(name = "animal") class Animal { @Id @GeneratedValue int id String name @ManyToOne @JoinColumn Owner owner static constraints = { name blank:false } }
Precompilation of Groovy Server Pages in WAR deploymentGSPs are now pre-compiled when producing a WAR file meaning less permgen space is used at deployment time for Grails applications.
Improved handling of i18n class and property namesYou can now put entries in your i18n messages.properties file for all class and property names in your application. For example:
These are then picked up by Grails' default error messages and scaffolded views.
book.label = Libro book.title.label = TÃtulo del libro
Tomcat & Multiple Embedded Containers SupportedGrails now supports multiple embedded containers with Tomcat being the default. Grails will by default install the Tomcat plugin into your application. You can easily switch containers by switching plugins:
The Tomcat plugin comes with built in remote deployment commands:
grails uninstall-plugin tomcat grails install-plugin jetty
grails tomcat deploy grails tomcat undeploy
Web Flow as a pluginGrails' support for Spring Web Flow has been extracted into a plugin. To install simply type:
If you are migrating from older versions of Grails and use Web Flow you will need to run the above command. If you don't wish to use Web Flow in your application you can uninstall it:
grails install-plugin webflow
grails uninstall-plugin webflow
New Web Flow EventsGrails' Web Flow DSL now supports more of the common Web Flow events such as
onEntry@, @onRender and so on:
def searchFlow = { onStart { println "started" } onEnd { println "ended" } displaySearchForm { onRender { println "rendering" } onEntry { println "entered" } onExit { println "exited" } on("submit") { [results: Book.findAllByTitle(params.title)] }.to "displayResults" } displayResults() }
Named URL MappingsGrails now supports named URL mappings and associated dynamic tags for view layer URL rewriting. For example:
The above creates a named URL mapping called "productDetail" this can be linked to from the view with:
name productDetail: "/showProduct/$productName/$flavor?" { controller = "product" action = "show" }
<link:productDetail productName="licorice" flavor="strawberry"> Strawberry Licorice </link:productDetail>
Better JSONBuilderJSONBuilder has been re-written, better documented and improved in general. Rendering JSON responses is now as simple as:
Which will produce:
render(contentType:"text/json") { categories = [ { a = "A" }, { b = "B" } ] }
{"categories":[ {"a":"A"} , {"b":"B"}] }
This is breaking change from previous versions of Grails, if you want backwards compatibility set grails.json.legacy.builder=true in Config.groovy
Better Date parsingIf you submit a date from a <g:datePicker name="foo" /> tag, obtaining the
Date object is now as simple as looking it up from the
params object by name (eg.
params.foo )
Convenient, null safe converters in params and tag attributesNew convenience methods have been added to the
params object and tag
attrs objects that allow the easy, exception safe and null safe conversion of parameters to common types:
There are methods for all the common base types such as
def total = params.int('total')
int@, @long@, @boolean and so on. There is a special converter called
list that always returns a list for cases when dealing with one or many parameters of the same name:
def names = params.list('names')
REST improvementsThe <g:form> tag can now pass other methods beside POST and GET:
This works by creating a hidden field called _method. Now browser clients can also pass the X-HTTP-Method-Override HTTP header
<g:form method="DELETE">
Project Documentation EngineThe same documentation engine that powers the Grails reference documentation is now available in your projects. Simply create your documentation inside the
src/docs/ref and
src/docs/guide directories of your project. See the Grails documentation source for an example.The engine is also usable outside of Grails by adding the grails-docs dependency to your application (example in Gradle syntax):
And using the provided Ant task:
compile group: 'org.grails', name: 'grails-docs', version:'1.2.0.RC1'
ant.taskdef (name: 'docs', classname : 'grails.doc.ant.DocPublisherTask') ant.docs(src:"src/docs", dest:"build/docs", properties:"src/docs/doc.properties")
Zip-only plugin releasesIf you prefer to use Git/Mercurial/etc. to version control your plugin you can now distribute only the zipped release of the plugin in the central repository and continue to manage the actual sources outside of SVN:
grails release-plugin --zipOnly
Plugin MetadataEvery plugin Groovy source or GSP view is now annotated with a @GrailsPlugin annotation which describes the name and the version of the plugin that the source or view originates from. This adds additional capabilities to Grails in terms of the runtime discovery of plugin sources.In addition, when releasing a plugin into the Grails central repository metadata is generated about the methods and properties added to Grails classes at runtime.This metadata is put into the plugin.xml descriptor and can be read by IDEs and documentation engines.If your plugin doesn't add methods at runtime you can skip the metadata generation process by doing:
grails release-plugin --skipMetadata
formatNumber and formatDate taglib improvementsg:formatNumber and g:formatDate taglibs are now feature compatible with JSTL formatNumber and formatDate tags.
Property Override Configuration ImprovementsThe Property Override mechanism has been improved to support non-String types and transactional services.
// Config.groovy
beans {
someService {
someProperty = new SomeObject()
Testing infrastructure improvements
Non JUnit providersThe test running mechanics have been completely overhauled, opening the door to all kinds of testing possibilities for Grails applications. Previously it was very difficult for non JUnit based tests to be deeply integrated into Grails (e.g grails-easyb). Expect to see testing plugins taking advantage of this new infrastructure.
Test phase and type targetingThere is now a more sophisticated mechanism for targeting the exact test you wish to run. Previously, it was only possible to target test phases but it is now also possible to target test types .You target particular test phases and/or types by using the following syntax:
Either side is optional, and its absence implies _all_
grails test-app <phase>:<type> grails test-app unit:spock // run "spock" test type in "unit" test phase
It can be used in conjunction with test targeting…
grails test-app unit: // run all types in "unit" phase grails test-app :spock // run "spock" type in all phases
And is additive…
grails test-app unit: SomeController // run all test for "SomeController" in the "unit" phase
Legacy phase targeting syntax is supported for backwards compatibility
grails test-app unit: integration: // run all test types in the "unit" and "integration" phases
grails test-app --unit // equivalent to grails test-app unit:
Clean testingYou can can force a clean before testing by passing -clean to test-app:
grails test-app -clean
Echoing System.out and System.errBy default, grails does not show the output from your tests. You can make it do so by passing -echoOut and/or -echoErr to test-app:
grails test-app -echoOut -echoErr


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $0.00 (0% off)
Not a fan of Roses...
Posted by Reviewer3046934 on May 31, 2009
This is a creamy skin cream....but it tends to burn my sensitive skin. The fragrance is strong, and that of roses. I love live roses, but do not like the fragrance of roses in cosmetics as it is a very old-timey scent. Probably great for people who's skin isn't real sensitive and for those that don't mind old-fashioned scents.
Great cream with other Mychelle products
Posted by Reviewer1999412 on Dec 02, 2009
The smell can be a little overpowering so now I use just a little to reap the benefits. Seems to be a great moisturiser so far. Its winter here now so it works well. Only need to use a little bit, so it should last a long time. Mychelle have great products.
Posted by Reviewer2118478 on Jan 15, 2011
I'm in my thirties and am dealing with the related dry skin - this cream sinks into my skin well and is non-irritating. It also has a lovely rosehip scent!
Posted by Reviewer2498274 on Jan 31, 2011
special scent. i don't know what is it. it little expesive not dramatic epact
Crema muy agradable y de fácil absorción
Posted by 5234945957942600159 on Feb 17, 2013
Muy buen producto, deja una sensación muy agradable tras su aplicación.
잘 쓰고잇어요!
Posted by 5407294914561569796 on Sep 17, 2014
아직 쓴지 오래되지는 않았지만~ 쫀득쫀득한 맛이 있어서..ㅋㅋ제가 악건성인데 아침에 땅기는 느낌은 아직업네요! 겨울이 다가오니깐 더 열심히 쓰고, 한번더 구매할 의향도 있습니다.
face creams
Posted by Reviewer2842830 on Aug 26, 2011
Good middle of the road face cream. Pleasant fragrance and texture.
Items 1-7 of 7 total


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Last edited by Dulla73; May 5, 2011 at 5:52 AM.
This is my WOF helmet made in October 2010. It's painted with oil based paint by me, not a perfect one but was Ok for that time. The build thread is here RafalFett's Helmet Using WOF's Templates And AntMan's Building Tips
Well they aint card board but they are WOF template helmets how ever I could never bring my self to do the dome in the template way I always used , either horse ridding helmet, or a hard hat or what ever worked Id cut them up in to quaters then reshape them to look more like Fetts dome and epoxy them together and I used plastic paint pots for the rest of the construction , they are good becouse they havr the shape in them already,
I ve made 6 difrent WOF helmets all plastic over the years
Mine is still currently incomplete, but I felt like sharing anyway. I might post again once I get the entire scratchbuild done.


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Venezuelans are catching basketball fever as their professional league enters the final stages of their basketball playoffs and the U.S. Embassy in Caracas is helping to generate even more excitement. The U.S. Embassy and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs partnered to send three standouts from American basketball teams to Caracas, June 16-21.
The evening of June 16, Venezuelan-born Greivis Vasquez, a National Basketball Association (NBA) rookie with the Memphis Grizzlies, tossed up the ball to start a key Cocodrilos-Gigantes playoff game before thousands of cheering fans and millions of others viewing the game on television. WNBA standout Kayte Christensen and Embassy Charge d'Affaires John Caulfield accompanied Greivis on the court.
Former NBA player Darvin Ham later joined Greivis and Kayte to host a series of basketball clinics for children from underserved neighborhoods in Caracas. Newspapers and television stations gave extensive coverage to the sports envoys teaching the kids basketball skills and speaking to them about the benefits of discipline, teamwork, and a healthy lifestyle. Kayte encouraged girls to be active and involved in sports. The clinic for 40 children with Down's syndrome was especially moving. At all of the clinics, after the serious work was over, the participants had fun competing for prizes for the longest shot, the most free throws, and more.
In addition to the sports clinics and team-building exercises, the players met with Venezuelan students, who are studying English through the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs' English Access Microscholarship Program. This program provides a foundation of English language skills to underserved youth 14-18 years old.
The enthusiasm of the children, their parents, and the public in general was evident everywhere the three sports envoys appeared. They envoys spent almost as much time giving autographs and posing for photos as they did working out with the youngsters.


text: Item is not available Find Another One Others Looked At... Cannon for trade only SELLER: troutpunk 0 $0.00 TAYLOR'S & CO 1858 REMINGTON .44 8" BP R... SELLER: GunPros 1 $313.24 Thompson Center OMEGA Z5 Black Powder Ri... SELLER: baystategunbuyers 1 $329.00 Custom made signal cannon 1 inch SELLER: Terrys Gunshop 1 $500.00 Custom made signal cannon 3/4 inch SELLER: Terrys Gunshop 1 $300.00 Civil War repro USN ammo pouch SELLER: MAHarris57 0 $40.00 Non Guns Black Powder Muzzleloading Buffalo Bullets | 801 | 0 | Lc | 234.5412ms Buffalo Bullets For Sale from Jack75 | Positive feedback: 100% View | Verified Seller | 171 Completed Sales View Sellers Items This item is no longer available. Description Shipping and Payment More Info These are 58 cal, 525 gr. lead hollow pt. 16 per box. I have 16 boxes. I prefer a 3 box min. order. They are also hollow based. 75 cents Trades Accepted: No Seller has retired, FFL expired was in business 40 years. Has guns to sell that are his personally. The business specialized in ammo and reloading supplies. Largest in Ill. between Chicago and St Louis. Closing inventory now in storage. Hours would be 9.30 A.M. to 8.30 P/M. central time. Condition: New In Box Location: IL Share Item Item #: 984519457 This item is no longer available. Price: Shipping: $0.75 (or Arrange local transfer) Accepted Payment Methods: Returns: Jack75 Seller Since: Aug. 2005 Seller Level: Verified This seller is NOT an FFL City: Peoria State: IL Your Recently Viewed Items


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Summer Camps
Summer camp is an exciting way for children to make friends, have fun, and create memories that will last a lifetime. Make this your brightest summer ever at one of five JCC Summer Camps! Sign up today. Space is limited and sessions are filling up fast!
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Family Camp at Seneca Lake
Take the entire family to Seneca Lake for an all-inclusive three day, two night vacation with activities for baby, grandma and grandpa, and everyone in between!
Camp Sisol
Attention young swimmers, actors, dancers, painters, photographers, movie directors, martial artists, chefs, musicians, and nature enthusiasts: have we got an unforgettable
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Parks Canada
Home > National Historic Sites > Cape Spear Lighthouse National Historic Site of Canada > Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures > Picture Gallery
All reproductions, adaptations, or re-transmissions of Parks Canada Web sites' illustrative material and graphics, in part or in whole, in any way and in any country, for public and/or commercial purposes, for profit or not, are prohibited without prior written authorization from Parks Canada. Some fees may apply.
Sunset at Cape Spear National Historic Site
© Parks Canada/NFPO Collection 018/Andre Cornallier


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The Medium Milton in Grainy Leather
Use the Size Guide to choose the best fit for your measurements.
In this window, you can find out the shipping and returns options for the selected item or contact Customer Service for further assistance
- The Milton in grainy leather with a check cotton lining. The design's inspiration is taken from the epaulettes on the trench coat, with details of gold-tone metal rivets and double stitching. A versatile everyday holdall, it can also be worn as a shoulder bag using the detachable strap.
- 38 x 20 x 28cm/15 x 7.9 x 11in
- Min. shoulder strap length: 82cm/32.3in
- Max. shoulder strap length: 92cm/36.2in
- 100% calf leather
- Check lining: 100% cotton
- One zip pocket, one slip pocket
- Detachable shoulder strap
- Magnetic press-stud closure
- Hand-painted edges
- Raised Burberry lettering at the front
- Imported
Item 40125151


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Studded Panel Jumpsuit
- 70% rayon, 35% nylon, 5% spandex
- Dry clean
- Imported
- Center back to waist: 9" (23 cm)
- Rise: 9" (23 cm), inseam: 29" (74 cm), leg opening: 9" (23 cm)
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S
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Sorry, we are unable to log you in. Please contact Client Services at 877-bebe-777 or 877-232-3777 for further assistance.


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May 29 to 31, 2013, Tbilisi, Georgia - Members of GRID-Arendal and UNEP traveled to Georgia to participate in a regional meeting and discuss the development of a scientific network in the Caucasus mountain region.
Matthias Jurek (UNEP), Lawrence Hislop and Ieva Rucevska (both from GRID-Arendal) have been attending meetings with scientific representatives from Georgia, Armenia, Turkey, Iran, Russia and Azerbaijan, with whom they discussed the creation of a regional network of practitioners that could work together to get an increased understanding of mountain environmental issues in the region.
GRID-Arendal's previous work in the region was presented, and the HICAP Himalayas project was given as an example of scientific network that successfully cooperates under difficult political/regional conditions.
Outputs from the meeting resulted in a signed declaration from all parties who agreed to: support the process and set up an informal Ad Hoc Working Group, identify relevant actors and a suitable mechanism, explore possible appropriate institutional arrangements with long-term perspective, and develop a common vision and road map towards the establishment of a scientific network in the Caucasus mountain region.
As a follow-up, partners will seek out funding to allow the network to create a jointly produced output (Atlas or Outlook report) focussing on mountain issues in the region.
Cover photo: Ieva Rucevska, Project Manager for Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia, Capacity Building & Assessment Programme, GRID-Arendal, delivers a presentation during the regional meeting. © Lawrence Hislop
Above photo: Partners during the regional meeting. © Lawrence Hislop


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Topic: Form Values Disappear
When I submit this one form on my site, if the values don't go through, the error message comes up, as you'd expect, listing what values were bogus, but the form is empty. What is Rails' method for preserving those values in the form when the user is given a chance to modify them and resubmit? Thanks!


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Maitre_Tea wrote:So I'm testing out a pumidor system, and so far so good. RH is between 72-79% and the temperature is around 22 Celsius. The humidification device is at the bottom and I have two racks for placing cakes. Should I put the younger puerh on the bottom shelf and older stuff on the top or vice versa?
Maitre_Tea wrote: While I'm testing this system out how often should I be checking for signs of mold growth?
tenuki wrote:Maitre_Tea wrote: While I'm testing this system out how often should I be checking for signs of mold growth?
Every 10 minutes.
Tatter wrote:Would be a very good idea to buy a couple of those cheap hygrometers and place them at different spots in your cabinet. Temp and RH can vary to surprising amounts, depending on how good or bad your air flow is. In general, it will be hotter and drier on the highest shelf, and cooler and more humid on the lower shelves (great conditions for mold). That is, unless you've got some decent air flow system to keep things more steady.
At 22 C and 72% RH, that puts the dew point at 17 C, meaning that if the temperature drops just a few degrees you will get wet condensation on your teas. At 79% RH the dew point is 18 C. Definitely want to keep a close eye on things.


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Summer VacationRoad tripping, a VW Microbus, a veteran Brit mountain runner and trail running and racing across the United States
Cox and Gates air cooling in the VW. Photo by Rickey Gates.
This article appeared in our November 2010 issue.
By the two-mile mark, Erik Blake and a guy I've never seen before have pulled far ahead of the pack. Joe Gray is still within reach and the sounds of breathing and feet are heavy behind me. So many. I refuse to look back this early in the race. It's a sign of weakness. The air is heavy. My legs are heavy. What's gone wrong?
My mind leaves Mount Washington. New Hampshire. America. Am I not stronger than last year? Is everybody faster? Are we all going to break an hour this year? It feels too slow. Max King pulls up beside me, takes the lead for a stint then pulls back. I thought he was going to be taller. Max King. Like six foot five. I recall pictures I've seen of him on his way to winning the Xterra World Championships. Maybe this is a different Max King. He begins creeping away again, before I reel my mind back in.
Forefoot. Forefoot. Forefoot. Heel. Heel. Heel. I've been practicing this, switching back and forth. Sometimes, to really mix it up, I throw in a couple mid-foot strikes. I've come to think of them as different gears that have a time and a place, a speed and a grade.
Why then, with all of these gears, are those guys still pulling away from me?
In 2009, while racing my third summer in Europe, I had convinced British mountain runner Martin Cox to come to the States for the 2010 summer. Martin and I were in Chamonix at a bar that served Guinness when I told him about my plan. We'd drive around in my orange, 1974 Volkswagen bus, named "Orange," from race to race and trail to trail. I told him about its bamboo floors and Louis Vuitton fabric-covered walls. I told Martin—a great lover of music—about its sound system with 10-inch subwoofers. I suggested a road trip from the Rockies to the Grand Canyon, on to Death Valley and north through the Sierras, Yosemite, the Cascades and into Canada before dropping back down into Montana, the Tetons and Colorado. He finished his beer and tentatively agreed.
Today he is behind me, fighting his own battle up Mount Washington. Today, having turned 40 in December, Martin had entered the master's division, and a month ago had arrived in Denver after a spring road-running season that included a 14:11 5K road race, a time that would have set a new American master's record. He promptly won the master's title at one of America's largest road races: the Boulder Bolder 10K in Colorado. Then, we hopped a plane for Mount Washington, before embarking on our road trip.
For over 100 years, ascending the Mount Washington road has been one of the greatest tests for an automobile. In more recent years, it has become the greatest test for a mountain runner. Not because it is the biggest or the meanest—with its feet in the swamps and its head in the clouds, it is both big and mean—but rather because it is the most consistent. Unrelenting, everybody always says. Sine quies. And, in spite of the 12-percent grade, a mostly paved and non-technical surface makes it a level playing field for road runners and mountain runners to meet.
Moments before the black-powder canon sets the race in motion, race director Bob Teschek warns the field with a hint of New England facetiousness that it's "only one hill." In his 29 years as race director he has seen dozens of elite runners humbled by this hill, the Everest of the East. With the exception of the first quarter mile, there is never a flat bit. There are sections that settle down from a 12-percent grade to an eight-percent grade, but there is never a true reprieve. Consequently, Mount Washington is to the sport of mountain running what Bonneville is to drag racers. It is honest. It is where you go to face all competition, past, present and future.
And as for competition, both Teschek and the elite-athlete coordinator, John Stifler, are credited with assembling some of the world's best mountain and road runners. "I put lots of energy into getting the best runners to the race so we have a great event up front as well as in the trenches," Teschek told me. For this reason, there hasn't been a single American mountain race as deeply competitive as the Mount Washington Road Race in the past decade. In addition to lucrative incentives for finishing well ($2000 for the win) and breaking records ($5000 for the course record and $2000 for the master's record), Teschek has involved the surrounding communities by offering home stays for elite runners.
A knee injury has kept one of America's most prolific runners, Simon Gutierrez, from pursuing an 11th top-10 finish and a spot on what would have been his eighth U.S. Mountain Running Team at Mount Washington this year. It hasn't, however, kept him off the course. He leans his clean-shaved and well-tanned head out the back of one of several press cars that leapfrog at the front of the rapidly advancing race and tells me my split. "20:43, Rickey." He can see by looking at my eyes that I am not here. "Stay focused!"
Though Joe still appears close, Simon informs me that he is, in fact, 30 seconds ahead and I'm cruelly reminded that nothing is close at this grade. Blake and the guy-I've-never-seen are two minutes ahead. Simon must have seen the despair in my eyes because he's now telling me the oldest white lie in the history of mankind. "Looking good, Rickey." It was the lie that was told to Caesar on the cold, Senate floor. To Tom Simpson on the calescent, July flanks of Mont Ventoux in the 1967 Tour du France.
Max drops back another couple of feet at the halfway point. I check my watch. 29:34. What did I run last year? 29 something? 30? Why do I wear a watch if I can't remember a split when it really counts? I look back to take inventory of the field and find a half dozen guys within reach and another half a dozen just behind them. But no Martin. He's supposed to be up here with me, beating the master's record … Simon's master's record. We need that $2000 for gas money.


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Speed up this tedious job
Need help with your latest sealing job?� Make quick work using these caulking tips! How to Angle Caulk Next time you need to apply caulk in a tight space or at an awkward angle, try this trick from Club member Mark Le Mieux of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Insert a flexible drinking straw into the tip of the caulk tube and attach it with painter�s tape. You�ll be able to better control the caulk bead at any angle. How to Caulk Small Spaces
Next time you need to apply caulk in a tight space, try this trick from Club member Jamie Schultz of Brillion, Wisconsin. Use a heat gun to gently warm the caulk tip until the plastic becomes soft; then bend the tip to the required angle and allow it to cool.
How to Paint Over Silicone CaulkYou�ve probably learned the hard way that paint doesn�t adhere to silicone caulk. But Club member Ryan Johanson of Duluth, Minnesota, found a remedy. Brush sanding sealer over the silicone caulk. When it dries, the silicone will have a paintable surface. Easy-Seal Caulk Rather than capping a silicone caulk tube after use, Club member Rick Brown of Furlong, Pennsylvania, leaves a small blob at the tip to cure. When he uses the tube again, he pulls off the hardened blob to uncork the spout. Although this method isn�t suitable for long-term storage, it works well for a few days with both gun tubes and squeeze tubes. How to Reseal Caulk without a Nail If you�ve had no success sealing partially used tubes of caulk with tape or a nail, try this method used by Club member Corbin Sebestyn of Lockhart, Texas. He cuts off the entire tip from an empty tube of caulk and cleans out any caulk that�s left inside. Next, he fuses the pointed end of the cut tip by heating it with a match or lighter and then squeezing the softened tip with a pliers. When slipped over the tip of an open caulk tube, this modified tip provides a tight seal. How to Reuse Caulk Tubes To fill a void under a damaged wood floor, Club member Wendell Upright of Idaho Springs, Colorado, refilled an empty caulk tube with sand-thickened two-part epoxy so he could inject it through holes in the floorboards. Refilling a caulk tube also works well for injecting other one-shot mixes that set quickly, such as tuckpointing mortar (use a quart tube and gun for greater capacity). A plastic tube that was filled with a latex product works best because it cleans up easily. Cut the tube short enough that you can get a knife under the edge of the plastic plunger; then grab the edge with needlenose pliers and pull it out. If you want to reuse the tube, glue the plunger to the caulking gun�s plunger. (You may want to dedicate an inexpensive gun for this purpose.) Depending on the mix, you may need to tape the end of the nozzle to keep it from running out while you fill the tube. Brought to you by: American Profile


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At the heart of the controversy over charismatic theology and practice is a simple question: What is the nature and purpose of the baptism of the Holy Spirit? Is Spirit baptism an internal, one-time event that occurs at the moment of salvation, or is it a subsequent event that's manifest through ecstatic expressions of tongues, signs, and special revelation?
In the following audio clip, John MacArthur explains from the Bible the nature of Spirit baptism, and how it is brought about in the lives of believers.
By categorizing Christian conversion and baptism in the Holy Spirit as two separate works of God, charismatics have created for themselves two separate classes of Christians. The Strange Fire conference will bring necessary correction to this false dichotomy by carefully examining what Scripture teaches about the work of the Spirit. For more information about Strange Fire, please visit the conference website.
GTY Staff
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Thank you for tackling this issue. As someone who works in a missionary context, I see the bad fruit of this false dichotomy and other false teachings within the charismatic movement. Orthodoxy must not only teach what is right but also correct what is wrong.
–J.N. Bolt
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My family and I have been very interested in this conference/blog as we have been attending a Pentecostal church recently but we are questioning some of what we have seen and heard. My son has also spent some time with a very popular local charismatic movement where he had seen some very concerning practices. I am very interested to hear both sides of the debate and have appreciated this blog very much. I understand John to say that at Pentecost the disciples were not seeking anything, but in Luke 24:49 it says, "And behold I am sending forth the promise of My Father upon you; but you are to stay in the city until you are clothed with the power from on high." This tells me they were indeed seeking or waiting for something. John also says the baptism happens at the moment of salvation but Acts 8:15 -16 says, "...who came down and prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit. For he had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had simply been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus."
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Awaiting is not the same as SEEKING. They knew the Holy Spirit was going to come as promised by the Lord, and were awaiting. But they were not seeking anything.
There is gross ignorance with regard to the Person and work of the Holy Spirit within Pentecostal circles. The subject is often taken for granted and when it is taught upon - phrases like "tongues", "baptism with the Holy Spirit", "fruit of the Spirit", and "gifts of tongues" are often used interchangeably to all in reference to the "baptism with the Holy Spirit". This is basic Biblical error often resulting in erroneous teaching. These unclear teachings only create further confusion about the Person and work of the Holy Spirit. After many years in the movement and working for more than a few pastors I have never heard a thoroughly cogent explanation of the differing roles of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer.
Beyond this is the taboo issue of whether the promise of the baptism with the Holy Spirit and fire mentioned by John the Baptist in Luke 3 and Mark 1 applies to future Christian generations or not. Clearly, Pentecostals and Charismatics believe that the promise is for Christians in all eras based upon Luke 3, Acts 1:8, 2:38, Acts 10, and others. These passages are the primary basis of all Pentecostal doctrine regarding the Baptism with the Holy Spirit.
The key questions for me are:
1) Is Acts 1:8 referring to all Christians in all ages to come OR simply to the original 12 disciples and the early Christians that followed them? If the latter, when did the promise cease to apply?
2) Is the term "gift of the Holy Spirit" referring to a separate act apart from salvation (aka) the "baptism with the Holy Spirit"? If the word "gift" actually means "baptism" why does Acts 2 not use those specific words so as not to confound the reader. It clearly says, "38 Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 39 The promise is for you and your children and for all who are far off—for all whom the Lord our God will call."
3) Finally, is "the promise" that is made to all who are afar off a reference to the "baptism with the Holy Spirit" OR the seal of the Holy Spirit at salvation? Is the reference to "gift" which occurs in other passages as well meant to be used interchangeably with "baptism"?
4) Are tongues necessary in the modern age? Tongues - referred to in Acts 2, 10 and other places - is considered to be the initial evidence of the baptism with the Holy Spirit by most Pentecostals. According to Pentecostal theologians, this is because no other passages in Acts or the NT ever indicate otherwise therefore it must be true for all cases.
5) Finally, in Luke 3 and Mark 1 this baptism with the Holy Spirit is referred to as the "baptism with the Holy Spirit" NOT "baptism OF the Holy Spirit". This is an important distinction because Christ is the baptizer - not the Holy Spirit according to Luke 3. I believe the above blog article uses the term "baptism OF the Holy Spirit".
Thank you for taking up this issue.
Man's biggest enemy to the true God is himself. Man will never fail to deny God's Holiness and what is truly required for salvation in favor of making a god that fits their liking, A god that doesn't make one guilty or answerable to God. If one truly came to the true God, he would have to admit he is sinner worthy of nothing but condemnation without God's grace...
Thank you Dr Macarthur for your dedication in teaching God's Holy word. Almost at the end of your book "Charismatic Chaos" very insightful, Love it... Praise God for men like you and your ministry as well.
Yes, Ambrose you are right, seeking and awaiting are not the same... thank you for your thoughts. However, the two verses I gave indicate that baptism in the Holy Spirit and getting saved are two different things that do not happen simultaneously.
Maybe it means the apostles prayed for their hearts to be opened to Christ. It wouldn't be surprising if they received some instruction to understand the gospel better. Maybe it happened in the same way Apollos was instructed. I see it this way, they were not saved at the time Peter and John got there.
Melanie, I see that the issue you are describing could lead one to believe that conversion and the baptism of the Holy Spirit can occur separately all the time. If you understand this verse in context of the passage, you will note that there was an issue with a man named Simon who others believed had divine power and may have believed him to be empowered by God. This appears clearly to be the reason why God did not send the Holy Spirit until Peter and John placed hands them - God wanted everyone to know that these two apostles had the authority to speak for God. The delay was to distinguish between God's apostles and this evil sorcerer who demonstrated a different power. In this context it is clear that the delay had a godly purpose.
Chad, #8
You ask some good questions, but it is difficult to address all of them thoroughly in the comments of a blog.
If I may, let me direct you to some resources that may help you, as well as any readers who may be interested.
Obviously, the first place I would recommend is the sermon archive here at GTY. John has preached on a number of those passages you raise questions about. For example, Acts 1:8 and Luke 3. I would encourage you to search for those passages and either download the message or read the attending transcript. I think John would answer a lot of what you ask.
Also, John has dealt with the subject of Spirit baptism in a number of Q&As and stand alone messages. Go to the GTY home page, and at the top in the search bar, just type "Baptism in the Spirit." The first 10 or so hits you will get will send you to a number of messages in which John addressed this subject.
I would also recommend a couple of books to you. The first is one from a former TMS professor, Larry Pettegrew, entitled, "The New Covenant Ministry of the Holy Spirit." It just recently came back into print with Kress Biblical Publishers, http://www.kressbiblical.com/products/The-New-Covenant-Ministry-of-the-Holy-Spirit.html
Dr. Pettegrew covers a number of issues relating to the work of the Spirit in baptism and filling.
A second book is by Jim Hamilton called "God's Indwelling Presence"
Both of those books helped shape my thinking on this subject, and as you point out, a lot of our misconceptions about spirit baptism is due in part to our gross ignorance on the subject. I think both of those men would help extinguish such ignorance.
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I had a defininte goal last year - to stop smoking, which I successfully did. However, during the year that I quit smoking, I picked up over 10kg!
So, my goal this year was to loose the weight that I'd collected from giving up the nicotine. I figured if I can give up nicotine, I can channel my willpower to shed the kilos. I set my mind straight, I drew up a plan, I am in the process of following through and I've been successful with My Progress so far.
And today's Insult is
Ginger Ninja